PHASE II REPORT E-329 VOL. 1 World Bank West Bank and Gaza Solid Waste and Environmental Management Project (SWEMP): Solid Waste Mainagemienit Study Volume 2. Environmental Analysis of the Zaharat Flinjan landfill site July 1998 Environmental Resources Management 8 Cavendish Square, London WIM OER Telephone 0171 465 7200 Facsimile 0171 465 7272 Email post@ermuk.com http:lHwww.ermuk.com ERM PHASE II REPORT World Bank West Bank and Gaza Solid Waste and Environmental MIanagement Project (SWEMP): Solid Waste Malnagement Study VOIlLme 2: Environmental Analysis of the Zaharat Finjan site July 1998 Reference 5155 For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved bv: Signed: Position: Date: This report has heen prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporatng our General Tenns and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement With the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof. is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. in line with our company environmental policy we purchase paper for our documents only from ISO 14001 certified or EMAS verified manufacturers This includes paper with the Nordic Envtronmental Label I .iNTRODUCTION I 7.1 BACKGROUND 7 7.2 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT I 1.3 INSTITUTIO.NAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2 1.4 LEIEL OF BA CKGROUND JNFORMIATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY 6 7.5 PRO[ECTALTERNATIV Es 6 1.6 REPORT STRUCTURE 7 0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 11 2.7 INTRODUCTION ll 2.2 SITE LOCATION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 71 2.3 CLIMATiC REGIME 13 2.4 GEOLOGY 16 2.5 HYDROGEOLOGY. 19 2.6 HYDROLOGY 20 2.7 ECOLOGY 20 2.8 SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND LAND-USE 24 2.9 TRAFFIC 32 2.10 AIR QUALm7y 32 2.11 NOISE 33 3 LANDFILL DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL MVIANA GEMVIENT 34 3.1 INTRODUCTION 34 3.2 SITE LOCATIONAND SUAMMIARY DESCRIPTION 34 3.3 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 35 3.4 KEY ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN 36 3.5 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT 38 4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MIEASURES 43 4.1 INTRODUCTION 43 4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMICAND CULTURAL 43 4.3 HYDROLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGYAND WVATER QUALITY 47 4.4 HEALTH AND SAFETY 50 4.5 AiR QUALITY IMPACTS 57 4.6 NOISE 55 4.7 ECOLOGY 56 4.S OFF-STE TRAFFIC 58 4.9 ViSUAL/LANDSCAPE AND AMIENITY IMPACTS 60 5 CONCLUS[ONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63 5.1 INTRODLICTION 63 5.2 SUMMARY OF POTErNTIAL KEY NEGATIVE IMPACTS 63 5.3 SUMIMARY OF POTENTIAL KEY POSITIVE IMPACTS 65 5.4 ISSUES REQUIRING ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION 66 D.D CONCLUSIONS 67 Appendix A - Puiblic Consuiltaztions - Swimnhnary of Findings Appendix B - Glossary TN TRODUCTION Z.Z B.ACKGROU'ND Environmentai Resources Management KER") has been commissioned by the W%7orld BanK, rn associat.on with the Palestine Environmental Authoritv (REnA), ro undertake the SoliLd Waste %lanagement Studv of the Ve`st Bank aDid Gaza . :'f:i l ste and En:bnient Nlanagenzent Project (S'VEtvMP) This study is arranged in three phases as follows: Pilase f Assessment of Existing Concditions and Feasibilitv Studies Phlase IS Priority Investment Programme Plhase [IT Detailed Terms of Reference for Project Implementation This document, the Environmental Analvsis of the proposed Zaharat Finjan (ZF) landfill site, forms part of the Phase II report, the Priority Investment Programme, and documents the environmental issues that must be considered as part of the proposed development. In addition, this report identifies further environmental assessment work that should be completed prior to the site development and the timing of such requirements. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT This report identifies the kev environmental issues and provides a preLiminary environmental assessment of the potential impacts of developing the ZF sanitarv landfill site. The report has been designed to serve the following purposes: i To provide an assessment of the suitabilitv of the proposed site development from an environmentai perspective; *to identify the key issues with respect to the environmental impacts of the site on the environment; *to specify the further environmental impact assessment requirements -needed as part of the project implementation; and * to identify the need for, and specifications of, further environmental assessment work and the timing of such inputs. This report was prepared in Julv 1997 and was completed to provide the environmental foundation for the recommended implementable projects which are required as part of this study. One of the main requirements of this report is the identification of the kev potential impacts of the development of the ZF landfill. All key issues and impacts identified in this report need to be further considered prior to project implementation in accordance with the EIA requirements of the World Bank and PEnA. In addition, specific efforts would need to focus on ensuring that F^.\IF(\h;N!F^:C\I {LIS('I FM IS&t\N\t:IVIC'.r~~~Wow E WSRI; \~s, a comprehensive monitoring, operational and environmental management plar. is developed in conjunction with the detailed design stage to mitigate and manage the defined potential environmental impacts. Z.3 [NSTITUTIO.NAL AND LEGAL FR4MEWORK 7.3.1 Overview The legal and institutional framework was fully described within the Phase I, Draft NlasterPlan report. A summarv of the framework, valid at the time of report preparation, is provided below: Local authorities are responsible for solid waste collection and disposal in the West Bank. In theory, this means that municipalities take care of the collection of wastes in their municipal boundaries and subsequentlv organise the removal of these wastes to a dump. In practice there are many unspecified responsibilities and not all wastes are collected. To establish a competent authority at the PA level, the Mlinistry of Planning and International Co-operation (iMvIoPIC) created the Environmental Planning Directorate (EPD) within it's structure. The Solid and Hazardous Waste Directorate (SHWD) of EPD became the focal point of governmental activities in the sector. In September 1995, the Oslo-ll Interim Agreement was signed. Article 12 of this agreement deals completely with solid waste. It binds the Palestinian Authoritv to deal with wastes in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In December 1996 the Palestinian Environmental Authoritv (PEnA) was created bv decree of President Arafat. During 1997, its mandates and responsibilities were settled. In August 1997, a hMemorandum of Understanding was signed between PEnA and EPD. The latter handed over all documents and most of its equipment. In April 1998, the .Mvinistrv of Health and PEnA signed a M9emorandum of Understanding. The Mlinistry of Health's mandate in SWNM is now restricted to medical wastes in the hospitals (not waste from private clinics or pharmacies). The transportation and disposal of hospital waste is the responsibilitv of municipalities under the supervision of PEnA. 1.3.2 Institntional Responsibilities General The Israeli Civil Administration administered all municipal services until Nvlav 1994. The Palestinians gained limited autonomy, first over the Gaza Strip and Jericho in 1994, and then over other parts of the West Bank during 1996. When formed, the Palestinian Authority and the municipalities had little to no experience in administering services like solid waste management. The relatively low performance level of SWMI services is related to this lack of experience and lack of strategies or policies. FNATCONI EN r \1 Rio-t- Mk ir ' % :ti.% ':r We88l t' K %N 2 Solid wvaste collectorn and transportation is the direct and immediate resocnsibilitv of the iocal governments (munic:palities). Implicitlv ancd due to the lack of organised disposal methods, the dumpmig cf tne wvastes removed from municipal areas Is executed by municiralities. Village councils in rural areas also co-operate in the transport and/ or disposal of solid waste to varymn g extents anci in an informal way. The desired increase in co-operation between such small municipalities towarls regional solid waste councils has not vet materialised. Solid Waste Couincils Some villages in the West Bank have an informal agreement for dealing with the transportation and disposal of solid wastes. There is no formal co- operation. Ministry of Local Gooernrnents On a national level the fMinistrv of Local Govemments is responsible for the activities of municipalities. This implies that policies and implementation for municipal services, including the organisation and administration of solid waste services, fall under the remit of this M'vlinistrv. This Mivlinistry plays an important role in, for example, the financing of soLid waste collection equipment, selection of disposal sites and introduction of cost-recovery. UNZR VA Apart from the municipalities, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) specificallv deals with waste collection and transportation for refugee camps. Atinistry of Healtlh Until vlav 1998, the Mylinistry of Health monitored the dumps used for disposal of collected waste. Their concern was limited to the direct risks to public health and not for indirect risks via the environment such as the pollution of the aquifers. The Mfinistrv of Health continues to be responsible for medical wastes from hospitals although there is no registration of hazardous waste producers and there are no data for medical waste generation. In addition, data on clinics and pharmacies is incomplete and there are neither reliable data nor registrations of (imports of) chemical or nuclear substances. Mvtinistry of Industry Industries produce a substantial quantitv of waste and a significant percentage of the toxic wastes. The 'vlinistrv of Industrv does not, however, have a Department that deals with solid waste issues on an ad-hoc basis. There is no registration of hazardous waste producers. FNM IRNW\iN r \. RISC( RS'rs MX. \ . r W\' F'Ri'rxir 3 AVinistrt/ of Justice Although not directly involved in solid waste management, this Ministry plavs an important role in enforcement of laws, including municipal bv-laws. Palestinian VVatLr'1 Alithorit:t This was the first inter-ministerial Authority to be established (1995). The PWVA deals mainlv with water resources and related environmental issues. It grants or rejects licences for activities with a 'water component', including dumpsites, which might pollute aquifers. The PWA is verv active and well represented at meetings related to water. It has a comprehensive set of strategies and policies that could function as an example for the PEnA. Palestinian Environmental Authority The Palestinian Environmental Authoritv (PEnA) is the current authority responsible for environmental issues. 1.3.3 Legislation Some of the laws relevant to solid waste in the West Bank can be traced back to Ottoman or British roots and these are complemented by some recentlv issued orders from Palestinian Governors and heads of municipal health departments. It will take some time until a unified Palestinian Law is in place. The future Environmental Law is now in its second draft and under discussion in the Palestinian Legislative Council. The Environmental Planning Directorate has also undertaken some preparatorv studies and initiated debate in this field, with regard to a general environmental framework law and special regulations concerning solid wastes. There are several currently applicable Laws and Regulations and these include: * Jordanian Public Health Law; -Municipality Regulatory System; [sraeli Military Orders; . Palestinian Authoritv Orders; * lunicipal Policies and Regulations; and Palestinian iMvlunicipal Law. Details of each are documented in the Phase I Draft MlasterPlan report. The Legal Enforcenient Systenm All the above mentioned laws, orders and regulations have'enforcement power'. The main base of the enforcement svstem is the lordanian Public Health Law # 43 and the municipalitv regulatorv svstem. Enforcement 4 actions are usuallv taken by munlcipai,tv court, s5oilur court, police and sometnmes district Governors. I.3.4 Environmental impact Assessmnent (ELA) The IPEn A are currentlY developing a draft environmental assessment policy to assist in meetLing the foilowLng goals: To conserve social, historical an.1 cultural values of the Palestinian people and their communities; to ensure an adequate qualitv of life, health, safety and welfare for the Palestinian people; to preserve natural processes; * to maintain the sustainable use and the long-term abilitv of natural resources to support human, plant and animal life; * to conserve biodiversitv and landscapes; * to avoid irreversible environmental damage from development activities; and * to ensure that the basic needs of the people affected or likely to be affected by a development activity are not jeopardized. Within the terms of the draft policv PEnA are responsible for the implementation and are responsible for the approval and assessment of environmental considerations in relation to proposed developments. It is expected that the PEnA wil liaise with relevant institutions, such as the PWA, in relation to the proposed developments. The form of the policv is similar to that of the World Bank (see details below) and it specifies the requirement for comprehensive ElAs (necessarv for projects likelv to have significant impacts) and an Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) for projects where significant impacts are uncertain, or where compliance with environmental regulations must be ensured. Completion of an IEE may necessitate the conduct of a comprehensive EIA. Under the policv development of solid waste facilities, the completion of a comprehensive EIA prior to implementation is required. The prevailing EIA guideline procedures used at an international level are those set out in the World Bank Operational Directive (OD) 4.01 (to be reissued as Operational Policy 4.01). OD 4.01 provides guidance on the World Bank's requirements for scope and content of EIA submissions. The document indicates that the content of an EIA should not oniv cover evaluation of baseline environmental conditions, potential impacts and required mitigation measures, but also discuss wider issues such as stakeholder concerns and potential project altematives. This first stage environmental analysis report has been prepared in full consideration of these guidelines to allow project planning decisions to take into account kev environmental issues associated with the site. The document is preliminary, however, in that its focus is to provide a rapid assessment of potential impacts and kev issues' which will need to be addressed prior to project implementation. EN TICO, I ''R N .F XI Ri- *'( 15 M.. M ;\t:FNtIi;r WW-KI m t D 1.4 LEVEL OF BACKGROUND !WFORAIATION AND LMPLICATIONS FOR THE STUDY The ZF site has previously been considered and found suitable bv the Office of the Environment of the State of Israel. A permit was granted for the site development and conceptual designs and tender documents were preparedf by civil andt environmental engineers, 4variniansckv Associates, Tel Aviv. The site was first considered for development in 1987. Through direct discussions between the Consultant and the Israeli Director of Environmental Affairs of the Regional Liaison and Co-ordination Office, West Bank it was confirmed that whilst environmental consideration was given to the site (which included a review of such issues as site topography, geology, hydrogeoiogy, hvdrology, and land-use) no formal ETA was completed. In addition, it was confirmed that any supporting environmental data which formed the basis for project development was unavailable. As discussed in Section 1.3 above, PEnA's and World Bank's requirements for the dtevelopment of a new sanitarv landfill site include the completion of a comprehensive EIA which assesses the full environmental implications of such a project. As the absence of an existing Israeli prepared EIA has been confirmed it is clear that additional work in relation to environmental assessment is required prior to project implementation. The scope, focus and timing of this additional work has been identified and is discussed in Section 5. 2.5 PROJECTALrERNATIVES 1.5.1 Introduiction In the West Bank, the need for improvement of the waste sector has been clearly identified and continuation of 'open dump site' waste disposal practices (with no environmental protection) is widelv recognised as no longer being acceptable. WVithin Phase I of this studv, and through consultations with representatives of PEnA, MvIoLC, NloPIC, PWA, World Bank, and ENEA Consultants, it was determined that the development of the ZF landfill should be strongly considered as part of the upgrade of waste management services in the West Bank. The role of the proposed ZF landfill is to provide sufficient capacitv to dispose of wastes from the towns of Jenin and Tubas and the surrounding villages for a period of 20 vears. 1.5.2 Existing Solidf Waste Malznaigemnent in thte lenit balzl)s Areti A review of the existing solid waste managenment situation in the Jenin/Tubas area was completed as part of Phase I of this project. A summarv of the findiings are provided below. FN% IF, I;\ 1 \I IN i' I F, FN MAN N.mr. i W.Rl 1R 6 The two Districts to be served ho the ZF landfill have a reiatvvelv lc,w population densitY in 1098. the Jenir. Dis -r ct has approximateIv 19 ,000 innabitants, Tubas District counts 35,000 9 Durm.g the foreseen lifetime of the site, these figures mao r more than double to approximatel. 