S R I L ANK A R A P ID POST D ISASTER N E E D S AS SES SMENT Floods and Landslides Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs Ministry of Disaster Management MAY 2017 Sri Lanka Rapid Post Disaster Needs Assessment Floods and Landslides, May 2017 ISBN 978-955-0897-05-6 Published by the Ministry of Disaster Management & Ministry of National Policy and Eco- nomic Affairs in collaboration with the United Nations, World Bank and European Union. September 2017 Ministry of Disaster Management Vidya Mawatha, Colombo 7 T: +94-112665170 / +94-112-665389 F: +94-112-665098 E: info@disastermin.gov.lk W: www.disastermin.gov.lk Design: Ana P. Santander Photo Credits: European Press Photo Agency, Indian Express, Reuters, United Nations, Asian Tribune, Amila Weerasinghe, Rainforest Protectors of Sri Lanka. Contents Foreword 5 Acknowledgements 7 List of Abbreviations 9 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 14 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 21 SECTOR REPORTS SOCIAL SECTOR 35 1. Housing 37 2. Education 53 3. Health 65 PRODUCTIVE SECTOR 75 4. Food Security, Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries 76 5. Productive Sector: Industry and Commerce 88 INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR 105 6. Irrigation 106 7. Transport 119 8. Water and Sanitation 130 9. Power supply 149 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES 157 10. Environment 159 11. Disaster Risk Reduction 181 12. Gender and Social Inclusion 197 ANNEXURES 213 Annex 1: PDNA Sector Team and Contributors 215 Annex 2 : Terms of Reference 218 Annex 3: Stakeholders Involved 223   3  ANNEX 4: District Breakdown of Damages and Losses 224 ANNEX 5: Damages and Losses to the Private and Public Sector 225 ANNEX 6: District Breakdown of Recovery Needs 226 ANNEX 7: International Response- Foreign Donations 228 ANNEX 8: Additional Information by Sector 230 Housing 230 Education 238 Health 246 Agriculture 260 Industry and commerce 260 Irrigation 267 Power Supply 268 Environment 272 Disaster Risk Reduction 273 Gender 279 BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 4  Foreword Sri Lanka was once again affected by severe floods and landslides, in May 2017. While the spread of disaster situation was confined only to 15 districts compared to the 24 districts in the previous year, increased incidents of landslides and deaths in 2017 made the situation equally challenging. The disaster was triggered by heavy rain and high winds brought about by the southwest monsoon on 25th and 26th May affecting 879,778 people with 219 deaths and 74 missing. The disaster caused destruction and damaged nearly 80,000 houses and affected livelihood of over 342,000 people de- pendent on agriculture, trade, and industry. The Ministry of Disaster Management and District and Divisional Secretariats led the extensive rescue and relief operations with the support of the Sri Lankan Army, Navy and Air Force, Media, CSOs, private sector and individuals. A post disaster needs assessment was initiated as moved out of emergency/relief phase. In response to the request of our government, the United Nations, the World Bank and the European Union provided support to the PDNA 2017, while this year’s assessment was carried out using the local capacity build on the internationally accepted methodology last year. The Rapid PDNA was conducted under the overall leadership of the Ministry for Disaster Manage- ment and the Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs. The line ministries undertook the assessment supported by national experts and the young graduates who were coordinated by the University of Colombo. The report was produced within 1 ½ months based on the participatory process inclusive of all stakeholders and communities in the affected areas. Our sincere thanks to all those who contribut- ed to this report and the UN, WB and EU for their overall guidance. The PDNA report covers nine sectors and three cross cutting themes and looks at the overall impact of the disaster. As a complement to the PDNA, a Post Disaster Recovery Plan will be developed by the Government of Sri Lanka considering the available resources and budgets for next three years. The overall outcome we are aiming for is a safer Sri Lanka, where the lives of the Sri Lankan people are better protected from extreme events. In order to ensure this outcome, we envisage continuous and Inclusive consultations with the concerned urban and rural communities, particularly vulner- able groups, throughout the recovery process. We look forward to working with all stakeholders in the implementation of the recovery programmes proposed in this PDNA report towards a resilient Sri Lanka. ministry of national policies and economic affairs and ministry of disaster management   5  6  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Acknowledgements The PDNA for the floods and landslides of May 2017 was developed as a collaborative effort of the Government of Sri Lanka with its partners- the United Nations agencies, the World Bank, the European Union, and other organizations. The PDNA was led and conducted by the Ministry of Disaster Management, and the Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs of the Gov- ernment of Sri Lanka and line ministries with support from its partners. The Secretaries of the Ministry of Disaster Management, and the Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs would like to extend the special acknowledgment to the following Sri Lankan authorities: Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Development, Ministry of Health Nutri- tion & Indigenous Medicine, Ministry of Highways and Higher Education, Ministry of Hous- ing and Construction, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Ministry of Plantation Industries, Ministry of Power and Energy, Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government, Minis- try of Mahaweli Development and Environment, Ministry of Rural Economic Affairs, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife, Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, Ministry of Hill Country New Villages, Infrastructure and Com- munity Development, Central Environment Authority, Ceylon Electricity Board, Department of Agriculture, Department of Census and Statistics, Department of Agrarian Development, Department of Export Agriculture, Department of Meteorology, Disaster Management Centre, Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Irrigation Department, Nation- al Building Research Organisation, National Disaster Relief Services Centre, Natural Resources Management Centre, National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Sri Lanka Army, and Ceylon Chamber of Commerce. The Secretaries of the Ministry of Disaster Management, Ministry of National Policies and Eco- nomic Affairs are grateful for the technical inputs and support from the following partner orga- nizations: Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Labour Organization, Janathakshan (gte) Ltd., Sri Lanka Red Cross Society, UN-Habitat, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Development Programme, Unit- ed Nations Office for Project Services, United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Volun- teers, UN Women, World Bank Group, World Food Programme and World Health Organization. The Secretaries of the Ministry of Disaster Management and the Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs would like to express their gratitude: To the members of the PDNA team: Dr. S. Amalanadan (Addl. Secretary -Development - Min- istry of Disaster Management), Mrs. Sepali Rupasinghe (Ministry of Disaster Management), Mr. M.D.N. Cooray (Ministry of Disaster Management), Anoja Seneviratne (Disaster Manage- ment Centre), Chaminda Pathiraja (National Disaster Relief Services Centre), Savithri Jayako- dy (NDRSC), Mr. S.S. Mudalige (Director General, Department of National Planning, Ministry   7  of National Policies and Economic Affairs), Ms. J.M.S.D. Rathnayake (MNPEA/NPD), M.F.A Mubarak (MNPEA/NPD), Mr. Sachith Fernando (MNPEA/NPD), Dr. Janaka Wickramarathne (Ministry of Health), Anuradhi Perera (Ministry of Power and Renewal Energy), Visaka Punyawa- na Hidellage (UNDP), Buddika Hapuarachchi (UNDP), Sureka Perera (UNDP), Ranjana Piyadasa (University of Colombo), Vajira Hettige (Coordinator PDNA), Luis Gamarra (Editor and Tech- nical Advisor), Madhavi Ariyabandu (DRR and gender technical advisor), Rita Missal (UNDP), Kalana Cooray (UNDP), U.W.L Chandradasa, (UNDP), Aziza Uzof (UN-Habitat), Paula Bulan- cea, Mohamed Shibly Haroon Raseed, Watsala Jayamanna and Mihlar Mohammad Abdul Malik (UNICEF), Suranga Kahandawa (World Bank), Keiko Sakoda (World Bank), David Newhouse (World Bank), D.S.D. Jayasiriwardene (Consultant–World Bank), Janaka Weerawardana (Con- sultant–World Bank), Upali Delpechitre (Consultant–World Bank), Ana Maria Leal (UNFPA), Thisantha Ameresekere, Dinoo Prabhathi Wickramage and Buddhika Kodithuwakku (UNOPS), Ganga Samarawickrama and Buddhi Weerasinghe (ADPC), Laksiri Nanayakkara (WFP), Gemu- nu Wijesena (ILO), Shelly Khajuria (Language editor), Ranjith Weerasekara (Department of Cen- sus and Statistics), Lakmini Jayathilaka (OXFAM), W. P. Buddhima Madavi Gunarathna, W.B. Gayathri Kaushalya, Gihani Dikwaththa, Menaka Wasala Rajapaksha and Devin Sibera (UOC research assistants); Harinda Prasad Dayarathna, U.D.P.N. Gunasinghe, Hashanthi Cooray, Hirushan Rashintha, Harini Nawarathna, Amali Florita Gunasekara, Madushani Nawarathna and Milinda De Silva (MDM/UNDP), Hemantha Vithanage (Director, Center for Environmental Justice), Chathura Welivitiya (Managing Director, HELPO Eco Green Ltd), Mr. Firzan Hashim (Country Director, A-PAD Sri Lanka), Nalaka Gunawardhana (Senior Journalist) and Ms. Vindya Tissera (Media Consultant). To the University of Colombo: Senior Professor Lakshman Dissanayake (Vice Chancellor- Uni- versity of Colombo), Senior Professor J.K.D.S. Jayanetti (Dean - Faculty of Technology, Universi- ty of Colombo) and Senior Lecturer Ranjana U.K. Piyadasa (Department of Geography). As well as the research asssistants team: W.A. Isurika Uthpalani Chularathna, Yuraji Chameekari Ma- hindadasa, K.K. Kalpana Sachini Kottawa, H.H. Dilini Tharaka, T.A. Samitha Nadeeshani, Tha- rindu Lakshitha Fonseka, B.G. Janaka Dilan Ekanayaka, Tharaka Nilmani Ariyawansha, B. Isuru Nilesh Senarathna , W.P. Buddhima Madavi Gunarathna, W.B. Gayathri Kaushalya, Maheshika Adikarinayaka, A.G. Dhanuja Shamantha Sirisena, Y.M. Kasundika Kumari Bandara, A.M. Pra- muditha Mayuramali Karunarathna, Gihani Dikwaththa, Pubuduni Chandima, P.H.D. Janitha Sahan, Pranith Piyumal Ruwanpathirana, W.W.D. Dakshina, Chaminie Sudeshika Wanasinghe, Menaka Wasala Rajapaksha, Devin Sibera, and M.G.S. Pasan Aravinda. To the representatives of the partner organizations: Una McCauley (United Nations Resi- dent and Humanitarian Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative, Sri Lanka), Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough (Country Director, World Bank, Sri Lanka and the Maldives), Tung-Lai Margue (Head of the EU Delegation, Sri Lanka and the Maldives), Jorn Sorensen (UNDP Coun- try Director, Sri Lanka) and Lovita Ramguttee (UNDP Deputy Country Director, Sri Lanka). To the experts who peer reviewed the report: Rita Missal (UNDP), Krishna Vatsa (UNDP), Jean- nette Fernandez (UNDP) and Lisa Bender (UNICEF). To all the members of the PDNA sector teams and their contributors who are listed in Annex 1. PDNA Sector Teams and Contributors. 8  List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank BBB Building Back Better BCP Business Continuity Plan CBO Community Based Organizations CBSL Central Bank of Sri Lanka CEA Central Environmental Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CHF Swiss franc CRIP Climate Resilient Improvement Project DAD Department of Agrarian Development DAS Department of Agrarian Services DCS Department of Census and Statistics DFID Department for International Development DMC Disaster Management Centre DE Development and Environment MNPEA Ministry of National Policies & Economic Affairs DNCWS Department of National Community Water Supply DOE Department on Education DPRD Disaster Preparedness and Response Division DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DS Divisional Secretary DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation ECCD Early Childhood Care and Development ECE Early Childhood Education EOC Emergency Operation Centre EU European Union EWS Early Warning System FCD Forest Conservation Department FGD Focus Group Discussion FHH Female–headed households GBV Gender–based violence GCE General Certificate Examination GDP Gross Domestic Product GoSL Government of Sri Lanka   9  HDI Human Development Index HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey IASC Inter–Agency Standing Committee ID Irrigation Department IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies INDC Intended Nationally Determined Commitments INFORM Index for Risk Management IOM International Organization for Migration JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KUC Kolonnawa Urban Council LECO Lanka Electricity Company LKR Sri Lankan Rupee MASL Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka MC Colombo Municipal Council MCCB Moulded Case Circuit Breakers MDM Ministry of Disaster Management MIWWRM Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management MMDE Ministry of Mahaweli MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine MSD Medical Supplies Division MSW Municipal Solid Waste NBRO National Building Research Organization NCCAS National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy NCCP National Climate Change Policy NDMCC National Disaster Management Coordination Committee NDRSC National Disaster Relief Service Centre NFI Non–food item NGO Non–governmental organization NIID National Institute for Infectious Diseases NITF National Insurance Trust Fund NNDIP National Natural Disaster Insurance Policy NWS&DB National Water Supply and Drainage Board NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board OFC Other Field Crops PDNA Post–Disaster Needs Assessment PHDT Plantation Human Development Trust PHI Public Health Inspector PHM Public Health Midwife PHSRC Private Health Sector Regulatory Council 10  PID Provincial Irrigation Departments PLWD People living with disabilities PPP Private Power producers PRDD Provincial Road Development Departments PS Pradeshiya Sabah PTF Presidential Task Force RDA Road Development Authority RPC Regional Plantation Companies RWS Rural Water Supply SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SLLRDC Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation SLR Sri Lanka Railways SLRCS Sri Lanka Red Cross Society SLTB Sri Lanka Transport Board SME Small and Medium–sized Enterprises UDA Urban Development Authority UN United Nations UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WMA Waste Management Authority (Western Province) WSP Water Safety Plan ZOA Zuid Oost Azie   11  List of Figures Figure 1 Map of Affected Districts 22 Figure 2 Total Effects by Main Sector 26 Figure 3 Map of Distribution of Effects District Wise (Available Data) 27 Figure 4 Comparison Public – Private Effects 27 Figure 5 Affected DS Divisions by Floods and Landslides 2017 28 Figure 6 Recovery Needs by Main Sectors 29 Figure 7 Recovery Needs Timeline 29 Figure 8 Map of District Wise (Available) Recovery Needs in Time Ranges 31 Figure 9 Flood Affected MoH Areas 69 Figure 10 Flood Affected Health Institutes 69 Figure 11 Crop Calendar, Sri Lanka 79 Figure 12 Flood Inundation and Paddy Cultivation 79 Figure 13 Percentage of Total Damages and Losses 93 Figure 14 Percentage of Total Damages and Losses in Formal vs Informal Enterprises 94 Figure 15 Sector wise Damages and Losses 94 Figure 16 District-wise Damage and Losses 95 Figure 17 Cumulative Rainfall from 24th – 30th May 2017 110 Figure 18 Affected DS Divisions by Floods and Landslides 2017 160 Figure 19 Risk related Environmental Problems in Affected Areas 162 Figure 20 Mini-hydro Projects 163 Figure 21 Waste Dumping Site in Galle 164 Figure 22 Gin Ganga Affected by Sand Dunes 165 Figure 23 Gin Ganga- Sand Bags Placed to Prevent Flash Floods 166 Figure 24 Municipal Waste Dumping Site Galle, from a Distance 166 Figure 25 A Bag of Plastic Waste Thrown is Floating Downstream, Gin Ganga, Galle 167 Figure 26 Embankments along Gin River 171 Figure 27 Uprooted Bamboo Bushes Clogging up Gin Ganga 172 Figure 28 Comparison Public Private Effects 225 Figure 29 Total Estimated Costs of Losses by Type of Activity 262 Figure 30 Total Estimated Cost of Losses by District 262   13  List of Tables Table 1 Affected People and Houses  21 Table 2 Location and Affected People by Landslides  23 Table 3 Emergency Released Funds  23 Table 4 Baseline Data in the Affected Area  24 Table 4a Estimated Poverty Rates in Affected Areas 25 Table 5 Floods and Landslides 2017, Total Damages and Losses 26 Table 6 Recovery Needs for All Sectors 30 Table 7 Effects and Needs Estimates  37 Table 8 Geographical Distribution on Housing Damage  37 Table 9 Damage and Loss Estimates  40 Table 10 Recovery Needs Estimates 43 Table 11 Early Recovery Implementation Strategy 45 Table 12 Medium Term Recovery and Reconstruction Strategy 47 Table 13 Long-Term Recovery Strategy 47 Table 14 Summary on Rates for Calculation on Damage by Housing Type and Size 48 Table 15 Value on Assets (LKR ) as Per Housing Type and Size 49 Table 16 Post-Disaster Effects (Damages and Losses by Public/Private Management) 57 Table 17 Proportion on Damaged Schools by District 57 Table 18 Recovery Needs with Costs and Timeline 60 Table 19 Pre-Disaster Health Indicators  66 Table 20 Damages in Health Sector District-Wise  68 Table 21 Damages and Losses in Health Sector  69 Table 22 Recovery Needs District-Wise  70 Table 23 Summary on Total Recovery Needs  70 Table 24 Estimated Recovery Needs in Timeline  71 Table 25 Rice Production Summary Statistics  77 Table 26 Total Fisheries Production in Sri Lanka  79 Table 27 Food Balance Sheet in Sri Lanka  80 Table 28 Total Damages to Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries  81 Table 29 Total Losses for Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Sectors 83 Table 30 Recovery and Reconstruction Needs in the Agriculture Sector (Million LKR )85 Table 31 Summary on Damage, Losses and Recovery Needs on the Industry and Commerce Sector 89 Table 32 Formal and Informal Enterprises Classification Used for this Assessment (Based On Department on Census & Statistics) 91 Table 33 Number on Established Informal Enterprises in Affected Five Districts and Median Asset Value 91 Table 34 Number on Established Formal Enterprises in Affected Five Districts and Median Asset Value 92 Table 35 Percentage Distribution on Employed Population (2016) by Major Industry Group in Affected Districts 93 Table 36 Losses and Damages Calculation for Formal and Informal Sector Enterprises (Industry/Trade/Services) 96 Table 37 Number on Active Workforce Affected by Main Sectors 97 14  Table 38 Affected Active Work Force by Status on Employment and Formal/informal Sectors 97 Table 39 Recovery Calculation for Formal and Informal Sector Enterprises 100 Table 40 Physical Impact On Irrigation Infrastructure 112 Table 41 Damages and Losses – Irrigation Infrastructure 112 Table 42 Physical Impact On Flood Control Infrastructure 112 Table 43 Damage and Loss – Flood Control Infrastructure 112 Table 44 Short and Medium-Term Recovery Needs 114 Table 45 Road Network in Western, Sabaragamuwa & Southern Provinces, 2016  120 Table 46 Operational Vehicle Fleet in Western, Sabaragamuwa & Southern Provinces, 2016 121 Table 47 Details on Damages to National Roads by Districts 123 Table 48 Details on Damages to Provincial Roads by Districts 123 Table 49 Details on Damages to Local Roads by Districts 124 Table 50 Locations, Nature on Flood Damages and Its Cost for Southern Expressways  124 Table 51 Nature on Loss and Its Value for Southern Expressways  125 Table 52 Damages and Losses to Public Bus Transport Operations 125 Table 53 Damages and Losses to Transport Sector in Affected Five Districts 126 Table 54 Recovery Needs for Transport Sector in Affected Five Districts 127 Table 55 Drinking Water Coverage Percentage in Focal Districts  131 Table 56 Sanitation Coverage Percentage in Focal Districts  131 Table 57 Pipe Borne Water and Dug Wells-Baseline Data in Focal Districts  132 Table 58 Population Served by Pipe Borne Water and Dug Wells-Baseline Data in Focal Districts  132 Table 59 Household Toilet Baseline Data in Focal Districts  133 Table 60 Number on Latrines by Type and Disposal System in Focal Districts  133 Table 61 Description on Damages to the NWS &DB Systems in the Focal Districts  135 Table 62 Affected Number on Community Based RWS Systems in Focal Districts  136 Table 63 Number on Affected Dug Wells in Focal Districts  137 Table 64 Number on Affected Toilets in Focal Districts  138 Table 65 Infrastructure Statistics Used for Costing Damages, Losses and Needs for Drinking Water  140 Table 66 Population Affected by Different Drinking Water Systems in Focal Districts  140 Table 67 Percentage on Affected Population by Drinking Water Systems in Focal Districts  140 Table 68 Cost on Damages to Water Supply Infrastructure in Focal Districts  141 Table 69 Cost on Losses to Water Supply Infrastructure in Focal Districts  141 Table 70 Estimated Damage to Toilets and Estimated Affected Population  142 Table 71 Cost on Damages to Sanitation Infrastructure in Focal Districts  142 Table 72 Proposed Strategies and Strategic Timeframe 144 Table 73 Short Term, Medium Term and Long-Term Water & Sanitation Recovery and Reconstruction Needs 146 Table 74 Short Term, Medium Term and Long-Term Water Supply Recovery and Reconstruction Needs by Districts 146 Table 75 Medium-Term and Long-Term Sanitation Recovery and Reconstruction Needs by Districts 146 Table 76 Distribution Division on CEB 150 Table 77 Summary Table on Estimates on Damage and Loss 151 Table 78 Total Recovery Needs on Power Supply 153 Table 79 Ecological Status and Disaster Impacts 168 Table 80 Infrastructure Damage Occurred Within the Following Areas Under the Jurisdiction on the Forest Department 170 Table 81 Ecosystem Service Losses Due to Landslides  170   15  Table 82 Loss on Revenue Due to Loss on Services in the Affected Areas  170 Table 83 Summary Table on Losses in the Environment Sector 172 Table 84 Estimated Cost on Recovery 174 Table 85 Budget Allocation to the Ministry on Disaster Management 183 Table 86 Assistance Provided by the Government 187 Table 87 Assistance Provided by UN Agencies and National and International NGO s188 Table 88 Recovery Needs Costs in the Disaster Risk Reduction Sector 195 Table 89 Affected Population by Sex 200 Table 90 Recovery Needs in Gender Sector 209 Table 91 The Timeframe on the Scheduled Activities on the PDNA 220 Table 92 Initial List on PDNA Contributions-Agencies 221 Table 93 PDNA Contribution-Agencies 223 Table 94 District Breakdown on Damages and Losses by Sector 224 Table 95 Sector Damages and Losses Breakdown-Privet and Pubic 225 Table 96 Sector Damage and Losses Summary-Private and Public 225 Table 97 District Breakdown on Recovery Needs by Sector 226 Table 98 International Response Foreign Donations 228 Table 99 Definition on Sector (Urban, Estate and Rural) 230 Table 100 Classification on Housing Units 230 Table 101 Baseline Data, Census on Population and Housing-2012 230 Table 102 Number on Houses Damaged by District 231 Table 103 Cost on Partial Damages to Houses 231 Table 104 Cost on Full Damages to Houses 231 Table 105 Damage to Household Effects 232 Table 106 Total Losses in Housing 232 Table 107 Total Recovery Needs for Housing 233 Table 108 Medium-Term Recovery Needs 234 Table 109 Total Reconstruction Cost 234 Table 110 District-Wise Damages 234 Table 111 Reconstruction Needs 235 Table 112 Resettlement Cost for Landslide Affected Households 236 Table 113 Actual Reconstruction Costs 236 Table 114 Housing Recovery Needs 236 Table 115 Long-Term Recovery Needs 236 Table 116 Value on Housing 237 Table 117 Grade One New Admissions by Gender & with ECCE – 2015 238 Table 118 Government Schools by Functional Grade-2015 239 Table 119 Government Schools by Functional Grade-2015 240 Table 120 District Schools Used as Temporary Shelters 240 Table 121 Number on Affected Centres 241 Table 122 Detailed Budget 241 Table 123 Damage to Infrastructure 243 Table 124 Affected Schools by Functional Grade and Educational Zone  244 Table 125 Number on Affected Preschools 244 Table 126 Number on Affected Schools 245 Table 127 Affected Health Institutions in Rathnapura District (Ayagama and Balangoda) 246 16  Table 128 Affected Health Institutions in Rathnapura District (Palmadulla,Nivithigala,Kuruwita,Kalawana and Kiriella) 247 Table 129 Affected Health Institutions in Rathnapura District (Rathnapura PS ,Rathnapura MC ,Elapatha and Eheliyagoda) 248 Table 130 Damages in Health Institutions in Kalutara District 249 Table 131 Damages in Health Institutions in Galle District 250 Table 132 Damages in Health Institutions in Matara District 252 Table 133 Additional Recommended Requirements and Establishment on Disasters Management Operation Centre at RDHS Level 253 Table 134 Establishment on Disaster Management Center at RDHS Level 257 Table 135 Damages and Approximate Recovery Cost on Livestock Sector in Selected Five Districts  260 Table 136 Affected Number on Industry and Cost on Damages  260 Table 137 Affected Number & Estimated Cost in Industry, Trade and Services Sectors in District Wise261 Table 138 Total Estimated Cost on Damages Industry and Services District Wise (Formal Sector) 261 Table 139 Affected Active Workforce in Agriculture, Industry and Services Sectors in District Wise 261 Table 140 Affected Active Work Force by Status on Employment and Formal/informal Sectors 262 Table 141 Salary Loss in the Formal Sector 263 Table 142 Losses Calculation for Informal Enterprises 263 Table 143 Income Loss in the Informal Sector 263 Table 144 Annual Turnover and Number on Employees in Manufacturing and Service Sector  264 Table 145 Informal Enterprises in Affected Districts and Median Asset Value 264 Table 146 Formal Enterprises in Affected Districts and Median Annual Turnover 265 Table 147 Total Damages and Losses (Formal & Informal Sectors) in All Five Districts 266 Table 148 Total Losses and Damages in the Five Districts (Formal & Informal) 266 Table 149 Summary Table on Damages, Losses and Recovery Needs on Major Irrigation Scheme 267 Table 150 Summary Table on Damages, Losses and Recovery Needs on Major Flood Protection Scheme267 Table 151 Damaged and Recovery Information in Rathnapura District 268 Table 152 Damages and Recovery Needs Action Power Supply Sector in Rathnapura District  269 Table 153 Damage Due to Floods Prevailing in the Southern Province  271 Table 154 Important Environmental Legislations and Authorities in Charge on Its Implementation 272 Table 155 Losses on the Government 273 Table 156 Losses on the UN and NGO 273 Table 157 Military Forces – Expenditures Incurred by the Operation 273 Table 158 Information Regarding with Cleaning (Galle, Matara, Kaluthara & Rathnapura) 273 Table 159 Estimated Emergency Budget Request for Prepared Foods, Dried Foods and Funerals  274 Table 160 Released Emergency Funds for Prepared Foods, Dried Foods and Funerals  274 Table 161 Annual Budget Allocation on MDM Agencies in LKR Million 274 Table 162 Annual Expenditure by Type on Activities in LKR Million 275 Table 163 Monetary Donation Received to Ministry on Disaster Management 275 Table 164 LKR . 