102824 Delivering Development Results: A Retrospective Review of IDA’s Sixteenth Replenishment IDA Resource Mobilization Department (DFiRM) November 2015 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAA Analytical and Advisory Activities CPS Country Partnership Strategy AC Aid Coordination CRO Chief Risk Officer AfDB African Development Bank CRP Country Performance Rating AFR Sub-Saharan Africa Region CRW Crisis Response Window AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CSC The Corporate Scorecard AIIB Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank CSIs Core Sector Indicators AMU Arab Maghreb Union CSO Civil Society Organization ARD Agriculture and Rural Development CTF Clean Technology Fund ARTF Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund CTT Conditional Cash Transfer ASA Advisory Services and Analytics DaLA Damage and Loss Assessment ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations DeMPA Debt Management Performance Assessment ASRH Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health DfID Department for International Development BP Bank Procedures DMF Debt Management Facility BW Business Warehouse DIME Development Impact Evaluation Initiative C4D Collaboration for Development DMF Debt Management Facility CAF Development Bank of Latin America/Andean DMN Debt Manager’s Network Development Corporation DMPP Debt Managers’ Practitioners’ Program CAS Country Assistance Strategy DPC Development Policy Credit CASCR Country Assistance Strategy Completion Report DPF Development Policy Financing CASPR Country Assistance Strategy Progress Report DPL Development Policy Lending/Loan CCSA Cross-cutting Solutions Area DPO Development Policy Operation CDD Community Driven Development DRI Debt Relief International CELMA Center for Latin American Monetary Studies DRM Disaster Risk Management CEM Country Economic Memorandum DRS Deferred Rate Setting CEMAC Communauté Économique et Monétaire de DSA Debt Sustainability Analysis l'Afrique Centrale /Economic and Monetary DSF Debt Sustainability Framework Community of Central Africa DTIS Diagnostic Trade and Integration Study CG Consultative Group EAC East African Community CIF Climate Investment Fund EACC Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change CIRR Commercial Interest Reference Rate EAP East Asia and Pacific Region COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ECA Europe and Central Asia Region COMSEC Commonwealth Secretariat ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States CO2 Carbon Dioxide EDGE Evidence and Data for Gender Equality CPI Consumer Price Index EFA-FTI Education For All–Fast Track Initiative CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment EIB European Investment Bank CPF Country Partnership Framework EITI Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative EQUIP Education Quality Improvement Program IDA International Development Association ESS Education Sector Strategy IADB Inter-American Development Bank ESW Economic and Sector Work IEG Independent Evaluation Group EU European Union IFC International Finance Corporation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization IFIs International Finance Institutions FCC Fragile and Conflict-affected Country IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development FCS Fragile and Conflict-affected States IL Investment Lending FDI Foreign Direct Investment IMF International Monetary Fund FoY Friends of Yemen IoC Instrument of Commitment FSAP Financial Sector Advisory Program IRM Immediate Response Mechanism FSWG Financial Sustainability Working Group IsDB Islamic Development Bank FY Fiscal Year ISN Interim Strategy Note GAC Governance and Anti-Corruption ISR Implementation Status and Results Report GAP Gender Action Plan IT Information Technology GBV Gender-Based Violence JSIA Joint Donor Social and Economic Impact Assessment GDP Gross Domestic Product LCR Latin America and Caribbean Region GEDS Gender Equality Data and Statistics LICs Low Income Countries GFCoP Gender in Fragile Situations Community of Practice MDB Multilateral Development Bank GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and MDG Millennium Development Goal Recovery MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative GHG Greenhouse Gas M&E Monitoring and Evaluation GMR Global Monitoring Report MEFMI Macroeconomic and Financial Management GNI Gross National Income Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa GP Global Practice MFM Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management GPE Global Partnership for Education MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio GPEDC Global Partnership for Effective Development MNA Middle East and North Africa Region Co-operation MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises GPOBA Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid MTDS Medium-Term Debt Management Strategy GruS Group of Partners for the Development of MTR Mid-Term Review Bolivia NCBP Non-Concessional Borrowing Policy HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus NLTA South Asia Eastern Corridor Programmatic HLF4 Fourth High Level Forum Trade and Transport Facilitation HNP Health, Nutrition, and Population NSDS National Strategy for the Development of Statistics HRITF Health Results Innovation Trust Fund OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of IAD Internal Audit Vice-Presidency Humanitarian Affairs IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and ODA Official Development Assistance Development ICR Implementation Completion and Results Report OECD–DAC Organization for Economic Cooperation SACU Southern Africa Customs Union and Development–Development Assistance SADC Southern African Development Community Committee SAR South Asia Region OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States SCB Statistical Capacity Building OPCS Operations Policy and Country Services SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic OP Operational Policy SDR Special Drawing Rights PBA Performance Based Allocation SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All PBG Policy-Based Guarantee SEQAEP Secondary Education Quality and Access PBS Protection of Basic Services Enhancement Project PCD Post Crises Directions SFR Statistics for Results Trust Fund Facility PCPI Post-Conflict Performance Indicators SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health PD Program Document STATCAP Statistical Capacity Building Program PDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment SUN Scaling Up Nutrition PDO Project Development Objective TA Technical Assistance PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability TF Trust Fund PFM Public Financial Management TFR Total Fertility Rate PforR Program for Results/Programmatic Lending TFSCB Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Building Instruments TICAD Tokyo International Conference on African PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience Development PPG Public and Publicly Guaranteed TPSD Transitional Program for Stability and PPP Purchasing Power Parity Development PREM Poverty Reduction and Economic Management USAID United States Agency for International Development PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper UN United Nations PSD Private Sector Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and PSIA Poverty and Social Impact Assessment Development QALP Quality Assessment of Lending Portfolio UNDP United Nations Development Programme QER Quality Enhancement Review UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities RBCAS Results Based Country Assistance Strategy UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RBF Results Based Funding Refugees READ Rural Education and Development WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union REWG Results and Effectiveness Working Group WAIFEM West African Institute for Financial and RGAPS Regional Gender Action Plans Economic Management RHAP Reproductive Health Action Plan WBG World Bank Group RI Regional Integration WDR World Development Report RMNCH Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child WFP World Food Program Health WHO World Health Organization RMS Results Measurement System WSS Water and Sanitation Sector SABER Systems Approach for Better Education Results YMAF Yemen-specific Mutual Accountability Framework TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................i INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND PROGRESS TOWARDS THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Economic Developments: Recovery after Crises .................................................................................................... 3 Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1: IDA’s Financing and Policy Framework ............................................................................. 8 Financial Innovations in IDA16 .............................................................................................................................. 8 IDA’s Performance-Based Allocation System ........................................................................................................ 9 Supporting Debt Sustainability ............................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2: The IDA16 Lending and Non-lending Program ................................................................. 14 IDA’s Commitments during IDA16 ...................................................................................................................... 14 IDA Disbursements during IDA16 ........................................................................................................................ 17 IDA’s Non-lending Knowledge Portfolio ............................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 3: IDA’s Performance and Results in Core Sectors and Cross-Cutting Areas ....................... 21 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 Finance, Private Sector Development and Trade .................................................................................................. 26 Social Sectors ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 Progress on Selected Cross-cutting Themes .......................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4: Progress on IDA16 Special Themes ................................................................................... 33 Accelerating Progress on Gender Mainstreaming and Gender-Related MDGs .................................................... 33 Achieving Climate Resilient Development ........................................................................................................... 38 Fragile and Conflict-affected States ...................................................................................................................... 41 Enhancing IDA’s Capacity to Respond to Crises .................................................................................................. 45 The IDA Regional Integration Program ................................................................................................................ 48 CHAPTER 5: IDA’s Results Measurement System .................................................................................. 52 Tier 1: IDA Countries’ Progress ........................................................................................................................... 52 Tier 2: IDA-Supported Development Results ....................................................................................................... 57 Tier 3: IDA Operational Performance ................................................................................................................... 61 Tier 4: IDA Organization Effectiveness ................................................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND LOOKING FORWARD............................................................... 69 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................................. 73 Annex 1. Basic IDA Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 73 Annex 2. Countries Eligible to Receive IDA Financing during IDA16 a/ ............................................................ 77 Annex 3. IDA16 financing framework .................................................................................................................. 78 Annex 4. Trends in IDA Commitments and Disbursements during IDA15 and IDA16 ....................................... 81 Annex 5. Status of Monitorable Actions for IDA16 .............................................................................................. 88 Annex 6. Fragile and Conflict- Affected States During IDA16 ............................................................................ 98 Annex 7. IDA16 Regional Program ...................................................................................................................... 99 Annex 8. IDA16 – Projects Funded under the Crisis Response Window ........................................................... 102 Annex 9. Regional Strategies and Performance During IDA16 .......................................................................... 105 Annex 10. IDA Sector Support Profiles .............................................................................................................. 112 Annex 11. Key Documents and References for the IDA16 Retrospective. ........................................................ 136 Table of Contents (Cont’d) LIST OF BOXES Box 1. Activities that Informed Country Operations...................................................................................19 Box 2. Good Practice in Gender-Informed Country Strategies, FY12-14...................................................33 Box 3. ThinkEQUAL Campaign.................................................................................................................33 Box 4. Regional Gender Action Plans.........................................................................................................36 Box 5. Analytical and Advisory Activities Informed Policies and Operations...........................................41 Box 6. Examples of Fragility Assessments.................................................................................................44 Box 7. IDA Support to Disaster-affected Countries during IDA16.............................................................47 Box 8. Examples of IDA16 Regional Projects…………………………………………………..…..…....50 Box 9. Examples of Results under the Regional IDA program…………………………………………...51 Box 10. Examples of Statistical Capacity Strengthening Activities in IDA Countries…..………..……...56 Box 11. Country-Level Results Supported by IDA in Water and Sanitation……..…………………..…..61 Box 12. Strengthening the Bank’s Accountability Systems and Instruments……………………….…….68 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Growth in IDA countries picked up in recent years………………………….……………....…..3 Figure 2. Growth remained lower in FCSs……………………….……………….………….……….…....4 Figure 3. Poverty declined in IDA countries but stagnated in FCSs…………….………………..…..…....5 Figure 4. The number of poor in FCS increased………………………………….….…...….………...…...5 Figure 5. Overall fiscal deficits increased in IDA countries…………………….…….…………...…….…5 Figure 6. External account deficits deteriorated, especially in FCSs………….……….……….……...…...5 Figure 7. Fragile states lag behind on most MDGs…………………………….……….…………………..7 Figure 8. IDA16 Per Capita Allocation and Country Performance…………………….……....................11 Figure 9. Evolution of risk of debt distress, 2006-14…………………………………...............................12 Figure 10. IDA16 Commitments by Region…………………………………………………...........….…15 Figure 11. IDA16 Commitments by Sector………………………………………………………....….....15 Figure 12. IDA16 Disbursements by Region…………………………………………………….………..17 Figure 13. IDA16 Disbursements by Sector…………...………………………………………………….17 Figure 14. Regional Breakdown of Delivered ASA in IDA-eligible Countries (FY12-14)…...…….…....18 Figure 15. Distribution by Region and FCS/non-FCS of Delivered ASA (FY12-14)…….……..……….19 Figure 16. Trends in Gender-Informed IDA Operations by Region .....………………….……………….34 Figure 17. Comparing Gender Informed Projects by Sector (FY10–FY14)................................................35 Figure 18. Climate-related lending commitments........................................................................................39 Figure 19. Grants lead IDA Support to FCSs..............................................................................................42 Figure 20. IDA16 CRW Support.................................................................................................................45 Figure 21. CRW Commitments by Instrument Type (SDR million)..…………………………………....46 Figure 22. Priorities for Regional Solutions................................................................................................51 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Overview of IDA’s Comparative Advantages and Platform Role....……………………………..2 Table 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA Countries during IDA16..………………………….………....40 Table 3. Disbursement by Type of Lending..………………………………………………………..…....46 Table 4. Regional IDA Commitments during IDA16 (SDR million)..………………………….....……..48 Table 5. IDA Countries Progress (Tier 1)..……………………………………………………….……....54 Table 6. IDA-Supported Development Results (Tier 2)..………………………………………………...57 Table 7. IDA Operational Effectiveness (Tier 3)..………………………………………………………..62 Table 8. IDA Organizational Effectiveness (Tier 4)…..……………………………………………….....65 This report is based on contributions from staff across the World Bank Group (WBG). Overall guidance was provided by Lisa Finneran, Director, IDA Resource Mobilization Department (DFIRM), Development Finance Vice-Presidential Unit and Ivar Andersen, Manager, DFIRM. Mary Mulusa (DFIRM) was Team Leader and lead author. The Task Team included: Larissa Vovk, Iryna Trach, Frode Davanger, Georgia Wallen, Luca Bandiera, Milagros Delgado, Boris Gamarra, Tihomir Stucka, Angelique De Plaa, Rajiv Kalsi, Demet Kaya, Clara De Sousa, Anna Khachatryan, Luca Bandiera, Igor Djeri, Cheryl Francis, Joan Schopmeyer-Medina, Kathia Coupry Sloan and Jean Rutabanzibwa-Ngaiza (Consultant). Contributions were provided by the following staff who were involved in implementation of the IDA16 program across the WBG: Jeffrey Chelsky, Andres Londono, Han Fraeters, Aphichoke Kotikula, Habiba Gitay, Asbjorn Wee, Anastassia Alexandrova, Hoon Soh, Ozan Sevimli, Jorge Araujo, Ipek Alkan, T. K. Balakrishnan, Sanjiva Cooke, William Martin, Chico Ferreira, Juliana Victor, Ragini Praful Dalal, Doug Pearce, Samuel Mills, Miyuki Parris, Briana Wilson, Anush Bezhanyan, Komlan Kounetsron, Mason Denton, Jorge Munoz, Catherine Farvacque, Fernando Armendaris, Paul Gardner Yvelin De Beville, Bernard Harborne, Raffaello Cervigni, Joel Hellman, Mike Goldberg, Jessica Terry and Maria Arribas. -i- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i. The IDA16 Replenishment reached a historic record of SDR32.8 billion (US$49.3 billion) for the three year replenishment period (July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014). The robust replenishment level enabled a significant scaling up of IDA support to the world’s poorest countries in the three years before the 2015 target date for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Under the overarching theme of “Delivering Development Results”, the IDA16 package of policy actions significantly enhanced IDA’s effectiveness, including through a greater focus on results and further mainstreaming in its core program of the four special themes of crisis response, gender, climate change, and fragile and conflict-affected countries (FCS). IDA continued to leverage its platform role in supporting IDA countries to recover from the financial crisis and meet emerging challenges, using its core strengths (financial resources, multi-sectoral knowledge base, global reach and convening power) to leverage partnerships at the country, regional and global levels. ii. IDA16 also brought in a number of important enhancements and innovations into IDA’s policy and financing framework. These include the establishment of the dedicated Crisis Response Window (CRW) following a successful pilot in IDA15, measures to increase internal resources and the expansion of the IDA Results Measurement System (RMS) to include indicators of IDA’s operational and organizational effectiveness (“IDA’s Report Card”), which became the precursor to the World Bank’s Corporate Scorecard. This Retrospective reviews the implementation of the IDA16 replenishment agreement, including IDA’s lending and non-lending program, progress on agreed policy actions and results achieved during the replenishment period. IDA’s Financing and Policy Framework iii. The robust replenishment outcome reflected the strong commitment of the global coalition of 52 countries that support IDA. This coalition includes its traditional partners and a growing number of emerging development partners, including seven that pledged resources for the first time. The amount included partner contributions of SDR17.6 billion (compared to SDR16.1 billion in IDA15), SDR8.9 billion of internal resources, SDR1.8 billion in contributions from IBRD and IFC, SDR2.2 billion in compensation for debt forgiveness provided in the context of the MDRI replenishment and the release of carry-forward amounts of SDR1.7 billion. To increase the volume of internal resources, two innovations were introduced, i.e. triggering the acceleration clause for the advanced repayment of credits by IDA graduates and accepting voluntary repayments from IDA graduates. Lending terms for IDA blend countries were also adjusted based on their stronger payments capacity. Combined, these measures added SDR3.1 billion to the IDA16 commitment authority. Other adjustments, and the inclusion of US$3.4 billion in recommitted funds cancelled from projects approved under previous replenishments, created a total commitment authority for IDA16 of US$53.3 billion. iv. The Performance-Based Allocation (PBA) System, which takes account of both country performance and needs, remained the core mechanism for allocating IDA16 resources. Ninety percent of IDA16 resources were allocated directly to IDA countries based on their performance, with the top performers receiving the largest allocations per capita. IDA also implemented set-asides for key priority purposes, including to the Regional Integration Program (6 percent), the new CRW (4 percent, including a special allocation for Haiti to support recovery from the devastating 2010 earthquake), and exceptional support for arrears clearance (1 percent). The PBA was adjusted to enhance support to FCSs, which received 15 percent of core IDA16 resources. And the minimum allocation was doubled to US$3 million to take account of the specific challenges of small states. While country allocations increased substantially during IDA16, needs and demands from IDA countries far outstripped the available funds. v. IDA continued to support debt sustainability in IDA-only countries through the Non- Concessional Borrowing Policy (NCBP) and the Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF). Through cautious implementation of the policy, IDA continued to safeguard its concessional resources by setting debt ceilings and adjusting financing terms, while at the same time responding flexibly to requests from IDA - ii - countries that have solid projects that can appropriately be financed with non-concessional resources. Country demand for support to strengthen debt management was strong, with IDA supporting 65 countries through the Debt Management Facility (DMF) with technical assistance and advisory services aimed at building debt management capacity. IDA16 Program for Delivering Development Results vi. During IDA16, growth in IDA countries was on average faster than in other developing countries, but progress across countries was uneven. Sustained growth in IDA countries has helped substantially reduce poverty and five middle income countries (MICs) – Angola, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia and India – successfully graduated from IDA to IBRD at the end of IDA16 period. A number of other countries were making rapid progress towards middle-income status. At the same time, only 27 out of 77 IDA-eligible countries were on track to meet the MDG poverty target, only three showed sufficient progress toward reducing infant mortality, and only ten were expected to achieve their targets for maternal mortality. Performance across IDA countries was uneven: FCSs in particular were impacted by resurgence of conflicts and rapid population growth resulting in decreases in the growth rate of per capita income. These countries are lagging the most with respect to the MDGs. vii. Commitments increased for all the regions with the Africa region accounting for about half of IDA16 resources. In terms of sectors, infrastructure accounted for the largest share of commitments (US$21.6 billion or 41 percent) reflecting the priority of IDA countries to close infrastructure gaps. Commitments to the social sectors (health and education) were also strong at 22 percent, followed by law and public administration at 21 percent, and agriculture, fisheries and forestry at 10 percent. Investment lending accounted for 84 percent of the commitments, while development policy lending returned to pre- crisis levels with 12 percent. Four percent of the resources were committed using the new Program for Results (PforR) instrument. IDA commitments increased by 22 percent from the IDA15 period; however, the number of projects was reduced, reflecting an increase in project size to improve efficiency. Overall disbursement increased by 15 percent compared to the IDA15 period. viii. IDA's lending followed the country-based model, guided by country, regional and sectoral strategies. Country strategies emphasized poverty reduction and progress on key special themes. Poverty reduction was also central to all regional strategies, which had inclusion, infrastructure development, governance and stronger institutions, jobs and private sector growth, environmental sustainability, enhanced service delivery and gender, as common themes. Sector strategies provided strategic technical guidance tailored to the needs of regions and countries. A special effort was made to step up support for IDA16 special themes and for regional solutions. Working in collaboration with other World Bank Group (WBG) agencies (IFC, MIGA and IBRD), IDA provided client countries with a broad range of services, especially for private sector development. IDA also continued to provide leadership in sectoral and thematic areas, linking countries with regional and global developments and forging strong partnerships to leverage IDA funding. IDA16 Special Themes ix. IDA's effectiveness was enhanced through a greater focus on frontier, cross-cutting development issues – gender, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and work in fragile and conflict- affected states, – including through mainstreaming them into country strategies and operations in an innovative and results-focused manner. In addition, IDA’s capacity to respond to crises was strengthened.  Actions to promote gender equality included deepening the treatment of gender issues in country strategies and lending operations, strengthening of monitoring and staff capacity, and greater efforts to support gender priorities in the health and education sectors.  With respect to climate resilient development, significant progress was made during IDA16 to support IDA countries’ efforts to build climate resilience. Climate change was discussed in all IDA Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) and Country Partnership Strategies (CPSs), and IDA - iii - supported adaptation and mitigation co-benefits with special attention to climate-sensitive sectors. IDA also supported climate policy development, analytical work on climate change, and strengthened partnerships on climate.  IDA support for, and attention to fragile and conflict-affected states also increased. IDA commitments to FCSs increased significantly to US$7.7 billion, with FCSs accounting for 26 percent of projects approved. Twenty-five fragility assessments were prepared to inform WBG country strategies, key operational policies were enhanced to improve effectiveness, and collaboration with the UN and other partners was strengthened. While there has been progress in performance in FCSs as measured in the IDA RMS, the situation in most of the FCSs remains challenging with risks of slipping back into conflict. Capacity constraints also slow down recovery and rebuilding efforts.  IDA’s capacity to respond to crises was significantly enhanced with the establishment of the CRW in IDA16. A total of SDR607 million (US$937 million) was allocated to respond to natural disasters in ten countries, including two FCSs, across five regions. An Immediate Response Mechanism (IRM) was also introduced, which allows countries to quickly access undisbursed resources in their IDA portfolio in the aftermath of crises. The experience from IDA16 points to the need for continued efforts to support countries to build capacity to address crises and build resilience over time. x. A record SDR2.8 billion (US$4.5 billion) was committed for regional projects, supported with more than SDR1.8 billion from Regional Integration Program set-aside. While most of the resources went to the Africa region, demand from other regions also increased. Resources were committed to support the strong demand for regional solutions in infrastructure, trade and the health sector, as well as to regional institutions. The IDA16 experience has underscored the increasing demand for regional solutions that complement national actions with economies of scale at the regional level. xi. IDA lending was underpinned by Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA), a strong demand from IDA countries. During IDA16, IDA's non-lending knowledge portfolio played an important role in informing policy choices, programs, country strategies and operations, empowering clients to implement reforms and strengthen institutions, and developing knowledge that benefited the broader development community. A significant part of ASA work focused on FCSs. Data availability remains an important challenge for IDA countries, and statistical capacity building – including the capacity to collect gender- relevant statistics – was a priority. xii. In line with the overarching theme of “Delivering Development Results”, the IDA RMS was significantly enhanced during IDA16. The RMS was expanded from two to four tiers, with the additional Tiers 3 and 4 tracking IDA’s operational and organizational effectiveness. In terms of Tier 1 indicators, country-level outcomes showed improvement in key areas including business environment, infrastructure, human development and environmental sustainability, while progress in meeting MDGs was slow. Tier 2 indicators, which measure IDA contributions to country outcomes, showed improvements, although in some cases, below the performance standards set for IDA16. To address the performance challenges identified, IDA Management adopted a new model of engagement with Country Partnership Framework (CPFs) informed by evidence through Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs). Management also proactively enhanced operational performance through improved knowledge products, harmonized guidelines and more rigorous monitoring and attention to problems identified. Staff presence was increased on the ground to strengthen response to clients. Finally, in another innovation, IDA16 monitored progress on selected core sector outputs against projections in four sectors (health, education, transport and water/sanitation). xiii. IDA’s operational and organizational effectiveness improved in IDA16. The disbursement ratio for investment lending projects improved, all operations had appropriate results frameworks and IDA surpassed its performance standard by averaging 18 impact evaluations per year. Monitoring of special themes was stepped up with improved monitoring of gender and climate change. IDA continued to support - iv - the use of country systems though its performance fell short of the IDA16 target. IDA also improved its organizational effectiveness in terms of speed, cost, decentralization and the communication of results. Looking Ahead xiv. IDA countries have made significant progress in recent years, but face significant challenges in terms of meeting the ambitions embodied in the recently agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Some countries have made significant progress and are moving towards graduation from IDA, others are moving towards blend status and access to IBRD funding. Support to these groups of countries will call for greater knowledge partnerships as well as innovative ways of ensuring that as they transition to higher income status, they are able to deal with the pockets of poverty to ensure inclusive growth and development. IDA-only countries including many FCSs will continue to need broader support including investment and policy lending supported by knowledge services and capacity building. IDA’s comparative advantage will continue to lie in its ability to customize its support to the needs of each country. xv. A number of areas that emerged during IDA16 will continue to be important for IDA countries and will need sustained attention in the medium term. For many IDA countries, priorities will include closing infrastructure gaps, food security, job creation through expansion of the private sector, human development, and gender. With the changing profile of the IDA client base, FCSs will account for a larger share of IDA countries and innovative ways of support will continue to be explored. All countries need support to strengthen their resilience to climate change and to enhance their preparedness to deal with unexpected natural disasters. IDA, in collaboration with the other World Bank Group (WBG) agencies (IFC, IBRD and MIGA) is already building on the achievement of IDA16 through the implementation of the ambitious IDA17 policy agenda, which is further strengthens IDA’s policy framework, notably with respect to gender, climate, and fragile states. xvi. Finally, IDA’s focus on results will continue to play an important role in support of IDA countries. IDA will continue to strengthen its monitoring of results and applying its tools to support the evidence base of its assistance, including the IDA RMS. IDA will also continue to support technical skills across sectors including the important area of building the statistical capacities of IDA countries. -1- INTRODUCTION 1. Through a collective effort, IDA partners achieved a record IDA16 replenishment of SDR32.8 billion (US$49.3 billion), an increase of 20 percent in SDR terms (18 percent in US dollar terms) over the IDA15 Replenishment in 2010. After adjustments, and with the inclusion US$3.4 billion in recommitted funds cancelled from projects approved under previous replenishments, total commitments during the IDA16 period reached a record US$53.3 billion, a substantial increase over the US$44.4 billion committed during IDA15. 2. The strong support from IDA contributors, despite the fiscal constraints they faced from the recession that followed the global economic crisis, reflected both recognition of the need and the desire to step up assistance to IDA countries, as well as confidence in IDA’s ability to effectively support the development programs of IDA countries. The record replenishment was concluded at a critical time for IDA countries, which needed to (i) step up efforts towards achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); (ii) rebuild buffers to guard against future shocks; and (iii) tackle emerging challenges. While growth rates in IDA countries remained positive even at the height of the economic crisis in 2009, and rebounded to near pre-crisis levels from 2010 onward, they still faced a significant unfinished development agenda and high uncertainty and volatility in the external environment. Many were unlikely to meet all MDG targets and all needed to prepare for emerging development challenges and risks, including climate change. IDA countries needed to invest in key areas such as infrastructure, to remove bottlenecks to private sector development and create jobs to unleash the productive capacity necessary to accelerate and sustain growth. They also needed to step up quality investment to improve service delivery in the social sectors and to continue to forge ahead with robust macroeconomic and governance reforms. 3. The IDA16 replenishment, along with innovations in IDA financing, technical solutions and instruments, provided a broader platform for support that focused more sharply on results and value for money. IDA support focused on progress towards the MDGs, fostering growth, strengthening service delivery, developing effective policies and institutions, managing risk and preparing for potential new crises. IDA assistance was guided by regional strategies focusing on specific needs of each region and elaborated in specific Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) and Country Partnership Strategies (CPSs), or Interim Strategy Notes (ISNs) for countries facing unusual disruptions. In line with IDA’s country -based model, IDA’s support was prepared in consultation with client countries and responded to their national priorities. As the single largest source of non-earmarked aid to the poorest countries, IDA supported efforts to sustain countries’ development efforts as well as respond to crises – ranging from support for international action for recovery in Haiti and Afghanistan, to partnering with the United Nations for crisis response in the Horn of Africa and the Sahel. IDA deepened its work on special thematic areas: fragile states, gender, crisis response and climate change, leveraging other development partners’ assistance and partnerships. 4. During IDA16, the results agenda moved to a higher level. The IDA Results Measurement System (RMS) was expanded to provide a greater focus on monitoring special themes and core sectors, as well as on IDA’s operational and organizational effectiveness, and, in doing so, providing the basis for the World Bank’s Corporate Scorecard. 5. IDA continued its platform role and expanded the reach and impact of development cooperation in IDA countries. The IDA16 Replenishment, launched in the months preceding the Busan High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in 2011, recognized the growing complexity of the aid architecture and the ongoing relevance of IDA’s platform role. The 2014 Progress Report of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC), established in 2011 after the Busan Forum, determined that IDA’s performance on development cooperation is among the strongest of all development partners. The report noted that IDA’s performance is particularly strong in relation to priority areas such as partner country leadership and ownership, results, and transparency. -2- 6. Grounded in its comparative advantages, IDA served as a platform for partnership at the national, regional and global levels (Table 1). IDA’s diverse partnerships with bilateral and multilateral partners, including through trust funds, helped to scale up and strengthen both development cooperation and client engagement. At the country level, IDA used its global knowledge and financial resources to leverage crucial partnerships focused on meeting core client needs and addressing a wide range of challenges. IDA’s platform role and strong collaboration with development partners is highlighted in the section on IDA’s strategic support at regional level as well as in the discussion of IDA’s support through the sectors (including in the sector profiles in Annex 10). Table 1. Overview of IDA’s Comparative Advantages and Platform Role IDA’s core strengths and comparative Country level Regional level Global level advantages  Financial Resources  Country-based model  Link regional action to  Link global issues to  Convening power  Leveraging role Country Strategies Country Strategies  Multi-sectoral  Aid Coordination  Deliver complex  Invest in Global knowledge base  Fill funding gaps regional projects Public Goods at  Policy Advice  Focus on institution  Scale up support for country level  Global Reach strengthening/ infrastructure  Take a lead role in capacity building  Leverage financing in tackling global  Act as “First Mover” WBG and externally priorities 7. The IDA16 Retrospective reviews IDA’s performance for the period covering Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 to FY 2014 (July, 2011 through June, 2014). The Retrospective provides an opportunity for accountability, learning and reflecting on areas of focus for the future. It has been prepared with inputs from all the Bank’s operational regions, sectors, cross-cutting areas and corporate support areas. Following an overview of the global economic context that defined the IDA16 period as well as progress on key development goals, the report contains six chapters:  Chapter 1 outlines the resource envelope achieved for supporting IDA countries, including innovations in IDA financing, application of and adjustments to IDA’s allocation framework and support to strengthening IDA countries debt sustainability efforts.  Chapter 2 reviews IDA’s performance in terms of commitments and disbursements as well as the non-lending portfolio.  Chapter 3 presents IDA’s core support by sector, outlining the strategic approaches and priority areas of support for IDA clients including how overall global goals were cascaded through the sectors and reinforced by leveraging partnerships. Further details are provided in Annex 8.  Chapter 4 reviews IDA16 progress on the special themes (gender equality, climate change, crisis response and IDA support to fragile and conflict-affected countries) and the IDA Regional Integration Program.  Chapter 5 reviews progress achieved on agreed indicators in the enhanced IDA16 RMS, including on IDA countries’ results, IDA’s contributions to the results and its operational and organizational effectiveness.  Chapter 6 summarizes the key achievements during IDA16 and highlights key lessons and implications for support to IDA countries in the future. -3- ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND PROGRESS TOWARDS THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IDA countries saw continued progress through the IDA16 period, with economic growth steadily picking up after a deterioration in the wake of the global financial crisis. While the poverty rate has continued to fall, from 39 percent in 2008 and to 37 percent in 2011, there were pronounced differences between groups of countries, with progress in fragile states proceeding at a slower pace. Despite recent progress, IDA countries, and especially FCSs will not achieve most of the MDGs. Economic Developments: Recovery after Crises 8. Developing countries remained a major contributor to Figure 1. Growth in IDA countries picked up in recent years overall global growth during the 12 IDA16 period. However, the World IBRD only IDA total IDA16 period did see a slowdown in 10 developing countries as the 8 lingering effects of food and fuel crises, price shocks and natural 6 disasters during the IDA15 4 replenishment period affected growth rates. The financial crisis in 2 2008-09 had sharply reduced 0 growth rates in IDA countries through reductions in export -2 revenues, workers’ remittances, -4 tourism, and foreign direct 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014* investment (FDI). IDA countries rebounded after the crisis as a result Note: Figure shows percentage growth; 2014 calculations are estimates. of export diversification, increased Source: WDI, Global Economic Prospects, staff calculations. commodity prices, and higher domestic demand, and their growth rates during the IDA16 period remained higher than in other developing countries and the advanced economies (Figure 1).1 9. During IDA16, emerging market economies faced the dual challenges of slowing growth and tighter global financial conditions. About eighty percent of emerging markets decelerated in 2012, and by end-2013, emerging market growth was on average 1.5 percentage points lower than in 2010-11. Constraints to productivity, tightening of policies, including a managed slowdown in China, and uncertainty about global liquidity conditions contributed to the slowdown as the growth in developing countries declined to below 5 percent during IDA16. Prudent economic management in the emerging market countries, however, supported moderate average inflation rates and fiscal deficits. The sub-Saharan economies followed a similar pattern and the average rate of inflation moderated due to lower commodity prices as the IDA16 cycle progressed. The downtrend in the commodity cycle, however, led to a slight deterioration in the fiscal and current account deficits in sub-Saharan Africa during IDA16. Nonetheless, the general government debt ratios remained mostly stable. With support from their development partners, including IDA, poor countries continued to make progress towards the MDGs. 1 See Global Economic Prospects, “Having Fiscal Space and Using It”, January, 2015, The World Bank. -4- 10. Sustained growth substantially reduced poverty, except in the FCSs, where Figure 2. Growth remained lower in FCSs lower growth and high population rates (In percent, average 2004-2013) resulted in higher poverty (Figure 2). The 7 Average growth number of poor living in developing countries Per capita growth 6 decreased from 43 percent of the population in 1990 to 17 percent in 2011, and further 5 substantial declines are projected by 2015. IDA 4 countries also saw a substantial decrease over 3 the same period, with extreme poverty declining from 60 to 37 percent. 2 This outcome was 2 comparable to that achieved by IBRD countries, 1 which started from a much lower level of poverty, over the same period. Between 2008 0 IDA FCS IDA total IBRD only World and 2011 extreme poverty declined from 39 percent to 37 percent; though small, this Source: WDI, and staff calculations. improvement masks the impact of the global financial crisis of 2008-09, which is estimated to have increased absolute poverty.3 11. There were significant differences in performance within the IDA group of countries. FCSs showed resilience during the global economic and financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, and maintained solid growth that averaged above 4.5 percent during 2004-2013. Since 2011, however, there has been a substantial reduction in the growth rate in the FCS economies, which, coupled with rapid demographic growth, decreased the per capita growth rate and hindered poverty reduction during IDA16 (Figure 3). In per capita terms, FCSs’ growth averaged only 1.7 percent a year, 1.5 percentage points less than IDA countries and 3.5 percentage points less than IBRD countries. As a group, the 28 IDA countries that were classified as FCSs during IDA16 reduced the extreme poverty rate to 53 percent in 2011 from the peak of 60 percent in 1999, but the pace of poverty reduction was lower compared to the average for IDA countries. The number of poor in the IDA-eligible FCSs increased over time, reaching an estimated 190 million in 2011, or 19 percent of the number of the poor in the world, while their population was only 6 percent of world population (Figure 4). 2 About one billion people still remained in extreme poverty, defined as the number of people with a daily consumption/income below US$1.25 in 2005 PPP terms. 3 The crisis was estimated to have added 64 million to the count of the number of people living under US$2 a day by 2009, and 91 million more under US$2 a day by 2010. See “The impact of the global financial crisis on the world’s poorest”, Martin Ravallion and Shaohua Chen, April 30, 2009. -5- Figure 3. Poverty declined in IDA countries Figure 4. The number of poor in FCS but stagnated in FCSs (percent) increased (millions) Source: PovCal Net and staff estimates. Source: PovCal Net, WDI and staff estimates 12. Fiscal and current account deficits continued to widen and remained above pre-crisis levels (Figures 5 and 6). The earlier accumulation of fiscal buffers and the decrease in debt burdens, mainly due to debt relief, allowed Lower Income Countries (LICs) to implement counter-cyclical fiscal policies during the crisis years. Countries allowed automatic stabilizers to operate and were able to increase social expenditure, especially in those countries that had benefited from debt relief under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) programs.4 Following the crises, despite the benign economic outlook for global growth, the low cost of finance and, until recently, high commodity prices after the crises, a number of LICs failed to reconstitute buffers over the period. The deterioration was particularly strong in fiscal balances, reflecting increased current expenditure or one-off expenditures. In resource-rich countries, low commodity prices translated into lower revenues and larger current account deficits. FCSs had the largest deterioration in external balances over the period. Figure 6. External account deficits Figure 5. Overall fiscal deficits increased in deteriorated, especially in FCSs IDA countries 4.0 8.0 2000-2007 2008-2014 2000-2007 2008-2014 3.0 6.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 All IDA Fragile and Oil Exporters All IDA Fragile and Oil Exporters Conflict States Conflict States (In percent of GDP, period averages) Source: Global Economic Prospects, 2015 and staff calculations. 4 “Macroeconomic Development in LIDCs: 2014 Report,” IMF, October 2014. -6- Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals 13. Despite recent progress, IDA countries, and especially FCSs will not achieve most of the MDGs. Only 27 out of 77 IDA-eligible countries were on track to meet the poverty target, three showed sufficient progress toward reducing infant mortality, and ten were expected to achieve their targets for maternal mortality. With the exception of gender parity in education and access to clean water, fewer than half of IDA countries made sufficient progress in all remaining six MDGs. 14. Progress on the MDGs varied across and within the regions, reflecting the diversity of IDA countries.  The Africa Region (AFR) made significant progress in primary education completion and reducing under-five mortality, however, it was not on track to achieve any of the MDGs. The region accounted for one third of the “extremely poor” globally and the highest maternal mortality ra tes. Access to basic infrastructure remained low.  The SAR Region made progress in poverty reduction without substantial increases in inequality. Six countries were on track to meet the target for gender parity in primary and secondary education. All countries (except for Pakistan) reduced by half the proportion of people without safe drinking water, Bangladesh and Maldives met the target for reduced child mortality rates and Nepal was on track to do so. Bangladesh has made remarkable progress on most health outcomes, especially maternal and child health. Concerns remained over education quality and completion rates. SAR is highly vulnerable to climate change and environmental damage tends to worsen, meaning that growth may not be sustainable.  In the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, a number of IDA countries made good progress on the MDGs: while poverty declined overall, the number of poor is still high. Vietnam met five MDG targets5, Mongolia and Myanmar met four6, and Cambodia, Samoa, Tuvalu each met three MDGs7. Six countries attained one or two MDGs8. Eight countries achieved gender parity and water goals, and four reached targets for poverty, under-five mortality and primary school completion. Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste will not meet any MDGs.  The Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region made progress on five MDG targets: halving extreme poverty, reducing infant, child and maternal mortality, and access to safe drinking water. 9 However, ECA lagged on targets for nutrition, primary completion, gender parity in primary and secondary education, and access to basic sanitation services.  In the Middle East and North Africa (MNA) region, Djibouti has made progress in education and health, but did not meet most of the MDGs. Yemen was unlikely to meet any of the MDGs.  The Latin America and Caribbean (LCR) region made significant progress: all of the nine IDA countries achieved at least one MDG. Bolivia attained the most (poverty, gender equality, HIV/AIDS and other diseases, environmental sustainability) followed by Guyana (poverty, child mortality, water and nutrition). Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines achieved only the goal on universal primary education. Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua made 5 Poverty, under-nourishment, gender parity, maternal health, and water. 6 Mongolia: Primary school completion, gender parity, under five mortality, and water; Myanmar: Primary school completion, gender parity, water, and sanitation 7 Cambodia: Poverty, under-nourishment, water; Samoa: Under-nourishment, gender parity, water; Tuvalu: Primary school completion, gender parity, water 8 Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (gender parity), and Vanuatu (under-five mortality, water), Tonga (primary school completion, water), Laos (poverty, under-five mortality) 9 Global Monitoring report 2013 -7- progress on universal primary education and child health, but need support to sustain and accelerate progress to meet MDG targets. In Haiti, tremendous efforts led to increased primary education enrollment, from 78 percent in 2010 to 90 percent in 2014. However, due to the limited availability of data it is difficult to measure Haiti’s progress on the MDGs especially over the IDA16 period. 15. According to the Global Monitoring Report 2014, twenty FCSs have met one or more targets, and an additional six countries were on track to meet individual MDGs ahead of the 2015 deadline.10 This compares to 2011, when no FCSs were expected to meet any of the MDGs, Still, however, considering only those targets that have already been met globally, more than four-fifths of FCSs were off track to meet the targets related to poverty, drinking water, and sanitation. More than two-thirds will not meet the gender education parity goal and twenty-eight FCSs showed insufficient progress towards the infant mortality target (Figure 7). In 2015, extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa was projected at 41 percent of the total population, 23 percent of the population was undernourished and health indicators remained weak with high child and maternal mortality rates.11 Twenty-one countries in sub-Saharan Africa were off-track with respect to the goal of ending extreme poverty, 17 were off-track in meeting the goal to reduce under- nourishment, 32 were behind with respect to infant and maternal mortality goals, and 34 were off-track regarding the sanitation goal. Figure 7. Fragile states lag behind on most MDGs 90% Fragile & Conflict Situations IDA eligible IBRD Developing World 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% MDG 1.a - Extreme MDG 1.c - MDG 2.a - Primary MDG 3.a - MDG 4.a - Under-5 MDG 4.a - Infant MDG 5.a - Maternal MDG 7.c - MDG 7.c - Poverty Undernourishment Completion Education Gender Mortality Mortality Mortality Improved Water Improved Sanitation Parity Source: World Bank staff estimates based on WDI and 2014 Global Monitoring Report 10 See Global Monitoring Report 2014, IMF and the World Bank. 11 See Millennium Development Goals Report 2015, United Nations -8- CHAPTER 1: IDA’S FINANCING AND POLICY FRAMEWORK The robust IDA16 replenishment outcome was supported by a growing coalition of partner countries as well as innovations to boost IDA’s finances. The Performance-Based Allocation framework remained the basis for allocating IDA resources during the IDA16 period, with adjustments to address strategic priorities including crisis response, regional integration, fragile and conflict affected states and small states. IDA also maintained its efforts to support the long- term debt sustainability objectives of IDA countries. 16. The IDA16 Replenishment achieved a record SDR32.8 billion (US$49.3 billion) for the three- year IDA16 replenishment period. This was an increase of 20 percent in SDR terms (18 percent in US$ terms) over the original IDA15 replenishment. The robust outcome reflected the strength of the global coalition of 52 countries that support IDA, including its traditional partners and a growing number of emerging development partners, including seven that pledged resources for the first time: Argentina, the Bahamas, Chile, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Peru, and the Philippines. 12 The amount included partner contributions of SDR17.6 billion (compared to SDR16.1 billion in IDA15), SDR8.9 billion of internal resources, SDR1.8 billion in contributions from IBRD and IFC, SDR2.2 billion in compensation for debt forgiveness provided in the context of the MDRI replenishment and the release of carry-forward amounts of SDR1.7 billion.13 To increase the volume of internal resources, two financial innovations were introduced and lending terms for blends were adjusted based on their payments capacity. Combined, these measures added SDR3.1 billion to the IDA16 commitment authority. Other adjustments, and the inclusion of US$3.4 billion in recommitted funds cancelled from projects approved under previous replenishments, created a total commitment authority for IDA16 of US$53.3 billion. Financial Innovations in IDA16 17. The IDA16 replenishment was negotiated at a time when IDA recipients’ longer term growth and progress towards reaching the MDGs had been negatively affected by the impact of the food, fuel and global economic crises. At the same time these countries were facing growing challenges including adapting to global warming and climate volatility and addressing issues of fragility and vulnerability. IDA contributors were also facing significant fiscal challenges that required adjustments in their domestic and international programs, including official development assistance (ODA). These circumstances underscored the importance both of generating the maximum amount of resources possible for the IDA16 period and ensuring their most effective and efficient use. To achieve the volume objective two new financial innovations were introduced: (i) accelerated repayments; (ii) voluntary prepayments. IDA’s lending terms were also adjusted. These three steps generated a total SDR3.1 billion from current and graduated IDA countries 18. Accelerated prepayments: Since 1987, IDA has included an accelerated repayment clause in the legal agreements of IDA credits. This clause allows IDA to double the principal repayments on credits (i.e., shorten the maturity) if the borrower’s GNI per capita exceeds a specific threshold and the borrower is creditworthy for IBRD loans. Implementation is subject to approval by IDA’s Executive Directors after considering the borrower’s economic development. The borrower would have a choice to shorten the credit’s maturity (‘principal option’), pay interest at a rate that would result in the same net present value 12 Chile and the Philippines have joined China, Egypt, Korea and Turkey are contributing partners that were past recipients of IDA assistance. 13 The IDA16 internal resources were reduced from SDR9.7 billion (US$14.6 billion) to SDR8.9 billion (US$13.4 billion) to cover a temporary funding gap of SDR0.7 billion at the end of the IDA15 period. The revised internal resources comprised: (i) SDR5.8 billion (US$8.8 billion) in internal reflows; (ii) SDR1.2 billion (US$1.8 billion) accelerated credit repayments; (iii) SDR0.6 billion (US$0.9 billion) in voluntary prepayments from China and Thailand; and (iv) SDR1.3 billion (US$2.0 billion) in front loading of reflows from hardening of the lending terms for IDA’s blend and gap borrowers. -9- (‘interest option’), or a combination of the two options. This clause was exercised for the first time in FY12 when seven eligible countries14 met the criteria to accelerate the repayments of their qualifying outstanding IDA credits, and subsequently in FY13 when Azerbaijan met the criteria for acceleration.15 This practice contributed SDR1.2 billion internal resources to IDA16 financing framework. 19. Voluntary prepayments: In December 2010, IDA’s Board of Directors approved a new policy framework that allowed IDA to offer IDA graduates a discount to voluntarily prepay their outstanding IDA credits beyond their contractual obligations. The policy framework was based on the core principles of equity of treatment among all IDA recipients and the maintenance of IDA’s financial sustainability, which restricts the discount that IDA can offer to graduates. During IDA16, China and Thailand voluntarily prepaid their outstanding IDA credits, which contributed SDR0.6 billion resources to the IDA16 financing framework. 20. Adjustments of IDA terms: IDA’s lending terms were adjusted in July 2011 to reflect changes in income of IDA’s clients. Lending terms offered to IDA’s blend and gap countries were hardened to reflect their higher income levels and greater payment capacity. The new terms combine the old blend terms (35- year maturity) for blend countries and hardened term credits (20-year maturity) for gap countries into a new blend credit with 25-year maturity, 5-year grace period and 1.25 percent interest rate (in addition to the standard service and commitment charges). IDA also shortened the maturity of its hard term credits from 35 to 25 years, with a five year grace period, and expanded eligibility to include all blend countries. Small islands remained eligible to receive assistance on regular credit terms regardless of blend or gap status.16 21. Single-Currency Lending Program: A new Single Currency Lending Pilot Program (SCL) for IDA credits was introduced in June 2012. The overall limit for the program was set at SDR3.0 billion equivalent and an individual IDA credit limit of SDR150 million.17 The program allows for the extension of IDA credits on regular and blend terms to IDA countries in the underlying currencies of the SDR basket, currently including US Dollars, Euros, Pounds Sterling, and Japanese Yen. It was introduced as a two-year pilot to permit the gradual building of operational capacity and to learn from the program’s implementation. During IDA16, four IDA credits totaling US$90.3 million were approved under the program. While the surveys conducted in 2008-2010 among IDA countries’ treasury and debt management officials indicated a strong interest in single-currency borrowing, the uptake of the SCL has been slower than initially expected, mainly due to the time required to build clients’ awareness of the currency choice option and capacity to make the decision on which currency to choose. With increased client awareness, including as a result of client outreach, demand for single-currency lending is anticipated to strengthen. Based on the utilization of the program during the initial pilot phase, the Board of Executive Directors approved M anagement’s recommendation to extend the pilot within the SDR3.0 billion overall limit for a three-year period (from April 22, 2015, the date of approval) or until the program limit of SDR3 billion is reached, whichever comes first; and to increase the individual IDA credit limit to SDR500 million.18 IDA’s Performance-Based Allocation System 22. The revised Performance-Based Allocation (PBA) system remained the core mechanism for allocations during IDA16. The bulk of IDA16 resources (about 90 percent) were allocated as un- 14 Albania, China, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Indonesia, FYR Macedonia and St. Kitts and Nevis. “Acceleration of Credit Repayments to IDA and New Policy Framework for Voluntary Prepayments,” IDA/R2010 -0351, November 11, 2010. 15 “Update on Acceleration of Credit Repayments to IDA,” IDA/R2012-0178, June 26, 2012. 16 Previously, some small island states, including Cape Verde, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, received assistance from IDA on the old blend terms (35-year maturity). 17 See “IDA Single-Currency Lending Pilot Program” IDA/R2012-0140 dated May 16, 2012. 18 See “Extension of the IDA Single-Currency Lending Pilot Program” IDA/R2015-0085 dated April 13, 2015. - 10 - earmarked resources based on country performance and needs. 19 These resources were subsequently programmed to support various sectors in accordance with country strategies jointly developed with country authorities. The remaining 10 percent was distributed among the Regional Program (6 percent), the Crisis Response Window (4 percent), and to the arrears clearance set-aside (1 percent). 23. During the IDA16 Replenishment discussions, important adjustments were made to the allocation framework to support key IDA priorities. Post-conflict and re-engaging countries received enhanced exceptional allocations in line with findings that indicate that countries emerging from conflict need additional resources to support the conflict-to-peace transition. As a result, these countries received 8 percent of the IDA16 core resources, twice the amount they would have received if their allocations had been determined through the PBA formula. In recognition of the often lengthy recovery after conflict a case-by-case approach was introduced to extend the duration of exceptional support. Support for small states was enhanced by doubling the minimum base allocation to SDR3.0 million per annum and by eliminating the maximum per capita allocation ceiling. This resulted in substantially higher allocations for countries with small populations. 24. Support was also provided for crisis response, the IDA Regional Program and arrears clearance. SDR1.335 billion was allocated to the Crisis Response Window (CRW) to support countries following a major natural disaster or a severe economic shock.20 This amount included an exceptional allocation for Haiti in the amount of SDR329 million (US$500 million). The IDA Regional Program was allocated SDR1.8 billion for regional integration projects with strong spillover effects across countries. To better support the participation of FCSs in regional integration initiatives, access criteria for participation were changed to allow for only two countries when at least one of the countries is an FCS. Finally, SDR400 million was set aside to support arrears clearance to IDA and IBRD of potentially eligible inactive IDA countries. India and Pakistan, given their access to wider financing options, continued to be subject to capped allocations below their PBA norms, and this helped to free resources for other countries with more constrained financing options, particularly countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. 