THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 14 / NO 6 MAY 2016 INSIDE Jobs for development: New Report 1-3 Integrated transport modes Apparel industry has a to help reinvent Kolkata 4-6 Development Dialogue: huge potential to create new and better jobs in India Secondary education to empower India 7-8 ICR Update: Second National Tuberculosis N Control Program 9-11 early one million people are expected to enter the workforce every Recent Project Approvals month for the next three decades in India. Export-oriented apparel and Signings 12-13 production in India and other South Asian countries has the potential to New Additions to the Public create more and better jobs for development. Information Center 14-23 Contact Information 24 With relatively low skill requirements, apparel manufacturing presents the About the photograph: poor with job opportunities. It also has a unique ability to attract female Young women working at a workers, with women’s share of total apparel employment being much lingerie manufacturing unit higher than women’s share of the national labor force in nearly every in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu country in the region. Photo courtesy: Shaju John in the global apparel market, opening the door to other competitors. As apparel exports increase, the rising demand for female labor is also likely to pull women from agriculture and other informal sectors. This could be a huge opportunity for India and other South Asian countries. Even a 10 percent increase in Chinese apparel prices could create at least 1.2 million new jobs in the Indian apparel industry, the report estimates. Women are expected to benefit the most as their share in the total apparel employment is much higher than their share in other A new World Bank report Stitches to Riches? industries. A one percent increase in Apparel Employment, Trade and Economic expected wages in the textiles and apparel Development demystifies the global and industry could raise the probability of women South Asian apparel markets, estimates entering the labor force by 18.9 percent, says the potential gains in exports and jobs, and the report. identifies policies that can unleash South Asia’s export and job potential compared “Apparel manufacturing not only has a huge with those of their closest competitors in the potential for creating jobs, particularly for the Southeast Asia region (Vietnam, Cambodia, poor but also has a unique ability to attract and Indonesia). female workers. Employed women are more likely to create positive social impacts as they As wages increase, China, the largest tend to spend their income on the health and apparel manufacturer for the last 10 years, is education of children,” said Onno Ruhl, World expected to slowly relinquish its lead position Bank Country Director, India. “Rising costs of apparel manufacturing in China provides a window of opportunity for India to focus on apparel in productively employing its huge working-age population,” Onno added. The top four apparel producers in South Asia – Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka – have made big investments in world apparel trade and account for 12 percent of global apparel exports. India also has a more diversified export structure and has a well- developed fiber (cotton), textile and apparel manufacturing base. Though India is gaining market share, Southeast Asian countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, and Vietnam) are outperforming all South Asian countries in overall apparel export performance, product diversity, and other non-cost related factors. For it to take advantage, India needs to move quickly to ease barriers to the import of manmade fibers, facilitate market access and encourage foreign investment to reach more end markets, which would also yield dividends for other light manufacturers like footwear and toy, the new World Bank report Stitches to Riches suggests. 12 2 The World Bank in India • May 2016 “South Asia has taken many steps in recent the value chain such as integration between years to support the textile and apparel textile and apparel; and improving social and sector, but it now needs to step up its game environmental compliance by introducing by tackling inefficiencies that are undercutting better human resource practices. its competitiveness. Greater access to It suggests the following policy measures to manmade fiber and integration between help increase apparel exports in India: textile and apparel among other measures can help Indian companies take advantage ● Increase product diversity by reducing of the emerging global opportunities and tariffs and import barriers to ease access encourage good jobs for development,” said to manmade fibers (such as more Gladys C. Lopez-Acevedo, one of the authors transparency for duty drawback schemes of the report and a Lead Economist for the and bonded warehouses, and removing World Bank. anti-dumping duties on manmade fibers). Also lower excise taxes or provide Policy Actions other incentives to develop a domestic manmade fiber industry. The report recommends removing trade ● Improve productivity by helping firms restrictions to allow easy access to manmade enter the formal sector and take advantage fibers as inputs; increasing efficiency along of economies of scale with less complex labor policies. Also promote FDI for apparel by adopting clear and transparent policies on foreign ownership (already in place for textiles) and within export processing zones. This in turn will help reach more end markets. ● Improve market diversity by taking advantage of access to emerging markets. (Change background colour as needed) ● Shorten lead times by using industrial parks to provide better infrastructure in a concentrated way. The World Bank in India • May 2016 12 3 Integrated Transport Better integrated transport modes will help reinvent Kolkata W hat are the top words that come to mind when