1 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking 2014/8 Supported by A Knowledge Note Series for the Energy & Extractives Global Practice The bottom line Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Some 4.3 million deaths each year in the developing world Why is this issue important? To support the achievement of these goals, a starting point are traceable to household must be set, indicators developed, and a framework established to air pollution caused by the Traditional home cooking practices are a major health track those indicators until 2030. The World Bank and International inefficient use of solid fuels for risk across the developing world Energy Agency have led a consortium of 15 international agencies household cooking and other to produce data on access to nonsolid fuel for the SE4ALL Global purposes. Although 1.6 billion The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012 about 4.3 mil- Tracking Framework. Launched in 2013, the framework defines people gained access to lion deaths occurred because of exposure to household air pollution access to modern cooking solutions is as the use of nonsolid fuels nonsolid fuels between 1990 caused by smoke from the incomplete combustion of fuels such as for the primary method of cooking. Nonsolid fuels include (i) liquid and 2010, reliance on solid fuels wood, coal, and kerosene. Inefficient energy use in the home also fuels (for example, kerosene, ethanol, or other biofuels), (ii) gaseous expanded in Sub-Saharan Africa poses substantial risks to safety, causing burns and injuries across fuels (such as natural gas, LPG, and biogas), and (iii) electricity. These and Southern Asia. Future the developing world. are in contrast to solid fuels such as (i) traditional biomass (wood, efforts to increase access to Achieving universal access to modern energy services, including charcoal, agricultural residues, and dung), (ii) processed biomass nonsolid fuels could focus on cooking fuel, is one of the three complementary objectives of the (pellets, briquettes); and (iii) other solid fuels (such as coal and 20 countries that account for Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative. Formally launched in lignite). The measurement of access to nonsolid fuels is underpinned 85 percent of the global deficit. the UN General Assembly in September 2012 and co-chaired by the by several databases, including the WHO Global Household Energy president of the World Bank Group and the UN Secretary-General, Database (box 1). SE4ALL calls governments, businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges by 2030 (SE4ALL 2012). Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee is a senior economist in the World Box 1. Assembling the data on access to modern cooking fuels Bank’s Energy Practice Elisa Portale is an To arrive at the figures quoted here, various household data sources 1990 and 2010 (Bonjour and others 2012). This model derived solid fuel energy economist in the were leveraged to establish a historical series of data on primary fuel use estimates for 193 countries. For cooking solutions, data are primarily use between 1990 and 2010. For the WHO Global Household Energy from the DHS, national censuses or national household surveys, and same practice. Database, data were collected from nationally representative household MICS. surveys as well as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Living Heather Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys The mixed model used here was developed by the WHO to track progress Adair-Rohani (MICS), and the World Health Survey (WHS). Surveys such as the DHS toward the United Nations Millennium Development Goals—to gauge, and the LSMS/income-expenditure surveys are typically conducted for example, the rates of child malnutrition and access to water and and Sophie every 3–4 years, while most censuses are held every 10 years. Given sanitation access—and for WHO reporting on household solid fuel use. Bonjour are the infrequency and the regional distribution of some surveys, some This model accounts for regions, countries, and time as spline functions technical officers at the World Health countries have gaps in available data. A mixed model was used to obtain only. Spline function estimates are restricted to values ranging from zero Organization. a set of annual access rates to nonsolid fuel for each country between to one. 2 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking What is the current level of access? Figure 2a. Top 20 high-impact countries: home to 2.4 billion of the 2.8 billion people who use solid fuel The global rate of access—at 59 percent—masks 705 stark differences between regions India China 613 Bangladesh 135 The share of the global population using primarily nonsolid fuels Indonesia 131 Nigeria 118 “More than two-thirds of for cooking was 59 percent in 2010; the other 2.8 billion people on Pakistan 111 Ethiopia 81 the rural population in the the planet still relied mainly on solid fuels. About 78 percent of that 61 Congo, DR developing world depends population lived in rural areas, and 96 percent was geographically Vietnam 49 Philippines 46 concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, and Myanmar 44 on solid fuels. The situation 42 Southeastern Asia (figure 1). Tanzania Sudan 35 is particularly stark in Sub- Within the developing world, the rate of access to nonsolid fuel Kenya 33 Uganda 32 Saharan Africa (94 percent), varies from 19 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa to about 95 percent in Afghanistan 27 Oceania (79 percent), Western Asia and 100 percent in Northern Africa. Except in Western Nepal 25 Mozambique 22 Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and Northern Africa, more than Korea, DR 22 Southeastern Asia Ghana 20 two-thirds of the rural population in