10,000/= Compensation for Housing Damages Received by Families in Districts 276 Table 165 LKR . 7500/= Housing Rental Fees Received by Families in Districts 276 Table 166 Costs Incurred by UN /Humanitarian Agencies 277 Table 167  Flood & Landslides 2017 May – Death Details  279   17  18  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T P D N A ASSE SSM E N T RE P O RT   19  EXE CUTIVE SUMMARY 20  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 1. Disaster event: The southwest monsoon brought heavy rains of the Kalu, Nilwala and Gin rivers and their and strong winds to Sri Lanka. In two days (25- tributaries. In some areas, the water levels 26 May) the precipitation raised up to 600mm, reached 6m high and remained for 4-10 days provoking flash floods and landslides in 15 period affecting urban and rural dwellings, of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Population in small and medium enterprises, micro (most- the Sabaragamuwa, Southern and Western ly informal) businesses, education and health Provinces; particularly Rathnapura, Matara, services and public and private infrastruc- Hambantota, Kalutara and Galle districts ex- ture. perienced the highest impact. The high vulnera- bility of rural and urban areas led to 219 deaths, Landslides approximately 230 thousand families got af- Moreover, in May 2017, 35 major landslides fected, and 88 thousand houses were partially occurred causing the major number of deaths or fully damaged. At the peak of the event, more from the disaster events, 176 out of 219. The than 28,000 families were assisted in safety Table 2 shows the major landslides registered. centres and over 1,100 people still remain dis- Mostly the heavy rains combined with the placed (NDRSCC, 18-July). slope instability caused by inappropriate land use and roads cuts triggered the movement of Floods major masses of soil and rocks over houses, The May 2017 Floods affected towns, villages public infrastructure and economic activities.1 and agricultural areas located in the borders 1. TABLE 1: AFFECTED PEOPLE AND HOUSES S OU R C E: ND R S C Other Description Galle Rathnapura Kalutara Matara Hamban-tota Total districts No of Families 40,814 60,080 51,505 49,541 2,432 24,863 229,235 No of Members 158,693 235,197 192,464 183,008 10,457 99,959 879,778 No of Deaths – Male 7 37 21 17 3 4 89 Disaster               Female 9 35 25 8 2 5 84 affected details               Children 0 14 24 7 0 1 46 Total Deaths 16 86 70 32 5 9 219 Injured people 4 99 20 16 - 15 154 Missing people - 15 43 15 - 1 74 Damages Fully damage 445 803 602 1,015 143 40 3,048 houses Partially damage 18,888 12,345 14,390 27,686 992 2,502 76,803 No. of Centers 11 221 94 21 4 153 504 Relief Camps* No. of Families 434 11,685 3,399 3,054 55 9,293 28,100 No. of Members 1,063 47,064 13,689 11,766 198 36,110 109,890 1. Information registered during the peak of the disaster (June 2017). e x e cuti v e s ummary  21  FIGURE 1: MAP OF AFFECTED DISTRICTS 2. Relief operations and national and In addition to these immediate expenses, the international assistance GoSL released two funds additionally to direct- In the aftermath of the event, immediate search ly support the affected families: and rescue operations were put in place with the support of the three military forces. During • Housing compensation (LKR 10,000 / US$ the peak of the disaster, the District Secretaries 67 per affected house) for cleaning, minor established 504 safety centres, which housed repairs or equipment purchase. As of July 109,890 people evacuated from the flooded ar- 2017, a total amount of LKR 755,441,900 eas and unsafe locations in the landslides prone (US$ 5,036,279) was delivered to 75,677 sites. families, through the District Secretaries. As of 31 July 2017, the Government of Sri Lan- • Rental allowance (LKR 7,500 / US$ 50 per ka (GoSL) has released LKR 995,693,382.89 for partially or totally damaged house), to be emergency relief, cleaning of interrupted roads extended for a period of three months. and main infrastructures, and logistics. As of July 2017, a total amount of LKR 75,852,500 (US$ 505,683) was distributed to 3,549 families. 22  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 2: LOCATION AND AFFECTED PEOPLE BY LANDSLIDES S OU R C E: N BR O District DS Division GN Division Deaths Houses Other infrastructure Pre-event land use Eheliyagoda Maheengoda 12 8 Road and electricity Rubber plantations Tea, rubber, arecanut and Nivithigala Wanniwatha 26 15 Road and electricity Rathnapura coconuts Tea, cinnamon, arecanut Kalawana Wewelkandura 13 4 Road and electricity and jackfruit; and residential areast Matara Forest, paddy and tea, and Kotapola Morawaka 23 33 Electricity residential areas Road and tap borne Karaldekka 19 5 Rubber and tea plantations water Kalutara Bulathsinhala Road, tap borne water Tea plantations, rubber and Niggaha 21 9 and electricity residential areas Private sector and individual donations: teer organizations provided relief assistance in The operations of the GoSL were supported numerous ways.2 with relief items collected and distributed by private companies, the general public and the International organizations: media. The Ministry of Disaster Management UN agencies, and national and international (MDM) opened a bank account to receive relief NGOs are supporting the national efforts for di- donations from private companies and individ- saster relief and early recovery. A total amount uals. As at 24 July 2017, the amount received of LKR 1,270 million (US$ 8.1 million) was mo- from contributions is LKR 27.5 million. bilized to ensure child protection, education, food security and nutrition, water provision Similar to flood situation in 2016, the Dialog and sanitation, health, shelter, NFI provision mobile company held a national campaign for and emergency livelihood support. A break- customer donations, receiving LKR 16.53 mil- down can be found in Annex 7-International lion. The company tripled this amount contrib- Response and Foreign Donations. uting with LKR 33.47 million, generating a total amount of LKR 50million (US$ 330,000 ap- prox.). The funds collected will be used in house 2. Some of them can be seen in: http://www.read- building. Other private companies and volun- me.lk/flood-relief-tech-2017/ TABLE 3: EMERGENCY RELEASED FUNDS S OU R C E: MD M/ DM C LKR (Millions) US$ (Millions) Relief distribution 983.00 6.6 Logistic expenditure for response 0.07 11.00 Initial rehabilitation 1.70 0.01 TOTAL 995.70 6.64 e x e cuti v e s ummary  23  Many bi-lateral and multi-lateral donor agen- omy is fragile and ¼ of the population is con- cies and countries responded to the request sidered nearly poor and vulnerable to shocks by the Government of Sri Lanka through the that can push them back into poverty. Climate Ministry of Foreign Affairs to support with related disasters might be one of these driv- emergency response and relief activities. Some ers, with a recurrent occurrence of droughts, countries sent shipments of relief materials floods and landslides, affecting particularly the while others (Thailand, Bangladesh and Ire- impoverished sectors living in high risk condi- land) provided direct financial support to the tions with reduced capacities for recovery. GoSL amounting to LKR 166 million (USD 1.1 million), through the MDM bank account. Social and economic situation of the five most affected districts 3. Country profile including The five most affected districts by the May 2017 disaster profile3 floods and landslides experienced the benefits Sri Lanka is facing new opportunities for social and consequences of this development trend. and economic development. The country is in The rural population has increased to more the path towards becoming a middle-income than 4 million people, with the correspondent country and to progressively achieve the Sus- expansion of agricultural land, particularly tainable Development Goals (SDGs). Never- oriented to tea and rubber production in slope theless, there still remain disparities between areas. Moreover, cities, towns and villages have regions and social groups. Moreover, the econ- expanded by the rivers and streams bordering the main cities. The informal housing and eco- 3. Sources: Human Development Report [HDR] nomic activities have developed and consolidat- 2016 UNESCAP 2017 ed regardless Local Governments regulations, surpassing their capacities to conduct, monitor SRI LANKA and control them. Area: 65,510 sq Km Population: 20.7 million (2016) Flood and landslide HDI: 0.750 (78 out of 188 countries) risks in Sri Lanka Gender inequality index: 0.39 The effects of floods and landslides in 2017 con- Poverty rate: 6.7 firmed the increasing impact of climate related Per capita income: US$ 3,279 disasters in Sri Lanka coupled with haphazard Expected economic growth: 5.5 % (2017) human development activities. This requires to Lower middle-income country be considered as a priority in national policy. During the period 2005-2015, floods affected TABLE 4: BASELINE DATA IN THE AFFECTED AREA S O UR C E : C E N S US 2012 Poverty Rate Pop growth Estate District Population Urban Rural Absolute Reduction Rate sector Index (2002-2012) Galle 1,063,334 0.67% 12.5 85.7 1.8 9.9 16.1 Hambanthota 599,903 1.23% 5.3 94.7 - 4.9 27.1 Kalutara 1,221,948 1.28% 8.9 88 3.1 3.1 16.9 Matara 814,048 0.63% 11.9 85.4 2.7 7.1 19.9 Ratnapura 1,088,007 0.64% 9.1 81.7 9.2 10.4 23.6 24  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 64% of the Sri Lanka’s total population. High does not exceed 10 million rupees (approx. impact disaster events are occurring frequently US$ 66 thousand) is covered up to 2.5 million since 2011 which on average affect more than 1 rupees each in respect of damages per event. million people annually. In 2016, almost 500 Under this scheme, compensation for death is thousand people were affected by floods and LKR 100,000 and for property damage (house landslides causing 93 deaths and 117 people still and SME) is maximum LKR 2.5 million.4 An ad- reported as ‘missing’. vance of this insurance was distributed to the af- fected families as a LKR 10,000 compensation Nowadays, particular emphasis should be provision. In addition, the CAT-DDO provide placed to landslides risk prone areas, due to access to up to US$ 102 million loans from the the resulting high number of deaths. In 2016, World Bank to provide immediate liquidity if 50 out of 93 deaths, and, in 2017, 176 out of 219 a disaster occurs.5 This facility was activated in deaths (81%) were from the landslides. Both the aftermath of the 2016 floods and landslides, floods and landslides are closely related to land releasing the total mentioned amount. use practices and the pressure of human activ- ities over sensitive areas. The stability of river Although the 86 DS Divisions affected by the banks and steep slopes are affected by ad – hoc floods are not considered poor in average, im- development practices including construction pacts were larger in the poorest sectors of pop- of houses and other infrastructure, roads and ulation (Table 4A). An estimated 8.7 percent water systems and deforestation for agriculture of those affected were poor, which was slightly aggravating potential for landslides. higher than the prevailing national rate of 6.6 percent. The people affected by landslides are Financial instruments for recovery substantially poorer, with an average poverty The GoSL counts with two potential instruments rate of 11.6 percent. In comparison to other di- to fund recovery: The National Insurance Scheme sasters, the impact of 2017 floods and landslides (NIS) and the Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (CAT-DDO). These instruments may pro- 4. The total insurance coverage is up to LKR10 billion vide a budget of US$ 168.6 million. per year (US$ 66.6 million), of which LKR8.5 bil- lion are earmarked for damages caused to property and contents of households and small business. The NIS covers lives and properties, specifical- The balance of LKR1.5 billion covers immediate ly all households and small business establish- emergency relief to the affected people. ments. Any business for which annual turnover 5. The full amount was withdrawn in 2016. TABLE 4A: ESTIMATED POVERTY RATES IN AFFECTED AREAS Number of DS Divisions Estimated poverty rate of Disaster Measure of effect affected affected persons 86 Affected persons 8.7% 2017 Floods 11 Affected by landslide 11.6% 256 Affected persons 6.1% 2016 Floods 256 Persons in safety 7.9% 2017 Drought 163 Affected persons 11.7% Source: Calculations based on disaster reports from Disaster Management Centre and 2011 DS Divisional poverty estimates produced by World Bank and Department of Census and Statistics. Notes: the estimated poverty rate of affected persons is the weighted average of the ds divisional poverty estimates from 2012, with the weight equal to the share of persons affected by the disaster in each ds division. the estimated poverty rates of the affected ds division is the weighted average of the ds division estimates, with the weights equal to the share of the population residing in each ds division. e x e cuti v e s ummary  25  was more concentrated in areas inhabited by Cross Cutting Issues poor communities as compared to 2016. How- 4% ever, this rate is higher in areas being affected by the current 2017 drought (11.7%). Infrastructure Sector 25% 4. Disaster effect and impact According to information from the five most affected districts, cost of the effects of the May Social 2017 floods and landslides (damages and losses) Sector sum up to LKR 70 billion. The most affected sec- 46% Productive Sector tors in terms of costs are Housing, Agriculture, 25% Transport and Industry & Commerce. In ad- dition, disaster events affected the provision of services such as health (65 centres affected), edu- cation (382 centres out of 2122 in the affected dis- FIGURE 2: TOTAL EFFECTS BY MAIN SECTOR tricts) and water and sanitation. Further, effects SO U RC E : P D N A T E A M related to crosscutting issues such as disaster risk reduction, gender, environment, employment and food security needs to be considered in iden- tifying sustainable recovery strategies. TABLE 5: FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES 2017, TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES Losses LKR Total Effects LKR Total Effects US$ Sectors Damages LKR (Million) (Million) (Million) (Million) Social Sector 30,408.31 2,406.96 32,815.27 218.77 Housing 29,047.01 1,992.53 31,039.54 206.93 Education 1,205.20 212.60 1,417.80 9.45 Health 156.10 201.83 357.93 2.38 Productive sector 12,945.42 4,725.19 17,670.61 117.8 Agriculture 10,292.95 2,401.1 12,694.05 84.63 Industry & commerce 2,652.47 2,324.09 4,976.56 33.17 Infrastructure sector 16,386.71 584.84 16,971.55 113.13 Irrigation 1,535.9 31.6 1,567.5 10.45 Water & sanitation 1,531.90 143.49 1,675.39 11.17 Transport 12,844.60 231.60 13,076.20 87.17 Power 474.31 178.15 652.46 4.34 Cross cutting issues 2,814.58 2,814.58 18.76 Disaster risk reduction 2,262.46 2,262.46 15.08 Environment 552.12 552.12 3.68 Total effect lkr 59,740.44 10,531.57 70,272.01 468.48 US$ 1 = LKR 150 26  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T FIGURE 3: MAP OF DISTRIBUTION OF EFFECTS DISTRICT WISE (AVAILABLE DATA) SOU R C E: PD NA T E AM In terms of absolute costs of effects, Matara The most affected sectors in the public sphere is registered as the most affected district, fol- correspond to Transport, Irrigation, Education lowed by Galle and Kalutara. These three dis- and Water & Sanitation. In addition, there are tricts concentrate a major urban population, expenses for providing relief assistance, for re- infrastructure, industry and commercial ac- habilitating key infrastructure by the tri-forces, tivities over spread lowland areas. In addition, and for the logistics. Ratnapura has been highly affected by land- slides, adding up 18 of the 35 cases. The estima- 5. Crosscutting issues tion of effects gathers (1) the costs of damages The May 2017 floods and landslides amply to the infrastructure, stocks and assets, and (2) demonstrated the urgency for mainstreaming the losses related to additional costs oriented of disaster risk reduction into development to ensure the provision of goods and services planning and implementation. The critical as well as the foregone incomes in public and need for immediate and long term measures private sectors. As a consequence, losses are to prevent the expansion of urban and rural higher in the Housing, Agriculture, Industry & Commerce and Disaster Risk Reduction sec- tors. Private (LKR) Comparison of effects to the Public (LKR) 32% private vs public sectors 68% The floods and landslides affected both pub- lic (32% of the total damages and losses) and private sectors (68%). With reference to the private, the most affected sectors correspond to Housing, Agriculture and Industry & Com- merce. Consideration for sustainable strategies is required for recovery and restoration of dam- FIGURE 4: COMPARISON PUBLIC – PRIVATE EFFECTS aged goods and livelihoods. S O U RC E : P D N A T E A M e x e cuti v e s ummary  27  settlements and economic activities over haz- Maintaining environment sustainability is a ard-prone areas which exacerbate the existing crucial consideration for reducing the risks and vulnerable conditions is evident from all affect- impacts of climate induced adverse weather ed locations. Capacities of government Min- events. Disaster impacts of hydro-meteorolog- istries and Departments at local, district and ical hazards are compounded by the pressure central levels should be strengthened in order of human activities over sensitive land areas, to adequately carry out this mandate. Strength- as evidenced in the large number of landslides ening community capacities and resilience in areas covered by rubber, tea and other crops, with awareness, knowledge, timely and func- or steep slopes cut by roads, water or electricity tioning early warnings to the last mile is a key systems. Flash floods affected urban, rural hu- requirement for priority attention. It should man settlements as well as agricultural land in be noted that although information about the flood plains and in low-lying areas. Inappropri- onset of the Southwest monsoon over Sri Lan- ate solid waste management also has hindered ka was widely publicized by the media, there the water flow and aggravated the inundation in were significant lapses in evacuating people to these areas. safety. In the aftermath of the disaster, while the whole country demonstrated their solidar- Effects of disasters are different on varying ity and support for the affected families, gaps population groups in society i.e. women, men, in actions and coordination by the mandated children, youth or elders, due to their pre-ex- institutions were clearly evident. Clarity and isting social, economic and institutional stand- definition of roles and responsibilities first and ing. Damages and losses needs to be assessed foremost of the public institutions as well as and understood accordingly in order to prepare the media and private sector is required for ear- appropriately tailored recovery strategies. Spe- ly and sustainable recovery. cial attention should be drawn to the psycho- FIGURE 5: AFFECTED DS DIVISIONS BY FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES 2017 S O UR C E : P DN A T E AM 28  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T logical recovery of the disaster-affected people are insurance for housing reconstruction and simultaneously with the provision of physical asset replacement, budgetary reallocation, us- recovery assistance. For example, ensuring ear- age of the CAT-DDO for large infrastructure ly access to education would enable children to projects, loans or grants from multilateral and recover faster from the traumatic experience. bilateral agencies, or contributions and invest- Many of the displacement safety centres did not ments from the private sector. consider need based requirements, i.e. separate and closed toilets, adequate lighting, tents se- A variety of principles will guide the recovery cure with locks, community and psycho-social strategy, aiming at improving the quality of counselling services, etc. For recovery, it is im- recovery, ensuring equity and inclusion, and portant to take into account that more than 300 promoting risk reduction and long-term resil- thousand households are women headed in the ience. The recovery strategy is based on the re- affected areas, with implications in the access to silience- and sustainability-oriented “Building property, loans and assistance for housing and livelihoods recovery. The disaster-affected districts are economically Cross Cutting Productive Issues highly active in agriculture, trade and services Sector 3% 2% sectors. The formal and, particularly, the infor- mal sectors have developed in micro, small and medium size enterprises. Most of these estab- Infrastructure Sector Social Sector lishments do not have access to credit loans and 24% 71% will depend on the National Insurance Scheme for recovery. The employment sector was wide- ly affected particularly for day labourers in agri- culture, trade and services, since in addition to the direct damages the affected areas were cut off for over two weeks since 25 May 2017 un- til the access has been progressively opened in June and July 2017. Strategies to reactivate SME enterprises and informal sector activities is re- FIGURE 6: RECOVERY NEEDS BY MAIN SECTORS quired with consideration to providing oppor- SO U RC E : P D N A T E A M tunities for wage labour employment, cash for work, among others. 