Annexure III: Environmental Assessment of Baseline Condition 3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................1 3.1.1 Agro-Climatic Zone ...............................................................................................................................1 3.1.2 Land Utilisation Pattern (considering 98 project blocks) .....................................................................1 3.1.2.1 Land Use and Land Cover (Sample Area) .......................................................................................2 3.1.3 Geology & Mineral ................................................................................................................................8 3.1.4 Earthquake........................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.5 Wind and Cyclone ................................................................................................................................ 18 3.1.6 Flood & Waterlogging ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.7 Surface Water Quality ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.8 Meteorology ......................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.9 Ground Water Availability ................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.10 Soil Type.......................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.11 Tank Condition & Ecosystem .......................................................................................................... 34 3.1.12 Dam Safety ...................................................................................................................................... 35 3.1.13 Presence of Industry........................................................................................................................ 37 3.1.14 Physical Cultural Resource............................................................................................................. 38 3.1.15 Sensitive Receptors ......................................................................................................................... 38 3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Forest Profile ....................................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Natural Habitat .................................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Cropping Practices .............................................................................................................................. 40 3.2.4 Agro-Chemical Use.............................................................................................................................. 40 3.2.5 Pisciculture Practice in Tank............................................................................................................... 42 3.2.6 Awareness on Climate Change ............................................................................................................ 43 Appendix 1: Map showing distance of significant environmental features from nearby MIP ..Error! Bookmark not defined. List of Table TABLE 1: AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE WISE MIP DISTRIBUTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 TABLE 2: LAND USE PATTERN OF PROJECT DISTRICT (CONSIDERING 98 PROJECT BLOCK AREA ONLY) -------------------------------------------- 2 TABLE 3: LULC OF 10 KM. RADIUS OF SAMPLED MIP --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 TABLE 4: MINERAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION IN PROJECT DISTRICT----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 TABLE 5: MAJOR DISASTERS OCCURRED IN THE STATE OF ODISHA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 TABLE 6: LIST OF MAJOR CYCLONES AFFECTED COASTAL DISTRICTS OF ODISHA ----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 TABLE 7: CYCLONE RISK ZONE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECT DISTRICTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 TABLE 8: SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN SURROUNDING AREA OF SAMPLE MI TANK ------------------------------------------------------------- 21 TABLE 9: SOURCE OF WATER AND LAND POLLUTION IN COMMAND AREA ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 TABLE 10: PROJECT DISTRICT AS WELL AS SEASON WISE TEMPARATURE IN 0C ------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 TABLE 11: PROJECT DISTRICT AS WELL AS SEASON WISE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN % ------------------------------------------------------------- 24 TABLE 12: PROJECT DISTRICT WISE RAINFALL IN LAST 5 YEARS (2013 - 2017) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 24 TABLE 13: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN SURROUNDING AREA OF SAMPLE MIP -------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 TABLE 14: GROUND WATER RESOURCE AND UTILIZATION (CONSIDERING 98 PROJECT BLOCKS) ----------------------------------------------- 27 TABLE 15: PROJECT BLOCKS WITH CLORIDE AND FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION ------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 TABLE 16: PROJECT DISTRICT WISE GROUND WATER CONTAMINATED HABITATION AND POPULATION (CONSIDERING ONLY 98 PROJECT BLOCKS) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 TABLE 17: DISTRICT WISE MAJOR SOIL TYPE IN PERCENTAGE (%) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 TABLE 18: SOIL QUALITY IN COMMAND AREA OF SAMPLED MIP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 TABLE 19: PHYSICAL CONDITION OF SAMPLED MI TANK------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 TABLE 20: DETAILS OF LARGE DAM CONSIDERED UNDER OIIPCRA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 TABLE 21: NATURAL HAZARD PROFILE OF LARGE DAM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 TABLE 22: LAST TWO INSPECTION DETAILS OF LARGE DAM CONSIDERED UNDER OIIPCRA ---------------------------------------------------- 37 TABLE 23: PRESENCE OF PCR WITHIN COMMAND AREA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 TABLE 24: SENSITIVE RECEPTORS WITHIN 200 METER OF COMMAND AREA -------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 TABLE 25: DISTRICT WISE CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST AREA IN ODISHA -2011-12 ----------------------------------------------------------- 39 TABLE 26: PRESENCE OF NATURAL HABITAT WITHIN 10KM. RADIOUS OF SAMPLE MIP ------------------------------------------------------- 40 TABLE 27: YEAR WISE NESTING DETAILS OF OLIVE RIDLEY AT RUSHIKULYA ESTUARY ---------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 28: FARMERS AWARENESS ON CLIMATIC CHANGE ISSUES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 List of Figure FIGURE 1: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF DHANDAMUNDA MIP, NABARANGPUR--------------------------------------------------- 4 FIGURE 2: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF JALLIBANDHA MIP, GANJAM -------------------------------------------------------------- 5 FIGURE 3: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF TALAKHOLAGHAI, MOHANPUR MIP, GANJAM ------------------------------------------- 5 FIGURE 4: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF BISIPUR MIP, MAYURBHANJ -------------------------------------------------------------- 6 FIGURE 5: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF KHAIBANDHA MIP, BALASORE ------------------------------------------------------------ 6 FIGURE 6: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF CRADIGAPPA MIP, KANDHAMAL --------------------------------------------------------- 7 FIGURE 7: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF DANDRABAHAL MIP, BOLANGIR ---------------------------------------------------------- 7 FIGURE 8: LULC MAP SHOWING 10 KM. RADIUS OF JAMUNASAGAR MIP, KALAHANDI --------------------------------------------------------- 8 FIGURE 9: MINERAL MAP OF ODISHA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 FIGURE 10: GEOLOGY AND MINERAL MAP OF ODISHA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 FIGURE 11: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF ODISHA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 FIGURE 13: GSHAP MAP OF ODISHA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 FIGURE 13: EARTHQUAKE ZONATION MAP OF ODISHA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 FIGURE 14: WIND AND CYCLONE AFFECTED DISTRICTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 FIGURE 15: FLOOD AFFECTED DISTRICTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 FIGURE 16: MAP SHOWING GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENTAL STATUS AND SALINE AFFECTED DISTRICTS OF ODISHA ---------------------- 28 FIGURE 17 AMBAPANI SANCTUARY --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 18 : CHILIKA LAKE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 19: OLIVE RIDLEY TURTULE NESTING ZONE --------------------------------------------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 20: WATERWAY DISTANCE OF OLIVE RIDLEY TURTULE NESTING ZONE FROM MIP -------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 21: SIMLIPAL FOREST RANGE------------------------------------------------------------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 22: KULDIHA WLS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 23: OSTALI RESERVE FOREST ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 3.1 Physical Environment Baseline environmental parameters for physical environment include survey for pre-project status of land, air, water and climatic conditions of the study area. 3.1.1 Agro-Climatic Zone The project is proposed to be implemented in 7 agro-climatic zones (ACZs) out of total 10 ACZ of the State. Maximum 46.7% MIP are concentrated in Ganjam district which falls under East & South Eastern Coastal Plain (ESCP) followed by 29.0% in North Central Plateau (NCP) and 10.6% in Western Central Table Land (WCTL-1). Minimum 0.6% MIPs are located in Nabrangpur district which falls under Eastern Ghat High Land (EGHL) followed by 1.7% in North Eastern Ghat (NEG). ACZ as well as project district wise distribution of MI project is tabulated in Table 1. Table 1: Agro-climatic zone1 wise MIP distribution Agro-Climatic Zone District No. of No. of No of % distribution Block GP MIP of MIP in ACZ Eastern Ghat High Land (EGHL) Nabarangpur 3 3 3 0.6 East & South Eastern Coastal Plain (ESCP) Ganjam 18 172 251 46.7 North Central Plateau (NCP) Keonjhar 11 39 49 Mayurbhanj 20 82 107 Sub-Total 31 121 156 29.0 North Eastern Coastal Plain (NECP) Balasore 5 6 6 Bhadrak 5 12 13 Jajpur 3 3 5 Sub-Total 13 21 24 4.5 North Eastern Ghat (NEG) Gajapati 1 3 3 Kandhamal 4 6 6 Sub-Total 5 9 9 1.7 Western Central Table Land (WCTL-1) Balangir 10 17 21 Bargarh 4 19 24 Boudh 1 8 10 Subarnapur 1 1 2 Sub-Total 16 45 57 10.6 Western Central Table Land (WCTL-2) Kalahandi 10 30 36 Nuapada 2 2 2 Sub-Total 12 32 38 7.1 Total 98 403 538 100.0 3.1.2 Land Utilisation Pattern (considering 98 project blocks) Project universe is broadly divided into 4 physiographic zones namely Coastal Plains, Central Table land, Northern Plateau and Eastern Ghats. Total geographical area of the 15 project districts is 8340 thousand hectares out of which 520.5 thousand hectares forest area, 51.3 thousand hectares of miscellaneous tree & groves, 162.5 thousand hectares of permanent pasture, 159.1 thousand hectares culturable waste land, 310.9 thousand hectares barren land, 318.3 thousand hectares non-agriculture land and 1643.9 thousand hectares net area sown land falls under 99 nos. project blocks. These 15-project districts have cultivated area of 3581 1 Agrocipmatic zone wise distribution of district: orienvis.nic.in/WriteReadData/links/Agro-climatic%20Zones-183453464.doc Annexure- III Page 1 of 48 thousand hectares out of which 1740 thousand hectares is high land, 959 thousand hectares medium and 882 thousand hectares low land2. Table 2: Land use pattern of project district (considering 98 project block area only) District name Forest Miscellaneous Permanent Cultivated Non- Barren Current Other Net area area tree pasture waste agri land fallow fallow sown uses Nabarangpur 40.8 0.8 1.3 1.6 8.7 2.0 9.2 1.4 81.4 Ganjam 43.7 19.0 16.1 11.0 57.2 42.3 46.3 27.3 249.8 Keonjhar 137.5 3.1 18.0 25.3 42.8 57.5 51.4 26.3 169.9 Mayurbhanj 78.0 16.8 25.9 36.9 48.3 14.4 41.0 41.7 248.7 Balasore 1.5 2.7 8.3 10.0 18.7 2.1 3.5 2.0 97.7 Bhadrak 0.6 3.8 9.0 6.2 18.2 0.5 7.5 3.5 102.9 Jajpur 4.4 1.3 4.3 2.8 10.9 0.8 6.8 3.4 34.7 Gajapati 16.9 0.3 4.0 0.9 3.6 45.6 3.2 1.2 15.3 Kandhamal 77.9 0.3 3.4 4.7 8.6 42.7 10.1 10.3 25.4 Bolangir 35.8 0.8 26.9 13.6 30.2 12.7 35.3 15.8 203.7 Bargarh 14.3 0.2 7.7 8.6 13.6 3.5 18.7 9.7 106.9 Boudh 11.9 0.0 8.6 3.1 8.3 3.0 6.8 3.5 27.8 Sonepur 1.5 0.1 1.5 1.6 2.9 1.6 1.9 1.3 16.7 Kalahandi 46.5 2.0 20.2 29.1 39.0 80.3 47.8 23.0 213.3 Nuapara 9.2 0.2 7.1 3.7 7.4 2.1 13.2 4.5 49.4 Total 520.5 51.3 162.5 159.1 318.3 310.9 302.8 174.8 1643.9 Source: ENVIS Centre of Odisha’s State of Environment, Forest and Environment Department, Odisha < http://envis.cesodisha.org/landuse/> * All area is in Thousand Hectare As multiple demands for land increase, less land is devoted to agriculture and allied sub-sectors. Therefore, intensive cultivation of available cultivable lands, wherever feasible, seems a viable strategy for increasing the gross area under cultivation and augmenting food