you hear about a city like Kolkata? With an extensive network of mostly unconnected transport modes, however, the city faces huge challenges and opportunities to more effectively connect its roads, buses, Perhaps you think of Mother Teresa, extreme rail, tram, metro and water ways to provide poverty in slums, India’s palaces and rich more integrated transport modes and cultural heritage, or the city of joy. services for its millions of commuters and Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) was massive volumes of freight. a powerful world trade and financial center Helping address these challenges and during the British Indian Empire (British Raj) opportunities is what the World Bank and and the capital of India until 1911, not least other partners are aiming to do through because of its great location and transport the Kolkata Metropolitan Urban Transport connectivity potential. Integration Project. The city, located near the Bay of Bengal in At first glance, the objective of this the north east of the country, sits on the technical assistance project is to assist the banks of the Hooghly River, a distributary of Government of West Bengal to develop a the Ganges. It is considered the country´s strategy for better integrating its various cultural capital and the commercial hub transport modes: by maximizing accessibility of Eastern India. Kolkata is also a major – to and within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area river port –the oldest one operating in the – while minimizing the carbon footprint of country- and the third most populous city in both passenger and freight transport. India, with some 15 million people living in its metropolitan area. Improving modal integration in a climate- 4 The World Bank in India • May 2016 friendly way, for example, can be achieved examined. In fact, the extension of the by facilitating a seamless transition between Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (also modes for commuters; improving public funded by the World Bank) to the port and transport accessibility, fostering transit the construction of an all-weather port are oriented development, and most importantly expected to effect a fundamental shift in the improving last mile connectivity. role of transport. Valuable partnerships Bringing the Hooghly River back into the city, for example, and improving port-hinterland Dig a bit deeper, and the Project is really connection is key for optimizing the use supporting the government’s vision to make of its waterways for both passenger and Kolkata a more competitive city in the 21 freight. And the benefits can go beyond the century. This means, among other things, metropolitan area by also strengthening optimizing the utilization of its various modes regional connectivity. of transport, including river transport, so these complement each other and improve This technical assistance project aims the efficiency of the distribution process. to provide the necessary tools, analysis, and practical experiences to facilitate the “The integration of transport modes is integration of all modes of transport and absolutely essential for Kolkata,” says Rakhi improve access for millions in Kolkata’s Basu, the task team leader for the project. metropolitan. “We have really gotten into the DNA of the city to fully understand its genetic code Learning by twinning and underlying characteristics, as well as challenges and opportunities.” To tackle the various challenges, the World Bank is bringing together experts from As the government builds more metro lines, other transport agencies through innovative revisits its waterways options and recovers partnerships supported by various donors, the metropolitan area for pedestrians, including the Korean Trust Fund and AUSAID Basu explains, the role of transport in which have been essential in supporting this strengthening the city’s commercial function Project. and relationship with the port is also being The World Bank in India • May 2016 5 “Policy makers want to hear from other exchanges with experts from the two cities successful policy makers,” says Karla are already delivering some positive outcomes. Gonzalez, the World Bank’s practice manager Within six months of the engagement, for for South Asia. “We are bringing knowledge instance, Kolkata has opened up its public that is relevant and practical for our clients, transport data as buses are now fitted with and cities like London and Seoul can share GPS and their movement can be tracked valuable lessons with Kolkata, and also learn in real time. The open data will allow start- from it.” up companies to develop apps that can Seoul, through its Korean Transport Institute, help commuters access various modes of brings the experience of bus reform, while transport services in a more efficient manner, London shares best practices on integrated which ultimately can help ease congestion ticketing, open data, and more. The on the roads. The twinning arrangement has also resulted in the design of a multimodal terminal which will be developed where three major metro routes and other bus routes converge. Other Indian cities have already expressed their interest in learning from London and Seoul. Transport for London Director, Shashi Verma, is one of the experts supporting these exchanges. “Learning from London can help Kolkata short-circuit some of the difficult policy development processes that other cities have gone through,” Verma explains. “We (Change background colour as needed) are delighted to share with Kolkata what we have learnt during the radical transformation of London’s transport over the last two decades.” 