25. Overall, the adjustments to the PBA system enhanced IDA’s support to FCS. As a group, these countries received 15 percent of core IDA16 resources, compared to 13 percent under IDA15. There were two new entrants for exceptional support to post-conflict and re-engaging countries. South Sudan became eligible for an exceptional post-conflict allocation in FY13, while Myanmar qualified for an exceptional re-engaging allocation in FY13. 19 The PBA system takes into account countries’ needs and performance. While a base allocation is provided to all IDA countries to address minimum financing requirements, country needs are measured by relative poverty (proxied by GNI per capita) and population. Country performance is measured by the Country Performance Rating (CPR), which incorporates Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) ratings and IDA portfolio performance ratings. In addition, exceptional allocations were provided to post-conflict and re-engaging countries, primarily using the Post-Conflict Performance Indicators (PCPI) as a tailored performance measure for these countries in lieu of the CPIA. The PBA system comprises several stages for allocating resources. These stages include: (i) a formula-based gross PBA; (ii) a grant allocation framework in which the terms of financing available for each country are determined annually based on its risk of debt distress, and (iii) a deduction and reallocation process associated with the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) for those countries receiving MDRI debt relief. MDRI netting out remained capped at a maximum of 30 percent of a country’s gross PBA allocation in order to reduce the impact of the MDRI netting out on country allocations. 20 Note that US$473 million of unused CRW resources were reallocated to IDA’s Regional Integration Program at the time of the IDA16 Mid-Term Review. - 11 - 26. During IDA16, the top performers received the largest Figure 8. IDA16 Per Capita Allocation and Country allocation per capita relative to Performance 35 bottom performers (Figure 8). IDA countries in the top performance 30 PBA Allocation per capita (SDR) quintile received about three times the allocation per capita compared to those 25 in the lowest quintile. This is higher than the comparable ratio of 2.7 during 20 IDA15 and 2.3 during IDA14, confirming that the performance 15 orientation of the system continues to improve. To enhance the transparency 10 of allocations, both country allocations Allocation and commitments were disclosed on an 5 Trend ex-post basis on IDA’s external website starting in FY12. 0 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 27. IDA maintained its overall Higher performer ->CPR Quintile <- Lower performer concessionality level, albeit with a slight increase in the share of grants Note: India and Pakistan are excluded from the sample as “capped in total commitments. IDA funds blend” countries. Myanmar is also excluded due to lack of CPR index. were provided on a highly Source: Country Performance Ratings (CPR) 2012. concessional basis, either as credits, with a grant element of up to 62 percent, or as outright grants for countries that qualify under IDA’s grant allocation framework. During IDA16, 83 percent of IDA’s resources were provided to countries as credits, while IDA grants accounted for 17 percent of total commitments, slightly higher than the 16 percent share in IDA15. Of the countries receiving IDA grants, the number in debt distress or experiencing high or moderate risk of debt distress fell from 36 borrowers to 33 borrowers by the end of the Replenishment period. Sub-Saharan Africa continued to be the largest recipient of IDA grants, receiving 61 percent of total grant commitments in IDA16, lower than the share of 70 percent in IDA15. This decrease is explained by an increase in IDA grants for the other regions, especially Latin America and the Caribbean, whose share doubled from 4 percent in IDA15 to 8 percent in IDA16. The South Asia region, the next largest recipient of IDA16 grants, received 14 percent which is slightly higher than the share of 13 percent in IDA15. Supporting Debt Sustainability 28. The build-up of public debt ratios in IDA countries continued during IDA16, but generally appears to be manageable. Following the launch of the Heavily-Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative and the Multi-lateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in 2006, debt relief recipients have generally re- accumulated moderate levels of external public debt. For countries that received debt relief under MDRI in 2009 and later, external public debt has generally accumulated much less. Debt distress ratings for the 59 IDA countries for which Low Income Country Debt Sustainability Analyses (LIC-DSAs) were carried out in the 2006-2014 timeframe continue to demonstrate a favorable trend. Countries at high risk or in debt distress roughly halved to 15, while countries at low risk of debt distress doubled to 20 (Figure 9). The majority of high risk countries in 2015 are either small island states (Kiribati, Marshall Islands, and Micronesia) or post-conflict countries including Central African Republic and Afghanistan. The positive trend in debt distress ratings is largely the result of debt relief received as well as good macro policies, and, until recently, high commodity prices. The number of countries at moderate risk of debt distress has risen to 23 in 2014 from 19 in 2006. This is in part the result of improvements in some previously high risk countries, and recent deterioration of debt burden trajectories in some low risk countries. - 12 - 29. IDA continued to support the overall positive developments on long term Figure 9: Evolution of risk of debt distress, 2006-14 external debt sustainability in IDA countries through a range of mechanisms. These mechanisms include IDA’s grant allocation framework, technical assistance in building debt management capacity, support in monitoring external public debt developments, implementation IDA’s Non-Concessional Borrowing Policy (NCBP), and creditor outreach to advocate for concessional financing and to disseminate the joint WB- IMF Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF). This broad-based approach builds on debt relief provided by the international community, including IDA, through HIPC and MDRI. This debt relief substantially enhanced the borrowing space of IDA countries, and IDA seeks to maintain the benefits of that relief. For countries that are experiencing external debt problems, the annual IDA allocation exercise continued to ensure that countries at moderate and high risk of debt distress receive either 50 percent or 100 percent of their IDA resources on grant terms. In parallel, several Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) continue implementing elements of the DSF into their financing decisions, with the AfDB, ADB, and IFAD using grant allocation frameworks similar to that of IDA. Assessments under the DSF are also taken into account in the context of the Paris Club negotiations. 30. To help improve debt management capacity of borrowing countries, IDA provided substantial technical assistance and advisory services on public debt management, debt sustainability and domestic debt market development. Activities include DSF training, formulating medium-term debt management strategies (MTDS), application of the Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) tool21, design of debt management reform plans, and knowledge generation training and outreach programs, including the Debt Managers’ Practitioners’ Program (DMPP) and the Debt Manager’s Network (DMN). This training is conducted in partnership with the IMF and with regional capacity building institutions. In FY14, more than 300 government officials were trained under Debt Management Facility (DMF)-supported training events.22 In addition, the e-learning DeMPA course was offered to about 100 debt managers and Central Bank officials in client countries. 31. Early evidence indicates that the programmatic approach to debt management capacity building is yielding positive results. The application of the DeMPA tool23 helps to track progress made and steps taken to improve debt management. Upgrades in legal frameworks, managerial structures, debt management strategies, evaluation, and debt recording are observed. A small number of countries developed the underpinnings of a sound debt management strategy by means of thorough cost-risk analysis and some updated legislation and improved managerial structures by introducing formal coordination mechanisms across debt management entities. 32. A key lesson learned from debt management technical assistance is the need for client ownership of capacity enhancement and a reform champion, rather than supply-driven capacity 21 The DeMPA helps to identify areas for debt management reform and capacity-building. 22 Participants came from Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao PDR, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Niger, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. 23 DeMPA uses a set of 15 performance indicators to cover the full range of government debt management functions. - 13 - building. Countries in which technical assistance on debt management has been integrated with public financial management (PFM) reforms and other lending activities have demonstrated more sustainable capacity for debt management. Training events have built participants’ knowledge and ability to utilize debt management tools, and promoted peer learning and knowledge sharing. 33. During IDA16, improvements were carried out on the DSF to enhance the framework’s robustness. The DSF has been reviewed on several occasions to better reflect changing circumstances in low-income countries. The most recent review in 2012, took a comprehensive look at all aspects of the DSF to assess the adequacy of the framework. To improve the robustness of the framework, the following changes were made: (i) guidance on how to incorporate remittances into DSAs were been updated; (ii) revision of the thresholds for debt service to revenue, the present value (PV) of debt to the sum of exports and remittances, and debt service to the sum of exports and remittances; (iii) introduction of benchmarks for total public debt to GDP to help determine when to conduct a deeper analysis of public domestic debt; and (iv) countries with significant vulnerabilities related to public domestic debt or private external debt, or both, are now assigned an overall risk of debt distress that flags these risks. In addition, the discount rate approach has been changed to a uniform rate from a commercial interest reference rate (CIRR)-based variable rate. The discount rate is used to calculate the present value (PV) of external public debt in low- income countries in DSAs and the grant element of individual loans. The CIRR-based discount rate system was complex, created anomalies, and significant operational difficulties. In view of these shortcomings, the Bank and the Fund have shifted to a uniform discount rate. The new discount rate was set at 5 percent, a level broadly aligned with the discount rate previously used for calculating the grant element of long-term US dollar-denominated loans. 34. The NCBP is an integral part of IDA’s broader dialogue with authorities, and focuses on the debt burden impact of external non-concessional borrowing. This policy supports the dialogue with the authorities on how to balance debt sustainability with the developmental component of non-concessional financing. Non-concessional financing can be an important source of financing for the development needs of IDA countries, which can be a useful complement to concessional financing, and can in particular help address the infrastructure gap in low income countries. During IDA16, 11 countries have been reviewed in the context of the NCBP.24 An exception to the policy was granted for non-concessional loans in the following countries: Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kyrgyz Republic, Madagascar, Sao Tome and Principe, and Zambia. Furthermore, in cooperation with country authorities, non-concessional debt ceilings were set for Cameroon (4½ percent of GDP and tied to specific projects) and Ethiopia (a three-year ceiling, in principle, totaling roughly 2 percent of GDP per annum, with annual ceilings tied to priority sectors of the government’s Growth and Transformation Plan). The Bank has also monitored ceilings in other countries that were under IMF arrangements. In addition to addressing the demand side (borrowers), the NCBP also relies on engaging with the supply side (creditors). During IDA16, active creditor outreach included an ongoing dialogue with the Export Credit Group of the OECD, which has developed its own Sustainable Lending Guidelines, the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and other creditors. One of the regular avenues of information sharing is the LendingToLICs@worldbank.org email account, which is widely used to obtain information on individual countries, fiscal coverage and projects. Lastly, outreach associated with the DSF contributes to a broader application of the debt sustainability framework by creditors and assessments of what is likely to constitute prudent borrowing. 24 Burundi, Chad, Ethiopia, Madagascar and Zambia had more than one case. - 14 - CHAPTER 2: THE IDA16 LENDING AND NON-LENDING PROGRAM Demand from IDA recipients for IDA resources was very strong during the IDA16 period and all available resources were committed. Notably, more that 50 percent of regular replenishment resources went to the Africa region, in line with the substantial development challenges there. Five countries graduated from IDA to IBRD at the end of the IDA16 period; repayments on IDA credits from these countries will now support the remaining IDA countries. The disbursement ratio fell below the IDA16 Performance Standard of 25 percent, with the exception of disbursements to FCS, which reached 29 percent in FY14. IDA’s lending was underpinned by a substantial portfolio of non-lending advisory and analytical work. 35. Eighty-two countries were eligible to receive IDA resources during the IDA16 period, three more than during IDA15.25 One country (Azerbaijan) had graduated at the end of IDA15, and there were four new countries, including South Sudan, which became an independent state during the period, and three Pacific Island countries, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Tuvalu. Of the 82 countries, 59 were “IDA-only”, and 23 were “blend”, meaning that they receive resources from both IDA and IBRD. The number of blend countries increased substantially, up from 16 during the IDA15 period, reflecting the improved economic outlook for many IDA countries.26 36. Seventy-six of the IDA-eligible countries accessed IDA funding in the course of the IDA16 period. IDA did not make commitments in six countries during the IDA16 period: Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Zimbabwe, which had IDA credits in non-accrual status; Cambodia (where a Country Engagement Note is currently under preparation) and Vanuatu. 37. At the end of IDA16, five countries graduated from IDA to IBRD: Angola, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, and India. Graduation from IDA is a key measure of development progress, and is normally triggered when a country’s income has exceeded IDA’s operational cut -off for a period of time, and the country is able to secure adequate amounts of resources for its development from IBRD and other sources. The graduation of these five countries during IDA16 brings the total number of IDA graduates to 33. IDA’s Commitments during IDA16 38. During the IDA16 period, total commitments reached a record US$53.3 billion, including US$49.9 billion in regular IDA16 resources, and US$3.4 billion in recommitted funds cancelled from projects approved under previous replenishments. The commitments comprised: credits (US$44.4 billion), grants (US$7.5 billion) and guarantees (US$1.4 billion) for a total of 595 new operations. This represented a 19 percent nominal increase over the US$44.8 billion committed during IDA15 (Annex 4). IDA-only countries accounted for US$33.0 billion (62 percent) of commitments. Blend countries received US$20.3 billion (38 percent). Ten countries accounted for 63 percent of the commitments.27 39. With an improved debt sustainability outlook for several IDA countries, there was a corresponding decrease in commitments on grant terms. As a share of commitments, grants went from 18 percent in IDA15 to 14 percent in IDA16. 25 Eligibility for IDA resources is determined based on two criteria. First, relative poverty defined as per capita GNI below a set threshold, and lack of creditworthiness needed to access IBRD resources or resources from other commercial resources. 26 New blend countries include Angola, Cameroon, Mongolia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. 27 India (US$6.8 billion), Vietnam US$4.4 billion), Bangladesh (US$4.3 billion), Pakistan (US$4.1 billion), Nigeria (US$4.0 billion), Ethiopia (US$3.7 billion), Kenya (US$2.0 billion), Tanzania (US$1.7 billion), Uganda (US$1.2 billion), and Mozambique (US$1.1 billion). - 15 - 40. Lending to all regions increased in IDA16, with the Africa region (AFR) Figure 10: IDA16 Commitments by Region maintaining the largest share (Figure 10). Total ECA 4% LCR 3% MNA 1% commitments for Africa amounted to US$25.8 or 48 percent of total IDA16 commitments; when resources cancelled from existing projects and recommitted to new projects are excluded, this EAP 11% share increases to 51.7 percent. Overall, commitments to AFR increased by 17 percent, AFR 48% from US$22.0 billion in IDA15. Sixty-six percent of the region’s commitments went to 10 countries.28 South Asia (SAR) maintained the second largest SAR 33% share of commitments, at 32 percent (US$17.8 billion, compared to US$15.2 billion in IDA15); East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) experienced a substantial increase, from US$4.5 to US$5.9 billion; Europe and Central Asia (ECA) commitments increased from US$1.7 to US$1.9 billion; Latin America and the Caribbean (LCR) received US$1.3, up from US$0.9 billion, largely due to the exceptional CRW allocation of US$500 million to Haiti; and Middle East and North Africa (MNA) commitments increased from US$509 million to US$528 million. 41. By sector, the largest share of commitments supported infrastructure and the Figure 11: IDA16 Commitments by Sector social sectors (Figure 11). IDA significantly Info and increased support for infrastructure (US$21.6 communication, 1% billion or 41 percent of IDA16 commitments) as Law and Public Administration, compared to IDA15 (US$17.1 billion or 38 percent Industry and 21% share). Energy and mining accounted for 16 percent Trade, 4% Transportation, 12% of IDA16 commitments; transport for 12 percent; water, sanitation and flood protection for 12 Water Sanitation percent; and information and communication and Flood technology (ICT) for 1 percent. The social sectors Health and Protection, Social 12% (health and education) accounted for US$11.1 Services, 11% billion, or 22 percent of IDA16 commitments, down Agriculture, Fishing, and from 25 percent in IDA15. Commitments in the Forestry, social sectors were evenly split between health and 10% other social services and education (11 percent Energy and each). Agriculture, fishing and forestry accounted Mining, 16% Education, 11% for 10 percent of commitments; law and public Finance, 3% administration for 21 percent and finance for 3 percent – all relatively unchanged from IDA15. IDA also provided significant support to finance (3 percent), and industry and trade (4 percent). The thematic breakdown of the commitments are presented in Table 5 in Annex 4. 28 Nigeria and Ethiopia (each, almost US$4.0 billion), Kenya (US$2.0 billion), Tanzania (US$1.7 billion), Uganda (US$1.2 billion), Mozambique (US$1.1 billion), Ghana (US$956 million), Burkina Faso (US$910 million), Democratic Republic of Congo (US$814 million), and Rwanda (US$585 million). - 16 - 42. By instrument type, investment lending (US$45.0 billion or 84 percent of commitments) continued to account for the largest share of commitments. The largest share of investment lending commitments supported infrastructure sectors, with US$7.3 billion (16 percent) for energy and mining, US$6.3 billion (14 percent) for transport, US$5.6 billion (13 percent) to water, sanitation and flood protection, and US$283 million (1 percent) for ICT. Education, and health and other social services, each had commitments of US$5.4 billion (11 percent). Law and public administration accounted for US$7.3 billion (16 percent). Detailed breakdowns are provided in Table 3 of Annex 4. 43. Development policy operations (DPOs) accounted for US$6.3 billion or 12 percent of total commitments, down from 16 percent in IDA15. The decline partly reflected a tapering off of demand from a peak in the immediate aftermath of the global food, fuel and financial crises and the subsequent global economic slowdown. Public sector governance continued to dominate the thematic composition of DPO commitments under IDA16, accounting for about half of all prior actions, followed by finance and private sector development, social protection and risk management, and environment and natural resource management. 44. Support through the new Program for Results (PforR) instrument accounted for US$2 billion (4 percent) of commitments. The PforR operations supported law, justice and public administration (58 percent); water, sanitation and flood protection (26 percent); transportation (10 percent), and health and social services (7 percent). 45. IDA also made significant commitments under its special windows, including for regional projects through the Regional Integration Program and for crises and emergencies through the Crisis Response Window (CRW). Commitments for regional projects totaled US$4.35 billion, up from US$2.5 billion committed during IDA15. This very substantial increase was made possible in part due to a reallocation US$473 million of unutilized CRW resources at the time of the IDA16 Mid-term Review in November 2012. Over three fourths of regional resources supported projects in AFR, and of these, more than 50 percent were committed to FCSs. From the CRW, commitments in response to crises reached US$937 million, committed to 10 countries in five regions. 46. Recommitments of resources cancelled from existing projects grew substantially, from US$0.5 billion in IDA15 to US$3.4 billion in IDA16. Cancelled resources typically come from projects that are either not performing or where recipient governments have determined that the resources could be used better for other purposes. Since the Cancellation and Recommitment Policy was introduced in 2009, use of this option has increased dramatically as countries look to increase the effectiveness of their IDA resources. - 17 - IDA Disbursements during IDA16 Figure 12: IDA16 Disbursements by Region 47. Total IDA16 disbursements increased by 15 percent over IDA15, to a total of US$35.6 billion. Disbursements for investment operations SAR 28% increased by 22 percent to US$29.1 billion, while DPO disbursements decreased by 10 percent to US$6.4 billion. Disbursements for PforRs totaled US$140 million. Ten countries accounted for 59 percent of disbursements (Annex 4). The Africa region accounted for the majority of IDA disbursements in IDA16, representing more than EAP half (51 percent) the total IDA disbursements 13% (Figure 12). In the Africa region, disbursements for investment operations, DPOs, and PforRs AFR amounted to US$14.7 billion, US$3.3 billion and 51% ECA US$81 million, respectively. Ethiopia (US$2.5 4% billion), Nigeria (US$2.2 billion), Tanzania LCR (US$1.7 billion), and Kenya (US$1.1 billion) 3% MNA accounted for the largest shares of disbursements in 2% the region. 48. The annual IDA disbursement ratio for investment operations 29 decreased from an Figure 13: IDA16 Disbursements by Sector average of 24 percent in IDA15 to an average of Info and 22 percent in IDA16. While this results was communication, 1% Law and Public below the IDA16 Performance Standard of 25 Industry and Administration, percent, the trend increased towards the end of Trade, 4% 22% FY14 to 23.6 percent, up from 22 percent at the IDA16 Mid-Term Review. For FCSs, the increase Transportation, 15% was more marked, increasing from 25 percent at the IDA16 Mid-Term Review to 29.2 percent at Health and the end of FY14. The total IDA undisbursed Social Water balance increased from US$44 billion at the end of Services, 14% Sanitation and Flood IDA15 to US$54 billion at the end of IDA16, Protection, reflecting the record high level of new 9% commitments. Despite the rise in the undisbursed Agriculture, balance, the average ratio of undisbursed balances Energy and Fishing, and Mining, 12% Forestry, 9% to the total IDA portfolio increased only marginally, from 62 percent in IDA15 to 63 Education, 11% percent in IDA16. By sector, infrastructure and the Finance, 3% social sectors accounted for the highest share of disbursements (Figure 13). By instrument, annual disbursements for IDA investment operations increased to an average of US$9.7 billion in IDA16, up from US$8.0 billion per annum in IDA15. 29 The IDA disbursement ratio for investment operations represents the ratio of IDA investment disbursements in a fiscal year to IDA undisbursed investment balance at the start of the fiscal year. - 18 - IDA’s Non-lending Knowledge Portfolio 49. IDA’s non-lending portfolio, including its Advisory Services and Analytical (ASA) work, played an important role in informing policies, programs, and country strategies; designing financing operations; and empowering clients to implement reforms and improve development actions. ASA was also IDA’s main channel for communicating knowledge to the broader development community. The composition of ASA was adjusted to address emerging issues as country situations and client needs evolved. Examples of ASA work are highlighted in this section as well as in other parts of the report including in the discussions of the special themes and in the sector profiles. 50. During the IDA16 period, the Bank produced close to 1,900 ASA products for IDA-eligible countries of which 1,008 tasks (valued at US$244.4 million) targeted individual IDA countries (Figure 14). In addition, the Bank supported some 850 activities addressing a range of strategic and advocacy issues at the global and regional/subnational levels that were relevant to IDA-eligible countries. Figure 14. Regional Breakdown of Delivered ASA in IDA-eligible Countries* (FY12-14) 500 $300 # of Activities Cumulative Expense in $ mn 399 400 $200 300 280 200 141 131 $100 100 87.8 36 82.3 40.1 21 23.1 7.8 3.2 0 $0 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Source: Business Intelligence. *Only single country tasks are included. Excludes tasks that are Regional/Global in nature which may include IDA- eligible countries. Regional breakdown is by geographic mapping. 51. Technical Assistance (TA) and Economic and Sector Work (ESW) accounted for over 90 percent of the ASA activities. The other product lines supported included impact evaluations, programmatic approaches and external training. 52. An estimated 23 percent of all ASA activities in IDA countries were in FCSs (Figure 15). Focusing on the need for a better understanding of these countries’ political, social, and governance contexts, IDA continued to carry out ASA in spite of serious constraints such as poor data availability and low statistical capacity. Leading sectors were Public Administration Law and Justice, Health and Other Social Services, followed by Finance and Education. - 19 - Figure 15. Distribution by Region and FCS/non-FCS of Delivered ASA*(FY12-14) 500 FCC Non FCC 400 129 300 49 200 270 14 16 231 100 127 115 6 30 13 0 8 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Source: Business Intelligence. *Only single IDA country tasks are included. Excludes tasks that are Regional/Global in nature which may include IDA-eligible countries. Regional breakdown is by geographic mapping. 53. IDA continued to improve the effectiveness of ASA by sharpening the linkages between ASA and country programs, and by providing upstream analysis to support future lending operations. Examples of activities that informed the design of country lending are described in Box 1. Box 1. Activities that Informed Country Operations Pakistan. The Country Economic Memorandum (CEM-Towards Accelerating Growth) informed the design of the US$500 million Power Sector Reform DPC which aimed to help restore the financial viability of the electric power sector and reduce the burden on public sector finances. Nepal. A Financial Sector Support TA and an ongoing FSAP informed the design of the: Financial sector stability DPC -l to help Nepal accelerate its financial sector reform program to reduce the vulnerability of the banking sector and increase its transparency. The Poverty Assessment in Bangladesh (FY12) informed the design of the US$300 million Bangladesh Income Support Program for the Poorest project. Tanzania. A Public Expenditure Review prepared with development partners provided the analytic underpinnings for the Eleventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit Program PRSC-11, supporting Tanzania’s Second National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty. Madagascar. A Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) informed the design of the Madagascar – Reengagement Development Policy Operation, which aims to help solidify improvements in public sector efficiency and transparency. 54. Throughout IDA16, the need for statistical capacity building received high level attention. At Box 2. Good Practice in Gender-Informed Country Strategies, FY12-14Box 1. Activities that Informed the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (Busan Korea, December 2011) the World Bank and PARIS21 launched the five-point Busan Action Country Operations Plan for Statistics (BAPS). BAPS aims to improve national strategies Pakistanto . better statistics, The Country make data Economic more available Memorandum and accessible, (CEM-Towards and find Accelerating innovative Growth) ways informed theto collect, design disseminate, use data and million of the US$500 Sector evidence-based to improve Power decision-making Reform DPC which and accountability. aimed to help restore the financial viability of the electric power sector and reduce the burden on public sector finances. 55. IDA continued to provide financial and technical assistance to improve national statistics Nepal. A The strategies. Financial Sector Statistics forSupport TA Results and an Catalytic Facility ongoing FSAP Fundinformed (SRF-CF) design of larger-scale theprovided the: Financial sector to support stability DPC -l to eight IDA countries including Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and of help Nepal accelerate its financial sector reform program to reduce the vulnerability the the Lao banking sector and increase its transparency. People's Democratic Republic. The Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Building (TFSCB) extended support TheIDA to 22 countries, Poverty including Assessment Myanmar, in Bangladesh (FY12)Senegal, South informed the Sudan, Madagascar, design of Chad,Bangladesh the US$300 million Benin, and Togo, to Income Support Program for the Poorest project. Tanzania. A Public Expenditure Review prepared with development partners provided the analytic underpinnings for the Eleventh Poverty Reduction Support Credit Program PRSC-11, supporting Tanzania’s Second National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty. Madagascar. A Debt Management Performance Assessment (DeMPA) informed the design of the Madagascar - 20 - improve aspects of their statistics. IDA countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States also benefited from a Bank-managed Statistical Capacity Building Program established during IDA16 with funding from the Russian Federation. IDA supported poverty data collection and analysis at the country-level and improved coordination and consistency at the regional level. Lack of comparable data within and across countries and over time, remains an important challenge. Staff in IDA countries continue to work at both the national and regional levels to tackle this challenge during IDA17. 56. The production of high-frequency crisis monitoring data and analytics continues to be an important area of innovation. Since 2010, IDA has supported country counterparts in using mobile phones to facilitate the collection of household data in remote areas of Honduras, Nicaragua, Tanzania and South Sudan. Based on this experience, IDA is exploring the application of these technologies to labor force surveys and to fragile environments such as Tajikistan, Somalia, South Sudan, and the Ebola-affected countries. 57. With other partners, IDA supported the Accelerated Data Program. This program provides technical and financial support to survey data documentation and dissemination to statistical agencies in IDA countries. As of June 2014, 48 IDA countries had received training and support to improve data collection, management and dissemination of household surveys. To promote access and use of these data, an online catalog of surveys was developed, and includes more than 1,850 surveys from IDA countries.30 58. IDA supported efforts to improve the availability and quality of sex-disaggregated and gender-relevant statistics. A new methodology to collect asset ownership data from a gender perspective was developed and targeted technical assistance was provided to IDA countries to integrate gender into their national statistics systems. For example, gender statistics training on international best practices was provided to statisticians in Rwanda and Vietnam and the Ethiopia’s Central Statistics Agency received support to analyze surveys from a gender perspective. A global review of survey questionnaires was conducted to assess how gender issues are covered in household surveys. A total of 1,500 survey questionnaires have been reviewed, including 577 from surveys conducted in IDA countries. The outcome of this assessment was published on-line as the “Gender Navigator”, an interactive meta -database.31 The project aims to support research to identify gaps in the coverage of gender-related issues in data collection activities. 59. In addition to knowledge services, IDA also provided other non-lending services, such as support for catastrophic risk coverage. IDA intermediated on catastrophic risk coverage for five Pacific Island nations in calendar years 2013 and 2014 with notional maximum payout amounts of US$45 million and US$57 million respectively – an important contribution to addressing the climate change risks faced by small and vulnerable island nations. This support was provided as part of the Pacific Countries Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI), a pilot program that involved the risk transfer of disaster risk insurance coverage from several countries to the capital markets using weather hedges, intermediated by IDA. PCRAFI pilot tested the catastrophe risk models, the risk appetite of international reinsurers for Pacific catastrophe risks, and demonstrated the viability of pooled Pacific catastrophe risk insurance. The pilot paved the way for the IDA-financed regional Pacific Resilience Program (PREP) approved in IDA17 to strengthen Pacific Island countries’ resilience to natural disasters. 30 http://catalog.ihsn.org/ 31 http://datanavigator.ihsn.org/. - 21 - CHAPTER 3: IDA’S PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS IN CORE SECTORS AND CROSS-CUTTING AREAS The following chapter highlights the strategic directions and priorities of IDA support across different sectors, grouped under Infrastructure, Agriculture, Social Sectors, Private Sector Development and Trade and Cross-Cutting Areas. Across these sectors, IDA made important contributions to the efforts of IDA countries to achieve the MDGs and their overall development goals, including by linking them with regional and global development initiatives.32 60. A key comparative advantages for IDA is its cross-sectoral reach, allowing it to support countries in key sectoral and thematic areas, while taking account of regional and global development goals. IDA resources are not earmarked for particular sectors, and the choice of specific sectoral investments are made through consultations with clients on the basis of sector strategies and analysis which help shape specific country sector interventions. IDA support also helps to shape, and in turn benefits from, regional and global development dialogue and initiatives. IDA thus works in close partnership with other development partners at the country, regional and global levels. 61. During the IDA16 period, the sector programs provided an important platform to operationalize the overarching theme, “Delivering Development Results”, including through integration of the IDA16 special themes as well as other priorities such as regional approaches. The following section highlights the strategic directions of IDA support across different sectors. Profiles of the different sectors with examples of key thematic areas of focus including treatment of special themes, regional interventions and partnerships are presented in Annex 9. They also highlight performance of the portfolio and examples of results in each of the sectors. Infrastructure 62. Access to electricity, improved water services and sanitation, all season roads, telecommunication, and internet services are still key constraints in many low-income countries, for some population segments in middle-income countries, and in fragile states. During IDA16, IDA increased its support for access to basic infrastructure services and growth guided by the WBG Infrastructure Strategy FY12-15. Most of the increase in infrastructure lending went to the energy sector, primarily to hydropower and other low-carbon forms of power generation. Commitments to water and sanitation were also stepped up with a focus on water supply and sanitation services for households and businesses; irrigation services to intensify agricultural production and to raise rural incomes; drought resilience and flood management for climate change adaptation and managing uncertainty; conservation of quality freshwater resources and ecosystems; and large scale trans-boundary investments in Africa. In the transport sector, the majority of funds financed rural and inter-urban roads, with increase also for urban transport and railways. These investments aimed to provide access to jobs, education and healthcare and connecting goods and services to markets. 63. In response to strong client demand, financing for infrastructure accounted for US$21.6 billion or 41 percent of total IDA16 commitments, a substantial increase from US$17.1 billion in IDA15. Within the overall infrastructure commitments, US$8.6 billion supported energy operations, US$6.5 billion to transportation, US$6.2 billion to water supply and sanitation, and US$308 million to ICT. Africa was the largest recipient (51 percent), followed by South Asia (30 percent), East Asia and Pacific (13 percent), Europe and Central Asia (3 percent), Latin America and Caribbean (2 percent), and Middle East and North Africa (1 percent). 32 There may be differences in sectoral ratings discussed in this chapter as compared to ratings in the aggregate tables in chapter 5 due to definitional and timing (period covered) differences. - 22 - 64. Energy and Extractive Industries. The Bank’s Energy Sector Directions Paper, Towards a Sustainable Energy Future for All,33 issued in 2013, aims to achieve universal access while doubling progress on energy efficiency and renewable energy by 2030. In line with this strategy, IDA16 lending commitments for the energy and extractives sector amounted to about US$8.6 billion, with the Africa and South Asia regions accounting for 45 and 43 percent, respectively. Most of the lending was for investment projects, primarily hydropower and other low-carbon forms of power generation, as well as transmission and distribution operations. Sub-Saharan Africa – which faced high energy costs, low access, low supply, large-scale woodland loss, and land degradation from unsustainable consumption of biomass – accounted for a significant share of IDA’s energy lending. Operations included regional power generation and transmission, harnessing Africa’s abundant geothermal, hydro, gas, and renewable energy resources. Power sector reforms in Vietnam and Pakistan were supported with DPOs of US$100 million and US$600 million, respectively. IDA guarantee commitments amounted to US$1.4 billion. In Kenya, IDA guarantees (US$166 million) and MIGA insurance (US$275 million) leveraged US$623 million for four Independent Power Producers (IPP), to expand installed capacity in the country by 20 percent. IDA financing of US$82 million supported Cameroon’s US$350 million Kribi Gas Power Project. Close to US$2 billion in IDA financing supported regional integration projects (West African Power Pool, Eastern Electricity Highway, Regional Rusumo Fall Hydroelectric, and CASA-1000). IDA’s other areas of focus included (i) smart subsidies to boost affordability and targeting; (ii) capacity building of sector institutions involved in national programs; (iii) power sector planning and utility performance; (iv) demand-side management and energy efficiency programs including solar, efficient cook stoves, time-of-use tariffs, load control, and smart metering for efficient consumption; and (v) promoting sustainability of biomass supply. IDA also continued to assist resource-rich low-income countries and fragile states to improve the transparency, sustainability and development impact of their extractive industries, with a focus on governance (management of revenues and strengthening administration and accountability) and sustainable inclusion (promoting economic and social linkages). IDA worked through innovative global programs such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) to support policy reform (in FY14, at least four DPOs included EITI). 34 Except for the East Asia and the Pacific region, all regions saw an increase in the size of their portfolio. Renewables and energy efficiency projects accounted for nearly half of the energy portfolio and were also addressed in climate resilience projects. The main challenges for improving the energy sector resilience are to harden energy infrastructure, strengthen preparedness and emergency response plans, and develop financial protection solutions. 65. IEG has evaluated 49 IDA operations in the energy sector that exited during IDA16. The share of projects with outcome ratings of satisfactory were at 70 percent, with a high of 78 percent in FY12, and a low of 58 percent in FY13. The riskiness of the IDA energy portfolio peaked in FY13 in terms of number of projects at risk, and the number of projects with proactivity actions35 also went down in FY13, but both indicators improved in FY14, when the number of operations with proactive actions accounted for about 60 percent of problem projects. 66. Water Supply and Sanitation. Water security is emerging as a critical risk for IDA countries which was reflected in a substantial increase in commitments for the sector from US$4.3 billion in IDA15 to US$6.2 billion in IDA16. IDA investments in the sector provided 26 million people with access to improved water source and 4 million with access to improved sanitation in the course of the replenishment period. Still, although the global MDG target on improved access to water was met in 2010, there remained a great need to reduce urban-rural disparities and to serve the 780 million people without 33 http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SDN/energy-2013-0281-2.pdf. The approach mirrors the goals of the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative co-chaired by the United Nations and the World Bank. 34 In 2014, the Bank accounted for 60-70 percent of all global technical assistance for reforms in extractive industries. 35 Proactivity actions include actions to upgraded, restructure, suspend, close, or partially (20 percent plus of commitments) or fully cancel projects that have been rated as actual problem projects 12 months earlier. - 23 - access (and the additional 100 million who could lose access as a result of the global economic crisis). Greater water variability had large impacts on other sectors, especially agriculture and energy. With regard to sanitation, with only 63 percent of the global population having access to improved sanitation infrastructure, and 2.5 billion still lacking access, no IDA country met the MDG target on sanitation. Finally, in the wake of the economic crisis, there was a greater need to bring innovative financing options, leverage private investment and build public sector capacity to manage funds. 67. IDA’s approach to these challenges was guided by the World Bank’s two strategies – the Water Sector Strategy (2003), and the Water Supply and Sanitation Business Plan (2003). In 2010, a Mid-Cycle Implementation Progress Report (MCIPR), Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate, recommended improvements to the strategies: more integrated approaches to infrastructure; new technologies for results- based decision-making; a greater emphasis on climate adaptation and mitigation, and managing risk; scaling up hydropower and water efficiency; and more support for low-cost sanitation. Subsequent programs took more account of the broader food-water-energy nexus and the need to promote water’s role in inclusive green growth as well as management of uncertainty and risk. 68. Lending for water and sanitation focused on infrastructure and support to service delivery institutions. In Malawi, IDA contributed US$170 million to the US$450 million National Water Service Development Program, and funded the preparation of the Water Sector Investment Plan. In India, the IDA- funded Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project adopted a sector-wide and community-driven approach to improve access to rural water supply and sanitation services. In Vietnam, the Red River Delta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project provided access to clean water in four provinces through community-based approaches. The portfolio performance in the sector was mixed; while the disbursement ratio increased from 20 percent (IDA15) to 23 percent (above the Bank average), the number of problem projects increased slightly though this was mitigated by an increase in proactivity reflecting greater realism and active management of the portfolio. 69. Transport. The transport sector is essential to driving economic growth and reducing poverty by providing access to jobs, education and healthcare and connecting goods and services to markets. IDA’s work in the sector is guided by the World Bank’s Transport Business Strategy for 2008-2012.36 The strategy stressed the need for safe, clean and affordable transport in five key strategic directions: (i) create the conditions for increased support for transport investment and governance; (ii) deepen engagement in the roads and highways subsector; (iii) increase engagement in the urban transport subsector; (iv) diversify engagement in transport for trade; and (v) transition to cleaner, greener mobility solutions to combat climate change. 70. Total IDA16 commitments in the transport sector amounted to US$6.5 billion, of which the construction and rehabilitation of rural and inter-urban roads accounted for US$4.7 billion. While still accounting for the majority of IDA transport lending, the share of lending for roads decreased from 76 percent in IDA15 to 63 percent in IDA16, whereas the share of lending for other modes of transport increased. In particular, urban transport accounted for 16 percent of total IDA16 transport commitments (US$1 billion), up from 10 percent in IDA15, followed by the railway and aviation sectors. Projects in these subsectors included the Tanzania Central Railway Project (US$300 million), co-financed by JICA; and the Kenya Transport Sector Support Project (US$203 million), which supported reconstruction of the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport following a fire. IDA also supported regional transportation projects to promote regional integration; for example, the Nepal-India Regional Trade and Transport Project (US$99 million) aimed at modernizing transport and transit arrangements between the two countries. The largest share of commitments went to Africa and South Asia, to address challenges such as limited access to all- 36 Safe, Clean, and Affordable… Transport for Development. The World Bank Group’s Transport Business Strategy for 2008- 2012.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291- 1211381200616/Transport_Business_Strategy _web.pdf - 24 - weather roads; high private transportation costs, which limited connectivity of the bottom 40 percent; and large investment needs, including to ensure the climate resilience of transport infrastructure. Overall, IDA supported the construction or rehabilitation of 38,000 kilometers of roads in FY14 compared to 34,000 in FY12. 71. The growing active lending portfolio was accompanied by rising disbursement ratios. For example, in Africa, where IDA’s net commitments rose from US$5.8 billion in FY12 to more than US$8.2 billion in FY14, the disbursement ratio rose from 15 percent to 25 percent over the same period. IEG has evaluated a total of 35 IDA transport projects that exited the IDA portfolio during FY12-FY14, with only 10 evaluations completed for FY14. The satisfactory overall average of 71 percent, is in line with Bank averages. While the IDA16 average for transport projects is lower than for IDA15 (85 percent), it represents a rebound in satisfactory outcomes ratings, from 58 percent in FY12 to 80 percent in FY14, returning to historically high outcome ratings for transport projects. 72. To expand access to basic infrastructure, IDA also continued to leverage multi-donor partnerships such as the Global Partnership on Output-based Aid (GPOBA). The GPOBA supports the provision of results-based financing to expand access to basic infrastructure, in conjunction with investment lending and PforR operations financed with IDA16 resources. The subsidies are provided through recipient executed grants to support access to basic services in 20 IDA countries, primarily in the energy, water and sanitation sectors. GPOBA has also provided technical assistance to examine the feasibility of components of IDA projects to be structured as results-based financing and for designing disbursement-linked indicators for PforR operations. 73. Information and Communication Technology. IDA’s support to development of the ICT sector was based on the three pillars of the WBG’s ICT strategy (2012-2015) which aims to transform delivery of basic services, drive innovations and productivity gains, and improve competitiveness:37 (i) innovate – develop competitive IT-based service industries and foster ICT innovation across the economy, with a focus on job creation, especially for women and youth; (ii) connect – scale up affordable access to broadband internet, including for women, disabled citizens, disadvantaged communities, and people living in remote and rural areas; and (iii) transform – make development more open and accountable, and improve delivery of education, health and financial services. 74. IDA committed US$308 million in new ICT lending over the IDA16 period. Priority support in the sector focused on (i) strategic policy, regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements for private investment to support broadband access for all; (ii) mainstreaming ICT across sectors to promote new and innovative technologies; and, (iii) leveraging near-shoring, offshoring and online/on-demand outsourcing of ICT-enabled services – for mass access to digital jobs and incomes, youth and women’s empowerment, and growth of services exports and GDP. Reflecting the growing impact of and demand for ICT-informed solutions, the ICT portfolio under implementation continued to grow during IDA16, rising from an active portfolio of US$940 million in FY12 to US$1.02 billion in FY14. 75. The ICT portfolio was largely centered in the Africa region, and by volume was focused mainly on telecommunications infrastructure. With IFC and other partners, IDA funded a 10,000 km submarine cable system linking South Africa with Sudan, via landing points in Mozambique, Madagascar, the Comoros, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia and Djibouti. In the small island countries of the Pacific and Caribbean, IDA supported fiber optic broadband infrastructure to connect these nations to the global economy. In the OECS (St. Lucia, Grenada, Dominica and St. Vincent and the Grenadines), the IDA-funded eGovernment Regional Integration Project (US$9 million) supported pooled procurement and implementation of ICT applications in public financial management, tax and other areas, leading to savings and efficiency gains throughout the region. IDA also supported telecommunications regulatory reform in 37 The strategy reflects rapid changes in the ICT sector over the last decade, such as: a dramatic increase in use of mobile phones and the Internet; plunging prices of computing and mobile internet devices; and the increasing prevalence of social media. - 25 - Marshall Islands and Kiribati. In Samoa, Tonga, and the Federated States of Micronesia, IDA provided financing to lay submarine cable systems, in addition to supporting regulatory capacity building, to improve broadband access.. The portfolio grew throughout the IDA16 period and its quality remained strong, with very few problem projects and projects at risk. Disbursement ratios, largely driven by the Africa portfolio, remained relatively stable. Agriculture 76. Agriculture is a key sector for IDA countries, where large poor populations live in rural areas and work mainly in farming. It can raise incomes, improve food security and benefit the environment. IDA’s policy agenda included the long term need to develop an agricultural system to feed the world’s population, improve nutrition and raise incomes and employment as well as the short-term urgent need for scaled-up action amplified by recurrent spikes in global food prices, increasingly variable climate, and lag in achieving the MDGs on nutrition. IDA is one of the largest financiers of agriculture and related sectors38 in very poor countries, with commitments totaling about US$7 billion during the IDA16 period. IDA’s policy agenda and lending to agriculture were shaped by: (i) the need to feed the world’s 9 billion people by 2050, raise the levels and resilience of incomes and employment for the world’s poor (78 percent live in rural areas and depend on agriculture), and encompass sustainable and efficient environmental footprint services; (ii) recurrent spikes in global food prices, increasingly variable climate, and lag in achieving MDGs on nutrition; and (iii) the World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (WDR), which called for scaling up investments in agriculture, with a focus on five areas: (i) raising productivity and resilience through better land and water management and improved technologies; (ii) linking farmers to markets and strengthening value chains through improved infrastructure, ICT, post-harvest handling, and access to finance; (iii) facilitating rural non-farm income through improvements to the rural investment climate; (iv) supporting risk management mechanisms, and improving women’s access to resources and opportunities; and (v) enhancing environmental services and sustainability through support to better management of livestock systems, forests and oceans, and carbon capture in agriculture. The WBG also emphasized the need for climate-smart agriculture (adaptation and mitigation); private sector responses, including increasing IFC’s agribusiness investments; agriculture risk management; gender mainstreaming; attention to nutritional outcomes; the use of landscape approaches, including projects that combine agriculture, water, forestry, and biodiversity complementarities; and, governance – addressing political and institutional constraints to agricultural performance and land tenure governance. 77. Investment project financing accounted for 93 percent of total IDA16 commitments to agriculture and related sectors. The largest shares of the funding went to AFR (50 percent) and SAR (36 percent), followed by ECA and EAP (6 percent each). By sub-sector, the largest shares went to irrigation and drainage (31 percent); general agricultural components (22 percent); agriculture research and extension, agro-industry, markets and trade, and public administration in agriculture (each 10 percent or more); and animal production, crops and forestry (8 percent, 5 percent, and 2 percent, respectively). Country examples include the Malawi Community-based Rural Land Development Project, which contributed to increased farm productivity; the Rwanda Second Rural Sector Support Project, which supported rehabilitation of marshland and increased rice production; and, the Ethiopia Pastoral Community Development Project III, where IDA accounted for 57 percent of development assistance for agriculture. IDA also committed a total of US$33 million from the Crisis Response Window to fund agriculture and fisheries in Samoa, Djibouti and Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the IDA16 period, the average project disbursement ratio was 23 percent. Thirteen percent of agricultural projects were in problem status. Proactivity in addressing problem projects stood at 74 percent on average. Of the 40 agricultural projects that exited the lending portfolio during IDA16, 88 percent were rated satisfactory by IEG – eight percentage points higher than the IDA 38 Includes projects components coded as: Agriculture Extension & Research; Agro-Industry Markets & Trade; Animal Production; Crops; Forestry; General Agriculture; Irrigation & Drainage, and; Public Administration-Agriculture. - 26 - performance standard of 80 percent. The Bank’s performance at entry was rated as 70 percent satisfactory, while the performance of supervision was rated as 90 percent satisfactory. Finance, Private Sector Development and Trade 78. During IDA16, IDA provided strong support for private sector-led growth, from working to deepen investment climate reforms to building robust financial systems and expanding access to finance for the poor. Given wide-ranging client vulnerabilities, IDA supported strengthening of financial sector oversight and banking sector regulation, and deepening of capital markets. IDA’s support for trade development was guided by the 2011 World Bank Trade Strategy,39 and emphasized a stronger emphasis on the strategic use of new instruments, partnerships and collaboration mechanisms to exploit synergies across IDA sectors and regions. 79. Support for private sector development (PSD) during IDA16 included stronger collaboration across IDA, IFC and MIGA. The Finance and Private Sector Development (FPD) Global Practice pilot promoted synergy and complementarity in facilitating access to a broad range of financial services for businesses and households. An IEG evaluation of Bank-IFC cooperation at the Country Strategy level found that 71 percent of CASs in IDA countries from FY12-14 referenced cooperation with IFC, although the nature of country-level cooperation varied significantly.40 80. Total IDA commitments for trade, finance and industry increased in IDA16 compared to the IDA15 period. IDA financing for Industry and Trade increased to US$2.08 billion, from US$1.83 billion in IDA15. IDA lending for the Finance sector grew by 9 percent during IDA16, from US$1.39 billion in IDA15 to US$1.49 billion. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia accounted for the majority of the lending for finance, industry and trade. 81. IDA continued to provide highly customized support, tailoring each work program to align with particular regional and country priorities. In Africa, where there was an increasing need for job creation, concern about food stability, and a low fiscal space and uncertain investment environment, IDA supported skills development, a more competitive agribusiness sector and select infrastructure. In MNA after the Arab Spring, when there were increasing pressures for employment and inclusion, combined with a higher level of risk, which discouraged private investment, IDA supported SME programs, financial inclusion, competitive industries, and innovation. In South Asia, IDA supported work on value chains, innovation and competitive industries, and SMEs. In the aftermath of the global crisis, clients also demanded strong IDA support for building resilient financial systems. Across sub-sectors, IDA support was mainly for banking, microfinance, small scale enterprises and housing finance. Some financial sector lending also went to health, transport, energy, ICT and central government administration. 82. Over the IDA16 period, IEG reviewed 27 projects, 59 percent were rated satisfactory, lower than the Bank average (compared to IDA15 period in which 63 percent of projects were rated satisfactory). Quality at entry and Bank supervision were also rated lower in IDA16 compared to IDA15. Emphasis on portfolio monitoring and quality increased in IDA16: the Proactivity Index for projects focused on financial systems and markets was 94 percent, higher than the Bank average of 70 percent for the IDA16 period. IEG reviewed two trade-related IDA projects that exited during FY 2012-2014 – one was rated satisfactory, and one unsatisfactory. With the significant increase in the number of Trade and Competitiveness projects during the period, the number of problem projects also increased, from six to 13 and the percentage of projects at risk from 25 to 33 percent. There was increased attention to portfolio 39 http://imagebank.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2011/06/03/000333037_20110603002333/Rende red/PDF/613980BR0Revis0e0only0900BOX361476B.pdf 40 “Past and Future: Bank-IFC Cooperation at the Country Strategy Level (World Bank, IEG: Washington, 2015). - 27 - management and quality during the period as reflected in an increase in proactivity from 50 percent in FY12 to 60 percent in FY14. Social Sectors 83. Education. Acquiring the basic skills necessary for work and life, ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity depend on more and better investments in quality education and learning. The WBG is a global leader in education, especially in building evidence for a systems approach to education reforms and investments, and IDA’s education priorities were shaped by the WBG Education Strategy 2020, Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development, and by evolving demand from clients. The strategy emphasizes the need to “invest early, invest smartly, and invest for all.” During the IDA16 period, there was (i) an increased focus on learning outcomes, with a number of IDA countries participating in assessments; and (ii) increased demand for the skills agenda and post-basic education, with increasing primary enrollment and completion rates leading to unprecedented demand for places in secondary and tertiary education. Among the results achieved, IDA supported recruitment and/or training of 900,000 teachers. In Afghanistan, IDA supported the Enabling Quality Improvement Project (EQUIP), which helped to increase girls’ enrollment to 2.7 million from less than 200,000 in 2002, and boys’ enrollment to about 4.4 million from less than a million. In Mongolia, IDA supported the Rural Education and Development (READ) project, which established 3,560 classroom libraries in all 383 rural primary schools, trained more than 4,000 rural primary teachers and almost 400 school directors, and set up a local professional development network consisting of 95 core schools and 178 mentor teachers. Another IDA priority area was Early Childhood Development (ECD), where a growing number of impact evaluations demonstrating positive impacts led to increasing numbers of IDA countries requesting support in ECD. IDA also collaborated closely with the Global Partnership for Education (GPE), and supervised about 80 percent of the GPE-financed projects in IDA countries. 84. Commitments increased for both primary education (from US$738 million in FY12 to $1.2 billion in FY14) and for tertiary education (from US$7million in FY12 to US$285 million in FY14). There was increased support for closing gaps in learning outcomes through effective student learning assessment systems; skills and post-basic education and early childhood development. IDA also carried out two key global-level analytical activities:  Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER), launched in 2011, aimed to help countries accelerate Learning for All through the use of evidence-based cross-country experience and research-based comparable analytics41 to strengthen education system policies and institutions. By end of FY14, SABER was engaged in more than 132 countries, with over 50 percent of the application of SABER tools in IDA countries.  The STEP Skills Measurement Program,42 launched by the Bank in 2010, was based on research which found that skills needed for productivity and economic growth require a sequenced combination of education, training, and labor market activities. Since the STEP program was launched in 2012, 18 countries have adopted the STEP framework to help guide the preparation of diagnostic work on skills, and subsequently the design of policies across sectors to create productive employment and promote economic growth. 