production. These trends are discernible in project districts as well. 3.1.2.1 Land Use and Land Cover (Sample Area) Project intervention is confined within MI command area. However, to understand physiological features in an around project area, 10 Km. buffer zone is considered. LULC map covering 10 Km. buffer area is prepared and different class wise coverage is tabulated below and shown in Figure 1 to Figure 8. Presence of significant environmental features are described in respective sections. Table 3: LULC of 10 Km. radius of sampled MIP Name of the MIP District Agri. Dense Fallow Forest Gullied/ Open Plantation Road/ Land Scrub Ravenous Scrub Railways Land Land Land Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur 17483 600 131 3018 238 Chandahandi Jalibandha, Ganjam Ganjam 8150 745 22 3121 1089 365 152 Talakholaghai MIP, Ganjam 12531 979 4088 1490 180 99 Khallikote Bisipur MIP, Karanjia Mayurbhanj 12812 1431 120 18406 903 48 2 Odisha Agricultural Statistics (2013-14), Directorate of Agriculture & Food Production, Odisha Annexure- III Page 2 of 48 Khaibandha MIP, Balasore 22681 542 15 6291 10 205 4 14 Nilagiri Caradigapa MIP, Kandhamal 10394 4147 12940 1389 30 Daringibadi Dandarabhal MIP, Balangir 16805 3165 78 5264 10 7764 15 62 Patnagarh Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi 16085 2744 31 7784 673 1447 27 583 Bhawanipatna Name of the MIP District Rocky Sand Settle Tree Wast Water Wetla Grand Waste Land y ment Cover eland body nd Total Area Area Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangp 100 643 620 800 23635 Chandahandi ur Jalibandha, Ganjam Ganjam 45 372 940 470 902 1186 17558 Talakholaghai MIP, Ganjam 34 0 1003 255 22 13465 113 34259 Khallikote Bisipur MIP, Karanjia Mayurbhan 242 1396 1333 327 37016 j Khaibandha MIP, Balasore 45 5095 556 639 26 36125 Nilagiri Caradigapa MIP, Kandhamal 2 351 5149 1626 47 36073 Daringibadi Dandarabhal MIP, Balangir 182 611 605 708 35268 Patnagarh Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi 634 559 6163 541 613 37886 Bhawanipatna Source: Analysed by CTRAN Consulting based on Satellite Imagery and Data Mapping Annexure- III Page 3 of 48 Figure 1: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur Annexure- III Page 4 of 48 Figure 2: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Figure 3: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Ganjam Annexure- III Page 5 of 48 Figure 4: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Figure 5: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Annexure- III Page 6 of 48 Figure 6: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Figure 7: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Annexure- III Page 7 of 48 Figure 8: LULC map showing 10 Km. radius of Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Source: Analysed by CTRAN Consulting based on Satellite Imagery 3.1.3 Geology & Mineral Odisha, situated on the eastern seaboard of India is one of the gifted parts of the world, where a gamut of mineral resources exists in bounty. Project districts are endowed with large reserves of bauxite, china-clay, chromite, coal, dolomite, fireclay, graphite, gemstones, iron ore, limestone, manganese ore, mineral sand, nickel ore, pyrophylite and quartz. State Directorate of Geology has recently discovered diamond block in the Dharambandha area of Nuapada district. Other minerals of the project districts include copper ore, lead ore, titanium bearing vanadiferous magnetite, talc/ soap stone and high magnesia igneous rocks. Annexure- III Page 8 of 48 Figure 9: Mineral map of Odisha Source: Directorate of Geology, Govt. of Odisha (https://www.odishaminerals.gov.in/Geology/Mineralmap.aspx?GL=download&PL=2) Annexure- III Page 9 of 48 Figure 10: Geology and Mineral Map of Odisha Source: http://metalworld.co.in/newsletter/2014/May14/Overview0514.pdf The rich mineral wealth of the project districts is attributed to its favourable geological setup. Situated on the eastern fringe of the peninsular India, Odisha has about 72.5% of the area occupied by Precambrian metamorphic rocks (of Archaean and Proterozoic age) which host the majority of the minerals. The Gondwanas hosting the coal resources occur over about 8% of the land mass. The Tertiary and Quaternary formations, occupying rest of the area, provide avenues for aluminous/ nickeliferous laterite and heavy minerals (in beach sand). The Archaean rocks in northern Odisha include the Supracrustal belts of metasedimentary rocks including Iron Ore Super Group having deposits of iron, manganese, gold and base metals. These are also represented by the gneisses, granite, migmatite (Singhbhum, Bonai and Mayurbhanj Plutons) and mafic/ ultramafic intrusives. These intrusives are associated with the chromite, titaniferous vanadiferous magnetite and PGM. Annexure- III Page 10 of 48 The Bastar cratonic complex of Archaean age in the Western Odisha includes gneisses, granite, migmatite and Strontium-Tantalum-Niobium bearing pegmatites. Figure 11: Geological map of Odisha Source: ENVIS Centre of Odisha’s State of Environment, Forest and Environment Department, Odisha Proterozoic rocks in the western Odisha exhibit platformal sedimentary formations and associated limestone deposits. In north-western Odisha they contain metasediments of low to medium metamorphic grade classified as the Gangpur Group, which host manganese, limestone and Lead-Zinc deposits. In central and southern Odisha, the Proterozoics are represented by the Easternghats granulite belt comprising of khondalite, charnockite, migmatite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks accounting for the mineralisation of bauxite, manganese, graphite and gemstones. The Mesozoic rocks of Gondwana Super Group host the major coal resources of the state. Formations of Cenozoic age occupy the eastern coastal plains in form of alluvial sediments, ash beds and low level laterite, providing avenues for occurrence of beach sand minerals and building materials. The deltaic fans extending into offshore regions play hosts for oil and gas. Project districts have a lion’s share of the Country’s mineral reserves. The chromite, nickel, bauxite, iron ore and coal resources of the state respectively stand at a staggering 83, 92, 55, 38 and 26 percent of India’s total reserves. Some of these minerals also account for a visible spot in the world’s mineral map. Mineral resource wise distribution in project districts are tabulated in Table 4. Annexure- III Page 11 of 48 Table 4: Mineral Resource Distribution in Project DIstrict Mineral Distribution Location Geology Bauxite Kalahandi Karlapat- Pollingpadar,Kutrumali- Associated with Eastern Ghat Super Tangridongar,Lanjigarh Group of Rocks i.e. Niyamgiri,Keluamali, Krishunmali etc Khondalites and Charnockites; Occur as Kandhamal Anamini Parbat, RukuniCuttack, blankets capping the parent rocks on Demoli, Ushabali etc. plateau tops. Kendujhar Dholkata pahar Occur over metatholeitic basalt. Iron Ore Kendujhar Roida-Bhadrasahi, Unchabali, Jajang, Iron ore bands occur in layered BIF Jurudi, Belkundi, Bolani, along with volcano- sedimentary rock Khandbandh, Katamati, Thakurani, piles known as Iron Ore Super Group Gandhamardan, Joda-East, Haromoto, Guali, Kasia, Malangtoli etc. Mayurbhanj Suleipat, Ghusura, Gorumahisani, Badampahar, etc. Jajpur Daitari-Tomka Chromite Jajpur Sukinda Ultramafic complex. Occur as intrusive into Precambrian Kendujhar Boula-Nuasahi Igneous complex. metamorphites as well as differentiated Balasore Bhalukasuni layered igneous complexes Manganese Kendujhar Joda, Chormalda, Katasahi, Jurudi, Confined to Shale formation of Horse Parelipado, Roida, Sidhamata, Dubna, shoe synclinorium belonging to Jaribahal (Palsa), Katasahi-Kolha- Precambrian Iron Ore Super Group Rudkela, Gurda Balangir Champasar, Bharatbahal, Rengali, Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Tamiya, Babja, Ucchabapali, Banipali, Group of Rocks i.e. quartizites, Biarpali, Gadashankar, Bhaludungri Khondalites calc- gneiss and calc- granulites as tabular bodies. Copper Mayurbhanj Kesarpur Occur within sheared metabasics belonging to Proterozoic s of Eastern Singbhum Lead and Balangir Saintala area Occur as fracture fillings in quartz veins Zinc Baragada Kermeli area. Kalahandi Sisakhal area. Mineral Ganjam Coast All along Ganjam coast from A.P.- Eastern Ghats Super Group of rocks on Sand Odisha border to Ganjam-Puri border. weathering release the heavy minerals, Important Sector are: Gopalpur Sector, which are carried into the sea by many Chhatrapur Sector and Prayagi Sector rivers , tidal waves, littoral drift, wind action etc. have played their part in the concentration of heavy minerals. Nickel Ore Sukinda valley Saruabil, Sukrangi, Kamarda, Occur as nickeliferous laterite (as over- (Jajpur) Kansa Kaliapani, Bhimtangar mines and burden in chromite mines) overlying the sector Kansa sector serpentinised dunite-peridotite bed rock Mayurbhanj Simlipal compex Platinum Kendujhar Baula_Nuasahi complex, Amjori sill Associated with Singhbhum-Odisha Jajpur Sukinda valley craton comprising high grade schist and Balasore Bhalukasuni gneiss intruded by layered mafics and ultramafics Annexure- III Page 12 of 48 Mineral Distribution Location Geology China Clay Mayurbhanj Joshipur, Chanchbani, Dumuria, Occur in a long belt stretching from Jamda, Kadodiha, Jamkeswar & southern Singbhum to Mayurbhanj Thakurmunda extending upto Kendujhar in the .Dhobadiha, Kalapathuria, Sorisbari, Singbhum Granite belt Jamkesar, Kalikapur, Ramchandrapur, Kathkaranjia, Nanua, Nijli, Mangalpur, Tikasil etc. Kendujhar Unchheibera, Guras, Bholpara, Pradhanpara Nawarangpur Devdhara, Sorispadar, Ambagan Coal Bargarh, Uneconomic coal occurrences are Mayurbhanj found in following basins- Gaisilat basin, Katrinjia Basin. Fire Clay Baragada Telipali, Buramunda, Gaisilat In the Barakar and Karaharbari formation of Lower Gondwana Limestone Nuapada Chandpala, Sagundunguri, Deobahal, Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Rohapadar, Gorramura. Group of Rocks and in Khariar Highland Group of rocks Balangir Dhamandanga, Kuliadaha, Hial Associated with Eastern Ghats Super Group of Rocks Baragada Dungri, Banjipalli,- Jampalli Associated with Proterozoic cover Putka-Saramsil sediments Dolomite Baragada Nuapara - Putka Associated with Proterozoic cover sediments Graphite Baragada Temrimal, Tentulikhunti, Hardatal, Occur within Eastern Ghat Mobile Ranjitpur,Dahigaon, Menaramunda Belt,associated with khondalite, Balangir Gerdi, Fulmati, Ganjaudar, Rengali, quartzite, calc- silicate, granulite, Sargipalli- Golomunda,Dhandamu charnockite, basic granulites and nda, Godgadbahal, Mahulpati, quartzofeldspathi c gneises cross cut by Banjipali, Dukukamal, Beherapani, leptynites and pegmatites. Beheramunda, Sapmunda, Mohanilaha, Malisira, Sargibahal Kalahandi Sargipada, Gaidar, Singjharan, Lamer, Badibahal Kandhamal Madagurha (Tumudibandh), Bargaon, Dhursi, Mahabali Nuapada Kirkita, Dharamsagar, Gandabahali Pyro- Kendujhar A 90 km long belt extending from Associated with Singbhum Granite Phase phyllite Rebna- Palasbahal in the south to II that is overlain by Dhanjori quartzites Dhobakuchuda- Balabhadrapur in the North. Main deposits are Dhobakuchuda, Baliadihi, Balabhadrapur, Amjor, Madrangojodi, Nitigotha, Roduan ,Rebna,Palasbahal etc. Mayurbhanj Jashipur, Gorumahisani, Bangiriposi and Manada Dimension Ganjam Gudiapalli area, Dakhinpur, Lanja, Eastern Ghats Super Group of rocks Stone Sukunda, Lathi, Bada Dumula, consisting of khondalites, leptynite, Kandasara, Dasipur, Mathura, charnockite, pyroxene granulite, Radhamohanpur, Gobinda nagar, nephelene syenite , granite etc. can be Krushnanagar, Nuaparha, Baranga, categorised as dimension stone. Dutipur, Gopalpur, Sarahanaipalli, Manikyapur, Hinjlicut, Pathan Punji, Annexure- III Page 13 of 48 Mineral Distribution Location Geology Kirtipur, Sahaspur, Butasarsingi, Purusottampur, Khetapalli, Patapur, Gudiali, Mandalpur, Matisahi, Kohibiradi, Nuamundia, Bishnuchakra, Kanteipalli, , Olamba, Chakunda, Baragada, Badangi, Ekatapur, Matisahi etc. Nawarangpur Cheptiamb, Karlapada, Samarcharan, Hatibari, Tohra Nuapada Bhaira, Dalipathara, Damarkhol Quartz & Boudh, Numerous occurrences of Boudh, Quartz occurs in the form of veins and as Quartzite Baragada, Baragada, Kandhamal, Kendujhar, a constituent of pegmatites. In Odisha, Kandhamal, Kalahandi, Mayurbhanj, Nuapada, quartz and silica sand deposits are Kendujhar, Subarnapur & Nabrangpur districts located in the Precambrian terrains Kalahandi, Quartzite occurs as beds interstratified Mayurbhanj, with other meta- sedimentaries Nuapada, Subarnapur & Nabrangpur High Jajpur Sukinda area Dunite, perodotite, serpentinite, Magnesia pyroxenites mostly associated with Iron Rocks Ore Super Group Kendujhar Managovindpur. Boula Nuasahi area Balasore Bhalukasoni near Nilgiri Gold Mayurbhanj Suriagoda, Jagaguda, Ghutudihi, Occur within boulder-pebbly- quartz Maredihi, Janudihi, Jhabukucha, conglomerate associated with Jharadihi, Amdiha, Joshipur, Surda metasediments and metabasites of Iron Dhusurapahar (Suleipat) Ore super Group Kendujhar Gopur, Salaikena, Dimirimunda, Occur within quartz vein associated with Rangadihi, Gajipur, Odal, Kushkala, Iron Ore Super Group of rocks Kardangi, Kalima, Koilisuta Precious and Semi-precious Stones Aqua- Balangir Saraibahal, Sukulimuri, Guchhepalli, Associated with Eastern Ghats Granulite marine Desand, Chhanchanabhata Belt interbanded with mafic