6 The World Bank in India • May 2016 Development Dialogue Secondary education will empower India in the 21st century If India is to build a globally competitive workforce, a larger share of its children must finish secondary education, says Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director for India and Toby Linden, Lead Education Specialist, World Bank E xamination season is stressful for both students and their families, and the stakes could hardly be higher. Within the next is a necessity. While earlier eight years of education might have been enough, now the minimum is 10 years. Today, however, less decade, India will be home to the world’s than half of India’s 15-year-olds – just 44% – largest pool of human resources. How can complete Class 10. India make the most of this opportunity? If India is to build a globally competitive In today’s global marketplace, where the workforce, a larger share of its children demand for skills of greater complexity is must finish secondary education. Moreover, on the rise, a good secondary education the emphasis on girls’ education should The World Bank in India • May 2016 7 be maintained at the secondary level. India today’s emphasis on testing their knowledge can certainly achieve this. Since 2001, it of the curriculum. has brought record numbers of children into All schools will need to be staffed with an primary schools. And, in the last six years, adequate number of teachers. Today, less some 10 million more have been enrolled than one in five secondary schools have in secondary education, with gender parity teachers who can teach the core subjects of being achieved at both the primary and languages, mathematics, science and social secondary level. science. By 2017 the number of primary age children To raise the standards some states will need is expected to fall by 9 million, from 197 more support than others. Uttar Pradesh and million now. As this happens, some resources Bihar are home to almost one-third of India’s can be shifted to the secondary level. secondary age population, but less than half But while money can help upgrade of them are in school, compared with almost infrastructure, imparting quality education two-thirds in Tamil Nadu and Himachal will call for sustained effort. China, for Pradesh. example, has increased enrolment while also Building a nation’s human resources takes improving quality of education. Its success time, because unlike infrastructure which can be attributed to education reforms can come up quickly, human development that transformed pedagogy and focused calls for a lifetime of investments in health, classroom activities on problem solving. (Change background colour as needed) nutrition and education. There is no time to If India is to ramp up the quality of secondary lose as an educated, skilled, and talented education, its teachers will need to be trained population can be a country’s strongest asset to teach for the 21st century. Teaching in a rapidly changing world. methods will need to be upgraded and This opinion piece was originally published embedded within the system, and multimedia in Hindustan Times on 13th April, 2016. aids to learning be used to supplement classroom instruction. Board examinations and school assessments will need to move in tandem and assess students on their problem-solving skills, going far beyond 8 The World Bank in India • May 2016 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Second National Tuberculosis Control Program Context Second National Tuberculosis In 2005, a little over four million people in Control Program India suffered from tuberculosis (TB) which resulted in about 410,000 deaths annually. Approval Date: 22 August, 2006 The Revised National TB Control Program Closing Date: 30 September, 2012 (RNTCP), which piloted the DOTS (Directly- observed therapy, short-courses) strategy in Total Project Cost US$ 232 million several states from 1997 to 2006, achieved nationwide coverage and is estimated to Bank Financing: US$ 179 million have saved about 1.2 million lives. Implementing Government of India Agency: However rapid expansion of the program had outpaced the health system’s capacity Outcome: Satisfactory to effectively supervise and ensure quality, and that systems for procurement, human Risk to Development Low or Negligible resource development and monitoring Outcome: needed further strengthening. Overall Bank Satisfactory Performance: Project Development Objectives The objective was to support the Government Overall Borrower Satisfactory Performance: of India’s Revised National Tuberculosis The World Bank in India • May 2016 12 9 Control Program Phase II, aimed at treating special incentives in the form of additional and reducing the incidence of TB throughout financial and managerial support and its territory. The aim was to achieve a target implemented special activities to improve of 70 percent case detection and 85 percent detection and treatment success rates. In cure rate in all districts of the country. The tribal districts between 2006 and 2011, the components included improving quality average case detection rate increased from of laboratory services, developing the 79 percent to 80 percent while the average institutional capacity for supervision and treatment success rate increased from 86 monitoring services and strengthening of percent to 88 percent. In districts designated information, education and communication as poor, between 2006 and 2011, the among patients and health care providers. average case detection rate increased from 55 percent to 67 percent and the average Main Beneficiaries treatment success rate increased from 85 The main beneficiaries of the program were percent to 89 percent. people infected with TB in India, as well as Increasing HIV/TB coordination has been their families and communities. In addition, a very positive contribution by the Project groups singled out for particular attention given the importance and risk of co-infection. were poor and tribal populations, HIV/ From 11,331 in 2005, the annual number of AIDS patients, and patients with Multi-Drug people referred for TB testing from voluntary Resistant TB (MDR-TB). counseling and testing (VCT) services in 2011 Nationally, the program exceeded its target was 435,880. of case detection – 72 percent in 2011, The annual number of HIV/AIDS patients compared to 66 percent in 2005 – and referred from VCT services and diagnosed success rate in treatment – 88 percent in with TB increased significantly from 3,034 2011, compared to 86 percent in 2005. patients in 2005 to 37,865 in 2011 (with a Thirteen states exceeded the case detection cumulative total of 189,982 during the course target, while 27 states exceeded the of the project). Similarly, this coordination treatment success target. increased the annual number of HIV-TB The program targeted 145 poor and 85 tribal patients placed on DOTS, going from 2,047 districts. These districts were provided with patients in 2005 to 34,355 in 2011. 