85. The IDA16 portfolio performance was solid. Disbursements for the period amounted to $2.7 billion, with annual disbursement ratios of 36 percent for FY12, 25 percent for FY13 and 32 percent for FY14, well above the IDA average of 22 percent. Actual problem projects decreased from 26 percent in 41 SABER’s analyses of education systems has so far covered 10 policy domains: ECD; Education Resilience Approaches; School Finance; School Health and School Feeding; Student Assessment; Teachers; Workforce Development; Education Management and Information Systems; Engaging with the Private Sector; School Autonomy and Accountability. 42 STEP: Skills Toward Employment and Productivity. - 28 - FY12 to 14 percent in FY14. Similarly, the percentage of projects at risk decreased from 34 percent in FY12 to 23 percent in FY14. According to IEG, education projects rated “Satisfactory” increased from 53.3 percent in FY12 to 60 percent in FY13. Evaluations of several more FY14 project exits need to be finalized, but as of April 2015, 57 percent of education projects exiting the portfolio during IDA16 were rated “Satisfactory” for outcomes achieved. 86. Health, Nutrition and Population. High levels of child, maternal, and adult mortality – along with widespread malnutrition and persistently high fertility – remain primary constraints to development in many IDA countries. Fragmented and poorly functioning health care systems deny opportunities for health to the populations in greatest need; they also impoverish 100 million people annually due to payments made by those who fall ill. Access to quality affordable health, nutrition and population services is thus central to ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. IDA assisted countries work towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) with a focus on improving outcomes and systems performance; financial sustainability; governance, accountability and transparency; and, financial protection to prevent families from falling into poverty due to illness. 87. Efforts toward achieving the health MDGs43 focused on expanding access to family planning and reproductive health; preventing HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases; and scaling up support for early childhood nutrition. Implementation of reproductive health-related activities was guided by the Bank’s Reproductive Health Action Plan (RHAP) 2010-2015. Between July 2010 and June 2013, new CASs or ISNs for 36 IDA countries with a high maternal mortality ratio (MMR) or high total fertility rate (TFR) incorporated reproductive health; and 70 percent of HNP projects in countries with high MMR or TFR included a reproductive health focus. IDA’s direct financing for maternal and early childhood nutrition programs more than doubled between FY13-14 and FY11-12, from US$220 million to nearly US$470 million. Work also accelerated on multi-sectoral approaches to improve nutrition (i.e., the Benin Multisectoral Food Health Nutrition Project). IDA also took a multi-sectoral approach to financing HIV/AIDS projects in countries such as India, Kenya, Malawi, Vietnam and Nigeria. In Malawi, IDA supported the rollout of a voluntary male medical circumcision intervention program. In Vietnam, a joint IDA and DFID-supported HIV/AIDS harm reduction program had a significant impact on policy and capacity for HIV prevention, and reduced the HIV burden in female sex workers (FSW) and people who inject drugs (PWID). IDA-financed national social protection programs in more than 20 countries increased safety nets for AIDS orphans and played a major role in HIV prevention, as demonstrated by a series of randomized controlled trials. 88. IDA also expanded its results focus with support from the Health Results Innovation Trust Fund (HRITF). Over the past five years, US$2.4 billion from IDA and US$420 million from the HRITF supported results-based financing (RBF) programs in 32 countries, including Zambia, Cameroon, Rwanda and Afghanistan. These programs improved health service utilization and quality, and enhanced equity, transparency and accountability in health services delivery. 89. Overall, the size of the IDA commitments for HNP themes for the FY12-FY14 period was US$3.5 billion dollars. Commitments increased significantly in FY13 to over US$1.6 billion, mainly for health system strengthening and for HIV/AIDS, with a large proportion of the funds going to the innovative HIV/AIDS project in India. Most commitments were for investment projects; however, two PforR operations were approved: Ethiopia Health MDG Support for US$100 million in FY13, and Moldova Health Transformation for US$31 million in FY14. IDA contributed to a number of results across the sector: 138.9 million children were immunized; 44.4 million women received ante-natal care during a visit to a health provider; and 258.4 million people received essential health, nutrition and population services. 43 Universal Health Care is the most equitable and sustainable way to achieve these goals/health outcomes. - 29 - 90. Portfolio Performance. The disbursement ratio remained strong at 24.5 percent, though proactivity was below the Bank’s target of 80 percent during IDA16, at 62.5 percent for FY12 and FY14 and 75 percent in FY13. While the percentage of actual problem projects increased, 80 percent of HNP IDA projects exiting the portfolio during IDA16 were rated satisfactory by IEG. With regard to quality at entry, 69 percent of FY12-14 exits were rated satisfactory (60 percent for all IDA). 91. Social Protection and Labor. Many people in IDA countries risk slipping into poverty due to shocks – both systemic (natural disasters, economic crises) and specific (such as job losses or illness). Well-designed modern social protection systems are proven to be both effective and efficient at lowering current and future poverty, and need to be flexible enough to buffer both systemic and specific shocks. IDA’s support for social protection and labor was guided by the World Bank Group’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012-2022, aimed at helping countries move from fragmented social protection and labor programs to more harmonized systems. In line with that strategy, IDA helped countries to design social protection and labor programs that promote resilience by insuring against risk; increase equity by protecting against poverty and catastrophic loss of human capital; and, create opportunity through investment in children and youth, skills, and support to connect the poor to jobs. In Honduras, the IDA-supported Bono Mil Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Program provided regular CCTs to 30,413 families during the FY12- 14 period. A 2013 impact evaluation of the program in rural areas found a 3 percent reduction in poverty among beneficiaries (in the context of increasing poverty nationwide), a 7 percent increase in consumption, a 2.8 percent increase in primary school enrollment and a 2.6 percent increase in visits to health centers for children aged 0-3 years. 92. During IDA16, US$3.91 billion was committed to Social Protection and Labor (SPL) projects in IDA countries, outpacing lending to IBRD countries (US$1.44 billion) and reversing a longstanding trend. The Africa region44 witnessed the fastest expansion in IDA-supported safety nets activities. The bulk of the support was for new or improved national safety net programs (Cameroon, Nigeria, Mozambique, Mali and Tanzania). Some countries built on their crisis management efforts to enhance their safety nets systems (e.g., Pakistan, Rwanda, Bangladesh, Honduras, Tajikistan and Kenya). IDA also completed an analysis of social safety nets in the MNA region,45 and played an important platform role by leading the Joint (UN/EC/WB) Social and Economic Assessment (JSEA) of Yemen to measure the impact of the 2011 political crisis. IDA subsequently supported emergency social safety nets programs, labor intensive works, and institutional and technical capacity in the country. 93. IDA also leveraged strong multi-donor partnerships46 to deepen and reform a number of national social protection and labor systems, 47 using its range of instruments including DPOs (Rwanda), PforR (Kenya), and investment lending to decentralized levels (Ethiopia). Notable innovative approaches in SPL developed during IDA16 include the new Social Protection Assessment and Results of Country Systems (ISPA), launched jointly with development partners, which aims to capture the three levels of systems development: policy, program and administrative. Projects have improved in quality indicators while maintaining a steady commitment volume. The number of problem projects decreased from 19 in FY12 to 12 in FY14, proactivity increased from 38 percent in FY12 to 79 percent in FY14, while total commitments amounted an average of US$ 1.8 million per fiscal year during IDA16. Performance at entry improved from 75 percent (FY12) to 80 percent (FY14), while its performance at supervision declined from 100 percent in FY12 to 80 percent in FY14. The key factors affecting project 44 A new strategy, “Resilience, Equity and Opportunity: Africa Social Protection and Labor Strategy.” (2012) was finalized for the Africa region. It was characterized by a move from programs to integrated SPL systems. 45 “Inclusion and Resilience: The Way Forward for Social Safety Nets.” 46 In the case of the Ethiopia Promoting Basic Services Program Phase III Project raised more than US$2.6 billion of donor commitments in the addition to the IDA US$600 million financing. 47 Examples of such countries are Democratic Republic of Congo, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, among others. - 30 - implementation in the practice have been country conditions and overambitious projects. Efforts are underway to encourage more realistic projects and simplified projects in difficult country contexts. Progress on Selected Cross-cutting Themes 94. Environment. In 2012, the WBG launched a new Environment Strategy, with a Green Agenda encompassing sustainable management and conservation of natural resources, a Clean Agenda calling for cleaner air and water to foster healthy and productive living, and a Resilient Agenda that entails being prepared for shocks and adapting effectively to climate change. In line with the strategy, IDA is working with the rest of the WBG to pilot innovative financial instruments for disaster risk management, as well as low-carbon and climate-smart development strategies. 95. IDA16 lending for environment and natural resource management (ENRM) was more than double the amount committed during IDA15. Commitments in ENRM covered water resource management (58 percent); climate change (a special theme of IDA16, discussed in detail in the Special Themes section; 21 percent); land administration and management (11 percent); pollution management (4 percent); environmental policies and institutions (3 percent); biodiversity (1 percent); and other areas (3 percent). Investment lending accounted for 94 percent and the Africa region received 49 percent of total commitments. 96. The Environment Strategy identified specific challenges and approaches at the regional level. These challenges were more severe in IDA countries:  In Africa, priority was given to improved governance of natural resources and protected areas, with the goal of improving people’s food, income, and livelihood security, while encouraging job- creating private sector investment.  In South Asia, IDA focused on increasing the resilience of ecosystems, infrastructure and highly vulnerable areas through strengthening of institutions, capacity, and knowledge systems for mapping hazards and developing world-class coastal zone management.  In East Asia and Pacific, IDA supported investments to increase resilience to sea level rise and the effects of weather-related disasters.  In Europe and Central Asia, IDA focused on enhancing energy supply with an emphasis on clean energy options, cleanup, containment and remediation of land, and ground and water pollution.  In MNA, where pollution is threatening cities, waterways, and shared seas, IDA’s focus was on a regional approach to pollution management and shifting to cleaner sources of energy and smarter approaches to industrial and urban development.  In the Latin America and Caribbean, IDA is supporting work in adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk management.48 97. IDA also supported a resilience agenda in most regions to mitigate the impacts of sea level rise and weather-related disaster on vulnerable coastal populations and agricultural areas. IDA is part of the WBG effort to pilot innovative financial instruments for disaster risk management, as well as low-carbon and climate-smart development strategies. IDA has supported a number of disaster risk management projects in Dominica, Honduras, Haiti, Saint Lucia and Guyana, among others. 48 Toward a Green, Clean, and Resilient World for All. World Bank Group Environment Strategy 2012–2022. The World Bank Group, May 2012. - 31 - 98. Governance. IDA engagement at the country level was in line with the Bank’s revised Governance and Anti-corruption (GAC) strategy,49 which aimed to mainstream governance in all Bank operations and deploy new approaches to increase transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. During IDA16, the GAC portfolio was broadened and diversified, reflecting the priority given to creating an enabling environment for achieving effective development outcomes. Eighteen governance projects were approved, with a total commitment of more than US$750 million, a 40 percent increase in the number of projects and a 30 percent increase in the commitments over IDA15. The Africa region accounted for the largest share of the portfolio totaling US$606.5 million, followed by SAR (US$90.5 million). The GAC agenda moved beyond a focus on the core systems of government to embrace a more comprehensive approach as it sought to incorporate new actors in the dialogue about reform, from institutions of accountability such as parliaments, ombudsman offices and anticorruption agencies, to more explicit engagement with a wide variety of private sector actors and civil society organizations. New objectives, such as facilitating transparency, participation and accountability, were added to the traditional goals of efficiency, effectiveness and fiscal sustainability. In addition, new approaches, particularly those involving information and communications technologies, were employed to facilitate this broader outreach and stakeholder engagement 99. IDA also continued to be engaged in global programs such as the Affiliated Networks for Social Accountability (ANSA), aimed at strengthening social accountability and demand for good governance via transparency and citizen participation. Five projects in the AFR and SAR regions with a commitment of US$ 226.5 million, were at risk during IDA16. This is in comparison to the IDA15 period in which commitments worth US$355 million were at risk. Improvements were also noticed with respect to the country PFM and procurement systems. The implementation status ratings for progress towards achievement of the PDOs were ‘Highly Satisfactory or Satisfactory’ for 50 percent of ongoing projects. For ‘overall implementation progress’, 44 percent of ongoing projects were rated ‘Highly Satisfactory’ or Satisfactory by the IEG. 100. Social Development. The IDA16 work program for Social Development was based on the Bank’s strategy for Social Development adopted in 2005 and updated in 2011. The four business lines of focus included: (i) social sustainability of the portfolio, including increased attention to safeguards; (ii) poverty and social analysis to ensure inclusion of women, indigenous peoples50 and youth); (iii) response to fragility and conflict or violence-affected situations; (iv) social dimensions of climate change; (v) demand for good governance and citizen engagement; and (vi) a portfolio of Community-Driven Development (CDD) projects. The Bank is updating and consolidating social and environmental safeguard policies to enhance protections for the poor and for the environment, and ensure inclusive access to development benefits. Knowledge work included preparation of the flagship report Opening the Black Box: the Contextual Drivers of Social Accountability of 2014. 101. Urban Development. IDA16 support for urban development was underpinned by the Bank’s Urban and Local Government Strategy, Systems of Cities: Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation (2009) and by the World Development Report 2009 on economic geography. These knowledge products emphasized the benefits of urbanization, driven by rising productivity, fluid labor markets, and greater market access. 49 The World Bank (2012). “Strengthening Governance, Tackling Corruption: The World Bank’s Updated Strategy and Implementation Plan.” 50 For example, the World Bank is continuing to deepen its understanding of Indigenous Peoples issues and needs at the country and regional levels through analytical studies carried out in partnership with bilateral donors and research institutes that will improve the design and implementation of projects and programs that involve Indigenous Peoples and through direct dialogue with indigenous leaders and their representative Indigenous Peoples Organizations and global for a such as United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). - 32 - 102. To help ensure that countries reap the benefits of urbanization, IDA invested in the key ingredients of well-functioning, livable cities: basic service delivery, infrastructure, housing, reducing urban poverty and slum upgrading, and urban planning. In Africa, IDA invested in strategic infrastructure in large cities; basic infrastructure in secondary cities; upgrading of informal settlements; and strengthening of city governance and financing institutions. In West and Central Africa (Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea), several projects contributed to the decentralization process by supporting efforts to improve service delivery while strengthening the capacity of local governments through municipal audits and municipal contracts. In East Africa, Tanzania continued to implement projects in both large and secondary cities, while improving structural reforms. In Djibouti, IDA provided two grants to the Urban Poverty Reduction Project (2009-20014), which were key to the project’s success in increasing access to basic economic and social infrastructure and community development opportunities for the poor residents of the Quartier 7 neighborhood of Djibouti City. IDA also supported the implementation of Urbanization Reviews in eight countries, in collaboration with government counterparts and development partners such as DFID and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). Support was also provided to other regions. In Vietnam, assistance from IDA and other development partners supported social and infrastructure needs, including through policy reforms, improving the country’s business environment and innovation. The Vietnam Urban Upgrading Project, implemented in four large cities (Nam Dinh, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho), upgraded more than 200 low-income neighborhoods, constructed 500 km of tertiary drains and 580 km of tertiary roads; and provided direct water connections for 550,000 households and 44,000 micro loans to poor households for housing improvement. In total, the project benefitted about 2.5 million poor urban residents. 103. Land Tenure. The food crises of 2008, 2010, and 2012, as well as continuing food price volatility, underscored the vulnerability of the world’s food system and its direct links to land tenure security. During IDA16, the focus was on (i) making land tenure more secure and improving access to credit of small farmers; (ii) protecting indigenous land use rights; (iii) protecting environmentally sensitive lands; (iv) supporting peace and conflict mitigation; (v) demonstrating the viability of community-based approaches in securing access to land for the poor; and (vii) helping women achieve equal treatment in obtaining land rights. IDA also assisted countries in formulating and building participatory national strategies to rationalize land rights and land use in a prioritized and well-sequenced manner. Underlying these efforts, IDA supported systematic land surveying and titling programs that recognize all forms of land tenure. IDA actively collaborated with UN agencies, bilateral donors, and civil society organizations on governance and land tenure issues. - 33 - CHAPTER 4: PROGRESS ON IDA16 SPECIAL THEMES The IDA16 replenishment period focused on strengthening IDA’s support for four frontier special themes. For “gender” and “climate change”, IDA focused on mainstreaming key actions into country strategies and operations while also advancing global knowledge and dialogue. For “fragile and conflict-affected countries”, IDA enhanced both its operational and financial support. IDA also established a dedicated “Crisis Response Window” which provided support to a number of countries facing crisis during IDA16. This chapter also highlights IDA’s Regional Integration Program, which complement the development efforts of IDA countries with regional projects and programs that amplified their impacts. Accelerating Progress on Gender Mainstreaming and Gender-Related MDGs 104. IDA countries have made significant Box 2. Good Practice in Gender-Informed Country progress in advancing gender equality in Strategies, FY12-14 recent years, though challenges persist. In 2013, the ratio of girls to boys in primary and The Nepal CPS drew on a 2013 Gender and Social secondary education had risen to 95 percent Exclusion Assessment that provided practical guidance on how to mainstream gender equality and social (from 94 percent in 2010), while the primary inclusion in seven key service delivery sectors – completion rate rose slightly to 81.2 percent for agriculture, education, forestry, health, irrigation, rural girls and 84.4 percent for boys (from 80 percent infrastructure, and rural and urban water supply and and 84.3 percent in 2010). In women’s health, sanitation. In this fragile state, gender was integrated figures for 2013 show that the maternal mortality into each component of the CPS results framework, with ratio was 354 deaths per 100,000 live births, a very specific targets (for example, the number of rate that, while still unacceptably high, has women-owned SMEs). decreased from 2010 when it was 396. And the The Malawi CAS for FY13-FY16 identified access to labor force female to male participation ratio was education, financial markets and income opportunities 58.2 percent, only marginally higher than the for rural women as priorities for enhancing gender baseline of 58 percent in 2010). equality. In line with this strategy, the Malawi Social Action Fund provided income opportunities through the 105. The World Development Report on Community Savings and Investment Promotion Fund, “Gender Equality and Development” which which helped more than 27,200 beneficiaries, 65 percent was completed during the first year of IDA16, of them women; and prioritized public works to reduce provided a strong impetus to advancing the women’s regular work burden. Further, the recently gender mainstreaming agenda. The WDR approved Skills Development Project aimed to increase argues that gender equality is a core development access, market relevance, and gender responsiveness at objective in its own right, is smart economics, higher education institutions, and set targets for the proportion of female beneficiaries. can enhance productivity, and improve development outcomes for the next generation. It can also make institutions more representative. Box 3. ThinkEQUAL Campaign Box 3. ThinkEQUAL CampaignBox 2. Good Practice The strategic directions for operationalizing the Launched alongside the WDR, the 2012 Strategies, global in Gender-Informed Country FY12-14 findings of the WDR 2012 were outlined in a ThinkEQUAL campaign has been instrumental in raising companion document, including gender analysis and Nepal The CPS worldwide sustaining drew on a awareness 2013 Gender Social and gender about to inform country policy dialogue; enhanced Exclusion Assessment that provided equality. As of February 2012, the #thinkEQUALpractical guidance on howhad hashtag mainstream to reached over 44 gender equality million people and social in English, country-level gender diagnostics; scaled up inclusion in seven key service delivery sectors – lending for domestic priorities; investing in French Spanish and Arabic, and had been mentioned agriculture, timesforestry, education, more than 20,000 health, irrigation, rural on Twitter. gender-relevant data and statistics; and infrastructure, and rural and urban water supply and leveraged partnerships.51 Following through on sanitation. In this fragile state, gender was integrated into each component of the CPS results framework, with Box 4. Regional Gender Action PlansBox 3. very specific targets (for example, the number of women-owned SMEs). ThinkEQUAL Campaign 51 “Implications of World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development for the World Bank Group ”. See also Launched The “Update on the Implementation of the Gender Equality Agenda Malawi alongside CAS at the World Bank the 2012 for Group,” FY13-FY16 WDR, the identified September 21, 2012, global access to available ThinkEQUAL education, campaign financial and instrumental has been markets in raising income opportunities sustaining and rural for womenworldwide as prioritiesawareness about gender for enhancing equality. In of with Asline February 2012, the this strategy, #thinkEQUAL the Malawi Social had reached hashtagFund Action provided over 44 million income people through opportunities in English, the French Spanish Community and Arabic, Savings been mentioned and hadPromotion and Investment Fund, more than which 20,000 helped more than on times Twitter. 27,200 beneficiaries, 65 percent - 34 - these directions, the WBG has also stepped up monitoring of progress on its gender commitments through the IDA16 RMS, the Corporate Scorecard (CSC) and IFC’s FY13-15 Roadmap. A series of companion reports were also developed, applying the WDR 2012 framework at the regional, sectoral, and country levels (see Box 2). Finally, the ThinkEQUAL campaign was launched to raise awareness on gender equality (Box 3). 106. The IDA16 focus on mainstreaming was instrumental in moving this agenda forward in IDA strategies and operations. Gender was integrated into all 42 IDA16 CASs/CPSs. Each CAS/CPS drew on gender assessments and discussed their findings, and all but one included follow-up actions to address priority gender gaps, and included sex-disaggregated indicators in the results framework. In addition, six FCS CASs approved in FY14 reflected findings of gender assessments. The Somalia and South Sudan ISNs also included gender-relevant monitoring as part of their results frameworks. 107. The percentage of gender-informed IDA lending operations (integrating gender in at least one of three dimensions: analysis, actions, results framework) increased from a baseline of 69 percent in FY11 to 97 percent in FY14, surpassing the IDA16 RMS target of 60 percent. There was no significant difference between FY14 operations in FCS and non-FCS countries. IDA has strengthened the way projects address gender inequality, by going beyond a focus on gender analysis in the design of operations, to including actions that address identified gender gaps and gender-informed results frameworks to monitor impact. Operations incorporating gender in all three dimensions increased to 58 percent in FY14, from 27 percent in FY11. Since 2010, gender-informed operations across regions have increased considerably (Figure 16). The shares of gender informed IDA projects have risen sharply since FY10 especially for ECA (from 25 percent in FY10 to 95 percent in FY14), largely due to the consistent resolve of regional management to deliver on IDA16 gender commitments. Figure 16. Trends in Gender-Informed IDA Operations by Region (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SAR Source: Staff estimates. 108. There was marked improvement in mainstreaming gender in projects in most sectors, including previously lagging sectors. Social sectors such as health, education, social protection, and social development, have historically had a stronger gender focus, beginning in FY10 with 95 to 100 percent of projects gender-informed (Figure 17). Infrastructure sectors lagged behind, with 53 percent of transport projects, 70 percent for urban development and 67 percent of water projects were gender-informed. Due to institutional changes, operational guidance, corporate level regular performance monitoring and at:http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DEVCOMMEXT/0,,pagePK:64000837~piPK:64001152~theSitePK:27 7473~contentMDK:23276764,00.html - 35 - enhanced efforts (e.g., issuance of guidance notes on gender integration) of task teams in these sectors, there was a marked improvement, with almost all projects gender-informed by FY14. Figure 17. Comparing Gender Informed Projects by Sector (FY10–FY14) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% ARD ED EMT ENV EP GIC HE PO PS SDV SP TR UD WAT FY10 FY14 Source: Staff estimates. Sector acronyms: ARD-Agriculture, ED-Education, EMT-Energy, Mining, and Telecommunication, ENV- Environment, EP-Economic Policy, GIC-Global Information and Communication, HE-Health, PO-Poverty, PS-Public Sector, SDV-Social Development, SP-Social Protection, TR-Transport, UD-Urban Development, WAT-Water. 109. Evaluation of projects has found evidence of positive gender results; however, there is no systematic mechanism to capture performance during project implementation, and lessons learned from operations have not always been shared optimally across teams. Recent Implementation Completion Reports (ICRs) have shown that IDA financing has contributed to increased gender equality and narrowing gaps between men and women in project development outcomes. For example, the Yemen’s Basic Education Development Program addressed gender parity in basic education by focusing on activities to boost girls’ enrolment such as community participation to foster buy-in from families and a rural female teacher program. As a result, the gender parity index increased by 10 percentage points. 110. Regional Gender Action Plans (RGAPs) have been a key factor in the progress in addressing gender issues. By FY13, all regions were implementing a RGAP (Box 4). The RGAPs set out regional priorities and commitments to increase the number and quality of country-level gender diagnostics, and ensure that findings were reflected in CASs/CPSs and lending operations. Targeted, just-in-time support was provided to country teams as part of RGAP implementation. - 36 - Box 4. Regional Gender Action Plans The Africa RGAP improved gender equality through policy dialogue and operations informed by cutting-edge knowledge. In FY14, the region rolled out a roadmap for leveraging knowledge and action by using rigorous evidence. Support was also provided for gender portfolio reviews, for example, in Cape Verde, Chad, Guinea and Mali. Good practice for integrating gender into country strategies were shared through regional workshops. The EAP RGAP took a country-specific approach on gender, reflecting the diversity of countries. All EAP countries with CASs/CPSs in place (a total of 12) produced Country Gender Action Plans with specific targets and priority activities. In FY14, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Samoa and Kiribati joined the countries in EAP with Country Gender Action Plans and country gender monitoring frameworks that are linked to their CPS. The ECA RGAP priority themes included: women’s access to economic opportunities; high male mortality and, low ratios of females at birth in selected countries. Sub-regional gender focal points were appointed and engaged in CPS reviews. The region made progress on the implementation of different targets set in the RGAP. In FY14, the region was on target to achieve 75 percent for integration of gender into investment lending operations. The Portfolio Monitoring Group and Country Gender Focal Points coordinate with teams in early stages of project design. The LCR RGAP helped internal and external clients address gender inequalities through three pillars: (i) mainstreaming gender into CPSs and projects with a focus on lagging sectors; (ii) addressing priority areas of inequality, particularly quality of female employment, women’s agency (“the process of making choices and translating them into outcomes”)a/ and boys at risk; and (iii) gathering and sharing evidence on what works through the production of data, statistics and impact evaluations. In FY14, there was engagement and targeted gender clinics were held with staff. The region has also been at the forefront of the Bank’s interventions to address women’s agency. The MNA RGAP emphasized analytical work on gender, particularly on reducing disparities in economic opportunities, including through legal reforms. To deepen knowledge of what works, the action plan also relied on impact evaluations of targeted interventions to reduce gender disparities. The SAR RGAP applied a gender lens to regional work targeting both women and men as agents of change. The regional plan addressed persistent gender gaps with stand-alone projects and analytical work, integration of gender in operations and country strategies and capacity building for internal and external leadership on gender equality. In FY14, the region expanded its program on gender-based violence. A range of capacity building activities and targeted support was also delivered to country teams. In Pakistan, a comprehensive gender portfolio review was conducted to inform the CPS. a/ World Development Report 2012. Gender Equality and Development. p.55. 111. Reproductive Health. With a special focus on countries with high Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and high Total Fertility Rate (TFR), IDA implemented the “Reproductive Health Action Plan (RHAP)” Figure progresslending 18: Climate-related to accelerate toward commitments MDGs 4 and (US$m)Box 5.52 Since Regional 4.its launchGender in 2010, Action RHAP Plans has made notable progress in ensuring that sexual and reproductive health is reflected more prominently The Africa RGAP improved gender equality through policy dialogue and operations informed by cutting-edge in lending and technical In knowledge. assistance. rolled support Moreover, FY14, the region for Reproductive, out a roadmap Maternal, and for leveraging knowledge Newborn action byand Child using Health rigorous evidence. has (RMNCH) increased, Support with was also an additional provided for gender portfoliomillion US$700 reviews,in IDA for funding example, for results-based in Cape financing Verde, Chad, Guinea focusing on Good and Mali. MDGs 4 and practice 5; for and US$200 integrating million gender for women into country and strategies weregirls in the shared Sahel. through Under regional the RHAP, workshops. reproductive health profiles were developed to inform policy dialogue and lending with The EAP RGAP took a country-specific approach on gender, reflecting the diversity of countries. All EAP information on the countries with CASs/CPSs in place (a total of 12) produced Country Gender Action Plans with specific targets 5. country’s reproductive health status, constraints, and key actions to accelerate progress towards MDG and priority activities. In FY14, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Samoa and Kiribati joined the countries in EAP with Country Gender Action Plans and country gender monitoring frameworks that are linked to their CPS. 52 The HighECA MMR RGAP priority is defined themes as MMR ≥ 300 and TFR women’s included: based to access ≥ 3. This is on economic interagencyopportunities; estimates of MMRhigh inmale 2008 mortality and TFR data and, low ratios of females at birth in selected countries. Sub-regional gender focal points were appointed available in the World Development Indicators. In May 2012, the interagency figures for 2010 were released, which and have a engaged in CPS reviews. The region made progress on the implementation of different targets set revised burden on MMR. Comparing the new MMR data and corresponding TFR data, the number of countries with highin the RGAP. In FY14, MMR and the region high TFR has on target wasdeclined to achieve to 45. 75 percent Twelve countries havefor integration made of reducing progress on gender into their investment MMR or TFR lending or both to operations. below 300 and The3Portfolio Monitoring respectively. and Botswana, Group are: These countries Country Gender Focal Points Nepal, Cambodia, Laocoordinate with teams PDR, Philippines, in early Solomon Islands, of Guatemala, Bolivia, stages Honduras, Djibouti, Iraq, and Yemen. project design. The LCR RGAP helped internal and external clients address gender inequalities through three pillars: (i) mainstreaming gender into CPSs and projects with a focus on lagging sectors; (ii) addressing priority areas of inequality, particularly quality of female employment, women’s agency (“the process of making choices and translating them into outcomes”)a/ and boys at risk; and (iii) gathering and sharing evidence on what works through the production of data, statistics and impact evaluations. In FY14, there was engagement and targeted - 37 - As a result, all CASs in 44 high MMR and/or high TFR countries approved between FY11 and FY13 included discussions on reproductive health. 112. Projects addressing reproductive health have been increasing, with a greater focus on results- based financing. Seventy percent of all ongoing IDA health projects in high MMR/TFR countries now include reproductive health components or indicators. In Bangladesh, the Health Sector Development Project is providing more skilled-birth attendants and improving the nutrition of pregnant women and children. Data from several countries showed that results-based financing programs have increased coverage and quality of services and also have made health systems stronger. In Nigeria, support during 2011-2012 increased institutional deliveries from 9 percent to 39 percent, antenatal care visits from 16 percent to 77 percent, and quality of service provision at health facilities improved from 28 percent to 55 percent. The RHAPs helped develop countries’ capacity to achieve these results by appointing reproductive health focal points in all regions to act as reproductive health champions. 113. Gender Equality in Education. The education strategy, “Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development,” was completed in 2011 and supported the promotion of gender equality in the education strategy. The strategy, which guides the Bank’s education analytical and financing activities till 2020, lays out the agenda for achieving “Learning for All” in the developing world. The strategy helps promote gender equality by identifying where the disparities are widest, what factors explain them, and which interventions are most likely to be effective. The strategy focuses on a system approach, recognizing that improving education requires more than just increasing resources; rather, it requires strengthening all factors that improve learning for all children and youth. This approach was applied in Yemen’s Basic Education Development Program, which aimed to address gender parity in basic education. In response to challenges discovered during implementation, the project also added a rural female teacher program. As a result, gender parity index increased by 10 percentage points during the project lifetime, and approximately 34,000 girls from the most underprivileged rural households have benefited from conditional cash transfers tied to school attendance. 114. Integrating gender in IDA’s support to FCSs. Gender equality is being better incorporated in ISNs and FCS operations. Among FCSs, gender-informed performance (integrating gender in at least one dimension) equaled the Bank-wide averages for FY12 (79 percent), and FY13-FY14 (93 percent). Country strategies for FCSs also drew on gender analysis to improve quality of service delivery (e.g., the Nepal CPS) and in FY14 all the six country strategies (including two ISNs 53) fully integrated gender in their analysis, program actions and results frameworks. For example, the Yemen ISN recognizes that gender inequality poses a major challenge in the country. There has been a special focus on non-lending activities and policy dialogue, such as promoting civil society outreach with women's groups to increase participation in public policy debate. 115. Capacity-building on Gender Issues. The WBG has stepped up its effort to build the capacity of its staff and expand the knowledge base that also serve as a global public good. During the IDA16 period, enhanced efforts to build staff capacity and expand knowledge in gender mainstreaming yielded progress in three areas: (i) evidence base, for what works, from Gender Innovation Labs in AFR, LCR and SAR including over 40 impact evaluations across 20 countries on land rights, agriculture, private sector development, youth employment, and women’s voice and agency; (ii) South-South knowledge exchanges such as the WBI 5-module e-learning course based on the 2012 WDR, which trained more than 600 enrollees from 80 countries from all regions; and (iii) monitoring through gender-specific and sex- disaggregated indicators and gender-informed results frameworks. Core Sector Indicators (CSIs) are being used to track gender specific results of IDA operations. To date, 31 CSIs are disaggregated by sex, and projects with direct beneficiaries are required to track and report on the number of female beneficiaries. 53 ISNs – equivalent of country strategies in FCS countries have integrated gender considerations, although not mandated by OP/BP 4.20. - 38 - Sector specific indicators are also disaggregated by sex where relevant. For example, in 2012 CSIs were added for the agriculture sector and guidelines were issued with a range of gender-sensitive indicators required for investment projects.54 116. Results Monitoring. During IDA16, IDA tracked three indicators to measure IDA’s support to gender-based country outcomes. These included the percentage of safety nets projects designed to mitigate risk and vulnerability for women and girls, the percentage of agriculture and rural development operations that target women, and the percentage of health projects that address high fertility and maternal mortality.  Safety nets: Among the 60 IDA projects coded as supporting safety nets, 97 percent were gender informed and 68 percent specifically included analysis, specific actions for women and girls beneficiaries, as well as monitoring systems for these beneficiaries.  Agriculture and rural development: Of the 89 projects approved during IDA16, 73 or 89 percent included all three dimensions.  Health, population and nutrition: Of the 59 HNP projects approved in the countries with high MMR and/or high TFR between FY11 and FY13, 51 percent include a reproductive health focus. As for the ongoing HNP projects55 in countries with high MMR or high TFR, 70 percent include reproductive health (44 out of 63 currently active projects). 117. Finally, several IDA countries enhanced their country-level results monitoring systems including sex-disaggregated reporting of results indictors and tracking of key outcomes. Open India 2.0 is an example of an innovative results monitoring system that allows citizens access to data about WBG engagement in India, and to drill down to the state-level and identify gender informed projects and knowledge activities. Achieving Climate Resilient Development 118. Significant progress was made during IDA16 to support IDA countries’ efforts in building climate resilience. All IDA country strategies included a discussion on the vulnerability of the country to climate change. Climate change was discussed in 42 CASs/CPSs, 16 ISN and 23 CAS/CPS Progress Reports during IDA16. About 43 percent of CASs/CPSs also included discussions and actions on climate mitigation, such as energy efficiency solutions and improved forest and land management. They included analytical work, technical assistance and investment and policy lending. Although the risks posed by climate variability and change to development were recognized in all CAS/CPS documents, the quality and depth of the discussion varied. This was often due to limited knowledge at the country level. 119. Over the IDA16 period, IDA commitments with climate change co-benefits were US$4.2 billion. A methodology for tracking and reporting climate finance developed in collaboration with other MDBs indicates that IDA lending commitments supporting adaptation activities have averaged US$2.2 billion, while mitigation co-benefits have accounted for US$2.5 billion and US$0.53 billion provided both adaptation and mitigation co-benefits over the FY12-FY14 period (Figure 18).56 In cooperation with other development partners, IDA also made progress on monitoring climate change related to global financial flows to developing countries. As a first step towards developing resilience indicator(s), an approach to measure reduction in socio-economic vulnerability at the national level has been established. 54 “Gender Issues in Monitoring and Evaluation in Agriculture.” http://www.genderinag.org/sites/genderinag.org/files/Gender%20Issues%20in%20Monitoring%20and%20Evaluation%20in% 20Agriculture.pdf 55 As of the 2014 reporting. 56 As the same activity can provide both adaptation and mitigation co-benefits, the financing for adaptation and mitigation should not be added. - 39 - 120. IDA projects in climate sensitive sectors have included a Figure 18: Climate-related lending commitments (US$m) range of activities that address 3,500 2,941 climate risks, but also provide 3,000 opportunities to reduce emissions. Table 2,500 2. ASA on Climate 2,321 2,051 Change in IDA 2,328 2,334Countries 2,296 during Sectors such as power, transport and IDA16Figure 2,000 18: Climate-related lending commitments agriculture have incorporated climate 1,500 (US$m) resilience options as well as climate 1,000 mitigation considerations into project 500 design. In Afghanistan, the On-Farm Table 0 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA Countries during Water Management Project IDA16 Adaptation Financing Mitigation Financing (OFWMP) has been assisting in FY12 FY13 FY14 rehabilitation of destroyed irrigation canals and piloting improved water Box 5. Analytical and Advisory Activities Informed Policies and OperationsTable 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA management techniques to address risks of unreliable precipitation. In Uzbekistan, the Rural Enterprise Countries Support Project-II aims to increase productivity, IDA16Figure during and financial 18: Climate-related environmental lending sustainability of agriculture commitments (US$m) and the profitability of agribusiness under changing climate, whilst the Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation Project (supported by a GEF grant), promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies to agribusinesses and farms. The latter is also strengthening the capacity to improve degraded Table 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA Countries during irrigated land and water conservation. The Pilot Project for Climate Resilience (PPCR) also supported the IDA16Figure 18: Climate-related lending commitments IDA-funded Mozambique Roads and Bridges Management and Maintenance Program, which had a (US$m) Resilient Rural Road Infrastructure Component. 121. IDA also supported climate resilient and low emission policy development especially in highly vulnerable areas and populations. In Vietnam, a series of DPOs covered resilience of water resources; energy efficiency and climate change policies and institutional readiness. The DPOs complement investment operations.57 In Senegal, IDA is supporting management of water resources in a basin that is experiencing an increase in droughts, desertification and increased population migration. In India, IDA is supporting scaling-up of construction and improving multi-purpose emergency shelters and evacuation roads to increase resilience against cyclones, wind storms, flooding and storm surge in highly vulnerable coastal areas. 122. A total of 240 ASA activities which dealt with climate change were completed in IDA countries. Of these, about half were focused on adaptation to climate change and half on mitigation (see Table 2 and Box 5). The Turn Down the Heat (TDTH) series contributed to raising awareness of the potential impacts of climate change and contributed to the identification of climate sensitive sectors in various regions. 58 The Building Resilience 59 report focused on disaster risk management and climate adaptation. The Bank’s participation in the post-disaster needs assessment and analytical work, has informed operations in nine countries and contributed to mainstreaming of climate change in CASs/CPSs. 57 The Managing Natural Hazards Project, the Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project, and the Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Phase 2 Project. 58 The Turn Down the Heat reports, prepared for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics, provides snapshots of the latest climate science. The three reports warn that without concerted action, temperatures are on pace to rise to 4°C above pre-industrial times by the end of this century. The first report (2012), looks at the risks of a world 4°C or even 2°C warmer. The second (2013) examines the impact on Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia. The third (2014), finds that about 1.5°C warming is already locked in and explores the impact on Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. 59 World Bank, 2013. Building Resilience: Integrating climate and disaster risk into development. Lessons from World Bank Group experience. The World Bank, Washington DC - 40 - 123. In response to the capacity challenges and the need for Table 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA Countries during systematic assessment of the risks IDA16 Issues/Topic FY12 FY13 FY14 Total from climate, the IDA stepped up the development and Box 5. Analytical and Advisory32 Adaptation 39 Activities 46Policies117 Informed and dissemination of climate change related knowledge products. The OperationsTable 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA Mitigation 42 Countries during 33 IDA16 48 123 Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) provides climate Total for climate change 74 72 94 240 information, information on the likely impacts, and potential options Box 5. Analytical and Advisory Activities Informed Policies and for enhancing adaptation for about Operations 65 IDA countries. Other knowledge In Vietnam , the Climate Public Expenditure and Investment Review Both Adaptation and products and tools include: the open 10 (CPEIR) analyzed policy and institutional 15 and climate 9 structure 34 Mitigation included climate data initiative, and screening change expenditure for the period 2010-2013. It identified options for tools for assessing climate and scaling up while increasing coherence across sector policies and Single and only country Provinces 27 informed the Vietnam’s 28 Climate 2015 56 Change 111 and disaster risks in key sectors (agriculture, water, energy, roads Green Growth Response Program and the design and support of the Multi-country/regional Third Climate Change Development 47 Policy 44 Operation.38 129 and health). In the Africa region the report, “Across Cities in Africa” identified 124. IDA has strengthened collaboration with development partners 60 and stakeholders in the future challenges from climate change for urban water supply, implementation and evaluation of activities. and floodcoordination In Vietnam, sanitation management. has been done through the Support Program to Respond to Climate Change (SP-RCC) which is also supported through a DPO series. In In broader Pakistan, IDA supported the irrigation and East Asia , knowledge water resources products policycaptured best practices and institutional in climate framework for resilient measures for water resource management in coordinating activities and harmonizing the Agricultural Research Trust Fund (ARTF) and other bilateral water scarce areas and are informing development vision, management strategy and donor supported projects. In Nigeria (Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project) and Senegal (River Basin technical and institutional innovations. Climate Change Resilience Development Project), IDA supported adaptation and mitigation co-benefits. In Uzbekistan The support included: coordinated management of water, ASA supported: resources (i) that are development under pressure offrom energy an changing efficiency strategy and a policy for the manufacturing climate; increased migration of people due to worsening droughts and desertification; and, the possible sector; (ii) use prioritization of water investment plans of water for hydropower to meet irrigation, food production and energy generation needs. and strategies and a foundation for further dialogue; (iii) improved irrigation water 125. Despite progress during IDA16, many challenges management remain. Assessments (ASA on Strengthening outline some Irrigation Governance of the in Central challenges (Bank 2012 61 and IPCC 2013 62 ). (iv) Asia); identification Financing is neededof a forrange of climate improved resilient options hydro-meteorological systems; training for conducting risk and(“Looking the Horizon: How Beyond assessment; vulnerability Climate generation Change and use ofImpacts and geospatial information to inform investment design; Adaptation scaling-upResponses of energy Reshape Agriculture Willefficiency and renewablein ECA ”) which energy; and, improved land and water management. 63 At theUzbekistan’s informed global level, irrigation and horticult large gaps persisture projects.the scale of between development assistance needed to support At the global countries level, (both the least Bank’s policy developed advisory and island work states) program that on are highly 64 included developing a climate risk vulnerable to climate change in adaptation and available insurance relatedresources. instruments Capacity constraints are evident even insurance facility to address impacts associated with severe weather events and options for risk management. 60 Figure 19. Grants lead IDA Support to FCSsBox 5. Analytical Development partners include bilaterals such as UK, Australia, France, Germany and also multilateral development banks and Advisory Activities Informed Policies and OperationsTable 2. including ADB and AfDB. 61 ASA on Climate Change in IDA Countries during IDA16 World Bank. 2012. Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4° Warmer World Must be Avoided. A Report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics. 62 IPCC 2014: Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC - Summary for Policy Makers 63 2012 IEG report “Adapting to Climate Change: 5. Analytical BoxAssessing and Advisory the World Bank Group Activities Informed Experience”, Policies concluded and for the need Operations Table 2. ASA on Climate Change in IDA stepped-up action on climate-related capacity building and knowledge and application of tools for development. In addition, IEG also recommended developing approaches that consider long-run Countries during climate risks IDA16spatial scale. and at different 64 The World Bank Study on Economics of Adaptation estimated annual adaptation costs at US$70-100 billion, when only the direct impacts on infrastructure, coastal zones, water supply and flood protection, agriculture, fisheries, human health and forestry and ecosystem services under a 2 degree Celsius global warming scenario were considered. - 41 - in the face of multilateral and bilateral climate-related funds.65 There is also a clear upstream investment costs of climate resilient development66 and options to make infrastructure resilient to changes in frequency and intensity of climate-related extremes can impose significantly higher costs. Box 5. Analytical and Advisory Activities Informed Policies and Operations In Vietnam, the Climate Public Expenditure and Investment Review (CPEIR) analyzed policy and institutional structure and climate change expenditure for the period 2010-2013. It identified options for scaling up while increasing coherence across sector policies and Provinces and informed the Vietnam’s 2015 Climate Change and Green Growth Response Program and the design and support of the Third Climate Change Development Policy Operation. In the Africa region the report, “Across Cities in Africa” identified future challenges from climate change for urban water supply, sanitation and flood management. In East Asia, knowledge products captured best practices in climate resilient measures for water resource management in water scarce areas and are informing development vision, management strategy and technical and institutional innovations. In Uzbekistan, ASA supported: (i) development of an energy efficiency strategy and a policy for the manufacturing sector; (ii) prioritization of water investment plans and strategies and a foundation for further dialogue; (iii) improved irrigation water management (ASA on Strengthening Irrigation Governance in Central Asia); (iv) identification of a range of climate resilient options (“ Looking Beyond the Horizon: How Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Responses Will Reshape Agriculture in ECA ”) which informed Uzbekistan’s irrigation and horticulture projects. At the global level, the Bank’s policy advisory work program on insurance related instruments included developing a climate risk insurance facility to address impacts associated with severe weather events and options for risk management. 126. Given these challenges, IDA countries have to prepare for large-scale and transformational investments that maximize climate benefits whilst supporting sustainable growth patterns. Strengthening the evidence-base at national and sub-national level and identifying the effects on national budget, GDP, on the poor and their livelihoods and incomes is proving to be useful (for example in Zambia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Pakistan). This work is now included in the Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) in 14 countries during IDA17. Fragile and Conflict-affected States 127. While FCS67 only account for 6 percent of the world’s population, they are home to 20 percent of those living under US$1.25 a day.68 They comprise a significant share of IDA countries; of 82 countries that were eligible for IDA16 resources, up to 29 were classified as fragile during the IDA16 period (see Annex 6). 69 During IDA16, armed conflicts decreased while non-traditional violence (crime, ethnic violence, international terrorism) increased. New conflicts broke out again in Mali, South Sudan and Central African Republic and in the DRC, initial success against armed groups was reversed. These conflicts impacted development outcomes in the affected countries and had spillover effects on neighboring 65 For example, in Ethiopia and Zambia, 20 or so donors are actively supporting climate change programs and in Vietnam the number is even higher, reaching 80 donors in 2014. 66 2013 - Building Resilience. Integrating Climate and Disaster Risk into Development. The World Bank Group Experience 67 Fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) are defined as countries and territories that are either IDA-eligible with a harmonized average CPIA rating of 3.2 or less (or no CPIA) or in which there has been a UN and/or regional peace-keeping or peace-building mission during the past three years. 68 DECRG - PRR 2014 - Updated September 25, 2014 - PovCalNet - ICP2005-based 69 Three countries graduated from fragility during IDA16 (Angola, Georgia and Guinea), while five (South Sudan, Tuvalu, Madagascar, Malawi and Mali) joined the FCSs group. - 42 - countries and regions, for example, radicalization in Kenya and Nigeria. There were also positive developments during IDA16, including in Myanmar, which completed its process of re-engagement with IDA and the international community. 128. The IDA16 period was marked by enhanced attention to and support for FCSs. Important international efforts were launched, including the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and State- building (IDPS). The IDPS is a partnership comprised of donors, multilaterals (including the WBG), g7+ countries (20 countries), and civil society signed up to support the implementation of the New Deal framework launched in Busan at the end of 2011. In line with the recommendations of the FY11 WDR on Conflict, Security and Development, the WBG established the Center on Conflict, Security, and Development (CCSD) to strengthen WBG support to FCSs. Following the reform of the World Bank, the role of the CCSD was expanded as Cross-Cutting Solution Area for Fragility Conflict and Violence. 129. IDA also strengthened its support to FCS, including to manage a diverse range of issues, such as rapid response to external shocks (natural disaster, food stress, post-conflict re-engagement), governance reforms, social cohesion, violence prevention, youth employment and gender issues . Financial assistance to FCS also increased, with commitments in IDA16 reaching US$7.7 billion (one billion more than during IDA15). While the increased financing to FCSs is due primarily to the increase in IDA resources, the share of IDA financing to FCSs has increased steadily since IDA12. 130. Additional support for FCS was a consequence of changes IDA made to the Performance Based Allocation (PBA) Framework. The case-by-case approach to further extending exceptional support to eligible post-conflict and re-engaging countries was introduced.70 In addition, the criteria for IDA’s regional program was modified so that two countries can be eligible as long as one is an FCS. Nine FCSs received exceptional financing during IDA16, a reduction compared to 12 countries during IDA15. Extensive discussions on further increasing support to FCS were conducted during the IDA16 period; final recommendations were adopted in the IDA17 Replenishment Agreement, leading to an estimated 50 percent increase in support to FCS during the IDA17 period. 131. FCSs also accessed financing under the Figure 19. Grants lead IDA Support to FCSs CRW, pre-arrears clearance grants, and the IDA Regional Program. Haiti received a special CRW 3.5 allocation of US$500 million to support recovery Grants Credits Figure 3.0 19. Grants lead IDA Support to FCSs efforts after the 2010 earthquake, and as part of the re-engagement process in Myanmar, IDA provided 2.5 a US$80 million pre-arrears clearance grant and an 2.0 Figure 19. Grants lead IDA Support to FCSs US$ billion exceptional US$440 million re-engagement IDA 1.5 allocation in FY13. A number of FCSs (including Burundi, CAR, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC, Comoros, 1.0 Figure 19. Grants lead IDA Support to FCSs Liberia, Mali, South Sudan and Togo in Sub-Sahara 0.5 Africa, and a number of Pacific islands) received 0.0 financing amounting to US$710 million under the FY12 FY13 FY14 IDA Regional Integration Program. 132. A substantial improvement in the debt Source: Loan Kiosk and IDA staff’s calculations sustainability outlook in a number of FCSs led to a reduction in the share of grants for FCS from 75 percent in IDA15 to 60 percent in IDA16. In Loan Source:or FY12, 10 FCSs were assessed to be at high risk of debt distress in Kiosk and IDA staff’s debt distress calculations and therefore received IDA financing only in grant terms; this decreased to eight countries in FY14. The average grant element financing to FCSs averaged 84 percent compared to 90 percent during IDA15. The provision of HIPC and Source: Loan Kiosk and IDA staff’s calculations Source: Loan Kiosk and IDA staff’s calculations 70 See IDA (2010) “Updated IDA16 Financing Framework and Key Financial Variables”, Annex 3. - 43 - MDRI debt relief is estimated to have lowered the debt service payments for the 17 post-decision71 point FCSs to IDA by about US$994 million during IDA16 period, almost double the amount of debt service reduction provided during IDA15. 133. Of a total of 453 new IDA investment projects approved during IDA16, 120 (26 percent) were for FCS. FCS projects tend to be smaller than in non-FCS and on average amounted to US$41 million in FCS, compared to US$114 million in non-FCS possibly reflecting challenges in their absorption capacity. Related to this, 18 percent (22) of FCS projects were flagged for effectiveness delays72 between FY12 and FY14, compared to 13 percent (44) in non-FCS. There was no significant difference in the average disbursement ratio with non-FCS.73 Performance improved for projects that closed during IDA16, with performance indictors exceeding those of non-FCS in FY14. Outcome ratings from both IDA ICRs and IEG show that the number of projects rated as satisfactory (i.e. rated as “Moderately Satisfactory”, “Satisfactory” or “Highly Satisfactory”) have increased, respectively from 80 percent to 91 percent an d from 65 percent to 91 percent. Other measures of project performance paint a similar picture. Since FY12, projects in FCS have received increasingly better ratings for “Overall Bank Performance” and for “Overall Borrower Performance”. 134. The review of the Bank’s Operational Manual and investment lending reform facilitated a more effective engagement in FCS. Management has updated and included policy and procedures on project-based guarantees (OP10.00) and Development Policy Lending (OP 8.60) which extends to FCSs flexibility previously provided for post-conflict and emergencies situations under “OP/BP 8.00, Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies”. Changes to policy provisions on preparation and implementation of environmental and social safeguards has resulted in a drop in the average number of days from project concept to disbursement in FCS by 43 percent from 544 to 311 days between FY12 and FY14. 74 A comprehensive review of Bank procurement policy has been completed, and a guidance note on Simplified Procurement Procedures and Guiding Principles for Situations of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints were published following the introduction of the new OP/BP 10.00 Investment Project Financing. A review of OP/BP2.30 is currently under way, consistent with the work to re-define situations of fragility, conflict and violence. 