and Subarnapur Badmal, Mursundi, Bairagipalli, ultramafic complexes, anorthosites, and Amarpalli alkaline complexes intruded by granites, pegmatites and quartz vein Contact of beryl bearing pegmatite with ultramafic rocks Chryso- Kandhamal Belghar Occur within pegmatites in khondalite beryl suit of rocks Balangir Ghumsar Associated with pegmatite intruding into quartzo- feldspathic gneiss Kalahandi Sirjapalli, Tundla, Muribahal Garnet Subarnapur Siali, Naktamunda, Binika, Occur in high grade pelitic schist, Subarnapur amphibolites, calc granulite etc. Boudh Boudh, Ramgarh, Kantamal, Manmunda Kalahandi Banjipadar, Sargidua, Ghatpara Nuapada Sardhapur, Patialpada, Damjhar, Patialpada, Budhapada, Mantritarai Balangir Khaliapalli,Kesaipalli, Luhuramunda, Ruby Kalahandi Jhillingdhar, Hinjlibahal, Kerumunda Contact of pegmatite and ultramafic rocks associated with cordierite- Annexure- III Page 14 of 48 Mineral Distribution Location Geology sillimanite-garnet schists and para gneisses Sapphire Nuapada Katamal, Karlakot, Amera High grade pelitic schist at the contact of alkali syenite and pegmatite Diamond Nuapada Kalamidadar valley of Nuapada Diamond occurrences are associated with district Mahanadi river bed olivine-lamproite pipes within Bastar particularly from Binika in cratonic complex or at the interface of Subarnapur district to Madhapur in Bastar cratonic complex and Proterozoic Boudh district. cover sediments around Kalamidadar of Nuapada district. The secondary diamond occur in association with pebble and gravel of Mahanadi river particularly from Binika in Subarnapur district to Madhapur in Boudh district Source: Compendium of Mineral Resources of Odisha- 2009 Findings: • None or any part of the MIP command area is protected for mineral resource exploration. • Mining areas are far away from MI command area. Any instance of mine draining in MI command area is reported within study area. • There exists no mining area which may pose any threat to proposed OIIPCRA project. • Project implementation is limited within MI command area, hence no impact on mineral resource or any mining activity is anticipated. • Project will not cause or pose any threat to sub-surface geological formation. Annexure- III Page 15 of 48 3.1.4 Earthquake Figure 12: GSHAP map of Odisha The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) updated the seismic hazard map of India in 2007. There are no major changes in the zones in Odisha with the exception of the merging of Zones II and I in the 1984 BIS map. A large portion of Odisha comes under earthquake risk zone-II (Low damage risk zone). Districts in the north and south – west of the state lie in Zone II. Districts that lie in the valleys of Mahanadi and Brahmani river lie in zone III, and within Odisha this zone stretches from Jharsuguda along the border with Chhatisgarh in a south- easterly direction towards the urban centers of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack on the Mahanadi Delta. The maximum intensity expected in these areas would be around MSK VII. According to GSHAP data, the state of Odisha falls in a region of low to moderate seismic hazard. Source: http://asc-india.org/maps/hazard/haz-orissa.htm Table 5: Major disasters occurred in the State of Odisha Sl. No. Year Calamity No. of districts affected 1 1993 Floods 27 2 1994 Floods 5 3 Drought 10 4 1995 Floods &Cyclone 23 5 1996 Drought 28 6 1997 Drought 16 7 1998 Drought, Heat wave 26 8 1999 Super Cyclone 14 9 2000 Drought 29 10 2001 Floods 24 11 2002 Drought 29 12 2003 Floods 23 13 2004 Floods 5 14 2005 Floods 15 15 2006 Floods 27 16 2007 Floods (July) 12 17 2007 Floods (Aug & Sept) 15 18 2008 Floods (June & September) 21 Annexure- III Page 16 of 48 Sl. No. Year Calamity No. of districts affected 19 2009 Flood & Heavy rain 17 20 Drought / Pest Attack 18 21 2010 Flood & Heavy rain 6 22 Drought 17 23 Unseasonal Cyclonic Rain 24 24 2011 Drought 21 25 Flood 21 26 2012 Drought 4 27 Flood 5 28 2013 Very severe cyclone Phailin / Flood 19 Figure 13: Earthquake zonation map of Odisha Source: Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (http://www.osdma.org/GISImage.aspx?vchglinkid=GL024&vchplinkid=PL065#) Historically, parts of this State have experienced seismic activity in the M4.0 range. Earthquake in 1995 at Bonaigarh area of Deogarh has caused substantial damage. Prior to this, earthquake tremors were felt in Talcher and Rengali Dam area. Current seismicity is related to activity along Gondwana Basin boundary faults and those associated with continent – oceanic crust transition zone in the Bay of Bengal. Finding: • The parts of 5 project districts namely Bargarh, Jajpur, Bhadrak, Mayurbhanj & Balasore fall under moderate risk earthquake zone. Remaining parts of these five districts fall under low damage risk earthquake zones. • Remaining 10 project districts namely Gajapati, Ganjam, Kandhamal, Nawarangpur, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Sonepur, Boudh and Keonjhar fall under low damage risk earthquake zones. Annexure- III Page 17 of 48 3.1.5 Wind and Cyclone Coastal districts of Odisha are vulnerable to multiple natural hazards. Due to its subtropical littoral location, the state is prone to various hydro-meteorological hazards such as tropical cyclones, storm surges and tsunamis. The State has a 480 km long coastline with a significantly high population density in the coastal areas as compared to the interior regions3. India’s east coast is one of the six most cyclone prone areas in the world. Although the coastline of Odisha is only about 17% of the Indian east coast, it has been affected by nearly 35% of all cyclonic and severe cyclonic storms that have crossed the east coast and associated storm surges that have often inundated large tracts of coastal districts4. On an average, about five to six tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal every year, of which two to three are within the mild to severe range. Taking together the storms and severe storms, coastal Odisha is about twice as vulnerable as compared to the other eastern states. Figure 14: Wind and cyclone affected districts Source: Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (http://www.osdma.org/GISImage.aspx?vchglinkid=GL024&vchplinkid=PL065#) 3 As per 2011 census the Population density is 269 persons per sq. km. While in 2001, the population density was 236 persons per sq. km and the population density in costal Districts was 410 per sq km. 4 State Disaster Management Plan, Odisha, August 2013,GoO, OSDMA Annexure- III Page 18 of 48 The State has two cyclone seasons, the first during the pre-monsoon period (April – May) and the second during the post-monsoon period (September - November). October is the most crucial month for the Odisha coast. The other months in which storms affect Odisha coast with lesser frequencies are May, September and November. Cyclones ordinarily bring in their trail heavy rains causing severe floods, tidal disasters and saline inundation. Disasters of this kind cause heavy mortality, damage to standing crops and stocked paddy, untold suffering, and damage to private and public properties. In October 1999 the cyclone that hit Odisha was classified as a ‘Super Cyclone’ due to its severity and left the state virtually paralyzed due to the destruction to its infrastructure and communication systems. The cyclone severely affected five of project districts namely Balasore, Bhadrak, Jajpur, Keonjhor and Mayurbhanje and 9 other districts of Odisha. Year wise list of major cyclones which has affected coastal blocks of Odisha is tabulated in Table 6. Table 6: List of major cyclones affected coastal districts of Odisha Cyclone Name Lowest Pressure (mbar) Month & Year BOB 05 968 October, 1999 BOB 06 912 October, 1999 Phailin 940 October, 2013 Hudhud 960 October, 2014 Kyant October, 2016 Finding: • Entire portion of 3 project districts and part of other 4 project districts are falls under High Damage Risk Zone where almost 80% of MIP are located (considering district total). • Entire portion of three project districts and part of other 8 project districts falls under Moderate Damage Risk Zone- A, whereas part of 6 project districts falls under Moderate Damage Risk Zone- A. • Cyclone risk zone wise distribution of project district is given in Table 7. Table 7: Cyclone risk zone wise distribution of project districts VHDRZ- B HDRZ MDRZ- A MDRZ- B Balasore Majurbhanj (P) Boudh Bargarh (P) Bhadrak Keonjhar (P) Sonepur Ganjam (P) Jajpur Bolangir Gajapati (P) Mayurbhanj (P) Keonjhar (P) Kandhamal (P) Ganjam (P) Ganjam (P) Kalahandi (P) Gajapati (P) Gajapati (P) Nawarangpur (P) Keonjhar (P) Kandhamal (P) Bargarh (P) Nuapada (P) Kalahandi (P) Nabarangpur (P) Source: Interpreted from Wind and Cyclone Zone map prepared by Odisha State Disaster Management Authority VHDRZ- B = Very High Damage Risk Zone- B; HDRZ = High Damage Risk Zone MDRZ- A = Moderate Damage Risk Zone- A; MDRZ- B Moderate Damage Risk Zone- B P= indicates part of district 3.1.6 Flood & Waterlogging The 482 km long coastline of Odisha exposes the State to flood, cyclones and storm surges. Heavy rainfall during monsoon causes floods in the rivers. Flow of water from neighbouring States of Jharkhand and Chattisgarh also contributes to flooding. The flat coastal belts with poor drainage, high degree of siltation Annexure- III Page 19 of 48 of the rivers, soil erosion, breaching of the embankments and spilling of floodwaters over them, cause severe floods in the river basin and delta areas. In Odisha, damages are caused due to floods mainly in the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, and the Baitarani. These rivers have a common delta where flood waters intermingle, and when in spate simultaneously, wreak considerable havoc. This problem becomes even more acute when floods coincide with high tide. The water level rises due to deposits of silt on the river-bed. Rivers often overflow their banks or water rushes through new channels causing heavy damages. Floods and drainage congestion also affect the lower reaches along the Subarnarekha. The rivers Rushikulya, Vansadhara and Budhabalanga also cause occasional floods at lower reaches. The entire coastal belt is prone to storm surges. The storms that produce tidal surges are usually accompanied by heavy rainfall making the coastal belt vulnerable to both floods and storm surges. People die; livestock perish; houses are washed away; paddy and other crops are lost, and roads and bridges are damaged. The floods of 1980, 1982, 2001 and 2003 in the State were particularly severe; property worth crores of rupees were destroyed in the floods. Figure 15: Flood affected districts Source: Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (http://www.osdma.org/GISImage.aspx?vchglinkid=GL024&vchplinkid=PL065#) Findings Feeder streams, river and nullas are seasonal and extent of command area of all selected MI tank is ranging between 40 to 171 Ha. Natural drainage system around command area is well enough to pass out any accumulated water during heavy rain. The problem of water logging is not commonly experienced within irrigation command area. Water logging may not pose a major challenge for the project because almost all Annexure- III Page 20 of 48 tanks are seasonal in nature thereby the scope for water logging and salinity is not anticipated. However, water logging problem observed in small pockets in the coastal area due to high and erratic rainfall (Ganjam- 1320 mm., Balasore- 1684 mm. and Bhadrak- 1422 mm., whereas state annual average rainfall is 1460.5 mm), water table ranging between 2.0 to 5.0 m. bgl 5 may pose some problem specially during monsoon season. Especially, in case of some low lying pockets in coastal areas, there may be instances of water logging that would require attention. Design command area for Kharif season of all MI tanks considered under OIIPCRA ranges between 20 to 1311 hectares. However, kharif command area of about 60% of the MI tanks are below 70 hectares. Normally medium to large size MI tanks are situated in the uplands and having good gradients except only 4 nos. in coastal district Ganjam (One- 652Ha. and three ranging between 340 – 370 ha.). Because of good gradient of majority of the tanks, normally no such alarming drainage problem persists. As such, drainage is not a serious problem in tank system of Orissa due to various factors such as presence of highly permeable soils, undulating topography and good drainage facility. Mostly, the nullas, streams and rivers are seasonal in nature for which drainage problem normally does not appear to be a threat. Issues: • Part of project district Ganjam, Jajpur, Bhadrak and Balasore are declared flood zone where more than 50% of MIPs are located (considering district total). However, Balasore and Bhadrak districts are affected majorly due to presence of immediate coast of Bay of Bengal. Only 3.5% MIPs are located at Balasore and Bhadrak district. • Command area of sample MIP- Jallibandha located at Ganjam district has witnessed such crop damage due to occasional flood occurrence by Rushikulya river. • Water logging during rainy season is reported at river adjacent MI command area of MIP- Jallibandha 3.1.7 Surface Water Quality Water quality of all MI tank were found well within tolerance limit for Inland Surface Water (Class C) with minor deviation of BOD. BOD level in all 4 MI tank water was found with slight deviation from permissible limit but