12 10 The World Bank in India • May 2016 Pediatric patients put on DOTS increased services, and allow for timely referrals and significantly from 59,846 cases in 2005 to treatment. 84,064 in 2011. ● More information is needed regarding the emergence of MDR-TB in India and how The program was successful in putting to mitigate the incidence through lessons about 16,826 MDR-TB patients on DOTS- from other countries. Understanding the Plus treatment (against the target of 4,150). gaps in DOTS program operations that However, not all patients completed their may have contributed to MDR-TB is treatment. Program results show that 49 crucial for developing an effective MDR-TB percent of patients completed their treatment strategy. compared to a target of 70 percent, which illustrates the challenge of the MDR-TB ● Improving the quality of physical treatment. infrastructure of the laboratories, improving biosafety measures and medical waste Part of the program’s success for improving management practices, strengthening the TB case detection involved the support for training and technical capacity of providers substantial physical expansion of laboratories to improve the quality of clinical care, and at the state level. By 2012, a network of 42 improving the quality of supervision and Intermediate Reference Laboratories (IRL) reporting are critical for the success of the was established, exceeding the target of 24 program. laboratories. ● Addressing gender issues should be Lessons Learnt integral to program design and operations. More work needs to be done to ensure ● It is important to sharpen the focus on that services are being accessed and targeted groups and set realistic project preventive efforts are in place to mitigate targets. relapse rates among males and females ● Adopting and investing in new diagnostic alike. Such targeted efforts will help yield technologies and leveraging the growth better program results. Documenting (Change background colour as needed) in information communication technology health seeking behavior by gender and the by using more integrated information social factors that impact it could provide systems will expedite the transfer of test useful lessons for TB program in India and results between laboratories and treatment for other countries. The World Bank in India • May 2016 12 11 Recent Project Approvals Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization Project T he World Bank Board has approved a US$ 100 million project to support the efforts of Hubballi-Dharwad, the second to one million citizens of Hubballi-Dharwad, including 160,000 people who live in slums and currently depend upon public standposts largest urban centre in Karnataka, to become or private vendors for water. The Project will one of the first Indian cities to provide finance physical investments in the water (Change background colour as needed) citywide, continuous, piped water supply to supply system for the twin cities, and support its residents. city authorities in strengthening systems and procedures required to sustainably close the Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization current water service delivery gaps. Project (KUWSMP) will help bring clean water Recent Project Signings Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Support Operation Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a US$1.5 billion loan agreement for the Swachh Bharat Mission Finance on behalf of the Government of India and Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director, India on behalf of the World Bank. (SBM) Support Operation Project to ensure This project will support the rural component, all citizens in the rural areas have access to known as SBM – Gramin (SBM-G), over a improved sanitation with a focus on changing five-year period using a new performance- behaviour and eliminating the practice of based program which links funds directly to open defecation by 2019. (Change background colour as needed) results, ensuring that benefits are delivered The loan agreement for the project was to the people in need – more than 60 percent signed by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, of India’s population that resides in rural Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of areas. 12 The World Bank in India • May 2016 First Programmatic Electricity Distribution Reform Development Policy Loan for Rajasthan T he Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the World Bank have signed a US$ 250 million development policy Principal Secretary, Energy, Department of Energy, Government of Rajasthan; and Onno Ruhl, World Bank Country Director, India on loan (DPL) to support Rajasthan in improving behalf of the World Bank. the performance of its electricity distribution The key areas that the operation will support sector under the State’s 24x7 Power for All include strengthening governance in the program. distribution sector in the state by giving more It will be in a series of two operations for a operational autonomy to the utilities; financial comprehensive turnaround of Rajasthan’s restructuring and recovery in the sector (Change background colour as needed) electricity