4180,000 and 8&CCG resoectiv elo . lenin is the biggest town in the West Bank north of Nablus. The number of fixed establishments (shops, offices, restaurants etc.) is around half the number of residences and the trading has made Jenin relatively affluent and it is the richest municipalitv in the West Bank. The waste collection exists of dailv curb-side collection, dailv containers emptving and daily cleansing of the vegetable market. The collection covers approximatelv 100 km of streets in the urban areas (around 6.4 km2) in addition to some rural areas (1.6 km2). In June 1998, the tlunicipalitv received two container, trucks and a skiplift truck, in addition to 160 containers. Existing equipment remained in place and included 4 skip lift trucks, 75 metal bins, approximately 200 oil drums, 75 skip lift containers, 10 wheel barrows and 60 push carts. The future solid waste collection schemes will focus on more efficient use of the collection vehicles and an increase in containers, a higher rate of community participation and a higher ratio of cleaning staff per given number of inhabitants. For the latter, it is believed that increasing the number of cleaners will result in higher financial SWN/4 contributions from the public. The collection of solid waste Ln the town of Jenin is not, however, representative of the Jenin District. Rural collection is not well organised and waste is dumped on open land (fields/wadis) and is often set on fire. Solid waste disposal was carried out on the residential border to the west of the clt until 1996. Since 1996, a dump site located 3km south of Jenin has been used as a waste disposal site. This existing dump is situated on a hilltop and leachate is noted to flow untreated to the local wadi. The site is unsuitable for waste disposal and it is not considered feasible for upgrade. The waste generation per capita (1.4 kg/pc/dav)2 is high aind ranks second onlv after Bethlehem (2 kg/pc/dasv) in the West Bank. Per year and commencing in 1999, the waste generation of the District is estimated at 660,000 tonnes per vear (tpy), of which 30% originates from Jenin Nvlunicipalitv. Tubas ! West f,mkl. dGn- (,ofn Fi F 1. ;-- , , ., - --- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 7 iq -, y , - F j _-- ''[ 'i j\ S . rKeLL BUiLT UrP ABQEAS Sources 'SBlELI SET-EMENTS PALGRICWaeAuory A/ IsOb^ rxXrDrcr - ~~~~~~~~Palestintan Water Authority .5 -lo.. ..coErou s - West Bank Water Depariment - Applied Researcn Institute ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~M.nstry of Plannuig and ~ |N"r>De ' einiemlIoGnal Cooperaton Novembne 1997 The curren,t site access road to the rro-osed lancidfiD Is as a 'spur' off to the north-west of the main Nablus to Jenin route. The road is currently unpaved and, as part of the landfill development, upgrading and asphalting of this route will be required. At present. some of the land area required For the landfill development is ow,-ned by the NMunicipality of Jenin. The Consultants have received assurances from the PEnA that the additional land required will be made available for the project development, as will full access to the site along the path of the current access road. One of the factors influencing the 'implementation' of the project is the 'permitting' of the landfill dievelopment bv the Israeli authorities. The Consultants have been assured that the necessary permits are in place, and that implementation of a sanitarv landfill at the site has been approved. 2.3 CLIMATIC REGIME The climate' of the Jenin District is characterised by hot and dry summers and moderate and rainv winters. The mean annual rainfall across the district is approximatelv 528mm/year with a maximum average of 778mm/year recorded to the west of the district. The maximum documented rainfall recorded between 1980 and 1995 was 1417.5mm in 1991/2 at 'Arrabe. Mean annual rainfall data for the West Bank are provided in Figure 2.3a. Mean monthlv rainfall totals for the Qabatva rainfall station are provided in Table 2.3a. Qabatva station is located approximatelv 6km to the east of the proposed site area. Tiable 2.3.na Monthly Rainfall Totals (mnm): Qabatya Station Year Jan Feb Mar Apr M4ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1963 - - - - - 167.10 1964 63.20 215.(X) 58.20 1.50 3.70 0.00 0(X) .O0 0.00 0.00 170.30 65.(X) 1965 156.10 58.80 53.52 43.(X 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83.60 10.60 54.40) 1966 3880 58-20 87.10 0.0X 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.00 720. 2 7.50 1967 151.70 74.40 156.50 4.30 0.00 0.00 0.0(1 0.00 0(X) 0.00 77.40 68.40 1968 171.80 44.60 14.20 I5.60 26.(X) 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 4.20 63.70 211.9(0 1969 194.00 44.30 86.40 27.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.10 37.30 30.20 1970 146.70 53.60 148.20 31.70 0.00 0.!)0 0.(00 0,00 0.00 2.70 3.90 65.(X - 1971 86.10 121.90 38.50 165.60 0.10 1. (X) 0.00 0(X) 0.0(0 0.(X0 47.10 162.(00 197 1(08.70 1(17.60 1(09.50 15.8(1 l1.0X0 ()(X 0.00 0.00 0.00 (). 0 35.80 39.8(0 1973 116.40 39.80 97.7( 18.70 20.4) 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.( 0 1(X) 110.40 62.80 1974 325.30 76.00 39.50 15.10 0.1)0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.40 123.60 1975 7 291 184.51) 44.50 6.30 11.(11) 0.(10 0.(X) 0.) 0.() 10.(10 16.80 120.010 1976 73.01) 143.20 99.30) 32.701 t7.1 70.lN 0 (U) 0.00 0.00 31.80 104.30 41.3) 1977 132.70 55.4(1 133.40 85.7(0 2.00 0.00 0.0(1 0.00 0.01) 58.80 5.20 184.1(0 1978 90.70 17.6(0 86.00 17 201 110 1..0 0.00 1O.00 0.00 29.90 17.60 103.Q(1 1979 71.0X0 17.11) 4751) 55.80 1(.8(1 0o(W) 0.01) 0.00 0.(X) 27.60 112.90 264.-6(1 1980 83.70 136.50 126.50 18.801 U,X) 1).00 0.0(0 0.00 0.00 11.60 5.70 147.20 1uXl 222.5(1 1(18.N) 86.3( 22.9( 0.(111 11.(X) 11.00 0.(X) 0.00 0.1K) 83.80 37.5( 1982 74.01) 139.oo r9 9(1 7.8(1 0.001 (.1K) 1.00 11.0(1) OAX) 0.1K) 83.6(1 112.1(1 E,n,,r,, - enGil Il- il, I, r the W ,t h.,nk. Vl,. 7. enmn ikl,j t. A lill IQi ) F';I: u -r\1 1I; 1 M N4 %Ii %II '.r W 1 I, f 1'Ft,3 k 1 3 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1983 169.eo 19J,0 142.50 11.10 3.10 O.00 l.00) t)0.00 0.00 53.0 73.00 33.90 1984 166.20) 72.bO 1019. 34350 0.00 0.(00 0.00 0.00 000 23.30 42.O 59.70( 1983 81.70 179.90 13 80 39.1( 0.0 0.00 M .( 0 0.00 0.00 36,.9) 55.40 32.00 1986 994)0 108.80 24.41) 44.30 33.90 (.00 0000 (1.1CO (1.01) 70.90 216.50 139 40 1987 113.30 39. l3 0 11.70 0.00 0.0 .0(( 0.0 (0.((0 0.003 25'.01) 3.3(0 192.90 1988 207.90 144.30 173 (X) O. CO 00 0 (.00 0(.01) 0.00 () .() 17, 0 63_5 1 11_'t 189 77.70 43.0)()0 86.60 0. 0.00 ()0 0.00 (.0( 0.00 13. 20 14.90 175.9( The rairnv season begins in October, with approximatelv 80. of the annual rainfall occurring between November and February. Rain between June to September is rare. Rainfall is sometimes highly concentrated with much of the annual rainfall falling within only a short period. Between December and March the average dailv temperature has been recorded as 13.4oC with a minimum temperature of 7.80C and a maximum of 19CC. The average daily temperatures from June to August is 33.6-C with an average minimum of 19.30C. Evaporation is particularly high in summer, due to the rise in temperatures, intensive sunshine and relatively low humidity. The average evaporation rate in Nablus', located approximatelv 27km to the south of the site, between December to February is 277.3mm/month. Between June and August this is much reduced to approximately 55.1mm/month. The prevailing wind over the Jenin District comes from the south-west and north-west, being more northerly in the summer months. The Khamaseen' winds from the Arabian Desert Area may occur during the period from April to June and these characteristicallv cause a rise in temperature and a decrease in humidity. Humidity ranges from approximatelv 39% during the 'Khamaseen' period to an average of around 84,° in winter. The' tuus lftile Fn iir,,n,ent in it Wl.,t f4,nk. ARiI (fi ) 14 Figure 2.3n: Nean Annual Rainfall Dntaofor the WVest Bank (Fromi t'loPIC 1997) MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL (Feo° --oPIC 1997~ (1931 - 1960) Legend Landfill Site (exact footprint to be defined) RAINFALL IN MM 150 299 -s, '. '- I l c~~~<150 NATIONAL BORDER '= ,_ ' -, -, JEUAE `..-,',.' ! w > s- _, - =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * -- 4 Sources -MOPIG Alias of Israel -985 0 1 0 20 30 M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ensmry Dr Plaufln9 amO l&Sinlernalionla COOPe~rallon Kilormeters 19 l S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o.-,,'. I5 2.4 GEOLOGY The geological mapping tor the West Bank was first published by Consultants Rofe and Raffetv in 1965 with certain specific areas further updated by the Geological Survev ot Israel. The geological colurnn of the Jenin District from oldest to youngest is summarizeci below: * Limestone, dolomite and mar! (Cretaceous); * Chalk and chert (Tertiary); * Chalk, limestone and chert (Eocene); and * Alluvium (Pleistocene to Recent). From a review of the broad geological units in mapping provided within the Jenin District Environmental Profile it is apparent that the site area is situated on the boundarv of geological units of the Senonian age (chalk and chert) and units of Cenomanian-Turonian age (limestone, dolomite and marl). A review of the Rofe and Raffetyl geological mapping confirmed the site is located in an area of local geological variation, often with faulted boundaries between the two differing units. Specifically, the site is located in an area classified as the Jerusalem formation (KTj) which is characterised by massive, bedded limestones, dolomite and chalkv limestone. This rests unconformably against rocks of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition (K/T-c) characterised bv chalk and chert. An extract from the geological mapping of Rofe and Raffety with the approximate site location is provided as Figure 2.4a. It should be noted that the final site profile mav be located across the geological boundaries. Table 2.4a shows the geological column of the West Bank area. The regional geological structure in the area is the Nablus-Beit Qad syncLine. The geological mapping in the site area indicates local faulting of the two prevalent geological units. Fault throw distances are not indicated. The site area is located in a region characterised bv thin soil cover. Site walk- overs confirmed that the area is bordered by locally exposed bedrock. Towards the centre of the valley area the greatest extent of cover was noted and here soils are used to support small scale agriculture. This, the most extensive area of cover, is characterised by reddish brown, slightlv clavev soil. Soil thickness is unknown, but it is not expected to be considerable. W. I,lll l)i't'ji t W., tr rRr-."-ll Stir-r .ols I R"i lvifm f I "h5) FI;A ' ix 1' i N. KIR M \NV: .;MFpr W,'1 I) H 16 Table 2.4a: Geological Map. (From Rofe and Rafferty !960,) 167, 16S 1 h9 1 70 200 - I 2 ~~KIT-c ! f _ lf orsmo g X~~~~~~~~~u 2 <199 Kcb _ / 1968 Fa \%m )V _f - c tbd N /~~~~~~K- K/T - C Cretaceous Tertiary Transition K I KT1 Jerusalem Formation Scale 1:25.000 Tarble 2.4a Lithological uinzits in thte West Banzk Era Period Geologic Series Geological Lithology Thickness Age Formation (in) I i ~~~~~~~~Nar; C Quaternarv Holocene Recent Alluvium marl, sand, ,ravel variable EI N Graveis and o OLa Fans Z Pleistocene Lisan Lisan gypsum marl, gravei, limestone >200 0 I Teriarv Pliocene Beida Beida limestone, conglomerate, chalk >200 C Eocene lenin chalk, numulitic chert, reef 0-635 Santoniain- Belqa Abu Dies chalk, ciert 0450 Conaciai. Cretaceous Turonian lerusalem bedded limestone, chalky limestone 50-140 M E Bethlehem limestone, dolomite, chalk, marl 30-150 Ep S p O c l Hebron dIolomitic limestone, doiomite, chaikv 130-260 I E I limestone C N d A 0 d I NI I L Yatta chalky limestone, dolomite, marl 50-120 A e U N L N upper Beit limestone, marl, chalky limestone 110-250 1 o E Kahil _ A w lower Beit massive limestone, shale, sandy marl 160-290 N e Kahil r Neocomian Kurnub Ramali sandstone, sandy limestone, 260-290 conglomerate Albian urassic Bajocian- Zerqa upper MSlaleh chalkv limestone, marl 190 Calloviaii lo%ver NIaleh massive limestone, basalt 5t I& 2-5 HYDROGEOLOGY Although only liimited information on the hvdrogeological regime of the site area is available, a general hydrogeological Lnterpretation has been determined from an appraisal of published information, from site geology, topographv, climate anrd from discussions w ith representarives o, appropriate insti'utions. The nature of the site geologv is one of the keys to determLn-ng the basis for the local hydrogeological conditions at the site. From the geological mapping the site is situated across geological units with characteristically differing hvdrogeological properties. The younger of the two units, characterised bv chalk and chert deposits is considered to be an aquiclude within the region and, as such, is often a partial barrier to groundwater flow and contaminant transfer. Conversely, the Jerusalem Formation, characterised bv limestones, dolomite and marls is generally considered to be a major aquifer and is known throughout the West Bank to be one of the most hydrogeologically sensitive recharge areas. N4oPIC's Sensitive Aquifer Recharge Areas for the West Bank defines the region in the vicinitv of the site as 'locally highlv sensitive'. It should be noted, however, that these classifications should be treated as broad and regional, and not site specific. Groundwater flow in the latter formation is dominantly through fissures and fractures and the units have high 'secondary' permeabilities and fast groundwater travel times. The fissure and fracture system controls the groundwater flow routes. The deposits have Little groundwater storage capacitv and the groundwater regime is very vuLnerable to contamination. The formation has little contaminant attenuation capacitv. The thickness of the Jerusalem Formation ranges between 50m and 140m and is characteristically less variable in lithology and thickness than other formations within the region. These deposits are underlain by the Bethlehem Formation, which in the north of the West Bank is also considered to be an aquifer unit. The Jerusalem, Bethlehem and underlving Hebron Formation are viewed as a single svstem of aquifers, known as the Cenomanian- Turonian Aquifer System. During discussions with the Israeli Director of Environmental Affairs for the West Bank the Consultants were informed that the site had been recommended and had favourable site specific geological and hvdrogeological conditions for landfill development. However, no data was available to the Consultants to substantiate these recommendations and the sensitivitv of the geological units has to be based on the published geological mapping and associated descriptions. From the review of the available geological mapping it was apparent that sensitive groundwater recharge areas are located in the site area. Further, the presence of faults and fractures in the vicinitv of the site mav also provide additional contaminant and pollution pathwavs to the underlying m w r '.r Ris.,i F 'r' -S I \,% \(; ii,i 'r W 'rI, M,'H.K 19 groundwater regime. As such, the site must be considered sensitive with respect to the potenrial for groundw, ater contamination. Published information on the hvdrogeologv of the site area indicates that no springs or wells are located wvithin the site boundarv area and from discussions with local people at the site it was confirmed that neither tvpe of water source wvas located in the immediate vicinitv of the site. From the data made available from MIoPIC who have combined information with that of PALGRIC, PVWA, W'3BWD, and ARIJ the nearest known well is located approximately 3.5km to the north-east of the site. Published information on groundwater depths in the area is verv limited and is onlv provided on a regional scale. The available information' gives an indication of water levels below ground levet (bgl) in the vicinity of the site. From this regional assessment ARIJ considered the groundwater to be around 90m bgl with the approximate groundwater table at 230mAOD. Little information on groundwater levels was available during the course of this initial assessment and it is considered necessarv to follow-up local information sources to determine a more accurate picture of the groundwater network in the area. 2.6 HYDROLOGY As is common throughout the region, no permanent surface water courses are present in the vicinitv of the site and no wadi or stream baseflow (water supplied by groundwater discharge) is evident in the proposed ZF site area. Surface flood run-off in the site area is expected to be sporadic and will occur onlv after significant rainfall events. The topography of the proposed site area is such that provision for surface water flow events must be considered in the detailed design stage and anv surface flow discharges occurring as local flood events must be taken into account at the detailed design stage. 2.7 ECOLOGY 2.7.1 Overview Under studies conducted by tVIoPIC for the Emergency Natural Resources Protection Plan in 1996, all ecologicaliv highlv significant areas were identified and classified taking into account their value, importance, sensitivitv and vulnerabilitv. According to this studv, the closest 'highlv significant ecological area' to the proposed site is at Kfar Rai. This area (approximatelv 120 ha) is located at a distance of more than D km from the proposed landfill. t W,te, R.-n,urc-o ,nd fmrrig.te d Agmuriture in the We-t Ft-nk. ARI (1996) Entironmental Profile for the Wet B.nk. Vol.r,1Jiennll itrnt. ARI (1996) Th. 5tS- of the s-rcnm entinth V,t F-tnk. AR g((L997) A Ir'inin-,rv Inve,1ig', ii-n ( fii,kiivr-itv in P',lJ-tin-. IIAI.ES ( 1996) )..Lrndk-p:r A,o',,rnent of tih- W-st Bnk; C ..s.rnc,r.L..n. MlPC ( 99I6) E N z~r.l V,; ', I ,(" isV~tC MAv k,T ' -. C ,,'rt.r' ft NINK 20 Figurc 2.,, taken from ARIJ shows the regional land use plan for the Jenin District. The site area is marked onlv as 'other' and the site is not recorded on an area classified with sensitive land-use characteristics. Figure 2. 7. shows the ecologically significant areas determined by M'vloPIC, in conjunction with PIALES, and ecological expert Dr. Mlohammed 5. Shtayeh. The location of forests and nature reserves within the West Bank are marked on FiSuirc 2. . Published data specific to the site area of the proposed landfill site is not available and only general information on species generic to the region has been documented. From the data review2 a summarv of the flora and fauna profiles of the general area has been determined. Figutre 2;7a: Jenin District Land Use (From ARIJ, Environmental Profile for the West Bank, Vol. 7, Jenin District 1996) "1~~~~~~~~~~; - ~~~Lafndfill Site :a; (exact footprint to be defined)ii - _ 'XS ' _ ' ~, , 'I Laf .ill Si . - 'te"P.l 21 Figuire 2.7b: Ecologically Signiflcant Areas (From NIoPIC 1997) ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT AREAS j ~I Legend HIGHLY SIGNIFICAN/T Landfill Site - j1 [ NATIONAL BORDER (exact footprint to be defined) ,- GOVERNORATE BORDER f,-,.. a i MAIN ROADS (\-;:2-*1 ,JnE j J j Jn3 N.wUnT,,,,,T ) 8 \ ! gH2,u ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J,,4 KUTn R. I 2 _- _3 j,ua) -k g ;1 Jntl Wed *t-Fass - Ea I' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TI Salran n0 (fz. / ( 1-1 \ v n2 WadAit..Sha r (Thj~~~~~T , f1T t ! S /f T.t Jo"IAzumn , ~~~~~~ | l (V fi ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TS Stsirr nsiFwti NABLUS NI Sabsfby. .n , ) ~,1 N2 An ls. ea-wiwy I aJ.Ba \ s/r2 ( Rtf ff y w<~~~~~~~~~3 tSWAWb" / -~~~~~~~~~~ -'in ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 i I-IZ1 \j ~~ ^ < L" . tl-@t;_ / 4 / ~~~~NA EIhWd" J > RS / r ,__ i t RAtAJALLM Rg C, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RI Jaba*nf-NI0m. St~rMtcunW0t) r. RJ ,< _3 \ 5R3 J4iu,,, R4 Tumm,. -No RS -Ein Omy. t ; J03 |R Li, R a5 a I Nnbi Sail \} -- R5 . ? j § ~~~~~~~~~~~~ERICHCt RS. J I r Jel liu R!mar , -' A2z Wad HTE J7 t 9 9 ~~-- ~~r- Je dJERUSALEM Jo J3 8aQnnwg Of Wad Na 45 8y 0-Thyl. *U M JJ7 Rears Aima Of Wad "MtiE BETHLEHEM . ~~~~~~~~~B2 ! / va &f l od N.el e { R2 M- Sob 83 Va. beyd / , B~tN//Etit.t r.n. 8.1 84 H9 Abu Gi H, H/eui) go RNUwm I Wad Fuqer HE H2 S n PRO|RON { \ /7 z s \ {t I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hi Bell Kten HI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~H2 Ta.qwauu I Nuba | Su.bs Nd Soutr-wa/aol a l.