6. Recovery needs 80,000.00 The total recovery needs are estimated at LKR 60,000.00 118 billion. The sectors that require major amounts of financial resources are Housing, 40,000.00 Transport, Water & Sanitation and Agricul- ture. At the same time, to achieve a sustainable 20,000.00 recovery, an integrated implementation strat- egy inclusive of Social, Productive, Infrastruc- - Short Medium Long ture and Crosscutting sectors is a must. term term term The GoSL will lead the recovery and recon- FIGURE 7: RECOVERY NEEDS TIMELINE struction efforts. Options to fund the recovery S O U RC E : P D N A T E A M e x e cuti v e s ummary  29  Back Better” (BBB) approach. BBB interven- to ensure a sustainable recovery process, pro- tions are intended to strengthen disaster-risk moting changes in the social and economic management of the government and commu- investments under upgraded environmental, nities and reduce risks and vulnerabilities to inclusive and disaster risk reduction standards. future disasters, to catalyse the economy and Capacity strengthening at community and in- rebuild livelihoods, which are different from in- stitutional level has been taken into account in terventions that merely restore and resume to all sectors to reduce and prevent risks, as well as pre-disaster levels. to respond and recover in a more effective way. The time range for the short-term needs is until An overview of the recovery needs by sector is the end of 2017, while the medium-term needs given in the table 6.In correspondence with the are projected for the year 2018 and the long- estimation of effects, the recovery needs are term needs for the three years from 2019 to geographically concentrated in the districts of 2020. Early recovery needs are proposed to be Matara (particularly in housing, transport and addressed in the short term (12% of the total re- irrigation), Galle (housing, health and trans- covery needs) oriented to immediately restore port) and Kalutara (housing and transport). the social, institutional and economic activities. Considering the damages and losses related to Additional resources should be allocated in the landslides, Rathnapura requires major resourc- medium (32%) term to consolidate the recov- es in the medium term, oriented to housing ery process, addressing the housing, services, relocation, and consecutive reconstruction of livelihoods and infrastructure reconstruction. infrastructure, i.e. health, transport and water In the long term (58%) strategies are oriented and sanitation. TABLE 6: RECOVERY NEEDS FOR ALL SECTORS Total recovery needs Total recovery needs Short term Medium term Long term Sectors (MILLION LKR) (MILLION US$) Social Sectors Housing 1,987.62 24,290.71 55,014.76 81.293.09 541.95 Education 125.45 1,306.00 84.20 1,515.65 10.10 Health 80.00 624.30 257.55 961.85 6.41 Productive Sectors Agriculture 939 1,610 1,721 4,269.89 28.47 Industry & commerce 5 19.00 17.00 41.00 0.27 Infrastructure Sectors Irrigation 153 2,288 - 2,441 16.27 Water and sanitation 73.7 1,627 6,699.43 8,400.13 56.00 Transport 10,604.30 4,351.80 – 14,956.10 99.71 Power supply   554.00 1,566.00 2,120.00 14.13 Crosscutting issues Gender 33.43 61.5 5.00 99.93 0.67 DRR 163.50 443.00 778.00 1,384.50 9.23 Environment 303 530   833 5.55 Total LKR 14,468.00 37,705.2 66,142.94 118,316.14 788.77 Total US$ 96.45 251.37 440.95 788.77 1 US$ = LKR 150  30  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T FIGURE 8: MAP OF DISTRICT WISE (AVAILABLE) RECOVERY NEEDS IN TIME RANGES S OU R C E; PD NA T E AM 7. Conclusions and and appropriately used in planning and de- recommendations cision making. Systematic, regular and dis- The present assessment was developed between aggregated collection of hazards, risks and July and September 2017, involving public sec- vulnerability information and their use for tor ministries and entities, UN agencies and recovery and sectoral development planning NGOs, and the University of Colombo. The is of critical importance. participation of the UOC has been crucial as permitted an intensive data collection and pro- In the aftermath of the disaster, clear and cessing, which facilitated the analysis by the concrete disaggregated (in term of gender, leading sectors and supporting agencies. age, disabilities and socio-economic condi- tions) data is crucial to assist the most affect- From this assessment, some conclusions and ed population according to their capacities key recommendations oriented to enhance the and needs and to promote an immediate current recovery process and promote a more recovery. This information should be avail- sustainable and resilient development process, able at different levels representing issues of are as follows: a range of stakeholders such as; administra- tive levels, sector ministries and issues, pub- • Coordinated information collection and lic and private stakeholders. This will permit management: Information collection and designing sustainable recovery programmes management requires to be enhanced to re- and subsequent monitoring of the progress duce risks, to better prepare the population and impact. and to recover in a prompt and efficient way. The impact of this disaster would have been It is important to note that Post-Disaster lower if territorial and climate related data Data collection by different agencies will would have been collected, disseminated puts pressure specifically for local level of- e x e cuti v e s ummary  31  ficers during first few weeks of the disaster. the capacities of all stakeholder should be Therefore, it is necessary to have pre-disaster strengthened with appropriate regulations, baseline information which helps to identify technology, human resources and budget. In approximate status of affected population. all sectoral strategies strengthening knowl- To this end, an inter-agency coordinated edge and capacities for disaster risk reduc- data collection process and pre-defined for- tion must be considered as priority. mats by national and local level institutions is noted as a requirement. • Rethinking of development patterns un- der new environmental standards: The • Intersectoral coordination in interven- May 2017 floods and landslides has added to tions: Recovery is a complex process that re- the May 2016 situation of floods and land- quires involvement of all actors and sectors slides. There are also the consequences of in development. At this stage, each sector an on-going drought in several districts. In has come out with a set of specific recom- general terms, the risks to climate-related mendation to promote their own recovery events in the country are increasing. This process. Nevertheless, the impact of these situation urgently demands the re-visiting strategies will be much more effective if the and revision of the development processes, implementation is coordinated among all the public and private investments plans and stakeholders involved, using the resources programmes, and the current patterns of ur- and expertise of the GoSL, the civil society, ban and rural expansion. Land use planning the development partners and the private and their effective implementation is crucial sector. This will avoid duplication and help for preventing existing risks and the occur- address the gaps in unattended issues, areas rence of new risks and disasters. or population. • Focus on the most vulnerable commu- • Balance in all development areas: The nities. Poor people are more vulnerable to disaster has affected all aspects of develop- disasters since they live in risk prone areas, ment; the infrastructure sectors (water and having little assets and fragile livelihoods sanitation, power supply, transport and irri- with no/limited social security schemes. gation), the social sectors (housing, educa- Sometimes, damage to their livelihood is tion and health) and the productive sectors not captured in data collection (i.e. agri- (agriculture, fisheries, livestock, and indus- culture and daily labourers, self-employed try and commerce). Therefore, there should informal workers) and they have no access be an adequate balance when programming to insurance systems. Therefore, special at- and budgeting, and subsequently when tention should be paid for most vulnerable monitoring progress. The prioritization of people and relief and recovery programmes only a few sectors – i.e. only the infrastruc- shall focus to strengthen them in order to ture sectors may endanger an integrated, avoid the reconfiguration of risk conditions. sustainable and more resilient recovery. Attention in this regard is drawn to female headed households and to the productive • Focus on capacity strengthening for DRR, role women play in disaster recovery. particularly the local level: 2016 and 2017 disaster events demonstrated some critical • Strengthening preparedness, response weaknesses to prevent the accumulation and recovery capacities: Recovery process of risks. In order to promote a “building need to be oriented to reduce the risk con- back better” process and to reduce the gen- ditions in the areas affected by disasters, en- eration of new risks and vulnerabilities, couraging changes in development ­ patterns 32  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T in the medium and long term. Thus, im- psycho-social support. This is an important mediate preparedness capacities should be step towards supporting and facilitating enhanced in order to enhance capacity to DRR measures taken by the sectoral minis- respond more efficiently. The existing ear- tries and other main stakeholders. ly warning system require to be enhanced from the national to local level, and the • Engagement of the business sector: Tak- communities should be prepared to receive, ing into consideration the contribution of understand and react accordingly. Revit- the business sector extended in the post alising of District and Divisional Disaster disaster situation and the willingness ex- Management Committees (DDMC) with the pressed to play a more consistent role, it is participation of the all sectoral ministry rep- suggested to consider business sector en- resentation at the district and divisional lev- gagement in a well-coordinated manner, in- el are strongly recommended in this regard. cluding during non-disaster times. Village disaster management committees should be re-vitalised with a view to increase Post-disaster recovery capacities should also the engagement of the communities in di- be enhanced. This might include the infor- saster preparedness and response. mation system mentioned above together with a pre-disaster recovery framework, Equally important is to look into limitations which states the policies and strategies to be experienced in safe shelters responding implemented in the aftermath of a disaster. to the emergency requirements of diverse The pre-defined roles and responsibilities groups -infants, children, women, adoles- will also help to identify the capacities that cents and elderly, in preparing for future require to be enhanced at the national and emergency scenarios. Planning for safe local levels. shelters equipped with basic facilities and requirements well in advance is recom- • Monitoring recovery process and com- mended. munication. Finally, to ensure that the re- covery process is being properly planned Moreover, at the national level the roles and and implemented, a monitoring system responsibilities of relevant institutions in- should be put in place. The overall progress cluding MoDM, DMC, and NDRSC should and gaps might be periodically reviewed, be assessed, defined and enhanced. This and the activities and results should be ad- will be contributory to more efficient and equately communicated to the public. This well-coordinated preparedness, relief dis- will ensure transparency and accountability tribution and camp management including and minimise conflicts.   e x e cuti v e s ummary  33  SE CT O R REPORTS 34  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T SOCI AL SE C T O R social se ctor: HO U SI N G  35  1. Housing 1.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY of at-risk communities, caught in a vicious cy- The Housing, Land, and Settlements sector as- cle of poverty. The geographical distribution of sessment includes comprehensive study of the the number of houses damaged is provided in effect and the impact on the sector as a whole, Table 8 below. supporting and formulating effective recovery and response-related mechanisms, as well as The losses incurred include loss of rental in- recommending measures to increase the resil- come of owners of damaged houses, cost of ience of the aforementioned sector in the face emergency shelter support in the form of of recurrent hydro-meteorological disasters. maintenance of welfare centres, construction (Table 7) of transitional shelters, and the repair of emer- gency shelters and provision of tents, the pro- The total damage in the sector has been esti- vision of emergency cash grants, and finally, mated to stand at LKR 29.05 billion, losses at rental allowance allocated for fully-damaged LKR 1.99 billion, and total needs at LKR 81.29 and relocated houses. billion. In target districts, 77,309 housing units were damaged by the disaster, including 3,008 Recovery and reconstruction strategies in the fully-damaged units and 74,301 partially-dam- aftermath of the tragedy include: aged units. Over 80% of the damage was in ru- ral agricultural areas. The recurrent disasters 1) Provision of sustainable emergency shelter have had an adverse impact on the livelihoods assistance to affected households, includ- TABLE 7: EFFECTS AND NEEDS ESTIMATES S OU R C E: ND R S C DATA C O M P I L E D B Y P DN A T E AM LKR Million US$ million Damages 29,047.01 193.65 Effects Losses 1,992.53 13.28 Total Effects 31,039.54 206.93 Short Term 1,987.62 13.25 Medium Term 24,290.71 161.94 Needs Long Term 55,014.76 366.77 Total Needs 81,293.09 541.96 TABLE 8: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING DAMAGE S OU R C E: ND R S C # of houses damaged District Partial Full Total Kalutara 14,390 602 14,992 Ratnapura 12,345 803 13,148 Galle 18,888 445 19,333 Matara 27,686 1,015 28,701 Hambantota 992 143 1,135 Total 74,301 3,008 77,309 social se ctor: HO U SI N G  37  ing rental and repair grants, as well as the er-driver reconstruction approach, inclu- construction of transitional shelters for the sive of ‘Build Back Better’ standards. The most vulnerable. reconstruction of the permanent housing will be of the size which existed prior to the 2) Establishing a comprehensive housing disaster, and home-owners will be provid- and data management system to ensure an ed with the option of accessing sustainable updated inventory of housing and assets housing financing options in the long term. which can be effectively used in the devel- opment planning, assessment and verifi- 6) Revision of land-use plans, incorporating cation of damage during disasters, and in land zonation within the National Devel- the process of putting together assistance opment Plan, based on multi-hazard maps, packages. revision, and enforcement of construction planning and building regulations in the 3) Medium-term housing reconstruction districts targeted by this PDNA. support in the form of in-situ housing re- construction and repair in low flood-risk 7) Technical support to homeowners and locations, with insurance compensation builders engaged in reconstruction activi- augmented with grants for vulnerable ties through NBRO, NHDA and Technical households, and concessionary loans ad- staff from Divisional Secretariats to ensure ministered through the Ministry of Hous- the adherence to minimum DRR standards ing and Construction at the rate of LKR developed by NBRO and ‘Build Back Better’ 800,000 for fully damaged, and LKR principles. 200,000 for partially-damaged houses. Construction is to be primarily implement- Early recovery activities will be implemented ed through the owner-driven approach. by District and Divisional Secretariats with the facilitation of the National Disaster Relief Ser- 4) Medium-term housing reconstruction vices Centre, the UN and other humanitarian grant of LKR 1,200,000 per house affect- agencies. Reconstruction will be implemented ed or at areas facing a high risk of land- by the National Housing Development Author- slides, and LKR 400,000 land-grant or ity under the Ministry of Housing and Con- alternative land for relocation as per the struction, and the Ministry of Hill Country existing government policy. An amount New Villages, Infrastructure and Community of LKR 120,000 has also been set aside to Development in Plantations sector. The entire account for land preparation and basic in- process requires active collaboration with the frastructure cost. Construction modality National Building Research Organization, and can be owner-driven, community-driven or the National Disaster Relief Services, Centre of through the military, as is deemed appro- the Ministry of Disaster Management, and the priate. The purchase of a house and land up respective Local Government Authorities, and to a value of LKR 1,600,000 in a safe loca- District and Divisional Secretariats. tion has also been permitted. 1.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT 5) Residual housing reconstruction needs, AND BASELINE including the upgradation of damaged, im- The settlements in Sri Lanka are classified by provised and semi-permanent housing to the Department of Census and Statistics based permanent housing by following the ‘Build on their social, economic, and administrative Back Better’ principles. The reconstruction characteristics as urban, rural and estate. Sim- of permanent housing will follow an own- ilarly, the Department of Census and Statistics 38  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T has classified houses as permanent, semi-per- regulation have resulted in extensive illegal manent and improvised, based on the construc- construction in environmentally-sensitive and tion materials used. The total housing stock in at-risk areas. Sri Lanka is 20,359,439 units as per the 2012 Census of Population and Housing, of which 80 Insurance Cover for Houses and Con- percent is classified as permanent, 19 percent as tents: The National Disaster Relief Services semi-permanent, and less than 1 percent as im- Centre of the Ministry of Disaster Manage- provised. The total housing stock of Kalutara, ment formalized the National Natural Disaster Ratnapura, Galle, Matara and Hambantota Insurance Scheme, which was implemented districts is 1,228,036 units, of which 1,032,870 through the National Insurance Trust Fund (84.75%) housing units are permanent, 182,357 covering all common natural disasters in Sri (14.96%) are semi-permanent, 3,358 (0.28%) Lanka, excluding drought. It has been effective are improvised, and 173 (0.01%) are un-clas- from April 1, 2016. This Scheme, which was sified.6 The national demand for new houses amended in March 2017, covers houses and its is approximately 50,000 units per annum, belongings affected by natural disasters, ex- while the number of new houses constructed cluding drought. Houses valued above LKR 10 is approximately 30,000 per annum.7 The to- million, and those covered for disaster-relat- tal number of rented housing units in the tar- ed impact by other insurance companies are get districts is 17,819. Kalutara District has the excluded from the Scheme. In the assessment highest number of rented housing units (7,937), of damages, the maximum compensation for while Hambantota has the lowest (1,526).8 housing damage is LKR 2,500,000 per house per event as per the scheme.9 However, the lev- Governance: The Ministry of Housing and el of awareness of the general public regarding Construction is the key stakeholder at the na- this scheme is not adequate. tional level for housing, while the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils, Housing Finance: The Ministry of Housing and the Ministry of Mega-polis and Western plans to reach 50,000 low-income rural or Development are responsible for the admin- semi-urban households through its ‘Samata Se- istration of local governmental activities. The vana’ concessionary housing loans scheme.10 Ministry of Lands is responsible for the ad- As of now, the majority of housing loans are ministration of land-related matters in all areas provided by commercial lending institutions, except in estates, where the land is under the including banks at commercial lending rates. purview of the Ministry of Plantation Indus- However, the proof of land ownership and the tries. The welfare of estate communities is the ability to provide collateral, are limiting factors responsibility of the Ministry of Hill Country in accessing housing loans from commercial New Villages, Infrastructure, and Community lending institutions, particularly for house- Development, together with the Regional Plan- holds employed in the informal sector. tation Companies (RPCs). Although laws and regulations regarding housing and settlements 1.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS are comprehensive, the complexity of adminis- trative systems and capacity gaps in enforcing Destruction of Infrastructure and Effects 6. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/ CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/CPH_ 9. National Natural Disaster Insurance Policy of 2012_5Per_Rpt.pdf 31st March 2017 7. Ministry of Housing 10. http://www.nhda.lk/index. php/en php/en/ 8. Housing needs Assessment and Data Survey our-services/housing-loans 2016 – Ministry of Housing social se ctor: HO U SI N G  39  The floods and landslides of May 2017 affect- A high percentage of improvised and semi-per- ed 77,309 houses. 74,301 houses suffered from manent houses were affected by the disaster in partial damage and 3,008 were fully damaged rural areas, mainly due to flooding. These hous- (over 75% of physical damage). Of the total es had weak foundations, and walls were mainly number of houses affected, 71 houses were par- constructed out of wattle and daub, with poor tially damaged and 100 houses were fully dam- resistance to flooding. However, a high number aged due to landslides.11 In the aftermath of of permanent houses in rural areas were also the May 2017 disaster, 2,131 houses located in affected due to the intensity of the currents in areas at high risk from landslide damage were flood waters, as well as the landslides. identified by NBRO based on landslide suscep- tibility maps to be relocated, from a total of over The urban areas of Galle, Matara and Ratnapu- 15,000 households proposed to be relocated ra municipalities and Kalutara Urban Council from other high-risk areas in the country.12 areas were affected mainly by floods. These areas are frequently affected by floods due to Although the disaster affected urban, rural, the high density of construction in low-lying as well as plantation settlements in the target flood plains. Although the exact statistics are districts, the major impact was on rural settle- not available, a high percentage of houses con- ments. The rural settlements affected by floods structed in these areas are illegal constructions and landslides have low population density and encroaching on to reserved and water-retention are dependent on agriculture as the primary areas. While a high percentage of improvised economic activity. With limited access to physi- and semi-permanent houses were affected, cal infrastructure and services, they do not have permanent houses also got affected due to the means to access alternate means of livelihoods, prolonged duration of floods and the intensity thereby pushing them towards a life of abject of the currents. poverty. Agriculture, being highly vulnerable to climate-induced disasters, the poor farming Regarding the Estate sector, 341 houses were community is caught in a vicious cycle of pover- fully damaged due to the landslides in the Cen- ty due to recurrent disasters. tral and Uva Provinces. These houses were be- tween 200 -550 sq. ft. in size, and were owned 11. NDRSC, District and Divisional Secretaries 12. NBRO TABLE 9: DAMAGE AND LOSS ESTIMATES S OU R C E: N D RS C Type of damage No. of units Cost (LKR Million) Fully damaged 3,008 5,069.42 Damage Partially damaged 74,301 16,651.42 Household assets 77,309 7,326.23 Total Damage 29,047.07 Loss of rental 40 4.80 Debris clearing 77,209 415.13 Temporary shelter provision and rent allowance 77,309 818.80 Losses Emergency cash grant 72,891 728.91 Maintenance of safe locations (332 families) 24.90 Total Losses 1992.54 Total Effects 31,039.61 40  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T by the Regional Plantation Companies.13 These houses, or opted to live with host families main- houses are classified as semi-permanent (as in ly friends and relatives. A few welfare camps the case when it comes to line rooms), or per- for persons affected by landslides continued manent in the case of newly-constructed de- to function for a longer period of time in Rat- tached houses. napura and Matara districts. Families, whose houses were fully damaged, but who allowed to Inadequate early warning, the rapid onset of return to their home plots, were provided with the disaster, and prolonged duration of flood- tents or constructed improvised structures, ing in many affected areas, resulted in a high while those with damaged houses carried out degree of damage to life and household as- emergency repairs to make the houses habit- sets. The communities were not prepared ad- able. It is estimated that 40 rental houses were equately to respond to disasters due to lack of fully damaged from the disaster. Finally, the preparedness in terms of measures that were third category of renters (those without perma- to be adopted prior to the disaster. Moreover, nent or semi-permanent dwellings), as a gener- the local-level officials and humanitarian orga- al rule, continue to receive little assistance after nizations did not have the capacity to support the disasters, and face challenges in finding them. Therefore, the disaster-affected commu- alternative accommodation, while owners of nities opted to return to their original places rental houses suffer from loss of rental income. of residence or are staying with host families. It was observed that some families use the safe Water supply to Matara Municipal Council was locations for sleeping at night, while others disrupted as the pumping station upstream occupy them during the day, hoping to receive was inundated. This resulted in communities assistance.14 While tents are not a safe or du- in Matara town being unable to support flood rable option in local conditions, provision of affected households by providing accommo- transitional shelter assistance and emergency dation.15 Conflicts has been reported between shelter repair assistance when safe land is avail- some host families in Ratnapura, as the host able, and rental support, are key requirements. families did not receive any form of assistance, Moreover, removal of debris from damaged although they are burdened by the responsibil- houses is a crucial need. Many households have ity of providing accommodation to displaced salvaged reusable and recyclable materials for families.16 reconstruction. However, there needs to be a provision for the disposal of material that can- Economic Impact: Sri Lanka’s balance of not be reused in a sustainable manner, to pre- payments may be negatively impacted due to vent further environmental degradation. increased import of construction material including cement, steel and timber, as recon- 1.