distribution sector. through transferring considerable amount of the debt of the DISCOMs to the state; and The loan agreement was signed by Raj Kumar, improving the operational performance of the Joint Secretary, Department of Economic DISCOMs. Affairs, Ministry of Finance on behalf of the Government of India; Sanjay Malhotra, The World Bank in India • May 2016 13 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Competitive cities in India: Kanpur unrealized The World Bank PIC potential – the lagging growth trajectory of a The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) manufacturing hub 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg By Fahad Mustafa, Sanjay Grover and Shiny Jaison New Delhi – 110 001, India Available On-line Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 March 2016; 29 pages Website: www.worldbank.org Report No.: AUS7515 Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org This case study of the city of Kanpur contributes to developing an understanding of the factors driving city PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR competitiveness in general and in India in particular. Kanpur’s lagging growth trajectory cannot be Viva Books Pvt Ltd understood purely in terms of city-level factors. National 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj and state-level factors also play an important role. In the New Delhi – 110 002 context of a weak city government, this study focuses Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 on proactive interventions made by various city-level Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 stakeholders, in this case largely the private sector, to Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net improve Kanpur’s competitiveness. Other Preferred Stockist in India Kanpur’s future will hinge on the ability of all Anand Associates stakeholders to foster more broad-based growth 1219 Stock Exchange Tower coalitions and linkages in order to mobilize public and 12th Floor, Dalal Street semi-public goods to translate the city’s potential Mumbai – 400 023 into wider, stronger, and more sustainable economic Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 benefits. Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) Urban health advantages and penalties in India: Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) Overview and case studies – discussion paper Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd By Patrick M. Mullen Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Available On-line Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com February 2016; 106 pages Website: www.alliedpublishers.com Report No.: AUS7433 Bookwell This paper explores the extent to which health, 24/4800 Ansari Road, Daryaganj nutrition, and population New Delhi – 110 002 conditions may be Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 contributing to the benefits of urbanization, as well as Email: bookwell@vsnl.net the extent to which they may reflect its costs. This paper also draws on specifics of four case studies: Chennai in Tamil Nadu, Bhubaneswar in Odisha, Meerut in Uttar Pradesh, and Shillong in Meghalaya. 14 The World Bank in India • May 2016 WPS 7602 India: Policy Research Working Papers Why did poverty decline in India? A nonparametric decomposition exercise WPS 7626 By Carlos Felipe Balcazar Salazar, Sonal Desai, Rinku Looking back on two decades of poverty and well- Murgai and Ambar Narayan being in India This paper uses panel data to analyze factors that By Ambar Narayan and Rinku Murgai contributed to the rapid decline in poverty in India This paper provides an overview of poverty and well- between 2005 and 2012. The analysis employs a being trends in India since the mid-1990s. Poverty nonparametric decomposition method that measures reduction since 2005 has been much faster than the the relative contributions of different components of earlier decade, as a result of broad-based growth across household livelihoods to observed changes in poverty. most geographic areas. The results show that poverty decline is associated Underlying this is a pattern of high mobility in economic with a significant increase in labor earnings, explained status that has led to an emerging middle class. Still, a in turn by a steep rise in wages for unskilled labor, and vast (and rising) share of the population faces significant diversification from farm to nonfarm sources of income risk of slipping back into poverty. India’s poor are in rural areas. Transfers, in the form of remittances increasingly concentrated in low-income states with and social programs, have contributed but are not the historically lower rates of economic progress. primary drivers of poverty decline over this period. Even as India has reduced poverty faster than the The pattern of changes is consistent with processes developing world as a whole, the degree of poverty associated with structural transformation, which add up reduction associated with growth has been substantially to a highly pro-poor pattern of income growth over the lower than in some of its middle-income peers. India initial distribution of income and consumption. However, faces important challenges in nonmonetary dimensions certain social groups (Adivasis and Dalits) are found of welfare as well. to be more likely to stay in or fall into poverty and less likely to move out of poverty. And even as poverty has Despite success on important fronts, such as infant and reduced dramatically, the share of vulnerable population child mortality and secondary education, progress has has not. been slow in others, such as sanitation and nutrition, and lags behind some other countries that are at a similar stage of development. WPS 7579 The fiscal cost of weak governance: Evidence from teacher absence in India WPS 7623 By Karthik Muralidharan, Jishnu Das, Alaka Holla and Identifying the economic potential of Indian districts Aakash