below 4 mg/l. Water quality of Rushikulya river and Chilika lake water was very turbid with TDS value recorded above 8000 mg./l. Total coliform count in river and lake water was respectively higher than water sample collected from MI tank, which indicates anthropogenic pollution are more in river/ lake than MI tank area. Table 8: Surface water quality in surrounding area of sample MI tank MIP Jallibandha Talkholgha Cradigapp Upper suktel Dandamunda Bisipur Tolerance Limits * i a Sample Source Rushikullya Chilika MI Tank MI Tank MI Tank MI Tank River, D/S of Lake MIP District Ganjam Ganjam Kandhamal Bolangiri Nabrangapur Mayurbhanj Block Ganjam Khallikote Daringibadi Khaprakhol Chandahandi Karanjia GP Ganjam NAC Bania Badabanga Dhadipani Patbil pH 8.03 9.13 7.63 8.12 8.1 7.37 6.5- 8.5 TDS (mg/l) 9648.0 8856 72 132 223 99 1500 Specific Conductivity 16830 15340 110 231 390.6 166.9 (µs/cm) Total Coliform (MPN/ 900 >1600 270 370 450 370 5000 100ml) 5 Ground water year book (2014-15), South Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar Annexure- III Page 21 of 48 DO (mg/l) 6.8 6.2 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.4 4 BOD (mg/l) 6.8 6.4 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.6 3 Chlorides as Cl (mg/l) 4765 4486 5.9 12.8 24 5.95 600 Fluorides as F (mg/l) 0.65 0.42 0.14 0.28 0.84 0.07 1.5 Cadmium as Cd (mg/l) bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.01 Lead as Pb (mg/l) 0.08 0.064 bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.1 Iron as Fe (mg/l) 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.26 50 Magnesium (mg/l) 167.67 199.26 2.91 5.34 14.09 3.89 Zinc as Zn (mg/l) 0.44 0.38 bdl 0.08 0.12 bdl 15 Calcium (mg/l) 268.5 116.2 6.41 24.84 35.27 5.61 Sodium as Na (mg/l) 3240.0 3042.0 3.9 8.8 16.6 2.3 Sulphate as SO4 (mg/l) 168.4 140.2 2.1 6.2 7.8 3.87 400 Arsenic as As (mg/l) bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.2 Nitrates as NO3 (mg/l) 30.4 26.1 0.64 1.2 1.64 2.1 50 Source: Test conducted by CTRAN using NABL accreditated environmental laboratory bdl= Below detectable limit; * Inland Surface Waters, Class C (IS: 2296-1982) Any instance of water pollution at MI tank water from industrial activity is not found at sampled MI tank. Water quality of all sampled MI tank is fairly good to promote pisciculture activity in MI tank. Field Finding: Excessive use of chemical pesticide and fertilizer for cultivation purpose are found as common major source of water and soil pollution of agricultural field located within command area. Skin itching after bathing at Khaibandha MIP (Balasore) indicates water pollution of MI tank water. Undesirable practices like garbage dumping in Dhandamunda MIP (Nabarangpur) tank is reported as one of sources of water pollution. Water pollution from excess use of fish feed is also reported at Khaibandha MIP, Balasore. Table 9: Source of water and land pollution in command area Sample MIP Block Sources of water & land pollution within command area Dhandamunda MIP, Chandahandi Use of pesticide, Use of Fertilizer, Garbage deposition in pond Nabarangpur Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam Chemical release from industry Talakholaghai, Mohanpur Khallikote Use of pesticide and fertilizer MIP, Ganjam Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Nilagiri Use of fish feeding Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbadi Use of pesticide and fertilizer Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Patnagarh Use of pesticide and fertilizer Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Bhawanipatna Use of pesticide and fertilizer, Seepage from dumped garbage Kalimati MIP, Keonjhar Harichandanpur Use of Pesticides Issues: • Excess use of fertilizer and pesticide is main source of water and soil pollution in command area • Tank water pollution due to dumping of garbage at MI tank during lean period • Tank water pollution due to leaching from nearby garbage bumping area 3.1.8 Meteorology Entire projects universe represents tropical climate, characterised by high temperature, high humidity, medium to high rainfall and short and mild winter. Project districts are dominated by “Trop ical wet-dry� or “Tropical savanna climate� as per “Köppen-Geiger classification�. The year is divided mainly into three seasons, the summer season from March to June, the southwest monsoon season from July to September and the winter season from October to February. Skies are mostly heavily clouded to overcast during the Annexure- III Page 22 of 48 monsoon months and it decreases during the post-monsoon season. Clear or lightly clouded skies are common during the winter and early summer season. Cloudiness increases in the afternoons during the latter half of the summer season. While the global mean temperature rose by 0.5 degree The State has tropical climate, celsius in the last 50 years that of Odisha rose by 1 degree characterized by high temperature, high celsius. In ten years average of highest recorded humidity, medium to high rainfall and short temperatures has increased by 4.4 to 6.6 degree celsius and and mild winters. On the basis of climate the average of lowest recorded temperatures has further type, Odisha has been divided into ten agro- decreased by 3 to 5.1 degree celsius in various parts of climatic zones. The normal rainfall of the odisha. state is 1451.2 mm. About 75% to 80% of rainfall is received from June to September. Rising temperature has a close relationship with water and Floods, droughts and cyclones occur almost forest resources of the locality. Declining water resources every year in varying intensity. The list of in the summer months and thinning forest cover, which major disasters occurred with number of otherwise help in moderating temperature and providing districts affected in Odisha is given in adaptation, is a cause of serious worry Table 5. Water Resource of Odisha- Issues & Challenges 3.1.8.1 Temperature Project districts experience hot summer with temperatures shooting up to 39°C (Keonjhar) in the east to 43°C (Balangir and Kalahandi) in the west. During winter season mornings and nights are cool. However, the mean winter temperature varies from lowest 8°C at Kandhamal district to 32°C at Balangir district. The mean summer temperature varies between lowest 20°C and 33°C in project districts. Summer temperature crosses 40° Celsius mark at North-west districts Balangir, Sonepur and Eastern district Mayurbhanj. Heat wave conditions prevail in 3 districts (Kalahandi, Balangir and Kandhamal) of project universe with the temperature crossing 40°C during hot summer. The highest temperature of 43°C was recorded at Balangir and Kalahandi districts, followed by 41°C in Kandhamal. Temperature remains below 40°C in all other project districts. Table 10: Project district as well as season wise temparature in 0C Station Project Summer (March - June) Rainy (July- Sept.) Winter (Octo. - Feb.) District FY 2012-13 FY 2013-14 FY 2012-14 FY 2013-15 FY 2012-15 FY 2013-16 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Gopalpur Ganjam 24 33 25 33 26 33 26 33 18 32 16 31 Keonjhar Keonjhar 18 40 18 39 21 31 22 31 11 30 10 29 Baripada Mayurbhanj 18 43 17 38 21 32 20 32 11 31 10 29 Balasore Balasore 22 36 21 36 25 33 25 32 14 32 13 30 Chandabali Bhadrak 23 39 21 37 26 33 24 33 15 32 14 31 Kandhamal Kandhamal 14 38 14 41 20 29 22 31 8 32 8 31 Balangir Balangir 16 38 NA NA NA NA NA NA 13 34 NA NA Titlagarh Balangir 17 43 21 43 22 32 22 32 12 34 10 32 Sonepur Sonepur 20 43 NA. NA. 25 32 NA NA 15 33 NA NA Bhawanipatna Kalahandi 19 42 20 43 23 31 24 32 12 34 11 31 Project 14 43 14 43 20 33 20 33 8 34 8 32 Source: Meteorological Centre, Bhubaneswar NA- Indicates data not available 3.1.8.2 Relative Humidity Average relative humidity (RH) in 15 project districts ranges between 40% to 88%. Average RH is lowest (61%) during summer season, followed by 71% during winter and 84% in winter season. RH widely ranges Annexure- III Page 23 of 48 between 48% to 91% during winter season, 36% to 83% during summer season and 75% to 91% during rainy season. During monsoon period the humidity is very high in the eastern parts and during summer it is dry in the western part of the state. Kandhamal has witnessed maximum 91% RH during rainy season followed by Bhadrak (89%) and Majurbhanj and Kalahandi (88%). Table 11: Project district as well as season wise relative humidity in % Stations District Summer Rainy Winter 2012-13 2013-14 Avg. 2012-13 2013-14 Avg. 2012-13 2013-14 Avg. 08:30 17:00 08:30 17:00 08:30 17:00 08:30 17:00 08:30 17:00 08:30 17:00 Gopalpur Ganjam 82 80 83 83 82 83 83 82 80 82 80 70 80 69 75 Keonjhar Keonjhar 55 42 62 50 52 86 85 86 86 86 72 63 73 66 68 Baripada Mayurbhanj 67 57 69 62 63 88 78 87 87 85 75 64 76 65 70 Balasore Balasore 66 69 68 69 68 78 77 79 82 79 66 68 66 67 67 Chandabali Bhadrak 76 68 80 70 73 89 84 87 84 86 82 72 82 72 77 Kandhamal Kandhamal 81 54 75 51 65 91 86 91 85 88 91 65 90 67 78 Balangir Balangir 70 38 NA NA 54 NA NA NA NA NA 87 48 NA NA 67 Titlagarh Balangir 58 40 57 37 48 85 78 86 75 81 75 65 77 53 68 Sonepur Sonepur 66 36 NA NA 51 87 80 NA NA 84 81 60 NA NA 71 Bhawanipatna Kalahandi 57 41 64 50 53 88 79 86 78 83 78 64 80 68 73 Source: Indian Meteorological Department 3.1.8.3 Rainfall The south-west monsoon normally sets in between 5th - 10th June in the coastal plain of Odisha. Entire project universe is under the full sway of the south-west monsoons by 1st July. South-west monsoons withdraws completely by 15th October. This normal monsoon period fluctuates slightly from year to year basis. Project universe falls under Sub-humid� category as per “Thornthwaite’s classification�, implying occasional winter rains. Table 12: Project district wise rainfall in last 5 years (2013 - 2017) District 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Average 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Average Summer (March - June) Rainy (Jul - Sept) Nawarangpur 816 371 598 423 323 506 902 1429 1047 955 1042 1075 Ganjam 286 180 260 318 372 283 753 971 618 576 726 729 Keonjhar 417 256 348 329 367 343 876 943 611 816 805 810 Mayurbhanj 509 389 465 370 375 422 1128 1121 806 894 868 963 Balasore 501 403 398 381 471 431 936 1215 772 880 819 925 Bhadrak 407 307 304 394 258 334 750 960 739 941 640 806 Jajpur 343 311 332 324 337 329 686 1052 784 970 624 823 Gajapati 494 435 451 411 448 448 641 983 543 715 713 719 Kandhamal 322 160 267 239 287 255 832 1169 615 749 658 804 Bolangir 257 216 229 109 193 201 849 982 683 791 597 780 Bargarh 231 204 329 172 273 242 787 1392 649 793 611 846 Boudh 291 139 361 151 310 250 585 1513 693 916 676 877 Sonepur/ 233 127 338 84 272 211 850 1602 602 886 665 921 Subarnapur Kalahandi 578 258 322 156 237 310 756 1237 830 986 1001 962 Nuapada 269 310 368 178 195 264 1014 1195 776 808 647 888 Total 5955 4066 5371 4038 4717 4829 12344 17764 10767 12675 11089 12928 District 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Average Yearly Winter (Octo- Feb.) Average Nawarangpur 256 107 22 108 103 119 1701 Ganjam 783 182 139 175 265 309 1320 Keonjhar 403 137 90 129 206 193 1346 Annexure- III Page 24 of 48 District 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Average Yearly Winter (Octo- Feb.) Average Mayurbhanj 636 152 72 161 262 256 1641 Balasore 753 185 90 304 309 328 1684 Bhadrak 663 164 71 191 321 282 1422 Jajpur 662 185 61 133 362 281 1433 Gajapati 562 401 107 169 271 302 1468 Kandhamal 411 184 52 118 239 201 1260 Bolangir 201 29 29 108 72 88 1069 Bargarh 206 47 13 69 66 80 1169 Boudh 324 54 19 67 169 127 1254 Sonepur/ Subarnapur 230 49 16 78 128 100 1232 Kalahandi 243 44 29 133 121 114 1386 Nuapada 164 65 4 61 115 82 1234 Total 6496 1985 812 2003 3007 2861 20618 Source: Indian Meteorological Department The average annual rainfall over the entire project universe of 15 districts is 20618 mm. with district wise yearly average of 1375 mm. About 63% of the average annual rainfall of the entire project universe is received in the southwest monsoon season, 23% in summer and remaining 14% in winter season. Average southwest monsoon rainfall of project districts ranges between 55- 75% of district yearly average rainfall. Yearly average rainfall is maximum (1701 mm.) at Nawarangpur and lowest (1069 mm.) at Bolangir district. Maximum average rainfall during southwest monsoon (1075 mm.) as well as summer season (506 mm.) is recorded at Nawarangpur and during winter at Balasore followed by Ganjam. Whereas, minimum average rainfall during southwest monsoon is recorded at Gajapati District (719 mm.) followed by Ganjam (729 mm.). Minimum average rainfall during summer season is recorded at Bolangir (201 mm.) followed by Sonepur (211 mm.). The variation in the rainfall from year to year is not high. Only 4 districts (Nawarangpur, Mayurbhanj, Balasore & Gajapati) receive more than state normal annual rainfall of 1460.5 mm.6, five districts receive more than 1300 mm. but less than state normal annual rainfall, 5 districts receive > 1150 mm. <1300 mm. and remaining one district (Bolangir) less than 1100 mm. Finding: • Coastal project districts like Balasore, Bhadrak, Ganjam & Gajapati which fall under very high cyclone damage risk zone or Flood zone receives ample spell of rainfall immediate after cyclone occurrence. • Yearly average rainfall at Gangam district is 1320 mm., where more than 45% MIP area located. This is less than the State normal annual rainfall of 1460.5 mm. 3.1.8.4 Ambient Air Quality All tested parameters at all 6 sampled sites are found well within NAAQ standard which justify non- presence of any heavy air polluting industries within sampled MIP. All such sampling points are sufficiently away from road network. Any severe air pollution from anthropogenic activities are not observed within sampled project area except burning of domestic fuel like LPG and kerosene in rural area. Instances of use of fuel wood for household cooking purpose is observed at rural area of tribal dominated district like Majurbhanj, Keonjhar, Kandhamal, Gajapati and Kalahandi. 