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON struction in the aftermath of the 2016 and 2017 DEVELOPMENT GOALS disasters will result in increased demands. Human Impact: Schools, places of worship, and other public buildings served as emergen- 1.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES cy shelters for people displaced by the disaster. Disaster Risk Reduction: Some landslide-af- However, in most districts, these facilities were fected households suffered loss of life and as- discontinued once the floodwater receded. Af- sets due to living in high-risk areas, although fected families returned to their own damaged alternative land for relocation was allocated to them. It was also evident that the location of 13. Ministry of Hill Country New Villages, Infra- structure and Community Development 15. Field observations 14. Field visits from shelter sector 16. Shelter sector field visits social se ctor: HO U SI N G  41  houses and commercial establishments in high- Environment: Poor patterns of land-use and ly flood-prone areas was a main causal factor practices have been highlighted by communities for severe damages to buildings.17 Poor qual- and professionals as factors that significantly ity of construction and structural designs that aided the impact of the disaster. Communities cannot withstand flooding and high winds, suf- attribute many landslides in Kalutara District fered from severe damage, as has been evident to uprooting of rubber plantations to provide in damage statistics.18 A detailed analysis of raw material for MDF manufacturing and con- damage indicates that a high percentage of im- version of forest land for tea cultivation in other provised houses and semi-permanent houses areas. In Matara District, unstable river banks, were affected due to the usage of construction which are a result of sand mining, resulted in material and techniques that offered poor resis- the uprooting of Bamboo bushes along the tance to flooding. In rural areas, it was observed banks by the force of flood waters, which help in that many wattle and daub houses were severely blocking path of the river in many places. Block- affected, whereas timber structures and mud ing of downstream waterways and construction walls have been completely destroyed. in water retention areas, have been attributed to prolonged flooding. Recovery and reconstruc- Gender and social aspects: Privacy for wom- tion may also pose threats to the environment, en and girls in living spaces, segregated sani- such as extensive harvesting of jungle poles tation facilities, including menstrual hygiene and bamboo for temporary construction, and management were major concerns in safe loca- illegal sand mining to meet increased demand tions/welfare centres, as these spaces were not during reconstruction. Inappropriate disposal specifically designed or prepared for the pur- of debris, including filling of low-lying water re- pose. Lactating mothers faced severe hardships tention areas and dumping in ecologically sen- in feeding their infants in these centres.19 Sim- sitive areas are of concern. Further disposal of ilarly, accessibility for the elderly and persons landslide-related debris is highly discouraged with disabilities was also a concern. Kitchens as it could destabilize the soil and result in ag- and toilets are the most damaged sections of gravating landslides and slope failures. the houses, which have negative implications for the daily activities of women and girls.20 Livelihood: In addition to loss of rental in- The absence of gender disaggregated data is a come due to housing damage, home-based live- critical concern, as it is crucial in determining lihoods have been affected due to loss of assets and providing need-based assistance to the af- and work spaces. Assessments are in progress to fected. analyse the damage to MSMEs including home- based livelihoods, which are covered by the Na- With reference to recovery, it is not clear how tional Natural Insurance Disaster Insurance the issues of landownership and house own- Scheme. Home-based livelihoods were affect- ership, accessing grants, loans, and insurance ed mainly due to loss of assets related to food schemes, have been addressed from a gendered preparation for selling, roadside shops selling perspective, specifically ownership and access daily requirements, and seasonal local products issues by women and girls, when they are not mainly operated by women. Other home-based the ‘Head of the household’. livelihoods that were affected include process- ing of agricultural produce including cinnamon and pepper, handicrafts making and tailoring, etc., due to negative impact on raw materials. 17. UN-Habitat field assessments 18. NDRSC 19. IOM Assessment Report 31st May 2017 20. UN-Habitat field assessments 42  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Home-based service industries such as vehicle Recovery Needs repair facilities have also been affected.21 Early recovery needs address immediate con- tingencies including life-saving shelter assis- 1.6. RECOVERY NEEDS tance and measures to ensure that affected AND STRATEGIES families do not remain homeless until per- Recovery needs (please refer estimation details manent housing assistance is provided. The in methodology for information of recovery major components of the medium-term and need calculation) long-term recovery strategy consist of housing reconstruction needs, including costs incurred in relocating landslide affected households and those in high risk locations, and the re- 21. Field visit observations by UN-Habitat placement of household effects damaged by TABLE 10: RECOVERY NEEDS ESTIMATES Duration Activity Cost (LKR.Million) Provision of 1472 tents @ LKR. 60,000 88.32 Construction of 601 transitional shelters @ LKR. 150,000 90.09 Emergency repairs for partially damaged houses 36,807 @ LKR. 15,000 per unit 552.11 Debris clearance for partially damaged houses 74,301 @ LKR.5000 + 2,908 fully 415.13 Short term damaged houses @ LKR. 15,000 (December 2107) Emergency cash grant from NITF for 72,891 households @ LKR. 10,000 728.91 Rent allowance for 3918 households @ LKR. 7,500 per month for 3 months 88.16 Maintenance of safe locations/welfare camps for 332 households @ LKR. 25,000 24.90 per month for 3 months Total early recovery needs 1987.62 Repair cost for housing damage for 74,301 flood affected houses @ LKR. 14,860.20 200,000 Reconstruction cost for 2 908 Fully damaged houses affected by flooding @ 2,326.40 LKR. 800,000 Reconstruction cost for landslide affected and high landslide risk houses (2,302 2762.40 houses @ LKR. 1,200,000) Land grant for relocation of landslide affected and high landslide risk families Medium term 920.80 (2,302 houses @ LKR. 400,000) (2018-19) Land preparation cost for 2302 plots @ LKR. 120,000 276.24 Technical support and monitoring of reconstruction (6% of total construction 1196.94 cost) Improvement to housing data collection and management system 15.00 Replacement cost of household assets for 77,309 houses @ LKR.25,000 1932.73 Total medium-term needs 24,290.71 Multi-hazard risk mapping for Western, Central, Uva, Sabaragamuwa and 50.00 Southern Provinces Development of physical and land use plans incorporating hazard maps and 20.00 Climate Change adaptation measures Long term Improving regulatory system for enforcement of building regulations as per the 10.00 (Annexure 6) physical and land use plans (2019 onwards) Mainstreaming DRR and Climate change adaptation measures into the 20.00 construction industry Addressing residual housing needs by including BBB principles and 54,914.76 replacement of household goods Total long-term needs 55,014.76 Total needs 81,293.09 social se ctor: HO U SI N G  43  flooding. Recovery needs have factored ‘Build landslide risks. The dissemination of minimum Back Better’ principles in order to bolster re- standards and construction guidelines among silience of affected communities in the face all stakeholders engaged in the reconstruction, of future hydro-meteorological disasters. The along with the provision of adequate technical needs which can be addressed with existing support, and close monitoring and certification and proposed government assistance pack- of construction quality are key when it comes to ages are classified as medium-term needs, ensuring that reconstructed housing is resilient while those to be addressed by the affected in the face of future disasters. households through self-recovery or access to sustainable housing finance are classified as Housing assessments and data management: long-term needs. The timely availability of adequate and accurate data required by all stakeholders in the housing sector, after the disaster, was a key challenge Recovery and Reconstruction Strategies faced both in 2016 and 2017. The lack of an up- All recovery and reconstruction strategies are dated housing database at the local level was a guided by the global development frameworks key challenge while validating the damages to to ensure that affected communities have im- housing and contents. The validity of data col- proved access to safe and inclusive housing and lected during assessment for National Disaster settlements with increased resilience. Key glob- Insurance compensation for damaged houses al development frameworks guiding the hous- and content, resulted in delays and disputes ing reconstruction strategies include: Goal 11 in pay-outs in 2016. According to the data re- of the Sustainable Development Goals; New leased by NDRSC, the type of data collected Urban Agenda 2030; Sendai Framework for and data collection methodologies have varied Global Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 among districts in 2017. Similarly, some of the and ‘Build Back Better’ principles. key data for the calculation of damages and losses in the Housing, Land and Settlements’ Although owner-driven approach with volun- chapter were based on assumptions and estima- tary relocation is recommended as the most tions. In 2017, the degree of partial damage to preferred option for housing reconstruction, houses was approximated at 12.5% by NDRSC, community driven housing in land allocated by based on the average compensation payout by the GoSL is another option in scenarios where the NITF for housing damage. This approxi- home owners lack the capacity to engage in mation raises concerns about the accuracy of the construction of their own houses in land- the approximation, as over 2,900 houses have slide-affected areas, particularly in the Estate been fully damaged by the floods. Therefore, a sector. In other instances, engaging the mili- low percentage of damage cannot be applied to tary in housing reconstruction in green field the remaining caseload, as there should be sev- resettlement sites for landslide-affected house- eral degrees in between 12.5% and 75%. There- holds should be considered as an alternative. fore, the establishment of annually updated However, ensuring the active participation of databases, and streamlining of assessments for affected communities including women in the insurance payments, are key to ensuring equi- decision-making process should be ensured table compensation for all affected persons in under this approach. The contractor-driven ap- the event of future disasters. Lastly, capacity proach should only be adopted as a last resort. building of all stakeholders involved in the data collection and management process and for- Low-risk Certification of resettlement sites malizing the system are primary requirements issued by NBRO for landslide-affected house- to ensure the equity as well as the sustainability holds is a pre-requisite to minimize future of the process. 44  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Early Recovery Strategies construction Strategies’ above, and further The closure of welfare centres, while ensuring elaborated in the 2016 PDNA Report, con- that affected households are able to find safe text-specific financing and reconstruction strat- temporary accommodation is the key require- egies have been outlined below. ment in the housing sector during the Early Recovery Phase. The GOSL will provide a rent • Financing reconstruction: allowance of LKR 7500 per month per fully damaged house or relocation to a safe loca- Compensation through the National Natural tion for a period of three months. NDRSC has Disaster Insurance Scheme will partially cover received 3,918 applications for rent allowance the cost of damage to housing and contents. from the target districts.22 However, it is un- However, these funds will not be adequate to likely that the demand for rental housing can cover all housing reconstruction needs incor- be met in rural areas, which accounts for the porating ‘Build Back Better’ features, including highest number of fully damaged houses. Al- structural disaster mitigation measures. Alter- ternative accommodation in the form of tran- native financing mechanisms funded by GoSL sitional shelters and emergency repairs should and or donors are required for housing recon- be provided for affected households. Recycling struction. The unit costs for the construction and reusing building materials, promoting the of a house was estimated based on the type of use of sustainably-sourced local material, the hazard and structural mitigation measures re- construction of upgradable transitional shel- quired in construction, along with ensuring eq- ters, and ensuring that transitional shelters are uity with other housing assistance programmes located in low-risk areas, are essential for sus- for disaster and conflict-affected communi- tainable early recovery. (Table 11) ties. The compensation paid out through the National Natural Disaster Insurance Scheme Medium-term Reconstruction is LKR 25,000 for replacement of household Strategies goods per house. It is expected that the remain- While the main housing reconstruction strat- ing replacement cost of goods will be borne by egies, such as voluntary resettlement, own- affected households through self-financing or er-driven housing, resettlement in green field Non-Food Items (NFI) support from donors. sites, community-driven reconstruction, con- struction by the military, and contractor driven • Flood-affected houses construction and their contextual applicability have been discussed under ‘Recovery and Re- The cost of reconstruction of a fully damaged house of 550 sq. ft. to minimum standards has been estimated at LKR 800,000 and a partial- 22. NDRSC ly damaged house at LKR 200,000 to ensure TABLE 11: EARLY RECOVERY IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Activity Implementing agencies Possible Source of funds UN-Habitat, IOM and other humanitarian Donors and UN emergency Construction of transitional shelters agencies funds UN-Habitat, IOM and other humanitarian Donors and UN emergency Temporary shelter repairs agencies funds Rent allowance NDRSC, District and Divisional Secretaries GoSL Emergency cash grant NDRSC, District and Divisional Secretaries NITF social se ctor: HO U SI N G  45  equity with housing assistance to other disas- and mainstreaming DRR and Climate Change ter-affected households. This amount is to be Adaptation in the construction industry as key partially compensated by insurance for the to integrating structural mitigation measures majority of affected households. It is proposed into construction. In addition, addressing re- that this amount be topped up to meet the esti- sidual housing needs to ensure that all affected mated cost, either through concessionary loans households have upgraded their houses inclu- to affected households, or grants to extremely sive of the ‘Build Back Better’ principles, to con- vulnerable households.23 It is recommended ditions surpassing those which existed prior to that the loans and grants be provided through the disaster, has also been considered. the Ministry of Housing and Construction on the same terms of existing programmes. Rethinking land use: Considering the in- creased frequency and intensity of flooding in • Landslide-affected houses and the target districts, it is essential that existing relocations due to landslide risk land use plans be revisited to assess the im- pact of climate-induced disasters and revised Compensation payments through insurance to minimize recurrent damage to housing will not be directly paid to landslide-affected and settlements. Formulation and revision of households. GoSL will provide a housing recon- multi-hazard risk maps for landslide and floods struction grant of LKR 1,200,000 for recon- is a main resource required for the revision of struction per house fully or partially damaged land-use plans. Considering the physical and by landslides, or those affected will be relocated economic vulnerabilities of affected rural areas, due to high risk. This will be supplemented by it is proposed that future plans for reconstruc- the provision of a plot of land in a low-risk area tion and development of these settlements con- or a land grant of LKR 400,000. A further LKR sider medium-density settlements in low-risk 120,000 per plot (30% of the land value) is re- areas with alternative employment and liveli- quired for site preparation and basic infrastruc- hood opportunities resilient to climate change ture provision in green field sites. However, this impacts and disasters, incorporating central- may be lower in instances where voluntary relo- ized environmental services to further reduce cation takes place. This model is being currently the risk of disasters. Revision of building regu- implemented in locations affected by the 2016 lations based on levels of risk, revised land-use landslides. In the Estate sector, affected house- plans, and strict enforcement, are critical for holds will be provided with 7 perches of land the sustained reduction of risks in all locations. instead of the aforementioned land grant.24 The purchase of land and a house in a safe lo- Addressing Residual Housing Needs: cation up to the value of LKR 1,600,000 is an- Housing needs which cannot be addressed other alternative as per the guidelines of NBRO. through the government’s assistance packages (Table 12) are included in the long-term reconstruction strategy. This includes reconstruction of all Long-Term recovery strategies affected houses by incorporating ‘Build Back The long-term reconstruction strategies for the Better’ principles. It is proposed that affected 2017 disaster emphasizes on capacity building, improvised and semi-permanent houses be upgraded as permanent houses with a min- 23. Extremely vulnerable households are catego- imum floor area of 550 sq. ft. to be equitable rized here as low-income households which are with other vulnerable communities affected either headed by minors, females, elderly or by disasters, including ethnic conflict. It is also consisting of persons with disabilities. 24. Ministry of Hill Country New Villages, Infra- proposed here that affected permanent houses structure and Community Development. be reconstructed and retrofitted to reduce their 46  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 12: MEDIUM TERM RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY Activity Implementing agencies Possible Source of funds NHDA, NDRSC, District and Divisional Repair of partially-damaged flood Secretaries, Local Government Authorities, NITF, GoSL, affected affected houses UN and development agencies and home households, donors owners NHDA, NDRSC, District and Divisional Reconstruction of fully damaged flood Secretaries, Local Government Authorities, NITF, GoSL, affected affected houses UN and development agencies and home households, donors owners NDRSC, NBRO, District and Divisional Relocation and reconstruction of Secretaries, Local Government Authorities, NITF, GoSL, affected landslide affected and high-risk houses UN and development agencies and home households, donors owners/ communities/military NITF, affected households, Replacement of household assets NDRSC, affected communities donors Improvement to housing data UNDP, UN-Habitat, Ministry of Housing GoSL, donors collection and management system TABLE 13: LONG-TERM RECOVERY STRATEGY Activity Implementing agencies Possible Source of funds DMC and Technical agencies with respect Multi-hazard risk mapping for Western, Central, to different hazards; Irrigation Dept., GoSL/Donors Uva, Sabaragamuwa and Southern Provinces NBRO, Coast Conservation Dept. etc. agencies, NPPD, Ministry of Mega polis and Development of physical and land use plans Western Development, UN-Habitat, incorporating hazard maps and Climate Change GoSL/Donors UNDP, Ministry of Local Government and adaptation measures Provincial Councils, UDA Improving regulatory system for enforcement of Ministry of Local Government and building regulations as per the physical and land Provincial Councils, Ministry of Mega polis GoSL use plans and Western Development, UDA UN-Habitat, Disaster Management Mainstreaming DRR and Climate change Centre, Ministry of Higher Education, adaptation measures into the construction GoSL/Donors Ministry of Vocational Training (NAITA, industry VTAs) Beneficiaries, Local Government Addressing residual housing needs Authorities, Technical service providers Beneficiaries/ banks (NHDA/NBRO), local banks social se ctor: HO U SI N G  47  vulnerability to future hydro-meteorological the respective Divisional Secretaries. Housing disasters. Replacement of household goods to type as per the census classification was used as their current value is also included in long-term the basis of estimation, together with the floor recovery strategies. The financing of long-term area of houses categorized into three categories needs can be achieved through self-recovery as given below: or improved access to sustainable housing fi- nance for affected households. It is highly rec- The size in each housing size was unified for cal- ommended that houses and townships affected culation purpose: by annual flooding be relocated to reduce their vulnerability. Ensuring the enforcement of no- • For less than 46.4515 m2 (500 sq. ft.): (Max build zones is also a priority for the sustainabil- size 46.3586 m2 + Minimum liveable size ity of relocation. (Table 13) 18.5806 m2) / 2 = 32.4696 m2 (350 sq. ft.) 1.7. IMPLEMENTATION • For with or above 46.4515 m2 and below STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY 92.903 m2 (500-1,000 sq. ft.): (Max size For effective and sustained implementation, 92.8101 m2 + Minimum 46.4515 m2) / 2 = the mandated agencies for housing National 69.6308 m2 (750 sq. ft.) Housing Development Authority (NHDA) un- der the Ministry of Housing and Construction, • For above 92.903 m2 (>1,000 sq. ft.): Ministry of Hill Country New Villages, and lo- 92.903 m2 (1,000 sq. ft.) cal governments should be the lead agencies. In order to ensure that construction incorpo- The damage was classified as partial -12.5% rates disaster risk reduction elements, agencies and fully damaged – not-repairable or > 75% with the required technical know-how such with consensus of NDRSC officials. The rates as NBRO, Central Engineering Consultancy for damage calculation of damages were based Bureau (CECB), State Engineering Corpora- on the rates provided by NBRO. Table 14 be- tion, along with the provincial set up as well as low provides a summary of rates calculation District and Divisional Secretariats should be for houses by type and size. The degree of dam- actively engaged. UN and other humanitarian age for fully damaged houses was estimated as agencies can be collaborative partners. 