135. Joint visits of the WBG President and UN Secretary-General to the Great Lakes and Sahel regions in 2013 and 2014, and other initiatives helped substantially strengthen the UN-WBG partnership. The Bank and the Office of the UN Special Envoy set up the joint Great Lakes Region Conflict Facility (GLRCF) to engage regional stakeholders and beneficiaries and support the design and implementation of programs addressing drivers of conflict including risk analysis and mitigation. At the global level, joint work was expanded on priority FCS thematic areas including: re-establishing core government functions in the aftermath of conflict, enhancing justice services, and work on the links between extractive industries and conflict. The UN-WB Fragility and Conflict Partnership Trust Fund was extended for further partnership across the institutions. Following the 2013 review of the UN-WB Partnership in FCS, a UN-WB FCS Strategic Results Framework (SRF) was rolled-out to guide and support partnership efforts. Progress was also made in simplifying financing and operational procedures between the Bank and 71 “Decision Point”- countries should have a track record of macroeconomic stability, prepared an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy through a participatory process, and cleared any outstanding arrears. 72 The effectiveness delay flag automatically tag projects who have difficulties in disbursing their first tranche after getting approved. Investment projects (IPF) and Program-for-Results (PforR) are automatically flagged if they take more than 9 months to disburse. Development policy operations (DPO) get flagged after 6 months. 73 This includes all projects that were active during the IDA16 period 74 The changes included deferring certain fiduciary requirements to the project implementation phase; alternative implementation arrangements; enhanced implementation support; flexible and responsive design to allow for shifting support based on need; increased retroactive financing limit to 40 percent; provisions for rapid disbursements; delinking negotiation of emergency projects to the need for compliance on audit reports for existing or closed credits; and, and removal of audit requirements for credit amounts of US$5 million or less by seeking authority from FM Practice managers. - 44 - UN partners, for example, standard forms of agreement for client governments were developed for UN agencies including the WHO and FAO. A joint UN-WB review of the 2008 Fiduciary Principles Accord (FPA) for Crisis and Emergency Situations was also conducted during IDA16 to provide recommendations to further facilitate operational collaboration and cross-financing between the WB and the UN system. 136. Gender considerations were systematically integrated into CASs in FCS. Six country strategies approved for FCS countries in FY14 reflected findings of comprehensive gender assessments, while the ISNs for Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan also benefited from companion gender notes. The ISNs in Somalia and South Sudan also incorporated gender monitoring in their frameworks. The CAS for DRC had gender programs addressing sexual violence, cross-border trade, socio-economic recovery (including the development of social infrastructure such as markets, schools and health centers) and agriculture with an emphasis on development opportunities for women and youth. Across IDA countries, 97 percent of IDA operations were gender-informed75 in FY14, with no significant difference between FY14 operations in FCS countries relative to non-FCS countries. This was an improvement over previous years (in FY13, 93 percent of operations in FCS were gender-informed, as compared to 62 percent in FY10, 64 in FY11 and 81 percent in FY 12). 137. Improvements to human resource policies and staffing actions also helped strengthen support to FCSs. Two new incentive packages to encourage local and regional staff to take cross-country assignments were particularly relevant for FCS. The Bank strengthened measures to promote better work- life balance for staff in non-family duty stations: the rest-and-recuperation scale was realigned and more support was provided to locate families of staff in hardship duty stations in neighboring countries. Experience working on an FCS country was Box 6 – Examples of Fragility Assessments recognized as a criterion for senior positions. Between FY12 and FY14, the number of staff The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A fragility deployed in FCS rose from 603 to 631 (16 assessment conducted for the CAS recognized the percent of WBG staff based in IDA countries complexity of violence in the eastern provinces, leading to proposals for operations on peacebuilding and between FY12 -14), while these countries only 76 stabilization, sexual and gender-based violence, and constituted 13 percent of IDA population. economic recovery. A new risk assessment for the Projects in FCS still continue to be mainly provinces is being developed supported by the Great designed and supported by staff not located in Lakes Region Conflict Facility. the country. In 2012, a community of practice, Madagascar. A fragility assessment conducted in “The Hive”77 was created as a platform to bring response to recent changes in government after the end of together Bank staff working in FCS or issues the 2013 crisis has informed the SCD and design of related to fragility and conflict. A Core Course specific projects. on fragility, conflict, and violence was developed and it has helped to integrate these Mali. A fragility and risk assessment was carried out in response to the 2012 crisis. The assessment was concepts into the work of team leaders. instrumental in the reformulation of the WBG’s response 138. During IDA 16, about 25 fragility to the crisis, informing the ISN (FY14-15) and the assessments were carried to inform WBG Emergency Education for All operation (2013). strategies and operations building on a 2013 baseline study on drivers of conflict and fragility covering the period from 2006-2011. Other research Box 6 – Examples of Fragility Assessments The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A fragility assessment conducted for the CAS recognized the complexity of violence in the eastern provinces, leading to proposals for operations on peacebuilding and 75 An operation is considered gender informed if it has taken stabilization, sexual and gender into consideration gender-based across violence, at least one of three and dimensions-- economic recovery. A new risk assessment for analysis, incorporation of gender-targeted activities or M&E (including disaggregation of data by gender and/or inclusion the of indicators measuring specified gender outcomes). provinces is being developed supported by the Great 76 The figures do not include the FCS supported from abroadLakes Region such as Pacific Facility. Conflict the small islands and Somalia 77 www.thehivefcv.org. Madagascar. A fragility assessment conducted in response to recent changes in government after the end of the 2013 crisis has informed the SCD and design of specific projects. Mali. A fragility and risk assessment was carried out in response to the 2012 crisis. The assessment was - 45 - initiatives included: the 2012 “Societal Dynamics of Fragility” report78; and analytical work on East Asia and the Pacific and subnational conflicts, West Africa, Mali, the Sahara, the Sahel, and the Great Lakes. Efforts were stepped up on regular monitoring of portfolio performance and progress on corporate commitments in FCS. DEC investigated the key variables likely to result in a project receiving satisfactory ratings by the IEG.79 A key finding was that country-level variables (e.g. the CPIA) mattered less than project-level ones (e.g. the identity of the TTL, the project size, etc.). It was noted that with the right resources and approaches, projects in FCS can perform as well as those in non-FCS settings. These findings demonstrated the continued need for a strong focus on FCS by IDA and informed the IDA17 commitments. Enhancing IDA’s Capacity to Respond to Crises 139. IDA countries are subject to a variety of crises and emergencies that can undermine their social and economic development efforts. To further strengthen IDA’s capacity to support countries in the aftermath of severe natural disasters and economic crises a dedicated Crisis Response Window (CRW) was established for IDA16. A total of SDR1.3 billion (about US$2.0 billion) was set aside for the Figure 20. IDA16 CRW Support CRW, out of which SDR607 million (US$937 Cyclones, million) was committed for 27 new operations or 3% Floods, as additional financing to existing well-performing 22% operations that could effectively respond to crisis. Support to address disasters covered 10 countries, among them two fragile states, across five regions, and was committed using a range of lending instruments tailored to specific country situations (Figures 20 and 21). CRW resources leveraged financing and assistance from development partners; for instance IDA’s contributions were part of the more than US$5.5 billion international Drought support for Haiti and more than US$1.0 billion for Earthquakes, Emergency, the drought in the Horn of Africa. Grants 54% 21% comprised 65 percent of CRW funding. 78 Marc, Alexandre, Alys Willman, Ghazia Aslam, Michelle Rebosio, and Kanishka Balasuriya. 2013. Societal Dynamics and Fragility: Engaging Societies in Responding to Fragile Situations. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12222/NonAsciiFileName0.pdf?sequence=1. 79 See Cevdet Denizer, Daniel Kaufmann and Aart Kraay, “Good countries or Good projects? Macro and Micro Correlates of the World Bank Project Performance”, Policy Research Working Paper n°5646 - 46 - 140. CRW projects ranged from immediate crisis response to resilience building and longer-term development (Box 7). They included crisis recovery and reconstruction (Bosnia Floods Emergency Recovery Project, Tonga Cyclone Reconstruction); resilience building (St. Lucia and Figure 21. IDA16 CRW Commitments St. Vincent’s Disaster Vulnerability Reduction by Instrument Type (SDR Million) Projects); development of health services (Haiti Development Improving Maternal and Child Health through Program Emergency Integrated Social Services Project); budget Loan, 20 Recovery support (Samoa Development Policy Financing); Loan, 125.62 irrigation programs to mitigate the rise in rural poverty (Kenya Additional Financing for Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project); Investment preservation or development of safety nets Project (Ethiopia Additional Financing Productive Safety Finanicng, Net APL III Project); longer-term infrastructure 212.8 development (Mozambique Roads and Bridges Specific Management Maintenance Project Phase II); and Investment Adaptable Loan, 159.8 power sector development (Djibouti Second Program Additional Financing for Power Access and Loan, 88.7 Diversification Project). 141. The performance of CRW-funded funded projects was satisfactory. Of the 27 operations, 13 were rated “Satisfactory” and 11 “Moderately Satisfactory” in achieving or progressing towards achievement of their PDOs. Eight projects are fully on track to meet their PDOs, and Table 3. Disbursement by Type of Lending 15 are likely to meet their PDOs by project closing, although some are progressing Total to Disaster-affected Total Percent somewhat more slowly than initially Box 7. IDA Support Countries during Commitment disbursement envisaged. Several investment projects IDA16Table 3. Disbursement by Type of Lending Disbursed fully or partially financed by the CRW (US$ mil.) (US$ mil.) (%) during IDA16 are still being implemented, with assessments of impact and outcomes Box 7. IDA Support APL 440 to Disaster-affected 411.9 Countries during 93.6 not yet available. Aggregate IDA16 disbursements have on average been ERL 212 85 40.1  Haiti received an exceptional allocation of US$500 million strong: excluding the two CRW-funded from CRW as the country dealt with the impact of the 2010 DPOs, which are 100 percent disbursed, earthquake.890 SIL+IPF 98.8 reconstruction; IDA projects supported 11.1 rental the average disbursement across subsidies for families to move out of camps into instruments was 38.6 percent by end-June DPL/DPO 35 neighborhoods; 35 health services including100 basic 2014 (Table 3). For investment operations, reproductive, pre- and post-natal care climate resilience; the disbursements were about 11 percent Total and, gender1577.5 mainstreaming. 630.7 The earthquake40 also of commitments, mostly due to the fact exacerbated the deep governance and institutional that a large proportion of the operations challenges that pre-dated the disaster and had prevented (about 41 percent) were only approved in FY14 Haiti from making (by end-April 2015, significant development disbursements efforts to had increased in 26 percent of commitments). previous decades  The Horn of Africa was hit by its worst drought in more Table 3. half a century than Totalin 2011, affecting Percent Totalmore than 12 million Disbursement people in Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti Commitment The and Somalia.Disbursed disbursement by Type of was complicated by conflict in Somalia. IDA situation Lending (US$of mobilized a total mil.) (US$ mil.) US$770 million (%) through additional financing, including US$190 million from the CRW. Of 440 was channeled APL this, US$30 million 411.9through UNHCR 93.6for emergency health and nutrition services in refugee camps, ERL with the following 212 results: 85about 86,000 acutely 40.1 malnourished children were treated, against a target of 5,000; more than 174,000 pregnant and lactating women SIL+IPF 890 98.8 11.1 received food supplements, exceeding the target of 24,000; more than 27,000 latrines were built, against the target of DPL/DPO 35 193,000 child 35 5,000; more than 100 bed nets were distributed. These efforts improved the recovery rate for children - 47 - Box 7. IDA Support to Disaster-affected Countries during IDA16  Haiti received an exceptional allocation of US$500 million from CRW as the country dealt with the impact of the 2010 earthquake. IDA projects supported reconstruction; rental subsidies for families to move out of camps into neighborhoods; health services including basic reproductive, pre- and post-natal care climate resilience; and, gender mainstreaming. The earthquake also exacerbated the deep governance and institutional challenges that pre-dated the disaster and had prevented Haiti from making significant development efforts in previous decades  The Horn of Africa was hit by its worst drought in more than half a century in 2011, affecting more than 12 million people in Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. The situation was complicated by conflict in Somalia. IDA mobilized a total of US$770 million through additional financing, including US$190 million from the CRW. Of this, US$30 million was channeled through UNHCR for emergency health and nutrition services in refugee camps, with the following results: about 86,000 acutely malnourished children were treated, against a target of 5,000; more than 174,000 pregnant and lactating women received food supplements, exceeding the target of 24,000; more than 27,000 latrines were built, against the target of 5,000; more than 193,000 child bed nets were distributed. These efforts improved the recovery rate for children suffering from acute malnutrition, brought down the incidence of acute diarrhea, and reduced mortality.  In 2013, torrential rains hit Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) and Saint Lucia (SLU), resulting in flash floods at a time when both islands were recovering from the global financial crisis and devastation from Hurricane Thomas in 2010. Economic losses were estimated at 15 percent of GDP in SVG and 8 percent of GDP in SLU. The CRW provided US$19 million to SVG and US$17 million to SLU to rebuild transport infrastructure, upgrade disaster risk management, and improve climate resilience.  Tonga was hit by tropical cyclone Ian in January 2014, causing economic losses estimated at 11 percent of GDP, including physical damage to housing, transport infrastructure and agriculture. CRW funds totaling US$12 million were approved and made available within four months, the quickest payout since the start of the CRW. Priority was given to the replacement of up to 350 destroyed or damaged housing for the most vulnerable members of the community, and reinforcing them to withstand future cyclones.  Bosnia and Herzegovina was hit by the worst floods in more than a century in 2014. Twenty five people died and 1 million (25 percent of the population) were affected in 60 of 142 municipalities (more than one- third of the country). IDA provided US$100 million from the CRW for an emergency recovery project aimed at procurement of emergency goods, rehabilitation of key public infrastructure, project implementation support and capacity building. The UN and the EU also provided support. Source: IDA staff estimates; project documents and Implementation Status and Results Reports . 142. By the IDA16 Mid-Term Review in November 2012 it was clear that CRW resources were Box likely to8: Examples exceed of IDA16 the amount Regional needed forProjectsBox the remaining7. IDA Support 1.5 years to Disaster-affected of the IDA16 period. To Countries during avoid resources sitting idle, a total of SDR315 million was transferred IDA16 to the IDA Regional Integration Program and SDR413  Haitimillion was received ancarried exceptional over allocation to IDA17. The of funds US$500 transferred million to theas from CRW the Regional IDA Integration country dealt Program with the impact of theto were used finance 2010 a strong earthquake. projects pipeline unfunded IDA supportedof regional projects reconstruction; rentalto support subsidies the for increased families demand to move for out of regional solutions camps from all regions. into neighborhoods; The health balance services of SDR413 including million basic was carried reproductive, over pre- and to IDA17 post-natal for climate care response to potential crises. resilience; and, gender mainstreaming. The earthquake also exacerbated the deep governance and institutional challenges that pre-dated the disaster and had prevented Haiti from making significant In addition 143. development to the efforts CRW, the in previous Immediate Response Mechanism (IRM), launched in December decades 2011, which helped broaden the use of contingent components in ongoing projects that can be  The Horn of Africa was hit by its worst drought in more than half a century in 2011, affecting more than 12 triggered to people million provide Kenya,support in rapid Ethiopia,in the aftermath Djibouti and Somalia. disaster. of a The During situation IDA16, IRM was complicated by components conflict in were included in 14 projects of 9 countries for a total of US$1.1 billion. None of the projects Somalia. IDA mobilized a total of US$770 million through additional financing, including US$190 with an IRM million component made a disbursement request since conditions warranting access to contingent resources from the CRW. Of this, US$30 million was channeled through UNHCR for emergency health and nutrition did not In addition, arise. services Contingency in refugee Emergency camps, with Response the following Components results: were about 86,000 included acutely in 34 projects malnourished with children total were IDA commitment a target billion of US$3.8 treated, against by 16 of 5,000; morecountries. components These pregnant than 174,000 and increased governments’ lactating women receivedfocus foodon disaster risk management. supplements, exceeding the target of 24,000; more than 27,000 latrines were built, against the target of 5,000; more than 193,000 child bed nets were distributed. These efforts improved the recovery rate for children From from 144. suffering the experience implementing acute malnutrition, the CRW brought down and earlier the incidence responses, of acute emerging diarrhea, and reducedlessons include mortality.  In 2013, torrential rains hit Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) and Saint Lucia (SLU), resultingwith the need to help countries build the capacity to address crises and build resilience over time, in flash floods at a time when both islands were recovering from the global financial crisis and devastation from Hurricane Thomas in 2010. Economic losses were estimated at 15 percent of GDP in SVG and 8 percent of GDP in SLU. The CRW provided US$19 million to SVG and US$17 million to SLU to rebuild transport infrastructure, upgrade disaster risk management, and improve climate resilience.  Tonga was hit by tropical cyclone Ian in January 2014, causing economic losses estimated at 11 percent of GDP, including physical damage to housing, transport infrastructure and agriculture. CRW funds totaling - 48 - particular attention to food security and climate change. The experience with IDA’s crisis response during IDA16 has generally been positive. IDA’s global reach and country knowledge, in combination with CRW resources, enabled IDA to quickly mobilize resources in response to natural disasters in several countries. The inclusion of IRM and contingent components in a number of operations ensured that countries have the option to quickly access financial resources in case of a crisis. More importantly, these mechanisms increased awareness among countries of the need to prepare in advance of a disaster. There is a need for timely development of an Operations Manual that regulates access to IRM resources following a crisis. The IDA Regional Integration Program 145. The IDA Regional Program was scaled up significantly during IDA16, to respond to strong demand for regional solutions to expand critical infrastructure, enhance connectivity of markets to stimulate trade and to provide regional public goods. Due to higher demand, the original allocation of SDR1.5 million was enhanced with a reallocation of SDR315 million from the CRW endorsed during the IDA16 MTR to support high priority projects in the regional pipeline in AFR, ECA and SAR. This brought the total regional IDA envelope to more than SDR1.8 billion for IDA16. The criteria for accessing the regional IDA program remained in force with two adjustments made to provide more flexibility in: i) supporting fragile and conflict-affected states; and (ii) for providing grants to regional institutions that support the strategic objective of IDA on regional integration which may not be associated with an ongoing IDA-funded regional operation. 146. A record SDR2.855 billion was committed for regional projects during IDA16, the highest commitment for regional projects during any IDA cycle. More than SDR1.8 billion was committed from the IDA16 regional program window with the balance contributed from national envelopes. Even with these high commitment levels, there was still unmet demand from some of the regions, in particular the AFR region. During IDA16, SSA accounted for 76.5 percent of total commitments (compared to 92 percent during IDA15). The South Asia Region increased its demand for regional funding and accounted for 14.5 percent of total commitments. Table 4. Regional IDA Commitments during IDA16 (SDR million) Regional IDA National IDA Total commitments Region Contributions Contributions (regional + national) AFR 1,437.47 765.00 2,202.47 EAP 85.05 15.00 100.50 ECA 56.00 33.00 89.00 LCR 25.04 23.00 48.04 MNA -- -- -- SAR 272.54 143.00 415.54 Total 1,876.10 979.00 2,855.55 147. To provide for greater flexibility for FCSs to participate in the regional IDA program, the minimum number of countries required to leverage regional IDA funding was adjusted from three to two, provided one country is an FCS.80 The two-country rule was triggered for two regional projects: 80 For regular regional IDA projects with no FCS participating at least three countries must participate in order to leverage regional IDA. - 49 - the Nepal-India Transport and Trade Facilitation project and the South-Sudan and Kenya Transport Facilitation project. Other projects that included FCS either had a sufficient number of countries participating, or were processed as part of programmatic approaches (such as for power pools and ICT). Regional IDA support to FCS remained strong during IDA16, with a total commitment of SDR886 million, approximately a third of total commitments. In the AFR region, more than 50 percent of the regional funds were targeted towards FCS, and early indications for IDA17 show this trend is continuing. In addition, there were regional grants provided to organizations that covered a number of FCS, not included in the data above. 148. Infrastructure continued to account for the largest share of commitments in regional projects, reflecting the need to address the infrastructure gap in many IDA member countries and alleviate critical bottlenecks to regional development. Infrastructure projects accounted for 92 percent of regional project commitments, the same as in IDA15. The demand was greatest for energy projects, which accounted for 37 percent of the commitments, followed by water and resource management projects at 20 percent each. Transport accounted for 19 percent, agriculture for 12 percent, and ICT for 4 percent of total commitments. 149. While infrastructure dominated the regional program, the demand for regional solutions also increased in other sectors, particularly in the health sector (see Box 8). During IDA16, a number of regional health projects were approved. They included innovative and ground-breaking projects such as the Great Lakes Emergency Women’s Health and Empowerment project, as well as the second phase of the East Africa Health and Lab Strengthening project (second phase added Burundi to the regional response). It is expected that the demand from the health sector will continue to grow during IDA17, in particular to address regional disease surveillance. 150. During IDA16 MTR, IDA Deputies endorsed an adjustment to the criterion for regional institutions to allow access to the regional grant program even if they are not directly associated with an ongoing regional IDA-funded project. The adjustment was made in light of the role of these institutions in helping advance the regional integration agenda. The regional grant window enabled IDA to support a total of thirteen regional institutions with a total grant commitment of SDR109.20 million.81 The support was provided to regional organizations that are involved with the implementation of regional IDA projects, such as the grant provided to the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), in supporting their regional role under the Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Recovery and Resilience project. Grants were also provided to organizations that support the strategic IDA priorities on regional integration, such as the grant provided to the African Union Commission (AUC), as well as to the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). 81 Up to 10 percent of the total regional IDA envelope can be provided as support to regional organizations that qualify for support. - 50 - 151. The quality of the regional portfolio continued to improve during IDA16. Regional projects are inherently challenging, requiring significant collaboration among a variety of entities that often suffer from capacity constraints. Regional infrastructure projects in particular are complex and costly and require various sources of financing from donors, IFIs and private sector partners with different processing requirements that further compound complexity in project implementation. These projects also generate very complex safeguards-related issues which require close and lengthy monitoring processes to ensure that affected people and concerned sites are dealt with in accordance to the highest international standards. The challenges are further compounded when regional projects involve fragile states with weak institutional capacity. Box 8: Examples of IDA16 Regional Projects Central Asia South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project: CASA 1000 . By strengthening trade in electricity between the hydropower surplus Central Asian countries of Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic and the undersupplied South Asian countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan, this transformative project will benefit millions of households and enterprises which suffer from consistent power outages. IDA contributed US$526 million of the US$1.17 billion total cost of the project, primarily to finance the transmission infrastructure, the largest component of the project. Each of the four countries will finance and own the assets within its own territory. The project will build a cross-border power trade facility comprising about 475 km of 500kV HVAC transmission lines to carry power from Kyrgyz Republic to Tajikistan; a 1300 MW HVDC converter in Tajikistan and thereafter a 750km long ±500kV HVDC transmission link via a 300 MW HVDC converter in Kabul, to a 1,300 MW terminal with HVDC converter facilities in Pakistan. It will reduce the cost of delivering electricity to the extent hydropower displaces high cost oil-based generation. It will also generate new revenues for Central Asia. Great Lakes Emergency Women's Health and Empowerment Project (2014). A total of US$107 million in grants supports integrated health and counseling services, legal aid, and income generating activities for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda. This is the first Bank project in Africa with a major focus on integrated services to SGBV survivors. The International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, an intergovernmental organization with 12 member states, will also receive support to develop and adopt a regional policy response on SGBV. In addition, the project will expand access to much-needed maternal and reproductive health services in DRC and Burundi. Pacific Aviation. IDA supported the Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO) with an amount of US$2.15 million to strengthen safety and security oversight in the aviation sector in Pacific Island Countries. Safe and reliable air services are needed to connect people in the Pacific Island countries to each other and to larger markets, and to facilitate important industries such as tourism. This regional dependence on air services highlights the importance of strengthening PASO, the regional body charged with supporting governments to implement effective aviation safety and security oversight. Designed around three main components, the project will support the reform agenda, build institutional capacity to meet international aviation safety regulations across the region, and modernize information systems for improved quality control. 152. Nonetheless, by the end of IDA16, implementation performance of the regional portfolio in AFR wasBoxlargely in line 9. Examples ofwith AFR’s Results overall under portfolio the Regional performance. IDA program.BoxFurthermore, 8: Examplesdisbursement levels for of IDA16 Regional the regional portfolio were in line with the AFR average , Projects and “Satisfactory” outcomes for FY13 exits, as evaluated by IEG, were 75 percent for regional projects, compared to the AFR average of 63 percent. Central Asia South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project: CASA 1000. By strengthening trade in electricity between the hydropower surplus Central Asian countries of Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic and the undersupplied South Asian countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan, this transformative project will benefit millions of households and enterprises which suffer from consistent power outages. IDA contributed US$526 million of the US$1.17 billion total cost of the project, primarily to finance the transmission infrastructure, the largest component of the project. Each of the four countries will finance and own the assets within its own territory. The project will build a cross-border power trade facility comprising about 475 km of 500kV HVAC transmission lines to carry power from Kyrgyz Republic to Tajikistan; a 1300 MW HVDC converter in Tajikistan and thereafter a 750km long ±500kV HVDC transmission link via a 300 MW HVDC converter in Kabul, to a 1,300 MW terminal with HVDC converter facilities in Pakistan. It will reduce the cost of delivering electricity to the extent hydropower displaces high cost oil-based generation. It will also generate new revenues for Central Asia. Great Lakes Emergency Women's Health and Empowerment Project (2014). A total of US$107 million in grants supports integrated health and counseling services, legal aid, and income generating activities for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda. This is the first Bank project in Africa with a major focus on integrated services to SGBV survivors. The International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, an intergovernmental organization with 12 member states, will also receive support to develop and adopt a regional policy response on SGBV. In addition, the project will - 51 - 153. The IDA Regional Program continues to generate significant results. While many of the projects will take a number of years to fully implement, there are already important results being realized. Box 9 provides examples from the regional projects. Box 9. Examples of Results under the Regional IDA program. Africa Region  A total of 1800 MW hydropower generation and 3700 km cross-border transmission lines are under implementation.  Twenty-two countries are connected to global and regional broadband networks.  The cost of internet and telecoms service have decreased by as much as 90 percent in participating East and Southern African countries.  Nearly 3000km of regional transport corridors and trade facilitation investment under implementation.  Regional Disease surveillance laboratories and systems responding quickly and effectively to cross-border outbreaks.  155 new agricultural technologies developed in regional centers of excellence in West and East Africa with yield improvement of 15 percent, deployed over 1.02 million hectares. South Asia Region  Construction of 560 km of cross-border transmission lines to be completed by December 2015 between Nepal and India. 154. The regional IDA program is continuing to expand and demand from the regions still exceeds the resources available. The priorities identified by the various regions are slightly different; however, Box 10. Examples of Statistical Capacity Strengthening Activities in IDA Countries common to all the regions is that additional resources will be required to meet the demand and to fund the Tanzania. priority The Development interventions of for highlighted a National Statistical each region belowSystem for (Figure Tanzania Project (US$30 million IDA- 22). credit, 2011). Achievements: 12 surveys; 13 anonymized household survey micro-data sets archived; support to development of a legal framework Figure 22. for Priorities statistics, for Regional a quality Solutions assurance and rebasing and revision of national accounts system and, digital area maps for the 2012 Population and Housing Census. Nigeria. A Statistics for Results funded project in Nigeria (US$10 million grant, 2011). Achievements: (i) Improvements in: institutional and legal framework for statistics; IT equipment; sampling frames using satellite imaging and GIS maps; electronic birth and death registration centers; updating/revising the Compendium of statistical terms; websites; national accounts; increased media coverage of Official statistics; and, establishment of a National Partnership Group to align donor assistance programs with the NSDS. In Rwanda, a US$10 million Statistics Results Facility (SRF) grant co-financed (DFID, European Union, UNFPA, UNDP, UNICEF and ADB) supports the NSDS. Achievements include support to: timely production and publication of key economic statistics, rebasing of National Accounts; timely completion of the 2012 population census; 2010 DHS and 2011 poverty surveys with district level estimates published for the first time, and the frequency of surveys improved (every 3 years); seasonal agriculture and annual integrated business and labor force surveys; civil registration and vital statistics system,; education and health administrative statistics. The Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Building (TFSCB) extended support to 22 IDA countries, including Myanmar, Senegal, South Sudan, Madagascar, Chad, Benin, and Togo, to improve aspects of their statistics. Also under the TFSCB:  In Senegal, the National Statistics Institute designed a strategic plan for the institute, developed a multi- year program of surveys, a new web portal and increased the recruitment of statisticians and placement in sectoral ministries.  In South Sudan, design and initiation of implementation of the first NSDS, TA for the new GP series and the “High-Frequency South Sudan Survey” – an innovative tablet-based survey on the political environment.  In Pakistan, the Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey was improved. IDA’s technical assistance for Pakistan’s Bureau of Statistics (PBS) has been helping institutionalize electronic data collection, rebase the Consumer Price Index, improve sampling and implementation of the main national surveys and lay the foundation for the implementation of computer assisted personal interview (CAPI). The Statistics for Results Facility Catalytic Fund (SRF-CF) provided support to eight IDA countries including Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Ghana, Nigeria and Rwanda. The Statistical Capacity Building Program, funded by the Russian Federation and managed by the Bank, benefitted countries (in the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Box 13. Country-Level Results Supported by IDA in Water and SanitationBox 12. Examples of Statistical Capacity Strengthening Activities in IDA Countries - 52 - CHAPTER 5: IDA’S RESULTS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM The IDA16 Results Measurement System was expanded from two to four tiers to provide a more comprehensive measurement framework for monitoring IDA countries progress as well as IDA’s operational and organizational effectiveness. There was overall progress in country level outcomes although performance and progress on the MDGs was uneven across countries with the greatest progress in the East Asia Region. There were improvements in the IDA country program outcomes and operations. Core sector indicators continued to be monitored in education, health, transport and water and sanitation. IDA stepped up its focus on its operational effectiveness through improvements in portfolio performance, evaluation impacts, use of country systems and monitoring of the IDA16 special themes. IDA enhanced its efficiency and effectiveness in terms of speed, cost, decentralization and mapping for results. 155. Since it was introduced in IDA13, the IDA Results Measurement System (RMS) has been enhanced and refined, building on lessons from IDA14 and IDA15, to improve IDA’s focus on results. During IDA16, the RMS was expanded to four tiers, providing IDA with a more comprehensive framework for monitoring progress in IDA countries, as well as IDA’s effectiveness and efficiency. The WBG’s modernization reforms and transparency agenda over the IDA16 implementation period contributed to strengthening IDA’s efficiency, effectiveness and accountability to clients. Tier 1: IDA Countries’ Progress 82 156. There was overall progress in key development areas of Tier 1, although performance and progress on MDGs varied across countries. Per capita GDP of IDA countries increased by an average of 3.2 percent overall, from US$871 in 201183 to US$930 in 2013, with the greatest progress made in the EAP region.84 157. The MDG to halve extreme poverty by 2015 was achieved ahead of time, but extreme poverty has not been eradicated. The poverty headcount ratio – the percentage of people living on less than US$1.25 a day – decreased from 38.8 percent in 2008 to 30.9 percent in 2011.85 AFR reported the highest poverty rate, at about 50 percent, and ECA the lowest, at 5.5 percent.86 158. IDA countries experienced an improvement in the overall business environment. The time required to start a business declined from 32 days in 2011 to 27 days in 2013; the average number of fixed line and mobile phone subscribers87 increased from 60 in 2010 to 71.6 in 2013; and the trade logistics performance index 88 increased modestly, from 2.4 in 2012 to 2.5 in 2014. On governance, the average 82 Tier I provides a snapshot of IDA-eligible country progress on key development outcomes and measures IDA16 Countries Progress in: (i) Growth and Poverty Reduction; (ii) Governance; (iii) Private Sector Development; (iv) Infrastructure; (v) Gender and Human Development; and (vi) Climate Change. 83 WDI database as of July 2014. GDP per capita of US$US$871.20 (constant 2005 US$) replaces the previous U$US$678.00 (constant 2000 US$) due to a change in the indicator’s base in July 2013. 84 ECA had the highest GDP per capita (US$1,208.2), an increase of 3.9 percent between 2012 and 2013. This was followed by LCR (US$1,206.6) and SAR (US$1,060.7) AFR had the lowest GDP per capita at US$664.4, an increase of 2.6 percent between 2012 and 2013. The GDP per capita in MNA was US$743.6 in FY2012 and increased by 1.86 percent to US$757.4 in FY2013. EAP region’s per capita GDP was US$795.0 in FY2012 and increased to US$832.14 in FY 2014, an increase of 4.67 percent. 85 World Development Indicators database as of January 2015. 86 PovcalNet database as of October 2014. 87 Mobile and fixed-line subscribers are total telephone subscribers (fixed-line plus mobile), average, weighted by the total population. 88 The Logistics Performance Index overall score for IDA countries reflects the perceptions of a country's logistics based on efficiency of customs clearance process, quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure, ease of arranging competitively - 53 - rating of quality of budgetary and financial management for IDA countries decreased slightly, from 3.3 in 2011 to 3.2 in 2013. 159. Key infrastructure also improved. Between 2010 and 2012, access to an improved water source increased from 80 to 81.7 percent, and access to improved sanitation rose from 38 to 39.1 percent of the population in IDA countries. The household electrification rate decreased from 61 percent in 2008 to 60 percent in 2012, possibly reflecting improvements in data quality. Recent data on access to all-season roads was not available – the indicator is no longer measured or tracked by the Bank systems. 160. There was notable progress in the Human Development Indicators; however, they fell short of MDG targets. The under-five mortality rate decreased from 89 per 1,000 live births in 2010 to 76 in 2012, but still lagged behind the MDG target of a two-thirds reduction between 1990 and 2015. Malnutrition prevalence decreased from 27 percent in 2010 to 23.9 percent in 2013, but also fell short of achieving the MDG target. HIV/AIDS prevalence in IDA countries was reduced from 1.2 percent in 2009 to 1.1 percent in 2012. In Africa, however, the HIV/AIDS prevalence remained at 3.6 percent. The maternal mortality ratio in IDA countries remained at 340 per 100,000 live births during the IDA16 period, with the Sub-Saharan African region continuing to have highest MMR with 580 per 100,000 live births.89 While the indicator births attended by skilled health staff (as percentage of total births) remained stable (54.0 percent in 2010 and 54.2 percent in 2011), the adolescent fertility rate of women between the ages of 15 and 19 improved from 81.0 births per 1,000 women in 2010 to 62.7 in 2012. 161. There was also progress in education indicators, but IDA countries fell short of MDG targets. The primary completion rate increased from 82 percent in 2010 to 83 percent in 2012. The primary completion rate for girls increased from 79 to 80.9 percent, and the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education rose from 93 to 94.1 percent during the same period. 162. There was progress in gender equality in the job market, but most women remained in the informal sector. The ratio of female to male labor force participation increased from 58 percent in 2010 to 58.7 percent in 2012. EAP had the highest rate of female labor force participation, at 90.1 percent, while the MNA had the lowest, at 35.9 percent. Lack of information and data gaps impede a fuller understanding of women’s roles in the economy. 163. Challenges remain in environmental sustainability. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increased from 1.02 metric tons per capita in 2008 to 1.07 in 2010 in IDA countries. ECA had the highest CO₂ emissions, at 3 metric tons per capita, while AFR had the lowest, at 0.3 metric tons per capita. Data and statistical capacity issues 164. Data gaps in IDA countries affect the ability to monitor progress in Tier 1 indicators. For example, between 2008 and 2012, 65 percent of IDA countries did not report data on the share of women in non-agricultural wage work.90 Indicators of female entrepreneurship remain underdeveloped, and effort to improve gender equality and increase women’s empowerment remain constrained by inadequate data. Globally, the birth of an estimated 230 million children has not been recorded. In 2012 alone, an estimated 57 million infants – four out of every ten babies delivered – were not registered. Without registration systems, countries rely on infrequent and expensive surveys to estimate vital statistics. Furthermore, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the quantity and quality of agricultural statistics from national statistical offices have declined since the early 1980s, particularly in Africa. priced shipments, quality of logistics services, ability to track and trace consignments, and frequency with which shipments reach the consignee within the scheduled time. 89 World Development Indicators Databased as of May 2014. 90 MDG3 indicator. - 54 - Table 5. IDA Countries Progress (Tier 1) Previous Previous Latest Results as of Latest 2015 MDG Indicator Results Results 2012 IDA16 Results Target Year Year MTR Report Growth and Poverty Reduction 1. - GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$)1. 871.2 2011 929.9 2013 2. - Percent of population below US$ 1.25 a 38.8 2008 30.9 2011 Halve between day2. 1990 and 2015 Governance 3. - Quality of budgetary and financial 3.3 2011 3.2 2013 management for IDA countries (Average rating 1=low to 5=high). Private Sector Development 4. - Trade Logistics Performance Index for IDA 2.4 2012 2.5 2014 countries (Average rating 1=low to 5=high). 5.- Time required for business start-up 32.0 2011 27.0 2013 (average number of days) 6.- Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers 60.0 2010 71.6 2013 (Average number per 100 people) Infrastructure 7.- Access to an improved water source (% of 80.0 2010 81.7 2012 Halve between population) 1990 and 2015 8.- Access to an improved sanitation (% of 38.0 2010 39.1 2012 population) 9.- Access to an all-season road (% of 61.0 2000 NA population) 10.- Household electrification rate (% of 61.0 2008 60.0 2008 Halve between population) 1990 and 2015 Gender and Human Development 11.- Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 live 89.0 2010 76.0 2012 Reduce by two- births) thirds between 1990 and 2015 12. - Prevalence of HIV/AIDS (% of 1.2 2009 1.1 2012 Halve by 2015 population ages 15-49) and begin to reverse - 55 - Previous Previous Latest Results as of Latest 2015 MDG Indicator Results Results 2012 IDA16 Results Target Year Year MTR Report 13.- Births attended by skilled health staff(% of 54.0 2010 54.2 2011 total births) 14.- Primary completion rate (% of children of 82.0 2010 83.0 2012 primary school age) Girls 79.0 2010 80.9 2012 100% Boys 83.0 2010 85.0 2012 15. - Ratio of girls to boys in primary and 93.0 2010 94.1 2012 secondary education (%) 16. - Ratio of female to male labor force 58.0 2010 58.7 2012 participation (%) 17.- Adolescent fertility rate (Births per 1,000 81.0 2010 62.7 2012 women ages 15-19) 18.- Maternal mortality ratio (modeled 340.0 2010 340.0 2013 100% estimate, per 100,000 live births) 19.- Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% 27.0 2010 23.9 2013 Reduce by of children under 5) three-quarters between 1990 and 2015 Climate Change 20.- CO₂ emissions (metric tons per capita) 1.02³ 2008 1.07 2010 Source: World Development Indicators database, July 2014 and World Bank staff estimates. Source of historical data is the IDA16 RMS as of 2012. Analysis of data has been performed based on trend analysis. 1 GDP per capita of 871.2 (constant 2005 US$) replaces 678.0 (constant 2000 US$) due to change in indicator’s base in July 2013. 2 Percent of population below US$ 1.25 a day has been updated, the value for 2011 is 30.9. Source: WDI database as of January 2015. ³ Historical value updated. NA=not applicable. 165. Given the central role of data for decision-making, accountability, and monitoring progress toward the MDGs, statistical capacity building continued to be a priority during IDA16 (see Box 10 for examples). 91 Close to US$194.4 million was committed for capacity-building activities, of which US$130.7 million came from IDA and US$63.7 million from trust funds. This funding was heavily 91 IDA, with the rest of the WBG, collaborated with other development partners on the Marrakech Action Plan for Statistics (MAPS); the Dakar Declaration on the Development of Statistics; and the Busan Action Plan for Statistics, which committed to strengthening to national statistical systems, provide more data disaggregated by sex, region, and economic status, make data more open and accessible, and adopt innovative approaches to improve the frequency and relevance of data. IDA also partnered with other global partners to develop the Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics (GSARS) whose implementation is led by FAO. - 56 - concentrated in the top 25 recipient countries, which received almost 99 percent of country-specific aid to statistics. IDA has supported efforts in IDA countries to invest in the production and use of better quality data to better design and monitor development. In 2014, the World Bank’s statistical capacity indicator used to assess IDA countries’ statistical systems indicated an average score of 63 (scale 0 -100) for 75 countries. The availability of data for monitoring the MDGs has improved. For example, more is known now about the magnitude of poverty. In 2005, no country had two or more comparable estimates of population with access to sanitation facilities or access to water sources. In 2014, most of the IDA countries had comparable estimates for both of these indicators. Statistics in other key sectors have also seen improvements in coverage and quality. Finally, there has also been notable progress in strengthening collection of sex-disaggregated and gender relevant statistics. Box 10. Examples of Statistical Capacity Strengthening Activities in IDA Countries Tanzania. The Development of a National Statistical System for Tanzania Project (US$30 million IDA- credit, 2011). Achievements: 12 surveys; 13 anonymized household survey micro-data sets archived; support to development of a legal framework for statistics, a quality assurance and rebasing and revision of national accounts system and, digital area maps for the 2012 Population and Housing Census. Nigeria. A Statistics for Results funded project in Nigeria (US$10 million grant, 2011). Achievements: (i) Improvements in: institutional and legal framework for statistics; IT equipment; sampling frames using satellite imaging and GIS maps; electronic birth and death registration centers; updating/revising the Compendium of statistical terms; websites; national accounts; increased media coverage of Official statistics; and, establishment of a National Partnership Group to align donor assistance programs with the NSDS. In Rwanda, a US$10 million Statistics Results Facility (SRF) grant co-financed (DFID, European Union, UNFPA, UNDP, UNICEF and ADB) supports the NSDS. Achievements include support to: timely production and publication of key economic statistics, rebasing of National Accounts; timely completion of the 2012 population census; 2010 DHS and 2011 poverty surveys with district level estimates published for the first time, and the frequency of surveys improved (every 3 years); seasonal agriculture and annual integrated business and labor force surveys; civil registration and vital statistics system,; education and health administrative statistics. The Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Building (TFSCB) extended support to 22 IDA countries, including Myanmar, Senegal, South Sudan, Madagascar, Chad, Benin, and Togo, to improve aspects of their statistics. Also under the TFSCB:  In Senegal, the National Statistics Institute designed a strategic plan for the institute, developed a multi-year program of surveys, a new web portal and increased the recruitment of statisticians and placement in sectoral ministries.  In South Sudan, design and initiation of implementation of the first NSDS, TA for the new GP series and the “High-Frequency South Sudan Survey” – an innovative tablet-based survey on the political environment.  In Pakistan, the Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey was improved. IDA’s technical assistance for Pakistan’s Bureau of Statistics (PBS) has been helping institutionalize electronic data collection, rebase the Consumer Price Index, improve sampling and implementation of the main national surveys and lay the foundation for the implementation of computer assisted personal interview (CAPI). The Statistics for Results Facility Catalytic Fund (SRF-CF) provided support to eight IDA countries including Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Ghana, Nigeria and Rwanda. The Statistical Capacity Building Program, funded by the Russian Federation and managed by the Bank, benefitted countries (in the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. 166. The production of high frequency crisis monitoring data and analytics continues to be an Box 13. Country-Level important Results Supported area of innovation. Since 2010,by IDA IDAin Water has and SanitationBox supported 12. Examples country counterparts of Statistical in using mobile Capacity phones to facilitate the collection Strengthening of household data inActivities in IDA remote areas inCountries Honduras, Nicaragua, Tanzania and Sudan, The Tanzania. South Development and IDA teams are a National ofnow exploringStatistical System for the application Tanzania of these Project (US$30 technologies to labormillion IDA- force surveys credit, and 2011). in fragile Achievements: environments 12Tajikistan, like surveys; 13 Ghana, anonymized household Somalia, Southsurvey Sudanmicro-data sets archived; and the Ebola affectedsupport to countries. development of a legal framework for statistics, a quality assurance and rebasing and revision of national accounts system and, digital area maps for the 2012 Population and Housing Census. Nigeria. A Statistics for Results funded project in Nigeria (US$10 million grant, 2011). Achievements: (i) Improvements in: institutional and legal framework for statistics; IT equipment; sampling frames using satellite imaging and GIS maps; electronic birth and death registration centers; updating/revising the Compendium of statistical terms; websites; national accounts; increased media coverage of Official statistics; and, establishment of a National Partnership Group to align donor assistance programs with the NSDS. - 57 - 167. The Bank together with other partners, continued to support, the Accelerated Data Program which provides technical and financial support to survey data documentation and dissemination to statistical agencies in IDA countries. As of June 2014, 48 IDA countries had received training and support to improve their practices in data collection, management and dissemination of household surveys. To promote access and use of the data, an on-line catalog of surveys (http://catalog.ihsn.org/) has been developed, which includes over 1,850 surveys from IDA countries. 168. IDA continued to help improve availability and quality of sex-disaggregated and gender- relevant statistics by developing guidelines and methodologies. The Bank contributed to the development of a new methodology to collect asset ownership data from a gender perspective, revamp expertise in gender, and provide targeted technical assistance to IDA countries to integrate gender into their national statistics systems. 169. The World Bank and PARIS21 launched the five-point Busan Action Plan for Statistics (BAPS) at the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (Busan Korea, December 2011). BAPS aims to improve national strategies for better statistics, make data more available and accessible, and find innovative ways to collect, disseminate, and use data to improve evidence-based decision-making and accountability. There remain significant challenges for strengthening statistical capacity and poverty measurement across IDA countries. Tier 2: IDA-Supported Development Results 92 170. There were modest improvements in the IDA country program outcomes and operations, although they fell short of IDA16 performance standards (Table 6). Table 6. IDA-Supported Development Results (Tier 2) Indicator Results as per 2012 Mid- Current IDA 16 Performance Term Review Report Standard A. - Satisfactory Achievement of Development Outcomes (percentage). Country Assistance Strategies Completion Reports 46.0² 51.0 66.0 (% IEG Ratings)1 Operations in all IDA countries (IEG ratings)1 68.7² 69.5 75.0 Operations in IDA countries in fragile situations 71.2² 68.2 70.0 (IEG ratings)2 Analytical and Advisory Activities (ESW and non- 67.0 85.0 75.0 lending TA) (Staff Estimates) 92 Tier 2 tracks overall outcomes of IDA’s CASs, operations, ASA and aggregate project output and outcome indicators in sectors for which core sector indicators have been developed (education, health and infrastructure). - 58 - B.- Sectoral Outputs Educating children Teachers recruited and/or trained (millions) 0.9 nu 1.0-1.2 Protecting and saving lives Children immunized (millions) 135.0 138.9 99.0-116.0 Pregnant women receiving antenatal care during a 50.0 44.4 0.8-1.0 visit to a health provider (millions) People who have received essential health, 19.0 258.4 15.0 – 18.0 nutrition and population (HNP) services³ (millions) Building and accessing vital infrastructure Roads constructed or rehabilitated (kilometer - 34.0 38.0 37.0 – 44.0 thousands) People with access to improved water sources 25.0² 26.0 36.0 – 42.0 (millions) People with access to improved sanitation 2.5 4.0 1.8 - 2.2 facilities (millions) Indicator calculated based on three year average of IEG's rating of projects at entry. ² Historical value updated. ³ Former indicator and unit of measure (People with access to a basic package of health, nutrition, or population services, Number (millions)) replaced by corresponding indicator on World Bank corporate scorecard (People who have received essential health, nutrition and population (HNP) services) since “basic package” component no longer tracked by World Bank. *nu = no update. The incremental value for the period FY12-FY14 was 18,239 teachers. Decided to report it as “not updated.” 171. For the period FY11-14,93 51 percent of 44 CAS Completion Reports (CASCRs) reviewed by IEG were rated Moderately Satisfactory or better, an improvement over the FY09-12 rating of 46 percent. Many of the CASs were second-generation results-based CASs. 94 The improvement, while significant, was not sufficient to reach the IDA16 performance standard of 66 percent. The 2013 IEG review found that most CASs were strategically aligned with countries’ priorities,95 but that external factors – including the need to refocus country programs in response to the food, fuel, and financial crises – may have been partly responsible for weak program outcomes. Other challenges include borrowers’ weak administrative and implementation capacity, and inability to secure political support for reforms. IEG and Management agreed on the need for stronger results frameworks in IDA country programs and enhanced realism in IDA country strategies. To address this problem, a new country engagement model focusing on engagements was adopted with a focus on effectiveness and impact. 96 As part of this model, Country Partnership Frameworks (CPFs), the basis of engagement with IDA countries will be informed by 93 Calculated on a on a four-year rolling basis. 94 Results-based CASs were introduced in 2005. 95 Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2013. IEG 96 World Bank Group: A New Approach to Country Engagement. April 29, 2014. - 59 - Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs). Management efforts to ensure satisfactory achievement of development outcomes has included an enhanced peer review system, improved knowledge products, harmonized operational guidelines, clear accountabilities and rigorous portfolio monitoring and early detection and management attention to problems. 172. The WBG and IEG issued a revised methodology for self-evaluation management and for IEG validation of CASCRs. The revised methodology provided greater transparency in the review process, and a better-calibrated rating scale to determine the achievement of country program outcomes. 173. There was a modest improvement in the achievement of development outcomes in operations that closed in FY11-13 (69.5 percent), compared with those that closed in FY09-11 (68.7 percent). However, this was below the IDA16 performance standard of 75 percent. In FCS, development outcomes were rated Satisfactory or better in 68.2 percent of operations that closed between FY11-13, and for which IEG validated completion reports.97 174. For the period FY12-14, 85 percent of analytical and advisory activities fully or largely achieved their intended objectives, exceeding the IDA16 performance standard of 75 percent. Knowledge products aimed at strengthening operational outcomes included an enhanced framework for monitoring, reporting and evaluation; improved systems for capturing and assessing knowledge; and revised guidelines for self-assessments by teams. Development objectives and intermediate outcome indicators for economic and sector work (ESW) and technical assistance (TA) were replaced with more outcome-oriented indicators, and teams were encouraged to structure knowledge activities and their results frameworks with results chains in mind. In FY13, a new client feedback instrument was introduced to further increase effectiveness and enhance the impact of knowledge services and better serve the needs of client countries. Sectoral outputs 175. Core sector indicators were monitored in the education, health, transport and water/sanitation sectors.  In education, IDA was one of the largest sources of support for education-related MDGs during IDA16. IDA-funded operations trained or recruited 900,000 teachers and delivered improved basic education to children in 41 countries. IDA also helped countries address poor learning outcomes, including through work with the Global Partnership for Education. IEG’s evaluation of 74 education projects that closed in FY12-14 found that the percentage of satisfactory outcomes decreased slightly, from 57.7 percent to 56.3 percent.  In health, IDA continued to deliver results in critical areas, as measured by progress in core sector indicators and quality of the portfolio. By the end of IDA16 (FY2014), 138.9 million children had been immunized, compared to 135.0 million in FY12. This result exceed the IDA16 performance standard of 116 million. The number of pregnant women receiving antenatal care during a visit to a health provider decreased from 50 million in FY12 to 44.4 million in FY14. This decline was caused mainly by the closure of a large IDA health sector project (India Reproductive and Child Health Project II). Also during IDA16, 4 billion people received essential health, nutrition and population (HNP) services.98 At the end of the IDA16 period, 44 IDA health projects exited and were evaluated, and 79.5 percent were rated Moderately Satisfactory or better. 97 World Bank Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaluation. Washington, DC: World Bank, December 2014. 98 The indicator “People who have received essential health, nutrition and population (HNP) services ” replaced the previous indicator “People with access to a basic package of health, nutrition, or population services”, as “basic package” component is no longer measured and tracked by World Bank systems. - 60 -  In transport, the performance of the portfolio remained strong, with a total of 38,000 kilometers of roads in FY14 constructed or rehabilitated through IDA projects, compared to 34,000 in FY12.99 Transport interventions helped decrease vulnerability to severe weather events and climate change, provided critical and timely emergency support, and helped foster regional integration. In South Asia, most projects mainstreamed climate resilience into road design. A number of projects included gender dimensions, and nearly US$1.3 million of IDA’s transport funding directly benefitted women. Of all transport projects approved during FY12-FY14, 62 percent had at least one gender dimension (analysis, actions, or monitoring and evaluation) in the project design100; and 11 projects included all three dimensions. The Nicaragua Rural Roads Improvement Project (US$35 million) encouraged women to participate in road construction, and the Second Rural Transport Improvement Project in Bangladesh (US$302 million) supported women’s economic empowerment through labor-based maintenance work. IEG evaluated a total of 29 IDA transport projects that closed between FY12-14. Projects rated Moderately Satisfactory averaged 67 percent. 176. During IDA16, IDA continued to support improved access to water and sanitation vital infrastructure (Box 11). In FY14, 26 million people were provided with access to improved water sources, compared to 25 million in FY12; and 4.0 million were provided with access to improved sanitation facilities, compared to 2.5 million in FY12.101 At the end of IDA16, based on an IEG evaluation of 15 water projects that closed in the period of FY12-FY14, 87 percent of projects were rated Moderately Satisfactory or better. The MDG target on improved access to water was met in 2010 (as confirmed in 2012), but urban-rural disparities remained. The MDG target on sanitation was not met: only 63 percent of the global population had access to improved sanitation infrastructure, while 2.5 billion still lacked access. 