the developing world depends (77 percent), and Southern on solid fuels. The situation is particularly stark in Sub-Saharan Africa 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Access deficit (millions of people) Asia (73 percent).” (94 percent), Oceania (79 percent), Southeastern Asia (77 percent), and Southern Asia (73 percent). These four regions together account Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 for three-quarters of the total rural use of solid fuel in the world. In urban areas, more than 70 percent of the population has access to nonsolid fuels, except in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the rate is just Efforts to increase access to nonsolid fuel should focus on 20 42 percent. “high-impact” countries. These account for 85 percent (2.4 billion people) of the absolute global access deficit (figure 2a). Eleven of the 20 countries are in Asia and nine in Sub-Saharan Africa. India Figure 1. Deficit in access to nonsolid fuel, 2010 (in millions) and China together account for 1.3 billion users of solid fuel. Among another group of 20 low-access countries (figure 2b), 18 are in Sub- Other Saharan Africa. 124 The rate of access to nonsolid fuel spans a wide range. In SSA 690 Sub-Saharan Africa 21 countries show less than 10 percent access Rural to nonsolid fuel. By contrast, near-universal access (greater than Nonsolid fuel, Solid fuel, SA 2,179 95 percent) is found in 73 countries of the world (37 of which are 4.1 billion, 2.8 billion, 1,018 59% 41% developing countries). SEA 308 EA 637 Urban 598 How has access evolved historically? Gains in access to nonsolid cooking fuel between Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 1990 and 2010 were tempered by population growth Note: The regional groupings used in this figure, and in this note generally, are those used The share of the global population with access to nonsolid fuel by the United Nations. SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; SA = Southern Asia; SEA = Southeast Asia; EA = East Asia. rose from 47 percent (2.5 billion people) in 1990 to approximately 3 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Figure 2b. Top 20 low-access countries: home to 369 million of Table 1. Regional trends in access to nonsolid fuel, 1990–2010 the 2.8 billion people who use solid fuel % of total population with access to nonsolid fuel Timor-Leste 8.0 Congo, DR 7.0 1990 2000 2010 Togo 5.6 Tanzania 5.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 14 17 19 Mozambique 5.0 “The share of the global Somalia 4.7 Oceania 14 24 31 Burundi 4.4 population with access to Niger 4.0 Southern Asia 16 30 40 CAR 3.8 Southeast Asia 29 40 48 nonsolid fuel rose from Lao PDR 3.7 Uganda 3.6 East Asia 37 48 55 47 percent (2.5 billion Malawi 3.4 Guinea 3.2 Caucasus and Central Asia 58 73 85 people) in 1990 to Guinea-Bissau 2.4 Ethiopia 2.2 Latin America and Caribbean 73 81 86 Liberia 2.2 approximately 59 percent Sierra Leone 2.0 Western Asia 83 90 95 Rwanda 2.0 (4.1 billion people) in 2010.” Mali 2.0 Northern Africa 88 96 100 Madagascar 2.0 Industrialized world 95 98 99 0 2 4 6 8 10 Accessrate (% of population) World 47 54 59 Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 59 percent (4.1 billion people) in 2010. The access rate in rural areas The growth rate of access to nonsolid fuel in urban areas, at increased over the same period from 26 percent to 35 percent; in 1.7 percent, far outpaced the rural growth rate of 0.6 percent. urban areas, from 77 percent to 84 percent. Dramatic progress was Nevertheless, the rapid pace of urban population growth over this made in the Caucasus and Central Asia and in Southern Asia, which period made it difficult for nonsolid fuel access in urban areas to registered increases of 27 and 24 percentage points, respectively, keep up, with the expansion of access falling short of population over the two decades. Sub-Saharan Africa followed far behind, with growth by 51 million people over the two decades.1 In rural areas, by an increase from 14 to 19 percent during the same period (table 1). contrast, access grew faster than the population by 67 million people. Although the absolute number of people with access to nonsolid The remarkable urban growth story has occurred for the most fuels increased by 1.6 billion between 1990 and 2010, the global part in the Asian regions (Eastern Asia, Western Asia, Southern Asia, population over this period grew by the same amount. Hence the and Southeastern Asia), which together managed to provide 760 mil- increase in the share of the population with access was only modest. lion people—or 38 million people annually—with access to nonsolid In Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, despite modest fuel in urban areas. The rural increment was highest in Western Asia, increases from 1990 in the share of the population relying on Southern Asia, and the Caucasus and Central Asia, where 334 million nonsolid fuels, the number of people still using solid fuels actually people—or 17 million annually—began to use primarily nonsolid fuel increased in both urban and rural areas—because of growth in for cooking. the population. In Southern Asia, while an additional 490 million Most of the 20 countries in which the largest numbers of people gained access to nonsolid fuel as their primary cooking fuel, people have transitioned to primary use of nonsolid fuels are in Asia the population over the same period grew by 508 million. Similarly, (figure 4). As a whole, the 20 countries moved an additional 1.2 billion nonsolid fuel use in Sub-Saharan Africa increased by only 92 million people during a period when population grew by 340 million people 1 Between 1990 and 2010 the rapid rate of urbanization added 1.2 billion people to urban (figure 3). populations; populations living in rural areas increased by only 0.4 billion over the same period. 