100%. 1.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY The housing damage was calculated by the fol- lowing equation: rate (LKR million) for house Estimation of damage to housing by type and size category * degree of damage (partial or fully) * = total damage (LKR million). Detailed data for housing damage was provided (Table 14) by NDRSC based on damage data provided by TABLE 14: SUMMARY OF RATES FOR CALCULATION OF DAMAGE BY HOUSING TYPE AND SIZE Type Improvised Housing (LKR) Semi-Permanent Housing (LKR) Permanent Housing (LKR) Size range (ft2) <500ft2 500≦x<1000 ft2 <500ft2 500≦x<1000 ft2 500≦x<1000 ft2 ≧ 1000 ft2 Rate/ ft2 (LKR) 460 480 1,160 2,590 3,620 3,620 Size used for 350 750 350 750 750 1,000 calculation (ft2) Bathroom 20,000 20,000 30,000 30,000 65,000 65,000 TOTAL 181,000 380,000 436,000 1,972,500 2,780,000 3,685,000 48  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 15: VALUE OF ASSETS (LKR) AS PER HOUSING TYPE AND SIZE Type Improvised Housing (LKR) Semi-Permanent Housing (LKR) Permanent Housing (LKR) Size range (ft2) <500ft2 500≦x<1000 ft2 <500ft2 500≦x<1000 ft2 500≦x<1000 ft2 ≧ 1000 ft2 Rate 15,000 45,000 75000 130,000 325,000 500,000 Household goods damaged house was estimated at LKR15, 000, Data for household goods was not available, ei- and LKR 5,000 per partially damaged house. ther in the Housing and Population Census of 2012, or the Household Income and Expendi- Temporary shelter ture Survey of 2012/13. Therefore, household 1,472 tents were provided by NDRSC to house- assets were calculated based on the value and holds whose houses were fully damaged. The assumption of the type of assets available by cost per tent was estimated at LKR 60,000 as housing size and type. It was assumed that all estimated by the shelter sector coordination the assets were partially damaged due to the in- team. The number of transitional shelters re- flux of water or debris even in minor damaged quired was calculated at 20% of the total num- houses. Therefore, an average of 50% of the val- ber of houses fully damaged and the cost was ue of assets was applied for all affected houses. estimated at LKR 150,000. The cost of emer- As there was no data on asset loss in undam- gency shelter repairs was estimated at LKR aged houses, the estimates have been assumed 15,000 by the shelter sector coordination team. as conservative. (Table 15) It was assumed that 50% of the partially dam- aged shelters required emergency repairs to make the house habitable. Estimation of Losses Rent allowance Loss of rental allowance The calculation of rent allowance was based The exact number of rental houses damaged was on the number of households who had applied not known. Moreover, as the urban areas, in all for rent allowance to NDRSC. The allowance is districts were severely affected by the disaster, the LKR 7500 per month per household for a peri- percentage of rental houses from the total hous- od of 3 months. ing stock in each district from the 2012 census was extrapolated to the number of fully damaged Emergency cash grant houses. This was done to arrive at an approxi- NRDSC figures were used to arrive at the num- mate figure for the number of rental houses dam- ber of households entitled for the emergency aged. An average value of LKR 10,000 was used cash grant of LKR 10,000. This is a one-time as the rental per month, and the period of rental payment to be deducted from the National Di- loss was assumed as 12 months. saster Insurance Compensation Payment. Cost of environmental Safe location management cleaning/ debris clearance The number of families in safe locations was ob- Debris cleaning was calculated for flood-af- tained from the Disaster Management Centre, fected houses, as it was considered dangerous and the cost per family was estimated at LKR to clear debris which was the result of the land- 25,000 for a period of 3 months for calculation slides. The rate for debris cleaning per fully purposes. social se ctor: HO U SI N G  49  Estimation of Needs • Land preparation cost for relocated plots @ LKR120, 000 (30% of land grant). Short-term needs: Debris cleaning, safe location management, • Housing grant for additional high provision of emergency shelter, rental, and landslide-risk families (1,861 Nos.) @ LKR emergency cash grant: The cost of these needs 1,200,000. was calculated as being equal to the loss in- curred for the same as given above. • Replacement of household goods at cost (equal to value of damage). Actual Housing Reconstruction Needs: The estimates for actual housing reconstruction, including replacement of household goods, Medium-term Needs: were based on incorporating ‘Build Back Bet- ter’ principles and maintaining equity with Construction of permanent houses other housing assistance programs. Estimates The following assumptions and guiding prin- are based on ensuring that the size and type of ciples were used for the estimation of housing house will be restored or upgraded from pre-di- reconstruction needs: saster conditions. In summary: Medium-term needs are calculated based on • All improvised houses affected are to be the GoSL’s existing and proposed assistance replaced with permanent housing of 550 sq. packages, because meeting all reconstruction ft. @ LKR 800,000 per house. needs are not practical through assistance pack- ages. • Semi-permanent houses < 500 sq. ft. with partial damage are to be upgraded to The estimates for reconstruction are based on permanent housing of 550 sq. ft. @ LKR the ‘Home Owner Driven Approach’ and do not 436,000 * 1.4, and fully damaged @ LKR include the contractor’s overheads. 800,000. All houses, fully or partially damaged by land- • Semi-permanent houses of 500-1,000 sq. slides and those in high-risk areas identified to ft. with partial damage @ LKR1, 972,500 be relocated will require a reconstruction grant *.5 to be upgraded to permanent housing, of an estimated LKR 1,200,000 as per Cabi- and fully damaged @ LKR 2,780,000. net approval (already obtained) to incorporate structural mitigation measures stipulated by • Permanent Houses of 500-1,000 sq. ft. NBRO. A land grant of LKR 400,000 has also Partial damage @ LKR 2,780,000 *.25, and been estimated for the relocation of these hous- fully damaged @ LKR. 2,780,000@1.1. es. LKR 120,000 (30% of the land grant) is re- quired for land preparation and provision of • Permanent houses >1,000 sq. ft.: Partial basic infrastructure in green field sites. damage @ LKR 3,685,000 *.25, and fully damaged @ LKR 3,685,000 * 1.1. No land grant has been provided for flood-af- fected houses as a majority of the houses will be • Land grant for 2,303 houses to be relocated constructed in-situ in the original place of resi- @ LKR 400,000 as per the government dence and the number of houses to be relocated policy. is not known. 50  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 6% of the housing reconstruction costs have providers for ‘Build Back Better’ and other tech- also been added as the cost for the provision of nical and social criteria: These costs are indica- technical support is in line with other govern- tive and are based on costs incurred for similar ment implemented programmers. activities. The cost of replacement of household assets Residual Housing Needs: The value of residual stands at LKR 25,000 as per the compensation housing needs = Total actual housing recon- package of NITF. struction cost inclusive of relocation cost and re- placement of household goods – medium-term housing reconstruction needs inclusive of relo- Long-term needs: cation costs and insurance compensation for Land-use planning, mainstreaming DRR in loss of household goods.   construction and capacity building of service social se ctor: HO U SI N G  51  2. Education 2.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The total recovery and reconstruction needs The PDNA for the education sector is a joint ex- for the education sector for the next three years ercise of the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) (fiscal years 2018–2020) using the principle of and development partners, and has been led by ‘Building Back Better’ is expected to cost LKR the Ministry of Education (MOE) with the as- 1,515.65 million. The recovery strategies and spe- sistance of UNICEF and other key stakeholder cifically short-, medium- and long-term needs agencies. are described in the main text. This assessment covers pre-schools and gen- 2.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT eral school education (grades 1–12). Both ed- AND BASELINE ucation sectors suffered damages and losses in Kalutara, Ratnapura, Galle, Matara and Education System Hambantota districts. The chapter provides Sri Lanka has around 17,023 Early Childhood estimates of the recovery and reconstruction Care and Development (ECCD) centres with needs using the principle of ‘Building Back 29,341 teachers, catering to 475,617 children Better’. The damages and losses for the sector aged between three and five years. Around 84 have been calculated based on the data and percent of these centres are either under private information provided by the MOE, Provincial management or run by Non-Governmental Or- Education Offices and pre-school authorities ganisations (NGOs) and other non-government in the affected areas. UNICEF supported the entities. On average, ECCD centres are resource MOE in this exercise, specifically in the drafti� constrained and inadequate lacking in teaching/ ing of the report, and gathering relevant in- learning materials, classroom arrangement, and formation from district education offices to teacher qualifications. In particular, the centres supplement the data provided by the MOE. have limited materials and equipment for in- door use, and are clearly deficient in terms of the Due to the floods, a total of 382 pre-schools have provision of facilities for children with disabili- been affected, out of which 118 pre-schools are ties or those with learning difficulties. located in Matara, 113 in Ratnapura, 90 in Kal- utara, 59 in Galle and 2 in Hambantota district, General education in Sri Lanka is delivered in affecting approximately 11,460 students. The four stages – the first two stages of education, damage to preschool buildings, furniture, learn- lasting nine years, comprise basic education. ing materials, stationery and utensils has been Primary education is the first stage of general estimated at LKR 23.60 million. education and lasts for five years (grades 1-5 for children aged 5-10). At the end of grade 5, there The net value of the total damages and losses to is an examination, the Grade 5 Scholarship Ex- the education sector has been estimated at LKR amination, which is taken by the majority of 1417.80 million at pre-disaster prices. Of this, children. The results are used to provide modest the damage to infrastructure and physical assets bursaries for poor children to enter the schools is LKR 1,084.8 million. Overall, the public sec- most in-demand. The second stage is junior tor suffered more in terms of damages and loss- secondary school (grades 6-9 for children aged es when compared to the private sector. More 11-14), for which there is automatic promotion. specifically, of the total impact, 96 percent ac- Post-basic education begins with upper second- crues to the public sector, and only 4 percent to ary school, covering grades 10-11 for children the private sector. aged 15-16. This includes the General Certifi- social se ctor: education  53  cate Examination (GCE) Ordinary Level, which which tend to be small and concentrated in the is the end point of secondary education. En- rural provinces. There are more than 230,000 rolment in Advanced Secondary Education teachers employed by the Government and for grades 12-13 is subject to performance at a majority of the teachers are professionally the Ordinary Level. The educational needs of qualified. All schools provide male and female out-of-school children are addressed through students, and teachers, with access to improved Non-Formal Education (NFE) programmes. water and sanitation facilities segregated by There is a NFE branch in the MOE, which fo- sex, in-line with the standard ratios and norms cuses on the needs of disadvantaged groups of the country. in society, such as out-of-school children and non-literate adults. Education Financing The country has a population of 4.1 million The majority of children (93%) attend gov- school children (grades 1 to 13), representing ernment schools. In 2015, there were 10,144 nearly 20 percent of the total population. How- schools. A majority of them were state funded, ever, the expenditure on education as a share of 98 privately funded and 743 Pirivena schools the total government expenditure has declined which are primarily for Buddhist monks. There rapidly from 11 percent in 2006 to 9 percent in are two national languages and English has 2011. The total government expenditure on ed- been coined the link language. Accordingly, ucation as a proportion of GDP has also declined the medium of instruction can be Sinhala or from 2.7 percent in 2006 to 1.7 percent in 201225. Tamil and for a small minority English (1.4%). This is the smallest share of public investment in Schools are classified according to type, based education among the countries in the region, as on the terminal grade in the school and the well as lower-middle-income countries. Of this courses offered. There are four types of schools funding, 32 percent is for primary education, classified as follows: and 50 percent for secondary education, reflect- ing the fact that primary education has never · Type 1AB: Senior secondary schools with had a high priority.26 The allocations are mainly classes from grades 1-13 or 6-13 offering used for recurrent expenditures such as salaries GCE Ordinary Level, and Advanced Level (75%) and only 20 percent on quality. Howev- subjects in the Arts, Commerce and Science er, following the Presidential Election in Janu- streams; ary 2015, the Finance Minister of the National Unity Government, during the interim budget · Type 1C: Senior secondary schools with speech, stated that “The Government will intro- grades 1-13 or 6-13 offering GCE Ordinary duce initiatives to increase educational spend- Level, and GCE Advanced Level subjects in ing gradually to a more desirable level in order the Arts and Commerce streams; to reach the expected 6 percent of the GDP”. Household expenditure on education is signif- · Type 2: Secondary schools with classes from icant in Sri Lanka. The percentage distribution grade 1-11 or 6-11 offering GCE Ordinary of average monthly household expenditure on Level; education in 2009/2010 was 5.6 percent.27 Due to the high cost incurred by families, children · Type 3: Primary schools from grades 1-5; from lower-income quintiles are more likely to and occasionally a grade span of 1-8. drop out of school. Almost all schools offer primary education (96 25. UIS UNESCO 2015 %), and only Type 3 schools are self-contained 26. World Bank 2013 primary schools. There are 3,877 of this type, 27. Central Bank of Sri Lanka 54  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Access to Education the two languages: The all-island mean value In Sri Lanka, the enrolment rate for Early for the Sinhala language is 64.56. Disparity Childhood Education (ECE) (children aged be- in achievement prevails, with approximately tween 3-5 years) has increased in recent years. 15.3 percent of students scoring below 40, and However, the Household Expenditure Income 20 percent of students scoring between 80-89 and Expenditure Survey (HEIS 2009/10) in- marks. The all-island mean value for the Tam- dicate that only 46 percent of 3-5 year olds are il language at national level is 58.28. Disparity enrolled in pre-school. In the sectors of prima- in achievement prevails with approximately ry and lower secondary education,28 Sri Lanka 30 percent of students scoring below 40, and has achieved close to universal participation. 17 percent of students scoring between 80-89 The primary education net enrolment rate marks. When the achievement in mathematics (2012) is 93.8 percent, with gender parity,29 is considered, the national level mean is 60.32. and the survival rate to Grade 5 is 97.39 percent, Disparity in achievement prevails with approx- with boys (96.86 %) trailing slightly behind girls imately 20 percent of students scoring below (97.93%). Net enrolment at the secondary level 40, and 40 percent of students scoring above (2012) is lower, at 85.4 percent (87.5% girls and 70. When it comes to the pre-school sector, 83.4% boys). The percentage of out-of-school there is disparity in access to resources among children at the primary level is low, estimated to urban, rural and the estate sector as it is mainly be at 1.9 percent (1.9%male and 1.8% female).30 financed by the non-government and civil soci- This amounts to an estimation of 103,178 chil- ety organizations. The pre-schools in the rural dren, out of primary school. Children of prima- and plantation sector have fewer resources than ry age who are out of school are more likely to the pre-schools in the affluent urban areas. be from the Estate sector rather than rural or urban areas,31 and are likely to be girls or boys Central and Uva Provinces are also low per- from poorer families. formers due to the presence of a large tea estate population, which has been identified as one of Equity the most disadvantaged population groups in Striking disparities across regions are evi- terms of poverty and social development indica- dent in terms of school facilities, teacher com- tors, including education. Seven plantation dis- position and quality of service delivery, but tricts are spread across three provinces (namely, research studies have not been undertaken to Central, Uva and Sabaragamuwa) in the middle assess these and provide robust quantitative part of the country. Around 230,000 families and qualitative data. Rural secondary schools, (900,000 people) live on tea estates in these particularly in remote areas, have difficulty in provinces representing five percent of the total attracting qualified teachers. There are strik- population. According to the HIES 2009/10, ing disparities between provinces in learning the estate sector has the highest poverty head outcomes. According to the National Educa- count index (11.4 percent) as compared to ur- tion Research and Evaluation Centre (NEREC) ban (5.3 percent) and rural (9.4 percent) areas. study on the achievement of learning outcomes Low educational attainment in these provinces of grade 4 students in 2013, the overall perfor- is highly associated with the higher incidence of mance in first language differs according to poverty. 28. Department of Census of Statistics 2013, 2.3. POST-DISASTER Household Income and Expenditure Survey EFFECTS 2012/13 This section describes the effect of damages 29. UIS 2015 30. UNICEF 2013 and losses resulting from the flooding on the 31. UNICEF 2013 education sector. It includes analysis regarding social se ctor: education  55  the total or partial destruction of infrastructure 62 schools have reported full damage to school and assets; disruption of service delivery and buildings, while 248 schools have suffered from production of goods and services; disruption partial damages to flooring, roofing, walls, fenc- of sector governance; and emerging risks and ing, and water and sanitation facilities. Furni- vulnerabilities. (Table 16) ture used by students, teachers and officers has been damaged in all 336 schools. Equipment Due to flooding, a total of 382 pre-schools were belonging to computer labs, science labs, home affected, out of which 118 were in Matara, 113 science units, aesthetic rooms, sports units, in Ratnapura, 90 in Kalutara, 59 in Galle and 2 and audio video units, has also been damaged in Hambantota district affecting approximate- as water levels went up in the schools. ly 11,460 students. The damage to pre-school buildings, furniture, learning materials, sta- In addition, 3 Technical College, 3 Vocational tionary and utensils has been estimated at LKR Training Authority Centres, 5 National Youth 23.60 million. Corporative Centres, and 1 National Youth Ser- vices Council Centres have also suffered dam- The net value of the total damages and losses to ages amounting to LKR 14.6 million. the education sector is estimated at LKR 1417.8 million at pre-disaster prices. Of this, the dam- The National Building Research Organization age to infrastructure and physical assets is es- (NBRO) has recommended the relocation of 4 timated at LKR 1084.8 million. Overall, the schools due to their location in high-risk areas public sector suffered more damages and loss- susceptible to floods and landslides. es when compared to the private sector. More specifically, of the total impact, 88 percent ac- Effects on production of goods and crues to the public sector and only 12 percent to services and access to services the private sector. A majority of the affected schools could not function for 1 week from May 29 to June 5, A total of 336 schools have also been dam- 2017. However, 15 schools in Sabragamuwa, 29 aged to varying degrees out of a total of 2,122 schools in the Southern Province and 10 schools schools in the Kalutara, Ratnapura, Galle, in the Kalutara district were reopened for school Matara and Hambantota districts. While some activities only after 2-3 weeks. In addition, the schools suffered substantial damages to their floods also caused 49 schools to be used as tem- physical infrastructure, other schools experi- porary shelters to house the displaced persons. enced minor damages to infrastructure, along A majority of them (26) were located in Ratna- with damages to assets and equipment. The dis- pura, 11 in Kalutara, 2 in Galle, 7 in Matara and trict-wise breakdown of damages is presented 3 in Hambantota. This disrupted normal school in the Table 17. activities of the children for 2-3 weeks. These children though, were provided with facilities to While Kalutara, Ratnapura and Matara dis- attend nearby schools. Some displaced persons tricts suffered the most damage to schools are still using a few school ground premises as ranging from 16–33%, in financial terms, Rat- IDP camps. In Ratnapura district, 3 Temporary napura district recorded the highest damage Learning Centres have been erected as schools to infrastructure and physical assets of govern- have suffered damages. ment schools, followed by Kalutara and Matara districts respectively. In their respective dis- Effects on sector governance tricts (33-16%), Galle and Hambantota districts functions and systems recorded less than 6% damage to the numbers No major damages were reported to Govern- of schools. ment offices including education administra- 56  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 16: POST-DISASTER EFFECTS (DAMAGES AND LOSSES BY PUBLIC/PRIVATE MANAGEMENT) Disaster effects Assumption /Comments LKR million Public Private Total Damages to infrastructure and assets Cost of fully damaged schools 62 school buildings fully damaged 620 0 620 248 schools partilly damaged: floors, roof, walls, Cost of partially damaged schools 171.5 76.4 247.9 fencing and water and sanitation facilities Furniture used by students, teachers and officers Cost of damage to furniture 40.3 57.3 97.6 damaged in all 336 affected schools. Equipment of the Computer lab, Science lab, Cost of damage to equipment Home science unit, Aesthetic room, Sports unit 201.5 0 201.5 and Audio video units have been damaged Damages to 382 pre-schools, furniture and Cost of damage to pre-schools 0 23.6 23.6 learning materials. Damages to 3 Technical Colleges, 3 Vocational Cost of damage to technical, Vocational Training Authority Centres, 5 National Youth Co- 14.6 0 14.6 and Youth centres. operative Centres and 1 National Youth Services Council Centres. Loss due to disruption in service delivery / Production of goods and services All 336 affected schools had to be cleaned up Cost of cleaning up/ debris removal removing the debris, mud and silts collected at the 20 5 25 school premises. 