6 Annual Climate Summary- 2015, National Climate Centre, Climate Service Division, India Meteorological Department Annexure- III Page 25 of 48 Table 13: Ambient air quality in surrounding area of sample MIP MIP Meas Jallibandha Talkholghai, Cradigappa Upper suktel Dandamunda Bisipur Standard ured Mohanpur NAAQ District Unit Ganjam Ganjam Kandhamal Bolangiri Nabrangapur Mayurbhanj Block Ganjam Khallikote Daringibadi Khaprakhol Chandahandi Karanjia GP Ganjam NAC Bania Badabanga Dhadipani Patbil PM10 µg/m3 63.38 58.78 52.59 55.18 58.59 55.37 100 PM2.5 µg/m3 30.42 28.33 22.08 27.08 29.17 25.42 60 Sulphur µg/m3 6.9 6.7 5.2 5.7 6.4 5.9 80 Dioxide SO2 Nitrogen µg/m3 10.81 10.57 9.6 9.83 10.57 10.08 80 Dioxide NOx Carbon mg/m3 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 0.4 2 Monoxide CO Ammonia µg/m3 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 400 NH3 Ozone O3 µg/m3 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 100 Lead (Pb) µg/m3 <0.06 <0.06 <0.06 <0.06 <0.06 <0.06 1 Nickel (Ni) ng/m3 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <0.6 20* Arsenic ng/m3 <0.44 <0.44 <0.44 <0.44 <0.44 <0.44 06* (As) Benzene µg/m3 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 05* (C6H6) Benzo ng/m3 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Pyrene (BaP) Source: Test conducted by CTRAN using NABL accreditated environmental laboratory Note: * indicates annual value PM10, Pb, Ni, As, BaP were collected using Respirable dust sampler (RDS) and SOx, NOx, NH3 and O3 were collected using Gaseous sampling attachment. CO was measured using NDIR with minimum decebal limit of 0.4 mg/m3. PM2.5 was measured using Fine dust sampler (FDS) and analysed in gravimetric method. Sox, NOx, NH3 and O3 were analysed using Spectrophotometer with minimum absorbsion limit upto 005. Pb, Ni, As were analysed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). C6H6 was collected using Benzen Sampler and tested in Gaschromatography. BaP was also tested in Gaschromatography. Issues: • Air pollution due to operation of diesel operated thresher / harvester machine in agricultural land. • Burning of paddy straw on agriculture field 3.1.9 Ground Water Availability Project universe comprising 98 project blocks of 15 districts has annually replenishable ground water of 5.8 BCM. The overall annual ground water draft in 15 project districts comprising 98 project blocks, as per estimations made in 2011, was 1.7 BCM. Thus, the stage of ground water was assessed at 30 percent in 98 project blocks. The development blueprint for the project blocks Nabarangpur, Gajapati and Kandhamal is heavily dependent on ground water both for water supply to its citizens and irrigation. Annexure- III Page 26 of 48 Ground water development status of 7 out of 15 project districts (considering 98 project blocks) are assessed to be below the state average of 28 percent. However, none of the project area fall under over exploited, critical or semi critical blocks and notified for regulation of ground water development. This statistics may otherwise give an impression that, ground water development in these 7 project districts being so low, the potentials of it is grossly untapped. But the grassroots facts do reveal a different picture, i.e., of dwindling water levels, ground water sources going dry and ground water quality getting affected. Table 14: Ground water resource and utilization (considering 98 project blocks) District GW Sectoral GW Use (HaM) Stage of GW Resources Irrigation Domestic Industrial Total Development (%) (HaM) Draft Balasore 48328 19577 1743 1512 22832 47 Bargarh 17856 2847 797 33 3677 21 Bhadrak 35805 18169 1454 746 20369 57 Bolangir 39526 7075 2088 160 9323 24 Boudh 6613 1726 281 5 2012 30 Gajapati 4436 374 253 8 635 14 Ganjam 101602 23804 5619 870 30293 30 Jajpur 18115 8164 373 60 8597 47 Kalahandi 62141 9372 3414 227 13013 21 Kandhamal 23523 2498 636 51 3185 14 Keonjhar 68848 16325 1815 2284 20424 30 Mayurbhanj 117803 29389 4303 778 34470 29 Nabarangapur 24458 1711 1034 65 2810 11 Nuapada 15634 2449 614 40 3103 20 Subarnapur 2354 606 183 6 795 34 Total 587042 144086 24607 6845 175538 30 Source: ENVIS Centre of Odisha’s State of Environment, Forest and Environment Department, Odisha Finding: • Extraction of ground water in all the sample project districts for irrigation purpose during Rabi season is observed. • Ground water table in all sample areas is depleting gradually. Chocking of shallow tube well is becoming regular phenomenon in all sampled district. • Ground water is also being extracted for drinking purpose at household level in all sampled areas. • Any potential source of ground water contamination within tank command area is not found within sampled MI command area. • However, contamination due to saline water intrusion during flood occurrence at coastal project blocks is reported. 3.1.9.1 Ground Water Quality The chemical quality of ground water of shallow wells in the state is found to vary widely, depending upon the physiography, soil texture and underlain soil formations. The shallow aquifer of inland zone is mostly fresh and relatively saline for coastal plain. These aquifers at places are of high electrical conductivity (E.C.) and chloride concentration. Some of the project districts having high values of E.C. The distribution of fluoride in shallow aquifer show that Balangir, Bargarh, Boudh, Ganjam, Gajapati, Kalahandi, Nuapara, Suvarnapur, districts are above the desirable limit (1.0 mg/L) may be due to anthropogenic activities7. Out of 15 project districts, only Bhadrak is fully saline affected. 7 Ground water year book (2014-15), South Eastern Region- Bhubaneswar, Central Ground Water Board Annexure- III Page 27 of 48 Figure 16: Map showing ground water developmental status and saline affected districts of Odisha Source: ENVIS Centre of Odisha’s State of Environment, Forest and Environment Department, Odisha Within 99 blocks of 15 project districts, only 9 blocks of Ganjam district, one of Bargarh, one of Boudh, three of Kalahandi districts are found where EC concentration is more than > 2000 μS/ cm. Similarly, chloride concentration above 250 mg/l was reported at 11 blocks of Ganjam, one block from each of Bargarh and Boudh district, three blocks of Kalahandi, two blocks of of Nuapada. Five project blocks of Ganjam, one block from each of Keonjhar and Gagapati district, 7 blocks of Balangir, one block of Boudh, two blocks of Kalahandi, one block of Nuapada are reported as fluoride contaminated where concentration are found above desirable limit of 1.0 mg./l. List of villages within project blocks where EC, chloride and fluoride concentration is significantly high is tabulated below. Table 15: Project blocks with cloride and fluoride contamination District Block Village EC Chloride Fluoride (> 2000 μS/ cm) (> 250 mg/ L) (> 1.0 mg/L) Ganjam Chhatrapur Tanganapalli 3226 578 Narendrapur 2363 479 Govindpur 2000 365 Chatrapur 390 Dharakote Suramani 2676 337 1.5 Ganjam Huma 4817 1095 Hinjilicut Belagan 273 Hinjlikatu 2099 422 Jaganathprasad Saishamuli 376 Annexure- III Page 28 of 48 District Block Village EC Chloride Fluoride (> 2000 μS/ cm) (> 250 mg/ L) (> 1.0 mg/L) Chadeiapalli Chhak 2878 766 Khalikote Rambha 2290 422 1.4 Kukudakhandi Lathi 2156 333 Polasara Polasora 2284 422 Purusottampur Bananai 2000 358 1.1 Bellaguntha Gobara 326 Kavisurjyanagar Gudiali 252 Sargad Sheragada 1.3 Bhanjanagar Gallery 1.2 Kendujhar Ghasipura Ramchandrapur 2.4 Gajapati Mohana Luhaguda 1.4 Balangir Balangir Dulusara 1.6 Puintala Gaintala 1.6 Bangomunda Titisilet 1.5 Turekela Kurli 1.2 Puintala Dumerbahal 1.2 Balangir Bolangir-1 1.11 Khaprakhol Phulkimunda 1.1 Bargarh Gaisilet Gaisilet 4300 1145 Baudh Kantamal Kantamal 4300 1517 Sanrahajhar 489 Gohipita 1.1 Kalahandi Golamunda Daspur 3220 496 Golmunda 2.1 Junagarh Badbasul 2640 3.6 Mahichala 266 Baldiamal 1.2 Kokasara Sunamala 2700 372 Koksara 2000 347 Nuapada Komana Tarbod 363 Khariar Lachhipur 280 Ranipur 1.4 Sanmaheswar 1.3 Source: Ground water year book (2014-15), South Eastern Region- Bhubaneswar, Central Ground Water Board Cases of fluoride affected habitations and population are found only in two project districts. 5556 population of 6 habitations of Bolangir and 2079 population of 3 habitations of Kalahandi district are reported as fluoride affected. Nitrate contamination is reported only in Nawarangpur and Ganjam district. 137 populations of only one habitation of Nawarangpur and 3691 populations of 4 habitations of Ganjam are reported as nitrate affected. Saline affected habitations are found only in two project districts. 931 population of only one habitation of Ganjam and 7693 population of 11 habitations of Balasore are reported as saline affected. However, cases of iron affected habitations are reported at all project districts except at Nuapada. Total 3,27,963 population of 1197 nos. iron affected habitations are reported within 97 project blocks leaving two project blocks of Nuapada. Highest iron affected habitation is reported at Mayurbhanj (660) followed by Keonjhar (335) and Balasore (46). Table 16: Project district wise Ground Water Contaminated Habitation and Population (considering only 98 project blocks) Sl. No. District Fluoride Affected Iron Affected Nitrate Affected Saline Affected H P H P H P H P 1 Nawarangpur 0 0 18 5882 1 137 0 0 2 Ganjam 0 0 9 9387 4 3691 1 931 Annexure- III Page 29 of 48 Sl. No. District Fluoride Affected Iron Affected Nitrate Affected Saline Affected H P H P H P H P 3 Keonjhar 0 0 335 74523 0 0 0 0 4 Mayurbhanj 0 0 660 185039 0 0 0 0 5 Balasore 0 0 46 24813 0 0 11 7693 6 Bhadrak 0 0 8 1313 0 0 0 0 7 Jajpur 0 0 8 2261 0 0 0 0 8 Gajapati 0 0 11 2888 0 0 0 0 9 Kandhamal 0 0 71 11991 0 0 0 0 10 Bolangir 6 5556 12 3493 0 0 0 0 11 Bargarh 0 0 3 1262 0 0 0 0 12 Boudh 0 0 2 571 0 0 0 0 13 Subarnapur 0 0 7 1782 0 0 0 0 14 Kalahandi 3 2079 7 2758 0 0 0 0 15 Nuapada 105 18648 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 114 26283 1197 327963 5 3828 12 8624 Source: ENVIS Centre of Odisha’s State of Environment, Forest and Environment Department, Odisha H= Habitations; P= Population 3.1.10 Soil Type All 15 project districts are categorised mainly in 9 types of soil classes. Coverage of Red soil is maximum 24% followed by 15% Lateritic and 12% Alluvial soil. Coverage of Sandy loam and Red & Yellow soil class is equal to 11% and Red & Black soil coverage is only 10%. Acidic (1%) and Saline (3%) soil coverage is very low in entire project district. Table 17: District wise major soil type in percentage (%) Project District Sandy loam Red Red & yellow Black Red & black Saline Alluvial Lateritic Acid Others Nawarangpur 75 12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 Ganjam 0 49 0 6 0 4 23 18 0 0 Keonjhar 0 41 10 0 9 0 11 29 0 0 Mayurbhanj 41 0 0 0 0 15 0 44 0 0 Balasore 0 0 0 0 0 20 56 24 0 0 Bhadrak 7 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 27 8 Jajpur 0 54 0 0 0 6 25 14 0 0 Gajapati 58 0 0 20 0 0 0 22 0 0 Kandhamal 0 98 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bolangir 0 0 36 19 35 0 0 10 0 0 Bargarh 0 0 NA 0 NA 0 0 NA 0 60 Boudh 0 16 0 31 53 0 0 0 0 0 Sonepur 0 0 49 14 28 0 0 4 0 5 Kalahandi 0 39 34 10 11 0 7 0 0 0 Nuapara 0 56 14 6 18 0 6 0 0 0 Total 11 24 11 7 10 3 12 15 1 6 Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan NA= Data Not Available Red Soil (Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Ustorthents): Red soil covers about 1505.7 thousand Ha. Presence of excess amounts of oxides of iron imparts red colours to the soil. The soils of the former two districts are heavier in texture and the rest of the districts have light texture soil. The clay fraction of these soils is dominated by kaolinites and illites. Annexure- III Page 30 of 48 Crops like rice, finger millet, minor millets, niger, potato, brinjal and fruit trees such as mango, jack fruit, guava, papaya and sapota are grown successfully in these soils. Mixed red and Yellow Soil (Haplustalfs, Paleustalfs, Ustochrepts) : These soils occupy 678.2 thousand Ha. of lands being the fourth highest in the project districts. Mixed and yellow soils occur as catenary associations in undulating and rolling terrains which differ in depth, texture and colour. The soils are moderately shallow in depth and coarse-textured. The upland soils are shallower and lighter in texture than the low land soils. Presence of ferruginous concentration and fluctuation of water table imparts the mixed red and yellow colour to the soil. The upland soils are moderately acidic whereas, low land soils are slightly acidic. The low land soils are formed mainly by colluvial deposits. The upland soils are suitable for crops like rice, finger millet sugarcane, potato, brinjal, tomato and pointed guard. The low land soils are suitable for paddy following pulse as pyra crops. Fruit trees like mango, guava and banana grow well in these soils. Black Soil (Chromusterts, Us-torthents): There are no regular occurrence of black soils in the project districts. The black colour of the soil is due to presence of titaniferous magnetite, humins, bitumins etc. These soils are formed due to weathering of basic rocks in the low lying areas. These soils are heavier in texture having clay content more than 30%. Clay minerals are dominated with smectites for which deep cracks are observed during summer. The effective soil depth extends to more than 90 cm. The soils swell on wetting holding maximum amount of moisture. Permeability of these soils is slow which result in severe surface soil erosion. The soil is suitable for growing rice, jowar, bajra, maize, Bengal gram, safflower, mustard and cotton. Laterite Soil (Haplustalfs, Plinthustalfs, Ochraqualfs): Lateritic soils occupy 906.6 thousand Ha. of lands in the project districts. Lateritic soils are characterised by compact vesicular structure and rich in hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium with small amounts of manganese, titanium and quartz. These soils are loamy sand to sandy loam in the surface having hard clay pan in the subsoil, crusting is its problem in upland literite. Presence of higher amount of exchangeable aluminium and manganese results in slightly acidic to strongly acidic soil with pH ranging between 4.5 to 5.8. Rice, finger millet, miner millets and sesamum can grow well with proper fertilizer application. Fruit trees like mango, jackfruit, banana, guava and sapota grow well in this soil. Deltaic Alluvial Soil (Haplaquepts, Fluvaquents, Ustochrepts): Those soils cover 754.6 thousand ha. of lands and occur in the deltaic regions of the rivers. Textural class of the soil varies from coarse sand to clay and is mostly dependent on geomorphology of the flood plain and the type of alluvial material carried by river water. Water holding capacity of this type of soil is high. Once water-logged, the clay soil takes more time to become ploughable. Drainage is difficult due to slow permeability. Deltaic alluvial soils are suitable for rice in kharif and for groundnut, mustard, sesamum, potato and vegetables in Rabi. With residual soil moisture, groundnut, green gram and black gram are grown very successfully. Coastal Saline and Alluvial Soil (Halaquepts, Halaquepts): These soils occur along the coastal belt of the state in a narrow strip extending 5-25 km. inward. The salinity occurs due to littoral deposits of estuarial intrusion of brakash tidal water from sea through creeks. Saline soils are rich in soluble salts of chloride and sulphate in conjunction with sodium and magnesium. Soils of lacustrine sediments of lake Chilika also Annexure- III Page 31 of 48 get affected by salts due to flooding of brackish lake water in the project districts of Ganjam. During monsoon a buld-up of sub-soil salinity occurs due to high ground water table under low lying situation. However, during rainy seasons the salinity hazards are low due to dilution and flushing of soluble salts by heavy rains. Rice is the main kharif crop with usual and well distributed rainfall. Although kharif rice does not suffer very much from salinity, very often early drought and cyclonic sea water inundation cause hazards to rice. Salt tolerance high yielding rice varieties like Lunisharee, SR-26B and Mohan out yield the local saline resistant varieties like Sola, Pateni and Cuttack Chandi. Salt tolerance Rabi crops such as safflower, mustard, barley, linseed, chilli, sugarbeet, tomato, spinach and some cucurbits grow well in these soils. Cotton is a successful crop in saline soil if managed properly. 4.2.10.1Soil Quality Red Soil: The soils are strongly to moderately acidic with low to medium organicmater status and poor water retentive capacity. These soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Micronutrients like boron and molybdenum are highly deficient in these soils. These soils have low cation exchange capacity with high phosphate and sulphur absorption property and deficient in calcium and magnesium. Water soluble phosphates get fixed and become non available to crop plants. Mixed red and Yellow Soil: The upland soils are low in nitrogen and phosphorus whereas, the low land soils are medium in phosphate and high in potassium. Upland light textured soils are deficient in boron and low land soils with rice cropping system under Hirakud command area are deficient in zinc. Soil acidity can be corrected through liming. Black Soil: The soils pH is neutral to alkaline having free calcium carbonate nodules in the profile. The soil is rich in calcium but deficient in phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron. Upland rice suffers from iron deficiency. Groundnut, mustard and safflower are found to be respond to application of sulphur. Ammonia volatilization is higher in paddy fields. Laterite Soil: This soil is poorly fertile with low organic matter. Available nitrogen and phosphate are low and potash is medium. Notrogen is lost due to leaching and phosphate becomes unavailable due to fixation by Fe and Al oxides. Cation exchange capacity of the soil is low, and it is low in percentage base saturation. Sulphur is absorbed as pyrites or zine sulphide. Deltaic Alluvial Soil: Deltaic alluvial soils are generally fertile, but fertility decreases if the soil is not reached regularly by flood. pH is acidic to neutral. The coarse textured soils are deficient with N, P, K and S. Coastal Saline and Alluvial Soil: These soils are mostly clay to clay loam in texture and columnar in structure. The pH of these soils varies between 6.0 to 8.0 with a conductivity of 10-40 dS/m in the summer. The exchangeable sodium percentage varies between 18 to 27. The soils are rich in nitrogen, potassium and low to medium in phosphorus. The saline soils are sufficient in sulphate, boron, molybdenum and chloride. Failure of crops normally occurs due to (i) plasmolysis or germinating seeds and roots (ii) depth of young seedings, (iii) reduced uptake of K, Ca and Mg due to presence of excess Na, (iv) toxicity due to B and (v) hydrogen sulphide injury. Table 18: Soil quality in command area of sampled MIP MIP Jallibandha Talkholghai, Cradigappa Upper suktel Dandamunda Bisipur Mohanpur District Ganjam Ganjam Kandhamal Bolangiri Nabrangapur Mayurbhanj Block Ganjam Khallikote Daringibadi Khaprakhol Chandahandi Karanjia GP Ganjam NAC Bania Badabanga Dhadipani Patbil Annexure- III Page 32 of 48 MIP Jallibandha Talkholghai, Cradigappa Upper suktel Dandamunda Bisipur Mohanpur District Ganjam Ganjam Kandhamal Bolangiri Nabrangapur Mayurbhanj Block Ganjam Khallikote Daringibadi Khaprakhol Chandahandi Karanjia GP Ganjam NAC Bania Badabanga Dhadipani Patbil p H (1:10) … 7.25 6.47 7.75 7.25 6.31 5.82 Electrical µs/cm 72.3 52.6 110.3 80.8 55.1 91.2 Conductivity (1:10) Organic Carbon % 1.4 1.32 1.56 1.62 1.58 1.64 Texture % Sa-75.9 Si- Sa-72.2 Si- Sa-6.2 Si- Sa-5.6 Si- Sa-6.3 Si-17.1 Sa-7.1 Si- 16.2 C-7.8 16.7 C-10.7 17.3 C-76.4 15.8 C-78.4 C-76.3 15.9 C-77.0 Phosphorous as P % 0.014 0.011 0.012 0.016 0.013 0.016 Potassium as K % 0.068 0.062 0.042 0.038 0.056 0.036 Sulphur as S % 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0026 0.0022 0.0032 Calcium as Ca % 0.681 0.62 0.58 0.668 0.56 0.72 Magnesium as Mg % 0.456 0.482 0.426 0.524 0.48 0.56 Chromium as Cr % bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Lead as Pb % 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 Zinc as Zn % 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.003 Cadmium as Cd % bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Arsenic as As % bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Fluoride as F % bdl bdl bdl 0.002 0.007 bdl Nickel as Ni % 0.004 0.002 bdl bdl bdl bdl Mercury as Hg % bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Boron as B % 0.0006 0.0004 bdl bdl 0.0004 bdl Copper as Cu % 0.0008 0.0007 0.0004 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 Iron as Fe % 0.14 0.16 0.2 0.26 0.48 1.82 Manganese as Mn % 0.072 0.052 0.008 0.007 0.014 0.018 Molybdenum as % bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl bdl Mo Source: Test conducted by CTRAN using NABL accreditated environmental laboratory bdl= Below detectable limit, Sa= Sand, Si= Silt, C= Clay Soil pH of sample collected from command area of 6 sampled MIP ranges between 5.8 to 7.8. Electric conductivity ranges between minimum 52.6 at Talkholghai, Mohanpur, Ganjam to maximum 110.3 at Cradigappa MI at Kandhamal. Organic carbon content ranging between 1.32 % at Talkholghai, Mohanpur, Ganjam to 1.64% at Bisipur MI, at Mayurbhanj district. Arsenic and fluoride content in collected soil samples are found below detectable limit (bdl). Heavy metal like Chromium and Cadmium are not detected in all 6 soil samples. However, presence of other heavy metal like Zinc, Lead and Copper are found in all soil samples, but at very low percentage and within Threshold Effect Level (TEL)8. Iron content is highest 1.82% at Bisipur, Majurbhanj and lowest at 0.14% at Jallibandha, Ganjam. Manganese content in all soil sample ranges between 0.007 to 0.072 %. Findings: • Soil fertility is decreasing due to excess use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. • Practice of using biological fertilizer like cow manure (cow dung) is diluting day by day 8 In absence of any indian standard, it was compared against “US EPA standard for sediment quality� Annexure- III Page 33 of 48 3.1.11 Tank Condition & Ecosystem Out of total 538 MIP considered under OIIPCRA project, dam height of only 13 MIPs is more or equal than 10 meter out of which only three (3) have dam height more than 15 meter. Dam of 319 reservoir type MIP are earther whereas 145 diversion weirs are made of concrete and remaining two are creek. Very less to medium amount irrigation water was available in all sampled MIP. However, the available quantity of water during Rabi season is non-usable for irrigation purpose and is used for cattle drinking purpose. Water availability improves slightly after spell of rain due to retreating monsoon. Those MI tanks located adjacent to nearby habitations are also being used as for bathing and other regular domestic purpose. Submerged and marginal vegetable species like growing of aquatic weeds in tank bed and side slope is observed in all of the sampled tanks. However, quantum of these undesirable species is very nominal in most of the tanks. Vegetable species like floating weeds: Spirodela sp., Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), emergent weeds: Nymphoides sp., Nymphaea spp. (water lilies), Marsilia quadrifolia, submerged weeds: Potamogeton sp., Ottelia sp., marginal weeds: Jussiaea sp., Cyperus sp., Paspalidium sp., Eleocharis sp., Sagittaria sp., Ipomea spp., have grown in tank water and subsurface. Most of the tanks are silted up due to prolonged silt disposal. Silted up materials to be excavated in case non-availability of 1.5 meter depth below DSL. Small quantum of earth material will be generated due to digging activity proposed for development of fish refuse centre. All sampled MI tanks are connected with motorised access road. Many irrigation structures like head/ tail regulators, field channels, which were constructed decade before, were found in dilapidated conditions. Renovation or reconstruction of these damaged structure will lead to generation of C&D waste. However, quantity of C&D waste will be very insignificant in each MIP site. Table 19: Physical condition of sampled MI tank MIP Block Certified Designed Height Type of Dam/ Water Presence CCA in CCA in of weir Availability of Weed Ha Ha Dam/ in Rabi in Tank (Khariff) (Rabi) Weir (in m) * Dhandamunda MIP, Chandahandi 40.00 NA 6.380 Earthen Medium Moderate Nabarangpur Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam 42.75 NA 3.000 Homogeneous Very Less Nominal earth fill Talakholaghai, Mohanpur Khallikote 60.00 NA 4.000 Homogeneous Very Less Nominal MIP, Ganjam earth fill Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia 48.00 NA NA Concrete Very Less Nominal Khaibandha MIP, Nilagiri 42.00 NA 9.200 Earthen Medium Moderate Balasore Cradigappa MIP, Daringbadi 60.00 20.00 3.000 Concrete Medium Nominal Kandhamal Dandrabahal MIP, Patnagarh 52.38 8.00 5.000 Earthen Very Less Nominal Bolangir Jamunasagar MIP, Bhawanipatna 171.00 NA 10.150 Earthen Full None Kalahandi Kalimati MIP Harichandanpur 90.00 440 15.54 Earthen Full None Source: Secondary and primary analysis by CTRAN NA= indicates data not available; * as per design parameter Annexure- III Page 34 of 48 Issues: • Sufficient irrigation water during Rabi season is not available in all sampled MI tanks • Water efficiency has reduced due to natural growth of aquatic weeds in tank • Small quantum of aquatic weed waste will be generated due to cleaning/ removal of aquatic weeds • Small quantum of soil will be generated due to digging of fish refuse • Generation of C&D waste from renovation of existing irrigation structure 3.1.12 Dam Safety 3.1.12.1 Introduction A safe dam is one which performs its intended functions without imposing unacceptable risks to the public and society by its presence. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) has been pioneer in projecting various aspects of dam engineering to ensure proper design and construction of safe dams. The Safety of the Dams in our country is the principal concern of State Agencies. Although most of the dams in the country have performed well, there have been few failures. These failures highlighted the need to review the procedures and the criteria those were adopted by various States with the objective of establishing the best assurance of dam safety within the limitations of present state of art. Consequent to the proposal made during the 5th Conference of Irrigation Ministers in November, 1980, the State Dam Safety Organization (SDOC) in Odisha was setup in May,1981. SDOC of Odisha regularly monitor and performs safety audit of all 204 numbers of large dams (as per ICOLD classification). This includes 10 major project dams, 50 medium project dams and rest 144 dams under minor irrigation projects9. Since its inception the SDSO is engaged in monitoring the health of dams and rendering necessary advice to the field units. The Annual Health Status of Large Dams are being published every year with the review of significant deficiency identified during inspections, remedial measures, action taken report, activities of the State Dam Safety Organisation and very pertinent information about each large dam of the State. 3.1.12.2 Assessment Out of total 538 MIP considered under OIIPCRA project, dam height of only 13 MIPs is more than 10 meter out of which only three (3) have dam height more than 15 meter. Only three dams with dam height > 10 < 15 is not covered by SDSO [last four (Sl. No. 11 to 13) MIPs listed in Table 20]. All remaining 10 nos. dam with dam height more than 10 meter are covered by SDSO. Table 20: Details of Large dam considered under OIIPCRA Sl. Name of MIP Catchme River Water Dam Dam Type No. nt Basin Surface Height Length (Sq Km) Area (Ha) (in m) * (in m) 1 Jaunria, Bhanga munda, Harichandanpur, 24.6 Baitarani 37.5 15.46 814 Earthen Keonjhar 2 Kalimati, Balipokhari, Harichandanpur, 32.2 Baitarani 71.7 15.54 915 Earthen Keonjhar 3 Bahiya, Taratara, Hatadihi, Keonjhar 5.2 Baitarani 7.9 21.336 123 Earthen 4 Mathanpala, Bijepur, Titlagarh, Balangir 48.6 Tel 145.0 13.5 1450 Earthen 5 Jamunasagar, Duarsuni, Bhawanipatna, 19.4 Tel 25.8 10.15 420 Earthen Kalahandi 9 Dam Safety Activity Report, August- 2018, State Dam Safety Organization, Bhubaneswar Annexure- III Page 35 of 48 Sl. Name of MIP Catchme River Water Dam Dam Type No. nt Basin Surface Height Length (Sq Km) Area (Ha) (in m) * (in m) 6 Garh, Dhakotha, Anandpur, Keonjhar 21.5 Baitarani 53.8 12.2 681 Earthen 7 Taradia, Kodapada, Anandpur, Keonjhar 22.5 Baitarani 32.4 10.66 271 Earthen 8 Sindhei, Bhandaridiha, Ghasipura, 39 Baitarani 75.0 11.6 1577 Earthen Keonjhar 9 Raghubeda, Santarapur, Ghatagaon, 11.5 Baitarani 10.6 14.8 710 Earthen Keonjhar 10 Jagadala, Malada, Jhumpura, Keonjhar 45.3 Baitarani 37.0 10.68 1018 Earthen 11 Nedam, Sarisapal, Bangriposi, Mayurbhanj 7.8 Budhabala 12.3 10 610 Earthen nga 12 Japimaska, Baliguda, Baliguda, Kandhamal 3.89 Tel 1.9 12.19 137.2 Earthen 13 Kumudabadi, Hatiagarh, Jashipur, 10.1 Baitarani 3.2 13.71 494.4 Earthen Mayurbhanj * as per design parameter Out of 3 nos. MIP not covered under SDSO, two are located in moderate risk earthquake zone (part of district) and all remaining 11 MIPs fall in Low damage risk zone. 10 MIPs falls in High Cyclone Damage Risk Zone and remaining three in Moderate Damage Risk Zone. However, none of these large dams falls in Flood zone Table 21. Table 21: Natural Hazard Profile of Large Dam Sl. Name of MIP Earthquake Cyclone Risk Zone Flood Zone No. Zone (Part of District) 1 Jaunria, Bhanga munda, Harichandanpur, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 2 Kalimati, Balipokhari, Harichandanpur, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 3 Bahiya, Taratara, Hatadihi, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 4 Mathanpala, Bijepur, Titlagarh, Balangir Low damage MDRZ- A No Flood Zone 5 Jamunasagar, Duarsuni, Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi Low damage MDRZ- A & B No Flood Zone 6 Garh, Dhakotha, Anandpur, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 7 Taradia, Kodapada, Anandpur, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 8 Sindhei, Bhandaridiha, Ghasipura, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 9 Raghubeda, Santarapur, Ghatagaon, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 10 Jagadala, Malada, Jhumpura, Keonjhar Low damage VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 11 Nedam, Sarisapal, Bangriposi, Mayurbhanj Moderate VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone 12 Japimaska, Baliguda, Baliguda, Kandhamal Low damage MDRZ- A & B No Flood Zone 13 Kumudabadi, Hatiagarh, Jashipur, Mayurbhanj Moderate VHDRZ- B & HDRZ No Flood Zone VHDRZ- B = Very High Damage Risk Zone- B; HDRZ = High Damage Risk Zone MDRZ- A = Moderate Damage Risk Zone- A; MDRZ- B Moderate Damage Risk Zone- B DSO Team and executive engineer of MI division are alternatively monitoring all large dams and giving their recommendation. However, any significant action was not taken on timely manner as per recommendation of inspecting team. Inspection details of large dams by DSO team and executive engineer of MI division are given in Table 22. Annexure- III Page 36 of 48 Table 22: Last two inspection details of large dam considered under OIIPCRA Sl. Name of MIP Date of inspection & Inspecting Date of inspection & Inspecting No. Officer Officer 1 Jaunria, Bhanga munda, March 2007- Expert Panel 18.03.17- DSO Team Harichandanpur, Keonjhar 11/ 05/ 2017- Executive Engineer, MI Division Anndapur 2 Kalimati, Balipokhari, March, 2007- Expert Panel -- Harichandanpur, Keonjhar 3 Bahiya, Taratara, Hatadihi, February, 2019- (DSRP-2) -- Keonjhar 4 Mathanpala, Bijepur, Titlagarh, 06/ 02/ 16- DSO Team 22/ 05/ 14- Executive Engineer Balangir M.I Division, Bolangir 5 Jamunasagar, Duarsuni, December, 2006- Expert Panel Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi 6 Garh, Dhakotha, Anandpur, 19/ 12/ 17- DSO Team 01/ 06/ 15- Executive Engineer, M.I Keonjhar Division, Anandapur 7 Taradia, Kodapada, Anandpur, 03/ 06/ 16- Executive Engineer, M.I. 03/ 06/ 15- DSO Team Keonjhar Division, Anandapur 8 Sindhei, Bhandaridiha, 03/ 06/ 16- M.I. Division, 03/ 06/ 15- DSO Team Ghasipura, Keonjhar Anandpur, Keonjhar 9 Raghubeda, Santarapur, 18/ 03/ 17- DSO Team --- Ghatagaon, Keonjhar 10 Jagadala, Malada, Jhumpura, 03/ 12/ 2015- Executive Engineer 05/ 02/ 14- DSRP Keonjhar M.I. Division, Keonjhar 3.1.13 Presence of Industry Proposed renovation of existing irrigation facilities will be confined within MI command area. Presence of any industry within irrigation tank command area is not expected. Any kind of polluting industry which may cause pollution in tank command area or irrigation water was not found around sample MIP except for a chemical manufacturing industry (Grasim Industry) located approximately 300 meter away from command boundary of Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam. However, presence of any industry in an around area of MI command area may potentially impact nearby MI command area or nearby waterbody from which water is being fed to MIP. Use of formalin in fish drying, at the river bank opposite to Rushikulya river where MIP- Jalibandha is located, was reported. Fish drying practices was also observed at household level in nearby habitation of MIP- Jalibandha for commercial purpose. However, any kind of leaching effect of formalin on irrigation command area is not anticipated. Field Findings: • A chemical industry namely Grasim Industry Limited is located approximately 300 meter away from command boundary of Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam. • Local people are in perception that chemical leaching from this chemical industry is affecting nearby soil and ground water quality which is ultimately affecting the farming practice. • There exists no mining industry in and around sample MIP point. • Keonjhar and Jajpur are two project districts where mining activity are dominant but presence of any mine/ mining industry in an around sampled MIP point is not found. • Use of formalin in fish drying to prevent rotting/ act as preservative is visible. Annexure- III Page 37 of 48 3.1.14 Physical Cultural Resource Physical cultural resource like temple, burning ghat and sacred groves have been observed within command area of sampled MIPs. Any such resources are not likely to be adversely impacted due to implementation of project activities, as construction works are limited to tank bed, dam and water regulatory and distribution structures. Table 23: Presence of PCR within command area MIP Number of Number of Block Sacred Grove Temple Burning Ghat Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur Chandahandi -- -- -- Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam -- 1 -- Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Ganjam Khallikote 1 1 Ficus religiosa (Osta Tree) on Talakhola Bund Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia -- -- -- Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Nilagiri -- -- -- Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbadi 1 -- -- Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Patnagarh 1 -- Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Bhawanipatna 1 1 -- Findings: • Few temples are found to be present within command area. • Presence of burning ghat within command area of sample MI is observed. • Sacred grove of Ficus religiosa (Osta Tree) and Ficus benghalensis (Banyan Tree) is located within command area. • Potagarh or the "buried fort�, constructed in 1768, is located beyond 200 meter periphery of Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam. • 3.1.15 Sensitive Receptors Sensitive receptors like school, playgrounds have been observed within 100-meter boundary of sampled command area. Noise and dust during construction activity and plying of material transporting vehicle may cause adverse impact on such sensitive receptors. However, no health centre was found within 100 meter boundary of sampled command area. Table 24: Sensitive receptors within 200 meter of command area MIP Block School Playground Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur Chandahandi -- 1 Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Ganjam 1 1 Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Ganjam Khallikote -- -- Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Karanjia 1 -- Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Nilagiri 1 -- Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbadi -- -- Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Patnagarh -- 1 Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi Bhawanipatna -- -- Issue: • Noise and dust pollution during construction activity, regular operation and plying of heavy vehicle, plant and machineries may impact such sensitive receptors during construction stage. Annexure- III Page 38 of 48 3.2 Biological Environment 3.2.1 Forest Profile Project area comprising 15 districts has huge forest cover area with 14252.33 Sq. Km. reserved forest, 8939.00 Sq. Km. protected forest. Forest cover area in these 15 project districts is about 37.5% of total geographical area with compared to state total coverage of 37.3%. Forest cover at Kandhamal (71.2%), followed by Gajapati (57.1%), Nuapada (48%), Nabrangpur (46.5%), Mayurbhanj (42.2%), Boudh (41.2%) and Ganjam (38.4%) is more than state coverage of 37.3%. Forest coverage is lowest at Bhadrak (3.9%) followed by Balasore (8.7%). Bhadrak and Nuapada district are devoid of any reserve forest where as Sonepur district is devoid of any protected forest. However, any of the project activities will not be implemented within forest area. Table 25: District wise Classification of Forest Area in Odisha -2011-12 Sl. District Forest Land Forest Land under Control of Revenue Area Geographical Total Forest Area % of Forest cover No. under control of Deptt. Forest Department Reserve Un Demarcated Undemarcated Other Forests Forests classified Protected Protected under Forests * Forests Forests Revenue (DPF) (UDPF) Deptt. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Nabarangapur 5291 535.3 0.1 685.8 0.0 1241.6 2462.7 46.5 2 Ganjam 8206 1485.7 0.9 143.5 1167.4 352.5 3149.9 38.4 3 Bolangir 6575 1105.7 0.1 3.6 0.0 434.4 1543.9 23.5 4 Balasore 3806 202.7 0.2 21.5 0.0 107.8 332.2 8.7 5 Baragarh 5837 583.5 0.1 541.2 0.0 181.3 1216.2 20.8 6 Bhadrak 2505 0.0 0.0 4.0 33.0 60.1 97.1 3.9 7 Boudh 3098 983.3 1.0 43.5 0.0 249.3 1277.2 41.2 8 Gajapati 4325 416.9 0.1 108.2 1149.4 794.4 2469.0 57.1 9 Jajpur 2899 6.4 0.0 299.3 0.0 419.6 725.3 25.0 10 Kalahandi 7920 1449.0 0.5 488.5 313.4 286.6 2538.0 32.0 11 Kandhamal 8021 2010.1 2.0 1783.3 0.0 1914.5 5709.8 71.2 12 Keonjhar 8303 1834.1 0.3 273.6 220.8 768.4 3097.2 37.3 13 Mayurbhanja 10418 3330.1 2.2 245.1 0.0 814.7 4392.1 42.2 14 Nuapada 3852 0.0 0.4 1505.0 0.0 345.3 1849.7 48.0 15 Subarnapur 2337 309.