Mohpal By Mark Roberts Using a new nationally-representative panel dataset Despite its rapid growth in recent decades, GDP per of schools across 1,297 villages in India, this paper capita in India remains at a relatively low level by shows that the large investments over the past decade international standards, and the country continues to be have led to substantial improvements in input-based marked by large subnational disparities in levels of well- measures of school quality, but only a modest reduction being. These large disparities naturally lead to interest in inefficiency as measured by teacher absence. In in India’s spatial landscape of potential for economic the data, 23.6 percent of teachers were absent during development. unannounced visits with an associated fiscal cost of Against this backdrop, this paper presents the results $1.5 billion/year. of an analysis of underlying variations in economic There are two robust correlations in the nationally- potential across Indian districts, where economic representative panel data that corroborate findings from potential is defined as the extent to which a district smaller-scale experiments. First, reductions in student- possesses factors that are important determinants of teacher ratios are correlated with increased teacher the ability to experience a high level of productivity. absence. Second, increases in the frequency of school The analysis is based on a simple composite Economic monitoring are strongly correlated with lower teacher Potential Index, which is constructed from variables absence. for which robust evidence exists of their importance as Simulations using these results suggest that investing determinants of local productivity. From the analysis, in better governance by increasing the frequency of a picture emerges of a heterogeneous landscape of monitoring could be over ten times more cost effective economic potential characterized by strong geographic at increasing teacher-student contact time (net of clustering. teacher absence) than hiring more teachers. The World Bank in India • May 2016 15 Romania, and the Slovak Republic and identifies those Other Publications interventions that could help to successfully promote fair chances for disadvantaged Roma in these countries. Health Financing Policy: The Macroeconomic, Fiscal, Early investment in healthy and cognitive development and Public Finance Context and inclusive schooling, combined with the enactment of measures that promote access to employment and By World Bank upgraded living conditions are likely to go a long way in Available On-line leveling the playing field for marginalized Roma and thus February 2016; 76 pages promote equality of opportunity. ISBN: 978-1-4648-0796-1 SKU: 210796 The Little Data Book 2016 The report outlines key components of the By World Bank macroeconomic, fiscal, and Available On-line public financial management April 2016; Pages: 1 - 244 context that need to be ISBN: 978-1-4648-0834-0 considered for an informed e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0835-7 health financing discussion at the country level. Each The Little Data Book 2016 is section of the book points to measures, resources, and intended as a quick reference for analytical tools that are available to assist in answering users of the World Development these questions for a specific country. It draws on case Indicators database, book, and studies from 11 countries moving toward or sustaining mobile app. The database covers universal health coverage conducted as part of the more than 1,200 indicators and Japan–World Bank Partnership Program on universal spans more than 50 years. The health coverage as well as from other country examples. 214 country tables present the latest available data for World Bank member countries and other economies with populations of more than 30,000. Poverty in a Rising Africa By World Bank How Shanghai Does It: Insights and Lessons from the Available On-line Highest-Ranking Education System in the World March 2016; Pages 145 ISBN 978-1-4648-0723-7 By Xiaoyan Liang, Huma SKU: 210723 Kidwai and Minxuan Zhang Available On-line Poverty in a Rising Africa Published: April 2016; is the first of two reports Pages: 1-178 aimed at improving the ISBN: 978-1-4648-0790-9 understanding about e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0791-6 progress in poverty Directions in Development – reduction in Africa and at articulating a policy agenda to Human Development accelerate it. This report documents the data challenges The Shanghai basic and revisits the key facts about poverty in Africa; the education system has second report will explore ways to accelerate poverty garnered significant attention since its extraordinary reduction. performance in the 2009 and 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global assessment of 15-year-olds’ educational abilities. Being Fair, Faring Better: Promoting Equality of Among the 65 participating economies in 2012, Opportunity for Marginalized Roma Shanghai-China ranked first on all three major domains By World Bank of PISA, i.e. mathematics, reading, and science. Available On-line Shanghai also stands out for having the world’s highest February 2016; 233 pages percentage of “resilient students, students from socio- ISBN: 978-1-4648-0598-1 economically disadvantaged backgrounds who emerge SKU: 210598 as top performers. The book analyzes the Shanghai’s PISA story has generated intense discussions existing gaps in access and diverse speculations in the field of international to opportunity for Roma educational development. This report presents an in Bulgaria, the Czech in-depth examination of how Shanghai scored highest in Republic, Hungary, the areas of reading, science, and mathematics on PISA. 16 The World Bank in India • May 2016 Stitches to Riches? Apparel Employment, Trade, and Economic Development in South Asia India Project Documents By Gladys Lopez-Acevedo