49 schools were used as IDP camps during the Cost of repairs to schools being used as first two weeks of the flooding and hence needed 58.8 0 58.8 IDP camps minor repairs to make it ready to begin normal school activities. Cost of erecting Temporary Learning 3 temporary learning centres were erected in 3 4.5 0 4.5 Centres at schools schools in the Ratnapura district Cost of uniform, text books and Ministry of Education took immediate measures to stationary and other materials delivered replace lost uniform, text books and stationery for 88.8 10.3 99.1 to affected students. students in affected schools Loss due to Increasing risk and vulnerability Cost connected with prevention of water borne diseases such as the dengue and Cleaning up drainage system, schools’ grounds 25.2 0 25.2 diarrhoea through cleaning the schools and repairs to WASH facilities environment TOTAL   1245.2 172.6 1417.8 Damages 1245.2 Losses 172.6 TOTAL 1417.8 TABLE 17: PROPORTION OF DAMAGED SCHOOLS BY DISTRICT District Total number of schools Total number of damaged schools % Kalutara 417 136 33.0 Ratnapura 592 94 16.0 Matara 364 71 20.0 Hambantota 319 18 6.0 Galle 430 17 4.0 Total 2,122 336 social se ctor: education  57  tion structures except for one Zonal Education suffered so many losses, a new and unfamiliar Office. environment is an added source of stress. Most affected children lost schooling and resource Increased risks and vulnerabilities materials, including their notes, as well as their Prior to the disaster, the NBRO had declared uniforms and shoes, which resulted in many that many schools in Kalutara and Ratnapu- children not being sent to school even in cases ra districts are located in high landslide-risk where they could return. Children living in dis- areas and were in need of urgent relocation. placement centres have the added difficulty of Therefore, NBRO suggested that these schools lack of privacy and space to study or do home- should not continue providing education ser- work, as well as transportation difficulties in vices given the existing risk of landslides in the accessing the school. The effects of these chal- area. However, until permanent solutions are lenges will be felt strongly by those who sit for reached for the relocation of these schools, in- GCE A/L and O/L examinations in 2017. cluding the identification of alternate and safe land areas, and resources for school construc- The overall impact of the disaster on the devel- tion, many children continue to attend these opment goals of the sector can be seen in the schools despite the risks involved. very low school-attendance rates during the early post-disaster period. In addition, many In addition, students of the 47 schools used children reported that it was difficult to con- as temporary shelters, irrespective of whether centrate on their studies given the stressful they were directly affected by the disaster or situation they were living in, while facing an not, lost almost a month of schooling. Cur- uncertain future. rently, those who continue to be displaced in the affected districts are housed in temporary 2.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES camps with support from the Government and According to some officers in the floods affect- humanitarian agencies, thereby avoiding any ed areas, there was a Disaster Risk Reduction disruption to schooling and education services. (DRR) plan after the 2004 Tsunami, active for a few years, which became inactive later. The 2.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON affected people have reported that they did not DEVELOPMENT GOALS receive any information on the heavy rainfall Children have been affected in different ways experienced in the night before the floods, as by the floods and landslides in each district. The well as no early warning regarding the impend- disaster has caused a loss of life or injuries, and ing floods. Even though an early warning for has left many families in extremely difficult sit- the landslide had been issued to cover the en- uations with inadequate or a complete lack of tire Rathnapura district, people were not able shelter, limited livelihood opportunities, and to assess the level of risk due to the landslide af- disrupted schooling. For most children living fecting their own village. In a few cases, due to in such conditions, returning to school pro- the breakdown of all types of communication, vides the only semblance of normalcy in their no warning could be disseminated, and or ac- lives. However, while some were able to return cessed in vulnerable areas. to schools which were not or only partially dam- aged, many others could not, particularly in cas- It is also evident that a majority of the affected es where the school was significantly damaged schools located in flood-prone areas did not have or used to house displaced persons. This meant or were unable to take part in, and implement a significant disruption to the children’s edu- school-safety plans as part of their DRR strate- cation, and for many, having to attend another gies to minimise the damage and loss caused by school in the area. At a time when children have recurrent flooding. School safety planning em- 58  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T powers the school community, particularly the Education is generally not prioritized during students, to be actively engaged in discussions disaster response and reconstruction, due to around disaster risks and mitigation measures, lack of data (sex, age and ability disaggregated as well on as how to stay safe, in their school, as data) on damages caused by floods and land- well as in their homes. The reports that children, slides on the sector, particularly, data regarding particularly adolescents, felt disengaged in the the number of school children who were af- response and recovery process, and uncertain fected (deaths, injuries, loss of family member about their future, meant that such school safety or house, loss of education material, etc.) and and DRR discussions had not taken place in their their needs. Access to information on age, sex schools or community. and ability disaggregated related data in the initial phase of the disaster enables the relevant The disaster could impact the education of stakeholders to mobilize resources and provide both boys and girls in the Estate sector, based relief assistance based on the actual needs. One on the fact that children in these areas are al- major reason for limited humanitarian funds ready more at-risk of dropping out of primary allocated by international and national donor school, compared to other parts of the country, agencies to the education sector has been lack due to issues of poverty and high household ex- of reliable data in the initial phase when deci- penditure incurred on education. Due to high sions for said donations were made. cost being borne by families as a result of the disaster, children, particularly girls, from lower 2.6. RECOVERY NEEDS income quintiles, could drop out of schools to AND STRATEGIES support their families by taking up alternative livelihoods. It is, therefore, recommended that Priority recovery and school enrolment rates be monitored in dis- reconstruction needs: tricts that have been affected by the disaster, in- This section describes the short-, medium- and cluding the Estate sector. Additional measures, long-term priority recovery and reconstruction such as alternative livelihoods for parents and needs with an estimate of resources required school feeding programmes can be effective to ‘Build Back Better from multi-hazards’ per- in lowering the rate of school drops outs. In spective. The estimation of needs covers the en- addition, mothers living in transitional camps tire sector, and includes the needs of the private reported difficulties in finding transportation sector as well. It is estimated that the education to take their children to school, and for other sector’s recovery plan will require LKR 1,515.65 classes that are located in their former village. million to implement the planned activities in In some cases, the distance between the camp the short-, medium- and long-term basis, as ex- and their former village means that children plained below. (Table 18) have to take several buses to get to school or have to walk in the dark through unfamiliar 2.7. IMPLEMENTATION areas. This poses protection related risks and STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY many mothers expressed these concerns, par- ticularly for their young daughters. Some wom- Short-term needs (for the en also reported that inadequate toilet facilities remainder of 2017) for displaced women and girls had caused se- These needs include the immediate ones that rious threat to their safety as they had to go to are required to be fulfilled to resume the deliv- forest areas to relieve themselves in the dark be- ery of education services until reconstruction cause they didn’t want to be seen. and rehabilitation of permanent structures is completed. social se ctor: education  59  TABLE 18: RECOVERY NEEDS WITH COSTS AND TIMELINE Costs (LKR million) Recovery needs Assumption /Comments Short Medium Long term term term Infrastructure and assets recovery Authorities prioritised the resumption of education services within a shortest possible timeframe. This has been commendable despite many challenges on the ground. Resumption of education services 0 0  0  Currently, all the affected children have access to their pre-schools/ schools except few students who have been admitted to nearby schools All the affected students have been provided with necessary Provision of uniform, textbooks and text books, uniform, stationery and schools bags by now. 15.0 0  0  teaching-learning materials However, further gaps in provision will be fulfilled on a priority basis Replacement of damaged furniture for teachers, officers and Provision for lost furniture 50.4 0  0  students Repairs to damaged pre-schools and Repairs to 382 damaged pre-schools and replacement of replacement of lost furniture and 33.95 0  0  lost furniture and learning materials. learning materials Devise a mechanism to closely follow Devise a mechanism to closely follow up on school dropout 5 0 0 up on school dropout and make sure to reintegrate them into school system Replacement of damaged equipment and learning materials and equipment for Computer and Science labs, Home Provision for lost equipment. 0  258.1 0  science units, Aesthetic rooms, Sports unit and Audio video units. Reconstruction of partially damaged Repairs to 336 partially damaged schools.  0 362.0  0 school buildings. Construction of schools recommended Construction of 66 new school buildings, subject to for relocation and fully damaged Government policy decision. (4 schools need relocation, 62 0  660.0 0  schools. fully damaged schools need reconstruction) Repairs to 1 Technical College, 3 Vocational Training Repairs to damaged Technical, Authority Centres, 5 National Youth Co-operative Centres 0  24.5  0 vocational and Youth service centres and 1 National Youth Services Council Centre Teachers and school Development Committee/pre-school management committee members will be trained on best Provide psychosocial support to practice in psychosocial support for affected children and 21.1 1.4 1.4 affected students and families. their parents; an action plan drawn and implemented at 336 schools and 382 affected pre-schools. Review of existing curriculum and A local consultant will be engaged to review and make textbooks with DRR and resilience 0  0  2.4 recommendations. perspective. Promote DRR related outdoor action Related materials: teachers guide, story books, and posters oriented project work for primary, 0   0 9.5 will be developed to facilitate this process secondary and A/L students. Strengthen disaster preparedness and response at the school and community Capacity building workshops at provincial, zonal and  0 0  8.6 level through school-based/community divisional level. based DRM training and planning. Improving existing policies, guidelines An International consultancy will be sought to review and systems for better safety and DRR existing schools safety guidelines and provide 0  0  2.6 preparedness in schools. recommendation to conform to international standards. Undertake school vulnerability The assistance of DMC and NBRO will be sought for mapping for all types of hazards and technical support to undertake vulnerability mapping for all 0   0 57.3 develop a central data base or link it schools. with existing EMIS system To establish an information management system (data Develop an information management collection, analysis, dissemination and usage) on school system at MOE along with a national vulnerabilities. Data collections tools along with roles and 0  0  2.4 data base to track damages and loss in responsibility for emergency focal points and a reporting case of an emergency mechanism will be established. TOTAL   125.45 1306 84.2 GRAND TOTAL   1515.65 60  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Both in pre-schools and Government schools Medium-term needs, 2018 (both Primary and Secondary), the short-term (1 year) needs include: Medium-term needs will be dominated by the reconstruction of damaged buildings and allied · Resumption of education services, ensuring that services. This will require reviewing and revis- all affected students have access to quality ing existing legal and oversight mechanisms education in pre-schools and government for strengthening and ensuring safety in all schools, including children with disability types of educational facilities. and learning difficulties, as well as ensuring temporary solutions to continue education · Devise a mechanism to closely follow up on school in nearby schools in cases where school dropouts due to the recent disaster, and make buildings have been heavily damaged. Ad- sure to reintegrate them into school system. equate precaution needs to be taken to en- sure that the new schools are within easy · Provision for replacement of lost equipment and access to all students with special attention learning materials for computer and science on the routes, away from potential threats, labs, home science units, aesthetic rooms, especially the risk of gender-based violence sports units, audio video units with suffi- (GBV). cient consideration for children with dis- abilities and learning difficulties. · Provision of uniforms, textbooks and teach- ing-learning materials based on a survey of af- · Reconstruction of 336 partially-damaged school fected schools identifying gaps in this area, buildings after assessing the needs of rele- including children with disabilities and vant school buildings, including safety and learning difficulties. DRR features, and replacing lost assets with special consideration on the needs of chil- · Provision for lost furniture to replace damaged dren with disabilities and learning difficul- furniture for teachers, officers and students. ties, and ensuring separate, secure, hygienic and private washroom facilities for boys and · Repairs to damaged pre-schools, and replacement of girls. lost furniture and learning materials in 382 dam- aged pre-schools with specific focus on chil- · Construction of schools previously recommended dren with disabilities and learning difficulties. for relocation as well as fully damaged schools in 66 units using principles of ‘Building Back · Provision for psychosocial support to affected Better’, including disaster resilience tech- children and their families in schools and at the nology, better learning environment, and community level to help them cope with the quality services with special consideration stressful situation and to equip them with on the needs of children with disabilities the skills they need to be resilient, so that and learning difficulties, along with ensur- they can begin rebuilding their lives, with ing separate, secure, hygienic and private specific focus on children with disabilities washroom facilities for boys and girls. and learning difficulties. · Repairs to technical, vocational and youth service centres with special provision for disabled persons. · Provide continuous provision for psychosocial support to affected children and their families in social se ctor: education  61  schools and at the community level to help · Improvement of existing policies, guidelines and them cope with the stressful situation and systems for better safety and DRR in pre- equip them with the skills they need to be schools and Government schools. resilient, and to start rebuilding their lives. Create awareness and build the capacity · Undertake school vulnerability mapping for all of the students within the already-affected types of hazards and develop a central data schools regarding possible threats to their base or link it with existing EMIS system. lives and also help build their preparedness capacity. · Develop an emergency response and preparedness mechanism at MOE along with a national da- tabase to track vital data on the impact of Long-term needs, 2019-2020 disasters on students, damages, and loss in (2 years) case of an emergency. This phase will focus on long-term development issues, particularly in developing a nation-wide The Ministry of Education (MOE) will im- policy and implementation plan for education plement the planned activities using its own safety across the country. Adequate policies resources in collaboration with UN agencies, and measures will be needed to be put in place NGOs and Community Organizations. to carry out the multi-hazard preparedness of education institutions, along with investing in In the recovery strategy, special attention will making buildings resilient to different types have to be paid to assisting the children with dis- of disasters. In the long term, all education in- abilities and learning difficulties, who have been stitutions need to be built on the principle of affected by the disasters. In all construction-re- ‘Build Back Better’ in-line with the best interna- lated work, either in repairs to partly-damaged tional practices of school safety. school buildings and in the reconstruction of new school buildings in cases of fully damaged, · Review of existing curriculum and textbooks or schools that are recommended for relocation with DRR and resilience perspective overseen due to their presence in high-risk locations, fo- by a local consultant. Building of a culture of cus should be on the fact that they need to be resilience in the education sector, including made disabled friendly. Special learning equip- the incorporation of Disaster Risk Reduc- ment for disabled children must be considered tion and resilience into curricula in primary when replacing lost equipment in schools with education, pre-school education, and teach- damaged infrastructure. Community-based er-training modules. rehabilitation approaches should take prece- dence when planning and implementing activ- · Promote DRR related outdoor action oriented ities for children with disability and learning project work for primary, secondary and A/L difficulties. Separate WASH facilities need to be students. constructed considering the needs of boys and girls separately. Adequate precaution should be · Strengthening of disaster preparedness and re- taken to ensure that the new schools are within sponse processes at the schools (both pre-schools easy access to all students, with special atten- and Government schools) and at the com- tion on the routes, away from potential threats, munity level through school/communi- especially the risk of gender-based violence ty-based Disaster Risk Management (DRM) (GBV). training and planning. Schools to be encour- aged to develop emergency response plans. The MOE, NGOs and the private sector have al- ready provided immediate assistance to affected 62  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T schools and students by providing text books, the repair/renovation of damaged schools, stationary items, uniforms, and school bags, to including replacement of damaged furniture, ensure uninterrupted service in education. The equipment, and water and sanitation facilities. MOE will continue to collaborate with organ- It has also offered support to catch-up educa- isations such as UNICEF, Save the Children, tion programmes to enable children to return and other agencies in implementing activities to, and stay in school, as well as in matters of focusing on school safety and child-centred capacity building on child-centred DRR, along DRR in schools. UNICEF had been support- with the preparation of school safety plans for ing the MOE and relevant stakeholders during disaster-affected schools. Further, UNICEF the past decade in promoting participatory and other key stakeholder agencies, in collabo- school self-assessment and planning process- ration with the Ministry of Women and Child es with emphasis on the Child-Friendly Ap- Affairs, is supporting affected pre-schools to proach, including DRR and Social Cohesion. recover through the replacement of damaged UNICEF continues to advocate for DRR, using furniture, equipment and play material and a child-centred approach where children’s in- books. It is also helping in the capacity building terests and rights are given high priority, and of caregivers and the health staff, on early child- children are recognized as change agents, rather hood care and development for children under than mere victims of disasters. UNICEF, along the age of five. This ensures that children aged with other key stakeholder agencies, has pro- 2-5 years old, affected by the disaster, have ac- vided technical and financial assistance to the cess to pre-primary learning opportunities, and Ministry of Education in mainstreaming DRR that caregivers and relevant authorities have knowledge as a mandatory subject in the sec- the necessary skills and knowledge to promote ondary school curriculum in line with the Sri the care and development of children under five Lanka Comprehensive Disaster Management years in disaster-prone districts. Programme (SL-CDMP), and continues to build capacities on school safety and DRR planning. 2.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY The data for this survey has been collected by In addition, UNICEF, along with other key the UOC research assistants from MOE and the stakeholder agencies, with financial assis- relevant provinces using data collection tools tance from donor agencies such as the Austra- developed by the Ministry of Disaster Man- lian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade agement. Additional information has also been (DFAT) and the Royal Government of Nor- collected by respective UNICEF officers from way, is supporting the MOE in order to ensure the districts to complement the data collected that children affected in the focal districts have by the volunteers. The data was tabulated and access to pre-schools, and primary and sec- analysed by the Education Specialist, UNICEF, ondary learning opportunities, by supporting for the report.  social se ctor: education  63  3. Health 3.