99 The indicator captures the number of kilometers of all roads constructed, reopened to motorized traffic, rehabilitated, or upgraded under IDA-supported programs. 100 Review based on the FY 2013 World Bank report “An Update on Gender mainstreaming in transport: Examples of recent good practice FY 10-FY13”, and FY 13-FY14 IDA Transport Sector projects as declared in SAP database. 101 Indicators are calculated as three year incremental values for the period FY12-FY14. - 61 - Disparities in equity of provision and quality of services, as well as regional disparities, were particularly evident in Africa and East Asia and the Pacific. Box 11. Country-Level Results Supported by IDA in Water and Sanitation In Vietnam, the Red River Delta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project (2005-2013) provided access to clean water in four provinces – 1.3 million people (80 percent of the population in the project provinces, gained access to improved water sources and 100 percent of poor households in project areas had access to water supply and sanitation services). A revolving fund managed by the Women's Union, provided low-interest loans to build or rehabilitate more than 48,000 hygienic toilets and sanitation facilities, increasing the percentage of households with hygienic toilets from 25 percent to 87 percent. The successful model of this project is now being expanded into a national program supported by a "Program for Results" project with a $131.5 million IDA credit. In the Senegal River Basin (2006-13), the Multi-Purpose Water Resources Development (APL) Project for Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea contributed to more effective joint management of the resources of the Senegal River and to the inclusion of Guinea into the organization responsible for its management, enabling integrated water resources management in the entire basin. Support for sustainable fishing and improved access to markets and traditional water resource development activities such as energy and agriculture are beginning to make a difference for the residents of villages like Sadel. The fish stocks in the Senegal River are up nearly 13 percent since the start of the project and nearly 4,400 acres of land has been rehabilitated for agricultural use through irrigation and water management, residents can plant at least two seasons during the year. The uptick in fishing is leading to a return of migrants who left their villages for the main city of Dakar over a decade ago. In India, the Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (2006-2014,) a sector-wide and community- driven approach implemented in 4,000 villages across the State of Punjab, leveraging both IDA and government funds. More than 2 million people were reached with supply times increased to 10 hours per day in more than a 100 villages, to 24 hours a day to a further 90 villages. This compares to the norm of just 1-2 hours of supply/day. Almost 500 villages are now fully covered with individual household water connections with water meters, and more than a thousand villages are fully recovering O&M expenses. Tier 3: IDA Operational Performance Box 14. Strengthening the Bank’s Accountability Systems and InstrumentsBox 13. Country-Level 177. Tier 3 indicators track the operational effectiveness of IDA in four areas: portfolio performance, Results Supported by IDA in Water and Sanitation monitoring and evaluation; use of country systems and implementation of IDA16 special themes. In Vietnam, the Red River Delta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project (2005-2013) provided access to Portfolio performance clean water in four provinces – 1.3 million people (80 percent of the population in the project provinces, gained access to improved water sources and 100 percent of poor households in project areas had access to water supply 178. IDA’s portfolio performance, as measured by the disbursement ratio, improved for and sanitation services). A revolving fund managed by the Women's Union, provided low-interest loans to build investment lending projects during IDA16. The overall disbursement ratio rose by 7.3 percent, from 22 or rehabilitate more than 48,000 hygienic toilets and sanitation facilities, increasing the percentage of percent in 2012 households to 23.6 with percent hygienic in from toilets 2014,25falling percentshort of percent. to 87 the IDA16 Theperformance standard successful model of this 25 percent. ofproject is nowBy region, MNA exceeded the performance standard, at 29 percent, an increase of 10.9 being expanded into a national program supported by a "Program for Results" project with a $131.5 million percent over 2012. IDA(AFR) Africa credit. and (LCR) had disbursement ratios of 24.1 and 24.5 percent, respectively. The disbursement Inin ratio theFCS consistently Senegal River Basin or exceeded met (2006-13), the the IDA16 performance Multi-Purpose Water Resourcesstandard, with a high Development of 29.2 (APL) percent Project for achieved in FY14. The Bank’s operational regions have stepped up portfolio monitoring Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea contributed to more effective joint management of the resources of the using the portfolio Dashboard and to tool. monitoring Senegal River For example, the inclusion of Guineaas a result into of regular Management the organization responsible forreview of the LCR its management, portfolio, enabling focus on proactivity integrated led to management water resources a sharp drop inin the IDA entireproblem projects basin. Support for in FY2013. sustainable The and fishing region is also improved paying access close attention to markets andto quality at traditional entry. water In SAR, resource the number development of such activities problem projects as energy increased,are and agriculture however, beginningthis to make reflected an ed realism difference a increas in project for the residents of villages The ratings. like region’s Sadel. The high proactivity fish stocks index during in the Senegal period thisup River are nearly(83 13 percent percent to the since Bank start of the theaverage of project and nearly 70 percent) 4,400 acres indicates of landare that teams been rehabilitated has addressing for agricultural implementation use as issues they arise. irrigation and water management, residents can plant at least two seasons during the year. The uptick through in fishing is leading to a return of migrants who left their villages for the main city of Dakar over a decade ago. In India, the Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (2006-2014,) a sector-wide and community- driven approach implemented in 4,000 villages across the State of Punjab, leveraging both IDA and government funds. More than 2 million people were reached with supply times increased to 10 hours per day in more than a 100 villages, to 24 hours a day to a further 90 villages. This compares to the norm of just 1-2 hours of supply/day. Almost 500 villages are now fully covered with individual household water connections with water meters, and more than a thousand villages are fully recovering O&M expenses. Box 14. Strengthening the Bank’s Accountability Systems and Instruments A new Investment Project Financing Policy was introduced, which consolidates various lending policies into a single, clear, and coherent policy designed to: be more responsive to clients, increase flexibility, focus - 62 - Table 7. IDA Operational Effectiveness (Tier 3) Indicator Results as per 2012 Mid- Current IDA 16 Performance Term Review Report Standard Portfolio Performance Quality of design (%) 81.0 Nu 75.0 Disbursement ratio for investment lending 22.0 23.6 25.0 projects (%) Disbursement ratio for investment lending in 25.0 29.2 25.0 FCCs (%) Aid predictability (%) 1 51.0 Nu 71.0 Monitoring and Evaluation Investment lending projects that have 100.0 100.0 100.0 appropriate results frameworks (%) First Implementation Status and Results Reports 91.0 96.0 95.0 with adequate baselines for at least one key outcome indicator (%) IDA Implementation Completion and Results 95.0 99.0 100.0 Reports (ICRs) that report key results (%) Impact evaluations (Number) 16.0 18.0 17.0 Use of Country Systems Use of country Monitoring and Evaluation 72.0 70.0 75.0 systems (%) Use of country systems for Financial 71.0 nu 65.0 Management (%)1 Use of country systems for Procurement (%)1 55.0 nu 55.0 Collaborative Analytical and Advisory Activities 59.0 nu 66.0 (%)1 Implementation of IDA16 Special Themes Proportion of IDA CASs drawing on and 100.0 100.0 Full implementation discussing the findings of gender assessments of Policy (%) Proportion of projects that are gender- informed 76.0 2 97.0 60.0 (%) - 63 - Proportion of IDA CASs that discuss climate 100.0 100.0 100.0 change vulnerabilities (%) 1 Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey Data, covers both IDA and IBRD. 2 Following the new methodology, operations are rated by looking at three dimensions: analysis, actions, and M&E. If at least one of the dimensions systematically considers gender, then the project is deemed gender-informed. The new World Bank system for tracking gender activities was adopted following in depth discussions across the World Bank with senior management, regions and networks. *nu=no update: (i) “Aid predictability” – there was a change in some parameters that influenced the methodology of this indicator; and (ii) “Use of country systems for financial management” and “Collaborative Analyt ical and Advisory Activities” – The last Paris Declaration was performed in 2011, thus no new information. Monitoring and evaluation 179. The results focus of IDA operations continued to improve during the IDA16 period . All investment lending projects had appropriate results frameworks,102 allowing for monitoring of progress on the Project Development Objective through outcome indicators. Ninety-six percent of operations filed a first Implementation Status and Results Report (ISR) with adequate baseline data for at least one key outcome indicator, which exceeded the performance standard of 95 percent. To improve learning, 99 percent of ICRs reported on data directly related to the achievement of the PDO, close to achieving the IDA16 performance standard of 100 percent. 180. IDA16 surpassed its performance standard with 18 impact evaluations for IDA projects approved per year during FY12-14. Impact evaluations (IEs) are instrumental for IDA’s broader results focus and to support countries in generating effective development solutions based on evidence.103 Africa had the largest number of planned or active IEs (25), followed by SAR (15), ECA (6), MNA (4), EAP (3) and LAC (2). The Development Impact Evaluation Initiative (DIME) provided technical support for the IEs. The Bank’s Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) also supported close to two dozen projects, mostly in IDA, and worked closely with IDA teams to share evidence and develop country-specific workshops on four critical areas of human development – early childhood, education, health, and water and sanitation. The 2012 IEG report found that most IEs met medium or high technical quality standards, and noted improvements in strategic IE selection, coordination, and operational linkages. 104 DOBLE FOOTNOTE 181. IDA also stepped up efforts to modernize and streamline the management and operationalization of IE findings. Since 2013, IEs, along with other knowledge activities, have been managed through the Bank Operations Portal; and have followed a common Accountability and Decision- Making (ADM) process which clarifies responsibilities to assist task teams in strengthening the review of results frameworks, indicators and monitoring arrangements. Use of country systems 182. IDA fell short of the IDA16 target of 75 percent for use of country systems for monitoring and evaluation. Only 70 percent of operations used existing country systems, including information systems and surveys, to report data on key outcome indicators. 183. IDA continued to support the use of country systems for financial management and procurement. Since the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the Bank has strengthened the use of IDA client country systems for financial management and procurement and continues to play an integral role in aid coordination for country-level collaboration. According to 2011 data from the final Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey, 71 percent of Bank aid to public sector was using partner country systems for public financial management by 2010, exceeding both the Paris Declaration target for the World Bank 102 The indicator captures the percent of IDA investment lending projects approved in the fiscal year for which the results framework has at least one outcome indicator that covers key aspects of the stated development objective. 104 IEG. 2012. World Bank Group Impact Evaluations: Relevance and Effectiveness. Washington, DC: World Bank - 64 - (51 percent) and a more ambitious IDA16 performance standard (65 percent). In addition, by 2010, 55 percent of Bank aid to public sector was using partner country systems for procurement which either adhere to broadly accepted good practices or have a reform program in place to achieve these. The Procurement policy was updated as one of the five of 22 corrective actions under Management’s Five Point Action Plan (FPAP) following the review of Internal Controls by the Internal Auditing Department and IEG’s evaluation. 184. IDA continued to plan and implement analytic and technical assistance services in collaboration with clients and other development partners. The 2011 Paris Declaration Survey found that the Bank conducted 59 percent of its analytic and technical assistance work collaboratively. Since FY12, the Bank has supported six knowledge platforms as experiments in collaborative knowledge generation, which includes the Open Development Technology Alliance, Urbanization, Green Growth, Jobs, Secure Nutrition, and the Hive (knowledge platform on fragility, conflict and violence). In addition, the Bank has continued to make major advances in knowledge-sharing and building global data capacities through collaboration with its client countries and development partners. The Bank’s Open Access Policy for Research and Knowledge went into effect July 2012. The centerpiece of this policy is the Open Knowledge Repository (OKR), which unifies all of the Bank’s various research and knowledge products under a single Creative Commons attribution copyright license, providing accessibility to a much wider audience. Since launching, the OKR has adopted new features such as author profiles, enhanced usage statistics and mapping, and citations via Google Scholar. On its first anniversary, the OKR reached its millionth document download. Special Themes 185. Gender. During the IDA16 period, there was a significant increase in the proportion of IDA projects that were gender-informed. All CASs/CPSs for IDA countries approved between FY12-14 drew on gender assessments, meeting the performance standard set for IDA16. All 20 CASs for IDA countries in FY14 also included follow-up actions that addressed priority gender gaps in the country and sex-disaggregated indicators in the results framework. By the end of the IDA16 period, 95 percent of lending operations were gender informed, surpassing the IDA16 performance standard of 60 percent. IDA also made great efforts to deepen the way projects address gender inequality by including specific actions and gender-informed results frameworks. 186. Climate change. During IDA16, all CASs/CPSs included a discussion of the country’s vulnerability to climate change and the risks it poses to development. All CASs/CPSs described actions to make development more climate resilient. Tier 4: IDA Organization Effectiveness 187. Tier 4 measures IDA’s organizational effectiveness in terms of speed, cost, decentralization, and mapping for results (Table 8). These indicators reflect the impact of internal reforms that the Bank has been undertaking to enhance efficiency, effectiveness and value for money in achieving development results in IDA countries. 188. Speed. The time between the review of the Project Concept Note for an investment project and Board approval declined steadily during IDA16, and at the end of FY14, had fallen to 10.7 months, compared to the IDA16 performance standard of 12 months. For FCS, the approval time was even shorter, at 10.1 months. - 65 - Table 8. IDA Organizational Effectiveness (Tier 4) Indicator Results as per 2012 Mid Current IDA 16 Performance Term Review Report Standard Speed and Cost Time from project concept note to approval for 13.61 10.7 12.0 investment lending (months) Time from project concept note to approval for 9.8 1 10.1 12.0 investment lending in FCCs (months) Problem projects restored to “satisfactory” 70.0 71.9 80.0 status within 12 months (%) Average project preparation (US$ thousands) 316.0 335.0 325.0 Average project implementation support costs 142.0 143.0 135.0 (US$ thousands) Decentralization Decentralization of higher level staff to the 33.0 33.0 30.0 field (%) Decentralization of task management to staff in the field working on (% of tasks managed) Fragile situations (% of tasks managed) 34.5² 37.6 35.0 Non-fragile situations(% of tasks managed) 41.4² 41.4 45.0 Mapping for results IDA projects that are geo-coded (%) 100.0 nu 100.0 1 Historical value updated. ² Previous result updated based on improved calculation methodology. *nu=no update. 189. Cost. Average project preparation and implementation support costs increased towards the end of IDA16. In FY14, the average preparation cost 105 of a project was US$335,000, compared to US$316,000 in FY12. Average project implementation support cost was US$143,000 in FY14, an increase of 0.7 percent compared with US$142,000 in FY12. The change in costs was influenced by a change in the composition of lending. The percentage of DPOs in the portfolio decreased from 17.6 percent in FY12 to 11.5 percent in FY14, while the share of investment operations increased from 81.8 percent to 88.5 percent. Since policy lending operations tend to be less expensive to prepare than investment lending operations, this led to the increase in average project preparation and implementation support costs. 105 This indicator measures the total aggregate cumulative cost (Bank Budget and Bank Executed Trust Funds) for preparation of IDA projects delivered in a fiscal year divided by the number of projects delivered in that year. - 66 - 190. Decentralization. IDA broadly met the IDA16 performance standards for decentralization. By the end of FY14, 33 percent of Open/Term staff (levels GE and above) were located in country offices, exceeding the IDA16 performance standard of 30 percent. The total number of staff in country offices grew by 13 percent during the period. The number of full-time Bank staff in FCS rose by 6 percent and by the end of FY14, 5.9 percent of all full-time Bank staff were in FCS. In addition, in FY14, 37.6 percent of tasks were managed from the field by staff working on FCS, surpassing the IDA16 performance standard of 35 percent, and 41.4 percent of tasks were managed from the field in non-FCS. 191. To support decentralization, a two-phase review of mobility benefits was carried out in FY12 and FY14, with the objective of supporting the most appropriate deployment of staff based on their skills and experience. The Recruitment Framework Program launched in February 2013 also clarified the recruitment approach and its link to business priorities, as well as roles, responsibilities and accountability throughout the process. In addition, relocation field guides for different locations became available to staff, to support the increasing number of staff and family relocations in IDA country offices.106 192. Mapping for results. Timely and actionable data are imperative to direct development support to where it is most needed. In this context, geo-coding provides a means to demonstrate how IDA’s support relates to the country context. Since the Mapping for Results initiative was launched in 2010, work on publishing and visualizing data has advanced and expanded. WBG’s visualization tools include interactive maps on the new operations dashboard.107 In addition to geo-coded project locations, maps show project details, including a project overview, commitment and disbursement amounts, procurement data, team leader information and links to the operations portal for further details. Users can also create multiple layers based on World Developments Indicators and sub-national indicators. This sets WBG projects in the context that helps communicate implementation progress and results more effectively. 193. External assessments also recognize IDA’s role in promoting transparency and open development. The World Bank started publishing information to the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) Registry in April 2011. The 2012 Aid Transparency Index (ATI) from Publish What You Fund and the transparency component of the Center for Global Development’s 2011 Quality of Official Development Assistance assessment identified the Bank as a global leader on transparency. The 2014 ATI assessment ranks IDA fourth out of 17 multilateral organizations showing an increase in overall IDA’s score by eight percentage points compared to its previous performance.108 194. IDA stepped up efforts to communicate results by publishing easily accessible country, sector and project Results Briefs highlighting client challenges and results achieved. The Results Briefs complement quantitative reporting and project documentation, which is also available to the public. Including versions in other languages, more than 1,000 Results Briefs covering all geographical regions and sectors as well as the IDA16 Special Themes, were publicly available by the end of IDA16. Of these, 674 Results Briefs (65 percent) were prepared for IDA only countries and 368 (35 percent) were for blend countries during the IDA16 period. 195. Global Leadership on aid effectiveness and country-level collaboration. The Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC), established following the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan in 2011, brought together donors, developing countries, the private sector and civil society. Evidence from the 2014 Progress Report based on the GPEDC’s Global Monitoring Framework and the earlier 2011 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration, attests that IDA’s 106 IDA supervisors and managers who manage virtual and decentralized teams draw upon the Bank’s learning program and the enhanced information technology system. The Managing Virtual Teams (MVT) webinar program focuses on three areas: Tips and Tools for Virtual Communication, Managing Team Performance in a Virtual Environment, and Virtual Teams – Making Them Work Best. In FY12, the Country Office Improvement Program improved IT connectivity. 107 http://maps.worldbank.org 108 Aid Transparency Index 2014. http://ati.publishwhatyoufund.org/donor/world-bank-ida/ - 67 - performance on development cooperation is among the strongest of all development partners, particularly in priority areas such as partner country leadership and ownership, results, and transparency. 196. Management intensified its efforts to strengthen IDA’s effectiveness by streng thening its policies, processes, accountability systems and its instruments. As noted in the IDA16 MTR, the Bank started to revamp its Quality Assurance processes early in IDA16, including through harmonization of quality assurance processes across regions; increasing and enhancing technical support to task teams during preparation; and increasing implementation support. The efforts are summarized in Box 12. 197. Management has continued to strengthen Internal Controls. A new Investment Project Financing framework consolidating relevant Operational Policies and Bank Procedures into a clear and coherent policy and procedure was approved by the Board in October 2012 and launched in April 2013. A new risk management framework was put in place in 2014, including a new operational risk management tool. Working Arrangements for Handling Fraud and Corruption among the regions, INT and OPCS concerning allegations of fraud and corruption in Investment Project Financing (IPF) were issued in November 2013. The working arrangement clarify the roles and responsibilities of Bank units and staff in handling allegations, establishes protocols for cooperation and also explains specifics roles such as prevention and knowledge and learning. 198. With the new Bank operating structure introduced in July 2014, the financial management and procurement specialist and fiduciary functions were integrated into the Governance Global Practice creating a substantial, integrated practice of professionals supporting governance and countries’ institutional capacity improvements. The Governance Global Practice carries out due diligence and provides support to task teams and clients for all operations across the GPs and Regions. Through FM and Procurement specialists working with Governance specialists, a more holistic approach to fiduciary assurance and strengthening of institutional capacity for sustainable improvement in public financial management is taking shape. FM and Procurement systems are being integrated with the operations portal providing enhanced information for tracking fiduciary risks and performance. 199. The IDA17 RMS is continuing the use of the IDA RMS in measuring results for IDA countries. Building on the lessons from the IDA16 Results Measuring System, IDA17 introduced more than twenty additional indicators on the RMS to further enhance measuring results in IDA countries. 200. Management is committed to continue enhancing the strategic relevance and coverage of the IDA RMS. The RMS is at the forefront of results monitoring and measurement at the World Bank and remains a key tool to achieve IDA’s objectives. During the IDA17 period efforts will continue to improve and refine methodologies to allow a more accurate and systematic measurement of results, and establish clear links between tiers, as well as with the IDA17 policy commitments. Management will also continue efforts to strengthen indicators on special themes such as gender, climate change, fragile and conflict- affected states, and inclusive growth. Work will also continue on increasing statistical capacity in client countries, building in partner countries and maintaining the leadership in open and transparent development. - 68 - Box 12. Strengthening the Bank’s Accountability Systems and Instruments A new Investment Project Financing Policy was introduced, which consolidates various lending policies into a single, clear, and coherent policy designed to: be more responsive to clients, increase flexibility, focus more on quality and results. It is a principles-based policy with changes in six areas: fragility, economic analysis, additional financing, series of projects, audits, and project preparation advances. Operational Dashboards were developed to provide a comprehensive and integrated monitoring and reporting tool with up-to-date operational and development effectiveness data. For example, Management Dashboard is designed to facilitate assessing the institution’s effectiveness and efficiency while the dashboard for task teams provides quick access to key project information including milestones, ratings, budget, trust funds, clearances, and project documents. The Accountability and Decision-Making Framework was introduced to modernize the ways the Bank assigns accountability and makes decisions. It enhance the effectiveness of decisions by clearly identifying responsibilities for decision making in the system and eliminating existing “shadow” processes. The pipeline and portfolio quality monitoring system was strengthened including revision of quarterly quality reports and annual portfolio reviews to improve reporting for Senior Management. The reports use defined indicators and help focus the discussion on identifying early warning signs and elaborate on selected quality-related topics. The new framework for Operations Risk Management establishes systems, tools, structures, processes and accountabilities for effectively identify, assess and manage risk. A new instrument, the Program-for-Results (PforR) was introduced to support countries to enhance development effectiveness of their own programs tying financing to achievement of results. A priority of the PforR is to strengthen the capacity and systems of the institutions that implement the program. A total of 22 operations have been approved between January 2012 and December 2014 for a total of US$3.5 billion. Over FY12-14, thirteen operations were approved committing a total of $2 billion of IDA financing to support government programs in eleven IDA countries. In December 2013, the policy paper “Enhancing the World Bank’s Operational Policy Framework on Guarantees”, which set out the most significant reform to Bank Guarantees in the last 20 years, was approved. The WB guarantees reform aims to: (i) help IDA and IBRD leverage further their financial resources by mobilizing private sector financing for clients, (ii) facilitate the use of guarantee by IDA countries, and (iii) foster synergies across the WBG. It modernized the policy framework for greater flexibility to meet the changing needs of member countries, and fully incorporated Bank guarantees into investment project and development policy financing. Box 14. Strengthening the Bank’s Accountability Systems and Instruments A new Investment Project Financing Policy was introduced, which consolidates various lending policies into a single, clear, and coherent policy designed to: be more responsive to clients, increase flexibility, focus more on quality and results. It is a principles-based policy with changes in six areas: fragility, economic analysis, additional financing, series of projects, audits, and project preparation advances. Operational Dashboards were developed to provide a comprehensive and integrated monitoring and reporting tool with up-to-date operational and development effectiveness data. For example, Management Dashboard is designed to facilitate assessing the institution’s effectiveness and efficiency while the dashboard for task teams provides quick access to key project information including milestones, ratings, budget, trust funds, clearances, and project documents. The Accountability and Decision-Making Framework was introduced to modernize the ways the Bank assigns accountability and makes decisions. It enhance the effectiveness of decisions by clearly identifying responsibilities for decision making in the system and eliminating existing “shadow” processes. The pipeline and portfolio quality monitoring system was strengthened including revision of quarterly quality reports and annual portfolio reviews to improve reporting for Senior Management. The reports use defined indicators and help focus the discussion on identifying early warning signs and elaborate on selected quality-related topics. The new framework for Operations Risk Management establishes systems, tools, structures, processes and accountabilities for effectively identify, assess and manage risk. A new instrument, the Program-for-Results (PforR) was introduced to support countries to enhance development effectiveness of their own programs tying financing to achievement of results. A priority of the PforR is to strengthen the capacity and systems of the institutions that implement the program. A total of 22 operations have been approved between January 2012 and December 2014 for a total of US$3.5 billion. Over FY12-14, thirteen operations were approved committing a total of $2 billion of IDA financing to support - 69 - CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND LOOKING FORWARD The world’s poorest countries will continue to need IDA support to meet the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that were agreed in September 2015. In IDA17, IDA is building on the IDA16 support with the overarching goal to end poverty and promote shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of the population. IDA will sustain these efforts, applying its range of knowledge and lending instruments and leveraging the strengths of IFC, MIGA and IBRD through the one WBG approach to respond to a greater demand for support from a diverse client base. IDA countries will need to step up efforts to ensure food security, job creation, closing infrastructure gaps, fostering an enabling environment for a vibrant private sector, human skills development, and strengthening governance and institutions with particular attention to the needs of FCSs. For the countries that are graduating, IDA will need to work with other WBG agencies and development partners to help them transition while working to ensure that the poorest and vulnerable groups benefit from development gains. 201. In response to the robust IDA16replenishment, IDA scaled up its support, with record commitments and disbursements to support programs in the world's poorest countries with a focus on results. Guided by the overarching theme, "Delivering Development Results", IDA supported countries' efforts towards the MDGs and their overall development goals including strengthening their capacity to address new challenges and deal with unexpected crises. IDA directed more than half of total IDA16 commitments to Africa to address the significant challenges facing the region. IDA financing was underpinned by an ambitious package of policy measures and performance targets. The IDA16 Regional Program complemented and leveraged country-level efforts, capitalizing on economies of scale, shared resources, and the work of regional institutions to enhance regional integration and delivery of public goods. An important part of IDA’s support to poor countries is the abilit y to distill lessons from implementation for improving future programs. Many specific lessons continue to be identified at regional, country and project levels and have been highlighted in different parts of the Retrospective. Below are some selected cross-cutting lessons. Lessons Learned 202. While there was progress on the MDGs, many IDA countries still had significant gaps in reaching the targets. IDA countries will still require support to close these gaps within the context of the more ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). IDA countries will need to mobilize resources from domestic sources as well as from the international community. Countries that are making progress, are those that are able to transform their economies, by tapping capital markets and expanding the role of the private sector. Countries will also need to address cross-cutting areas of the IDA16 special themes (gender equality, fragility, crisis response and climate change) that pose specific challenges. It will be important to continue to build on the work that has been done in these areas during IDA16. 203. IDA needs to customize its support to a diverse and changing clientele. The poorest countries, many of them facing fragile situations, are at the core of IDA mandate and they will continue to need significant support as they strive to reach the SDGs. At the same time, as countries’ incomes rise and they near graduation from IDA, they are facing both opportunities and challenges. Countries’ demands are changing as their income levels rise, giving rise to an increased emphasis on knowledge exchange. However, many are also facing substantial pockets of poverty among their populations and are also constrained by their limited access to alternative sources of funding. Innovative ways are needed to support these countries to ensure that the remaining poverty agenda can be addressed, while supporting smooth transitions which reduce of the risk of reverse graduations. 204. A number of factors have been common to successful country programs, policy lending operations and projects. These factors have included: strong ownership by recipient governments and key stakeholders including beneficiaries, selectivity in use of limited resources guided by a strong analytic - 70 - evidence-base, clear objectives with appropriate results frameworks for monitoring progress and strong technical and implementation support provided by Bank teams. Where these have been lacking, outcomes have been less successful. In addition, conflict and natural disasters, which often occur in countries whose institutions and capacities are already strained, have added to existing challenges. Strengthening capacity is key to unlocking the development potential in those countries. Continued efforts to support the use of country systems in line with the Paris agreements and strengthening of client capacity will be important. 205. Governance is central to the realization of development goals generally, and specifically for maximizing the effectiveness and impact of IDA resources. Countries need strong functioning institutions and systems to provide an enabling environment. Weak governance is often the cause of poor outcomes, hence strengthening governance across government institutions (for example, IDA’s support for stronger procurement, financial management systems; legal and regulatory systems) must remain a key focus of IDA support. Strengthening citizen engagement is also an important part of enhancing governance and accountability. 206. IDA has also continued to focus on its own effectiveness and efficiency. IDA has taken steps to target quality oversight and improved implementation support. These include monthly review meetings chaired by the Managing Director, learning reviews and country portfolio performance reviews, increased staff presence on the ground, support to country teams on procurement and financial management, and larger projects for greater efficiency and economies of scale. 207. The growth of the IDA16 regional program portfolio highlights the importance of regional solutions to shared challenges including expanding infrastructure, facilitating regional trade and integration, providing global public goods and dealing with natural disasters. Regional solutions were particularly important for small states that were able to gain economies of scale in dealing with development priorities whose cost would have been too high for individual countries. However, regional programs also pose implementation challenges given the number of stakeholders and varying capacities across countries. 208. Partnerships continue to play an important role in IDA’s support to client countries. IDA’s convening power and global reach contributed to stronger partnerships with other development partners, including leveraging of additional resources and ensuring coherence of support including for critical reforms with a view to achieving maximum impact. This role is even more important with the ambitious SDG agenda and in the face of growth in the number of funding mechanisms targeting specific areas, for example, climate funds. Moving Forward 209. Through its renewed efforts under IDA17, IDA is building on the achievements of IDA16 , under the overarching theme, "Maximizing Development Impact". IDA is responding to the evolving needs of IDA countries by aligning its support to the WBG's twin 2013 goals: to end poverty and promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population in every country. With a sharper focus on “value for money” IDA is improving both results and cost-effectiveness. 210. To deliver on ambitious global development goal, IDA is expanding its role in leveraging private investment, public resources and knowledge to catalyze results in IDA countries. Synergies are being enhanced across the WBG (IDA, IFC, MIGA and IBRD) for an integrated approach to help countries catalyze private domestic and foreign investment. While many important legal and regulatory reforms have been adopted the impact of these reforms has yet to generate substantial increases in new private investment. Supporting the efforts of IDA countries to scale up their access to financing for development, through support for domestic resource mobilization and scaled up development assistance, will be important for IDA going forward. 211. For IDA17, the IDA16 special themes of FCSs, climate change and gender were continued, in recognition of the fact that there is still a large unfinished agenda. During IDA17, the level of - 71 - ambition has been raised with a greater attention to implementation and results. Special attention is being paid to expanding women's economic participation, voice and agency, and to address gender-based violence. The WBG is updating the Bank's gender strategy which will help to deepen attention to gender. On climate there is greater focus on policy, technology and finance challenges to help implement country- led, multi-sectoral plans and investment for managing climate and disaster risks. This is critical for IDA countries which need to strengthen capacities to build resilience and reduce the vulnerability of their people and assets to climate related risks. Support to mitigation, adaptation and resilience will need to be integrated with short-term disaster risk management. On FCSs, efforts are directed at increasing the volume of support that IDA provides, strengthening institutions and governance to provide security, justice and jobs as well as enhancing risk management and responsiveness in challenging circumstances. 212. Results are the central goal of IDA17. The IDA RMS was enhanced during IDA17 to take the results agenda to the next level. Performance targets have been set to ensure that IDA countries maximize their potential and that IDA also enhances its efficiency and effectiveness. Greater attention is being paid to the areas of the special themes. Statistical capacity building is an important aspect of the support aimed at strengthening the evidence base of decision making in IDA countries. IDA will continue to prioritize support to countries to invest in the production and use of better quality data to support the evidence base of policy and strategic decisions and to improve the design and monitoring of programs. 213. As IDA moves beyond IDA17, demand for its assistance is likely to continue to grow as countries strive to meet ambitious international goals. IDA will continue to adjust its support to meet the evolving needs of client countries. For the core IDA countries, efforts will be needed to step up the pace of development, sustaining efforts in key areas including: food security, job creation, closing infrastructure gaps, fostering an enabling environment for a vibrant private sector, human skills development, and strengthening governance and institutions. In addition, for FCSs, greater attention will need to be given to addressing drivers of fragility and conflict and mitigating their impact. For the countries that are graduating from IDA, IDA will need to help the countries through the transition. IDA will also need to adjust its assistance to meet the greater need for knowledge and technology transfer. 214. IDA is well placed to support IDA countries through its knowledge, investment and policy lending and by leveraging the strengths of IFC, MIGA and IBRD through the one WBG approach. As it moves forward, IDA will need to enhance its support to countries while paying attention to the following issues arising from the lessons from the IDA16 period:  The need to respond to a greater demand for support from a diverse client base. The poorest countries still require highly concessional resources and a strong focus on capacity building of key institutions. Countries moving towards middle income status are also looking for greater volumes of support from IDA, as well as knowledge partnerships. IDA will continue to strive for a strategic focus of its limited concessional resources through greater selectivity, realism and flexibility.  The potential to meet the demand for expanded access to IDA resources by leveraging IDA’s balance sheet.  How to utilize the experience and capacity to deliver that IDA has developed in the course of the past 55 years to strengthen global efforts to reduce poverty and address emerging challenges, including those arising from climate change.  A greater focus on knowledge sharing and capacity building with an emphasis on implementation support for the countries facing governance and capacity challenges especially in FCSs, facilitated by the new Global Practices.  Strengthening domestic resource mobilization and governance, which will be important for addressing the SDG agenda ahead.  Leveraging and catalyzing the private sector and support from other development partners. - 72 -  Focus on results and value for money with greater use of evidence and lessons learned from IDA's broad engagement. - 73 - ANNEXES Annex 1. Basic IDA Definitions DEFINITION SOURCE IDA ELIGIBILITY Per capita GNI computed per the World Bank Atlas methodology is IDA's GNI per capita basic indicator or proxy for poverty. The ceiling for IDA eligibility (currently called the "historical ceiling"), Historical ceiling initially set at US$250 per capita in 1964, has been revised to account for inflation, reaching US$1,965 in FY2014. "Operational cutoff" was formally recognized by IDA donors and participants in IDA8 (FY1989) as a second and lower income criteria for IDA eligibility. Operational cutoff The operational per capita income cut-off has been reaffirmed by the donors in each subsequent replenishment and stood at US$1,205 in FY2014. OP 3.10 Annex D, In general, creditworthiness has been defined as "the ability to service "IBRD/IDA and outstanding and projected external debt at market interest rates over the long Blend Countries: term." Creditworthiness considerations have always guided IDA lending Per capita Creditworthiness policies, since the Articles of Agreement limit IDA from providing assistance Incomes, Lending if financing is "available from private sources on terms which are reasonable Eligibility and for the recipients or could be provided by a loan of the type made by Bank." Repayment Terms" (IDA, July IDA extends temporary eligibility to countries, called "gap countries," that are 2013) Gap countries above operational cutoff (for more than two consecutive years) and are taking major adjustment efforts but are not creditworthy for IBRD lending. "Blend countries" are countries eligible to borrow from IDA as well as IBRD Blend countries on the basis of creditworthiness. Capped blend "Capped blend countries" – India and Pakistan - with access to IBRD lending countries receives less than its PBA allocations because it has broader financing options. Small island Small island economies with incomes above operational cutoff have economies (small exceptional access to IDA resources on the basis of their vulnerability. states) FCS is the term used for countries facing particularly severe development challenges such as weak institutional capacity, poor governance, political instability, and frequently on-going violence or the legacy effects of past severe conflict. The World Bank defines FCSs as those having either: (i) a composite “Operational Fragile and Bank, AfDB and ADB CPIA rating of 3.2 or less; or (ii) the presence of a Approaches and Conflict-Affected United Nations and/or regional peace-keeping or peace-building mission (e.g., Financing in States (FCSs) AU, EU, North Atlantic Treaty Organization), with the exclusion of border Fragile States” monitoring operations, during the past three years. (IDA, June 2007) For the most recent list of FCSs, see http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/FY15%20Fragil e%20states%20list.pdf - 74 - DEFINITION SOURCE Graduation from IDA is normally triggered when a country exceeds the operational per capita income cutoff for several years. Some countries have graduated from IDA on an accelerated basis, which may occur when improved "IDA Eligibility, information becomes available showing that a country's income is substantially Terms, and IDA graduation higher than previously expected and the country is deemed creditworthy for Graduation IBRD financing. Graduation can also occur when a country achieves Policy" (IDA, creditworthiness for adequate amounts of IBRD lending and other commercial January 2001) sources of funds, even though its per capita income remains below the operational cutoff. IDA CREDITS For IDA-only countries, credits are repayable over 40 years, with a 10 year Regular IDA grace period, with principal repayment at the rate of 2% per annum for years credit 11-20, and 4% per annum for years 21-40. The same terms apply to credits for small island economies109. Effectively from July 2011, the formerly blend and hardened terms have been consolidated into one blend credit instrument. Blend terms apply to blend OP 3.10 Annex D, countries and IDA countries with GNI per capita above the operational cutoff "IBRD/IDA and Blend terms for more than two consecutive years, previously known as “gap” or “hardened Blend Countries: terms” countries. Blend credits have a maturity of 25 years, with a 5 year grace Per capita period and a 3.3 percent of principal repayable per annum for years 6-15 and Incomes, Lending 6.7 percent per annum for years 16-25, and a 1.25 interest charge. Eligibility and Repayment Blend countries (excluding small island states with population of less than 1.5 Terms" (IDA, July million that receive regular IDA credit terms) are eligible for hard-term credits. 2013) These resources are additional to a country’s regular performance based allocation. The access to hard-term credits is expanded in proportion to the countries’ performance based allocation. Hard- term credit Hard term credits have a maturity of 25 years, with a 5 year grace period and a 3.3 percent of principal repayable per annum for years 6-15 and 6.7 percent per annum for years 16-25. Standard IDA service and commitment charges apply plus a fixed interest charge for the life of each credit. IDA credits include an acceleration clause, providing for doubling of principal "A Review of Acceleration payments from creditworthy borrowers where per capita income remains above IDA’s Long Term clause eligibility thresholds. IDA credits on hardened terms (approved during IDA13- Financial IDA15) are exempt from the accelerated repayment provisions. Capacity and Financial Instruments" For all IDA credits, a service charge is levied at the rate of 0.75 percent per Service charge (IDA, February annum on the principal amount disbursed and outstanding. 2010) 109 Currently, regular IDA credits are repayable over 38 years, with a 6 year grace period, with principal repayment at the rate of 3.13% per annum. Regular IDA terms apply to credits for small island economies and will continue to be 40 year maturity; 10 year grace period; 2% pa years 11-20, and 4% pa years 21-40. - 75 - DEFINITION SOURCE Each year, the Executive Directors approve the level of commitment charge Commitment that will apply for that fiscal year, not to exceed 0.50 percent. From FY09- charge FY12, the commitment charge was set at 0 percent. IDA RESOURCE ALLOCATION IDA allocates resources to client countries based on its performance-based allocation (PBA) system. The PBA system has evolved over the last two Performance- decades and was the basis for the distribution of IDA resources during IDA16. based allocation Under the PBA system, IDA resources are allocated on the basis of Country (PBA) Performance Rating (CPR), population, and GNI per capita. Starting with the IDA15 period, the country allocations and commitments disclosed to the Executive Directors of IDA on an ex post basis (i.e., at the end of each FY). Country The CPR is computed annually using the Country Policy and Institutional Performance Assessment (CPIA) and the portfolio performance rating. Rating (CPR) “IDA’s The performance of IDA countries is assessed annually using the CPIA. The Performance CPIA assesses each IDA country's policy and institutional framework for Based Allocation Country Policy System: Review fostering poverty reduction, sustainable growth, and ability to use development and Institutional of the Current assistance. The system has evolved over time and now comprises 16 criteria Assessment System and Key grouped into four clusters: (A) economic management; (B) structural policies; (CPIA) Issues for IDA16” (C) policies for social inclusion and equity; and (D) public sector management and institutions. (IDA, May 2010) Governance The governance rating is calculated using cluster D of the CPIA. rating The performance of IDA countries eligible for IDA post-conflict allocations is Post Conflict measured by PCPIs, indicators developed to reflect their special country Progress circumstances. Starting from IDA15, the PCPI indicators are publicly Indicators (PCPI) disclosed. Portfolio To capture the quality of IDA-financed project and program management, the Performance portfolio performance indicators are used to determine a portfolio performance Ratings rating which captures each country's implementation performance. IDA16 GRANT ALLOCATION FRAMEWORK “IDA’s In IDA16, grants continued to be provided based on countries' risk of debt Performance distress. This risk is assessed on the basis of the methodology proposed in the Based Allocation IDA16 Grant joint IMF-World Bank debt sustainability framework (DSF) for low-income System: Review Allocation countries. The risk ratings (“traffic lights”) are then translated into grant of the Current Framework allocations: high risk (“red”) is associated with 100 percent grants, medium System and Key (“yellow”) with 50 percent grants, and low (“green”) with zero grants. Issues for IDA16” (IDA, May 2010) - 76 - SPECIAL ALLOCATIONS IN IDA16 In IDA16, financial support to Fragile and Conflict-affected countries has been “IDA’s strengthened, including through: (i) introduction of a flexible and case-by-case Performance Financial approach to extending the phase-out for post-conflict and re-engaging countries Based Allocation support to for the IDA16 period, and (ii) modifying the requirements for IDA’s regional System: Review Fragile and program to allow projects with only two countries when at least one is FCS. of the Current Conflict- Furthermore, support through arrears clearance operations and special allocations System and Key affected States as warranted, continued in IDA16. Issues for IDA16” (FCSs) In addition, in order to benefit small states, the maximum per capita allocation (IDA, May 2010) ceiling was eliminated and the base allocation was increased from SDR1.5 million to SDR3 million per year. There was a special provision for selected regional integration projects during IDA16 period, with a total allocation of SDR1.5 billion, of which 75% was provided to Africa and the remainder to other regions in notional allocations. “Additions to IDA The additional financing is used to ‘top up’ IDA resources provided to countries Replenishment: through the PBA system in order to finance regional investments and activities in Sixteenth eligible multi-country projects. Replenishment. Regional Eligibility criteria include that the project must: (i) involve three or more IDA16: projects countries (see exception above); (ii) have benefits that spill over country Delivering boundaries; (iii) have ownership and commitment of the majority of participating Development countries; (iv) provide a platform for policy harmonization between countries; Results” (IDA, and be part of a regional strategy; (v) avoid funding primarily national-level March 2011) investments with regional resources; and (vi) be considered for IDA funding only once other options have been ruled out. IDA RESOURCES Replenishment Replenishment is the process of periodic review with the objective of ensuring adequacy of IDA resources and authorization of additional subscriptions for a future period (normally 3 years). Under IDA's Articles, replenishments are required to be approved by IDA's Board of Governors by a two-thirds majority of the total voting power. “Additions to IDA Commitment authority is the total value of resources available during a particular Replenishment: replenishment, including donor contributions, internal resources, IBRD net Sixteenth income transfers, IFC grants, and other resources. Donor contributions Replenishment. Commitment supporting IDA16 commitment authority were provided as part of the IDA16 IDA16: authority replenishment itself as well as under the MDRI replenishment. The commitment Delivering authority level is monitored periodically to ensure that funding is available to Development meet commitments and to provide early warning signs of any problems in terms Results” (IDA, of resource availability. March 2011) The value of the SDR in U.S. dollar terms is calculated daily as the sum of the Special values in U.S. dollars of specific amounts of four currencies—the Euro, Japanese Drawing Rights Yen, Pound Sterling, and U.S. dollar—based on exchange rates quoted at noon at (SDR) the London market. The value of the SDR is posted daily on the IMF website. - 77 - Annex 2. Countries Eligible to Receive IDA Financing during IDA16 a/ Africa Africa (continued) Europe and Central Asia (continued) Angola b/ e/ Sierra Leone Kosovo Benin Somalia c/ Kyrgyz Republic Burkina Faso Sudan c/ Moldova b/ e/ Burundi South Sudan f/ Tajikistan Cameroon b/ e/ Tanzania Uzbekistan b/ Cabo Verde b/ Togo Central African Republic Uganda Latin America and the Caribbean Chad Zambia Bolivia b/ Comoros Zimbabwe b/ c/ Dominica b/ Congo, Dem. Rep. Grenada b/ Congo, Republic b/ e/ East Asia and the Pacific Guyana Côte d’Ivoire Cambodia Haiti Eritrea c/ Kiribati Honduras Ethiopia Laos, People's Democratic Republic Nicaragua Gambia Marshall Islands j/ St Lucia b/ Ghana d/ Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Of j/ St Vincent and the Grenadines b/ Guinea Mongolia b/ i/ Guinea-Bissau Myanmar g/ Middle East and North Africa Kenya Papua New Guinea b/ Djibouti Lesotho Samoa 6-b Yemen, Republic Liberia Solomon Islands Madagascar Timor-Leste b/ h/ 5-c South Asia Malawi Tonga Afghanistan Mali Tuvalu k/ Bangladesh Mauritania Vanuatu Bhutan Mozambique Vietnam b/ India b/ Niger 6-c, 2-d Maldives Nigeria b/ e/ Europe and Central Asia 7-c, 3-d Nepal Rwanda Armenia b/ 8-c, 1-d Pakistan b/ Sao Tome and Principe Bosnia-Herzegovina b/ Sri Lanka b/ i/ Senegal Georgia b/ a/ There are 82 countries on this list. Of these, 59 are IDA-only countries and 23 are blend countries. b/ Blend Countries. c/ Non-accrual status. d/ As per the Ghana Non-Concessional Borrowing Policy Paper (IDA/SecM2008-0274, May 7, 2008), IDA credits to Ghana starting on July 1, 2008 were on blend terms. e/ Angola, Cameroon, Moldova, Nigeria and Republic of Congo changed from IDA-only borrower to Blend borrower status in FY14. f/ South Sudan was granted access to IDA resources on IDA-only terms in FY13. g/ Myanmar was restored to accrual status in FY13. h/ Timor-Leste changed from IDA-only borrower to Blend borrower status in FY13. i/ Mongolia and Sri Lanka changed from IDA-only borrower to Blend borrower status in FY12. j/ The Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Marshall Islands were reclassified from an IBRD borrower to IDA only borrower status, effective FY12. k/ Tuvalu was granted access to IDA resources on IDA-only terms, effective FY12. - 78 - Annex 3. IDA16 financing framework Table 1. Donor Contributions to IDA16 Basic Contributions Supplemental Sub-total Contributions HIPC Costs Arrears Clearance Grant Compensation Total Donor Contributions Credit FX Rates Currency of Share SDR Million SDR Million SDR Million NC Million 8/ Share SDR Million NC Million 8/ Share SDR Million NC Million 8/ Share SDR Million NC Million 8/ Share SDR Million NC Million 8/ NC Million 8/ (NC/SDR) Denomination Contributing Members Hide (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) Argentina AR 0.20% 41.30 - 41.30 62.04 0.20% 2.78 4.18 0.20% 0.80 1.20 0.20% 0.12 0.18 0.20% 45.00 67.60 - 1.502330 USD Australia AU 1.80% 370.68 59.44 430.12 723.60 1.61% 22.34 37.58 1.61% 6.44 10.84 1.61% 0.97 1.63 2.05% 459.87 773.65 - 1.682330 AUD Austria AT 5/ 1.56% 321.58 3.06 324.64 376.88 0.86% 11.93 13.98 0.86% 3.44 4.03 0.86% 0.52 0.60 1.52% 340.53 395.50 3.59 1.171980 EUR Bahamas, The BS 0.01% 2.37 - 2.37 3.56 0.01% 0.16 0.24 0.01% 0.05 0.07 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.01% 2.58 3.88 - 1.502330 USD Barbados BB 0.002% 0.41 - 0.41 1.24 0.002% 0.03 0.08 0.002% 0.01 0.02 0.002% 0.00 0.00 0.002% 0.45 1.35 - 2.999800 BBD Belgium BE 1.55% 319.51 - 319.51 374.46 1.71% 23.73 27.81 1.71% 6.84 8.02 1.71% 1.03 1.20 1.56% 351.10 411.49 - 1.171980 EUR Brazil BR 0.26% 54.19 - 54.19 144.16 0.67% 9.30 24.73 0.67% 2.68 7.13 0.67% 0.40 1.07 0.30% 66.56 177.09 - 2.660540 BRL Canada CA 3.98% 820.42 11.99 832.41 1,292.26 4.14% 57.44 89.17 4.14% 16.56 25.71 4.14% 2.48 3.86 4.05% 908.90 1,411.00 - 1.552430 CAD Chile CL 0.10% 21.08 - 21.08 31.66 0.10% 1.42 2.13 0.10% 0.41 0.61 0.10% 0.06 0.09 0.10% 22.96 34.50 - 1.502330 USD China CN 0.15% 31.43 73.74 105.17 158.00 0.10% 1.39 2.08 0.10% 0.40 0.60 0.10% 0.06 0.09 0.48% 107.02 160.78 - 1.502330 USD Cyprus CY 0.02% 4.12 - 4.12 4.83 0.02% 0.28 0.33 0.02% 0.08 0.09 0.02% 0.01 0.01 0.02% 4.49 5.26 - 1.171980 EUR Czech Republic CZ 5/ 0.05% 10.31 0.74 11.05 305.21 0.06% 0.83 24.65 0.06% 0.24 7.11 0.06% 0.04 1.07 0.05% 12.15 338.03 21.90 29.612170 CZK Denmark DK 1.08% 222.63 - 222.63 1,942.73 1.21% 16.79 146.50 1.21% 4.84 42.25 1.21% 0.73 6.34 1.09% 244.98 2,137.81 - 8.726400 DKK Egypt EG 1/4/ 0.007% 1.37 - 1.37 1.92 0.01% 0.14 0.21 0.01% 0.04 0.06 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.007% 1.56 2.20 0.14 1.502330 USD Estonia EE 0.01% 2.67 - 2.67 3.13 0.01% 0.14 0.16 0.01% 0.04 0.05 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.01% 2.85 3.35 - 1.171980 EUR Finland FI 0.94% 193.44 12.80 206.24 241.71 0.66% 9.16 10.73 0.66% 2.64 3.09 0.66% 0.40 0.46 0.97% 218.43 256.00 - 1.171980 EUR France FR 4.88% 1,006.11 - 1,006.11 1,511.51 6.62% 91.85 137.99 6.62% 26.49 39.79 6.62% 3.97 5.97 5.02% 1,128.42 1,695.26 - 1.502330 USD Germany DE 4/ 6.01% 1,238.61 - 1,238.61 1,215.27 11.37% 157.76 157.76 11.37% 45.49 45.49 10.30% 6.18 6.18 6.45% 1,448.03 1,424.693 23.34 1.000000 SDR Hungary HU 0.06% 12.37 - 12.37 4,038.74 0.06% 0.83 271.84 0.06% 0.24 78.39 0.06% 0.04 11.76 0.06% 13.48 4,400.73 - 326.543700 HUF Iceland IS 0.03% 6.18 - 6.18 1,153.76 0.03% 0.42 77.66 0.03% 0.12 22.39 0.03% 0.02 3.36 0.03% 6.74 1,257.17 - 186.569870 ISK Iran, Islamic Republic of IR 1/ 0.05% 11.24 - 11.24 16.89 0.05% 0.76 1.14 0.05% 0.22 0.33 0.05% 0.03 0.05 0.05% 12.25 18.40 - 1.502330 USD Ireland IE 0.35% 73.10 - 73.10 85.67 0.20% 2.77 3.25 0.20% 0.80 0.94 0.20% 0.12 0.14 0.34% 76.79 90.00 - 1.171980 EUR Israel IL 6/ 0.07% 14.43 - 14.43 82.14 0.11% 1.53 8.69 0.11% 0.44 2.51 0.11% 0.07 0.38 0.07% 16.46 93.71 - 5.692650 ILS Italy IT 3/ 2.23% 458.81 - 458.81 537.72 3.80% 52.72 61.79 3.80% 15.20 17.82 3.80% 2.28 2.67 2.36% 529.02 620.00 - 1.171980 EUR Japan JP 10.41% 2,146.41 - 2,146.41 286,910.50 16.00% 222.00 29,674.26 16.00% 64.02 8,557.02 16.00% 9.60 1,283.23 10.87% 2,442.02 326,425.00 - 133.669960 JPY Kazakhstan KK 4/ 0.01% 1.96 - 1.96 2.75 0.01% 0.12 0.19 0.01% 0.04 0.05 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.01% 2.13 3.00 0.19 1.502330 USD Korea KR 1.00% 206.14 - 206.14 363,544.69 1.00% 13.87 24,469.82 1.00% 4.00 7,056.24 1.00% 0.60 1,058.17 1.00% 224.61 396,128.93 - 1,763.618920 KRW Kuwait KW 0.24% 49.01 - 49.01 21.28 0.15% 2.07 0.90 0.15% 0.60 0.26 0.15% 0.09 0.04 0.23% 51.78 22.48 - 0.434080 KWD Latvia LV 6/ 0.01% 2.06 - 2.06 2.42 0.01% 0.14 0.16 0.01% 0.04 0.05 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.01% 2.25 2.63 - 1.171980 EUR Lithuania LT 0.01% 1.88 - 1.88 2.20 0.01% 0.13 0.15 0.01% 0.04 0.04 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.01% 2.05 2.40 - 1.171980 EUR Luxembourg LU 0.19% 38.17 - 38.17 44.74 0.19% 2.64 3.09 0.21% 0.84 0.99 0.19% 0.11 0.13 0.19% 41.76 48.95 - 1.171980 EUR Mexico MX 3/ 0.32% 65.03 - 65.03 1,238.88 0.06% 0.83 15.86 0.06% 0.24 4.57 0.06% 0.04 0.69 0.29% 66.14 1,260.00 - 19.051300 MXN Netherlands NL 3.00% 618.41 - 618.41 724.76 2.87% 39.82 46.67 2.87% 11.48 13.46 2.87% 1.72 2.02 2.99% 671.43 786.91 - 1.171980 EUR New Zealand NZ 0.12% 24.74 - 24.74 52.40 0.13% 1.80 3.82 0.13% 0.52 1.10 0.13% 0.08 0.17 0.12% 27.14 57.49 - 2.118260 NZD Norway NO 4/ 1.31% 269.46 - 269.46 2,337.00 1.68% 23.31 216.94 1.68% 6.72 62.56 1.68% 1.01 9.38 1.34% 300.49 2,625.88 170.77 9.306810 NOK Peru PE 0.05% 9.47 - 9.47 14.23 0.05% 0.64 0.96 0.05% 0.18 0.28 0.05% 0.03 0.04 0.05% 10.32 15.50 - 1.502330 USD Philippines PH 7/ 0.03% 6.90 - 6.90 10.37 0.03% 0.46 0.70 0.03% 0.13 0.20 0.03% 0.02 0.03 0.03% 7.52 11.30 - 1.502330 USD Poland PL 0.03% 6.18 - 6.18 6.18 0.03% 0.42 0.42 0.03% 0.12 0.12 0.03% 0.02 0.02 0.03% 6.74 6.74 - 1.000000 SDR Portugal PT 3/ 0.08% 15.56 - 15.56 18.24 0.22% 3.05 3.58 0.22% 0.88 1.03 0.22% 0.13 0.15 0.09% 19.62 23.00 - 1.171980 EUR Russia RU 1/ 0.35% 72.15 36.89 109.03 109.03 0.35% 4.86 4.86 0.35% 1.40 1.40 0.35% 0.21 0.21 0.51% 115.50 115.50 - 1.000000 SDR Saudi Arabia SA 0.22% 45.35 20.29 65.63 98.61 0.43% 5.97 8.96 0.43% 1.72 2.58 0.43% 0.26 0.39 0.33% 73.58 110.54 - 1.502330 USD Singapore SG 0.15% 31.14 - 31.14 46.78 0.08% 1.11 1.67 0.08% 0.32 0.48 0.08% 0.05 0.07 0.15% 32.62 49.00 - 1.502330 USD Slovak Republic SK 0.01% 2.06 - 2.06 2.42 0.01% 0.14 0.16 0.01% 0.04 0.05 0.01% 0.01 0.01 0.01% 2.25 2.63 - 1.171980 EUR Slovenia SI 0.03% 5.42 - 5.42 6.35 0.03% 0.42 0.49 0.03% 0.12 0.14 0.03% 0.02 0.02 0.03% 5.97 7.00 - 1.171980 EUR South Africa ZA 5/ 0.09% 18.55 2.92 21.47 224.14 0.09% 1.25 13.95 0.09% 0.36 4.02 0.09% 0.05 0.60 0.10% 23.14 242.72 15.78 11.172980 ZAR Spain ES 3/4/ 3.12% 644.17 - 644.17 724.76 1.99% 27.61 32.36 1.99% 7.96 9.33 1.99% 1.19 1.40 3.03% 680.94 767.85 30.19 1.171980 EUR Sweden SE 2.96% 610.16 - 610.16 6,801.31 2.89% 40.10 446.96 2.89% 11.56 128.89 2.89% 1.73 19.33 2.95% 663.56 7,396.48 - 11.146730 SEK Switzerland CH 2.10% 432.88 - 432.88 650.34 2.10% 29.14 43.77 2.10% 8.40 12.62 2.10% 1.26 1.89 2.10% 471.68 708.62 - 1.502330 USD Turkey TR 0.06% 13.07 - 13.07 30.00 0.00% - - 0.00% - - 0.00% - - 0.06% 13.07 30.00 - 2.294950 TRY United Kingdom GB 12.08% 2,489.34 - 2,489.34 2,459.72 11.19% 155.26 153.41 11.19% 44.77 44.24 11.19% 6.71 6.63 12.00% 2,696.08 2,664.00 - 0.988100 GBP United States US 11.36% 2,341.05 - 2,341.05 3,517.03 20.12% 279.16 419.39 20.12% 80.50 120.94 20.12% 12.07 18.14 12.08% 2,712.79 4,075.50 - 1.502330 USD Sub-total 74.73% 15,405.06 221.86 15,626.92 95.34% 1,322.78 95.36% 381.54 94.28% 56.57 77.41% 17,387.81 Additional financing 2/ 1.14% 235.12 235.12 1.05% 235.12 Structural financing gap 24.13% 4,973.45 4,751.59 4.66% 64.70 4.64% 18.56 5.72% 3.43 21.54% 4,838.28 Total 100.00% 20,613.56 20,613.56 100.00% 1,387.48 100.00% 400.10 100.00% 60.00 100.00% 22,461.14 - 79 - 1/ Contributions of countries with an average inflation rate exceeding 10% over the 2007-2009 period would be denominated in SDRs or in any currency used for the valuation of the SDR and agreed with the association. 