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 106.2 415.8 17.8 Project 83393 14252 8 6146 2884 8077 31276 37.5 Source: District Statistical Hand Book Note: Area in Sq. Km. * (Forest Deptt.,Building, Forest roads nurseries etc. 3.2.2 Natural Habitat Odisha with its diversified topography and climate contains several natural habitats known for bio-diversity and a variety of wildlife species. There are two National parks, 18 Sanctuaries and one Biosphere Reserve in the State. There are two notified and one proposed Tiger Reserves namely Similipal, Satkosia and Sunabeda (proposed). Additionally, Odisha has the Chilika Ramsar site and the Gahirmatha marine sanctuary. The protected area for wildlife management constitutes 4.25% of the total geographical area of the State (Department of Forest and Environment, Government of Odisha). Annexure- III Page 39 of 48 No sampled tank was directly located within any natural habitat. As the project only rehabilitates existing minor irrigation tanks, project impacts are identified to be confined to tanks and no direct impacts on natural habitats are foreseen. However, some natural habitats like the Simlipal Reserve forest, Chilika Ramsar site, Rushikulya river mouth’s olive ridley turtle nesting site, etc. were found to be in the proximity (<5 km) of selected sample tanks (Table 26). Presence of any migratory path within command area of sampled MIP was not reported. However, occasional bear attack from nearby Ambapani forest on habitation located at Dandamunda village, Chandahandi block, Nawarangpur district - Dandamunda MIP and elephant attack on the paddy fields at Bisipur MIP (Mayurbhanj), Khaibandha MIP (Balasore) area is reported. Black bucks have been occasionally spotted at Khalikhot area near to sampled MIP at Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Ganjam. The environmental screening of project interventions shall determine the presence of any natural habitat (protected or unprotected) within proximity. The DPRs will ascertain the distance and likely impacts and include measures according to the EMF so that there are no direct, indirect, induced or residual impacts on natural habitats. Potential downstream impacts due to increased pesticide usage and its presence in agriculture runoffs, shall be addressed by effective implementation of the IPNM. Table 26: Presence of Natural habitat within 10km. radious of sample MIP Sl. Name of Sample MIP Natural Habitat found in proximity to sampled MIPs (<5 km) No 1 Dhandamunda MIP, Nabarangpur Ambapani Sanctuary 2 Talakholaghai, Mohanpur MIP, Ganjam Chilika lake 3 Jallibandha MIP, Ganjam Olive ridley turtle nesting zone at Rushikulya river mouth 4 Bisipur MIP, Mayurbhanj Simlipal Forest Range 5 Khaibandha MIP, Balasore Kuldiha Wild life Sanctuary 6 Cradigappa MIP, Kandhamal Daringbadi Udayagiri Forest 7 Dandrabahal MIP, Bolangir Ostali Reserve Forest 8 Jamunasagar MIP, Kalahandi -- Source: Assessment by CTRAN consulting for developing EMF of OIIPCRA 3.2.3 Cropping Practices It seems from response given by respondents that, adoption of SRI process of rice cultivation has gained momentum. Majority of farmers are aware about SRI process of rice cultivation. However, practice of crop rotation is absent in sampled project area even after moderate knowledge on its potentiality to increase soil fertility. Mixed cropping and inter-cropping practice are also very low in sampled project area. Use of soil amendment to maintain soil pH level is found as one of best practices adopted by farmers of sampled area. 3.2.4 Agro-Chemical Use 3.2.4.1 Crop Disease and Pesticide Use Total pesticide consumption of whole state is increasing gradually year on year basis. Total fertilizer consumption for the state has increased almost by 1.5 times from 1.0 thousand MT in the year 2000-01 to 1.44 thousand MT in the year 2013-14. However, per hectare consumption rate ranges between 157- 169 Gms./ Hect. during this long 14 years’ time period. Consumption rate has jumped almos t at 7% increase rate during 2011-12 to 2013-14 period10. 10 Source: Source: Economic Survey 2014-15 Annexure- III Page 40 of 48 Field Findings: Use of bio-pesticides like Mangla Gold (Humic Substances Granules), GIM plus, Bio-20, Activzyme, Neem Oil and Biozyme are observed at Bolangir, Kalahandi and Bolangir districts. 7 out of 9 interviewed pesticide distributor/ retailer are familiar with India Govt. banned pesticides list and they have gained knowledge about banned pesticides from training programme organised by Dept. of Agriculture or newspaper or news latter by pesticide company. Light trapping process of pest control has totally vanished in all sampled project area. However, few farmers are still practicing pheromone trapping process for selected Rabi crop. Almost 70 % respondents are practicing biological treatment of seed as pest control measures. Issues: • Pest attack is very common phenomenon in all sample project blocks. • Pesticide consumption rate is increasing year on year basis in all project districts. Most of the farmers are well familiar with pesticide company’s brand name but not aware of pesticide’s generic name or constituent main chemical and recommended doge. They apply it as per recommendation of local distributor/ dealer/ retailer. However, few marginal farmers have obtained training or undergone awareness programme organised by Block level office of Agriculture Department. • Most of the farmers are not aware about pheromone or light trapping process. Use of these old processes are diluting heavily because of easy availability of chemical pesticides which gives immediate solution. • Use of bio-pesticides by farmers is very low in all sampled area. Farmers have not adopted use of bio-pesticides mainly because of slow effect wrt. chemical pesticides. • Awareness level on WHO classified Ib and II pesticides is almost NIL among pesticides retailer as well as farmers. • Use of WHO classified Ib and II pesticides is reported in all sampled project area. • Farmers are moderately aware about detrimental effect of chemical fertilizer on soil fertility and health but now aware of other environmental consequence. 3.2.4.2 Fertilizer Use Total fertilizer consumption in 15 project districts has decreased from 321.7 thousand MT in the year 2013- 14 to 304.5 thousand MT in the year 2016-17. However, per hectare fertilizer consumption in 5 project districts (Nawarangpur- 152.2, Bhadrak- 121.4, Bargarh- 101.8, Balasore- 95.9 and Jajpur- 65.0) in the year of 2016-17 is more than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg./ hect. for the year 2013-14. Per hectare fertilizer consumption is almost three times at Nawarangpur and two times at Bhadrak district than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg. / hect. in the year of 2013-14. Fertilizer consumption rate is almost inline with state average in Gajam district where almost 46% of MIP are located. Fertilizer consumption rate is relatively low in scheduled project districts – Gajpati, Kandhamal, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Kalahandi except in Nawarargpur and Jajpur. Lowest consumption rate is reported at scheduled district Kandhamal (18.7 kg./ hect.) followed by Keonjhar (32.3 kg./ hect.), Nuapara (34.2 kg./ hect.) and Gajapati (34.9 kg./ hect.). NPK use ration in project districts in the year 2013-14 was 5.8: 2.1: 1 against state ratio of 5.5: 2.08: 1 in the same year. However, NPK use ration in the project districts for the year of 2016:17 was 4.9: 2: 1; indicates increase in use of Potassium based fertilizer. Per hectare Annexure- III Page 41 of 48 Field Findings Farmers of the project area mostly use Urea, NPK, DAP and MOP fertilizers. Consumption of urea is more than other fertilizers. Use of organic manure (farmyard manure, compost, green manure) is the oldest practiced means of nutrient replenishment. But due to increasing trend of using cow dung as fuel and using crop residue as animal feed, use of organic manure is reduced. People in command area of the project also used animal waste as organic manure for their crops. However, the use of organic manure is less than that of Mineral fertilizers. Use of bio-fertilizer is gaining popularity at snail pace mainly because of high input cost. Presence of vermi composting unit in surrounding villages is reported in 8 cases out of 11 sampled MI tank. Application of azolla /blue green algae as fertilizer is not reported in all sampled project districts. Other organic managing practices like green manuring and cultivation of N-fixing crops are practiced by almost 50% of respondants. However, bacterial culture treatment practice is significantly low among all respondants. Key issues: 1. Unscientific application of fertilizer (higher doses). Fertilizer consumption in 5 project districts (Nawarangpur- 152.2, Bhadrak- 121.4, Bargarh- 101.8, Balasore- 95.9 and Jajpur- 65.0) in the year of 2016-17 is more than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg./ hect. for the year 2013-14. 2. Per hectare fertilizer consumption is almost three times more at Nawarangpur and two times more at Bhadrak district than state average consumption rate of 57.11 kg./ hect. in the year of 2013-14. 3. Recommendation of Dept. of Agriculture on fertilizer use as per soil health card are not followed by most of the farmers; 4. Poor adoption of Integrated Plant Nutrient Management; 5. Input supplier to farmer extension which is more commercial and less technical; 6. Less use of organic manure in comparison to synthetic fertilizers 7. Less fertilizer efficiency and less adoption of fertigation method of application 3.2.5 Pisciculture Practice in Tank Pisciculture in MI tank considered under OIIPCRA is a very common practice. Pisciculture practice in MI tank are governed by district fisheries officer. These tanks are leased out to local PFCS or SHG for pisciculture purpose. Such 277 MI tanks are presently being leased out to PFCS/ SHG. Lease duration in sampled project districts ranges between 1-3 years. Pisciculture practice is noticed in 9 sampled tanks. In all cases pisciculture practice is done either by local SHG group or PFCS taking lease from fisheries department or from respective gram panchayat. In case water spread area is less than 40 Ha., tanks are leased out by local Gram Panchayat. Local fish species are primarily being grown in tank command. Issues: i. Inadequate information on the fisheries resources and the state of the aquatic environment of local people; ii. Inadequate monitoring, extension and enforcement mechanisms; iii. Siltation of the tank making most of them non-operational; iv. Natural calamities such as unprecedented rain, cyclones and floods, leading to destruction of fish/ aquaculture ponds and systems; Annexure- III Page 42 of 48 3.2.5.1 Fish Diseases Fish diseases occur mainly when water become polluted or bacterial/ fungal attack on fish species. Local people can notice water pollution by visual observation of tank water. Colour change, odour or bad smell in water or layer of excess phytoplankton and zooplankton on top of water are few of visual appearance of water pollution. However, testing of tank water was not done by any of the lease holder. Tank location wise commonly occurring fish disease and medicines used to treat fish disease are tabulated below. Issues: • Water pollution in tank due to excess use of fish feed is reported at Khaibandha MIP, Balasore. • Fish disease is very common in all this sampled area • Disease surveillance by fishery department is not happening at desired interval • People’s awareness about disease specific medicine and dose can be termed as very poor 3.2.6 Awareness on Climate Change Awareness level of local farmers of sampled tank area on climatic risk on crop cultivation can be termed as moderate. Majority of farmers have moderate knowledge on climatic risk on crop cultivation. Most of them have experienced the changes themselves in their farming practices due to climate change. However, adaptive capacity of local farmers to combat such adverse climatic risk is very less. Majority of farmers are aware about hybrid variant of paddy but not aware of other climate resilient crops. Farmers understanding on climatic matter are tabulated in Table 27. Table 27: Farmers awareness on climatic change issues MIP Block Awareness on climatic risk on crop cultivation Aware of Climate climate resilient crop resilient cultivate crop Dhandamunda Chandahandi Fall of immature seed/ fruit/ flower, Drought or Yes Hybrid Paddy, MIP, drought like condition Maze Nabarangpur Jallibandha Ganjam Fall of immature seed/ fruit/ flower, Increased pest Yes Sweet Potato, MIP, attack, Damage to root due to prolonged flooding, Swarna Sabagan, Ganjam Fall of immature fruit, Reduce production of Kanak plus, coconut, Income from Agri is very less, Irrigation 1075, 1010, 501, facility is very poor Sadane/Sampada Talakholaghai, Khallikote ___ Yes Hybrid Paddy Mohanpur MIP, Ganjam Bisipur MIP, Karanjia Damage to root due to prolonged flooding in Rainy Yes Hybrid Paddy Mayurbhanj season, Less rainy days leads to crop damage, No (Pooja, ikram) Production due to decrease in soil fertility Khaibandha Nilagiri Increased pest attack, Damage to root due to Yes Swarna MIP, Balasore prolonged flooding, Reduce in productivity Cradigappa Daringbadi ___ Yes Hybrid Paddy MIP, Kandhamal Dandrabahal Patnagarh Fall of immature seed/ fruit/ flower, Drought or No MIP, Bolangir drought like condition & Increase pest attack, Reduce in productivity Jamunasagar Bhawanipatna Fall of immature seed/ fruit/ flower, Drought or Yes Bt. Cotton, MIP, drought like condition, Hybrid Paddy Kalahandi and vegetable Annexure- III Page 43 of 48 MIP Block Awareness on climatic risk on crop cultivation Aware of Climate climate resilient crop resilient cultivate crop Kalimati MIP, Harichandanpur ___ Yes Hybrid Paddy Keonjhar Source: Field study conducted by expert team of CTRAN Consulting Issues: • Awareness level of farmers on climatic risk on crop cultivation is moderate • Farmers are not that much aware about climate resilient crop varieties Annexure- III Page 44 of 48 Annexure- III Page 1 of 48