4 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Figure 3. Global and regional progress in access to nonsolid fuel, 1990–2010 Population with access in 1990 Rural Incremental increase in access, 1990–2010 Population without access in 2010 Urban “Most of the 20 countries that have shown the Total largest numbers of people transitioning to primary 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Population(million) use of nonsolid fuels are in Asia.” SA EA DEV SSA SEA LAC Population with access in 1990 WA Incremental increase in access, 1990–2010 NA Population without access in 2010 CCA Oceania 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Population (million) Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 Note: SA = Southern Asia; EA = East Asia; DEV = industrialized world; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; SEA = Southeast Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; WA = Western Asia; NA = Northern Africa; CCA = Caucasus and Central Asia. Figure 4. The 20 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to nonsolid cooking fuel, 1990–2010 25 Incremental Access (million) Incremental Total Population (million) 3% Annual growth in Access (%) Annual growth in access (%) 20 Population (million) 2% 15 10 1% 5 0 0% an ia m o d t n es uth q bia a sia rea a na ia ina zil y yp rke eri eri xic an Ira Ira Ind es tna Bra pin nti t lay lom Ch Eg Ko kis So ail Nig Alg on Me Tu ge Vie ilip Ma Pa Th Ind Co Ar Ph Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database, 2012 5 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking Figure 5. Number of people without access to modern cooking fewer people will be living in rural areas than today. The urban pop- solutions in rural and urban areas by region, 2010–2030 ulations of Asia and Africa will increase dramatically—by 1.6 billion and 0.9 billion, respectively (UN 2011). Rest of world South-Eastern Asia East Asia and Oceania Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Because of population growth, under the “New Policies Scenario” 2,500 of the IEA’s World Energy Outlook (2012) the number of people “In Sub-Saharan Africa, 2,000 lacking access to modern cooking solutions is projected to remain almost unchanged at around 2.6 billion in 2030—more than 30 per- Millions of people projections by the 1,500 cent of the projected global population in that year (figure 5). This International Energy scenario takes into account the future implementation of new energy 1,000 Agency (2012) reveal a policies to which nations are already committed. 500 worsening situation over In developing Asia, China is projected to show the single biggest 0 improvement, with almost 150 million people gaining access to time, with the number of 2010 2010 2020 2020 2030 2030 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban modern cooking solutions by 2030. That improvement will come from people without modern economic growth, urbanization, and deliberate policy interventions, cooking solutions reaching Source: Based on the “New Policies Scenario” from IEA (2012). such as actions to expand natural gas networks. India will see a small around 880 million by improvement but is still expected to account for nearly 30 percent of 2030.” the world’s total access deficit in 2030. The rest of developing Asia is also projected to see only a marginal improvement by 2030, with half people to nonsolid fuel in 1990–2010, but that figure was 200 million of its population still lacking access to modern cooking solutions at less than their overall increase in population. The greatest growth that time. occurred in India, China, and Brazil, where a total of 783 million In Sub-Saharan Africa, IEA projections reveal a worsening people secured access to nonsolid fuel as their primary cooking fuel situation over time, with the number of people without modern during this period. India charted a remarkable trajectory, providing cooking solutions increasing by more than a quarter, reaching around access to nonsolid fuel to 402 million people over two decades. 880 million in 2030. While more than 310 million people will achieve However, none of the group of fast-moving countries was able to access to modern cooking solutions by 2030, their number will not expand access to nonsolid fuels by more than three percentage keep pace with the growth in population expected over the period. points of population annually, and most remained at around two As in all regions, the lack of access will continue to be concentrated percentage points. in rural areas. The number of people lacking access to modern cooking solu- What will access look like in 2030? tions is much smaller in Latin America and the Middle East. There, Population growth and urbanization will continue to IEA projections show a slight improvement over time, primarily in urban areas. In rural areas, the size of the population without access shape the evolution of access to modern cooking solutions will remain essentially unchanged, The future is increasingly urban. The world population is expected as population growth will offset positive efforts. In Latin America, to increase by 2.3 billion between 2011 and 2050, reaching 9 billion 11 percent of the population is projected still to be without access in 2050. By then, about 6.3 billion people will live in urban areas. The to modern cooking solutions in 2030, while the figure is less than rural population is expected to start slowing in about a decade, and 3 percent in the Middle East. 6 Tracking Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking References WHO. 2009. Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Make further Major Risks. Geneva. connections Bonjour, S., H. Adair-Rohani, J. Wolf, N. G. Bruce, S. Mehta, A. Prüss- World Bank. 2013. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for Ustün, M. Lahiff, E. A. Rehfuess, V. Mishra, and K. R. Smith. 2012. All Initiative. Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/ Live Wire 2014/7. “Solid Fuel Use for Household Cooking: Country and Regional curated/en/2013/05/17765643/global-tracking-framework-vol- “Understanding Differences Estimates for 1980–2010.” Environmental Health Perspectives 3-3-main-report. Between Cookstoves,” by 121: 784–90. World Health Organization, 2014. Burden of disease from household Koffi Ekouevi, Kate Kennedy IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. air pollution for 2012. http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/ Freeman, and Ruchi Soni. Paris. outdoorair/databases/FINAL_HAP_AAP_BoD_24March2014.pdf SE4ALL (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative). 2012. In Support of the Live Wire 2014/9. “Tracking Objective to Achieve Universal Access to Modern Energy Services Access to Electricity,” by This note is based on chapter 2 of the Global Tracking Framework prepared by 2030. Technical Report of Task Force 1: New York. http://www Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and by the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative and published by the World .sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us. Elisa Portale. Bank in 2013. The GTF underwent Bankwide peer review; reviewers UN (United Nations). 2011. World Urbanization Prospects, 2011 included Dana Rysankova, Jeff Chelsky, Mohua Mukherjee, and Todd Revision. New York. http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_ Johnson. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17765643/ Highlights.pdf. global-tracking-framework-vol-3-3-main-report WHO (World Health Organization). 2006. Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health. Geneva. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. 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Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! 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ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to electricity, and 93 percent of A K N O W L g regiona l trends is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. data sources that the GTF uses to Trackin The primary indicator s and the population has access s of the Sustain able Energy for All the three SE4ALL goals are summari zed below. the progres track progress toward Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 population with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the access to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives percenta ge of the population with establish ed three global and the and reported about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using household surveys Why is this issue important? access to modern These data are collected 2030: to ensure universal and the World Become an author has remained emissions of CO2. three- consumption to be accomplished by of renewable energy in in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database high energy knowledge the share of the 2010 . energy requires very relatively low. Mitigating climate change services, to 1 double ld Energy Database quarters of those emissions rate of improvement Organization’s Househo CO2 intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks upunderstanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab energy balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability are obtained from calculate this indicator Other Carbonrates for more than 80 percent of differ greatly countries Residential production, they were again and whethersions.recent dioxide (CO2) accounts spirit of the initiative. Because 6% sectors progress Other MICs nal Energy Agency and the United Nations. will make more rapid 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some 10% by the Internatio China improvement of energy efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energytotal greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of energy sector—defined include toexcel elsewhere, depending Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara tive advantages 41 ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% gross domestic practice and career! up the bulk of such ent of the SE4ALL Other consump tion to India 19% intensity is an at the point of combustion make for the achievem calculate energy countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road 7% EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil is needed. global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity (PPP) the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the thewaste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic Program (ESMAP) are not included in the analysis presented in this rk note. which provides a system (GTF), of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation bunkers, of SE4ALL for Eastern Extractives Tracking Framewo available Other Sectors rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive on the three include pillars commercial/public World Bank’s Energy and given aviation and navigation, country on rigorous—yet practical, services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat genera- Global Practice. global reporting, based elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions not specified as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive electricity or gaseous fuels involve (including liquefied petroleum gas), of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates at or near those other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting or solid/liquid fuels paired emissions closely manager for the Sus- The geographical pattern of energy-related CO Practice. gas 2 (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380