&awa e" ZHo- /S Sw of dl UR HS AOM -, a4KAIAtl.lad/Ak Ho SOutR-iriat of elu,rrwar H I 0SOABthat Ol A,rn HI ¶Sootft-va/ l Arr,8 HS H t 2'AmeI Bed Fsawr - PIALES \ - - ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~N D r. SOd . 51hW 0 10 20 30 ji; mry of PannIng and Irrte,naua Cowemon Kilomneters () J. 1997 Figure 2.7c: Forests anid .N'ature Reserz'es (From NIoPIC 1997) FORESTS AND J A JRE RESERVE 5 Landil 5itiSt bTl (oxnct t ,ostirinat to) ;> citeefin-e- d (xCT !:e(trln. fr a r~ H-~ dir - d, i, TA,, .',. rI A~~~~~~~~~- IS, < ' ._4 I C X,, ~~a ' , C,: / _ sI ..,,,'_ JI , _ Flora The region contains a high density of species due to the meeting of three geographical plant regions, the Mediterranean Territory, the Irano-Turanian and the Saharo-Sindian. Palestine has 114 families of plants recorded and 2483 species. The Central Highlands Region on which the site is located is dominated by Quzerczus callirrinos, Cer-atoria siliqua, Pistacia palestina, Pistacia lenticus, Sarcapteritun spinstun, Prosopsis td!Cta, Inub.a c!scosa. Pitragmzites aoustr-ais, Nforincandia nitens and Convonlvolus oleiroiuniz. Work completed by PIALES does not specify the area of the proposed landfill development as being of specific importance with respect to its 'biodiversitv' (either flora or fauna) or 'important rangeland'. Within this same study of native flora a list of species defined as 'protected national assets' has been drawn up. Further work should be carried out on a site specific basis to confirm that none of the flora present on-site is of a protected species. The land in the proposed site area has not been agriculturallv developed other than for low intensitv crop and olive tree growth and these are located towards the centre of the vallev area. Ftuna Fauna in the West Bank area is wide ranging in response to the considerable variation of natural habitats. Fauna in the region has been documented as having 67 families of birds of which 45 are local breeds, 33 families of mammals, 93 species and sub-species of reptiles, and 7 different species of amphibians. As part of the PIALES study, native fauna species defined as 'protected national assets' have been drawn up and the list includes birds, reptiles and amphibians, and mammals. Although it is considered unlikely that the site has specific valie with respect to wildlife territories and corridors a site specific studv prior to the development of the site should be completed in order to confirm this assumption. 2.8 SO CIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AND LAND-USE This sub-section presents an overview of the socio-cultural environment in the vicinitv of the proposed landfill site. Documented findings of the Public Consultation exercise executed in Pliase I of this Project was provided in the Plase I reports. The finding of the first stage of Public Consultation, carried out specificallv in relation to the development of the site at the community level, are provided as Atiner A. Brief findings included in this Section are provided below. 2.S.1 Overview An overview of baseline socio-economic datat is presented below. Data has been gathered from available data sources and publications on the Jenin F% K iz I; xa ; r i Mt Ts, T S . M,. \% I \11 N R W,'JI '1M F NK -24 District and the West Bank. Only limiited data on the site specific area is available. The Jenim District has approximately 230,000 inhabitants. The available data on 'he percentages of people living Ln urban, semi-urban, rural and refugee carmip comrmrunities differs to sucn a considerable extent that they are considered unreliable. Accurate data will be available when the Palestinian Housing and Estabiishments census data of 1997 is available, expected in the latter half of 1998. The jenin district covers an area of approximatelv 37,314 ha. This area is dividied bv the Osio 11 interim agreement as follows:i Area A 680ha (1.2%) of the district's land CJenLn City and Jenin refugee camp). Area B 30,480ha (53.2%0) of the district (villages and camps). Area C 26,154ha (45.6%) of the district's land, includes areas of Israeli settlements, closed military areas and militarv bases. The land use patterns in this district are greatly influenced by the topographv, climate and poLitical conflict over land and natural resources. Such factors have affected the distribution of cultivated areas, urban areas, road construction and other land uses. The main categories for land-use in the JenLn district are: * 78 Palestinian built-up areas (2,150 ha, 3.8%.); * Israeli settlements (11 settlements, covering 140 hectares of the district's land, 0.24%0); * closed Israeli MSlilitarv Areas and Bases (280 ha, 0.49%¢D); * cultivated areas (39,000 ha, 68'%); * [srael has declared five nature reserves in the Jenin district, with a total area of almost 2,260 hectares (4%,'o); and * others including forests, industrial areas, dumping sites, quarries and roads (13,305 ha, 23.5%). The proposed landfill site is situated to the south west of Jenin in Area C. The footprint forms part of a landscape characterised bv gentle hills currentlv used for low intensity grazing and rain-fed agricultural growth. During the assessment of the site development it was determined that several communities were located in the vicinity of the proposed sanitarv landfill site. These were: * A turkey farm; d a Bedouin camp of four tents; IF .n- rnm,-n Li l'-fii-lf ti, W,,t H., nk, V,,L 1.,l n Dl)i,Ui, t A Iio 25 IN\. ;.^NF%r Nl I V I. l~ PX, s11 \, X.; I 8 W R 1, H........ wX%;\K 25 * one farm; • tvo residential complexes with two extended families; * two village settiements; * one Israeli military site; and * a camp adjacent to the militarv site supporting approximatelv 53 Palestinian faml[ies. These areas dre all within a 2 km radius of the proposed site and have access to it via secondary unpaved roads. The distance to the site via the main jenin- Nablus road and the main site access is greater than 5km for both the villages and the military camp. The villages of 'Arrabe, Kufr Rai, 'Anza and Az-Zawive are all located at a distance of approximatelv 3 km from the site and are not considered to be adverselv affected bv the site development since they do not lie in the immediate vicinitv of the site and do not lie adjacent to the access road and/or proposed haulage routes. At this stage the detailed design of the proposed ZF landfill has not been undertaken and the final site footprint has not been determined. However, the proposed site will occupy an area of approximately 12 ha of 'open vallev' area and the site is currently used for low intensitv grazing. In addition, areas of olive trees, a little wheat and some 'Sabal' (a plant used to make broom brushes) were noted within the proposed site area. The land comprising of the proposed site area is owned both by the Jenin Municipalitv and private landowners from the villages of 'Arrabe, 'Ajja and 'Anza. As stated above, PEnA confirmed that all the land required for the development will be available should the project be implemented. It is reported that the landowners will wish for compensation for each of the olive trees lost during the site development. The Jenin District, in common with manv areas throughout the West Bank, has several sites of historical and cultural importance. The nearest documented areas of importance are at Fahme and 'Ajja where ancient structures, water canals, rock-cut tombs and pottery fragments have been recorded. From the published information, the proposed site is not considered to have specific historical or cultural significance. A West Bank map of the cultural heritage sites is reproduced as Figure 2.Sa, provided bv MoPIC in conjunction with the Mlinistry of Tourism and Antiquities. 2.8.2 Em ploymnent *nd Economic Statuts Oven'iew For the last 30 years, the West Bank and Gaza Strip's (WBG) economic development has been conditioned by its relationship to the Israeli economv. By the late 1980's over one third of the Palestinian labour force worked in Israel and average incomes and living levels grew considerably. Between 1993 and 1996, there was a deterioration in economic conditions, explained, to a large extent, bv the complex political situation and Israeli closure and separation policies. Between 1992 and 1996 there was an estimated 18,o FNN I: '-N \l% f vi. a l Ir 1s M x . XT ; r WI 'WII' H Nk 26 decline m real ONPt, and at the sarne time the pcpulati.en grewn by 26.3%o. The WvBG had a GNP of U551.710 per capita in 1996, which categorises it as a lowver-middle income economv.2 ON? in the West Bank is U552,150 per capita. The average real monthly expenditures for seven-person households in \WBG Ln 1997 averaged U55750 as compared to LS582S Ln 1996, a decline of 9.4%) Comparing averages for the two years, there was a 7 decline n basic expenditures (housLng, food, clothing, medical care, transportation, education and taxes) and a more than 15 %'0 fall in secondarv expenditures (household, furniture, personal care, recreation and other cash expenditures). IT lie Wr-t iA,,nk mdn(l i,zn Strrr P'risate F"nnms C:ondi,inn Pedi'nrosp-v tnvi. Stpv Repo rt f NSCO (19)8) :W-.,rt -k-in d ( :n Me!,,: ni .. i m T- lr P-.,i rn-enf -tr,, y .,ndl I',: Ii, Fifln, gn P'rr,,,e, fn, th- Hei,, h e, -e-r. repr-t N., U70531-7. World Kink (IiWJ7) UNSCO Rep,,rt .n F-ornr mi, rnd ; ,,nditLrin in l-re W-et Ia,,nk and ( '.si, 'trip. Quwrterly relrt . UNCO(O ( UIJQ) !-\ IK(,NxiI N r ,I iA,o.,-r'F, 1'. SWf \N ~\ .I ,1''r-. I W. 't I, H rK 2,/ Figutre 2.8a: Czltural Heritage Sites (Frorr. MoFT C 1997) CULTURAL HERITAGE A ~~~~~~~~Le_wrnd /jy Landfill Site,/. S (exact tootprint to be defined) C GLLTLPL 9TES 8 4 -an~~~~~~~~~~~~~LL)A MRCNIMENT MAIN R M t d\ M't2 r ,Rige 2 7 A _ 1 2 T(*d wr 3K IQn wh , Mittg' 8T ar Af ) _-.r- J ....... 9 1 i \( 4 10 SiatmUg 11 -auayvm 12 \t DirSU 9 ~~~~ ~~10 13 #' f t23 0 -_ ^<.5 ; \ 6 g 4 1 1^ Td~~~~~ J~b'EI J C j 20 Td2 c ffi Te D t D T . < & t X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2Et yd d. Td 25~ ~ 22L lO 35 iU _,,V - -) 35 T d0S Rwrala%?l ~~~~24 Suwo r 37 25~ - wt VAs < -_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 !3 CXX /J S / -- t s a 1 1 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~IOt 4d7 3 Tag artNuube "4 Td. buut vIw 51 W aAmWa / sm# S\ S 5 \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~4 T4 aj.-1 Tn 47 Nh mwia Ajd 0 10 20 30 l ,/+ g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 ft Ar d KjIar~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tes rm -PW# _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 Taf SW At onX EGI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 osr1 . t1'397 _K The Jenm district is considered to be of major agricultural importance in the West 3ank, particularly the fertile Ibn A'amer plains around jenin Citv where irrigated agriculture predominates. Alrnost all klnds of Nlediterranean fruits and vegetables are produced here. .Major irrigated crops are tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants and melons. Rain-fed crops include olives, almonds, and figs, as well as cereals such as wheat and1 barely. Approximately 30% of the total area of the WVest Bank- Governorates are used for agricultural purposes.' Agriculture is estimated to contribute about 25"o to the CDP of WB Governorates. Other than the agricultural sector Palestinians are emploved in industrial activities, that include stone and marble quarrying and cutting, and small scale manufacturLng and processing industries such as the manufacturing of tins and agricultural ploughs. In addition, employment in Israel is a major source of income for manv Palestinians. 2.8.3 Services and Sanitation2 The level and extent of infrastructure in the district varv between urban and rural areas. The urban areas enjoy relatively good access and intemal road networks, water and electric power supplv, waste management services and telephone services. The rural areas suffer from lack of adequate infrastructure particularly in water, sewage, waste management and continuous electric power supplv. Vater Supply The Jenin district depends on groundwater as the main source of water. Less than 50%. of the population have access to piped water. The rest of the communities are supplied with water from local wells and springs or through rain water collection reservoirs. Rainwater from the roofs and vards is stored in cistems to be used during the summer. Some of these cistems are depleted during the summer months and water is purchased to refill them. The village of Fahme 2km to the north-west of the site has no piped water supply. Electi-icity Services About 75% of all communities have some form of electric power supplv, either through the Israeli grid or bv generators. The village of Fahme has no continuous electric power supplv. Transportation Serviices t f to 1ttnliR 'ign if., .inl Art i- In lit. W ,it 'i. n k ( ;--vrni,i (,tis. Fmerg- nt N Ii i.tI R( s,u t s P' lte tittm i'tIn. M P 'lK t t4u6) Inh-grntmmi Rur.li.srhipm, nt in i' NDirPsti. uNi)I'/ PA 1'' C ) F i P'N\tMNIN \1. Ri N 'I RS M \N t .1-MI Nr W. 'Rl.l it a'.k 29 75%0 of all communities have paved access roads, although the qualitv oi these roads is commonlv very poor. Nearly all communities have access to one form or another of public transportation. SL'zvage D!spoi5l Fo ci;alcs All communities in the area, except the city of Jenin depend on cess pits for sewage collection. EduLication and Healt/h The educational network is moderately well developed and there are 122 schools throughout the Jenin District. In general, the health sector has a low quality of service, a low doctor to populahon rato, and a shortage of modem equipment. In the northem region of the West Bank, the ratio is 0.5 beds for every 1000 persons. Since the Palestinian Authority has been established, health services, especiallv mother and child care and primary health care are improving.' There are 168 health care centres and clinics, and two small hospitals in the Jenin district.2 Within the village of Fahme there is one elementarv school and one health clinic 2.8.4 Putblic Consiltations Public consultations were carried out in Phase I and were referred to within the Phase I output, the Draft MasterPlan. Throughout the course of the studv on-going consultation and discussions between the relevant municipalities, PEnA, ERM, NGOs, World Bank and other relevant parties (such as the Israeli Director-of Environmental Affairs) have been carried out. Once the specific site for the preferred landfill development was determined, and as part of the environmental analvsis and assessment programme, direct public consultations were held with the local community potentiallv affected by the landfill development. Public consultation is a tool for managing two-way communication between a project and the public to improve decision making and to build understandings through involving individuals, groups and organisations. In thfs project, stakeholders are those affected by the proposed sanitarv landfill site selected and the overall SWNI project, and those that have the abilitv to positively or negatively influence the course and outcome of the project. As part of this first stage of environmental analysis and assessment, interviews and discussions were held with the communities considered to be directly affected bv the site development. These communities are listed below in Table 2.8a ' I'lhtiiji l5rrl PTmen 1 9'1.| 00 IYS IX '.M-t2ini-i A"tlh-it, ( 1947) fntvgrn r-IRum Ir m D-e-r-n lan.mN'lrn in IfineVUN DP/ PA P ( 5) 30 Table 2.Sa Commnunities witlhin az 2kmn rtadiuis of the Zahaxlrat Finjan proposed landfill site Community Location Population FaHrac 2 km North-West I 10) Fahiine camp '. km N'orth-Norh- 420) Paiestunmans and zin East ukianoxn Ttimbe- ol Israeh militaries AJjj 2 km South .0. )I) Family houise of Abdel El Mina im Abu El Watat 80)) meters East 20) (200 trneters froni Jenin-Nablus asphalt road) Familv house 80)) meters East 21) (20)) meters from Jenin-Nablus asplhalt road) Bedouii camp of Shawaheent brothers 500 meters East 25-30 (50() meters from Jenin-Nablus asphalt road) Walid El Aarda house 450 meters East 2- I (650 meters trom Jenin-Nablus asphalt road) Turkev tarn 140) meters West- I care taker North-West ( 16(60 meters from Fahme) In the context of this project, the goals of the local stakeholder consultations were to initiate the following: * Raising awareness of and informing the community about the proposed development and the decision making timeframe; * informing stakeholders of the basis of the site use, the timescale of use, and fhe implications of the development; * understanding and documenting any concems stakeholders have about the sites and receiving their inputs on project relevant issues; and * working towards public support for, and agreement on, the development of the site. In order to ensure that the identified communities within 2km of the site were given the opportunity to express their views, discussions were held with members of each of the residences/farms and with those househoids that overlooked the site from the village of Fahme. A summarv of the comments and findings of the consultations is provided as Anncx A. Recommendations for thow to develop and work with the communitv to minimize the impacts of the site are provided in Scction 5. FI %IF - u 'N r F tl-si 0 FF M.