Second Uttarakhand Decentralized Watershed and Raymond Robertson Development Project Available On-line March 2016; Pages: 1 – 204 Date 29 March 2016 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0813-5 Project ID P131235 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0814-2 Report No. 104267 (Procurement Plan) Apparel industry constitutes close to 40 percent of Tejaswini: Socioeconomic Empowerment of manufacturing employment. Adolescent Girls & Young Women Project And given that much of apparel production Date 15 March 2016 continues to be labor-intensive, the potential to create Project ID P150576 more and better jobs is immense. There is a huge window of opportunity now for South Asia, given that Report No. PIDA35256 (Project Information China, the dominant producer for the last ten years, has Document – Appraisal Stage) started to cede some ground due to higher wages. But ISDSA15473 (Integrated Safeguards the region faces strong competition from East Asia – Data Sheet – Appraisal Stage) with Cambodia, Indonesia, and Vietnam already pulling ahead. SFG1879 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) This report hopes to inform the debate by measuring the employment gains that the four most populous countries Uttarakhand Workforce Development Project in South Asia – Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Date 09 March 2016 Lanka (hereafter ‘SAR countries’) – can expect in this Project ID P154525 new environment of increased competition and scrutiny. Report No. PIDA56746 (Project Information Its main message is that it is important for South Document – Appraisal Stage) Asian economies to remove existing impediments and facilitate growth in apparel to capture more production ISDSA16713 (Integrated Safeguards and create more employment as wages rise in China. Data Sheet – Appraisal Stage) SFG1891 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Earth Observation for Water Resources Management: Current Use and Future Opportunities Karnataka Health Systems Development and Reform for the Water Sector Project By Luis García, Diego Date 09 March 2016 Rodríguez, Marcus Wijnen Project ID P071160 and Inge Pakulski Available On-line Report No. RES22733 (Project Paper) April 2016; Pages: 1 - 264 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0475-5 2A Mumbai Urban Transport Project e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0476-2 Date 07 March 2016 This book briefly describes Project ID P113028 some key global water challenges, perspectives Report No. RES22792 (Project Paper) for remote sensing approaches, and their importance for water resources-related activities. It describes eight Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization Project key types of water resources management variables, a Date 03 March 2016 list of sensors that can produce such information, and a description of existing data products with examples. Project ID P071160 Earth Observation for Water Resources Management Report No. ISDSA17353 (Integrated Safeguards provides a series of practical guidelines that can be Data Sheet – Appraisal Stage) used by project leaders to decide whether remote PIDA60363 (Project Information sensing may be useful for the problem at hand and Document – Appraisal Stage) suitable data sources to consider. The World Bank in India • May 2016 17 First Programmatic Electricity Distribution Reform Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Development Project Date 15 February 2016 Date 03 March 2016 Project ID P154283 Project ID P157224 Report No. ISDSA16561 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. 103586 (Program Document) Data Sheet – Appraisal Stage) AB7821 (Project Information SFG1815, 1826 (Indigenous Peoples Document) Plan – Appraisal Stage) Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihoods 24x7 - Power for all in Andhra Pradesh Project Improvement Project Date 01 February 2016 Date 19 February 2016 Project ID P150576 Project ID P088520 Report No. PIDC32071 (Project Information Report No. 103553 (Procurement Plan) Document – Concept Stage) From the Blogworld Measuring the economic potential of Indian districts By Mark Roberts lack the basic ingredients that can give rise to the high productivity that economists believe provides the key to well-being or is it the case that, while they may possess some of these ingredients, they are failing to make the most of them?

 The Economic Potential Index

 In an effort to provide some insights into both this and other key questions related to India’s spatial development, we have recently published a working paper that examines underlying variations in “economic potential” across Indian districts. 

 A s anyone who has travelled around the country Our analysis is based on a composite “Economic will testify, India is marked by glaring spatial Potential Index” ( EPI) that measures, in a single disparities in well-being. On the one hand, New Delhi summary score, the extent to which a district is relatively prosperous, and if you visit the recently possesses attributes that can be considered renovated Connaught Place, you will find not only a “universally” important to achieving a high local level bustling outdoor market, but also designer shops, of productivity, whether or not a high productivity upmarket restaurants and a gleaming new metro level is currently actually observed. station.

 Three Key Results However, take the Prayagraj Express train east for The map above shows the main EPI results. As can seven hours and you will find yourself in Kanpur, be seen, districts are classified into five different which is one of the largest cities in the densely bands of economic potential depending on their populated state of Uttar Pradesh, where per capita exact EPI score. These bands range from “very low” income is less than one-fifth its level in Delhi and the to “very high” potential. The map helps to reveal poverty rate is three times as high. 