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the start of the South-western monsoons, ics conducted by specialists from nearby larger floods and landslides affected fifteen districts hospitals. in Sri Lanka. A total of 879,778 people from 229,235 families were affected by these con- Preventive health services ditions. The total number of deaths was 219, Community health services are organized into while 154 people were injured. The number of health units called Medical Officer of Health missing people stands at 74 — as per the reports (MOH) areas. They coincide geographically of the National Disaster Relief Service Centre. with divisional secretariat areas. There are 341 MOH areas in Sri Lanka, and each is headed by While health sector had to respond to the a Medical Officer responsible for a defined pop- health-related needs of the affected communi- ulation. The MOH is supported by field public ties, emphasis was given to assessing the dam- health staff. The average population for a MOH age to the health-related/ medical institutions is approximately 60,000. Each member of the in the affected areas, losses incurred during the health staff (Public Health Nursing Sister, Pub- period of response, and needs for the recovery, lic Health Inspector, Supervising Public Health including rehabilitation and reconstruction. Midwife, and Public Health Midwife) is also re- The total impact on the health sector has been sponsible for a sub-divided area and its respec- estimated to stand at LKR 349.46 million, in- tive population. The overall responsibility for cluding damages to infrastructure, equipment the management of community health services and furniture in 65 health institutes, as well lies with the Provincial Health Authorities. as losses related to additional expenditure for emergency response and medical supply in 92 The pre-disaster status information of the health institutes. The recovery-related needs health sector was obtained from the latest An- include the rehabilitation, reconstruction and, nual Health Bulletin data, as well as from direct in some cases, the relocation of the health insti- communication with respective Regional Di- tutes. The improvement of the capacities to deal rectors of Health Services areas. The Ministry with future events has been considered as well. of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine In total, the recovery-related needs sum up a to- leads the stewardship of health service devel- tal budget of LKR 961.85 million. opment and delivery. Its main function is for- mulating public health policy and regulating 3.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT AND services for both the public and private sector. It BASELINE is also responsible for directly managing several large specialized services — National Hospital Curative health institutions of Sri Lanka, Teaching Hospitals, Specialized Sri Lanka has a widely distributed hospital net- Hospitals, Provincial General Hospitals and work, structured based on the level of special- selected District General Hospitals. The rest of ization. Specialized care is provided through the government services in the allopathic sys- Base, District General, Provincial General, and tem is managed by the decentralized system, Teaching, hospitals, and some selected spe- i.e. nine provincial health authorities. cialized hospitals. Non-specialist hospitals are the Divisional Hospitals and Primary Medical Pre-disaster health indicators Care units. These are served by non-specialist Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, Mater- medical officers, with occasional outreach clin- nal Mortality Rate, Infant Mortality Rate, and social se ctor: education  65  TABLE 19: PRE- DISASTER HEALTH INDICATORS S OU R C E: MIN I S T RY O F H E ALT H Material Infant Neo- Natal Mortality Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Crude Death Rate (CDR) Mortality Mortality Rate District Rate, 2013 Rate 2013* Per 100,000 2014* 2015* 2014* 2015* Live Births* 2012* 2013* Per 1,000 population Per 1,000 Live Births Colombo 15.4 14.4 6.8 7.0 12.5 13.6 9.7 8.0 Gampaha 13.7 13.1 6.0 6.2 11.3 5.9 4.7 4.6 Kalutara 14.8 14.2 6.5 6.8 12.0 4.9 4.2 4.0 Kandy 18.8 17.5 7.2 7.0 58.3 12.8 9.9 9.2 Matale 19.1 17.4 6.5 6.4 19.7 8.0 4.7 6.2 Nuwaraeliya 17.5 16.5 6.3 6.3 26.3 8.4 5.9 5.9 Galle 16.7 16.4 7.3 7.6 10.2 6.9 5.0 4.6 Matara 15.2 14.2 6.3 6.6 23.6 5.0 3.7 3.4 Hambantota 20.9 19.7 5.4 5.6 28.4 3.1 3.6 2.3 Jaffna 14.9 13.6 7.1 6.9 30.4 14.0 11.3 11.3 Kilinochchi 19.1 16.9 2.9 3.1 - 7.2 0.4 4.8 Mannar 15.4 18.1 3.7 3.8 57.5 3.4 - 1.7 Vavuniya 19.6 17.6 4.9 4.7 24.1 3.6 3.5 2.9 Mullativu 11.6 12.2 4.2 3.8 - 16.3 - 9.6 Batticaloa 18.1 17.3 4.8 4.9 76.2 12.0 14.3 9.2 Ampara 21.1 20.5 4.6 4.7 14.2 2.0 1.1 1.1 Trincomalee 22.1 20.5 4.1 4.4 - 1.9 - 0.9 Kurunegala 16.0 15.4 6.6 6.7 31.8 12.3 5.3 10.2 Puttalam 199.2 18.4 5.4 5.5 32.5 3.5 5.1 2.4 Anuradhapura 17.8 17.3 5.5 5.8 53.9 7.4 8.4 4.8 Polonnaruwa 17.7 16.9 5.5 5.2 53.2 8.5 1.6 6.0 Badulla 18.4 16.2 6.4 6.1 35.8 7.2 5.3 5.5 Monaragala 19.5 18.4 4.7 4.8 27.8 3.0 3.0 1.6 Ratnapura 18.0 16.7 6.1 6.1 19.7 4.3 3.8 3.2 Kegallle 16.0 14.9 6.9 6.9 19.5 5.7 3.0 4.6 Sri Lanaka 16.9 16.0 6.2 6.3 26.8 8.2 6.1 5.8 66  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Neo-Natal Mortality rate provide an overview and some institutes were located in high-risk of the pre-disaster information related to the areas. health sector of Sri Lanka. The following table depicts the above-mentioned indicators of the When the damages of assets were considered, flood– and landslide-affected districts in the the highest damage was reported in Rathnapu- backdrop of other districts, and the country as ra district and there was no damage reported in a whole. (Table 19) Hambantota district. Some health institutions were not directly affected, but required to be re- 3.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS located to provisional facilities. The relocation In May 2017, with the emergency situation at needs to be further considered in coordination hand, health was one of the sectors that were af- with NBRO. (Table 20) fected both directly and indirectly. In response, the coordination mechanism detailed above Losses to the health sector due to floods was in full operation. The sector’s response and landslides was spearheaded by the MOH in all the affect- ed districts. The Sri Lankan Army Medical Ser- As mentioned above, losses due to the inter- vices coordinated with the MOH in training the ruption of health-related services were not cal- health staff and allocating medical supplies to culated since health services are provided free provide lifesaving medical care to the survivors of charge to patients by governmental health in the field, especially in the hard-to-reach ar- services. Hence, losses in the health sector were eas. essentially the additional expenses incurred during flood- and landslide-related response. Since health services were provided for free to the patients, and it was not possible to calculate The losses were categorized into three types: the loss incurred due to the disruption of ser- vices. However, data on the additional expenses 1. Expenses for provision of emergency health incurred by the health sector during flood-re- response activities by the Ministry of Health lated response was gathered from the Disaster As the extent of the emergency was realized, Preparedness and Response Division, Region- cash transfers were made to the affected Re- al Directors of Health Services, and Medical gional Director of Health Services’ areas for the Supplies Division. Expenses incurred by the Tri provision of emergency health-related respons- Forces were obtained from the Armed Forces. es. These expenses included logistical support for deployment of emergency medical teams, Damages to health sector due health promotional activities at temporary to floods and landslides shelters, and vector control-related activities. A total of 65 healthcare institutions of the Min- istry of Health and Nutrition and Indigenous 2. Expenses for medical supplies Eme­ gency r­ Medicine were partially- and fully-affected in medical supplies were dispatched from the Re- four districts, namely Kaluthara, Rathnapura, gional Medical Supplies Division network of Galle and Mathara. The institutions included the Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indig- District Hospital, District Hospital type B, Dis- enous Medicine, under the leadership of the trict Hospital type C, Base Hospitals, Maternal Medical Supplies Division. and Children Health Clinics, Public Health Midwife quarters, Public Health Inspector 3. Expenses for the provision of emergency quarters and the Medical office of Health Cen- health responses activities by the tri-forces tres. Further, significant infrastructural dam- Summary table of Damages and Losses of age was identified in some of these institutes Health Sector. (Table 21) social se ctor: health  67  TABLE 20: DAMAGES IN HEALTH SECTOR DISTRICT-WISE S OU R C E: MIN I S T RY O F H E ALT H District-Wise Units Damages Total LKR (Mn) DH DH DHB DHC BH PMCU MCH PHM PHC MOH PHI Building 2 5 1 8 2.7 Rathnapura Other 2 1 3 60 Total 2 5 2 1 1 11 62.7 Building 1 9 18 22 Kalutara Equipment/ Furniture 1 1 1 Total 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 10 23 Building 1 1 12 5 2 0   Galle Equipment/ Furniture 1 1 13 6 2 34 33 Total 1 1 0 1 13 6 0 0 2 24 33 Matara Building 4 1 7 2 1 12 19.9 Equipment/ Furniture 1 1 2 0.18   Other 1 3 1 1 6 8.85 Total 4 0 0 2 8 4 1 0 1 20 28.93 Grand Total 8 1 5 2 11 26 7 1 2 2 65 147.63 3.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON in the field and institutions. Maternal and Child DEVELOPMENT GOALS Health Clinics were conducted even in the safe There was no significant impact on the devel- locations for the displaced mothers and chil- opment goals of the sector. The emergency sit- dren assuring an uninterrupted MCH service. uation lasted for a few weeks only and hence, there was no significant impact on any related The MoH adopts a policy decision to admit all health indicators. pregnant mothers over 36 weeks POA as well as high-risk mothers. Going a step further, due to 3.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES the nature of the emergency, the MoH decid- The country’s health sector has been strength- ed to admit all pregnant mothers to hospitals ened over the years adopting the principles of this time, to ensure best possible maternal care Disaster Risk Reduction. Mitigation, preven- during the displacement. Child welfare activi- tion and preparedness is the basis of the strate- ties, including immunisations, were carried out gic guidelines developed which are also in line in the safe locations as well as adjacent PHM ar- with international and national frameworks for eas by the Medical officers of Health and Public DRR. Sri Lankan context lays much weight in Health Midwives. prioritising the healthcare needs of women and children. 3.6. RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGIES With this regard, the basic components of Sex- The post-disaster recovery needs of the health ual and Reproductive Health in Emergencies sector included needs for rehabilitation and were well observed by all healthcare providers needs for reconstruction. It is important to 68  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T FIGURE 9: FLOOD AFFECTED MOH AREAS S OU R C E: MIN IS T RY O F H E ALT H FIGURE 10: FLOOD AFFECTED HEALTH INSTITUTES S OU R C E: MIN IS T RY O F H E ALT H TABLE 21: DAMAGES AND LOSSES IN HEALTH SECTOR S OU R C E: MINIST RY O F H E ALT H Total Summary Damage Units LKR Mn Building 38 44.6 Equipment/ Furniture 37 34.18 Other 9 68.85 Subtotal Damages 147.63                     Losses 92   Additional expenses for medical supply and response of the MOH 194.18 Additional expenses for emergency response – Tri-forces 7.65 Subtotal losses 201.83 Total 349.46 social se ctor: health  69  TABLE 22: RECOVERY NEEDS DISTRICT- WISE S OU R C E: MIN I S T RY O F H E ALT H Units LKR District Needs Total DH DHB DHC MCH PHM PHC MOH Other (Mn) Relocation 2     1         3 222 Rathnapura Restoration (INFR.) 1         2     3 35 Equipment/furniture 1 1 5 5 4 7   4 27 126.3 Total 383.3 Relocation       2       2 4 29 Galle Restoration (INFR.) 1 1           1 3 9 Equipment/furniture 3 1   14 2   20 4 44 148 Total 186 Relocation                     Kalutara Restoration (INFR.) 1     8         9 21 Equipment/furniture       11         11 10 Total 31 Relocation       1     1   2 4 Restoration (INFR.) 3             7 10 15 Matara Equipment/furniture 1     1       2 4 13.3 Improvement for DRR               4 4 7.7 Total 40 Grand Total 640.3 TABLE 23: SUMMARY OF TOTAL RECOVERY NEEDS S OU R C E: MIN I S T RY O F H E ALT H Total Summary Needs Units LKR Mn. Relocation 9 255 Restoration (INFR.) 25 80 Equipment/furniture 59 297.6 Improvement for DRR (Retention walls, Removal of most dangerous trees) 4 7.7 Subtotal district wise 640.3 Additional Recommended Requirement (Life Jackets, Ambulance for disaster-prone hospitals, buildings for 319 the disaster management team, mobile laboratory, etc.) Emergency Operation Centre 2.55 Total 961.85 70  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 24: ESTIMATED RECOVERY NEEDS IN TIMELINE S OU R C E: MIN IS T RY O F H E ALT H Recovery need Estimation LKR (Mn.) Restoration 80 Short term Equipment & Furniture 297.6 Sub-Total 377.6 Improvement of DRR 326.7 Medium Term Sub-Total 326.7 Relocation 255 Long Term Emergency Operation Center 2.55 Sub-Total 257.55   Total 961.85 make sure that the health facilities are rehabil- recovery-related activities through the line itated to functional status as soon as possible, ministry, and provincial and regional director- so that the continuity of services is maintained. ates of health services that are administratively The current disaster posed unique challenges responsible for the delivery of health-related when it comes to reconstruction-related efforts. service. The DPRD, being the focal unit for all 124 health institutions need to be repaired, ren- emergency-related activities, will be the main ovated or relocated. The damages account for focal unit during the entire exercise. The logis- the infrastructure (i.e. roofs and walls), as well tics department of the MOH has the technical as the equipment, materials, documents, and personnel to repair/retrofit and build the re- drugs’ stocks. quired structures for the MOH. In addition to the rehabilitation and recon- Within the Sri Lankan Army, the Directorate struction of damaged health facilities, some of Army, Medical Services, will be the focal unit Divisional hospitals, such as Ayagama and Ras- as the administrative authority. The Sri Lanka sagala need to be rebuilt at safer locations, in Army Medical Services will be the focal unit as line with the concepts of resilience elaborated the administrative authority. The Sri Lankan in the Safe Hospitals Concept under all circum- Army has necessary technical capability to im- stances. A total number of 9 health institutions plement their recovery-related needs. might require to be relocated. 3.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY In order to enhance the capacities of the over- A data collection format was sent to each Re- all health system during disaster risk reduction gional Director of Health Services to obtain in- (DRR) and emergency response, the compre- formation about the damaged or affected health hensive improvement of the health institutions institutions. In addition, rapid assessment has been considered, inclusive of equipment and teams consisting of Medical Officers, special- vehicles, among others. Considering the high izing in Health Sector Disaster Management, impact experienced in Rathnapura District, the were deployed to the affected health institution establishment of a disaster management opera- sites. The information gathered through the tion centre has also been considered. above two sources and others were triangulated before the final report was produced. 3.7. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY Limitations of the Damage, Loss and Needs-re- The Ministry of Health will implement all the lated assessment of the Health Sector social se ctor: health  71  1) It should be noted that the costs of damages and how it will impact the health insti- in most instances were rough estimations, tutions in the coming years. The recon- done as a part of the rapid assessment. struction phase will adopt the principles These may need to be validated by a sub- of ‘Build Back Better’ to ensure resilience sequent detailed assessment, especially and safety of critical health infrastructure; prior to the commencement of reconstruc- however, the lack of correct assessment of tion-related activities. damages can inflate the actual damage val- ue. 2) The current report covers govern- ment-owned/ managed health institutions 4) The value of damage has been estimated only. The damage, losses, and needs of pri- considering the current market rates. On vate health institutions may need to be cov- the other hand, recovery needs envision for ered by a similar assessment. the health institutions to be in the years to come, embracing the ‘Build Back Better’ 3) The authorities lack clarity on the value of principles.  damages as per the current market rates 72  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T social se ctor: health  73  SE C T O R R EPORT S P R OD UCTI V E S E C T O R 4. Food Security, Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries 4.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT Sri Lanka is challenged by the appearance of AND BASELINE recurring natural disaster events, primarily floods and droughts. The country is currently Agriculture facing the double burden of the aftermath of The Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries sectors floods, and a recurrent drought. The floods and of Sri Lanka account for 7.9 percent of the total landslides of May 2017 caused significant dis- Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Additionally, placement, damage to productive assets, loss according to the Central Bank’s Annual Re- of livelihood, and reduced agricultural, live- port, 2015, GDP has grown by 5.5 percent in val- stock, and fisheries’ rate of production. ue-added terms during 2015, compared to 4.9 percent growth in 2014. The total damages from the May 2017 disas- ters amount to LKR 10,292.95million, while Rice is the most important crop in terms of cul- the total losses correspond to LKR 2,401.12 tivation, and accounts for over 10 percent of million. The highest damage has been reported the total agriculture sector. Rice cultivation oc- from the harvest of tea, and the highest loss has cupies 34 percent (0.77 million ha) of the total been estimated in the cultivation of paddy. cultivated area in Sri Lanka. About 1.8 million farming families are engaged in island-wide The recovery needs are estimated at LKR paddy cultivation. On average, 560,000 ha are 4,269.89 million. Approximately, LKR 939 cultivated during Maha (major season from million is required to address the short-term Sep-March) and 310,000 ha during Yala (minor recovery needs, whilst 78 percent of the other season from May-Aug), taking the average an- needs identified, correspond to the medium nual acreage of rice planting to about 870,000 and long terms, and add up to LKR 3330.89 ha. The key challenges to the rice sector are cli- million. With the aim of improving resilience mate change-induced disasters and expanding among the small-scale vulnerable farmers, the industrialization. Therefore, to achieve pro- costs have been calculated using the ‘Building duction-related targets, increasing cropping Back Better’ approach. The ‘Building Back intensity and national average yield, need to be Better’ approach promotes the farming of considered.(Table 25) flood-resistant varieties of crops, inter-crop- ping and crop diversification. Due to continued climate shocks, the total culti- vation extent in Yala 2017 is reportedly the low- est compared to last four years’ Yala cultivation. TABLE 25: RICE PRODUCTION SUMMARY STATISTICS S OU R C E: S OC IO -E C O N O M I C S AN D P L AN N I N G C E N T RE , D E PA RTME N T O F A GRIC U LT U RE Yala Season Paddy Production Unit Details 2014 2015 2016 2017 Gross Extent sown hectares’000 313 481 394 255 Production mt ‘ 000 1,145 1,942 1571 988 productive se ctor : Food Se curity, Agri culture, Li v estock , Fisheries  77  The total production including Maha 2016/17 Sri Lanka remains at the rank of 65 out of 113 is sufficient to provide for only 7.6 months of in the Global Food Security Index of 2016. the national demand for rice. Poor affordability, food quality, and safety, are key drivers when it comes to achieving a higher As shown in Figure 11, most of the paddy and rank in food security. According to FAO/WFP other crops were on growing stage at the time estimates, 4.7 million people are considered to of the floods. be undernourished in Sri Lanka. Fisheries Self-sufficiency rates of animal protein prod- The fisheries’ sector accounts for more than 1.3 ucts in the country exceed 97 percent, particu- percent of the national GDP, resulting in be- larly in fish and poultry products. Even though ing the highest contributor for the agricultural the food availability is acceptable, the moderate sector (Central Bank, 2016). With the lifting of to acute malnutrition levels still remain at crit- the European Union’s (EU) ban on Sri Lankan ical levels. However, the stunted and under- seafood exports, with effect from June 2016, weight population among children under the the demand from the EU for Sri Lankan fish age of 5 has declined from 21.2 percent to 13.1 varieties expanded. Accordingly, fish exports to percent and 27.3 to 23.5 percent, respectively, the EU increased significantly by 23.1 percent during the period 1995/96 -2012. Low birth (2,540 metric tons) in 2016. However, contin- weight declined from 21 percent in 1993 to 18 ued drought in the dry zone from June 2016, percent in 2012. (Table 27) and the 2017 floods have significantly impacted the inland fisheries’ sector in year 2017, and the * (Production + Imports) – (Change in Stocks + total production would have collapsed com- Exports) ** Quantities for Seed, Animal Feed, pared to year 2016. (Table 26) Waste, processing & Manufacturing excluded Food Security 4.