\N.i .1 1 N- W.uzll 14 F k 31 General Rentarks The expectations of the residents in the vicinitv of the site is that full sanitary landfilling practises will not be instigated and waste burnmng, exposed waste and poor site operation will be prevalent. These form the basis of their objections to the site. As such, site construchon, operation and control must be undertaken to high performance targets and must be subject to adequate monitoring and control. In addition, there is a further requirement to develop the relationship with the local communitv, in order to further discuss the advantages and mitigation measures included with the development of sanitary landfilling, and to work with them to determine what can be done on a local scale to mitigate against the negative impacts of the development. Further, it is necessary during the detailed design and implementation to assist the residents to develop a point of contact with the authority responsible for solid waste and management of the landfill development and operation. 2.9 TRAFFIC The site is located to the east of the Jenin to Nablus highwav, and all waste disposal vehicles will need to access the site via this route. An assessment of approximate additional dailv traffic movements has been made based on waste generation rates and the proposed increase in collection servicing. These are summarized in Table 2.9a below. Tiible 2.9ai Approximnate Traffic Movements Year Truck Movements'day I 15-20 2~~~~~~~~~~~212 3 25-30 4 0L-35 40 The increase in traffic over the first five years is in response to increased waste generation and collection servicing. It is anticipated that most of the truck arrivals at the site will be between 11:00 and 14:00 hours each dav. Baseline traffic volumes on the waste disposal routes are not known at present and no traffic count has been completed at this stage. It is recommended that a traffic count be completed along the main proposed route to the site, and in the main areas of local residential dLwellings likely to be affected by the increase in waste disposal collection. However, it should be noted that from projected traffic rates, it is not considered likelv that the increase in traffic loading will have a significant'adverse impact in the area. -X t- M v:\\AG f W'Ff I} Ft k.;3 32 2.10 AIR QUALITY There are no quantitative data available on the air qualitv at the site or the surrounding area. The site is located an open area with no significant industrial activitv being carried out. Background anmbient air qualityv is therefore considered to be good. 2.11 NOISE There are no data available on noise levels at the site or the surrounding areas. Observations made at and around the site indicated that the background levels are los. F.,~ ir.lNe%I,, rv m Kr. is . Ni x,x pli; W, -1.1 \Nk3 3 LANDFILL DESIGN .AND OPERATIONAL AL4A.VAGEMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTION Following development of the dlraft WVaste \lanagement \lasterPlan for the West Bank in Phase [ of this study, three cities were selected to be the subject of funcding via a credit from the W,Vorld Bank. This prioritv investment programme will cover weaste collection, transport and disposal. This report deals with the proposed ZF landfill. The site has been the subject of previous studies, commissioned bv the Israeli administration, which culminated in the development of an outline design and tender documents for the design and construction of the landfill site. These previous proposals been reviewed and a design concept has been clevi,sed. The detailed design of the site will be undertaken at a later stage as part of the implementation programme. This Section describes the salient features of the proposed landfill and provides, for each element of the landfill, background information on the following: * overall design philosophv; • concepts of the design; • some of the principal engineering issues; and * some of the principal operational issues. 3.2 SITE LOC4TIONAND SU,MMARY DESCRIPTION The site is located lkm south-west of Jenin and is accessed via a spur from the main Jenin-Nablus highwav. The site covers a total area of approximatelv l2ha. The site will be designed and operated to high engineering standards for the disposal of domestic and non-hazardous commercial/industrial wastes collected within the studv area. The site wvill comprise the following components: * Access road, administration buildings and securitv fencing; • weighbridge and reception area; * waste deposition area which will be prepared and lined prior to filling; * leachate collection and treatment svstem; * passive gas venting system; and * a vehicle wheel washing facilith. The site will be developed progressivelv and operated in accordance with general sanitarv landfilling techniques used internationaliv. Following waste deposition, the site will be restored and subject to ongoing aftercare. FN u Ir'tlN \r N I [Zs,1 xi r, M t; C.r~!I';T iN w 'FI I' F . k 34 3.3 DESIGN PHfLOSOPI-l Dcsgnit C 7r::V, tX It is intended that the site ulVirmatelv becomes d regional waste disposal facilitv for the i ider lenin "Tubas area and willl receive wastes from all the surrounding villages, in order -o spread1 the investment costs and to avoid the need to Lievelop a new site Xwithin a short time frame, the site wvill have an operational lifehtme of at least 20 vears. Tabcl 3.3a provides an estimate of the total waste arisings for this area over the next 20 sears. On this basis, and taking into account the density, compacting, gas venting and1 required cover material, the site will need to have a total capacity of 2.4 million cubic meters to provide the required lifetime. Table 3.3i1 Waiste Arisings Projection Year Waste Generation Accumulated Waste Required landfill (tpy) (tpy) capacitv (xlO3m3) 1999 45 45 610 200(0 53 1((1 125 200( n 1CS 200 2002 72 237 2Q9 2003 78 315 380 2004 83 398 475 2005 86 484 590 2006 9l ,, 690 2007 95 670 800 2L0)8 99 769 920 2009 103 872 1 l 9 2()10( 107 979 1175 2011 112 1(91 1310 2012 116 1207 1450 2)13 121 1328 1590 2014 12' 1453 1740 2(15 129 1582 19Q(X) 2016 134 171 2060 2)17 13Cl 1855 2225 2018 143 2000 2400 En mironniental Protection A fundamental principle of the design approach is that the site design should make suitable provision for the control, collection and, as appropriate, treatment of potential pollutants generated from decomposition of deposited wastes. One of the kev aspects is the protection of groundwater which is particularlv sensitive and vulnerable in the West Bank. The present practice of open dumpning allows contaminated liquid, generated through the percolation of water through the deposited wastes within the landfill (leachate), to escape in an uncontrolled manner and hence pollute groundwater and surface waters (where present). The proposed landifill design makes provision for the containment and effective segregation of waste and ieachate from the surrounding environment through the use of a lining system. This will minimise the risk ',.% ITv N\11 ',i\ XIi' ': I''' , \'. \( NIT %I W,' l I \it,3 35 of pollution during construction and operation of the site and following its completion. The burning of waste at the existing open dumps causes significant air pollution and potential health risks to people living on or near to the sites and will be prohibited during the operation of the landfill site The standard of engineering to be adopted has also taken into consideration the cost of developing the site and the level of fees which the residents of Tubas and the surrounding area can reasonably afford. Thus, while providing sufficient protection of the environment, the site has not been over- engineered given the socio-economic situation in the WVest Bank. 3.4 KEY ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN The detailed design will need to address specific details of how the site will be engineered. The following sub-sections describe the overall requirements of the design and how these mav be addressed in general terms. 3.4.1 Containmnent As discussed above, there is a need to contain leachate in order to prevent pollution of the underlying aquifer. A number of different lining svstems mav be used to prevent the uncontrolled escape of leachate but, given the scarcitv of natural low permeabilitv soils such as clavs, the conceptual design incorporates an artificial (geosynthetic) lining svstem. It is proposed that the sides and base of the site are lined bv a 2mm thick high density polvethvlene (HDPE) membrane. Provided that it is properlv installed, this will provide a high level of containment. The HDPE membrane will need to be protected from damage by the use of soil and/or filter fabric lavers. The Lining svstem will be constructed in stages across the base and sides of the site and will need to be installed bv experienced, specialist contractors. As part of the installation process, a rigorous inz situ testing programme should be emploved to meet approved construction quality assurance procedures. 3.4.2 Leacziite Collection indf Treiibnent It is proposed that the site should be operated so as to minimise the amount of leachate which is generated by operating in sniall areas and through progressive covering of the waste (see below). Inevitablt, however, some leachate will be generated and measures must therefore be included in the design of the site to drain this leachate to prevent a head of leachate building uLp within the waste. A leachate collection system will therefore be installed above the basal liner to drain adlV leachate which collects and convev it to a holding lagoon outside the waste. The collection system should comprise a laver of coarse sand/fine gravel into which perforated collection pipes are installedL. The base of the site and the drainage system will be sloped to facilitate the effective drainage F l' R\I ll V V i !s Ni \ . \(v ' fI . 36 o, ecnate-to c iov, Poirt ar surnL from where it man drain under gravity or be pumped to a holdiing rond. Consideration of the meteorological data for the lenin area indicates that on an annual basis there is a verv large w.ater deficlt (i.e. potential evaporation greatlY exceeds ramfall) for the area of the proposed landfill. [t is proposed to utiise this wvater deficit in the management of ieachate arising at the site. Bv carefullv operating the site so as to minimLise the amount of leachate generated (see belov) and bv utilising the absorptive capacitv of the deposited wastes, it should be possible to manage the leachate which does arise bv a combination of recirculaihon anc evaporation. Operations at the site should commence early in the drv season (vlarch - i\vlav) so that the absorptive capacity of the waste is maximised before the onset of the 'wet season' in November. Leachate which drains from the waste should be collected in a holding pond and then recirculated onto the waste - where possible, onto waste which was deposited during the drv season. If necessarv, aeration of the leachate held Ln the pond should be undertaken to avoid any odour due to the development of anoxic conditions. 3.4.3 Water Control One of the kev aspects which distinguishes a controlled landfill site from a dump is the control of water. Bv minimising the amount of water, from rainfall, run-off and groundwater, which enters the deposited waste, the amount of leachate which is generated is also minimised. Control of the water which drains from different areas of the site also prevents contamination of surface water courses and minimises the total volume of contaminated water which is generated. In order to minimise the amount of leachate which is generated at the ZF site, the landfill should be operated bv depositing waste in small operational areas which minimise the area of waste exposed to incident rainfall. In addition, permanent and temporary bunds and ditches should be constructed around different parts of the site to prevent surface water from entering areas of deposited waste and to ensure that anv contaminated surface water run-off from operational waste deposition areas of the site is segregated from clean water run-off from unfilled areas and those areas which have been filled and capped (see below). 3.4.4 Site Phlasing As discussed above, the site should be filled progressivelv with onlv a small operational area for waste deposition at an' one time. As anv one area is filled, its final profile should be sloped and it should be covered bv a temporary or final cap to encourage surface run-off and to minimise the amount of rainfall entering the waste. The site should be operated so that the waste is brought up to final levels as soon as practical and so that the site may be progressively restored. 11 1 ! r \ 1 Iwf W.%FI, H \ .K 37 3.4.5 Landfill Gais Control Landfill gas is the uitimate product of the degradaton of organic waste under anaerobic conditions. It comorrses a mixture of mainlv methane and carbon dioxide although it also contains a verv large number of other co mponents, present at 'trace levels, which give rise to its odour. Landfill gas generation commences shortly after waste deposition and, depending on a number of factors, can continue for many vears, or even decades, following comrpletion of waste filling. Landfill gas need1s to be vented or extracted from the deposited waste in order to prevent the build up of pressure wvithin the waste which may lead to its uncontrolled release through the restoration soils and/or its lateral migration into the surrounding ground. Given the proposed relativelv low rates of waste deposition, the lack of nearbv sensitive.receivers and the low likelihood of gas utilisation being favourable, it is considered that passive venting wilt be the most appropriate means of controlling gas at the ZF landfill. Landfill gas mav be vented bv means of stone columns built up as the waste is deposited. Perforated collection pipes should be instaHled within the stone columins and should be connected to plain (unperforated) sections of pipe which extend through the capping and restoration lavers to allow gas to vent to atmosphere. 3;4.6 Site Infrastructiure In order to ensure that the landfilling operations at the site can be properlv managed and that thev are undertaken in an effective manner, it is important that there is a certain level of site infrastructure. This should include adequate access and site roads which permit access to the site and the waste deposition area in all weathers, a waste reception and inspection area, a weighbridge for monitoring waste inputs and securitv fencing to ensure there is no unauthorised access to the site. The current access road to the site from the Jenin to Nablus highwav will need to be upgraded by widennig and surfacing it so that waste deliverv and other vehicles may use it. A passing place may also have to be constructed on the access road. It mav be necessary to maintain and/or repair the road Luring the lifetime of the landfill site. A weighbridge and small office building, housing the electronic equipment (computer and printer) for the weighbridge, will be located close to the site entrance. A securitv fence, to deter unauthorised access, should be erected around all sides of the site with suitablv constructed gates at the site entrance. 3.5 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT As part of the detailed design, an Operational Plan should be developed which specifies, in detail, how the site should be operated. The following suk-sections describe, in general terms, tle key features of the site operations F tF. '. I %i. R 'Is P( is NlX. e W, 'FlI' i to achieve cost effective and safe waste 1iisposal with minimal environmental imnact. 3.5.1 Manzrrageinent, Equipment and Staffing A Site Mlanager wvould have overall responsibility for the operation of the site and its environmental performance. There would be a full-time Operations Mianager at the site wvho wvould have dav-to-dav responsibilitv for all aspects of the site's operation including the environmental controls. Sufficient planit and eciu-ipment will be used to enable the operations, as described below, to be undertaken efficientlt in a timely manner. [t is expected that a landfill compactor and a bulldozer will be stationed permanentlv on site to undertake the waste compaction and covering operations. It is expected that each of these vehicles would be able to undertake waste handling operations on its own in the event of a mechanical breakdown of one vehicle. Alternativelv the operation could be undertaken with just one of these stationed permanently at the site provided that suitable arrangements were made in the event of its non-serviceability. Further equipment will need to be purchased or hired as required for the civil engineering involved in preparation and construction of the site. Exact details of staffing and equipment will be specified in the Operational Plan. 3.5.2 Site Operntions Vaste rt'ceptionlinspection All waste which is received at the site will be weighed bv means of a vehicle weighbridge and the waste loads will be inspected to ensure that they are not on fire aind that thev do not contain materials which will present potential problems. In particular, anv loads which are on fire or which obviously contain difficult wastes such as chemicals, medical wastes or bulkv items. which might p,resent operational problems, will be held in an area close to the site entrance while further inspection/investigations are undertaken. Any fires should be thoroughly extinguished before the load is taken to the operational area of the landfill. Progrcssi,vL' Fillitng The site -would be developed in a progressive cellular fashion, consistent with general sanitarv lancdfilling techniques used internationallv, such that waste is only deposited within a small operational area at anv given time. The operational area will be no larger than is required to allow efficient operatioh of the waste delivery and cornpaction vehicles. Non-operational areas of the site in which waste has alreadi been deposited will be covered to minimise the ingress of rainwater and thereby minimise the amount leachate which is generatedc. Collpaction and coucring of was te -. 