2/ Represents the investment income generated by using a regular encashment profile of 9 years. 3/ Indicative contribution, subject to government and/or parliamentary approval. 4/ Includes an increase in basic share achieved through accelerated encashments. 5/ Supplemental contributions provided through accelerated encashments. 6/ As proposed by Management, for government consideration. 7/ Contingent on adoption of the 2010 selective capital increase resolution by IBRD's Board of Governors. 8/ The amounts in national currency ('NC') exclude individual acceleration credits (when applicable), which are included in the SDR amounts. The equivalent NC amount of any individual acceleration credit is shown separately in column 18. - 80 - Table 2. IDA16 Commitment Authority IDA16 Commitment Authority Status as of June 30, 2014 Shortfall carried Revised Sources forward Framework b/ Available a/ to IDA17 Source of Funds Basic grant contributions 15.6 Supplemental contributions 0.2 Compensation for HIPC (FY12-14) 1.3 Financing of arrears clearance operations 0.4 Compensation for grant principal forgone 0.1 c/ Total new partner contributions 17.6 16.7 0.9 Compensation for MDRI (FY20-22) 2.6 Compensation for MDRI carry forward (pre FY20) 1.0 d/ Total partner compensation for MDRI 3.5 2.2 1.3 Internal resources of IDA 8.9 8.9 Internal resources borrowed from IDA17 to cover partner shortfalls (net) e/ 0.4 Internal Resources of IDA 8.9 9.3 IBRD Transfers 1.2 1.2 IFC Transfers 0.6 0.6 Total Transfers 1.8 1.8 Carry forward from previous replenishments/Other Funds - released 1.7 1.7 IDA16 Commitment Authority Framework 33.5 31.7 f/ Carry forward from previous replenishments/Other Funds - unreleased 0.3 0.3 Total Commitment Authority Framework (including carry forwards) 33.8 31.7 Uses of Funds Used for commitments of credits, grants, and guarantees 31.7 Remaining Available CA (0.0) Note: Amounts may not add up due to rounding. a/ All amounts except for MDRI compensation are valued at the respective hedge exchange rates under IDA’s foreign exchange hedging framework. b/ As reported in “Review of IDA16 Commitment Authority Framework (FY12 -FY14) and Transition from IDA16 to IDA17”, IDA/R2014-0240, June 13, 2014. c/ This relates to outstanding IDA16 IoCs from Argentina, Israel, Mexico, Portugal, and Spain, as well as a partially qualified IoC (2.4 percent) from the US. Argentina has subsequently delivered its unqualified IDA16 IoC. The amount is carried forward to IDA17. d/ Includes the full MDRI financing gap of SDR0.7 billion for FY07-22 and SDR0.6 billion related to IoCs remaining qualified, IoCs outstanding, and IoCs not being extended to cover the full period until FY22 (“IoC Shortfall”). The amount is carried forward to IDA17. e/ As approved by the Executive Directors in June 2014, IDA carried forward to IDA17 unused IDA16 Crisis Response Window and Arrears Clearance funding of SDR0.4 billion each and transferred SDR1.2 billion to IDA16 to cover the funding gap resulting from the outstanding donor commitments at the end of the IDA16 period. The net transfer to IDA16, therefore, is SDR0.4 billion. See “Review of IDA16 Commitment Authority Framework (FY12 - FY14) and Transition from IDA16 to IDA17”, IDA/R2014 -0240, June 13, 2014. f/ This relates to unpaid contributions of the United States to IDA12, IDA13 and IDA14 (SDR 0.2 billion) and corresponding pro rata contribution shares withheld by Austria, France and Germany (SDR 0.1 billion). The amount is carried forward to IDA17. - 81 - Annex 4. Trends in IDA Commitments and Disbursements during IDA15 and IDA16 Table 1: IDA Commitments by Region, Country, and Lending Instrument during IDA15 and IDA16 IDA15 Commitments IDA16 Commitments Number of Operations IDA Amount (US$ million) Number of Operations IDA Amount (US$ million) Region Country DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total Africa 0 27 0 27 0 2,272 0 2,272 0 23 0 23 0 3,356 0 3,356 Angola 0 5 0 5 0 360 0 360 0 1 0 1 0 75 0 75 Benin 2 6 0 8 82 206 0 288 3 8 0 11 80 217 0 297 Burkina Faso 3 6 0 9 290 340 0 630 3 11 0 14 385 525 0 910 Burundi 3 7 0 10 80 189 0 269 3 3 0 6 86 140 0 226 Cabo Verde 3 2 0 5 35 15 0 50 2 1 0 3 28 19 0 47 Cameroon 0 5 0 5 0 189 0 189 0 7 0 7 0 493 0 493 Central African 2 4 0 6 14 64 0 78 0 3 0 3 0 67 0 67 Chad 0 3 0 3 0 72 0 72 0 5 0 5 0 76 0 76 Comoros 1 2 0 3 3 7 0 10 2 3 0 5 9 12 0 20 Congo, Democrat 0 13 0 13 0 1,074 0 1,074 0 11 0 11 0 814 0 814 Congo, Republic 0 4 0 4 0 56 0 56 0 7 0 7 0 44 0 44 Cote d'Ivoire 2 3 0 5 240 115 0 355 2 6 0 8 200 295 0 495 Ethiopia 0 8 0 8 0 2,665 0 2,665 0 14 2 16 0 3,179 480 3,659 Gambia, The 1 3 0 4 7 23 0 30 1 4 0 5 6 37 0 43 Ghana 6 10 0 16 617 851 0 1,468 2 12 0 14 150 806 0 956 Guinea 1 1 0 2 78 10 0 88 0 5 0 5 0 133 0 133 Guinea-Bissau 3 4 0 7 20 22 0 42 0 3 0 3 0 46 0 46 AFR Kenya 0 11 0 11 0 1,545 0 1,545 0 13 1 14 0 1,777 250 2,027 Lesotho 2 3 0 5 43 45 0 88 1 5 0 6 20 69 0 89 Liberia 2 9 0 11 15 183 0 198 2 7 0 9 15 159 0 174 Madagascar 0 3 0 3 0 112 0 112 0 5 0 5 0 248 0 248 Malawi 2 7 0 9 84 375 0 459 2 7 0 9 100 419 0 519 Mali 3 7 0 10 206 324 0 530 1 9 0 10 50 455 0 505 Mauritania 0 4 0 4 0 53 0 53 0 3 0 3 0 171 0 171 Mozambique 3 11 0 14 285 548 0 833 4 10 1 15 320 753 50 1,123 Niger 2 6 0 8 92 260 0 352 4 6 0 10 185 280 0 465 Nigeria 2 14 0 16 700 2,485 0 3,185 3 15 0 18 375 3,613 0 3,988 Rwanda 5 5 0 10 318 153 0 471 5 7 0 12 335 250 0 585 Sao Tome and Pr 1 1 0 2 6 2 0 8 2 2 0 4 10 4 0 14 Senegal 3 9 0 12 145 378 0 523 2 9 0 11 85 490 0 575 Sierra Leone 3 7 0 10 37 76 0 113 2 6 0 8 49 115 0 164 South Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 115 0 115 Tanzania 3 15 0 18 635 1,333 0 1,968 5 8 1 14 460 952 255 1,667 Togo 3 6 0 9 64 83 0 147 2 4 0 6 28 54 0 82 Uganda 2 9 0 11 150 980 0 1,130 1 7 1 9 100 971 150 1,221 Zambia 2 5 0 7 50 265 0 315 1 4 0 5 30 257 0 287 Subtotal 65 245 0 310 4,296 17,728 0 22,024 55 258 6 319 3,105 21,485 1,185 25,775 - 82 - Table 1. IDA Commitments by Region, Country, and Lending Instrument during IDA15 and IDA16 (continued) IDA15 Commitments IDA16 Commitments Number of Operations IDA Amount (US$ million) Number of Operations IDA Amount (US$ million) Region Country DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total Pacific Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 Cambodia 1 4 0 5 5 88 0 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kiribati 0 1 0 1 0 20 0 20 1 2 0 3 5 24 0 29 Lao People's De 3 9 0 12 50 144 0 194 2 10 0 12 40 0 208 Marshall Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 Micronesia, Fed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 14 0 14 Mongolia 2 6 0 8 70 72 0 142 0 5 0 5 0 109 0 109 EAP Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 6 440 362 0 802 Papua New Guine 0 6 0 6 0 126 0 126 0 3 0 3 0 164 0 164 Samoa 1 1 0 2 20 13 0 33 1 4 0 5 15 58 0 73 Solomon Islands 0 3 0 3 0 13 0 13 1 1 0 2 4 16 0 20 Timor-Leste 0 4 0 4 0 32 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 25 Tonga 1 2 0 3 5 10 0 15 3 3 0 6 16 56 0 72 Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 3 18 0 21 Vietnam 6 19 0 25 1,125 2,734 0 3,858 6 18 2 26 1,010 2,912 450 4,372 Subtotal 14 55 0 69 1,274 3,253 0 4,527 17 55 2 74 1,536 3,928 450 5,914 South Asia 0 3 0 3 0 140 0 140 0 2 0 2 0 626 0 626 Afghanistan 1 13 0 14 35 622 0 657 1 6 0 7 50 368 0 418 Bangladesh 1 22 0 23 130 3,934 0 4,064 0 19 1 20 0 4,261 60 4,321 Bhutan 2 1 0 3 45 12 0 57 1 2 0 3 36 26 0 62 SAR India 0 20 0 20 0 5,606 0 5,606 0 28 1 29 0 6,651 165 6,816 Maldives 1 1 0 2 14 16 0 30 0 3 0 3 0 33 0 33 Nepal 0 12 0 12 0 745 0 745 1 10 1 12 30 591 60 681 Pakistan 3 15 0 18 800 2,401 0 3,201 2 10 1 13 1,000 3,082 50 4,132 Sri Lanka 0 10 0 10 0 693 0 693 0 7 0 7 0 753 0 753 Subtotal 8 97 0 105 1,024 14,169 0 15,192 5 87 4 96 1,116 16,391 335 17,842 Central Asia 0 1 0 1 0 21 0 21 0 1 0 1 0 45 0 45 Armenia 1 6 0 7 81 96 0 177 0 4 0 4 91 104 0 195 Azerbaijan 0 1 0 1 0 226 0 226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bosnia and Herz 0 2 0 2 66 40 0 106 0 5 0 5 0 230 0 230 Georgia 1 1 0 2 165 72 0 237 2 3 0 5 151 200 0 351 ECA Kosovo 1 4 0 5 6 47 0 54 0 3 0 3 0 61 0 61 Kyrgyz Republic 0 12 0 12 0 207 0 207 3 4 0 7 80 66 0 146 Moldova 1 6 0 7 25 136 0 161 1 5 1 7 51 79 31 161 Tajikistan 3 6 0 9 55 62 0 117 1 8 0 9 20 123 0 143 Uzbekistan 0 6 0 6 0 355 0 355 0 4 0 4 0 558 0 558 Subtotal 7 45 0 52 399 1,261 0 1,659 7 37 1 45 393 1,465 31 1,889 Djibouti 0 4 0 4 0 22 0 22 0 8 0 8 0 40 0 40 MNA Yemen, Republic 1 13 0 14 70 417 0 487 0 11 0 11 0 489 0 489 Subtotal 1 17 0 18 70 439 0 509 0 19 0 19 0 528 0 528 Caribbean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 25 0 25 Central America 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 24 0 24 OECS Countries 0 3 0 3 0 29 0 29 0 1 0 1 0 41 0 41 Bolivia 0 3 0 3 0 190 0 190 0 7 0 7 0 246 0 246 Dominica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 17 0 17 Grenada 0 2 0 2 4 5 0 8 1 1 0 2 15 5 0 20 LCR Guyana 0 2 0 2 0 14 0 14 0 2 0 2 0 22 0 22 Haiti 2 13 0 15 43 197 0 239 1 10 0 11 20 488 0 508 Honduras 1 5 0 6 85 131 0 216 1 6 0 7 86 106 0 192 Nicaragua 1 7 0 8 20 155 0 175 0 8 0 8 0 213 0 213 St. Lucia 0 2 0 2 8 18 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 St. Vincent and 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 36 0 36 Subtotal 4 38 0 42 159 743 0 902 3 39 0 42 121 1,222 0 1,343 Total 99 497 0 596 7,222 37,592 0 44,813 87 495 13 595 6,271 45,019 2,001 53,290 Memo Item: IDA15 and IDA16 Commitments by Lending Instrument (Percentage Share) IDA15 Commitments IDA16 Commitments Number of Operations IDA Amount (US$ million) Number of Operations IDA Amount (US$ million) DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total DPOs IOs P4R Total Percentage share 17% 83% 0% 100% 16% 84% 0% 100% 15% 83% 2% 100% 12% 84% 4% 100% - 83 - Table 2. IDA15-16 Commitments by Region, Lending Instrument, and Fiscal Year % Change: Region Lend Ins Type FY09 FY10 FY11 IDA15 FY12 FY13 FY14 IDA16 IDA16 to IDA15 Dev Pol Lend 23 19 23 65 21 19 15 55 -15% Investment 71 74 100 245 67 70 121 258 5% AFR Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 NA Subtotal 94 93 123 310 88 92 139 319 3% Dev Pol Lend 4 5 5 14 4 6 7 17 21% Investment 11 21 23 55 12 15 28 55 0% EAP Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 NA Subtotal 15 26 28 69 16 22 36 74 7% Dev Pol Lend 1 4 2 7 2 3 2 7 0% Investment 17 9 19 45 12 15 10 37 -18% ECA Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 NA Subtotal 18 13 21 52 14 18 13 45 -13% Dev Pol Lend 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 -25% Investment 12 10 16 38 11 12 16 39 3% IDA No. LCR Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA Subtotal 13 11 18 42 12 13 17 42 0% Dev Pol Lend 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 -100% Investment 5 9 3 17 5 7 7 19 12% MNA Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA Subtotal 5 9 4 18 5 7 7 19 6% Dev Pol Lend 4 3 1 8 0 2 3 5 -38% Investment 27 34 36 97 24 31 32 87 -10% SAR Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 NA Subtotal 31 37 37 105 25 33 38 96 -9% Dev Pol Lend 33 32 34 99 28 31 28 87 -12% IDA-wide Investment 143 157 197 497 131 150 214 495 0% Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 1 4 8 13 NA Total 176 189 231 596 160 185 250 595 0% Dev Pol Lend 1,505 1,444 1,348 4,296 1,290 896 919 3,105 -28% Investment 6,336 5,735 5,656 17,728 6,089 6,803 8,594 21,485 21% AFR Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 505 680 1,185 NA Subtotal 7,841 7,179 7,004 22,024 7,379 8,203 10,193 25,775 17% Dev Pol Lend 540 327 407 1,274 331 835 370 1,536 21% Investment 707 1,325 1,220 3,253 866 1,551 1,511 3,928 21% EAP Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 200 250 450 NA Subtotal 1,247 1,652 1,627 4,527 1,197 2,586 2,131 5,914 31% Dev Pol Lend 60 261 77 399 120 138 135 393 -2% Investment 324 359 577 1,261 242 591 633 1,465 16% ECA Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 31 NA Subtotal 384 620 655 1,659 362 729 798 1,889 14% IDA Dev Pol Lend 30 24 105 159 86 20 15 121 -24% Commit Investment 172 216 355 743 362 415 445 1,222 64% LCR Amt, US$ Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA million Subtotal 202 240 460 902 448 435 460 1,343 49% Dev Pol Lend 0 0 70 70 0 0 0 0 -100% Investment 172 214 53 439 80 249 199 528 20% MNA Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA Subtotal 172 214 123 509 80 249 199 528 4% Dev Pol Lend 685 314 25 1,024 0 66 1,050 1,116 9% Investment 3,462 4,332 6,375 14,169 5,228 4,030 7,133 16,391 16% SAR Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 60 0 275 335 NA Subtotal 4,148 4,645 6,400 15,192 5,288 4,096 8,458 17,842 17% Dev Pol Lend 2,820 2,370 2,032 7,222 1,827 1,954 2,489 6,271 -13% IDA-wide Investment 11,175 12,180 14,237 37,592 12,866 13,639 18,514 45,019 20% Prog4Reslt 0 0 0 0 60 705 1,236 2,001 NA Total 13,995 14,550 16,269 44,813 14,753 16,298 22,239 53,290 19% - 84 - Table 3. Sectoral Composition of IDA15 and IDA16 Commitments by Type of Lending Instrument IDA15 IDA16 US$ million Percent Share* US$ million Percent Share* Development Policy Operations Agriculture 605 8% 398 6% Education 489 7% 238 4% Energy & mining 755 10% 1,259 20% Finance 588 8% 491 8% Health & social serv 797 11% 419 7% Industry and trade 583 8% 804 13% Info & communication 11 0% 26 0% Public admin, Law 3,166 44% 2,517 40% Transportation 126 2% 58 1% Water/sanit/fld prot 101 1% 61 1% Total 7,222 100% 6,271 100% Investment Operations Agriculture 3,822 10% 5,091 11% Education 4,298 11% 5,426 12% Energy & mining 4,166 11% 7,297 16% Finance 781 2% 1,000 2% Health & social serv 5,506 15% 5,447 12% Industry and trade 1,251 3% 1,272 3% Info & communication 630 2% 283 1% Public admin, Law 5,823 15% 7,297 16% Transportation 7,082 19% 6,259 14% Water/sanit/fld prot 4,234 11% 5,648 13% Total 37,592 100% 45,019 100% Programs for Result Health & social serv 0 NA 131 7% Public admin, Law 0 NA 1,151 58% Transportation 0 NA 197 10% Water/sanit/fld prot 0 NA 522 26% Total 0 NA 2,001 100% Total Commitments Agriculture 4,426 10% 5,489 10% Education 4,787 11% 5,664 11% Energy & mining 4,921 11% 8,556 16% Finance 1,368 3% 1,491 3% Health & social serv 6,302 14% 5,997 11% Industry and trade 1,834 4% 2,076 4% Info & communication 641 1% 308 1% Public admin, Law 8,989 20% 10,964 21% Transportation 7,208 16% 6,514 12% Water/sanit/fld prot 4,336 10% 6,231 12% Total 44,813 100% 53,290 100% *Percent shares are calculated within each of the lending instrument groups. - 85 - Table 4. Sector Breakdown of IDA15 and IDA16 Commitments by Fiscal Year (US$ million) Change: IDA16 to FY09 FY10 FY11 IDA15 FY12 FY13 FY14 IDA16 IDA15 Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry 1,871 1,214 1,341 4,426 1,971 1,261 2,257 5,489 24% Social Sectors 3,646 4,192 3,251 11,089 3,364 4,207 4,089 11,661 5% Education 1,647 2,083 1,057 4,787 1,663 1,666 2,334 5,664 18% Health & social serv 1,999 2,110 2,193 6,302 1,701 2,541 1,755 5,997 -5% Infrastructure 4,910 5,340 6,855 17,106 5,078 6,114 10,417 21,609 26% Energy & mining 2,508 1,249 1,164 4,921 2,151 2,071 4,333 8,556 74% Info & communication 147 80 414 641 63 126 119 308 -52% Transportation 1,347 2,308 3,553 7,208 1,066 2,535 2,914 6,514 -10% Water/sanit/fld prot 909 1,703 1,724 4,336 1,798 1,381 3,052 6,231 44% Industry 3,567 3,803 4,822 12,192 4,340 4,716 5,475 14,532 19% Finance 395 790 183 1,368 354 446 691 1,491 9% Industry and trade 545 357 933 1,834 638 685 753 2,076 13% Public admin, Law 2,627 2,656 3,706 8,989 3,347 3,586 4,031 10,964 22% Total 13,995 14,550 16,269 44,813 14,753 16,298 22,239 53,290 19% Table 5. IDA15 and IDA16 Commitments by Theme and Fiscal Year (US$ million) % Change: IDA16 to FY09 FY10 FY11 IDA15 FY12 FY13 FY14 IDA16 IDA15 Economic management 433 344 150 927 133 131 495 759 -18% Envir & natural res 605 681 1,071 2,356 1,568 1,163 2,652 5,382 128% Fin & pvt sector dev 2,519 2,144 2,417 7,081 1,430 1,680 2,926 6,036 -15% Human development 2,739 2,852 1,964 7,555 2,289 2,814 3,389 8,492 12% Public sector govern 1,719 1,116 1,851 4,687 1,281 1,708 1,811 4,800 2% Rule of law 13 21 62 96 28 142 47 217 125% Rural development 3,184 2,603 3,020 8,807 3,521 2,880 4,593 10,994 25% Social dev/gender 593 442 428 1,463 842 556 352 1,750 20% Social prot & risk 765 1,702 1,763 4,230 1,258 1,931 2,356 5,544 31% Trade & integration 401 908 1,548 2,857 435 1,676 1,239 3,350 17% Urban development 1,023 1,736 1,995 4,754 1,967 1,618 2,380 5,965 25% Total 13,995 14,550 16,269 44,813 14,753 16,298 22,239 53,290 19% - 86 - Table 6. IDA15 and IDA16 Disbursements by Region and Lending Instrument (US$ million) Percent Percent % Share of Share of Change: IDA15 IDA16 IDA16 to Region Len Instr Type FY09 FY10 FY11 IDA15 Total FY12 FY13 FY14 IDA16 Total IDA15 DPOs 967 2,042 1,181 4,190 14% 1,398 830 1,070 3,298 9% -21% IOs 3,351 3,851 3,730 10,932 35% 4,348 4,946 5,425 14,720 41% 35% AFR P4Rs 0 0 0 0 0% 0 23 58 0 0% NA Subtotal 4,317 5,893 4,911 15,121 49% 5,746 5,799 6,553 18,099 51% 20% DPOs 147 620 372 1,139 4% 474 685 348 1,507 4% 32% IOs 1,107 993 866 2,966 10% 1,010 1,062 1,069 3,141 9% 6% EAP P4Rs 0 0 0 0 0% 0 17 22 0 0% NA Subtotal 1,254 1,613 1,238 4,105 13% 1,484 1,764 1,439 4,687 13% 14% DPOs 630 413 26 1,069 3% 0 37 1,088 1,125 3% 5% IOs 2,163 2,601 3,001 7,765 25% 2,904 2,673 3,166 8,743 25% 13% SAR P4Rs 0 0 0 0 0% 0 14 5 0 0% NA Subtotal 2,792 3,014 3,027 8,833 29% 2,904 2,724 4,259 9,887 28% 12% DPOs 90 154 180 424 1% 135 110 117 362 1% -14% ECA IOs 402 384 405 1,192 4% 347 358 397 1,102 3% -8% Subtotal 492 538 585 1,615 5% 482 468 514 1,464 4% -9% DPOs 27 0 69 96 0% 0 0 0 0 0% -100% MNA IOs 156 188 116 460 1% 102 200 272 574 2% 25% Subtotal 183 188 185 556 2% 102 200 272 574 2% 3% DPOs 28 26 118 172 1% 85 0 20 105 0% -39% LCR IOs 152 188 203 544 2% 257 273 285 816 2% 50% Subtotal 180 215 322 716 2% 342 273 306 921 3% 29% DPOs 1,888 3,254 1,947 7,090 23% 2,092 1,662 2,644 6,398 18% -10% IOs 7,331 8,206 8,321 23,858 77% 8,969 9,512 10,614 29,095 82% 22% IDA-wide P4Rs 0 0 0 0 0% 0 54 86 0 0% NA Total 9,219 11,460 10,268 30,947 100% 11,061 11,228 13,343 35,632 100% 15% - 87 - Table 7. IDA15 and IDA16 Disbursements by Sector and Fiscal Year Percent Percent Share of Share of Change: IDA15 IDA16 IDA16 to FY09 FY10 FY11 IDA15 Total FY12 FY13 FY14 IDA16 Total IDA15 Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry 1,038 1,062 917 3,017 10% 975 1,005 1,197 3,178 9% 5% Social Sectors 2,415 3,344 2,730 8,488 27% 3,101 2,773 3,085 8,959 25% 6% Education 1,177 1,667 1,289 4,133 13% 1,411 1,130 1,440 3,981 11% -4% Health & social serv 1,238 1,677 1,441 4,355 14% 1,690 1,642 1,646 4,978 14% 14% Infrastructure 2,919 3,242 3,281 9,442 31% 3,360 4,436 5,331 13,128 37% 39% Energy & mining 1,005 1,177 1,138 3,321 11% 993 1,451 1,919 4,363 12% 31% Info & communication 45 52 88 185 1% 131 125 139 394 1% 113% Transportation 1,189 1,164 1,275 3,628 12% 1,284 1,789 2,105 5,178 15% 43% Water/sanit/fld prot 680 848 780 2,308 7% 952 1,072 1,168 3,192 9% 38% Industry 2,846 3,813 3,340 9,999 32% 3,624 3,015 3,729 10,367 29% 4% Finance 495 671 432 1,598 5% 369 280 418 1,068 3% -33% Industry and trade 284 406 568 1,258 4% 589 456 514 1,559 4% 24% Public admin, Law 2,067 2,735 2,341 7,144 23% 2,666 2,278 2,797 7,741 22% 8% Total 9,219 11,460 10,268 30,947 100% 11,061 11,228 13,343 35,632 100% 15% - 88 - Annex 5. Status of Monitorable Actions for IDA16 Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks DELIVERING DEVELOPMENT RESULTS - IDA’S FOCUS ON RESULTS IDA RMS and Implement the new IDA RMS framework and RMS Report IDA16 MTR and Completed. The new IDA RMS was Results report on indicators. at completion of implemented and Management is providing IDA16 period. regular updates. IDA16 Retrospective Annual updates of all indicators (as available) on IDA website Develop country program self-assessment Methodology and Report on Completed. The country program self- methodology and report on findings. Assessment progress at IDA16 assessment methodology was piloted in a number MTR of countries. Based on the experience, Management took the decision to use country surveys instead. Propose for Board approval a Results Based Board paper End FY11 Completed. The Results Based lending Lending (RBL) instrument. instrument, the “Program for Results” (PforR) was launched in January 2012. Expand reporting on core indicators from four to Ongoing IDA16 MTR Management expanded the availability of core seven sectors and include selected indicators in sector indicators available for use in project Tier 2b. results frameworks from four to twenty-four sectors/themes. Based on data availability, Management expanded reporting by adding indicators on urban services for the poor, agriculture and energy in the IDA17 RMS. Convene panel of experts to make Panel established Report at IDA16 Management convened a panel of external recommendations on how to strengthen the Bank’s MTR experts in April 2011. It issued its report110 in program of impact evaluation. July 2011 and its recommendations have informed the design of a strategic framework for selecting IDA projects for impact evaluation. Starting in FY12-13, the new framework is now 110 Impact Evaluation of IDA-Financed Projects: An Operational Framework for Project Selection. The Panel expert members included: Costas Meghir, Professor of Economics, University College of London; Franck Wiebe, Chief Economist, Millennium Challenge Corporation; Gonzalo Hernandez, Executive Secretary, National Council of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL), Mexico; Jere Behrman, Professor of Economics, University of Pennsylvania; and Santosh Mehrotra, Director-General, Planning Commission, India. - 89 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks used for selecting projects for impact evaluation and has resulted in a balanced sample of operations across regions and sectors for IE. Country Continue efforts to support country statistical Background note IDA16 MTR Ongoing. Support provided for country statistical capacity via lending, TA, Statistics for Results statistical capacity building via lending, TA, capacity to Facility, Trust Fund for Statistical Capacity Statistics for Results Facility, Trust Fund for measure results Building and South-South networks and report on Statistical Capacity Building and South-South progress. networks. The progress made to date on statistical capacity demonstrates the effectiveness of a global partnership to improve statistics, with the World Bank and the donor community working together – with the partner country leading the process and determining priorities. Communicating Update IDA results stories and briefs on the web. Web material Ongoing IDA results stories and briefs at the project, on Results country and sector level (in multiple languages, Update on progress made in the utilization of geo- IDA16 MTR using the Web, multimedia, and social media coding techniques. tools) are regularly updated and show the “human face” of development. All IDA projects have been geo-coded. IDA’S ROLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Global Support preparation and implementation of the Ongoing IDA supported preparation of the Fourth High Leadership Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness. A number of (HLF-4). IDA papers were presented at the forum. Ensure that the World Bank publishes good Publicly accessible Ongoing The Bank has made great strides in the area of quality data in a format that is easily accessible by data/information aid transparency with its Access to Information various stakeholders and continue to support Policy, Open Data Initiative, and its Open international initiatives which promote aid Knowledge Repository all of which make more transparency. information on the Bank and its projects, programs, and development data publicly available and accessible than ever before. The Mapping for Results platform geo-codes all Bank project locations in interactive, online maps. The Bank is at the forefront globally in implementing the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), which has established a common standard for all development partners to share aid - 90 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks data and make it available in a format that can be used by diverse stakeholders. Collect and disseminate good practices on aid Material presented November 2011 The Bank has led the WP EFF task team which predictability from both donors and partner at HLF-4 has identified and disseminated good practice on countries, contributing to the aid predictability aid predictability including the synthesis of aid agenda globally. predictability, findings and good practice which can be accessed from the Bank’s website. Identify and make systematic good practices for Dissemination of Ongoing Ongoing. Bank is supporting efforts of Aid on Budget. good practice. integrating aid management with budget management. The Bank has recently launched a study, “Promoting Aid-on-budget, Use of Country Systems, and Aid Effectiveness”. Country-Level Improve the mapping of donor activities in CASs. Dissemination of Ongoing Ongoing. All IDA CASs/CPSs including Collaboration good practice. mapping of donor activities. Better integration of activities financed through Ongoing trust funds into CASs. Improved TF data CAS guidelines revised to include guidelines on provided to clients integrating Trust Funds in CAS Products. and country management teams. Aid Coordination Dissemination of Ongoing process New study conducted, Aid Coordination in IDA examples and Countries: Role of the World Bank, April 2011. Examine IDA’s role in aid coordination processes findings. at the country-level. ENHANCING IDA’S EFFECTIVENESS Investment Mainstream new processes, procedures and New processes, IDA16 MTR Under implementation. Investment lending Lending policies for implementing Investment Lending. procedures and reform carried out as part of Bank modernization policies. agenda. All five elements are in place: risk-based approach, enhanced implementation support, rationalized menu of financing options, better enabling environment and reform of the investment lending policy framework. The final element, reform of the investment lending policy framework, was approved by the Board on October 25, 2012. - 91 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks Deepen use of country PFM and procurement RMS Report. IDA16 MTR Ongoing. Use of PFM and procurement being systems as systems and capacity are strengthened, regularly monitored in the RMS. and monitor IDA’s performance as part of RMS. Other Facilitate use of IDA Guarantees Revised IDA16 MTR A Board paper (with revised OP/BP) revising Instruments Operational Policy operational policy for guarantees will be for Guarantees by presented to CODE in December 2012 and to IDA16 MTR Board in Q4 FY13. Assess effectiveness of DPOs in supporting DPL Retrospective IDA16 MTR DPL Retrospective was completed in 2012. The countries’ own programs that deliver results; Report to be latest DPL covering the period 2012 to 2014 has monitor the use of PSIA; and ensure continued completed by been completed. adherence to the principle of country ownership. IDA16 MTR Use of PSIA’s being monitored. Decentralization Near-term measures to strengthen presence and RMS Report IDA16 MTR Directors in Africa: 15. move decision making authority to the field, Decentralized sector managers: 10.9 percent as especially in fragile and conflict affected of June 30, 2012. countries, by (i) increasing the number of country directors in Africa (from 11 to 15); (ii) moving 43 percent of task managers in the field including more task management to country offices; (iii) 37 percent in FCCs. moving sector management closer to decentralized Two regional hubs established in Nairobi and staff; and (iv) establishing at least one sub- Singapore. regional hub in Africa to serve fragile states. In the medium term, implement any measures RMS Report IDA16 MTR Bank’s information management technology to agreed with Board to further decentralization. ensure Bank staff responsiveness to clients in all regions; new mobility policies to increase options and tools to recruit and rotate staff; and relocation of specialists to the hubs. IDA Controls Complete implementation of the remaining Update on status of IDA16 MTR All five areas are completed: Procurement Policy corrective actions in Management’s Five Point pending Corrective Update; ASA Review and Controls; Action Plan. Actions. Accountability Review; New Operational Document Storage and Retrieval System; and Investment Lending Policy Consolidation. The last pending corrective action (Investment Lending Policy Consolidation) was approved by the Board on October 25, 2012. Revert to normal monitoring and evaluation of Integrated Risk Ongoing Ongoing. Appointment of the Chief Risk Officer IDA Controls, including through the new Management to serve as focal point for risk issues. First risk - 92 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks Integrated Risk Management Report, and regular Report, and regular management report issued in April 2012. IAD IDA reviews and IEG evaluations. IDA reviews and tested the operating effectiveness of the systems IEG evaluations. and processes put in place following the review. Management efforts have progressed beyond the targets of the review, in the context of the Modernization and Risk Management programs. SPECIAL THEME 1: ENHANCING IDA’S CAPACITY TO RESPOND TO CRISES Strengthen Establish a dedicated Crisis Response Window July 1, 2011 A dedicated Crisis Response Window has been support to IDA within the IDA framework to address the impact established and it has been used to provide countries of exceptionally severe economic crises and support to different Crises including Haiti and affected by natural disasters. the Horn of Africa. severe exogenous Provide a full review of the implementation of the CRW paper IDA16 MTR A combined review of the implementation of the economic crises IDA15 Pilot Crisis Response Window. IDA15 Pilot CRW and the dedicated CRW and natural indicating plans for possible reallocation of the disasters unused resources during the last year of IDA16 Provide an update on implementation of the Crisis CRW paper IDA16 MTR has been prepared for the IDA16 MTR. Response Window during the IDA16 period, including plans for the reallocation of any unused resources during the last year of the IDA16 period. SPECIAL THEME 2: ACCELERATING PROGRESS ON GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND GENDER RELATED MDGS Intensify Implement and review progress on the Action Plan A report IDA16 MTR Progress report prepared for IDA16 MTR. support for the on Gender Mainstreaming and Gender-Related Annual Gender efforts IDA MDGs, including: Monitoring Reports countries are All CASs in IDA16 have been gender-informed.  100 percent of IDA CASs will draw on and discuss making to the findings of a gender assessment, which would promote gender be supported through the issuance of a guidance equality Guidance note issued to staff and training was note on the World Bank gender policy, training for provided. staff on how to mainstream gender issues in CASs, and more robust corporate review of gender analysis of CASs by the PREM network.  increase gender-informed IDA investments and monitor progress. Gender-informed investments increased to 86%  continue to track three indicators to measure IDA’s by 2012. support to gender-based country outcomes in: (i) percentage of safety nets projects designed to mitigate risk and vulnerability for women and girls; (ii) percentage of agriculture and rural development operations that target women; and (iii) percentage - 93 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks of health projects that address high fertility and Three indicators to measure IDA’s support to maternal mortality. gender-based country outcomes are being  preparation of Regional Gender Action Plans. tracked.  implementation of the Reproductive Health Action Plan with a focus on 52 priority countries with high Two regions (EAP and LAC) completed maternal mortality and total fertility rates, preparation of Regional Gender Action Plans by including 25 countries in the Africa Region. end of calendar 2012. All regions implemented  completion of the forthcoming Education Sector action plans by the end of IDA16. Strategy and the subsequent implementation of a program of action targeting gender issues in high The Reproductive Health Action Plan was priority countries. implemented. The Education sector strategy was launched in August 2011. It focuses on education and equity. Complete World Development Report for 2012 WDR 2012 IDA16 MTR The WDR 2012 was completed and launched in focused on gender. September 2011 and was widely disseminated, including launches in 27 countries (12 IDA countries). Strategic directions for operationalizing the findings of the WDR 2012 were presented in the companion document, “Implications of World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development for the World Bank Group. During FY12 and FY13, a series of companion reports were developed, applying the WDR2012 framework at the regional, sectoral, and country levels. Reports were prepared for EAP, ECA, MENA LCR and SAR regions. SPECIAL THEME 3: ACHIEVING CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT Support climate Address climate change by: Progress report IDA16 MTR Progress report prepared for IDA16 MTR. resilience in  discussing in 100 percent of IDA CASs climate Additional ASA Ongoing. Twelve CASs and six ISNs were IDA countries change vulnerabilities as part of the discussion of completed in FY12; all discussed climate change the country’s development challenges and priorities Coding system and vulnerabilities. and including activities in climate change benchmark mitigation and adaptation areas when requested by Ongoing. During FY12 27 country specific the recipient country; ESW and Non-lending TA were completed. In  scaling up IDA Analytic and Advisory Activities addition, IDA completed 41 multiple country on adaptation and mitigation; ESW and non-lending technical assistance  analyzing in all projects in climate change sensitive activities. sectors the potential climate impact of project activities to ensure that they are consistent with the - 94 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies Ongoing of the country; and  establishing coding system to measure the share of IDA investments that provide climate adaptation and mitigation co-benefits, and reporting on the number of projects that aim at climate change co- Done. Coding system has been adopted and benefits in their design (e.g., percent of IDA retroactive tracking was undertaken for FY11 investments that have climate change co-benefits) (baseline) and FY12. by Mid-Term Review. Continue dialogue with OECD/DAC on Rio- Quantifiable Rio- IDA16 MTR Ongoing. The coding system to track climate Markers with the objective of developing and Markers related financing was developed in consultation agreeing quantitative measures of global financing with other development partners. Dialogue will for climate change adaptation and mitigation. continue to be undertaken regularly. SPECIAL THEME 4: SUPPORTING FRAGILE AND CONFLICT AFFECTED COUNTRIES Strengthen Examine the operational implications of the 2011 FCC Paper IDA16 MTR Paper prepared for IDA16 MTR. support to WDR, including with respect to the heterogeneity fragile and of fragility and conflict, approaches to fragile conflict-affected situations and for conflict prevention, volatility of countries IDA allocations, etc. Based on these findings, develop, by the IDA16 MTR, proposals including to simplify and adjust the framework for allocating resources to FCCs. Develop plans for enhanced implementation of FCC Paper 2013 Partnership has deepened between the UN and UN-World Bank Partnership Agreements in a few the Bank. The UN-World Bank Partnership Trust pilot countries. Fund has facilitated dialogue, joint work and operational collaboration in Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and Guinea-Bissau. Complete evaluation of IDA’s work in fragile and IEG evaluation 2013 Completed. IEG evaluation completed in 2013. conflict-affected countries during 2012-2013. Revise the World Bank’s Operational Policy on Board paper End-2011 Review of Operational Policy on Development Development Cooperation and Conflict (OP/BP Cooperation and Conflict (OP/BP 2.30) was 2.30) by the end of 2011, and include partnership folded into the broader operational manual and agreements. investment lending reform to facilitate a more effective engagement in the FCCs context. - 95 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks Strengthen collaboration with partners on MDTFs FCC Paper IDA16 MTR The Bank has undertaken a series of evaluations administered by the World Bank, develop a of trust funds and of reforms based on the Bank’s reform plan in response to the MDTF evaluations, 2007 Trust Fund Management Framework and and report on progress at the IDA16 MTR. lessons learned from the World Bank’s experience with MDTFs in FCCs. Efforts are also underway to ensure collaboration with partners on country specific MDTFs (for example for Pakistan and Afghanistan). The Bank is also improving the alignment of Trust Fund mandates with country strategies. Conflict/context sensitivity is also being addressed through improved MDTF design, most notably in the five country level MDTFs that have been created since the preparation and launch of IDA16. Provide a review of procurement, fiduciary and FCC Paper IDA16 MTR The Bank has issued new procurement legal inputs in FCCs to speed up implementation guidelines. in FCCs. A guidance note on procurement and financial management in FCCs has been issued. Complete the revision and testing of the PCPI FCC Paper June 2011 New PCPI framework and criteria were finalized criteria, and publicly disclose the country scores in and are used PCPI exercises starting with the June 2011 before the start of IDA16. Develop FY11 and FY12. They are disclosed on the specific mechanisms to monitor efforts in the Bank’s website. broader set of fragile and conflict-affected countries in cooperation with other agencies and bilateral partners. Strengthen efforts to integrate a gender FCC Paper IDA16 MTR All ISNs presented to the Board in FY12 address perspective in IDA’s support to FCCs. gender issues. Also, between FY10 and FY12, the share of gender-informed operations in FCCs rose from 68 percent to 83 percent. Monitoring is done through the RMS and at project level. ADJUSTMENTS TO THE VOLUMES AND TERMS OF IDA ASSISTANCE - 96 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks Allocate IDA Implement IDA’s Performance Based Allocation Ongoing Case-by-case extensions have been granted to 5 resources based (PBA) system as set out in Annex 2, including the countries: Afghanistan, Burundi, Congo DR; on performance following changes: Central Africa Republic and Togo.  introduction of a flexible and a case-by-case The two country requirement when at least one approach to extending the phase-out for post- IDA fragile and conflict-affected country conflict and re-engaging countries; participates has been included in the updated  modification of the requirements for IDA’s IDA regional project guideline and is under regional program to allow projects with only two implementation. countries when at least one is fragile and conflict affected country; The maximum per capita allocation cap has been  elimination of the maximum per capita allocation eliminated ceiling for small states and raising of all base allocations to SDR3.0 million per year from the The minimum country allocation of SDR3 current SDR1.5 million per year. million per year was implemented since the FY12 allocation. Capping the amount deducted as foregone debt A Report IDA16 MTR The 30 percent capping has been implemented service from an eligible country’s gross annual since FY11; and a paper that reviews the PBA allocation at 30 percent of such gross PBA implementation experience was prepared for the allocation. Provide a review of implementation IDA16 MTR. experience at the time of the IDA16 MTR. Adjustment to Adjust lending terms of IDA’s blend, gap and Implementation to Revised OP IDA’s lending terms adjusted effective July 1, the terms of small island exception countries as follows: start July 1, 2011 2011. IDA assistance  Harmonize IDA’s blend credits and hardened term credits into one instrument with a final credit maturity of 25 years with a 5-year grace period, and carrying a 1.25 percent per annum interest rate.  Harmonize hard term credits with a maturity of 25 years and a 5-year grace period and continue to feature an interest rate based on the IBRD fixed rate equivalent minus 200 basis points. Provide access to hard term credits to all blend countries in proportion to their performance-based allocation.  Change terms for the small island country exception from blend credit terms to regular credit terms. Implement any agreement to exercise the Subject to Board Implemented for eight eligible countries acceleration clause included in the legal approval, (Albania, Azerbaijan, China, Egypt, Equatorial agreements for regular and blend credits since implementation Guinea, Indonesia, Macedonia, FYR, and St. 1987. Kitts and Nevis). - 97 - Objectives Recommendations/Actions Product Target Date Action Taken/Remarks would start in July 2011 Allocate grants to regional organizations on a pilot Management report IDA16 MTR The regional grant pilot continues to be basis. implemented during IDA16. Paper on the IDA regional integration program, including a review of the provision of grants to regional organizations, presented during IDA16 MTR. Review of IDA’s graduation policy. Discussion paper IDA16 MTR Review completed. Paper on IDA’s graduation policy presented during IDA16 MTR. - 98 - Annex 6. Fragile and Conflict- Affected States During IDA16 Table 1 - Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations during IDA16 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 IDA Eligible Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghanistan Angola Angola Burundi Burundi Burundi Central African Republic Central African Republic Central African Republic Chad Chad Chad Comoros Comoros Comoros Congo, Dem. Republic Congo, Dem. Republic Congo, Dem. Republic Congo, Republic Congo, Republic Congo, Republic Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire Eritrea Eritrea Eritrea Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guinea Haiti Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Kiribati Haiti Haiti Kosovo Kiribati Kiribati Liberia Kosovo Kosovo Madagascar Liberia Liberia Malawi Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Mali Micronesia, FS Micronesia, FS Marshall Islands Myanmar Myanmar Micronesia, FS Nepal Nepal Myanmar Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Nepal Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Sierra Leone Somalia Somalia Solomon Islands Sudan South Sudan Somalia Timor Leste Sudan South Sudan Togo Timor Leste Sudan Yemen Togo Togo Tuvalu Tuvalu Yemen Yemen Blend Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Zimbabwe Timor Leste Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Territories Western Sahara West Bank and Gaza West Bank and Gaza West Bank and Gaza - 99 - Annex 7. IDA16 Regional Program Table 1. Regional IDA Projects Delivered during IDA16 Total Regional National Project Amount IDA IDA Project Name Number (US$ (US$ US$ million) million) million) AFR Horn of Africa Emergency Health and Nutrition Project111 P127949 30.0 NA NA Central Africa Backbone (CAB) APL4112 P122776 56 0 0 Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (RCIP) APL1 - AF113 P127380 55.1 0 55.1 Zambia Transmission Interconnection P124351 60 30 30 Southern Africa Power Market APL1 2nd AF P126421 201.5 134.33 67.17 East Africa Laboratory Networking Project - AF P129551 15 10 5 West Africa Agricultural Productivity APL2a P129565 120 80 40 West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) APL4 Phase 1 CSLG Power Network P113266 176 162.4 13.6 Abidjan-Lagos Trans.& Transit - APL1B P116323 90 60 30 OHADA Support Project P126663 15 15 0 East Africa Power Pool - Ethiopia-Kenya P126579 684 456 228 West Africa Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (WARCIP) APL1C – Benin P130184 35 23.33 11.67 CEMAC Transport and Transit Facilitation Program -3rd AF P130422 125 121.4 3.6 Niger Basin Water Resources APL2a - Kandaji Hydropower P130174 203 136.33 66.67 Regional Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (RAPPSA) P094183 90 60.21 29.79 Southern Africa Trade and Transport Facilitation (North-South Corridor) P120370 213 143 70 West Africa Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (WARCIP) APL2 P123093 60 40 20 West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) APL2 - Additional Financing for P145160 60 40 20 Mali Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project P075941 339.9 226.59 113.31 Africa Capacity Building Foundation Support Program P127549 65 65 NA Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (RCIP) APL4 P118213 22 21.2 0.8 111 Financed from the CRW. 112 IBRD financing, but still part of the Central Africa Backbone (CAB) program. 113 Additional financing with focus on national activities, no regional leverage. - 100 - Building Resilience through Innovation, Communication & Knowledge Services114 P130888 4.8 NA NA West Africa Disease Surveillance115 P125018 10 NA NA Zambezi River Basin Development Program116 P143546 6 NA Senegal River Basin Water Resources Development APL 2117 P131323 228.5 98.9 129.6 Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Recovery and Resilience P129408 122 79 43 South Sudan-Kenya/EAC Transport Corridor - Phase I P116484 80 47.7 32.3 African Centers of Excellence (West Africa) P126974 150 86.22 63.11 Kandaji Additional Financing P148972 55.2 36.83 18.37 AUC Capacity Building P126848 25 25 NA Great Lakes Emergency Women's Health and Empowerment Project P147489 106.96 22.99 83.97 AFR Total FY12-14 3,325.16 2,202.43 1,119.96 EAP Pacific Connectivity - Tonga P113184 17.2 16.16 1.12 Pacific Aviation Investment - Kiribati P128938 22.91 16.12 6.8 Pacific Aviation Investment - Tonga P128939 27.21 24.17 3 Pacific Aviation Investment - Tuvalu P128940 11.85 8.37 3.48 Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Project (APL2) P104806 24.5 19.08 4.48 Lao Protected Area and Wildlife Project P128393 17 8 9 Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Project (APL2) P124942 25 16.6 8.37 Pacific Aviation-PASO regional grant P145057 2.15 2.15 NA Pacific Aviation APL2 Samoa P143408 25 20.5 5.1 EAP Total FY12-14 172.8 131.15 41.35 ECA Central Asia – South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project – CASA1000 P145054 90 60 30 Central Asia Regional Transport P132270 45 24.5 20.5 ECA Total FY12-14 135 84.5 50 LAC Caribbean Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (CARCIP) P114963 25 17.16 7.78 Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Project (CCRIF) P149895 24 16 8 OECS Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project - Phase 2 P127226 25 5 19.86 LAC Total FY12-14 74 38.16 35.64 114 Fully financed from other resources, and no regional IDA leveraged. 115 Financed by the Africa Catalytic Growth Fund (ACGF), and no regional IDA leveraged. 116 Financed from CIWA MDTF, and no regional IDA leveraged. 117 The regional grant to OMVS in the amount of US$16 million was financed from other TF resources. - 101 - SAR Central Asia – South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project – CASA1000 P145054 436.5 291 145.5 Nepal-India transport and trade facilitation118 P144335 99 59 40 Mizoram roads project – phase II P145778 107 71 36 SAR Total FY12-14 642.5 421 221.5 Table 2. Regional IDA Grants Region Project Name Project code Recipient Amount US$ AFR West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) APL4 Phase 1 CSLG P113266 West Africa Power 31.50 Power Network Pool (WAPP) Secretariat AFR OHADA Support Project P126663 OHADA 15.00 AFR Niger Basin Water Resources APL2a - Kandaji P130174 Nile Basin Authority 3.00 Hydropower (NBA) AFR Regional Agricultural Productivity Program for CCARDESA 0.6 P094183 Southern Africa (RAPPSA) AFR Southern Africa Trade and Transport Facilitation P120370 Dar Corridor 3.00 (North-South Corridor) Committee AFR Africa Capacity Building Foundation Support Program P127549 ACBF 65.00 AFR Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Recovery and Resilience P129408 IGAD 5.00 AFR African Centers of Excellence (West Africa) P126974 AAU .00 AFR Kandaji Additional Financing P148972 NBA 0.31 AFR AUC Capacity Building P126848 AUC 25.00 AFR Great Lakes Emergency Women's Health and P147489 ICGLR 3.00 Empowerment Project AFR Total 156.41 EAP Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management MRC 8.00 P104806 Project (APL2) EAP Pacific Aviation - PASO P145057 PASO 2.15 EAP Total 10.15 Regional grants total for the IDA16 period 166.56 118 India financed project activities from its own resources. - 102 - Annex 8. IDA16 – Projects Funded under the Crisis Response Window Total (SDRm) CRW mount - Total (US$m) IDA Commit IDA Commit CRW mount Amt - Total Amt - Total Instrument CRW Project Approval FY Country Project Name Lending Allocation ID Region SDRm US$m Date, Horn of Health Sector Support Project - Additional ER FY12 Kenya P128663 12/20/11 AFR 35.9 56.8 35.9 56.8 Africa Financing L Horn of Additional Financing Productive Safety Net AP 238. FY12 Ethiopia P126430 03/29/12 AFR 370.0 45.2 70.0 Africa APL III Project L 6 Horn of Additional Financing for Water and Sanitation 192. FY12 Kenya P126637 05/10/12 AFR SIL 300.0 12.9 20.0 Africa Services Improvement Project 8 Additional Financing for Rural Community Horn of MN FY12 Djibouti P130515 Development and Water Mobilization Project 06/12/12 SIL 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 Africa A (PRODERMO) Horn of MN ER FY12 Djibouti P130328 Social Safety Net Project 06/12/12 3.3 5.0 3.3 5.0 Africa A L Horn of Second Additional Financing for Power Access MN ER FY12 Djibouti P130493 06/12/12 3.4 5.2 3.4 5.2 Africa and Diversification Project A L Africa Horn of Horn of Africa Emergency Health and Nutrition ER FY12 Regional P127949 09/15/11 AFR 18.8 30.0 18.8 30.0 Africa Project L Project Relaunching Agriculture: Strengthening FY12 Haiti Haiti P126744 12/01/11 LCR SIL 25.1 40.0 25.1 40.0 Agriculture Public Services II Project Disaster Risk Management and Reconstruction ER FY12 Haiti Haiti P126346 12/01/11 LCR 37.6 60.0 37.6 60.0 Project L AP FY12 Haiti Haiti P124134 Haiti Education for All Project - Phase II 12/01/11 LCR 43.5 70.0 43.5 70.0 L - 103 - Total (SDRm) CRW mount - Total (US$m) IDA Commit IDA Commit CRW mount Amt - Total Amt - Total Instrument CRW Project Approval FY Country Project Name Lending Allocation ID Region SDRm US$m Date, Additional Financing for Infrastructure and ER FY13 Haiti Haiti P130749 09/27/12 LCR 23.3 35.0 23.3 35.0 Institutions Emergency Recovery Project L Rebuilding Energy Infrastructure and Access FY13 Haiti Haiti P127203 09/27/12 LCR SIL 59.7 90.0 59.7 90.0 Project FY13 Haiti Haiti P123974 Business Development and Investment Project 05/21/13 LCR SIL 13.4 20.0 13.4 20.0 Improving Maternal and Child Health through FY13 Haiti Haiti P123706 05/21/13 LCR SIL 46.7 70.0 46.7 70.0 Integrated Social Services Project Economic Reconstruction and Growth DP FY13 Haiti Haiti P127208 06/18/13 LCR 13.3 20.0 13.3 20.0 Development Policy Financing L FY14 Haiti Haiti P144614 Cultural Heritage and Tourism Sector 05/19/14 LCR IPF 29.1 45.0 29.1 45.0 FY14 Haiti Haiti P133352 HT - Ctr & Artibonite Reg Dev. 05/19/14 LCR IPF 32.4 50.0 32.4 50.0 DP FY14 Samoa Samoa P144377 Development Policy Financing 07/12/13 EAP 10.1 15 6.7 10.0 L ER FY14 Samoa Samoa P145545 Enhanced Road Access Project 10/17/13 EAP 13.3 20 3.32 5.0 L Agriculture and Fisheries Cyclone Response FY14 Samoa Samoa P145938 10/17/13 EAP IPF 3.3 5 3.3 5.0 Project Mozambiq Mozambiqu National Water Resources Development Flood FY14 P146098 09/27/13 AFR IPF 21.2 32 21.2 32.0 ue e Response Project Mozambiq Mozambiqu Roads and Bridges Management Maintenance FY14 P146402 12/13/13 AFR IPF 25.8 39.4 25.8 39.4 ue e Project Phase II - 104 - Total (SDRm) CRW mount - Total (US$m) IDA Commit IDA Commit CRW mount Amt - Total Amt - Total Instrument CRW Project Approval FY Country Project Name Lending Allocation ID Region SDRm US$m Date, FY14 Tonga Tonga P150113 Tonga Cyclone Reconstruction 05/28/14 EAP IPF 7.8 12 7.8 12.0 St. Vincent Regional Disaster Vulnerability Reduction FY14 St. Vincent and P146768 05/09/14 LCR IPF 23.1 35.6 12.3 19.0 Project - Additional Financing Grenadines FY14 St. Lucia St. Lucia P127226 Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project 05/04/14 LCR IPF 26.6 41 11 17.0 FY14 Haiti Haiti P149116 Urban CDD Project AF 05/29/14 LCR IPF 4.9 7.5 4.9 7.5 Bosnia- BiH Floods Emergency Recovery Project 100. FY14 Bosnia P151157 06/30/14 ECA IPF 65 100 65 Herzegovina (P151157) 0 606. 936. IDA 16 Total Commitments 1020 1578 9 9 - 105 - Annex 9. Regional Strategies and Performance During IDA16 Support to IDA countries during IDA16 was guided by regional strategies that took account of the evolving needs of the client countries. Specific programs of support and selectivity in interventions continued to be determined at country, sector and instrument level. Support to individual countries was elaborated in Country Partnership Strategies CPSs/Country Assistance Strategies (CASs) or Interim Strategy Notes (ISNs) which provide a rolling strategic framework for support to countries. Results Monitoring continued to be monitored at Regional, Country and Project Level. This sections summarizes key elements of the regional strategies and provides highlights on performance from the 2014 Results and Performance (RAP) IEG report. Two examples of Country Assistance Completion Reports (CASCRs) are included at the end of the section. 1. IDA scaled up its support significantly while adopting measures to enhance its effectiveness across all the regions. Regional solutions were pursued in infrastructure as well as in agriculture research, health, trade integration. Collaboration across the WBG (IDA, IBRD, IFC and MIGA) was increased and partnerships were strengthened with governments, bilateral partners and regional agencies. Africa Region (AFR) 2. The AFR regional strategy was organized around two pillars: (i) competitiveness and employment and (ii) vulnerability and resilience, with support to governance and public sector capacity building for strengthened service delivery and accountability. Support was also provided by IFC (energy, gender, trade competitiveness, and MSME) and MIGA (energy). Regional solutions were important in the Region’s portfolio. Efforts included increasing connectivity and reducing infrastructure gaps, addressing common threats posed by fragility and conflict (e.g., the Great Lakes, Sahel, Horn of Africa); and facilitating joint action on climate change and communicable diseases. The Africa region also focused on the IDA16 special themes of gender, climate change, and fragility and conflict. Regional Advisory Services and Analytical work (ASA) complemented country specific ASA. Regional ASA included: the Somalia Piracy report; Africa Can Feed Africa; Growing Africa: Unlocking the Potential of Agribusiness; Africa’s Pulse; Youth Employment; Social Safety Nets; Tourism; Harnessing Urbanization; and a flagship report on drylands. The Region also carried out impact evaluations. Other knowledge initiatives included: information technology and social media activities; and, South-South knowledge exchange (for example, between China and Ethiopia on development of an expressway master plan; and, between Chile and Zambia on using mining sector royalties to invest in social development). 3. The implementation strategy emphasized selectivity and reduction in fragmentation at the country and sector levels through (i) greater use of multi-sectoral and programmatic approaches; (ii) focus on potentially transformational operations119; (iii) increasing the use of public private partnerships (PPPs) in the energy, transport and urban sectors; (iv) scaling up of successful operations; and (v) providing additional finance more selectively to projects achieving results. Great attention was given to macroeconomic management, including debt management; transparent management of extractive industry rents; and statistical capacity building to help produce timely, accurate statistics to support decision making. Policy lending aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of government systems and policies, and delivering innovative solutions for public sector reform. 4. IDA leveraged development impact through financial and technical partnerships with multilateral and bilateral development partners, UN agencies, and regional organizations including on Regional integration building on existing partnerships with regional organizations (SADC, SACU, EAC, COMESA, 119 Examples include: The regional Eastern Electricity Highway (US$684 million); Ethiopia: Promoting Basic Services Phase III (US$600 million); Nigeria: Erosion and Watershed Management (US$500 million); and the Ethiopia – Transport Sector (US$415 million). - 106 - AMU, CEMAC, ECOWAS and WAEMU) and treaties (the Lagos Plan of Action, Abuja Treaty, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, or NEPAD). 5. Country Assistance Strategy Completion Reports (CASCRs). IEG review of 19 IDA CASCRs during the period FY12-14 rated 9 (Ethiopia, Benin, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Nigeria, Kenya and Rwanda) as moderately satisfactory or better (MS+), while 9 (Mozambique, Republic of Congo, The Gambia, Malawi, Niger, Senegal, Zambia, Ghana, Mauritania) were rated moderately unsatisfactory (MU). The Guinea CASCR was not rated. Successful programs were associated with among others, a good understanding of the local context and conditions (Benin), stakeholder engagement (Nigeria) and a sound results framework (Rwanda). Common challenges identified included: overly ambitious programs spread sparsely over many areas; outcome indicators not clearly linked to objectives; and, inadequate risk assessments and mitigating measures. 6. Of the projects exiting the Bank portfolio during FY11-13, 64 percent received an IEG rating of moderately satisfactory (MS) or better compared to a Bank average of 70 percent. Over the same period, about half of 19 AFR projects which underwent Project Performance Assessment Reviews (PPARs) received MS or better outcomes. IDA-funded projects in AFR performed as well as projects funded by IBRD, with ratings of 63 and 62 percent MS or better, respectively. Portfolio performance by sector was uneven. Social Protection and Labor; Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience; and Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management exceeded Bank averages. For example, all 8 exiting Social Protection and Labor projects reviewed by IEG were rated MS or better. On the other hand, in Public Sector Governance 7 of 20 projects, were rated MS or better. Education, and Finance and Markets performed also performed less well. Weak outcome ratings were attributed to steady decline in quality at entry. Projects failed due to over-ambitiousness and complexity; a poor assessment of country conditions and capacity (not recognized or well-addressed in project design); and a deficient results framework. An example of a well-designed project was the 2008 Rwanda Second Rural Sector Support whose success resulted from (i) quality at entry benefiting from several grant funded strategic studies, (ii) a logical and relevant results framework, and (iii) good quality M&E systems. Common key factors accounting for successful project outcomes were broad-based support, good understanding of local context and conditions (Benin), strong stakeholder engagement (Nigeria), and a sound results framework (Rwanda). A number of problems, resulted in MU ratings for program outcomes including: a critical lack of information (the Republic of Congo); and lack of mid-term corrections in strategy (Malawi). 7. Actions to address portfolio performance and ensure better service to clients included: strengthened accountability for quality and results; increased resources for frontline units; incorporation of lessons from IEG evaluations into the design of new operations and restructuring of active projects; review of all marginally performing operations; increased attention to FCSs and regional integration; and, enhanced focus on monitoring and evaluation. More task team leaders and sector specialists were field based, a new office—the Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development—was opened in Nairobi, Kenya (the “Nairobi Hub”) to enable timely response to emerging client demands, especially in FCSs. South Asia Region (SAR) 8. IDA support was organized around the strategic pillars of (i) growth (infrastructure, urbanization, private investment, regional and global integration); (ii) social inclusion (severest exclusions, social services, labor force participation); and (iii) climate and environment management (disaster, adaptation in energy, agriculture, urbanization), all of them enhanced by cross-cutting beams of improved governance (public finance management, tax reforms, public sector reform) and gender action (advocacy, labor market, empowerment, girls education). Regional ASA work which complemented country and sector ASA included flagship reports, “Addressing Inequality in South Asia”, “Better jobs in South Asia”, “Student Learning in South Asia” and “Violence against Women and Girls”. There was also emphasis on better sharing of international experience within the region. Regional solutions were an important part of the region’s strategy and focused on creating a regional electricity market; regional transport infrastructure; - 107 - policy and institutional (trade facilitation) arrangements for intra-regional trade and investment for the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN); collaborative cross-border institutional arrangements for shared natural resources and disaster risk management; and targeted interventions for poor and vulnerable people, especially women, living along connectivity corridors. 9. IDA collaborated in partnerships such as the Climate Investment Funds and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), which supported programs in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Close collaboration with other partners included the Education for All Fast Track Initiative (EFA–FTI), DfID, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Australia DFAT. IDA also leveraged funding and partnerships with IFIs, bilateral and other partners to support SAR’s FCS, including their priority need for energy infrastructure.120 The Bank managed the multi-donor trust fund (MDTF) covering the border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF). 10. Country Assistance Strategy Completion Reports (CASCRs). The CASCRs for India and Sri Lanka were rated moderately satisfactory (MS), while that for Pakistan was rated unsatisfactory for outcomes. A full Country Program Evaluation for Afghanistan rated the program outcome moderately satisfactory. Lessons point to both areas of success as well as challenges. In India, the program contributed to reduced food insecurity through strong agricultural productivity outcomes. Substantial progress was also noted in education, energy, transport and rural water and sanitation. However, areas that were less successful in the program included: public-private partnerships, public sector governance, and child malnutrition. In Sri Lanka IDA’s support contributed to education, infrastructure, health and strengthening the investment climate. Less successful were efforts in public spending improvements and in irrigation. In Afghanistan achievements were realized in fiscal management, health, infrastructure, microfinance and primary education. In Pakistan outcomes were achieved/mostly achieved in safety nets, rural livelihoods and urban services, however, many program outcomes were not achieved. 11. Of IDA projects exiting in FY2011-13, 67 percent were rated MS or better, compared to the regional (74 percent) and Bank (70 percent) averages. High performing sectors (both IBRD and IDA) included education, water, agriculture, and transport and ICT. Projects in governance and finance and markets performed below Bank average. Well performing projects were characterized by good design combining investment, policy intervention and capacity building supported by strong government commitment. Poor or weak project performance was linked to weak quality-at-entry, failure to conduct adequate assessment of conditions in the sector, or failure to apply lessons from past project mistakes. The quality of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) continues to be an issue, with only 41 percent of projects receiving high or substantial ratings for M&E quality. Common issues around included: adequacy and relevance of indicators and M&E capacity. The region focused on improving the quality of the portfolio, with close monitoring of quality at entry and supervision. East Asia and Pacific Region (EAP) 12. The EAP regional strategy was built around five pillars: (i) poverty and inequality – the need to address a growing middle class but rising inequality, poor human development indicators and less voice for women, especially in the Pacific; (ii) private sector-led growth and jobs creation; (iii) infrastructure and urbanization with high and increasing population density (with growth in pollution and urban slums and pressure on infrastructure and service delivery); (iv) Governance and public institutions; and, (v) Disaster Risk Management and climate change. A key priority for the region was re-engagement with Myanmar. Regional knowledge work complemented country ASA. Key reports included: “East Asia Pacific at Work: Employment, Enterprise and Well-Being, May 2014”, “EAP Economic Update (bi- annual): Enhancing Competitiveness in an Uncertain World, October 2014”; and, “Preserving Stability 120 WBG intends to raise more than US$10 billion for energy sector investment. - 108 - and Promoting Growth, April 2014”. Knowledge partnerships included South-South knowledge exchange in (i) Mongolia (extractive industries investment learning exchange via the Global Development Learning Network with experts from Chile and Kazakhstan); (ii) Vietnam (knowledge exchange on bus rapid transit system with Colombia, Brazil, China and Indonesia); and (iii) Cambodia, Timor Leste, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos PDR on community-driven development, with Indonesia and the Philippines. The countries also benefited from knowledge partnerships with Japan, 121 Malaysia, 122 China, 123 Singapore, 124 and Korea.125 13. Through partnerships, IDA leveraged additional resources across the Region. Bilateral partnerships included Australia, the EU; USA and Japan. Partnerships with regional and traditional partners supported actions on: the promotion of regional institutions and knowledge sharing on disaster risk management; economic issues126 (APEC, ASEAN); country-level coordination, post-conflict, disaster response (UNDP); communicable diseases (WHO); Clean Technology Fund investments, shared offices and staff in the Pacific, co-financing (ADB); and infrastructure (Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility, PRIF).127 14. Country Assistance Completion Reports (CASCR). During the FY2012-14 period, 5 of the 8 CASCRs reviewed by IEG were for IDA countries. The outcomes were MS or above for IDA programs in Lao people’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Vietnam. Outcomes for Papua New Guinea (PNG) were rated unsatisfactory and, moderately unsatisfactory for Timor-Leste. Successful programs were associated with sustained innovative support for key development agendas while weaker programs attempted to cover a wide range of issues in a context of weak institutional capacity and modest IDA resources. Another key lesson from CASCR reviews points to the Bank Group’s important role in middle income countries on knowledge transfer (from ASA or through South-South exchanges); that country ownership is essential for progress; and, frequent monitoring and evaluation is important. Implementation in PNG and Timor-Leste was impacted by low capacity, fragility, violence and/or conflict-related challenges. 