 several interesting patterns: Such large variations in well-being are a natural Levels of economic potential aren’t simply randomly cause for concern among India’s policymakers and scattered across districts. Rather there is a notable have generated intense interest in India’s spatial clustering of districts with similar levels of potential. landscape of potential for economic development. Is In particular, we have both high and low potential it the case that less prosperous parts of the country clusters of districts. While, the high potential clusters 18 The World Bank in India • May 2016 are centered on India’s major agglomerations buck this trend and where performance diverges (e.g. Delhi, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, and significantly from potential. Thus, if we return to our Bangalore-Chennai), the low potential clusters tend train journey from New Delhi to Kanpur then the to be located in the more peripheral regions of the district of Kanpur Nagar, in which the city of Kanpur country such as, for example, in the border regions is located, ranks alongside Delhi in having “very high” with neighboring countries. Perhaps most notable economic potential. This is despite the fact that, in in this regard is the linear cluster of low and very GDP per capita terms, Kanpur Nagar lags far behind low potential districts that exists along the border Delhi. More generally, we find that there is a high with Nepal. This is on account of the fact that, unlike concentration of districts that are performing below other low potential regions in India, this cluster is potential in Uttar Pradesh. This is a sign of hope characterized by high levels of built-up area, which for India’s densely populated Northeastern region reflects the high population densities that exist in the where the bulk of the country’s extreme poverty North-east of India. 
 is concentrated. In particular, while it may not be reflected in current levels of observed performance, Even though the high potential districts tend many of the districts in this region of India possess to be concentrated in clusters around major the key fundamentals required to achieving agglomerations, these districts also contain heightened levels of productivity and, with this, the numerous secondary and intermediate sized cities, reduction of levels of extreme poverty. not to mention so-called “Census Towns” (i.e. towns which are governed as rural areas, even though the Our hope is that the EPI results presented here will Indian census recognizes them as urban). Indeed, add to the discussion of the key spatial development out of the 233 urban settlements located in “very challenges that India finds itself faced with. Beyond (Change background colour as needed) high” potential districts, 63 are Census Towns.
 that, the EPI also represents a much more general diagnostic tool that can be relatively easily applied While the geography of economic potential depicted to any country to provide preliminary insights into its in the map resembles quite closely what we geography of economic potential. would see if we were to map levels of economic performance as measured by, for example, GDP Read More: http://tinyurl.com/h7yflpd per capita, there are clear examples of districts that The World Bank in India • May 2016 19 Measurement matters in preschool Inspection Panel Launches quality “Emerging Lessons Series” By Amer Hasan; Co-author: Nozomi Nakajima By Gonzalo Castro De La Mata; Co-author: Dilek Barlas R ecent studies in neuroscience and economics show that early childhood experiences have a profound impact on brain development and thus T he World Bank Inspection Panel released the first in a series of reports that draw on the main on outcomes throughout life. A growing number of lessons from its caseload over 22 years. The lessons (Change background colour as needed) (Change background colour as needed) impact evaluations from low- and middle-income are intended to help build the Bank’s institutional countries underscore the importance of preschool knowledge base, enhance accountability, foster better for children’s development (to highlight a few: results in project outcomes and, ultimately, contribute Cambodia, Mozambique, and Indonesia). to more effective development. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/z3lukbm Read more: http://tinyurl.com/hz4vgfo Building safer cities for a volatile climate By John Roome Monsoons, flooding, and hurricane winds threaten to cause significant loss of life and the costly destruction of homes and other infrastructure. The devastation – terrible at any time – can be particularly bad in low- and middle-income countries, where about one billion people now live in vulnerable and informal settlements and ultimately harm poor people the most. The statistics alone illustrate the need to strengthen the resilience of cities against climate hazards. Land use and effective building regulations can be a vital tool in helping build up the resilience of cities, and play a critical role in applying best practices and J ust consider some statistics. It’s estimated some 1.4 million people move to cities every week. And by 2050, we will add nearly 2.5 billion people to the in guiding future investments and infrastructure development. But unfortunately, effective building regulation can often be lacking in the vulnerable planet, with 90 percent of the urban growth in that regions that need them most. time taking place in developing countries. In general, developed countries have successfully Yet living in cities can be risky business. Many large developed strong regulatory frameworks that can help cities are coastal, in deltas or on rivers and at risk avoid extreme losses. Many developing countries, from of flooding from powerful storms or rising sea however, have failed to adapt to local needs and levels. Globally 80 percent of the world’s largest cities ensure that adequate standards are implemented. are vulnerable to severe earthquakes and 60 percent are at risk from tsunamis and storm surges. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/hq5z27z 20 The World Bank in India • May 2016 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7639 WPS 7628 Managing sudden stops Global migration revisited: Short-term pains, long-term By Barry J. Eichengreen and Poonam Gupta gains, and the potential of south-south migration By S. 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