1 x, RI 1 e !, Nxi W.'Fi I' 3.k 39 aste wil! be iepos ed and compacted in layers which are no more than O._rr.. thick. Tne ;waste will be progressively covered bv inert soil materials such that the area or wvaste exposed at anv one time is minimised for the following reasons: * To minimise the potential for windblown litter: • to reduce the risk or Infestation bv vermin and insects; * to reduce the attractiveness of the site to birds; * to minimise rainfall infiltration; * to minimise odours from the Waste; and * to improve the visual appearance of the operation. Leachlate inanagcnment The first step of leachate management is to reduce, as far as possible, the amount of leachate generated. As discussed above, the operational area for waste deposition will be kept small to minimise leachate generation. Leachate which is generated will be collected bv the drainage svstem above the basal liner and conveved, bv gravity, to a holding lagoon. From here, the leachate will be recirculated to the landfill bv means of flexible distribution lines, pumps and spray guns. As discussed earlier, maximum use will be made of the absorptive capacity of the deposited waste and the very high potential evaporation rates. It is not expected that there will be a need to dispose of leachate off site although this would need to be confirmed during the detailed dtesign and appropriate measures for leachate treatment incorporated in the design as required. Landfill gas ?izazagettiert The oniv requirements in terms of landfill gas management will be to ensure that the gas vents, built up as the waste is deposited, are protected from damaged by the machinerv on site and that any damage which does occur is repaired or replacement vents are installed. The vents must be inspected regularly to ensure that they are free from blockage and that gas is being released to atmosphere. Environnwn tal controls aind mionitoring Control of the major impact of water pollution, bv lining of the site and careful control over surface water, has been discussed above. iMvonitoring of groundvwater should be undertaken to confirm that the site is having negligible impact on groundwater quality. It will be the responsibiliy of the operator to monitor routinelv for the following impacts and1 adLjust operationdl practices and/or take appropriate measures to control these impacts: * Litter; * vermin and insects; . birdis; * odo u rs; ". -1 '11x I 1 'f " ' '!t .'! * dust; * mud; * fires and smoke; anc * noise of oreratin, plant. The operational procedures described above. particularly miriimising the area of exposed1 waste, w ill assist in minimising environmental impacts and1 nuisances such as odour, mnfestation by Flies and vermin, wvndblown litter and visuai impact. In addition, recognised methods are available for minimising all the typical impacts from landfill operations and should be employed as required. Example techniaues include the following: * Use of litter fences and regular collection of windblown litter; • selective use of pesticides to control vermin and insects; * use of diifferent bird scaring techniques; • use odour masking agents; * use of properlv surfaced roads, as far as possible, and water spraying to damp down dust; * use of properiv surfaced roads, as far as possible, and, wheel cleaning to prevent spread of mud onto roads outside the site; * banning of fires on site and immediate extinguishing of anv accidental fires; and * use of properly silenced plant, switching off of engines when not in use and portable sounci attenuation barriers if necessary. The Working Plan for the site should include an Environmental Control and Monitoring Plan which specifies the operational controls and monitoring which will be undertaken to ensure that all potential environmental impacts are minimised. 3.5.3 Restoration anJd Aftercare As discussed previously, it is the intention that the site should be filled progressivelv with individual areas being completed as soon as possible to allow phased restoration. This will have the benefit of minimising visual and other environmental impacts and will allow parts of the site to be returned to beneficial use as waste is still being deposited in other areas. Upon reaching the final level in any area of the site, the waste will be capped with a low permeabilitv barrier to minimise the ingress of rainwater and1 hence leachate generation. It is anticipated that a linear low density polyethvlene (LLDPE) membrane will be used as the capping material but this will be subject to the final, detailed, design. The capping membrane will needl to be protected from damage by the underlying waste bv means of a layer of sand, soil or other granular material. Drainage and restoration soils will be placed on top of the capping laver. Restoration soils will be chosen to be compatible with the so[is on the surrounding land. The restored surface of the site will be landscaped and planted to blend in with the surrounding land. The site should be monitored for a period of time following the completion of waste deposition to ensure that the restoration is not adverselv affected bv settlement of the waste as it tdegratdes and to ensure that the leachate and gas 41 conitrois continue to onerate eFfectivelv. Nlaintenance and1 remedial works shouli' be undertaien diurng this period as necessary. I-FA I;2\'TlNr RiIS.l vt - Mi m r \rI ! '. ' W XH vk 42 4 POTENTAL IM'PACTS AND MITIGATION ME.ASURES 4,1 INTRODUCTION This section provides an assessment of the potential positive and negative environmental impacts resulting from the development of the proposed ZF landfill site and the potential significance of the residual impacts. The range of issues addressed in this section are as follows: • Socio-economic and cultural impacts; m hvdrology, hvdrogeology and water qualitv impacts; * health and safetv impacts; * air quality impacts; * noise impacts; * ecological impacts (flora and fauna); * off-site traffic impacts; and • visual/landscape impacts. 4.2 Socio-EcoNOMIC AND CULTUR4aL 4.2.1 Introduiction The potential socio-economic and cultural impacts associated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their significance, are discussed below. 4.2.2. - Resettlement of Poputlation directly displaced by thte Landfill There are no houses, semni-permanent or permanent dwellings located within the footprint or within 400 metres from the site. As a consequence, there is no requirement for direct resettlement of the local population. 4.2.3 Permlanent Loss of Land itn Produictive Use The land-use of the proposed footprint currently supports olive trees, 'Sabal', wheat and grazing in the following proportions: c. 30 dunam (3ha) of olive trees; * c. 15 dunam (1.5ha) of 'Sabal'; c e. 30 dunam (3ha) of wheat; and c. 45 dunam (4.5ha) of low intensity grazing land. As part of the engineering design of the site the landfill development will be phased progressivelt over the area identified for the landfill footprint (120 dunam, 12ha). On completion of each phase, the landfill will be capped and available for restoration. It is envisaged that with professional site restoration and replanting, the site can be retumred to productive use. As such, no permanent loss of productive land will occur as a result of the development. F rp,;Nirv;r \ Ri( ~or,(N BMAN W 1!\ W-'RI.I' F%4 43 4.2.4 Temporary Loss of Land in Produictive Use The landfill is to be developed in phases. During the lifetime of the site there will be periods when a particular area of land will not be in productive use. The loss of land used for crop growth (as opposed to grazing ) is approximately 60%. Although a temporarv loss of ag-icultural productivity is expected, it is difficult to identify the significance of this impact and this will have to be classified as part of the further socio-economic assessment. The reason for this is that at present the exact boundaries of land and crop ownership have not yet been confirmed bv the municipality and the local communitv and, as such, the level of dependence of the local communitv on the income generated from crops cannot be established. Throughout the lifetime of the proposed project it is expected that the temporarv loss of land will be of minimal significance given that it is unlikelv that these crops will be a sole source of income. This must, however, be confirmed before the final assessment of the impact can be determined. It is understood that the owner of the oLive trees seeks compensation for their anticipated loss of productivitv. This would need to be addressed as part of the land acquisition and prior to the landfill development. 4.2.5 Creation of Local Emnployment Opportutnities (Low/Seni-Skilled) There may be some opportunity for creation of employment opportunities during both construction and operation of the site, depending on the local skills profile. Although construction will, in all-likelihood, be carried out by external contractors, these parties should be encouraged to recruit engineers and labourers locallv where appropriate. The Public Consultation exercise has revealed that some local people are interested in employment opportunities in the landfill development. The opportunities for these people should be explored at the appropriate time. It should be noted, however, that the number of staff required to operate the sanitarv landfill is onlv small. Overall, the positive impact of the landfill development on the availability of job opportunities for local people is likelv to be minimal. 4.2.6 Creation of Local Emnploymnent Opportutnities (Skilledt) The impact of the development on job opportunities for trained local environmental, mechanical and civil engineers is likelv to be of similar low significance. There is, however, a definite potential for recruitment or redeplovment of skilled waste management staff awav from collection services (ds thev become more efficient) to the disposal sector. MNl;S W Nt.FkIF'.4 W4R1.18f.NK 44 4.2.7 Loss of EnPlow/nent at Existing Sites A broad assessment of the emplovment loss from the closure of existing dump sites on completion and beginnirng of operation at the new facility has been carried out as nart of this initial environmental analysis and assessment. This assessment indicated that there are four existing scavengers on the existing Jenin dumpsite. none at Tubas. It is considered likely that those scavengers on the existing Jenmin site w,ould wish to move to the new site to continue waste pickling, and in addition it is expected that the development of a regionai facility will attract 10-25 further waste pickers within 3-5 years. The impact on the existing waste pickers from the development of the new facilitv needs to be considered as 'art of the further environmental assessment. However, from the Lnitial review, provision of on-going waste picking activities at the new site should be considered, albeit with tighter controls on access and on site activities. Under this system waste pickers should be registered at the gate and permitted to recover materials for a given length of time before waste is transported to the tipping face or they could be allowed access to the tipping face for a set period prior to compaction of the waste. Children would not be allowed on-site at anv time. At dusk all rag-pickers will be required to leave the site, and their exit registered. Screening at the point of exit to ensure that no on-site injuries have occurred could be carried out as an occupational health and safety check. Although an expansion of the number of waste pickers in the area could be a disbenefit to the local resident population, these effects are considered to be relatively insignificant when viewed against the potential negative impact of excluding rag-pickers altogether. It should be the policy of the PA to ensure that the rag-pickers do not set up squatter settlements on-site. This would be achieved bv making regular patrols of the site perirneter, the installation of security fencing and control of the site access area. If such practices were instigated at the new site the impact from the loss of existing emplovment should be minimal. Currentlv landfill tractor operators work the existing sites 2-3 davs everv two weeks. These personnel should be considered for employment at the new site. One further issue relating to the loss of the existing sites was determined during the Public Consultation process, and that was the loss of available ash which is currentlv being used to help agricultural growth in some areas. The level of benefit gained from this practice is difficult to quantify, but on a regional scale is considered minimal. There is also potential for the development of compost manufacture at the landfill in the medium term as discussed in the Phase I reports. F,N I R('N\TFN Xr. RiN;rrc Sc M IN.\(' .r W('R1I. F .NK 45 4.2.S Loss of Locai Recreationazl and Religious Amenit'4 From the published information the proposed site is not considered to have specific recreational, historical or cultural significance and, as such, the development of the site will have no impact through loss of such amenities. It should be noted, however, that the published assessment of the cultural significance was carried out in broad terms. It is, therefore, strongly recommended that a site wvalk-over and an information review be carried out bv a suitably qualified local expert to confirm the findings of the published assessment. Recommendations are provided in Section . 4.2.9 Redtction in Local Property Values Solid waste disposal in West Bank has a poor reputation, due to the historv of poor existing disposal practices. Therefore, the expectation of local residents will be that the landfill operation will be of similar poor quality and that there will be a major detrimental impact on the qualitv of their local environment. Arising from this perception, there mav be an adverse impact on property and land values in the area resulting from the development of the landfill. Consequentlv, it is imperative that PEnA and the authoritv responsible for the operation and 'ownership of the landfill convinces local stakeholders of their commitment to ensuring high operational and environmental standards at the site should the development go ahead. Overall, the negative impact of the landfill development on the value of the existing and proposed local property in the vicinitv of the site is likelv to be negative and of moderate significance. Apart from careful planning, public relations work and professional implementation of the project (taking into account the needs and concerns of local people), there are no other mitigation measures available to reduce this impact. 4.2.10 Sumtmary of Impacts A summary of the significance of the potential socio-economic and cultural impacts from the development of the proposed ZF sanitary landfill is presented in Table 4.2a below. 46 Tazble 4.2L Significance of Potential Socio-Econoinic aind Cultiural Impacts Potential Impact Positive/! Potential Negative Significance Resettlement of population directly Negative None . displaced bv the landfill ... .. . ... .... . .. . . ......... . ......... ... .. ..... .. . ............................................... .... . . . . . . . . .. .. ......................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . Permnanent toss of land in productive Negative None use ......................................... ............................................................................... .............................................. ......................................................................... Temporarv loss of land in productive Negative Mlinimall use .................................. .............. .................................... ......................... ................. ................................. ................,; . Return of land to productive use (post- Positive Mloderate . restoration) :Creation of local emplovment Positive Minimal :opportunities (low-semi skilled) .................................................... ....................................................................................... ................ ............................................................................. ::Creation of local employment Positive Mlinimal opportunities (skilled) ................................................................................ ..................... ................................................................. ......................................................................... Loss of employment at existing dumps Negative Moderate2 ......................................................................................................... ............................................................................................. . Loss of local recreational and religious Negative None' amenitv 7.......................... ............................ .............................................. ....................................... ..................................................... . Reduction in local propertv values Negative .Moderate To be confirmed Could be minimized by adopting controlled waste-picking at the new site and will be a positive benefit if waste picking on the regional landfill can support further scavengers.. 4.3 HYDROLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY AND WATER QUALTY 4.3.1 Introduiction This sub-section discusses the range of potential hvdrogeological, hydrological and water quality impacts associated with the proposed landfill, and their potential significance. 4.3.2 Contaimination of water resourcesfrom leachate enissions As discussed in Section 2, the sensitivity and vulnerability of the underlying geological formations varies between the two geological units understood to be present in the site area (units KTj and K/T-c). As site specific study of the local geology has not been completed it must be assumed that the geological profile is such that adequate protection of the groundwater regime must be afforded in the landfill design, particularly given the level of reliance on the groundwater for potable and irrigation use throughout the region. As discussed in Scction 3, the outline site design should take into account the required level of groundwater protection. It is proposed that management of leachate emissions from the site be achieved through the installation of a basal hNv IR(oENxIE Nr81. RFSI ISTVIN M %NA(;rxtF.NT WORLD BANK 47 liner and preferential drainage layer. Leachate would flow along this drainage layer to the leachate management system. The site should be designed such that monitoring wells are installed within the waste in order to monitor leachate levels, and to ensure a heacd of leachate does not build up. Regardless of the degree of containment specified, there is always some risk of leachate emission fTom a landfill site. Good operational management will greatly minimise this risk. It should be noted that the groundwater table is considered to be of a significant depth below the site and, although the site is located in a potentiallv sensitive recharge area, the recommended landfill design is considered to include the minimum suitable level of environmental protection. Monitoring requirements of the baseline groundwater regime needs to be finaiised at the detailed design stage when further information has been determined on the specific hvdrogeological regime in the vicinitv of the site. It is recommended that existing groundwater wells located in the vicinity of the site should be incorporated into the monitoring network, as appropriate. Overall, the potential impact on the groundwater regime is considered to be moderate, but with professional site design, construction and operation, the impacts on local water quality from emnissions of leachate are likely to be of minimal significance. It is essential, however, that site managers be trained in leachate management and monitoring techniques as part of a well structured sanitarv landfill training programme. 