15. For projects exiting in FY11-13, 68 percent were rated moderately satisfactory (MS) or better compared to 70 percent Bank-wide. Sectors with projects performing weakly included Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience; Transport; Information and Communications Technologies; Energy; and Extractives Industries. These projects accounted for more than half of EAP’s commitments in the FY10 -14 period. Just over half (53 percent) of the Project Performance Assessment Reports (PPARs) rated outcomes as MS or better. The quality-at-entry rating was an important factor in the decline of project outcome ratings in the Region. Lessons pointed to the need for stronger results chains, more appropriate indicators with baselines, targets and greater focus on outcomes. Political feasibility and institutional capacity building are also important for performance. In Lao PDR for example, the Bank took into account local capacity limitations and increased technical assistance during the progression of its budget support operations leading to positive outcomes. The Region took actions to address the problems, as reflected in a proactivity rate of 61 percent in FY14, an increase from 50 percent in FY12. The disbursement ratio remained close to the Bank average of 22 percent. The Region is focusing on the quality of the portfolio, with close monitoring of quality at entry and supervision. 121 Tokyo Development Learning Center (TDLC), GDLN on disaster risk management program, including Sendai Conference. 122 Establishment agreement for new WBG office (for knowledge and research) signed January 2015. 123 Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, think-tank umbrella organization, Development Research Center 124 Negotiations on-going to expand into global WBG hub for urbanization, infrastructure finance, and PPPs services. 125 New regional WBG hub in Songdo, Public Expenditure Management Network in Asia (PEMNA). 126 Trade deregulation; investment; regional integration (trade, finance); risk financing; and macroeconomic surveillance. 127 To provide development assistance to the infrastructure sector in a coordinated manner in the Pacific region. - 109 - Europe and Central Asia Region (ECA) 16. ECA’s regional strategy was centered on two pillars: (i) competitiveness and shared prosperity through jobs, and (ii) environmental, social and fiscal sustainability, including through climate action. Climate adaptation and energy efficiency cut across both pillars. Three countries graduated from IDA at the end of IDA16: Armenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Armenia. These clients still require financing and knowledge to ensure that as they transition to higher income status, they are able to cope with pockets of poverty and vulnerabilities that exist. 17. Partnerships were important in ECA. The EU was the Bank’s largest partner in the Western Balkans and Central Asia. Other important partners in the region included bilaterals (Russia, Austria, Sweden and Switzerland), which cooperate in supporting clients through trust-funded programs, as well as MFIs (the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank) as well as international NGOs. In Moldova, partnerships128 resulted in significant co-financing for reforms. The Bank administered a substantial trust fund portfolio in co-financing, including the Regional Development and Social Protection Trust Fund with the EC; the Central Public Administration Reform MDTF; EFA-FTI grants; a Global Partnership for Education (GPE) grant for pre-primary education; and GEF co-financing for the IDA-financed Agriculture Competitiveness Project. 18. Program outcome ratings in CASCR outcomes were: moderately satisfactory (MS) and above for Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia and Tajikstan. The outcome rating for Uzbekistan was moderately unsatisfactory. The best performing program, Georgia, was recognized for a selective program which focused on areas where the Bank had a comparative advantage, and for a strong results framework with clearly defined objectives and outcomes and measureable indicators that provided a clear results chain. Country programs rated moderately unsatisfactory (MU) often had broad or overly ambitious objectives not supported by Bank Group operations, and less developed results framework. However, social programs were a challenge even in successful country programs. 19. World Bank operations in ECA countries performed better than the Bank as a whole in terms of number of projects. Of projects exiting in FY11-13, outcomes for 76 percent were rated moderately satisfactory or better (MS+) compared to the Bank average of 70 percent. In commitment amounts, 88 percent were rated MS+ compared to 81 percent Bank-wide. ECA had the highest percentage of IEG satisfactory ratings (76.2 percent) for IDA projects exiting during the IDA16 period, exceeding the Bank average by 6 percentage points. Portfolio actions that took into account recommendations of the FY10 learning review dramatically increased ECA’s disbursement ratio, whi ch was highest among all regions for most of IDA16 and was higher than the Bank for most of the IDA16 period. Energy and Extractive Industries; Finance and Markets; and Macro Economics and Fiscal Management accounted for 72 percent of commitments during FY10-14, and performed better than the Regional average. Among operations performing below Bank-wide averages were Education; Environment and Natural Resources; and Social Protection and Labor. Common weaknesses included overly ambitious development objectives relative to project components and/or time frame; overly complex project design (including too many components, and multiple implementing agencies, and over-estimation of capacity to implement). Successful projects, even where objectives were ambitious, had leadership and institutional capacity to manage the task(s); incorporated learning from previous projects or similar projects in other countries; and had a clear causal link between project activities, output, outcomes and development objectives. While M&E is better than the Bank-wide average it nevertheless continues to be a concern in ECA. 20. Among the lessons learned are: the need for institutional, legal, and regulatory reforms remained; greater policy coherence on critical reforms; greater selectivity and flexibility; programmatic approaches; 128 The European Commission (EC), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the German Development Bank (KFW), the Governments of the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) which also provided support for Analytical and Advisory Activities (AAA) - 110 - and, consolidation of trust fund resources to reduce portfolio fragmentation and administration costs. Policy lending is also important especially where political consensus on particular reforms may be fragile. Middle East and Northern Africa Region (MNA) 21. The MNA regional strategy, in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab Spring, was based on four main pillars: (i) creating Jobs; (b) strengthening governance and accountability; (c) increasing social and economic inclusion; and (d) accelerating sustainable growth. These were complemented by cross-cutting themes of Gender, Regional Integration, and fostering a Competitive Private Sector. IDA followed a two- pronged approach: addressing the immediate needs arising from humanitarian crises throughout the region, while at the same time keeping a sustained focus on the investments that are needed for medium and long term development, inclusive growth and enhanced service delivery. Partnerships have been central to IDA’s work in the MNA region. Extensive collaboration was important for Yemen following the Arab Spring. IDA led preparation of the Joint Social Economic Assessment that underpinned the unprecedented donor pledge of US$10 billion for the country. The Bank played a critical role in the Friends of Yemen platform on the link between security and economic development. The Bank also partnered on co-financing arrangements in energy and transport sectors, as well as on social, climate change and food security trust funds. Djibouti was supported through the WBG’s Initiative for the Horn of Africa, with a focus on reducing vulnerability in mobile and refugee populations; and on regional development of extractive industries (the South Sudan-Ethiopia-Djibouti regional oil pipeline). The Initiative will also support development of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD’s) climate change and adaptation strategy. IDA has leveraged additional financial resources, for example, from the GFDRR to build resilience to climate change. This is closely integrated with the Bank’s work on urban poverty. 22. The CASCR for Djibouti was rated moderately unsatisfactory. The program showed the importance of: government ownership, effective implementation support, close alignment of program interventions and objectives and sound results and monitoring frameworks. 23. The Bank’s lending operations performed somewhat worse in MNA than in other Regions, with 60 percent of projects that exited during FY11-13 rated moderately satisfactory or better, compared to the Bank average of 70 percent. Features of projects with favorable ratings included: effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) suitable for the context; synergy through multiple Bank engagements; clear output and outcome indicators; scope of the project kept simple, allowing for flexibility, use of experienced project unit and technically qualified Bank staff – some of them field-based; use of third party monitoring agency in fragile contexts (e.g. Yemen) to undertake supervision, verify implementation, and help sustain project momentum. Projects with unfavorable ratings had weakness in design and monitoring. 24. With continuing deterioration in security, disbursements to Yemen were suspended in July 2011. The country’s portfolio improved with the stabilizing political situation and active portfolio management, including closing, canceling, restructuring or upgrading the seven problem projects. The Bank also actively engaged the Government on portfolio issues, including the FY14 inclusive CPPR exercise. Lessons underscore the special needs of fragile or limited institutional capacity contexts, where project design and implementation require greater selectivity, realism, and flexibility to reduce portfolio fragmentation. Dedicated PIUs need to be better integrated and prepared for an eventual transfer of responsibilities to government entities. Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LCR) 25. The strategic priorities were grouped under five pillars: (i) growth and jobs- need to generate high sustained, more diversified growth; address structural gaps, minimize vulnerability to risk and improve competitiveness; (ii) decrease overall poverty and enable participation by the poor, women and youth; (iii) strengthen governance and institutions for greater state and citizen engagement, access to infrastructure services, safety nets, security and enhance transparency and reduce red tape; (iv) step up - 111 - global involvement (climate, finance, migration and south-south cooperation); and, (v) guard against disasters and strengthen risk mitigation and improve fiscal and financial systems resiliency. IDA collaborated extensively with global programs and played a catalytic role in leveraging donor financing for development activities in LCR. For example, following the 2010 earthquake, the Bank was a member of the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, the aid platform for Haiti’s reconstruction. The Bank also led the Budget Support Group and served as the secretariat for the multi-donor Haiti Reconstruction Fund. IDA provided emergency funding to combat cholera at the regional level, with technical support from the Global Health and Global Water teams—work that continues under IDA17. 26. Three IDA CASCRs were reviewed between FY12 and FY14. The Bolivia and Honduras CASCRs were rated moderately unsatisfactory, while the Nicaragua CAS was rated moderately satisfactory (MS). A key lesson is the need for results frameworks with realistic, clearly defined objectives that can be achieved within the life of the strategy, effectively monitored, and adjusted as necessary based on progress being made on the ground (for example, Bolivia). 27. Outcome, as rated by IEG, was based on a relatively small sample of 22 projects exiting the portfolio in FY12-FY14. Overall, satisfactory outcome was 63 percent for FY12 and FY13, but rose to 83 percent in FY14. Projects receiving favorable ratings had the following features: an appropriate level of ambition and flexibility (e.g. Guyana Water Sector Consolidation Project, Honduras Judicial Branch Modernization Project); long-term engagement by the Bank. Projects rated MU or below often supported actions at the wrong scale of ambition needed to achieve success. Portfolio quality monitoring was maintained through a monthly “Dashboard” of portfolio indicators published by LCR, shared with the entire Region and discussed each month by regional management. Proactivity led to a sharp drop in IDA problem projects in FY13 (the Region ensured that each IDA project had sufficient implementation support budget), and analysis of the portfolio at large found that quality at entry was a primary driver of successful development outcomes. - 112 - Annex 10. IDA Sector Support Profiles Energy And Extractives Industries. IDA16 Commitments. Total commitments amounted to US$8.6 billion. Of this, the bulk went to Africa (45 percent) and South Asia Regions (43 percent), respectively. Two DPOs - power sector reforms: Vietnam (US$100 million) and Pakistan (US$600 million) were financed along and IDA guarantees (US$1.4 billion). Strategy. 2013 Energy Sector Directions Paper “Towards a Sustainable Energy Future for All.” Priorities. (a) Energy. Overall, hydropower and other low carbon forms of power generation together with transmission and distribution operations. Major Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa, with the following priorities: (i) regional power generation and transmission capacity in geothermal, hydro, gas, and renewable energy resources; (ii) affordability, targeting, and capacity building of sector institutions; (iii) improving power sector planning and utility performance; (iv) demand side management and energy efficiency programs through solar, efficient cookstoves, time-of-use tariffs, load control and smart metering for efficient consumption; and, (v) sustainability of biomass supply. (b) Extractives. Governance (management of revenues and strengthening administration and accountability) and sustainable inclusion (promoting economic and social linkages). IDA significantly leveraged its funding in the Energy sector. IDA US$1.4 billion leveraged US$5 billion of private capital in 10 IDA countries (Maldives, Pakistan, Cameroon, Cote D’Ivoire, Ke nya, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal and Uganda) in solar power, gas-to-power, and oil and gas. Examples: Côte d’Ivoire - an IDA Guarantee (US$60 million) and MIGA insurance (US$380 million) supported US$1 billion investment in a post-conflict country. Kenya - IDA guarantees (US$166 million) and MIGA (US$275 million) leveraged US$623 million for four Independent Power Producers. Cameroon - IDA US$82 million supported the US$350 million Kribi Gas Power Project. Close to US$2 billion in IDA co-financing supported regional integration projects (West African Power Pool, Eastern Electricity Highway, Regional Rusumo Fall Hydroelectric, and CASA-1000 projects). Significant co- financing was also mobilized for clean energy projects: Jiji and Mulembwe Hydropower project (Burundi); Lom Pangar Hydropower project (Cameroon); Mocha Wind Park project (Yemen); and the Djibouti Geothermal Power Generation project. Knowledge. A total of 62 knowledge products were delivered. Highlights include: mining sector reviews in Congo, Ethiopia and Kyrgyz Republic; gas master plans for Yemen and Mozambique; oil and gas legal framework for Kenya; overview of the Vietnam Trung Son Hydropower project preparation experience; review of proposed private sector hydropower projects in; energy sector roadmap for Vanuatu; power sector diagnostic review for India and Ghana; power supply options study for Tajikistan; power and mining study for Sub-Saharan Africa; and energy efficiency strategy for industrial sector in Uzbekistan. ESMAP continued to play a significant role as a global knowledge and technical assistance program, and supported areas such as electricity interconnections in East Africa, the role of mining companies as anchor consumers to facilitate electricity expansion, and harnessing natural gas resources to meet power needs, power sector planning amidst uncertainty in Afghanistan, and scale-up of mini-grids in Bangladesh.129 Special Themes. Support for crises included: the Emergency recovery loans in Liberia (US$22 million) in the power sector; and, efforts to reduce effects of drought on water pumping in both rural and urban areas in Djibouti ($5.2 million). Gender mainstreaming was underpinned by two programmatic efforts, - ESMAP Gender and Energy program, and ESMAP Gender and Extractives program, - and complemented by two 129 https://www.esmap.org/node/55386 - 113 - regional gender programs in the Africa, and East Asia and Pacific regions. The programs focused on knowledge and capacity building to integrate gender into operations. Results: percentage of gender-informed IDA projects in the energy and extractives sector increased from 56 percent in FY12 to 96 percent in FY14. Integrating Gender in Senegal’s Second Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management Project (PROGEDE II) boosted incomes of rural families using sustainable charcoal production methods and modern beekeeping, farming, livestock approaches, vegetable growing, improved stoves, and alternative energy such as biogas. With training, on the entire charcoal value chain, 1,018 women became charcoal producers. The share of total community income to women rose from 3 percent in 2009 to 12 percent in 2013. PROGEDE’s focus on gender sensitivity also enabled women to participate in community forest decision making bodies. On climate resilient development, large IDA-financed hydropower projects (such as the Dasu Hydropower project in Pakistan) incorporated analysis on climate change resilience into their design, paving the way for developing a more scientific approach towards design of climate resilient hydropower projects in IDA17, as well as new analytical methods to facilitate more systematic project screening for climate risks. The Africa region undertook an innovative analytical study on application of decision making techniques to the identification and design of energy infrastructure projects (particularly, hydropower) that would be resilient to climate change. 130 Support to FCSs: Lending to 15 FCS countries amounted to US$830 million (about 10 percent of total IDA16 lending to energy and extractives.) The noteworthy IDA-financed energy projects to FCS included: (i) the Myanmar Electric Power Project (US$140 million); (ii) the Burundi Jiji and Mulembwe Hydropower Project (US$100 million), and (iii) the TA in Guinea to improve governance in the mining sector. Regional Interventions. US2.1 billion, or 25 percent of total IDA lending to energy and extractive industries, supported regional integration, primarily in the Africa and the South Asia regions. IDA’s commitments for ( i) regional energy integration in Africa amounted to US$1.5 billion; and (ii) support to regional integration in South Asia was around US$0.6 billion. Examples of the IDA16 regional energy and extractives include: The Eastern Electricity Highway Project under the First Phase of the Eastern Africa Power Integration Program (US$684 million); the Regional Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric Project (US$340 million); and the South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project: CASA (1000). Partnerships. The Sustainable Energy for All Initiative supported the countries with commitments to reach universal access to energy by 2030. The World Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) launched the US$15 million SE4ALL Technical Assistance Program (S-TAP) to support mobilization of public and private financing. The first tranche of S-TAP in FY14 focused on 10 countries: Burundi, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Liberia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicaragua and Senegal. The Bank also led a wide consortium of agencies in major collaborative projects aimed at substantively improving their ability to monitor and report on energy development outcomes through The Sustainable Energy for All Global Tracking Framework 2013. Quality of IDA16 Energy and Extractives Portfolio under Implementation. There was an increase in the size of their portfolio, with South Asia experiencing the largest increase of almost US$2 billion from FY12 to FY14. Riskiness of the IDA portfolio peaked in FY13 in terms of number of projects at risk, and the number of projects with proactivity actions also went down in FY13; but both indicators improved in FY14, with proactive actions taken in about 60 percent of problem projects. IEG has evaluated 49 IDA operations in the energy sector that exited during IDA16. The share of projects with outcome ratings of satisfactory were at 70 percent, with a high of 78 percent in FY12, and a low of 58 percent in FY13. Examples of IDA Results in the Energy and Extractives Industries (FY12-14). The key IDA results from energy sector projects during IDA16, as measured by the core IDA RMS included: 5,165 MW of generation capacity added, driven primarily by lower carbon sources such as renewables and gas. The number of people provided with access to electricity through direct (household) connections reached 12.5 million people, the vast majority in IDA countries, while inferred connections were estimated to have reached 5.9 million people. The projects in Laos, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, and Bangladesh made significant progress in creating new direct electricity connections, while the inferred connections (could have) emerged from Uganda, Kenya, India and Nepal, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. 130 Cervigni, R, Liden, R, Neumann, J, Strzepek, K (eds) (2015), Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s Infrastructure: The Power and Water Sectors. The World Bank, Africa Development Forum Series. - 114 - Water Supply and Sanitation Commitments. Increased from US$4.3 billion during IDA15 to US$6.2 billion during IDA16. Strategy. The World Bank Water Sector Strategy and the World Bank Water Supply and Sanitation Business Plan. Priorities. In 2010, a Mid-Cycle Implementation Progress Report (MCIPR), “Sustaining Water for all in a Changing Climate recommended improvements: more integrated approaches to infrastructure; new technologies for results-based decision making; a greater emphasis on climate adaptation and mitigation; scaling up hydropower and water efficiency; and supporting low-cost sanitation. Investment lending focused on infrastructure and support for institutions to improve the delivery of services and increasing universal access for the poor. There was a move away from investments in centralized wastewater treatment toward more low-cost sanitation interventions. Commitments for basic sanitation increased from US$78 million in FY12 to US$285 million in FY14 while those for wastewater collection, treatment and disposal decreased, showing a commitment to targeting the poor and focusing on behavioral change and low-cost solutions, rather than on the population already connected to a network. Innovations. IDA has facilitated innovation and promoted integrated solutions. The first PforR project (US$200 million) supported a broad systems- and results-based approach in the Government of Vietnam’s Results-based Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project under the National Target Program. Kenya (2012) received a US$300 million IDA credit to increase access to water and sanitation services in fast-growing cities and towns, including Nairobi. The innovative financing scheme helped households borrow micro-loans for installing a metered stand pipe with a 50 percent rebate through an output subsi dy from the World Bank’s Global Partnership on Output-based Aid in the low-income Kayole Soweto village, home to 90,000 residents, previously sparsely served and paying 10 times the tariff. The US$155 million IDA credit for the Kenya Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (KWSCRP), an integrated approach, helps foster use of natural resources, through “clean” ( minimizing environmental impacts), and “resilient” (reducing social vulnerabilities and taking into account environmental management and natural capital in preventing physical disasters) approaches. The US$135 million Uganda Water Management and Development Project used modern technology for providing near-real time data transfer from rain gauge networks and surface and groundwater sites to help guard against unpredictable weather patterns. Partnerships. Among the partnerships in the region, the Bank hosts two global multi-donor trust funds and partnerships: (i) the Water Partnership Program (WPP)131 - supports work with non-water sectors and in key geographies where water constrains growth; and, (ii) The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) 132, implemented its FY11-15 Business Plan which focused on: scaling Up Rural Sanitation; Domestic Private Sector Participation; Poor-Inclusive WSS Sector Reform; Targeting the Urban Poor and Improving Services in Small Towns; Fragile States and Climate Change. In addition, the Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) with an investment of US$72 million, brings riparian countries together for large-scale trans-boundary investments and the South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) with an amount of US$9.5 million, strengthens water resources management within and between countries of South Asia, with emphasis on regional cooperation and adaptation to climate change. IDA16 Special themes. The special themes featured prominently in the water portfolio during FY12-FY14. IDA’s support to the US$500 million effort for piped water supply and sanitation services in four low-incomes states in India is an example of gender mainstreaming in IDA’s projects and IDA’s contribution to advancing progress on gender-related MDGs. On climate resilient development and crisis response, the Bank funded a study in Bangladesh to identify options for flood protection and climate change adaptation that could help reduce the vulnerability of local populations to the climate changes. The study informed the Coastal Embankment Improvement Project (US$400 million) to support adaptation measures financed by the Government of India with an US$1 billion to assist West Bengal state in the construction, restoration, and compensation efforts of embankment retreat initiatives in the highest-priority areas. A cooperative platform for Bangladesh and India was established to deal with common issues, like biodiversity conservation, 131 Supported by Denmark, United Kingdom and Netherlands. 132 Global, field-based. - 115 - environmentally sustainable ecotourism, and coordination of early warning systems for cyclones. On FCS, the Bank funded a Water Sector Investment Plan (WSIP) for Malawi, which provided a cost-benefit analysis of options for improving water services nation-wide. The WSIP is now being carried out under the US$450 million National Water Development Program supported by 8 development partners, including US$170 million support from IDA. Knowledge. Several key publications delivered during IDA 16 were designed to address the growing geographic complexity and multi-sector elements of new water challenges, while also making strides toward goals for improved water supply and sanitation. A study entitled “Reaching Across the W aters: Facing the Risks of Cooperation in International Waters” reviewed the experience of cooperation in five international river basins, focusing on the perceptions of risks and opportunities by decision makers in countries responding to a specific prospect of cooperation. A study entitled “Grow in Concert with Nature” lays out the conceptualization of Green Water Defense (GWD), a new adaptive management approach that integrates natural and built infrastructure to provide sustainable water services and manage climate related risks. Two reports provide a roadmap for selecting cost-effective measures for GWD implementation that promote healthy and dynamic interactions for sustainable water and ecological services, as well as flood risk reduction, in East Asia. Portfolio Quality. Disbursement performance was uneven but generally increased in all regions. The disbursement ratio over the IDA16 period increased from about 20 percent to 23 percent – above the Bank average. The number of problem projects and projects at risk increased slightly, however, this increase was complemented by an increase in proactivity thus reflecting greater realism and active management of the portfolio. Proactivity in Africa increased from just 67 percent in 2012 to 100 percent by end of 2014. MNA and SAR also reported 100 percent proactivity in 2014. Examples of Results. During IDA16, 27.8 million people were provided with access to an improved water source, and 7.3 million with access to improved sanitation facilities with IDA support. Examples of results stories include: Vietnam’s Red River Delta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project (US$11 1.2 million) which supported low- cost access to sanitation financing, flexible payment plans for water infrastructure contributions and affordable tariffs that provided opportunity for a greater number of poor households to gain access to water supply and sanitation services. Almost 1.3 million people (80 percent of the population in the project provinces) and100 percent of poor households gained access to improved water sources. The percentage of households with hygienic toilets increased from 25 percent to 87 percent. This model is now being expanded into a national program supported by a "Program for Results" project with US$200 million IDA credit. In the Senegal River Basin (IDA, US$110 million, 2006-13), the IDA-financed Multi-Purpose Water Resources Development (APL) Project for Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea contributed to more effective management of the resources. The combined support for sustainable fishing and improved access to markets with more traditional water resources development activities are beginning to make a difference for the residents of villages like Sadel. The fish stocks in the Senegal River are up nearly 13 percent since the start of the project and the size and quantity of the catch have improved. In addition, nearly 4,400 acres of land has been rehabilitated for agriculture allowing two planting seasons during the year. The increased planting has impacted women, many of whom are heads of households. The river basin is for the first time seeing a return of migrants who left their villages for the main city of Dakar over a decade ago. In India, the Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (IDA US$90m, 2006-2104,) adopted a sector- wide, community-driven approach to improve access to, and sustainability of, rural water supply and sanitation services. The IDA financing reached more than 2 million people across the State and demonstrated the viability of higher levels of service for rural consumers by increasing supply times from the norm of just 1-2 hours of supply/day to 10 hours per day in more than a 100 villages, and 24 hours a day to a further 90 villages. In addition, almost 500 villages are now fully covered with individual household water connections with water meters, and more than a thousand villages are fully recovering O&M expenses. The project piloted the application of small bore sewer systems in 98 villages. Early results from the pilots have shown an improvement in environmental conditions in the villages, and lessons on the sustainability of these systems will inform future state sanitation interventions. A toll-free phone-based citizen’s grievance redress mechanism was introduced, which has become a model in India. The successful implementation of the project resulted in a follow on project to extend service level improvements and deepen sector reforms. - 116 - Transport IDA16 Lending Commitments in the Transport Sector declined by 10 percent, from US$7.2 billion in IDA15 toUS$6.5 billion in IDA16. The majority of IDA16 transport commitments went to Africa and South Asia. By sector, rural and inter-urban roads accounted for the largest share (US$4.7 billion) of commitments. Strategy. The World Bank’s Transport Business Strategy for 2008 -2012 stressed the need for transport to be safe, clean and affordable, with five key strategic directions: i) create conditions for increased support for transport investment and governance; ii) deepen engagement in the roads and highways subsector; iii) increase engagement in the urban transport subsector; iv) diversify engagement in transport for trade; and v) transition to cleaner, greener mobility solutions to combat climate change. In many of the poorest countries, basic access to transport services and infrastructure has remained a challenge. Partnerships. IDA’s comparative advantage in the transport sector lies in its ability to address complex mobility and connectivity issues (e.g., development corridors, rural roads, access to sustainable transport, urban mobility, etc.) by leveraging partnerships, financing and knowledge for transport investments and policy reforms. During IDA16, WBG closely collaborated with other donors, such as AfDB and JICA, in preparation and/or implementation of a number of IDA transport projects. For example, the CEMAC Transport and Transit Facilitation Project (IDA financing of US$680 million) was designed to facilitate regional trade among the CEMAC member states and improve access to world markets for the Central African Republic, Cameroon and Chad. The project was supported by the European Commission (EC), the African Development Fund (ADF), France, and Japan. The Tanzania Central Railway project, (US$300 million IDA funding) was co-financed by JICA, which provided funding to support the Kilosa-Gulwe section (80 kilometers). In Yemen, IDA supported the Government in building and improving rural roads through the Rural Access Program (RAP). Due to its convening power, its strong financial management and its linkage with investment programs, IDA continued to play a formative and key role in transport partnerships Transport Partnerships. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) is a unique international partnership of over 40 African countries, Regional Economic Communities, continental institutions (e.g., African Union Commission), U.N. agencies, public and private sector organizations, and international development agencies and organizations. It focused on integration, connectivity and cohesion; urban mobility and accessibility; and road safety. The UN Global Road Safety Facility (GRSF) which seeks to maximize road safety impact by country governments and partner organizations and leverage resources, supported: a review of the road safety capacity management of the North-South Corridor in Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia, and funded research studies on road safety in, inter alia Bangladesh, the Gambia, India, Cameroon, Uganda, and Tanzania. In 2013, the World Bank / Netherlands launched the new Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Sustainable Logistics (MDTF-SL), covering: (i) green supply chains; (ii) urban logistics and port-cities; and (iii) agro-logistics. The MDTF-SL prioritizes knowledge exchange and analytical tools with substantial global public good components that can benefit at-risk market participants. IDA16 Special Themes. The special themes were addressed through lending and ASA. On crises response, emergency support was provided through a number of transport IDA projects. In Kenya, the Transport Sector Support Project (US203 million) supports Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) which was partially affected by a fire, enabling it to maintain its role as a regional hub. In Haiti, the Disaster Risk Management and Reconstruction Project is helping to improve disaster response capacity and enhance the resilience of critical transport infrastructure, while the Disaster Management and Vulnerability Reduction Project is improving the resilience of bridges and roads to future natural disasters. Gender mainstreaming is done by integrating a gender informed approach and fostering employment opportunities for women. Of transport projects approved (FY12- FY14), 62 percent included at least one gender dimension (analysis, actions, or monitoring and evaluation) in their project design, whereas 11 projects included all three gender related dimensions. 133 Examples include: the 133 See FY2013 World Bank Report, “An Update on Gender Mainstreaming in Transport: Examples of Recent Good Practices FY10-FY13.” - 117 - Nicaragua Rural Roads Infrastructure Improvement Project, where efforts were made to encourage greater participation of women in the road construction process. Similarly, the Second Rural Transport Improvement Project in Bangladesh supported women’s econo mic empowerment and expanded their participation in local development. An estimated US$1.3 million of IDA funding will directly benefit women through “Labor Contracting Societies,” consisting of local poor and destitute women, who are subcontracted to carr y out off- carriageway labor-based maintenance work. Transport interventions helped decrease vulnerability to severe weather events and climate change impacts. Most of South Asia’s transport projects mainstream climate resilience into the design of roads and other infrastructure. For example, the Mizoram State Roads II Regional Connectivity Project and the Nepal-India Regional Trade and Transport Project have incorporated resilience features against floods and landslides into the road designs. In Mozambique, a country prone to cyclones, tropical depressions and heavy rains, the Roads and Bridges Management and Maintenance Program - Phase-2, is piloting a program on planning and building climate resilient road infrastructure..In Honduras, the Second Road Rehabilitation Project allocated resources to reconstruction of key road segments affected by Tropical Depression No. 16, which brought heavy rains and resulted in flooding, loss of life and property damage to several Central American Countries. In Bolivia, the Buenaventra-Ixiamas Project supported environmental and social institutional strengthening initiatives for addressing climate change issues. IDA has invested in transport interventions in FCSs through the design of either emergency infrastructure renewals or projects building infrastructure facilities. The additional IDA financing for the Transport Multimodal Project in DRC supported the rehabilitation of a multimodal transport network that had collapsed following decades of conflict. In Mali, the Second Transport Project provides better access and transport services to rural and urban communities by improving key rural, and urban transport infrastructure. In Liberia, IDA provided additional financing to scale up the ongoing successful transport operations and support the Government’s efforts to reduce the infrastructure gap and increase access and connectivity. In Haiti, the Centre Artibonite Regional Development Project is ensuring the local maintenance of roads and infrastructure through strengthening government and local capacity, including by providing support for local micro-enterprises and community-based organizations. Regional integration. The South Asia Eastern Corridor Programmatic Trade and Transport Facilitation (NLTA) program aims to improve cross-border infrastructure planning and coordinates the efforts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and selected states in India's Northeast region to improve logistics performance and increase intra-regional trade and cooperation. The Nepal-India Regional Trade and Transport Project aims to facilitate efficient movement of goods between the two countries by reducing the transportation time and costs. Similarly, in Africa, an IDA funded regional program, the CEMAC Transport and Transit Facilitation Project, was designed to improve trade relations by connecting Cameroon, Chad, and CAR to local and global markets. It also includes institutional and capacity building of key institutions such as customs and ministries of transport, environment, planning and public works, as well as various road safety and transit facilitation activities. Quality of IDA16 Transport Portfolio under Implementation. In the regions where the IDA transport portfolio was most centered (AFR, EAP, and SAR), the growth in lending was accompanied by rising disbursement ratios. For example, in Africa, where IDA’s net commitments rose from US$5.8 billion in FY12 to more than US$8.2 billion in FY14, the disbursement ratio rose from 15 percent to 25 percent over the same period. In EAP, the portfolio growth of 31 percent (from US$1.3 billion in FY12 to US$1.7 billion in FY14) was accompanied by the disbursement ratio increasing from 14 percent in FY12 to 20 percent in FY14. IEG evaluated a total of 30 IDA transport projects that exited the IDA portfolio during FY12-FY14, with only 5 evaluations completed for FY14. The satisfactory outcome percentages for these projects, with an overall average of 69 percent, are in line with the Bank averages. While the IDA16 average for transport projects is smaller than for IDA15 (85 percent), it represents a rebound in satisfactory outcomes ratings, from 58 percent in FY12 to 80 percent in FY14, returning to historically high outcome ratings for transport projects. IDA Results in Transport (FY12-FY14). In FY14, a total of 38 thousand kilometers of roads were constructed or rehabilitated through IDA projects, compared to 34 thousand kilometers in 2012, 134 an increase of about 12 percent during IDA16. Examples of IDA-supported results include: 134 The indicator captures the number of kilometers of all roads constructed, reopened to motorized traffic, rehabilitated, or upgraded under IDA-supported programs. - 118 -  The Abidjan-Lagos Trade and Transport Facilitation Program (ALTTFP) supported by IDA (US$405 million), aims at reducing trade and transport barriers in the ports and on the roads along the Corridor (1,000 km), linking five coastal countries: Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria, and serving an area with a population catchment area of over 37 million people. All five countries have ports that serve domestic and transit traffic to neighbors on the corridor, and to the three main landlocked countries in the north (Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger).  India’s Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Program and Rajasthan Road Sector Modernization Project . (US$413 million) will provide road connectivity to more than 80 percent of settlements with populations of over 500 people. The Rajasthan Road Sector Modernization Project, which is a partnership between the Government of India and the World Bank, will construct 2,500 km of rural roads and connect around 1,300 villages that are not covered under the PMGSY.  Nepal Bridges Improvement Project - The Bridge Improvement Project was designed to carry out both major and minor maintenance works on 300 critical bridges in Nepal, while improving the capacity of the public officials to manage the technical and financial aspects of developing bridges. In parallel, rural roads access for 33 districts, which are home to some 14 million (more than half of the total population of Nepal), is also being improved through an output based approach.  Yemen Rural Access Program – IDA is supporting the government’s Rural Access Program (RAP), whose objective is to improve the livelihood of the rural population by reducing their isolation and improving access to health, education, water sources, and markets. The total amount of IDA funding provided for the program so far is US$142 million through three separate IDA credits/grants. IDA has leveraged nearly US$350 million from other sources (including the Arab Fund for International Development, the Saudi Fund, the Abu Ghabi Fund, the Government of Oman, the Islamic Bank, the EU, and USAID). Approximately 3,000 km of rural roads, representing more than 100 sub-projects, have already been built or upgraded, serving about 2.2 million beneficiaries in 17 governorates. In addition, the program has successfully supported the Government of Yemen to (i) establish appropriate standards for rural roads construction and long-term investment priorities; (ii) provide institutional support and capacity building for local engineers and contractors; and (iii) pilot maintenance of roads by local private contractors. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Commitments. IDA committed US$308 million in new ICT lending over the IDA16 period, with a continued focus on Africa. Strategy. The WBG’s (new) strategy for the ICT sector (2012 -2015), is based on three pillars: (i) Innovate – with a focus on job creation, especially for women and youth; (ii) Connect – Scaling up affordable access to broadband Internet – including for women, disabled citizens, disadvantaged communities, and people living in remote and rural areas; and (iii) Transform – Making development more open and accountable, and improving service delivery – for instance, education, health, and financial services. Priorities. Two key drivers led to a shift in the focus in IDA16: (i) the shift from fixed to mobile communications devices; and (ii) the increasing speeds at which data can be transmitted through fiber-optic cable and increasingly through wireless technologies. The key priorities for IDA’s support included: (a) supporting client countries in the creation of appropriate strategic and policy frameworks that would enable private investment, preferably in a competitive setting, to address the need for broadband access for all; (b) mainstreaming ICT and working across sectors to harness and promote new and innovative technologies; (c) seeking to help client countries increase private-sector participation by improving policy, regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements through technical and other assistance; and (d) assisting client countries in leveraging near-shoring, offshoring and online/on-demand outsourcing of ICT-enabled services – for mass access to digital jobs and incomes, youth and women’s empowerment, and growth of services exports and GDP. Partnerships. IDA’s comparative advantage in supporting ICT programs arises from its combination of global expertise, strong national level policy engagements and longstanding role as a convener (of government, private sector, particularly innovators and development partners). It also has the capacity to deliver complex regional projects such as the Africa Regional Communication Infrastructure Program (RCIP) that supports the development of telecommunications terrestrial networks through public-private partnerships and broadband capacity purchases. Funding for a 10,000 km submarine cable system linking South Africa with Sudan via landing points in Mozambique, Madagascar, the Comoros, Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia and Djibouti, was done in partnership with other donors and the funding was provided by IDA jointly with the IFC with AFD, European - 119 - Investment Bank, African Development Bank (AfDB), and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau Bankengruppe (KfW) of Germany. The Bank is collaborating closely also with the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) in the preparation of the Caribbean Regional Connectivity Infrastructure Program, which will enhance international and national connectivity to 18 countries. The Bank is also able to link expertise and lending across sectors that deploy IT for transformation. For example, the OECS eGovernment Regional Integration Project (US$9 million) supports St. Lucia, Grenada, Dominica and St. Vincent with pooled procurement and implementation of ICT applications in public financial management, Tax, Customs, e-ID, Health and Procurement, achieving savings and efficiency gains through regional collaboration. The World Bank closely collaborated with several partners in leveraging the new opportunities in IDA countries, including:  Asian Development Bank for co-financing of Pacific Regional Connectivity Program (Tonga Federal States of Micronesia, and Samoa).  Governments of Australia and New Zealand on regional connectivity and regulatory reform/capacity- building in the Pacific.  UKAID for the Partnership on Open Data.  UNICEF on Digital Literacy in Nicaragua.  Rockefeller Foundation on new approaches for Digital Jobs. Special themes. On gender mainstreaming, ICT projects have promoted women’s inclusion. The e -Rwanda project financed various aspects of ICT, including ICT skills development for sector entrepreneurs. Among the trainees were 685 council women in rural areas, who learned how to access information and run relevant applications for their farms or cooperatives. In Ghana, close to 2000 women have been employed by the IT- enabled sector. On support to FCS, the first phase of the West Africa Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (WARCIP) focused on infrastructure recovery in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Regional Integration. IDA supported the participation of Kenya, Burundi, and Madagascar in the Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (RCIP); provided support to Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and Sao Tome Principe through the Central African Backbone (CAB) project; and supported the West Africa Regional Communications Infrastructure Program in Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Quality of IDA16 ICT Portfolio under Implementation. Reflecting the growing impact of and demand for ICT informed solutions, the ICT portfolio under implementation continued to grow during IDA16, rising from an active portfolio of US$940 million in FY12 to US$1.02 billion in FY14. This continued a trend from IDA15, where the portfolio had risen from US$505 million in FY09. The ICT portfolio was largely centered in the Africa region, and by volume was focused mainly on the telecommunications infrastructure business. ICT project work in the small island countries of the Pacific and Caribbean continued as well, connecting these nations to the global economy through fiber optic broadband infrastructure and market liberalization. While the ICT portfolio was growing, its quality remained strong, with very few problem projects and projects at risk. Disbursement ratios, largely driven by the Africa portfolio, remained relatively stable. Results. With IDA’s active participation, the WBG support in the ICT sector during IDA16 spanned a wide range of activities and included many notable results:  In Ghana, the Bank, in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation, launched a pilot program to train some 150 disadvantaged youth on basic IT skills and digitization of public records. The two funding agencies contributed to training public institutions to outsource their records to be digitized by the youth, and a Tech Park, employing some 10,000 youth from the bottom 40 percent population.  In Kenya, the Bank has supported the digitization of paper company/business registry documents. As a result, 30 million company registration records were digitized, creating at least 500 jobs. The project also supported digitization of 60 million court cases (creating 600 jobs) and 62.5 million of birth and death civil records (600 jobs).  The West Africa Regional Communications Infrastructure Program (WARCIP) has connected the following seven countries (Benin, Gabon, the Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Sao Tome Principe, and Sierra Leone) to the African Coast to Europe (ACE) submarine fiber optic cable. The price of telecommunication service has significantly dropped- in the Gambia, the wholesale price of international E1 capacity has come down from US$2,142 to US$500, a reduction of 80 percent. In Ghana, the price of the same E1 capacity came down from US$10,000 to US$1,200. - 120 -  IDA has supported improved broadband access through regulatory capacity-building as well as through financing for submarine cable systems. As a result in Samoa and Tonga, the mobile phone penetration exceeded 90 percent of the population at end-2014. Kiribati, Marshall Islands, and Federated States of Micronesia have started market liberalization paving the way to more affordable ICT services.  In Myanmar, IDA is improving access to telecommunications services, while also leveraging additional PPIAF grants. The Government of Myanmar licensed two new operators through a transparent process, which led to increased access to mobile phone services (from 10 percent at-end of 2013 to 25 percent at-end of 2014). The competition has helped reduce prices for a SIM card drastically, from over US$250 in 2012 to US$1.5 in 2014.  IDA support in Bangladesh has included commonly shared ICT infrastructure, and services and standards in public administration, such as: the country's first national datacenter, cloud computing, enterprise architecture, interoperability framework, and cybersecurity. IDA support also enables Bangladesh to leverage ICT for digital jobs in the global outsourcing services industry and development of industry specific skills, certifications, strategy, branding and promotions. Agriculture Commitments. IDA’s financial commitments to agriculture and related sectors135 totaled about US$7 billion during the IDA16 period. The largest share of the funding went to AFR and SAR, 50 percent and 36 percent, respectively. While ECA and EAP followed with 6 percent each; and LCR and MNA received the remaining shares of 2 percent and 0.04 percent, respectively. The largest share went to irrigation and drainage (31 percent) and general agricultural components (22 percent). Each of the following areas received 10 percent or more: agriculture research and extension; agro-industry, markets and trade; and the public administration in agriculture; while animal production; crops; and forestry received 8 percent, 5 percent, and 2 percent, respectively. Strategy. Strategic guidance provided by the World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (WDR) was operationalized through two action plans: Agriculture Action Plan FY2010-2012 and FY2013-2015 (AAP) and focused on five areas: Raising agricultural productivity and resilience; linking farmers to markets and strengthening value chains; facilitating rural non-farm income through improvements in the rural investment climate and skills development; reducing risk, vulnerability, and gender inequality; and enhancing environmental services and sustainability. Knowledge. Key ASA Products in Agriculture Sector during IDA16: The Vietnam Food Security and Rice Supply Chain TA assisted the Government in reforming its strategies and policies pertaining to food security and the rice sub-sector; Niger agriculture sector risk assessment (2012); Afghanistan Agriculture Sector Review (ASR) analyzed the critical constraints to sector growth and identified “first mover” value chains; The report Growing Africa: Unlocking the Potential of Agribusiness, was a timely contribution to understanding how to unlock and transform agriculture for development across Africa including the value chain for Africa’s l argest and fastest growing food import – rice; Securing Africa’s Land for Shared Prosperity, addressed land governance issues; India: Accelerating Agricultural Productivity Growth; Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) – An Investment Sourcebook for supporting agricultural innovation covering key themes including agricultural research and extension, small holder access to markets and community driven development; and, ICT in Agriculture e-Sourcebook – Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks and Institutions - information and communication technologies connecting farmers to new opportunities that lead to growth and potential transformation of the agriculture sector. IDA projects in agriculture are being evaluated as part of the Bank’s Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) initiative. Currently, some 20 impact evaluations of IDA agricultural operations, many of which are in fragile and conflict states, are underway. For instance, the evaluation of the Rwanda Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting & Hillside Irrigation project. Partnerships. IDA has helped governments improve aid effectiveness at country level. At the regional level, IDA has supported regional solutions such as the regional Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP). At the global level, IDA assisted the G20 in shaping the agenda on agricultural development in low-income countries, and responded rapidly with a multi-sectoral approach to the food crisis by 135 Includes projects components coded as: Agriculture Extension & Research; Agro-Industry Markets & Trade; Animal Production; Crops; Forestry; General Agriculture; Irrigation & Drainage; and Public Administration-Agriculture. - 121 - addressing the countries’ macroeconomic imbalances and the needs for social protection through the Glo bal Food Response Program (GFRP). Finally, IDA has also leveraged US$358 million and US$1,020 million worth of trust funds through the GFRP and GAFSP, respectively. The WBG participates in Partnerships in Agriculture which includes: the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP); UN agencies through the High- Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, and NGOs (not sure this is needed); the G20 initiated partnership for Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS); the Scaling-Up Nutrition (SUN) framework for action to address under-nutrition; the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR); the Agriculture Finance Support Facility (AFSF); the World Health Organization (WHO), and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) on emerging and re-emerging diseases of animal origin on public health, food security, and trade; the Global Food Safety Partnership (GFSP) to support food safety capacity building; the Forest and Farm Facility (FFF) in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to promote sustainable forest management and to create a platform for civil society to engage in the formulation of national forest policies. The WBG also hosts the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, participates in the multi-donor Program on Forests (PROFOR) and in the delivery of Climate Investment Funds, such as the Forestry Investment Program. Special themes. IDA responded to crises in agriculture through the IDA16 Crisis Response Window (CRW) allocating US$33 million to Samoa (Samoa Agriculture & Fisheries Cyclone Response Project), Djibouti (Djibouti Rural Community Development Mobilization - Additional Financing), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina Floods Emergency Recovery Project) for agriculture and fisheries cyclone response, rural community development and mobilization, and floods emergency recovery, respectively. IDA worked to reduce gender inequality in access to assets, services and opportunities by accelerating gender mainstreaming in IDA’s agricultural operations. In FY14, of the 30 new IDA agricultural projects, 73 percent included a gender analysis, 100 percent had gender responsive actions, and 93 percent had at least one M&E indicator disaggregated by gender. Seventy percent of the projects had all these three dimensions. In line with the AAP, IDA also supported climate-smart agriculture, which sought to increase productivity in an environmentally and socially sustainable way, strengthening farmer’s resilience to climate change, and reduce agriculture’s contribution to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon storage on farmland. In FY14, 33 percent of IDA commitments had climate adaptation co-benefits, and 4 percent had climate mitigation co-benefits. IDA also provided significant financial support to agriculture in FCSs. In FY12- 14, IDA committed US$750 million for 44 agricultural operations in 20 fragile and conflict-affected countries, in five Bank regions: They included: The Central African Republic Emergency Food Crisis Response and Agriculture Re-launch Project; Haiti Re-launching Agriculture: Strengthening Agriculture Public Services II Project Madagascar Emergency Food Security and Social Protection Project Nepal Modernization of Rani Jamara Kulariya Irrigation Scheme - Phase 1 and the Solomon Islands Rural Development Program. Regional integration. Examples of regional projects: the FY12 West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program to scale-up improved technologies in the participating countries; the FY13 Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa (APPSA) supporting improved agricultural technologies in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region; and the FY14 Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project which aimed to enhance the livelihood resilience of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in cross-border drought prone areas, and the governments’ capacity to respond promptly and effectively to crises and emergencies. Portfolio Quality (FY12 – FY14). During the IDA16 period, the average project disbursement ratio was 23 percent. Thirteen percent of agricultural projects were in problem status. Proactivity in addressing problem projects stood at 74 percent on average. Of the 40 agricultural projects that exited the lending portfolio during IDA16, 88 percent were rated satisfactory by IEG – eight percentage points higher than the IDA performance standard of 80 percent. The Bank’s performance at entry was rated as 70 percent satisfactory, while the performance of supervision was rated as 90 percent satisfactory. Examples of results in the agriculture sector:  19 million people, including 5 million women, were able to benefit from 112 agriculture and rural development projects;  3.4 million of targeted agriculture clients in 101 IDA operations were satisfied with the agricultural assets and services that they were provided;  900,000 farmers (97,000 of them women) adopted improved agricultural technologies under 40 IDA- financed projects; - 122 -  1.4 million hectares benefited from new and/or improved irrigation and drainage services under 42 IDA- supported operations;  In Nepal, the Project for Agriculture Commercialization and Trade (PACT) supported farmers and entrepreneurs build viable agribusinesses by helping them find new market opportunities, determine market demands and build strategic linkages to increase productivity and quality.  From 2009 to 2014, over 42,800 beneficiaries, 42 percent of them women, were reached through private firms, cooperatives, farmer groups and agribusinesses.  In Pakistan, since 2000, the Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) to empower the poor with increased incomes, improve productive capacity, and access to services to achieve sustainable livelihoods has (i) mobilized nearly two million people, built approximately 122,000 institutions for the poor across the country, and trained 660,000 staff and community members. The program has also provided micro credit to 6.3 million individuals, with 58 percent of the loans given to women.  Under the Rwanda Second Rural Sector Support project, 3,300 additional hectares of irrigated marshland was rehabilitated or developed (100 percent achievement), and 3,324 hectares of new marshland brought into operation. As a result, rice production grew 167 percent in above the baseline in the marshlands covered by the project.  The Malawi Community-Based Rural Land Development Project met its target, settling 15,142 poor rural families and providing each with a two-hectare plot. Findings of two impact evaluations confirmed incomes, farm output, and agricultural productivity of beneficiaries largely exceeded the comparable results achieved by matched control groups. Finance, Private Sector Development and Trade IDA Commitments for trade, industry and finance amounted to US$2.08 billion in IDA16 while IDA lending for the Finance sector was US$1.49 billion during the IDA16 period. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia accounted for the majority of IDA lending for finance, industry and trade. Strategy. The 2011 World Bank Trade Strategy136. Priorities included strengthening the foundations of financial systems and markets through global financial sector oversight frameworks and policies, strengthening banking regulation and restructuring regimes, improving financial sector integrity efforts, and deepening capital markets, insurance, and pensions. In the areas of trade, the focus was on investment climate, innovation and entrepreneurship, and competitive industries. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, clients also demanded strong IDA support for building resilient financial systems. Highlights of IDA support related to the IDA16 special themes. IDA used a range of tools to enhance IDA countries’ capacity to respond to crises. The World Bank’s Crisis Simulation E xercises, for example, test existing legal and operational financial crisis management arrangements and/or provide a safe virtual environment for financial sector authorities to experiment with taking critical crisis response decisions. In the FY12-14 period, crisis simulation exercises were conducted in five IDA countries – Rwanda, Uganda, Bangladesh, Kosovo, and Mozambique. IDA also sustained and grew its efforts to improve financial infrastructure and access by promoting responsible financial access, strengthening credit infrastructure, expanding access to digital financial instruments, and ensuring consumers are informed and protected. In addition, the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP), a joint program of the IMF and the WB, provides third-party, comprehensive assessments of member countries’ financial system vulnerabilities and develops appropriate policy responses. In the FY12-14 period, IDA conducted full FSAPs in Papua New Guinea, Chad, and Kosovo along with FSAP updates in Rwanda, Bolivia, Uganda, Nigeria, and India. In addition, IDA prepared development modules in Djibouti and the East African Community (EAC). During IDA16 T&C supported 338 reforms of which 254 (75 percent) were in IDA countries. In this period, Trade and Competitiveness has supported reforms in 54 IDA countries across all regions*. The concentration of 136 ttp://imagebank.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2011/06/03/000333037_20110603002333/Rende red/PDF/613980BR0Revis0e0only0900BOX361476B.pdf - 123 - reforms in Africa reflects Trade and Competitiveness continued focus on supporting investment climate improvements in the most difficult environments. Reforms in IDA countries focused mainly on topics that foster enterprise creation and growth (such as starting a business, licensing and business operations) and also topics that support the facilitation of trade, and investment in key industries, in particular agribusiness and tourism (by supporting trade logistics, investment policy and promotion, industry specific reforms). These reforms have led to significant impact on the ground. For example, in Cote d’Ivoire, an integrated Investment Climate Reform Program has contributed to cost savings of US$8.7 million for the private sector due to reforms in starting a business, construction permits, property transfer and getting credit. In Haiti, T&C supported Haiti’ s efforts to spur investment and job creation through sector focus investment promotion and economic zones projects attracting some US$65 million in new private sector investment in light manufacturing. IDA provided advisory services to IDA countries on Disaster Risk Finance (DRF), which helps countries to increase financial resilience against natural disasters by implementing sustainable and cost-effective financial protection policies and operations. Key initiatives included a Pacific Catastrophic Risk Assessment and a feasibility study on Africa Drought Risk Pool. Support for risk insurance included implementation of an index- based livestock insurance program in Mongolia and a crop insurance program in India. IDA provided technical assistance to create an enabling legal and regulatory environment for index insurance in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Comoros, Gabon, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Chad and Togo). Gender Mainstreaming and Gender-related MDGs: The flagship Women, Business and the Law report noted that “facilitating the entry of women into the labor force involves improving the regulatory environment for women, stimulating business and job creation, and making businesses and the overall economy more competitive.” Several IDA countries are making significant progress , for example in Côte d’Ivoire where a recent amendment of the family law marked a victory for working women who previously were subject to higher income tax rates than men, but now pay the same level of taxes, eliminating a disincentive for women to enter the formalized work force. In Haiti, Special Economic Zones are adopting measures such as gender sensitive training, health, and family support programs. The garment sector and the Industrial Economic Zones, in particular, provide an entry point for women into formal sector employment. Improving working conditions and creating sustainable economic opportunities for women in the economic zones present a unique way to empower women. In the FY12-14 period, IDA approved over US$275 million in financial services projects and delivered 38 ASAs in FCSs. IDA’s ASA included supporting capacity building for accountability, anti-corruption and combating the financing of terrorism; developing financial infrastructure essential for normal functioning of the markets; supporting microfinance industry and developing affordable micro-insurance for the poor. Key projects during the IDA16 period included anti-money laundering and corruption prevention programs in Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Somalia. Results include the adoption of anti-money laundering and CFT laws in most of these countries. Financial services projects include strengthening financial sector and market infrastructure in Kosovo, providing a post-disaster partial credit guarantee in Haiti and increasing access to finance in Afghanistan. In Nepal, IDA supported the Development Policy Credit (DPC) aimed at reinforcing banking sector stability and paving the way for the development of a robust and more inclusive financial sector. The India Scaling Up Sustainable and Responsible Microfinance Project scaled up access to sustainable microfinance services to the financially excluded, particularly in under-served areas of India, through among other things, introduction of innovative financial products and fostering transparency and responsible finance. The project financed an estimated 1.6 million recipients – most of them, women. It helped provide innovative financing through equity/quasi-equity investments in microfinance institutions (MFIs) – Bandhan, one of the MFIs received early support in terms of both debt and equity and IFC subsequently followed and invested in it. Knowledge. IDA delivered over 211 analytical and advisory activities related to financial markets, trade and competitiveness during IDA16, with significant knowledge generation impacts. 137 Of these, over 41 focused on trade and competitiveness were delivered in 24 IDA countries, with total cost of US$4.8 million from the World Bank budget and US$7.5 million in trust funds. IDA also delivered 17 activities in 8 blend countries with a total cost of US$7.0 million from the World Bank budget and US$13.5 million from trust funds. Support for ASA related to finance and markets included a major study entitled “Pirate Trails: Tracking the illicit Financial Flows 137 This total comprises 170 products currently accounted for by the Finance and Markets Global Practice (GP) in 54 IDA countries and 41 products from the Trade and Competitiveness GP in 24 IDA countries. - 124 - from Piracy off the Horn of Africa,” produced in partnership with the International Criminal Police Organization and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Technical assistance was provided to create an enabling and regulatory environment for insurance in West Africa. Demand for non-lending technical assistance has been increasing over the last several years, including intensive outreach and dissemination activities delivered through regional workshops and peer learning exchanges across countries. ASA related to trade and competitiveness included the 2014 Women, Business and the Law report on legal differences on the basis of gender in business and the Doing Business Project on measures of business regulation and their enforcement across 189 countries. Advisory work on investment climate was also provided through the WBG’s partnership in the Facility for Investment Climate Advisory (FIAS) which also works closely with the IFC Investment Climate business line. Support from the Competitive Industries and Innovation Program – funded through two trust funds and the Infodev multi-donor trust fund for identifying the high growth entrepreneur. The use of impact evaluation through partnership with DEC increased during IDA16, with over 39 ongoing evaluations in collaboration with Development Impact Evaluation (DIME). For example, four Impact Evaluations have been initiated in IDA countries in Africa with support from the Trade and Competitiveness Impact Program. Of this subset, evaluations in Malawi and Benin employ a randomized design to rigorously analyze the impact of business registration facilitation on firm formalization and subsequent firm behavior and performance. Preliminary results from both evaluations indicate strong short-term impacts on formalization, with the provision of complementary bank information to a sub-group of firms in Malawi proving effective in improving the financial behavior of these firms. Follow-up surveys will help ascertain if the short term-effects of formalization are sustained over time, and if effects on firm performance and financial behavior become apparent in the longer term. Portfolio performance. Performance was mixed, though efforts to address emerging challenges in the portfolio increased. Over the IDA16 period, IEG reviewed 27 projects, 59 percent were rated satisfactory, lower than the Bank average (compared to IDA15 period in which 63 percent of projects were rated satisfactory). Quality at entry and Bank supervision were also rated lower in IDA16 compared to IDA15. Emphasis on portfolio monitoring and quality increased in IDA16: the Proactivity Index for projects focused on financial systems and markets was 94 percent, higher than the Bank average of 70 percent for the IDA16 period. This indicates that once projects have been identified as being problematic, concrete actions are identified to address them. IEG reviewed four trade-related projects that exited during 2012-2014 fiscal years – with overall outcome rating of 75 percent, of which, only two were IDA, one rated satisfactory and one unsatisfactory. With the significant increase in the number of Trade and Competitiveness projects during the period, however, the number of problem projects also increased, from 6 to 13 and the percentage of projects at risk from 25 to 33 percent. There was increased attention to portfolio management and quality during the period as reflected in an increase in proactivity from 50 percent in FY12 to 60 percent in FY14. Partnerships. IDA’s strategic partnerships at the global and regional level complement IDA’s engagement at the country levels. IDA actively supported efforts to address international transit problems and facilitate intra- regional trade – particularly cross-border and informal trade – including support for transit regimes in South Asia, trade around bazaars in Central Asia, and trade in the Great Lakes area of Africa during the IDA16 period. The Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative (FIRST), a multi-donor facility, promotes sound and inclusive financial systems. Between FY07 and FY14, FIRST approved more than 400 projects worth about US$78.8 million – and 61 percent of that value in IDA countries. During FY 2014 alone, FIRST approved 16 technical assistance engagements in IDA countries in the area of banking, insurance, pensions, financial crisis preparedness, housing finance, microfinance, financial infrastructure, capital markets and financial sector strategies. IDA partnered with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative, conducted under the umbrella of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). IDA also played a leading role in driving global dialogue on financial inclusion during in the IDA16 period. The WBG was invited by the G20 to be a technical and implementing partner for financial inclusion and “Financial Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy”. The G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators, developed by the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI), were endorsed by G20 Leaders in September 2013.138 IDA supported advisory work in 34 IDA countries in Africa through partnership in the Facility for Investment Climate Advisory (FIAS), which provides the leadership for the joint World Bank Group technical assistance and Advisory Services work on Investment Climate. FIAS prioritized work in IDA countries, particularly in Africa with a 138 See “http://datatopics.worldbank.org/g20fidata/.” - 125 - total portfolio of US$122M including US$58.4M in FCS, linking closely to activities conducted through IDA credits in Madagascar, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire and Mozambique among other countries. IDA countries in Africa made strong progress in improving their investment climate, and indeed the Doing Business report recorded more reforms in Africa than in any other world region. 139 Improvements translate into impact for clients. In Haiti, for example, FIAS-supported industry-specific investment climate activities are generating significant investment, including roughly US$6.7 million in garment sector investment in FY14. In Côte d’Ivoire the direct compliance cost saving to the private sectors was US$8.7 million in FY14 following reforms. Education Commitments. IDA commitments to education increased to US$5.9 billion during IDA16 from US$5.3 billion during IDA15. Commitments increased for both primary education (from US$738 million in FY12 to US$1.2 billion in FY14) and for tertiary education (from US$7 million in FY12 to US$285 million in FY14). Strategy. The World Bank Group Education Strategy 2020 “Learning for All: Investing in People’s Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development”. Priorities: (i) Increased focus on learning outcomes-an increasing number of IDA countries are participating in assessments (either an ‘international student assessment’ or their own national assessment), which highlight ed a huge gap in learning outcomes; (ii) Increased demand for skills agenda and post-basic education-there has been making good progress in increasing primary enrollment and completion rates, leading to unprecedented demand for secondary and tertiary education; (iii) Emerging demand for Early Childhood Development (ECD) – , more IDA countries than in the past are requesting support in ECD after increasing numbers of impact evaluations demonstrated positive impacts in ECD; and (iv) Close collaboration with the Global Partnership for Education (GPE) – the Bank has been supervising approximately 80 percent of the GPE-financed project in IDA countries. More than half of the funds supported primary education, as IDA remains firmly committed to accelerating progress towards “Learning for All” by helping countries achieve universal primary education, reach under - served populations, and eliminate gender disparities. IDA support has focused on laying a foundation, through training teachers, updating curricula, building schools, delivering textbooks and improving education governance and school management. Knowledge. During IDA16, two key global-level analytical work/data sources were launched in line with the Education Sector Strategy 2020 and in response to client demands: (a) Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) – Launched in 2011 to help countries accelerate Learning for All by strengthening education system policies and institutions using innovative, standardized, and comparable analytics built on research 140, evidence and cross-country experience within a public goods framework. By end of FY14, SABER was engaged in over 132 countries. (b) STEP Skills Measurement Program collects internationally comparable data on different types of skills to inform policy and skill development strategies with two types of survey instruments: (i) survey of individuals – supply of skills, and (ii) survey of employers/firms – demand for skills. Also, STEP measures three types of skills: (i) cognitive skills, (ii) socio-emotional skills, and (iii) job-relevant skills. Since its inception in 2012, 18 countries have engaged in STEP. Global Partnerships. IDA has played a critical platform role in education at global, regional and country levels. Some examples include: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) - At global level, IDA/SABER produces data on education system policies and institutions, analyzes and evaluates their quality, and provides decision makers and stakeholders with an assessment that fosters structured and effective policy dialogue on how to most effectively strengthen the education system’s orientation towards Learning for All; African Center of Excellence (ACE). IDA has played a significant role in the development of ACE, supporting Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo to promote regional specialization among participating universities in areas that address regional challenges and strengthen the capacities of these 139 The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 189 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. 140 SABER’s analyses of education systems has so far covered 10 policy domai ns: ECD; Education Resilience Approaches; School Finance; School Health and School Feeding; Student Assessment; Teachers; Workforce Development; Education Management and Information Systems; Engaging with the Private Sector; School Autonomy and Accountability. - 126 - universities to deliver quality training and applied research. Primary Education Development Program III in Bangladesh, is one example of IDA playing an important platform and convening role at country level where IDA funding (US$300 million) mobilized eight development partners (ADB, Australia, CIDA, Department for International Development (DfID), EC, JICA, SIDA and UNICEF), to support education reforms through a sector wide approach. Portfolio Performance. Disbursements in IDA16 were strong, totaling US$2.7 billion. The disbursement ratio remained very high at 36 percent for FY12, 25 percent for FY13 and 32 percent for FY14. Actual problem projects decreased from 26 percent in FY12 to 14 percent in FY14. Similarly, the percentage of projects at risk decreased from 34 percent in FY12 to 23 percent in FY14. According to IEG, education projects rated “Satisfactory” increased from 53.3 percent in FY12 to 60 percent in FY13. Evaluation of several more FY14 project exits need to be finalized, but as of April 2015, 57.1 percent of education projects exiting the portfolio during IDA16 were rated “Satisfactory” for outcomes achieved. Special Themes. Women and gender issues are central to the Bank’s Education Strategy 2020: Learning for All. The gender gap in school completion decreased slightly during IDA16. At primary level, completion rates for girls increased from 79 percent in 2010 to 80.9 percent in 2012, while for boys the increase was from 83 percent in 2010 to 85 percent in 2012. In addition, the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education increased from 93 percent in 2010 to 94.1 percent in 2012. A number of countries had higher ratios for girls to boys including: Bangladesh (109.6 percent in 2011); Sri Lanka (103.4 percent in 2012); Lesotho (107.1 percent in 2012) and Samoa (105 percent in 2012). Several new programs of analytical work were launched during the IDA16 period to better understand constraints to girls’ education, including two major research programs: one focusing on out-of-school children funded by the Global Partnership for Education, and another on child marriage, in collaboration with the International Center for Research on Women with funding from the Children Investment Fund Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. In the past year, the Bank has produced and supported a number of reports and initiatives aimed at addressing the economic and social constraints facing girls and women and highlighting the economic advantages of investing in girls and women. These include Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity , and Gender at work: a companion to the world development report on jobs. A significant share of IDA’s support to education is in FCSs with a focus on both short-term immediate support as well as rehabilitation of physical infrastructure and longer-term strengthening of the system. The Bank worked closely with other partners on the ground. For example, in Afghanistan, the Education Quality Improvement Program (EQUIP) funded through the ARTF and IDA’s contribution (US$30 million), supported the construction of 38 sch ools (i.e., larger, more technically complex buildings) and the construction or rehabilitation of 318 schools. A total of 521 schools are still under construction. Girl’s enrollment has increased to 2.7 million from less than 200,000 in 2002, and boys to about 4.4 million from less than a million. Examples of IDA-supported Results in Education:  Bangladesh. The Secondary Education Quality and Access Enhancement Project (SEQAEP). The share of poor children in secondary enrolment increased to 39 percent in 2013 from 30 percent in 2008, and the share of students graduating was 46 percent, up from 30 percent during the same period of time.  Sri Lanka. The Education Sector Development Program, in the period 2006-2011, 2,825 school facilities were constructed, and the proportion of students completing basic education rose from 73 percent for boys and 83 percent for girls in 2005 to 89 percent and 93 percent, respectively in 2010.  Ethiopia. The Protection of Basic Services (PBS) 1 Program, with an initially (US$215 million) and a follow-up operation (PBS II) for US$960 million (2011) and government funding of US$1.95 million increased primary school teachers by 100,000 nationwide. Net primary school enrollment rose from 68.5 percent (2005) to 87.9 percent (2010).  Mozambique. The Mozambique Higher Education Project (2002-2010) has contributed to an increase in students enrolled in higher education institutions from 9,800 in 2000 to 63,000 to nearly 80,000 in 2010. The share of female students enrolled in higher education institutions increased from 25 percent to 38 percent in 2008.  Djibouti. The Second School Access and Improvement Project (2005), by 2011 had helped expand school access to more than 7,000 children, by adding and equipping 102 classrooms, and helped to - 127 - improve the quality of the curriculum with in-services training to 95 percent of teachers and all school directors. Global Program in Education. IDA’s work with the Global Partnership for Education remains an important part of IDA’s country-based support for the achievement of MDGs 2 and 3. The WBG helped support delivery of improved basic education to children in developing countries based on country and donor commitments, well- developed education sector plans, and improved donor coordination in 41 countries. Health, Nutrition and Population Commitments. Overall, the size of the IDA commitments for HNP themes for the FY12-FY14 period was about the same as for IDA15 at about US$3.5 billion dollars. Commitments increased significantly in FY13 to over US$1.6 billion, mainly for health system strengthening and for HIV/AIDS with the approval of the HIV/AIDS project in India. Most commitments were investment project financing; however, two PforR operations were approved: Ethiopia Health MDG Support for US$100 million in FY13 and Moldova Health Transformation for US$31 million in FY14. Strategy. The World Bank’s 2007 Strategy for Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Results , underpinned the sector’s efforts in assisting IDA countries achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Priorities. Accelerating efforts towards the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including expanding access to family planning and reproductive health; preventing HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases; and, scaling up support for early childhood nutrition and accelerated work on multi-sectoral approaches to improve nutrition through other sectors such as agriculture; an integrated approach HIV/AIDS response, working with social protection, especially safety nets (an example of IDA’s comparative advantage in working across sectors to adequately respond to client needs); results-based financing with the support of the Health Results Innovation Trust Fund (HRITF) – over the past five years, US$2.4 billion from IDA and US$420 million from the HRITF supported results-based financing (RBF) programs in 32 countries that resulted in improved health service utilization and efficiency, enhanced quality, equity, and transparency and accountability (for example, in Zambia, Cameroon, Rwanda, Afghanistan). Partnerships. The Bank is active at country level and is also involved in a number of global partnerships: The Bank and World Health Organization (WHO) coordinate the International Health Partnership (IHP+), to improve results in health by implementing the principles of aid effectiveness (Paris Declaration) for health. IHP+ continues to support the Joint Assessment of National Strategies (JANS) which lays out the parameters for assessing a country’s national health strategy, the IHP+/JANS is now widely considered a global public good in the health sector, and (JANS) has/have been carried out in a number of countries – Ethiopia, Nepal, Uganda, Ghana, Vietnam, Kenya, Kyrgyz Republic, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda and Sudan. The Bank and donors are building on work financed by IHP+ on Joint Financial Management (FM) Assessments. In 2012, donors and government conducted a Joint FM Assessment and Agreement in Sierra Leone. The Bank partners with UNFPA, UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO and UN WOMEN as part of the H4+ partnership in developing global and country maternal and child mortality estimates. The Bank provided US$1.05 million in FY12 and US$1 million in FY13, through the Development Grant Facility to support civil society organizations for capacity development for the Population & Reproductive Health Capacity Building Program. Using its comparative advantage (cross-sectoral experience; convening power, expertise in economic/finance), the Bank is convener of the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Global Movement. IDA has projects in 34 of the 47 SUN countries including Benin, DRC, Kyrgyz Republic, Nepal, Pakistan and The Gambia. The Bank is leading the operationalization of a multi-sectoral approach in nutrition focusing on the agriculture, social protection, and health sectors. The Harmonization for Health in Africa (HHA) partnership (AfDB, JICA, UNAIDs, UNFPA, UNICEF, USAID, WHO, WB) aims for harmonized support including joint missions. HHA, also closely collaborates with other regional and global partnerships such as the Global Health Workforce Alliance, Joint Learning Network, and IHP+. Increasingly, the HHA has carried out joint efforts with the IHP+ in support of a number of countries. Special themes. In FY12-14, about US$680 million or 20 percent of IDA lending in HNP targeted 19 FCSs with a focus on: maternal and child health; nutrition; and health system strengthening. The Horn of Africa Emergency Health and Nutrition Project, financed from the CRW, responded to a humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa resulting from a severe drought. Food security and health services were supported in the world’s two largest refugee camps, Dabaab in Kenya and Dollo Ado in Ethiopia. IDA contributed US$30 million (2011- - 128 - 2013) to support the UNHCR delivery of emergency services, benefitting more than 1.6 million individuals. Nearly 86,000 children with severe acute malnutrition were treated, far exceeding the target of 5,275, and more than 174,000 pregnant and lactating women received food supplements, far exceeding the target of 23,475. There were enhanced inter-agency partnerships, and ownership, and engagement of stakeholders at the national, regional, and international levels. All outcome indicators surpassed their targets in the first 12-months of the project’s 18-month implementation period. The project was 56 percent disbursed one month after Board approval, 70 percent disbursed 3 months after Board approval, and 100 percent disbursed 8 months after Board approval (almost one year ahead of schedule). RBF projects continued to bring focus on gender issues and strengthen quality and accountability at different levels of the health system by targeting MDGs 4 and 5. With the implementation of the RHAP, reproductive health is reflected more prominently in the Bank’s work. As of June 30, 2014, 41 out of 53 (77 percent) projects in IDA countries with high fertility or maternal mortality addressed population and reproductive health issues, compared to 69 percent in August 2012. Sexual and reproductive health, in particular for adolescents, is an important focus in the RHAP. Several analytical tasks on this topic were begun during IDA16, to be delivered in FY15. IDA financing of US$107 million in financial grants was approved in June 2014 to the countries of Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Rwanda to provide integrated health and counseling services, legal aid, and economic opportunities, to survivors of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). The Great Lakes Emergency SGBV and Women’s Health Project is the first World Bank project supporting integrated services to SGBV survivors. Regional projects. During the IDA16 period, 3 regional HNP IDA projects were approved by the Board. In addition to the Horn of Africa Emergency Health and Nutrition Project and Great Lakes Emergency SGBV and Women’s Health project, IDA provided additional financing to the East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project to add Burundi. The objective of the project is to establish a network of efficient, high quality, accessible public health laboratories for the diagnosis and surveillance of tuberculosis (TB) and other communicable diseases. Knowledge. During FY12-FY14, HNP delivered 56 Advisory Services and Analytics tasks to 35 IDA eligible countries, 30 TAs, 20 ESWs, 5 IEs and one (1) external training. The World Bank provided technical support and knowledge to more than 20 IDA countries in FY12-14 for HIV/AIDS activities. Several IDA countries including Uganda, Zambia, Swaziland, Niger and Sudan were supported on fiscal space implications of their strategies and planning. In Nigeria, IDA helped the Government generate and apply the evidence base for planning HIV prevention programs. Support was also provided to Cote d’Ivoire, Niger and Cameroon. In India, the HIV team has been supporting the development of the health knowledge hubs. By the end of FY12, RH Profiles for 51 priority countries were completed and/or updated. They are being used to incorporate key information on MDG 5 into the project documents, policy dialogue with governments, and CAS. The RH profile for Mali was used in policy dialogue with the Government and was incorporated in the Mali Strengthening Reproductive Health Project (P124054). Between 2010 and 2012, twenty one (21) countries with high MMR and/or TFR that had new CAS or Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) products included a discussion of reproductive health issues (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Guinea, Honduras, Lesotho, Pakistan, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Belize, Bolivia, Haiti, Honduras, Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, and Togo. In collaboration with the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (PMNCH), the Bank conducted an analytical study to identify the key factors that have contributed to improving RMNCH outcomes. A policy paper and a discussion paper were published and widely disseminated. Portfolio Performance. Disbursement totaled US$2.7 billion for IDA16 compared to US$2.5 billion for IDA15. The disbursement ratio remained strong at 24.5 percent. HNP IDA project’s proactivity was below the Bank’s target of 80 percent during IDA16, at 62.5 percent for FY12 and FY14 and 75 percent in FY13. The percentage of actual problem projects increased. Regions increased the intensity of portfolio monitoring for quality, which resulted in downgrading several projects (e.g. EAP in FY13 and Africa in FY14). According to IEG, as of March 2015, 79.6 percent of HNP IDA projects exiting the portfolio during IDA16 were rated satisfactory. Over 80 percent of IDA exits were rated satisfactory for overall Bank performance and quality of supervision. The quality at entry continues to be a challenge for HNP IDA, where only 69 percent of FY12-14 exits were rated satisfactory (60 percent for all IDA). Results. Overall results measured in the IDA RMS. In 2014 child immunization reached 139 million, above the IDA16 Performance Standard of 116 million. The number of pregnant women receiving antenatal care during a visit to - 129 - a health provider decreased from 50 million in 2012 to 44.4 million in 2014 (mainly due to the closure of one of the large projects, the India Reproductive and Child Health project II). The Senegal River Basin Multi-Purpose Water Resources Development Project, a regional, multi-sector water project covered Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. The distribution of 3.1 million insecticide treated mosquito nets to 5.6 million people resulted in a dramatic increase of net use, from 28 percent in 2009 to 46 percent in 2012, in an area largely populated by poor farmers and their families. In Vietnam, The Mekong Regional Health Support (2006-2012) project increased coverage of health care, critical for health outcomes among the poor. Patient satisfaction increased from 52 percent in 2008 to 82.7 percent in 2011, and the inpatient mortality rate from newborn respiratory distress decreased from 36 percent in 2008 to 3.7 percent in 2011. A total of 2.4 million people were enrolled in the insurance program by project closing. In Burundi. The RBF program contributed to: increase in births at health facilities by 25 percent, prenatal consultations by 20.4 percent, children fully vaccinated by 10.2 percent, consultations for pregnant women up by 34.5 percent, and family planning obtained via health facilities up by 26.9 percent. In Nigeria, the State Health Investment Project (NSHIP) - performance-based financing was piloted in one local government area in each of three project states. Two years after the pilot roll out, utilization of modern contraceptive methods doubled and improved patient perception of the quality of care. Social Protection and Labor Commitments. US$3.91 billion was committed to Social Protection and Labor (SPL) projects in IDA countries, outpacing lending to IBRD (US$1.44 billion)-indicating a growing interest in SPL programs in IDA countries. Strategy. A new WBG Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012-2022 (released in 2012) aims to help countries move from fragmented social protection and labor programs to more harmonized systems. Priorities. The Bank is helping to promote resilience by insuring against risk; increase equity by protecting against poverty and catastrophic loss of human capital and create opportunity through investment in children and youth, skills and support to connect the poor to jobs. The Bank also completed an analysis on the state of social safety notes in the Middle East and North Africa Region (“Inclusion and Resilience: The Way Forward for Social Safety Nets.”). Notable innovative approaches in SPL developed during IDA16, included the new Social Protection Assessment and Results of Country Systems (ISPA), launched by the Bank -jointly with development partners- which aims to capture the three levels of systems development: policy, program and administrative. Special Themes. IDA’s capacity to respond to crises was enhanced through continuous capacity building to sustain investment in safety net capabilities; including South-South learning fora and communities of practice events141. Several analytical and operational activities informed policy and strategies to mainstream gender in advocacy, policy, dialogue and operations. Reviews to improve portfolio performance and gender monitoring were conducted-a number of ICRs are reporting improvements in targeting and coverage of female beneficiaries. Several activities explicitly focused on crisis preparedness, including: a new tool kit on catalogued good practices on disaster; and the MASAF IV project which stimulates communities to select subprojects based on watershed management principles. For fragile and conflict affected settings, focus was on understanding the choice of modalities as well as design and implementation of social protection systems; developing operational guidance and tools and direct investment support. Haiti’s Improving Maternal and Child Health through Integrated Social Services Project, co-financed by an IDA grant of US$ 70 million (under the CRW following the earthquake of January 2010) and US$ 20 million from the Multi-donor Trust Fund for Health Results Innovation, is a good illustration of the following attractive features of IDA: support to a fragile country for emergency situation and to strengthen the foundation for a social protection system; a cross-sectoral reponse – a 141The Flagship Learning Forum 2012, “Building Resilience and Opportunity”-on how to use social protection systems in LICs to address employment challenge, especially for youth. Hyderabad (India), 2012. (http:go.worldbank.org/OTBYSHFBBO); “Designing and Delivering Social Protection Systems.”, Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 2014. - 130 - joint Health and Social Protection project to improve infant and maternal health (gender); aid platform role and scalability for enhanced impact. IDA leveraged 20 million from the Multi-donor Trust Fund for Health Results Innovation, US$450,000 from the Rapid Social Response Trust Fund (focusing on strengthening the social protection system in Haiti), and UNICEF funding, which is extending the integrated service delivery approach beyond the coverage under IDA; WBG knowledge and advisory work is providing guidance: (i) technical assistance to improve targeting and create a unique social registry, (ii) policy dialogue supported by the RSR and by programmatic knowledge service in the social sectors, which build on the recent Poverty Assessment. Regional integration was supported through the increase in Communities of Practice (COPs) around safety nets (there are four active COPs in Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, Middle East and North Africa and Europe and Central Asia). Knowledge. Impact evaluations gave a boost to designing new, and improving existing, social protection programs. Since 2010 a total of 74 impact evaluations on safety nets were identified. They illustrated the shift in focus of knowledge work on IDA countries especially in the Africa region. IEs show that many safety net interventions, including conditional and unconditional cash transfers as well as workfare programs, have achieved the primary objectives of reducing poverty. The Bank led the Joint (UN/EC/WB) Social and Economic Assessment (JSEA) on Yemen to measure the impact of the 2011 political crisis. The Bank subsequently supported emergency social safety nets programs, labor-intensive works and institutional and technical capacity building in Yemen. Portfolio performance. Projects have improved in quality indicators while maintaining a steady commitment volume. The number of problem projects decreased from 19 in FY12 to 12 in FY14, proactivity increased from 38 percent in FY12 to 79 percent in FY14, while the total commitments amounted to an average of USD 1.8 million per fiscal year during IDA16. Performance at entry improved from 75 percent (FY12) to 80 percent (FY14), while its performance at supervision declined from 100 percent in FY12 to 80 percent in FY14. The key factors affecting project implementation have been country conditions and over-ambitious projects. Efforts are underway to encourage more realistic projects and simplified projects in difficult country contexts. Environment and Natural Resources Management Commitments. During FY12-14, IDA lending to address environment and natural resource management (ENRM) themes more than doubled the amount provided to ENRM during IDA15. The Africa region, accounted for 49 percent of the total commitments. Commitments in ENRM covered water resource management (58.2 percent), climate change (20.5 percent), land administration and management (10.5 percent), pollution management (4.3 percent), environmental policies and institutions (2.7 percent), biodiversity (1.2 percent), and other areas (2.7 percent). In terms of lending instrument types, investment lending accounted for 94 percent, DPL received 5 percent, and the rest went to Program-for-Results lending. Strategy. In 2012, the WBG launched a new Environment Strategy, “Toward a Gr een, Clean, and Resilient World for All. World Bank Group Environment Strategy 2012 – 2022. The World Bank Group, May 2012.” The strategy articulates a vision for a “Green” (sustainable management and conservation of natural resources); “Clean” (for low-pollution and low-emission, cleaner air, water, and oceans to foster healthy and productive living); and, “Resilient” (preparedness for shocks and adapting effectively to climate change) world. Priorities. For Africa (facing challenges linked to pressures from agriculture, mining and human settlements), priority is to improve governance for better natural resource management alongside expanded protected areas management. The aim: to improve food, income, and livelihood security, while encouraging job-creating private sector investment. In Europe and Central Asia, the priority is on sustainable forest management with an emphasis on strengthening governance and the roles of communities and the private sector, given the important role of employment in the forest industry. Challenges for ECA include ensuring energy security while providing cleaner energy and managing legacy, current, and future pollution. Efforts are concentrated on enhancing energy supply with an emphasis on clean energy options, cleanup, containment, and remediation of land, ground, and water pollution. In the East Asia and Pacific Region, the clean agenda challenges include high greenhouse gas emissions, air-polluted cities, and heavily polluted river systems. The regional focus is on targeting greenhouse gas emissions, support to investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency and large urban and rural sanitation programs. Increasing land, air, and marine-based pollution is threatening cities, waterways, and shared seas in the Middle East and North Africa Region. The Bank’s focus is on a regional seas approach to pollution - 131 - management involving other regional and development partners while also supporting countries to shift to cleaner sources of energy and find cleaner, smarter approaches to industrial and urban development. For most regions, the vulnerability of large coastal populations and agricultural areas to the impacts of sea-level rise and more-intense weather, floods, and droughts is at the heart of their resilience agendas. In South Asia, the regional focus is on increasing the resilience of ecosystems, infrastructure, and highly vulnerable areas by, among other efforts, helping to build the needed institutions, capacity, and knowledge systems for mapping hazards and developing world-class coastal zone management. The Latin America and Caribbean Region is boosting work in adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk management. Innovation. The WBG is also innovating financial instruments, including testing green and cool bonds and developing instruments for disaster risk management with IDA, the IBRD, MIGA, and the IFC. The WBG continues to step forward with initiatives on low-carbon development strategies, climate-smart agriculture, resilient cities, and a rebalanced energy portfolio. Climate change was a special theme for IDA16. Examples of IDA-supported Environment and Natural Resources Management Projects and Programs The Bank supported improvements in governance and social accountability for enhanced climate resilience. The three Vietnam Climate Change DPLs (FY12, FY13 and FY14) supported climate change policies and strengthening of institutional capacity to promote climate resilience and lower carbon intensity. In Mozambique, Climate Change DPL (FY13) combined adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk management bringing together different financial flows for multiple sectors, such as agriculture, coastal zone management, and water resource management. The World Bank Group is pioneering financial innovations to deal with climate risks. IDA-supported index- based livestock insurance project in Mongolia—the first of its kind anywhere in the world —has been active since 2007 and has been scaled up nationwide - 84 percent of citizens (nationwide) were satisfied with the outcomes of these investments. The country has taken several significant legislative and policy initiatives to increase resource flows to rural areas and provide increased economic opportunities. The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (FY12) supported the country to address severe erosion in southeastern Nigeria, and took a comprehensive watershed management approach coupled with an investment focus on gully erosion prevention and rehabilitation (via a rapid-response facility). The project included a cross-state learning element that involved reforms and providing a framework for action that could be scaled out nationwide. Regional Intervention - Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project II in Burundi and Rwanda (US$30 million approved in June, 2011). The project scales up the previous successful interventions (including Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, US$90 million, approved in FY09) by strengthening both regional and national institutional capacity for managing shared natural resources, and by financing targeted investments in cost-effective pollution and erosion mitigation and prevention measures. These measures aim to improve the collaborative management of the trans-boundary natural resources of the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) for the shared benefits of the partner states; and reduce environmental stress in targeted pollution hotspots and selected degraded sub-catchments to improve the livelihoods of communities, who depend on the natural resources of LVB. Social Development, Urban, Rural and Resilience Strategy. The Bank’s strategy for Social Development adopted in 2005 and updated in 2011 i s built around four pillars: (i) inclusion, (ii) cohesion, (iii) accountability, and (iv) social resilience. Priorities. Social Development’s work program during IDA16 focused on: (i) social sustainability of the Bank’s portfolio including increased attention to safeguards; (ii) poverty and social analysis to ensure inclusion (including gender, indigenous peoples and youth). The World Bank continues to deepen its understanding of Indigenous Peoples issues and needs at country and regional levels through analytical studies (that will improve design and implementation of projects and programs involving Indigenous Peoples) in partnership with bilateral donors and research institutes,; and through direct dialogue with indigenous leaders and representative Indigenous Peoples Organizations, including at global level, through the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII); (iii) response to fragile and conflict or violence affected situations; (iv) social dimensions of climate change; (v) demand for good governance and citizen engagement; and (vi) community- - 132 - Driven Development (CDD). The Bank is updating and consolidating social and environmental safeguard policies to enhance protections for the poor and for the environment, and ensure inclusive access to development benefits. The Bank is also engaged in global programs, for example it works with civil society organizations, the Affiliated Networks for Social Accountability (ANSA), to strengthen social accountability and demand for good governance via transparency and citizen participation. On knowledge, the flagship report Opening the Black Box: the Contextual Drivers of Social Accountability of 2014. Social accountability (SA) also referred to as Citizen Engagement, pushes for transparency and accountability of public officials. Special Themes. On crisis response, in Haiti, following the 2010 earthquake, the Urban Community Driven Development Project supported the restoration of basic services and is creating economic opportunities for disadvantaged communities. On climate change, a report, “The Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Knowledge” was prepared. On gender, social inclusion in IDA countries with particular emphasis on gender issues and ethnic communities are featured in the Afghanistan, Nepal, and Pakistan country strategies, and strong and explicit attention to social inclusion and empowerment in the Vietnam strategy. The report On Norms and Agency: Conversations about Gender Equality with Women and Men in 20 Countries (2012) showed ‘agency’ can be determined by social norms, and political and economic conditions of communities. Over 15 Bank-led analyses of FCSs have fed into country strategies and are supporting design and implementation of projects. A global study on urban crime and violence prevention, Violence in the City: Community Perspectives on Reducing and Preventing Urban Violence includes case studies on Brazil (Fortaleza), Haiti (Port-au-Prince), Kenya (Nairobi), South Africa (Johannesburg), and Timor-Leste (Dili). The study proposes strategies and identifies opportunities for preventing urban violence at the community level. The First and Second Rwanda Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Projects support peace and security in the Great Lakes region through the economic and social reintegration of Rwandan ex-combatants. The Solomon Islands Rapid Employment Project, financed through an IDA grant, the State and Peace-Building Fund (SPF) grant and a PRIF grant generated 460,000 person-days of work, provided pre-employment training to 9,500 beneficiaries with 58 percent of participants being women and 52 percent, youth between 16-29 years. Regional integration. The Bank supported countries to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate soldiers and rebels who have participated in conflict, especially in Africa (DDR projects). The Global Program for Forced Displacement responded, under three regional initiatives in the Sahel, the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, with rapid operational and technical support for displaced populations.. Examples of Social Development Results.  Benin. The National Community-Driven Development Project supported construction or rehabilitation of 3,170 classrooms resulting in enrollment of 158,500 students, 144 health centers, 101 water and sanitation systems, over 23,000 people have gained access to an improved water source and 38,000 people.  Bolivia. The Community Investment in Rural Areas Project has improved access to basic and productive infrastructure for 14,633 rural households.  Mongolia. The Mongolia Sustainable Livelihoods Project II has benefited over 1.7 million people, two-thirds of the population to enhance livelihood security and sustainability by expanding institutional mechanisms that reduce the vulnerability of communities.  Myanmar. The Myanmar National Community Driven Development Project provided over 235,000 villagers better access to roads, clean water, schools and health centers in the first year.  Vietnam. The Vietnam Central Highlands Poverty Reduction Project will benefit an estimated 540,000 people (more than 70 percent from ethnic minority groups). Urban Development Strategy. The Bank’s 10-year Urban and Local Government Strategy – Systems of Cities: Harnessing urbanization for growth and poverty alleviation – (2009), focuses on five business lines: City management, finance and governance; reducing urban poverty and upgrading slums; cities and economic growth; urban planning, land and housing; and, urban environment and climate change. Building from progress made during IDA15, work during IDA16 reflected the shift in the Bank’s approach to urbanization underpinned by the Bank’s Urban and Local Government Strategy and the World Development Report 2009 on economic geography. This paradigm emphasized the benefits of urbanization, driven by rising productivity, fluid labor - 133 - markets, and greater market access. . By investing in the key ingredients of well-functioning, livable cities – basic service delivery, infrastructure, housing, slum upgrading, and urban planning – IDA is helping to ensure that countries reap the benefits of urbanization as their towns and cities grow. In Vietnam, assistance from IDA and other ODA has been pivotal in meeting the country’s key social and infrastructure spending needs, informing directions for policy reforms, improving th e country’s business environment, and catalyzing knowledge transfer for innovation and to help position the country to effectively deal with its existing and emerging challenges. While cities have gained significant decentralized powers, most are still highly dependent on central government transfers, have weak technical capacity for urban planning and urban management and their financing options for infrastructure are very limited. Additionally, despite good policy reforms in both water supply and sanitation (essential basic urban services), there is still substantial work to be done at the local level. In Africa, investments have been stepped up in strategic infrastructure in large cities, basic infrastructure in secondary cities, informal settlement upgrading and strengthening institutional systems of city governance and financing. During IDA16, several projects contributed to the decentralization process (West and Central Africa: Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, and Guinea) with efforts to improve service deliv ery/infrastructure investments while strengthening the capacity of local governments through municipal audits and municipal contracts. In East Africa, Tanzania continued to implement projects focusing on large cities and secondary cities while improving structural reforms. Urbanization Reviews, which assess the urban sector in a country and help set priorities for city leaders, are being implemented in 8 countries and have brought together IDA with government counterparts and development partners (E.g. DfID and SECO). The Vietnam Urban Slum Upgrading Project, implemented in four large cities (Nam Dinh, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh city and Can Tho), has upgraded more than 200 low- income neighborhoods and benefited over 2.5 million poor urban residents; constructed 500 km of tertiary drains and 580 km of tertiary roads; provided direct water connections for about 30,000 households and direct sewer/drainage connections for about 550,000 households have been provided in these areas and, over 51,000 micro loans have been made to poor households for housing improvement and 44,000 micro loans to support beneficiaries find jobs and generate incomes. The Djibouti Urban Poverty Reduction Project (2009-2014), benefiting from two IDA grants, has increased access to basic economic and social infrastructure, and community development opportunities to residents of. Land Tenure. The food crises of 2008, 2010, and 2012, as well as continuing food price volatility, underscored the vulnerability of the world’s food system and its d irect links to land tenure security. Making more efficient and transparent land administration systems through modernization is important to reduce poverty and promote growth and sustainable development. The Bank’s strategy on land tenure focuses on: (i) Making land tenure more secure and improving access to credit; (ii) Improving post-disaster recovery; (iii) Protecting indigenous and environmentally sensitive lands; (iv) Supporting peace and conflict mitigation; (v) Demonstrating the viability of community-based approaches in securing access to land for the poor; and (vi) helping women achieve equal treatment in obtaining land rights. The Bank has also helped countries formulate and build participatory national strategies to deal with land in a prioritized and well-sequenced manner. IDA also supports policies and programs for systematic land surveying and titling programs that recognize all forms of land tenure. The World Bank has actively supported preparation and endorsement (May 2012) by the Committee on Food Security (CFS) of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security and is actively engaged with multiple partners (UN agencies, bilateral donors, civil society organizations) in supporting the implementation of the guidelines at country level. Other examples of partnerships on land policy and administration include the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the UN-Habitat-Global Land Tool Network, and the G7 Pilot Program to Preserve the Brazilian Amazon. The World Bank also collaborates with professional associations, such as the International Federation of Surveyors, private foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and several multi-donor trust funds for post-conflict and post-disaster recovery. It hosts an international conference on land policy and administration. The World Bank is a member of the Global Donor Working Group on Land, which recently launched a database of all platform donor-funded land tenure projects. The tool improves the coordination between donors and supports the implementation of the voluntary guidelines at individual and country levels. The World Bank is also part of the International Land Coalition (ILC), a global alliance of civil society and international organizations. - 134 - Examples of Land Tenure Projects Results. In Tajikistan, IDA provided an additional US$10 million grant in 2012 to the Land Registration and Cadastre System for Sustainable Agriculture Project (2005-2016) to expand farmland restructuring, increase the number of properties with, secure tenure rights and propose a plan for property registration system. By September 2014, the project had directly benefited over 300,000 people (43 percent are women), issued over 99,000 land use right certificates, and mapped some 49,000 square kilometers of the national territory. In Nicaragua, IDA committed US$36 million to strengthen property rights through improved regularization, titling, and registry services, and improve Nicaragua's capacity to respond promptly and effectively to emergencies under the Second Land Administration Project (2013-2018). The project has already benefited almost 375,000 people, 54 percent of them women. Significant progress in cadastral and regularization activities has been made, where a total of 34,000 families have received legal documents for their properties. In Pakistan, IDA supported the Land Records Management & Information System Program with an additional US$70 million grant in 2012 to further improve the land records service delivery of the Province of Punjab and contribute to long-lasting tenure security and more efficient operation of land markets. The project managed to reduce from 51 to 10 the number of days necessary to record property transactions, and shorten to less than half an hour -as opposed to 2 weeks- the issuance of land record extracts. On knowledge, the land team disseminated lessons and experiences through South-South knowledge exchange (SSKE) initiatives between Nicaragua and Honduras on the question of indigenous peoples, between the regions of Latin America (Nicaragua and Honduras) and Europe & Central Asia (Macedonia, Rumania, and Croatia) on land administration, and between Nicaragua, Honduras and Colombia. Governance Commitments. During IDA16, 18 governance projects were approved with a total commitment of over US$750 million, a 40 percent increase in the number of projects and a 30 percent increase in the commitments over IDA15. The Africa region accounted for a majority of the portfolio US$606.5 million (for 13 projects), followed by SAR that received a commitment of US$90.5 million. Strategy. The World Bank (2012), “Strengthening Governance, Tackling Corruption: The World Bank’s Updated Strategy and Implementation Plan”. T he GAC strategy revised in 2012, added facilitation of transparency, participation and accountability to its traditional goals of efficiency, effectiveness and fiscal sustainability. It sought to incorporate new actors in the reform dialogue and employ new approaches, particularly information and communications technologies for broader outreach and stakeholder engagement. Priorities. IDA’s engagement at the country level helped strengthen: state capacity and accountability (through public financial management, procurement, auditing, judicial and legal system and civil service and transparency reforms); public management and governance in sectors (infrastructure, extractive industries, education and health, among others); transparency in decision making; and, involvement of beneficiaries and other stakeholders (parliamentarians, civil society and local government bodies) in policy-making and oversight. For example, IDA has been providing support to the Republic of Tajikistan in several PFM areas. The Public Financial Management Modernization Project is supporting the country to strengthen PFM systems including budget management, accounting and treasury system. IDA is also supporting Tajikistan through technical assistance to build capacity for implementation and e-procurement. In the Comoros, IDA supported strengthening of the country’s public financial management system. Innovative approaches included piloting of the Leadership-for-Results methodology for wage-bill management, introduction of an automated payroll system and development of a country governance action plan. Results include: improved PEFA ratings; a new budget law; an integrated financial management information system; an organic framework completion methodology; and increased transparency in resources allocation among islands. The country reached the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) completion point in December 2012. The GAC portfolio broadened and diversified reflecting the growing priorities for creating an enabling environment for achieving effective development outcomes. - 135 - IDA Commitments for Governance Themes (FY12-14) Judicial and Other Dispute Resolution Mechanisms Accountability/Anti-corruption General Public Sector Governance Public Expenditure, Financial Management and… Administrative and Civil Service Reform FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100% Knowledge. The ASA product lines included high-impact knowledge generation content. Global Partnerships: The Justice Sector Peer-Assisted Learning (JUSTPAL) Network is an innovative peer-to- peer knowledge sharing and learning model for justice service delivery reforms. The Network started with 10 countries from the Eastern and Central Asian region (ECA), and then scaled up to include over 50 countries globally. Its track record includes: development of a member-provided online library of innovations and good practices; and, development of performance measurement and benchmarking tools (e.g., Justice at a Glance) for self-assessment. Members are practitioners from Supreme Courts and the Judiciary, Ministries of Justice, Ministries of Finance, prosecutors/ombudspersons and external audit entities. The cross-cutting JUSTPAL Communities of Practice used a “joined-up” approach to sector reform by facilitating collaboration across disciplines, thereby promoting sector reforms that combine changes in core systems with “last mile” improvements in service delivery. Portfolio Performance.142 Five projects with a commitment of US$226.5 million, were at risk during IDA16. The at-risk projects were in AFR and SAR regions. This is in comparison to the IDA15 period in which commitments worth US$355.2 million were at risk. Improvements were also noticed in country PFM and procurement systems. The implementation status ratings for progress towards achievement of the PDOs were ‘Highly Satisfactory or Satisfactory’ for 50 percent of ongoing projects. For ‘overall implementation progress’, 44 percent of ongoing projects were rated ‘Highly Satisfactory’ or ‘Satisfactory’ by the IEG. Results. The corporate scorecard showed that 40 countries improved their public financial management systems in FY14 while 13 countries improved their tax systems. Similar improvements were demonstrated by repeat assessments of country PEFA scores. In addition, progress was made in areas such as budget transparency and the implementation of IFMIS systems However, the country level improvements during IDA16 did not translate into systematic advances in the Country Performance and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) scores and the overall progress remained uneven. While the scores for some countries have improved, average regional scores have either stayed flat or witnessed modest declines along most CPIA Cluster D indicators for IDA countries. Declines are observable in the areas of property rights and rule-based governance and quality of budgetary and financial management in SAR whereas Eastern and Central Asian region (ECA), EAP and LCR posted improvements in revenue mobilization. 142 Source: The World Bank Management Dashboard. Data in this section reflects only those projects that had a commitment amount of over US$5 million. Annex 11. Key Documents and References for the IDA16 Retrospective. 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