4.3.3 Redutced Risk of Water Resouirce Contaminationfrom Uncontrolled Duimnping The construction of a well designed sanitary landfill site and the subsequent effective management and monitoring of the landfill facilitv will have significantly less impact on the human and environmental resources than the continued uncontrolled dumping of waste. At present waste disposal in the West Bank is undertaken at open dump sites where, in the past, nothing has been done to effect good operational practices or provide environmental protection. The development of a sanitary landfill site with the. required contractual obligations for the effective management of the facility will, therefore, have a significant positive impact assuming that the existing sites are closed. 4.3.4 Alteration of Surface WVater Regime Surface water drains would be constructed to divert surface water awav from the site to take into account high intensity rainfall events that induce localised flow in the area of the site. Although this will modify the drainage outfall from the area, the quantity of water would not-be significantly affected since the drains would feed the vallev profile downstream of the site. Drainage channels should be constructed to ensure that there are no erosional effects from the diversion of surface waters. As discussed in the evaluation of the baseline conditions (Scction 2), surface water courses in the vicinity of the site, and indeed in much of the West Bank, are ephemeral and the impact of the site on the availability of surface waters is not considered significant. ENN IR(\N.Nm,Vr.\L KRfI Fl( IS MAN Vn;Vkl EN rq W l.\)XNS4 4l8 4.3.5 Modification of lVzWter Storage Caipacity Flooding of the area is considered unlikely given the hydrological and geological regime of the proposed site area. The site design should, however, take into account the potential of the valley area to have sporadic surface water flows and perimeter drainage must be designed to mitigate against surface water impacts. 4.3.6 Contamination of Water Resoutrces bv, Fuiel Spillazge There is some limited potential for fuel spillage from the site reception area during times of minor vehicular maintenance expected to be carried out at the site area. In order to negate anv such impacts from fuel spillage, oil/water interceptors should be incorporated into the design of the site reception area drainage svstem. With such protective measures, and given the limited number of mechanical plant which would be in operation at the site, there are unlikelv to be anv significant uncontrolled releases of fuel oils to the surrounding environment. There will be no refuelling of waste collection vehicles in the vicinity of the site. Overall, no environmental impact of this nature is envisaged. 4.3.7 Stunmary of lInpacts A summarv of the significance of the potential hydrological, hvdrogeological and water oualitv impacts from the development of the ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.3a below. TIable 4.3a Suitnmary of Potential Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Water Qtality Impacts . Potential Impact Positive/ Potential . Negative Significance ::Contamination of water resources from Negative .Moderate' leachate emissions Reduced risk of water resource Positive Significant :contamination from uncontrolled dumping .................. ............................................................................... ............................................. .............................................. Mlodification of water storage capacity Negative Minimal2 Increased risk of flooding downstream Negative Minimal2 of site ...................................................................... . ................. .................................................................... .................................................................... Contamination of water resources bv Negative Minimal fuel spillage With professional site design, construction and operation (to include leachate containment and management) the impact to the groundwvater regime can be effectively negated. Further information on the baseline groundwater regime shouldi collated. 2 Based on knowledge of the region onlv, further investigation would be required to complete the appropriaite detailed design. This impact is not considered to prevent project development. ENVIO IRIN'NlN \r. RI- R( 'ers Mv; \(,FNEN-r W('RI.P H \\i; 49 4.4 HEALTH AND SAFET' 4.4.1 Introductioni This sub-section ciiscusses the range of potential health and safetv impacts associated with the proposed ZF land1fill, anct their potential significance. 4.4.2 Potential Healtlh Imnacts The operational practices being proposed are primarilv designed to minimise the potential health risks from the sanitary landfill. In general thev include: e Strict control over entrv and exit to the site; * control of vermin, insects and birds by compaction of deposited waste and use of daily cover; * control of vermin, insects and birds by adoption of ceLlular filling practices; * control of birds through use of bird scaring methods, as appropriate; * training and good hygiene practices; * ensuring protective clothing is wom by personnel when working on-site; * provision of first aid facilities; and regular health checks for personnel. It is recommended that a health monitoring programme be maintained to ensure that an early warning is given to the presence of any infectious diseases in site staff, and that operational practices be maintained at a high standard in order to minimise health impacts. Through adherence to these standard operational protocols the risk of disease transmission to local communities would be extremely low. The impact can therefore be defined as of minimal significance. 4.4.3 Reduiced Health Risksfrom Uncontrolled Dutmping Health and safety practices such as those highlighted above have not been present at the current open dump facilities in the region. The burning of waste, the lack of groundwater protection, the lack of daily cover all contribute to the short and long-term health risks associated with uncontrolled dumping. Although there is no data available on the actual health impact of these existing dumping practices, the reduced health risk of developing a sanitary landfill as an altemative to open dumping is considered to be significant. 4.4.4 Potentialtfor Exposure to/Explosion of Landfill Gais Landfill gas is a product of the degradation of wastes under anaerobic conditions. With its high content of methane, toxic and inflammable gases, the generation of landfill gas poses significant risks to human health and life (due to risk of exposure to and explosion of the gas). The risk is greatest where gas is allowed to build-up in confined spaces, such as within buildings or in void spaces within the deposited waste. F.:A rr('hNAF.N-r XL RIsoi I-FS MAXN W\1FNT WI' RIr D A\Nk D0 In order to mminmise the nsks to human health from landfill gas, a passive venting svstem is proposed at the site. This design feature will allow the safe escape of landfill gases from the site and also allows for the potential upgrade of the svstem to active gas management and flaring at a later date, if necessary. .Mvonitoring the occurrence of landfill gas at the margins of the site would determine the effectiveness of the control measures proposed and, although not considered likelv given the location of the site and the current level of development in the site area, further gas protection measures could be retro-fitted at the facilitv. Although landfill gas control should minimize the impacts associated with this issue there is a potential for moderate risk from landfill gas impacts if management of landfill gas issues are not dealt with effectively. Consideration should be given in the detailed design to the definition of a zone around the site, within which anv proposed developments should take into account the presence of the landfill. Typical provisions made to control these risks include well constructed and ventilated foundations to prevent the build up of any gases which mav migrate. 4.4.5 Sumnmary of lhnpacts A summary of the significance of the potential health and safety impacts from the development of the proposed ZF landfill are presented in Table 4.4a below. Table 4.4a Summary of Potential Health and Safety Impacts Potential Impact Positive/ Potential Negative Significance Potential health impacts Negative Minimal ...................................................................................................... ....................................... ........................................................ .............................................. Reduced health risk from uncontrolled Positive Significant dumnping ............i ....... " - ", - ", - -.............................7.............-----------................................. Risk of exposure to/explosion of Negative Moderatel landfill gas Assurming current level ot dwellings, installation of passive venting and on-going monitoring this will be mitigated. 4.5 AIR QUALFTY IMPACTS 4.5.1 Introduiction This sub-section discusses the range of potential air qualitv impacts associated with the proposed ZF sanitarv landfill, and their potential significance. 4.5.2 Odoutr lInpactsfrom Site Activities Odours at landfill sites are generated from movement, placement and decomposition of waste. Waste transported to the landfill is likely to have alreadv undergone some decomposition, and as a result, would be odorous on arrival at the site. FN\ IF(N%Isr R%r,. RL -rs MAN,%c;rtF\1 WORi.rL RANK; 51 The main method of reduc=ng rhe generation of odours from the site is to fill the landfill site in small well-defined cells and to use daily cover to prevent prolonged exposure of potentially odorous wastes to the atmosphere. Typical cover soils and clays are not readilv available within the VWest Bank and soils, where present in significant volumes, are mostly utilized for agricultural purposes. The dailv cover at the site will therefore mainly compromise crushed and sorted inert construction wastes, of which significant volumes are being generated throughout the region. A rock crusher will be required on-site to ensure suitable graded material is available for the daily cover. Inert construction wastes should be stored from the waste stream for preparation as dailv cover. A further potential source of cover is the composting of source segregated organic wastes. Onlv compost which is stable and non-odorous should be used as dailv cover. Winds predominantly come from the south-west to north-west. As such the nearest anticipated receptors to odour are the dwellings located approximatelv 450m to 800m to the east of the site and the Bedouin camp 500m to the east. At present none of these dwellings are screened from the proposed site development. It is, therefore, necessarv to ensure odour is minimized by good operational practices, particularly the application of daily cover to the organic wastes. In addition, anv future developments in the close vicinity of the site should take into account the presence of the landfill site. Overall, with strict adherence to proper operational management procedures, it is anticipated that odour impacts from the development of the ZF landfill can be kept to moderate levels of significance. It is considered that the local dwellings mav potentiallv suffer some impact from site odours. 4.5.3 Control of Duist Generatedfroin On-Site Vehicle Movements, Stone Crutshzing and Placement of Waiste and Cover Material Dust generated from site operations, including the crushing of stone for dailv cover must be minimized and through good site practices, as follows: * Filling the landfill in small well-defined cells; * use of waste compaction and dailv cover; * damping down when water available (potential for rainwater storage in wet season); * construction of well-formed site roads throughout the site; * ensuring that there is no open burning carried-out on site; and • ensuring that all vehicles pass through wheel washes on departure from the site. Dust from stone crushing at the site should be minimized through baffles and screening, as appropriate. With judicious application of these mitigation measures the impact of dust emissions can be kept to a minimum. Potentiallv, and particularlv* when strong winds are noted, dust emissions ENX r I(NMFNrr\1.%v g 'i '( E N4, %.EN WI 'Rl.l' H %NK 52 could effect local res:dential dwellings and the impact is considered to be moderate. 4.5.4 Vehiicle Exhiast Emnissions fromn On-Site Vehiicle Aloveinents Vehicle exhaust emissions from landfill oiant have a potenhal to cause a deterioration L° local air qualitY. There are no data available on the baseline air quality in the vicinity of the site although it is expected to be reasonably high as little development is present Ln the vicinitv of the site. Vehicle emissions from the development of the landfill site will marginallv reduce the air qualitv at the site, although it is noted that in general onlv one site plant will be working throughout the dav. Overall, the potential impact of vehicle emissions resulting from landfill-related traffic is likelv to be minimal. 4.5.5 Dustfromn Construction Activities In line with modem sanitary landfill practices, it is proposed that the site be constructed and filled in a number of operational cells during the development of the site. The purpose of adopting such practices is to minimise the environmental impact of the construction and operation of the landfill. Among other reasons, confining the working area to a small part of the site makes it easier to manage the construction activities on site to high environmental standards. Dust emrussions from bunding, site earthworks and site facilityv construction are likelv to be a source of potential air qualitv impacts during construction. However, as the site is already reasonablv topographically suited to the development as a landfill, site preparation works will not be intensive, and the majority of impacts would onlv occur over the eight to twelve month period of initial of site development. Subsequent site works, particularlv landfill earthworks for preparation of cells, would be developed sequentially in a phased manner and in different parts of the site for different periods of time. MSleasures to reduce potential impacts should be emploved, including: *Covering of material stockpiles in dry weather conditions to reduce the potential for windblown dust; *damping down of site roads in dry weather conditions, if water available (potential for some small local storage of water during wet season); and *earlv construction of the wheel wash, and use for all vehicles leaving the site. It is considered that the overall impact on air qualitv from construction activities are likely to be moderate. Care must be taken throughout the initial construction period to ensure that the potential impact is minimized. F.N% IR(1n'NF.Nl \I Rr.rTt rF M.\m M (x FFNT WOIRI fl IANA; 53 4.5.6 Effectsf:ron Emission of Greenhouse Gaises Tnere is considerable debate over the existence., causes and effects of greenhouse warming. However, methane gas, one of the major gaseous products from the decomposition of wvaste in anaerobic conditions, is widelY understood to be a major greenhouse gas. Landcfll gas is, however, only a minor contributor to the overall problem of methane emissions into the atmosphere. with emissions from animals and natural decomposition of vegetabie matter considered to be the major sources of emissions. There is little data or research available on the impact of sanitary landfilis on the global environment. In the absence of such data or research, it is difficult to comment on the environmental impact of greenhouse emissions from the proposed ZF landfill. However, when viewed in comparison with national or even regional emissions the impacts are likelv to be minimal. It should be noted that if the ZF landfill is developed the existing open dumping areas would be closed and the control of landfill gas would, therefore, be carried out more effectivelv. 4.5.7 Improvement to overall air quaizlity on closiure of existing sites With the development of the new sanitary landfill facility the existing dump sites will be closed. It is expected that the reduction in poor waste disposal practices in the region, particularlv the cessation of burning will have a - positive impact to the overall air quality in the region. Waste burning occurs at manv of the dump sites throughout the region and the thick smoke and emission of potentially very harmful partial combustion products has commonly been the subject of local complaints. The improvement to the overall air quality in the region as a result of the new development is therefore considered to be of significant and positive impact. 4.5.8 Siiininary of uInpacts A summary of the significance of the potential air quality impacts from the development of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.5a below. FN, iRoktiN"II:r Xl. IW.('IRc rs M v.\(cEFF WToRID RANK 54 Taible 4.5ai Sumnnzmary of Potential Air Quality Inpalcts Potential Impact Positive/ Potential Negative Significance Odour impacts from site activities Negative Moderate Dust generated .rom on-site vehicle Negative %Moderate movements, and placement of waste and cover material .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. . .. . ..,................ ........... d.......... ........ ................... .............................. .. . . . . . . . . . . Vehicle exhaust emissions from on-site Negative Mlinimal vehicle movements Dust from construction activities Negative .Mvfoderate Effects from emission of greenhouse Negative Minimal gases ...................................... ................ ..................... .................................................... Overall improvement to regional air Positive Significant' quaLity on cessation of burning at the . existing site 4.6 NoISE 4.6.1 Introduction This sub-section qualitatively discusses the range of potential noise impacts associated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance. 4.6.2 Constrtction Noisefrom Landfill Development Works Construction and operational work would be required in order to develop the valley area into a sanitary landfill site. The most significant period of construction noise generation would be during the initial site infrastructure works, which are anticipated to be carried out over a period of 8-12 months. Following this initial phase, construction activities would extend throughout the lifetime of the facility, as new cells are required during site development. Noise from sanitarv landfill construction activities is primarily dependent on the specific plant deployment and the proximlty of construction activities to noise sensitive receivers (NSRs). It is likely that construction would be dependent on use of skilled and un-skilled labour as well as mechanical plant. The noisiest construction work most likelv to impact nearbv NSRs is expected to be during the preparation phase of the site for subsequent waste disposal. The mechanical plant used for this activity would be similar to that for the landfilling operations and are likely to comprise of a: * Dump truck; * tracked bulldozer; and * backhoe. ,r i RlS,',I F.' M *\ 1CPFNFV-t WORLL' RANK DD In order to minirmize noise impacts on the locai residences and receptors throughout the construction, working a-d operational hours should controlled and defined to cause minimum nuisance. With adherence to good operational practices and deftned working hours it is expected that the impacts can be minimized. However, given lo;w- baseline noise conditions and the proximitv ot several local receptors it is considered that negative noise impacts on NSRs will be of moderate significance durmig the landfill site preparation. 4.6.3 Operational Noise Sources of operational noise from the landfill site will include: * Movement of vehicles on site roads; * deposition, levelling and compaction of waste; * placement of waste and daily cover material; and * audible bird scaring devises (if used). The highest noise levels expected from the landfilling operations wouLd approximate to worst case construction noise levels. In relation to current baseline noise conditions the development and operation of the proposed landfill site will increase the overall noise levels at the site. Noise levels will potentially effect the local residential community and the impact is considered to be of moderate significance. 4.6.4 Suxmmary of Impacts A summary of the significance of the potential noise impacts from the development of the proposed ZF is presented in Table 4.6a below. Taoble 4.6a Suimmnry of Potential Noise Impacts Potential Impact Positive/ Potential Negative Significance Construction noise from landfill Negative Moderate development Operational noise at sensitive receivers Negative Moderate Possible mitigation measures to reduce these impacts include ensuring that plant vehicles are well maintained and properly silenced, engines are switched off when not in use and noise attenuation barriers are considered for particularly sensitive areas. 4.7 ECOLOGY 4.7.1 Introduiction This sub-section discusses the range of potential ecological impacts associated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance. It is not in the f.N56MXNA1:Fkr W"rt.n RANK 56 scope of this environmental analysis to carry out a detailed ecological survev and, as such, this Sec-io7n provides Lnitial interpretations of the likelv ecological sensitivity based on the available published information. 4.7.2 Loss offora andfnana htibitats From an initial review of the t1ora and fauna habitats at the site it is not anticipated that the area to be developed as a landfill is of major/unique ecological importance. Tne habitat noted at the proposed site is similar to that noted throughout the local area. As such, the impact on tlora and fauna habitats is considered to be minimal. It should be noted, however, that an ecological survey/walk-over, by a suitably qualified local expert should be carried out to confirm this initial conclusion, and, if necessary, assist in defining acceptable mitigation measures to alleviate anv impacts on flora and fauna habitats. 4.7.3 Severance of wildlife corridors Severance of wildlife corridors due to the development of the proposed landfill site is not considered likely. This, however, should also be assessed during the recommended follow-up ecological survey. 4.7.4 Creation of new habitats (post-restoration) One of the major arguments in favour of sanitary landfilling is that following completion of infilhing activities, the site can be restored and used for low intensitv developments. Although such restoration represents a sizeable proportion of the overalL costs of developing sanitary landfiLL facilities, it allows the land to be used again. It should be noted that housing, offices or industry cannot be delveloped on the restored site for many vears after completion. One of the principal reasons for this is that the continued degradation of waste causes the landfill to settle and in some cases to subside unpredictably; therefore, major structures developed on the landfill may have foundations that are structurallv unsound. The restoration strategy for the site proposed is, therefore, to retuin the land to low-intensity grazing with the planting of local flora species. Site restoration presents an opportunity to restore the site to its former rural ecological character. As such, the progressive restoration of the site is likelv to be of ecological benefit to the area. 4.7.5 Siumnmnary of impacts A summarv of the significance of the potential ecology impacts from the development of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.7a below. F..' R(,NEiN r \L. RFS 'Rt'FS M N.\Ai(:i11NT WORI.r' RANK 57 Taib le 4.7a Sturtniry or f Potential Ecology bmpacts Potential Impact Positive/ Potential Negative Significance Loss of flora and fauna habitats \iegative None, ................................................................ ............................... ......... . ............................. ....................................................... :Severance of wildlife corridors Negative None' i..............................................I............................I.......................... .......... ........................ ............ .............................................. Creation of new habitats (post- Positive Mlinimal . restoration) To be confirmed through ecological survey 4.8 OFF-SFTE TRAFFIC 4.8.1 Introduiction This sub-section discusses the range of potential off-site traffic impacts associated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance. 4.8.2 Increased Traffic Loading and Congestion The ZF landfill is proposed to serve Tubas and parts of Jenin, Tulkarm, and Nablus. Waste collection and haulage vehicles destined for the site will mostly travel along the Jenin-Nablus road which has a current baseline of low- moderate traffic flow throughout the day. Landfill related traffic would tum off the jenin to Nablus highway onto the site access road to the west. The existing access road is currently in a reasonable state of repair, but is not asphalted. This should be undertaken as part of the initial site development. In addition, it is recommended that a passing place' be prepared along the access road. As discussed above in Section 2 the projected traffic is expected be approximately 40 waste disposal vehicle arrivals at the site per day bv year five of landfill operation. It is expected that this will have only a minimal impact on the loading and congestion of haulage routes. However, as stated above it is recommended that a traffic count and assessment is carried out on the main Jenin-Nablus highwav and in the main residential areas on the haulage route. It is again noted that waste disposal is carried out at the adjacent dump site and traffic associated with this site will cease on the transfer of operations to the proposed site. From the initial assessment, however, it is expected that in terms of increased congestion and traffic in the area the impacts are likely to be minimal. 4.8.3 Air Quaiility imnpacts fromn Vehiicle Emnissions Air quality impacts are dependent upon the baseline levels of pollutants (SO2, NO,, particutates and lead) along the haulage routes, existing traffic flows and patterns, and number of additional vehicle movements caused by the development of the site. Given the absence of data in the first category it is not possible to quantify the significance of these impacts. FJ vIR)N\1r'r %j. Ris(1oi Rc M .N,X(;F\¶F\T WoRue f t:\NK D8 As baseline air qualith appears to be reasonably high in the site area it is considered that the additional projected haulage vehicle movements to the proposed ZF landfill would not reduce the air quality to unacceptable levels on either the haulage routes and in the site area. In order to fullv quantifv the significance of these impacts within a full EIA, it would be necessarv to undertake an extensive programme of ambient air quaiity sampling and testing. Such a programme would be extremely costly to carry out and it is not considered to be justified as part of the environmental dssessment work in this instance. Regular maintenance of vehicles to avoid unnecessarilv high emissions, and scheduling haulage movements outside of peak traffic periods as far as possible should be carried out as a matter of good fleet management. This is considered to be the only practicable means of minimising these impacts. 4.8.4 Traffic Noise The proposed landfill will locally increase traffic noise along main Jenin- Nablus highway although given the expected overall volume of traffic this increase is not considered to have a significant negative impact. Traffic along the site access road will all be related to the landfill development and it is likelv to be concentrated between 2-3 hours each side of rnidday. As such, the increase in traffic volume, the delivery of waste and the return of trucks along the access road is expected to have an adverse and moderate impact on local NSRs, particularly the residences located between the proposed site and the main highwav. 4.8.5 Littering dutring Waste Transit Improvements to the standards of collection vehicles are to be instigated as part of the proposed increase is waste management services. Waste in transit will be either fullv contained in a refuse collection vehicle or haulage container, or covered by tarpaulin, sheet or netting (in the case of open bulk- loaded containers). Those responsible for the collection services will be required to ensure the cleanliness and proper specification of vehicles. It will be the responsibility of the landfill site operators to keep the site access road free of litter. With these management measures, the litter impact along the transport corridor to the site is anticipated to be of minimal significance. 4.8.6 Stiunmnary of linpacts A summary of the significance of the potential off-site traffic impacts from the development of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.8a below. EN% I RVR(NFNru[ RtrS' RC-N MANAG-F\AIT WORLfl B*NNK 59 Table 4.8a Srnimnary of Potential Oft-site Traffic Impacts Potential Impact Positive/ Potential Negative Significance . Increased traffic congestion and loading \Neatve Mlnirnal Air qualith impacts from vehicle Negahve ;.Mfinimal emissions .. . . .. . . .......... .................... .................... ....... . ... *..zv.... ............ .^f... e.. ............v~.... ... .. . .. . ........ ... Traffic noise Negatve Moderatei ......................................................................................................... ..................... ............................................................. .................................................. Littering during waste transit Negative . Minimal Moderate on site atcess road otherwise minimal 4.9 VISuLAI/LANDSCAPE AND AAENrTY IMPACTS 4.9.1 Introduiction This sub-section discusses the range of potential visual/landscape and other amenity impacts associated with the proposed ZF landfill, and their potential significance. 4.9.2 Loss of Vistal Amnenity dutring Site Operation In terms of cost-effectiveness of sanitarv landfilling, it is preferable to maximise the available void space capacity and minimise the area (and cost) of land required. As such, sanitary landfills tend to be filled with waste to significant depths (or heights). Where waste is being filled into an open valley area such as at the proposed ZF landfill site, the result is that sanitary landfilling resembles that of a valley filling domed structure which changes the natural contours. The proposed site area is in the direct line of sight of several residences/ communities as listed below in Table 4.9a: Tnble 4.9a Residences/commtnities in-siglht of tire proposed landfill Residence/Community Comments Fahme 2km north-wvest, 15 houses in sight of the proposed landfill Familv House of Abdel El Pvlina'im 800m east of site, 20 people Abu El Wafat Bedouin camp of Shawaheen Brothers 500m east of the site, 25-30 people, not full time residence House of Walid El 'Aarda 450m east of the site, 2-3 people Turkev Farm 400m west north-west of the site, 1 non-resident caretaker F.N%R0!N'MFN'r.\1. RrSt1I F% M.AN.AC.r.MFrNT WOM .r, MNK 60 Whilst affected communities in the area did not comment on the loss of visual amenitv durmg the public consultation exercise it is clear that this will occur during the construction and operational period of the site. Due to the nature of the groundmass and climate it is not easv to provide extensive site screening of the operational areas, although during the detailed design stage this should be fully considered and where possible landscaping and buffer zone wvorks should be incorporated to provide the maximum possible screening of the iandfill site. Mitigation measures which are mncluded as a standard operational practice include the progressive restoration throughout the lifetime of the site to mini-mise the visual impact of the site, the filling of the landfill in small, well defined cells to minimise the areas of waste exposed, and use of daily cover to avoid prolonged visual exposure of deposited waste to sensitive receivers. Overall, it is considered likely that moderate/significant loss of visual amenitv will occur as a result of the site development. Further discussions with the local communitv are recommended to determine what can be done on a local scale to help mitigate this impact. 4.9.3 Visual Impact of Site Restoration Following the completion of filling activities, the site should be capped and restored in character with its former condition prior to commencement of landfilling activities. As discussed earlier, it is not possible to develop building structures on the site foilowing completion of filling. The continued decomposition of waste in the landfill will lead to progressive settlement, and a gradual reduction in the profile of the site. Therefore the site will be an unstable base for anv structures requiring foundations. It is proposed, therefore, that the restored site be replanted and allowed to return to the existing state throughout the progressive restoration. This impact will be positive, and will be of mmimnal significance. 4.9.4 Windblown Litter Given the relative proximitv to surrounding developments, the potential for windblown litter impacts is considered to be of moderate significance. Windblown litter was also highlighted during the public consultation exercise as one of the potential impacts of concem, particularly in relation to animal grazing and animal health. The site area is commonlv subject to the prevailing winds and as the landfill site develops the potential for windblown litter would increase. Although much of the impact from litter can be mitigated bv good operational practises such as cellular filing and dailv covering of waste it is recommended that litter screens are placed around the active tipping area to ensure that litter is confined within a small area. FNV IRIONNIF'.7 . R r rs PCM NI \N-.F.\F\Fr WCR.P BANK 61 4.9.5 Closure of Unsigihthi Dumps The development of the new regional sanitarv landfill site and the cessation ot continued dumping at the existing sites will be of positive visual impact to the region as a whole. The existing sites are very unsightly. and are particularlv so w hen waste burning is carried out. In this Lnstance smoke is very visibie over a verv wide area (several kilometres) around the dump sites. The closure of the existing sites is therefore likely to have significant positive impact. 4.9.6 Suimmnany of lhnpacts A summary of the significance of the potential visual/landscape impacts from the development of the proposed ZF landfill is presented in Table 4.9b below. Table 4.9b Suimmary of Potential Visl/nLaindscape Imnpacts Potential Impact Positive/ Potential Negative Significance Loss of visual amenitv during site Negative Moderate/ operation Significant Visual impact of site restoration Positive .Minimal .................................................................... ......................... .................... ..................... ......................... ........................ ............................................................. Windblown litter . .. Negative . loderate ....................................... .............. .............................. .....--------................. -?' ''''''''''''''''' ' .............................. . Closure of unsightlv dumps . Positive Significant 62 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMfENDATIONS 5.2 INTRODUCTION This Sec.-tion summarizes the key impacts, both negative and positive, of the landfill development determined within this environmentai analvsis. This summarv is based on the level of currentlv available intormation. As such, recommendations have been made with respect to further necessarv investigations and studies required to complete the environmental appraisal of this proposed landfill development. 5.2 SUMMARYOFPOTENTIAL KEYNEGATIVEIATPACTS A summarv of the potential key negative impacts are provided below in Table 5.2a Table 5.2n Sutmmary of Potential Key Negative fInpacts Potential Impact Potential Significance Contamination of water resources from leachate . Moderate emissions Loss of employment at existing dump sites Moderate .... .................................................................................................................................. .................................... . Reduction in local property values M vloderate :.........I................................ ................................I..... ........................................................................ ................................................................ ...................... Risk of exposure to/explosion of landfIll gas Moderate ' Odour Impacts from site activities Moderate .............................................. .................................. ................................. ......................................... 7........................................... Dust generated from on-site vehicle movements Moderate and placement of waste and cover material .............. ...................... ........................................................... ..... ...................... Dust from construction activities Mivoderate Construction noise from landfill development Mloderate .......... . -..... .................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................... Operational noise at nearest sensitive receivers Moderate iModerate .,Traffic Noise1 M r Loss of Visual AAmenity during site operation Moderate Windblown litter .Moderate I On Access Roadf The kev negative impacts of the proposed landfill development have been identified above and are considered to be of 'moderate' significance. [t should be noted that although it is not possible to totallv eliminate relating to the impacts of the proposed landfill it is possible to minimize the impact in each case. Each of these issues would be addressed in the mitigation plan required as part of the site design. ENVTe IRF SNI.NT u. Rrso Ei ,F( M WNORLD\¶IE1 ARNK 63 Tne kev potential negati.ve impacts identified in this environmental analvsis can be mLnimized ir 'lhe sanitarv landfill design and through good operational practice and all of the risks identified above can be reduced to acceptable levels. A final com-ment on each of the potential negative impacts is provided below: * Tne conceptual site design takes into account the potenthal impact of contamination of water resources as a result of leachate emissions. A high standard of leachate contamnment and management is a fundamental aspect of the proposed site design; * the impact with respect to loss of employment at the existing sites will be significantlv reduced should the new site make provision for the controiled access of waste pickers to the site. Further, if the regional facilitv can support a greater number of scavengers, then the development of a new site could be of positive benefit; * reduction of propertv values can be minimized by professional sanitary landfill operations and public relations work; * the risk of exposure to/explosion of landfill gas is minimized through site design which should include passive venting and landfill gas monitoring. Given the location of the site the potential impact can be effectively ritigated; • the potential impact from noise, dust and odour at the site can be minimized through site design and good operational practice which should be strictly enforced; C litter impacts can be greatlv minimized by mitigation measures which include the operation of small waste cells and litter screens, as necessary. As most of the potential impacts above are such that they will be felt by the local communitv in the vicinitv of the site it is considered necessary that further public consultation and discussion be carried out to involve them in the project implementation process. The benefits of this include: * To further explain the operational aspects of sanitarv landfiliing and the advantages this method of waste disposal will have on environment. This should focus on the improvements to waste disposal that will be introduced (such as the elimination of burning, covering of waste, use of litter screens etc.); * to help determine the community's perspective on possible mitigation measures; and * to explain to the residents the likelv method of on-going liaison between themselves and the authority responsible for waste disposal at the ZF site. In addition, it is the responsibilitv of PEnA, with Technical Assistance as appropriate, to ensure that mitigation measures are adequate and in-place. Further, the on-going monitoring requirements and regulatorv framework must be defined and implemented. In order to achieve this it is recommended that a capacitv building and training programme be instigated following the completion of planning decisions, particularlv at the municipal level. This is considered essential to ensure institutional development is sufficient to undertake the responsibilities associated with sanitarv landfilling practices. ENVROI2NENr TL RIS RX ES MAN \GFNIFN r WORIAr BANK 64 The need for good environmental management throughout the operanonal and 'after-care' period is essential, and assuming this can be achieved and the local community are further consulted with respect to the site construction and operation, these issues are not considered to be prohibitive to the proposed developmert. 53SUMMARY OF POTE2VTIAL KEY POSITIVE [AIPAC7S A summary of the potential key positive impacts are provided below in Tablc 5.3a Tiible 5.3a Smrnrnany of Potential Key Positive Impacts Potential Impact Potential .Significance ............................... ....................................................................................................... ............. .............................................................................................. Return of land to productive use (post-restoration) Moderate ...........................................................................................I.......................................... . ..................................................................................... ..................... Reduced risk of water contamination from Significant uncontroled dumping Reduced health risk from uncontrolled dumping .Significant .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................ ::Overall improvement to regional air quality from :Significant the cessation of burning at open dumps ,................... .....................................................I................................. .............................. ...................................... ::Closure of existing unsightly sites :'Significant The potential kev positive impacts at the site are considered to be 'significant' and 'moderate' as identified above. The main benefits of the development of proposed development which include the reduced risk of water resource contamination, the substantial improvement in air qualitv, improved public health, and the regional improvement of visual impacts from waste disposal sites are considered to be of significant positive benefit and importance. These issues are the main driving forces behind the desire to upgrade, regulate and control waste dumping practices within the West Bank and under good management and operation practices the proposed development will alleviate the risks associated with uncontrolled open dumping of waste. On a regional scale these positive impacts considerably outway the negative impacts of the proposed site development assuming mitigation measures are set in place and enforced. The return of land to productive use on completion of the proposed landfill development will be of long term benefit only. However, on the long term basis the site will be able to return to grazing land and this is considered to be of positive and moderate impact. FNVIRO5NNIFN'TAL. RrIN .ef PI : N W l 1.NN6 65- 5.4 Issu1Es REQUIRING ADDITION.AL INVESTIGATION 5.4.1 Introduiction Some additional information is required in order to complete the assessment of potenhal impacts. This further assessment can be divided Lnto two categories which can be defined as: * Information required to confirm the suitability of the site for the proposed development and to help facilitate the conceptttai design; and * information required to facilitate the detailedL design of the landfill site on conclusion of planning strategy decisions. The information required and the recommended timing of such inputs are detailed below. 5.4.2 Recoinmendatiotis for additional work to confinn site suitability From the initial environmental analvsis the site appears to be suitable for development as a sanitary landfill. However, from the assessment of the potential site development it is apparent that further work should be undertaken to confirm the various potential and specific impacts to confirm the overall suitability of the site. This additional work should include: * Specific discussions with the local community to explain likely impacts and proposed mitigation measures to be emploved as part of site development.. To include discussiotis with people to be affected by the closure of the existing sites; * discussion with the local community on their perspective of the mitigation measures likely to be employed at the site; * confirmation of geological and hydrogeological conditions by site walk- overs and surface assessments; * further data collection and discussions with relevant institutions involved in groundwater supplv, regulation, monitoring and control; * traffic assessments on major haulage routes and in specific local residential areas; * flora and fauna assessment including walkovers/surveys and a data review including reporting on the presence (if any) of protected species and discussion of mitigation measures, as appropriate; and * cultural and religious heritage assessment including walkovers/surveys and a data review. The follow-up assessment to confirm the suitabilitv of the site should be reported as a Supplementarv Environmental Analysis and Assessment Report. It is recommended that this follow-up work is mobilized and completed as soon as possible, in order to confirm the suitability of the site for the landfill development and to further assess the potential kev impacts associated with it. FNIF N%R NIENTAl. RIN1 1( IS M.\N AEMIFT WORLD RANK 60 5.4.3 infornation requiired at thte detailed design stage In addition to the further environmental assessment recomrnmended for immediate completion, definition of a full mnitigation, environmental monitoring, managemen. and trainLng programme as part of project implementation is required. These Plans should be developed in conjunction with site specific engineering design and in full consideration of both the initial environmental analvsis and findings from the supplementary assessment. As such, it is recommended that these plans be developed and completed at the detailed design stage, in full consideration of all determined kev issues and impacts, and therefore carried out on completion of this study as part of project implementation. 5.5 CONCLUSIONS Notwithstanding the completion of further investigations it is considered that the overall positive impacts from the replacement of open dumps/burning of waste bv a modem sanitarv waste disposal site are very significant. As discussed in this report there will be local environmental impacts which can be kept to within acceptable levels as long as professional standards of design, construction, operation and restoration/ aftercare are adhered to. It will be important to maintain high standards of site operation, site and environmental management and environmental protection to prevent unacceptable impacts on the local receptors. The site is in relativelv close proximitv to sensitive receivers, and all due diligence would have to taken to ensure impacts were minimized. As a result, the implementation of this proposed development is strongly recomnmended but is contingent on a firm commitment to high environmental management stanclards, and on the development and strict enforcement of a rigorous operational/environmental management plan. FVTF0'SMEN T- 1. RMIURC r M.AN-%:Em1E.Nr WORIJ) SANK 67 L Anne \A PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS PUBLIC CONS ULTATIO.N Surmmrarv of Findings there are 15 houses that overlook the proposed site. Discussions were held with the residents and the project and the site described. No possible negative impacts were mentioned by the residents concerning the construction or operation of the sanitarv landfill and the project was welcomed by the residents who considered that the village's waste disposal problem would finallv be solved. Fahme Canip Discussions were held with the Palestinian residents of the Fahme Camp and they were fully consulted on the landfill development. The residents of the camp interviewed stated no objection to the proposed site and expressed interest in being employed during both the construction and operation of the facility. Family house of Abdel El Mina'ini Abu El Wafat Discussions with the family confirmed they owned 70 dunams (7ha) in the vicinity of the site which they bought for 470 Jordian Dinar UD) per dunam in 1974. In 1991 they built a new house on the land. They family operate a small slaughterhouse on their premises which has been registered bv the iviunicipality of Jenin but does not hold an official permit. Liquid waste from the slaughterhouse is collected in a cess pit which is emptied every 3 weeks. Solid slaughter wastes are bumed near the proposed landfill site. The familv felt that their slaughter practices posed no nuisance to the environment or residents living nearbv. The house is connected to the water supply of the West Bank Water Department and electricity is provided bv a generator. Thev expect in the near future to be connected to the electricity grid. A Bedouin camp is located approximately 25 metres from the house. At the time of visiting, the camp was emptv, and reportedly the Bedouin live in Az-Zawiye and onlv use the camp infrequently. Since the development of the Palestinian Authoritv the family have been aware of plans to construct a sanitarv landfill. In addition, they reported that the Israeli Civil Administration dumped waste in the vicinitv of the proposed site in the past. From discussions with the familv it was determined that they expect the negative impacts of the project to be: . Flies; E.NvI,RoNmF.NrmU. Rmvtrcn; Nt.\,N -r WORLD FANK Al * odours; * pigs and dogs; * mosquitos; and * dust. The dust impact was considered to have a detrimental effect on their olive trees, and the impact +was considered to be likely to occur even if the access road was asphalted. Although the residence is in clear view of the proposed site area possible visual impacts were not highlighted as a concern. Famtily House During the public consultation no-one was available for interview. Discussions and consultation with this family are recommended as part of the further socio-economic impact evaluation. Full recommendations are discussed in Section 5 of the EA report. I'Walid El 'Aarda House The family owns 36 dunams which they bought for 100,000 JD in 1997 (2,777 JD per dunam). In 1998 they built a new house on the land. They have a farm with chickens, cows and sheep and olive trees. The owner plans to extend his farm. Water is bought from a tank wagon and electricitv is provided by a generator. In 1997 the family were aware of plans to construct a sanitary landfill in the proposed site area. They were informed that the private landowners of some of the site 'footprint' had sent a letter of complaint to Chairman Arafat regarding the site location. The family were then told that the plans to build and operate the landfill had been frozen. If the site development goes ahead the negative impacts of the project were considered to be: * Bad odours; * dust, which will affect their livestock, even if the access road was asphalted; and * a dramatic decrease in value of his propertv. Bedouin Canmp of 'Sharwaheen' Brothers The 4 brothers and their families are from Yatta (near Hebron) and have lived in the jenin District for the past 10 years. The land their tents occupy is rented for 200 JD per year from Walid El 'Aarda on a yearly basis without contract. They have about ;00 sheep. The grazing area of the sheep is approximatelv 500 ha. F.N%IRONMSSENT 7. RE-h\tRCES MANAGENIENT W 8RtN IS NK A2 Sheep manure is used aS a soil iMprover by alid E, 'Aarda. Tnev have no electricit-v or water supply services. On a daily basis they bring water with a tank wagon at the cost of 30 N15 per dav. In discussions thev stated thev were not aware of any plans for landfill constructicn. The brothers expected the negative impacts of the project to be mainLy Litter impacts blowing onto the grazing hills. They are particularlv afraid that their animals will eat the piastics and other materials not suitable for animal consumption. They specifically stated they are not interested in being employed at the proposed site. They are, and wish to remain shepherds and their sheep's health is their main concern. They confirmed they wish to continue their current life styLe. They did, however, express an interest in the possibiLity of getting connected to the water supply of the proposed site, if any is established. Turkey Farnm The farm houses around 400 turkeys and is tended by a caretaker. No permanent residents Live at the farm. Until the consultation process was initiated the caretaker was not aware of any plans for a landfiEl construction. 'Ajje The proposed site cannot be seen from the village and the viUlage is not considered to be directly impacted by the landfill, as discussed. In addition, the site is not down gradient of prevailing winds and no impact from degraded air quality is expected. F.-N,'I%NINENTA U. KSI 'RQ!i3 M.ANAGEMENT WORLM KIANK A3 Annex B GLOSSARY GLOSSARY ARIJ Applied Research Institute, Jerusalem bgl Below Ground Level EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPD Environmental Planning Directorate ERM Environmental Resources Management GNP Gross National Product HDPE High Density Polyethylene IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation KTj Jerusalem Formation K/T-c Cretaceous-Tertiary transition LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene MoLG Ministry of Local Government MoP[C Ministry of Planning [nternational Co-operation NGO Non Govemment Organisation NSRs Noise Sensitive Receivers PA Palestinian Authoritv PALGRIC Palestinian Geography Centre PAPP Programme of Assistance to Palestinian People PEnA Palestine Environmental Authority PIALES Palestinian Institute for Arid Land and Environmental Studies PW-A Palestinian Water Authority SHWD Solid and Hazardous Waste Directorate SWEMvIP Solid Waste Environmental Project SWM Solid Waste Management SWNIC Solid Waste Management Council UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency WBG West Bank and Gaza Strip WBWD West Bank Water Department WRAP Water Resources Action Programme ZF Zaharat Finjan E.NVTRONMENrTAL RFsouIRCES MANA\GEFMN7 W(-I PAN; Bi