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS Food security is achieved when all people, at In this chapter, effects related to four sub-sec- all times, have physical and economic access tors: crop agriculture, plantation, livestock and to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, to meet fisheries are presented. The rapid needs-related their dietary needs and food preferences. Ac- and disaster-impact assessment conducted by tive food availability in Sri Lanka is mainly the Ministry of Disaster Management has iden- determined by local production and import of tified that approximately 70,000 flood victims crop, livestock and fish products. At present, were severely food insecure and required food 80 percent of Sri Lanka’s food requirement assistance. Also, another 495,000 people were is produced domestically and only less than identified as part of the moderately-affected 20 percent is imported. Sri Lanka is nearly population.33 Post-disaster recovery assistance, self-sufficient when it comes to rice, the na- in particular livelihood improvement support, tion’s staple diet, as well as in the local produc- community-based asset creation to enhance tion of other main supplementary food sources resilience, and disaster-risk reduction activi- such as vegetables and green leaves, pulses (ex- ties to mitigate or minimize risks, are the most cept dhal and chick peas), root crops (except appropriate and recommended interventions potato), spices, and fruits that exceed 70 per- among this group. cent of total availability.32 33. http://www.dmc.gov.lk/attch- 32. National Strategic Review of Food Security and ments/20170602_SLA%202017%20flood%20 Nutrition, 2017 %20Rapid%20Impact%20Assessment,v02.pdf 78  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T CROP CALENDER (MAJOR CROPS) Maize & Rice (Yala) Maize (Main Maha) Rice (Main Maha) Lean period J F M A M J J A S O N D Sowing Growing Harvesting Lean period FIGURE 11: CROP CALENDAR, SRI LANKA FIGURE 12: FLOOD INUNDATION AND PADDY CULTIVATION TABLE 26: TOTAL FISHERIES PRODUCTION IN SRI LANKA S OU R C E: C EN T R AL B AN K O F S R I L AN K A, 2015 Total production (MT’000) Sub-sector 2014 2015 2016 Marine 459 453 457 Coastal and Lagoon 279 269 274 Offshore 180 184 183 Inland Fisheries 76 67 74 Capture 69 57 58 Aquaculture 2 3 9 Shrimp Farms 5 7 6 productive se ctor : Food Se curity, Agri culture, Li v estock , Fisheries  79  TABLE 27: FOOD BALANCE SHEET IN SRI LANKA S OU R C E: N AT I O N AL S T R AT E G I C R E V I E W O F F O O D SE C U RIT Y A N D N U T RITIO N T O WA RD S Z E RO HU N GE R, 2017 Production Gross Imports Items *Available Food (g/ **Food Net Quantity (‘000mt) % Quantity % Supply day) Supply (‘000mt) supply Cereals 4,835.36 90.3 522.03 9.7 5,356.79 3,477.31 469.37 Roots, Tubers & Other Starchy Food 421.87 77.4 123.2 22.6 545.07 411.61 54.93 Sugar 54.86 9.3 538.97 90.9 592.90 556.48 75.11 Pulses & Nuts 69.02 30.0 161.23 70.0 230.25 219.89 29.68 Vegetable (including Onions) 1,055.71 86.4 184.26 15.1 1,221.35 1,109.00 149.70 Soya 4.16 90.4 0.48 10.4 4.60 4.60 0.62 Fruits 609.81 94.8 62.48 9.7 643.14 631.93 85.3 Meat 162.05 98.3 2.77 1.7 164.82 164.82 22.25 Eggs 92.81 100.0 0 0.0 92.81 91.14 12.30 (i) Fresh 512.84 101.1 15.84 3.1 507.32 200.34 27.04 Fish (ii) Dried & Salted 68.2 64.5 37.61 35.5 105.81 105.81 14.28 (iii) Tinned Fish 1.12 4.9 21.84 95.1 22.96 22.96 3.10 (i) Fresh 278.01 100.0 0 0.0 278.01 179.58 24.24 (ii) Whole Dried 11.61 11.4 89.91 88.3 101.85 101.23 13.66 Milk (iii) Condensed 7.34 99.2 0.02 0.3 7.40 7.40 1.00 (iv) Milk Food 10.48 99.7 0.03 0.3 10.51 10.51 1.42 Oil & Fats (including Coconut) 939.42 102.4 18.54 2.0 917.54 755.15 101.92 Total 9,134.67 84.6 1,779.21 16.5 10,803.13 8,049.76 1,085.92 * (Production + Imports) – (Change in Stocks + Exports) ** Quantities for Seed, Animal Feed, Waste, processing & Manufacturing excluded 80  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 28: TOTAL DAMAGES TO AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES S OU R C E: MIN IS T RY O F AG R I C ULT UR E , DE PART M E N T O F A GRIC U LT U RE , D E PA RTME N T O F E X P O RT A GRIC U LT U RE , MIN IS TRY OF R U R A L EC ON O M I C S AF FAI R S , N AT I O N AL AQUA C U LT U RE D E VE L O P ME N T A U T HO RIT Y, MIN ISTRY O F N ATIO N A L P O L ICIES A ND EC ON OMIC AF FAI R S Summary of Total Damage Damaged Cost LKR. Total Agriculture Hambanthota Galle Kalutara Matara Rathnapura Paddy 30,734,775 7,382,428 10,927,875 38,201,490 17,327,250 104,573,818 Tea 56,964,000 3,009,290,556 2,772,450,000 2,389,891,896 925,968,000 9,154,564,452 Tea Products 64,366,200 93,691,080 12,911,638 1,031,082 172,000,000 Tea Factories 184,615,385 169,230,769 30,769,231 15,384,615 400,000,000 Rubber 2,108,000 24,970,000 27,078,000 Cinnamon 1,163,160 2,505,400 18,420,804 1,444,300 5,684,035 29,217,699 Pepper 1,154,600 200,000 3,711,825 403,650 300,000 5,770,075 Areca nut 175,000 20,000 - - 43,412 238,412 Turmeric 37,547 37,547 Ginger 11,456,250 11,456,250 Banana 3,780,000 3,780,000 Manioc 720,000 720,000 Vegetables & other field crops 8,520,000 27,071,088 47,574,319 2,371,454 33,831,712 119,368,573 Fruit 944,000 3,415,250 4,359,250 Total crops and plantation 98,711,535 3,298,503,057 3,127,500,468 2,479,408,909 1,029,040,105 10,033,164,074 Livestock Hambanthota Galle Kalutara Matara Rathnapura Total Buffaloes 1,440,000 3,720,000 2,400,000 3,120,000 10,680,000 Chicken 1,312,500 100,000 300,000 1,822,500 131,000 3,666,000 Cattle 2,400,000 62,000,000 30,000,000 94,500,000 1,600,000 190,500,000 Goat 165,000 1,290,000 1,500,000 2,925,000 405,000 6,285,000 Swine 45,000,000 45,000,000 Office Equipment & Medicines 213,000 784,000 46,000 1,043,000 Total livestock 5,530,500 67,894,000 76,800,000 101,693,500 5,256,000 257,174,000 Fisheries Boats 14,000 14,000 Nets 2,142,500 2,100 2,144,600 Canoes (50% damaged) 129,000 107,000 236,000 Canoes destroyed 215,000 215,000 Total fisheries 2,486,500 123,100 - - - 2,609,600 Total Reported Damages in Five Districts 10,292,947,674 productive se ctor : Food Se curity, Agri culture, Li v estock , Fisheries  81  Agricultural crops es’ loss for the sector is estimated to be LKR Figure 12 shows the total inundated area during 634,033,821.34 the floods. All the lowland cultivations were submerged for a considerable duration during In the five districts, the household incomes over the May 2017 floods. 33,000 agricultural labourers have been re- duced due to flood and landslides. As a result of Plantation sector loss of livelihood opportunities, the food-secu- The plantation sector recorded the largest dam- rity status among agricultural labourers is likely age, mainly due to the damages to tea planta- to have deteriorated. Most of the labourers had tions. Primarily, over 3,035 hectares of tea lands difficulty in coping with the current expendi- have been destroyed. The damages to tea facto- ture on food due to reduced purchasing power ries were also reported as over LKR 400 million from limited earnings. Cash for work or short- with largest damages in Kalutara and Galle term community-based cash interventions are districts. Damage to the rubber sector was also necessary to be introduced until the situation prominent in Ratnapura district (over LKR 27 becomes normal. million). The estimate total effect due to the floods and Most of the paddy lands affected by floods were landslides in May 2017 is LKR 12,694,070,550. at the initial planting and growing stages. Ap- proximately, 5,100 ha of paddy cultivations 4.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON were damaged due to the floods. The highest DEVELOPMENT GOALS impact on paddy cultivation was reported in Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to flood and Matara district. landslide-related damages leading to physical, as well as socio-economic impact. The agricul- Livestock Sector ture sector faces significant challenges from The livestock sector was affected mainly in climate-related disasters as it tries to achieve Matara, Kalutara and Galle districts. The high- sustainable development. Adapation measures est impact was reported in the cattle, swine, needs to be introduced to mitigate floods, land- buffalo, goat, and poultry sectors. The total slides and other climate-related disasters for damages reported in the livestock sector stands reaching the goal of eradicating poverty, specif- at LKR 257.17 million. Out of the total, damage ically in the farming communities. to office equipment and medicines has been re- ported to amount to LKR 1.043 million. The Government has developed a National Physical Plan, which will remain in implemen- Fisheries Sector tation from 2011-2030, with the aim of provid- Reported damage in fisheries is low, compared ing a broad framework to secure Sri Lanka’s to the other production sectors. Mainly, loss of place in the global economy by promoting fishing nets, and damages to canoes were re- economic growth. It is important to analyse ported in Hambanthota and Galle districts. the plan, considering its implication on the environment, and the socio-economic, and Agricultural Labour political situation of the country. The National The agricultural sector’s labour division was Physical Plan proposes to establish rice-based also affected by floods, mainly in the plan- tation and crop cultivation sectors. Labour 34. The loss in wages was estimated by a reduction opportunities in land preparation, planting, in agricultural employment for 75% of the sec- tor’s active force during a period of 2 weeks, and fertilizing, watering, weeding and harvesting for 25% of the active force during a period of 2 were disturbed due the floods. The total wag- months. 82  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TA BLE 29: T OTAL LO SS ES FO R AGRICULTUR E, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES SECTORS Estimated Losses (LKR.) Total Estimated Loss (LKR.) Crop Hambanthota Galle Kalutara Matara Rathnapura Paddy 315,600,000 40,300,000 64,000,000 270,700,000 137,100,000 827,700,000 Tea 1,438,200 75,977,138 60,338,855 69,997,500 23,378,400 231,130,093 Rubber 307,994 790,636 2,069,303 3,167,932 Vegetables & other field crops 17,309,910 59,592,331 100,241,436 8,096,291 18,341,124 203,581,093 Sub Total 334,348,110 176,177,462 225,370,927 348,793,791 180,888,827 1,265,579,117 Livestock Buffaloes 4,554,000 11,764,500 7,590,000 9,867,000 33,775,500 Chicken 2,944,150 252,500 1,262,500 4,601,813 330,775 9,391,738 Cattle 5,225,760 134,998,800 108,870,000 205,764,300 3,483,840 458,342,700 Sub total 12,723,910 147,015,800 110,132,500 217,956,113 13,681,615 501,509,938 Wage loss 0 91,200,247 62,543,975 259,839,339 220,450,260 634,033,821 Total 347,072,020 414,393,509 398,047,402 826,589,243 415,020,702 2,401,122,876 productive se ctor : Food Se curity, Agri culture, Li v estock , Fisheries  83  food processing industries in Hambanthota name. Women are actively involved in agricul- district. The damages to paddy cultivation will tural activities — however; they have unequal affect the establishment or development of access to skills development, agricultural ex- these industries. Also, this Plan proposes to tension services, and markets. They are often construct fishery harbours and fish-based food relegated to the role of unpaid family workers, processing industries at Dickwella, Ambalan- without access to independent income, and goda and Dodanduwa areas.35 Now, as dam- when it is paid agriculture labour, women are age has been reported in the fisheries sector in paid lower wages than male labourers. Galle and Hambanthota districts, there will be a negative impact on the construction of the The impact of flood on paddy cultivation has fishery harbours and processing industries in potential implications on food security. Paddy those areas. farmers indicated that the plots are required to be cleaned of the sand brought in by the floods Furthermore, repeated shocks to the supply in order to replant. Such a situation has neg- chain in the plantation sector, especially in the ative implications on farmers, including the tea sector, may create loss of marketing oppor- need for additional casual labour. For some, tunities in the international markets, impact- casual labour may be the only option to provide ing the national GDP. food for the family, before they are able to re- sume their own production. Therefore, any im- 4.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES: pact on the productive sector will surely have GENDER AND FOOD SECURITY implications on livelihoods and the employ- Over 80 of the total rural household livelihood ment dynamics all over the country. In Matara activities are closely intertwined with agricul- district, the plantations lands of the small tea ture and related industries, whether as produc- holders have been damaged by sand and silt, ers, processors, retailers, or elsewhere in the and some of them require replanting. market chain. Rural livelihoods in Sri Lanka are broadly influenced by agro-climatic and Furthermore, farmers from the affected areas topographic features. Limited diversification experienced difficulties in selling their prod- of livelihoods has resulted in high sensitivity to ucts, due to the consumer perception related to climate-related shocks. product contamination due to the disaster, i.e. in Ratnapura district. Although women have been increasingly em- ployed in the plantation sector, they are still 4.6. RECOVERY NEEDS AND expected to shoulder the responsibility of STRATEGIES household activities, which is perceived to be The total estimated recovery and reconstruc- exclusively ‘women’s work’, by both men and tion cost in the agriculture sector is LKR many women. In addition, there is high inci- 4,269.89 million. LKR 939 million is required dence of gender-based violence (GBV), with for short-term recovery interventions over the 83 percent female victims from the Estate next six-month period. With the aim of improv- sector. ing resilience among small-scale vulnerable farmers, the recovery needs have been estimat- In the agriculture sector, most of the plots are ed using the ‘Building Back Better’ approach. registered under the male household member’s Recovery in the agriculture sector focuses on immediate activities aimed at the restoration of 35. National Physical Plan (2012), National Physical Planning Department http://www.nppd.gov. production levels in crop, livestock and fisher- lk/index.php?option=com_ ies. Specifically, recovery needs include: 84  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 30: RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION NEEDS IN THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR (MILLION LKR) Short term Medium term Long term 2017 2018 2019-2020 A Recovery 1 Crop input supply (paddy and other crops) 220 - - 2 Input supply in fisheries 5 30 - Input supply for livestock and poultry (30% of the affected 3 282.89 - population, considered as most vulnerable) B Reconstruction Replacement of agriculture inputs, tools and machineries (tea 1 450 factories) Livelihood diversification package (for tea and spices cultivators’ 2 288 576 small holders: 2000 households for 1 year) Cash for work for land preparation and debris removal and sand 3 cleaning (from tea, paddy and rubber damaged areas): LKR. 700 per 264 728 day × 40days × 1 acre) Generating skills and awareness among communities on better land 4 206 use planning (GN level) Introduction of protected agricultural systems for crop agriculture 5 75 (particularly in Hambantota and Rathnapura) Introduction of crop insurance to the small-scale tea sector 6 1145 (*annual premium 10,000LKR/ ha)   Total Needs (A+B) 939 1609.89 1721 Total Needs 4269.89 productive se ctor : Food Se curity, Agri culture, Li v estock , Fisheries  85  1) Provision of inputs for crop planting, in- 4.7. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY cluding timely provision of seed, fertilizer FOR RECOVERY and planting equipment; The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is recog- nized as the lead agency for the implementation 2) Provision of inputs for fisheries and live- of recovery strategies. To implement the strate- stock restoration, and gies, it will work together with the Department of Animal Production and Health, and the De- 3) Provision of immediate compensation partment of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources as to small-holder producers. Assistance is corresponding institutions. These institutions particularly required by small-scale tea, will coordinate with the Ministry of Disaster rubber and spices famers. Management and Ministry of Mahaweli & En- vironment, and the Ministry of Irrigation. Medium-Term Recovery Activities With regard to monitoring and evaluation, it In the medium term, reconstruction and reha- is strongly recommended that the monitoring bilitation of the Estate sector’s infrastructure and evaluation unit within the MoA be man- including rubber and tea processing centres dated to lead this task. The monitoring team should be a priority. Also, cash-for-work proj- should ensure that information is shared with ects should be introduced for people in posses- other relevant partners, such as other govern- sion of small agricultural holdings to address ment agencies, UN agencies such as FAO and household food security needs, while restoring WFP, and other NGOs, as well as to align with their lands, so that it can be prepared for culti- SDG indicators. vation. Community-based resilience building activities, such as construction of flood-control The key institutions under the MoA, mainly the bunds, improvement of watersheds and con- Department of Agriculture, and the Depart- trolled run-off, livelihood diversification, and ment of Agrarian Development have enough the introduction of low-risk land-use practices skilled human resources, capable of monitor- should be implemented. ing and coordinating the implementation of the proposed recovery strategies. Any further Long-Term Recovery Activities gaps in monitoring can be fulfilled with techni- Promotion of agricultural insurance pro- cal support from FAO and WFP. grammes, identifying and mapping high-risk agricultural lands, imposing of law and order 4.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY on illegal constructions and high-risk land The assessment of damage and loss in the agri- use practices, promotion of sustainable land culture sector was primarily based on the infor- management techniques along with adequate mation collected by the UOC research assistants training, promoting climate-smart agriculture from the reports of the Ministry of Agriculture, through the introduction of flood-resistant Department of Agriculture, Department of Ex- crop varieties, and increased allocations for port Agriculture, Ministry of Rural Economics agricultural research on reducing the effects of Affairs, National Aquaculture Development climate shocks, are considered to be the prima- Authority, Ministry of National Policies and ry long-term risk-reduction strategies. Further Economics Affairs, and the District Secretari- considerations include building the capacity ats of the affected districts. of the agriculture officers to monitor and reg- ulate agricultural land use and maintaining The damages were estimated under each additional seed storage for use in emergencies. sub-sector by estimating the monetary value of (Table 30) the replacement costs at current market prices, 86  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T i.e. replacement cost of nursery plants meant · The recovery needs have been calculated us- for export, agriculture crops, fishing gears (ca- ing the principle of ‘Building Back Smarter’ noes), etc. (BBS) and the BBB (Building Back Better) principles. Losses were estimated using the values of loss of harvest, cost of replantation, cost of land · Two assumptions were made when losses preparation, loss of labour wages, and dimin- were estimated in the livestock sector ished revenue. · Out of the total deaths reported under The assumptions highlighted below were made poultry were divided as 50% layers and 50% for calculating the damages, losses and recovery broilers needs: · Out of total deaths of cattle and buffalo, · If the paddy cultivation was at the initial 60% were considered as cows. stage during the floods, it was assumed that farmers have replanted in most of the dis- · No data was reported related to the impact tricts as per the Socio-Economic Planning on current products including tea leaves, Centre, Department of Agriculture. There- processed rubber, etc.  fore, the loss for paddy cultivations dam- aged at the initial stage was assumed to be zero. productive se ctor : Food Se curity, Agri culture, Li v estock , Fisheries  87  5. Industry and Commerce 5.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and losses in the five priority districts, account- The overall objective of this assessment is to ing for LKR 1.94 billion of which Matara and take stock of the damages and losses faced by Galle districts account for LKR 1 billion. Even the sector as a result of the heavy rainfall, flood- though the informal sector represents only 40 ing and severe landslides, from May 25, 2017 percent of the total estimated damage and loss- onwards, and to provide estimates of the recov- es in the Industry and Service sector, in terms ery and reconstruction needs. Given the time of impact on livelihood and employment, the constraints, this assessment is primarily based post-disaster effects are significantly high in on data obtained from the Insurance Board this sector. of Sri Lanka, Ministry of Industry and Com- merce, Board of Investment, and also based on The lack of a proper mechanism to collect the estimates made using baseline information damage and loss data, and the unavailability of from the Department of Census and Statistics. business continuity plans, have been identified The information was collected for three major as the key issues in this sector’s assessment, economic sectors under industry and com- though these recommendations had already merce, which are industry and construction, been provided in the 2016 PDNA report. Also, trade, and services. (Table 31) it is important to identify hazard-prone areas and establishments exposed to different risks. The damages and losses of the industry and The sector’s cost of recovery will largely be ab- commerce sector in both formal and informal sorbed by the insurance companies and NITF, sectors in all five mostly-affected districts of but in terms of strengthening the post-disaster the country have been assessed to be LKR 4.97 information management system, promoting billion. Out of the total damages and losses in- disaster-risk preparedness, risk reduction, and curred in the May 2017 disasters, 60 percent is business-continuity planning in the private sec- accounted for by theformal sector, of which 74 tor, an additional estimated cost of LKR 41 mil- percent corresponds to damage claims from in- lion will be required for the sector’s recovery. surance providers, which amounts to LKR 1.93 billion (as at July 15, 2017). This assessment 5.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT comprises damages and losses only to industries AND BASELINE owned by the private sector. State-owned enter- Similar to May 2016 floods and landslide di- prises were not covered in this assessment due sasters, in May 2017, torrential rains caused to unavailability of damage and loss data from widespread damages and losses in a number of those enterprises, at the time of the assessment. districts of the country. Of the total estimated damages and losses caused by the May 2016 di- The informal sector was badly hit by the disas- sasters (i.e. over LKR 99 Billion), over 31 percent ter, especially in terms of flood-related damages was reported in the Industry and Commerce TABLE 31: SUMMARY OF DAMAGE, LOSSES AND RECOVERY NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE SECTOR Sector Damages Losses Recovery Needs Informal sector 692,514,151 1,247,712,333 41,000,000 Formal sector 1,927,799,731 977,505,733 Total 2,620,313,882 2,225,218,067 41,000,000 producti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  89  sector. Since the biggest losses were reported Business establishments are broadly catego- from large industries, the disaster showed lack rized into formal and informal sectors. The of preparedness in the private sector, otherwise Department of Census and Statistics defines considered to be the most efficient sector in the the Informal sector based on the registration economy, and also known for their proactive status, accounts’ keeping practices, and total measures for risk aversion. The Post Disaster number of regular employees employed in the Needs Assessment (PDNA) report of 2016, con- business. If the entity is not registered in the ducted despite a number of challenges, includ- Employment Provident Fund / Department ing lack of data on the Industry and Commerce of Inland Revenue, or does not keep formal sector, proposed four distinct recommenda- accounts, or the number of regular employees tions to reduce the disaster risks of the sector, is less than 3-4, then such entity is considered and also to improve the data management capa- as part of the informal sector. Therefore, usu- bility of the sector. Those were: ally micro enterprises are considered to be part of the informal sector. However, according to 1) Establish a monitoring mechanism to the Ministry of Industry & Commerce, micro collect information in the Industry and businesses are enterprises with less than 10 em- Trade sector. ployees. The formal sector comprises of small, medium and large enterprises. This assessment 2) Establish Zoning and enforce existing uses the criterion used by the Department of laws. Census and Statistics. (Table 32) 3) Establish/monitor Business Continuity According to the Department of Census and Planning. Statistics (DCS), out of the 229,572 business establishments (both formal and informal) 4) Ensure insuring of assets in flood prone located in the five most-affected districts, an areas. overwhelming majority of 93% (equivalent to 215,139 establishments) is located within the af- The impact of May 2017 flood and landslides fected Divisional Secretariat divisions of these was very similar to the May 2016 disaster, districts. Out of selected five districts, the num- except for the geographical areas that were ber of affected Divisional Secretariat divisions most affected. It has once again reiterated the was as follows: 19 at Galle, 16 at Matara, 12 at importance of the above-mentioned recom- Hambanthota, 17 at Rathnapura, and 14 at Kal- mendations, and also highlighted the lack of utara. attention to the recommendations put forth by the PDNA in 2016. The main geographical focus Out of total 215,139 businesses in the affected of the May 2016 disaster was on urban indus- DS divisions, only 2 percent fall under the for- trial hub, the May 2017 disaster concentrated mal sector. 98 percent are informal establish- more on Sri Lanka’s rural landscape, wherein ments. Retail shops are the most commonly in also a significant number of industries and ser- business formal enterprises in the affected DS vices were exposed, especially to floods in these divisions, followed by financial institutions, areas. According to the Department of Census and manufacturing units of food products. In and Statistics (2014), 24 percent of all indus- the informal sector, over 36 percent of all estab- tries and 23 percent of all trades in the country lishments are retail trades. Food and garment (including services) are located in the five most producers are also common in the informal affected districts of the May 2017 disasters (i.e. sector, in the affected division. In the informal Kalutara, Ratnapura, Galle, Matara, and Ham- sector, median asset value is around LKR 0.2 bantota). million, and in the formal sector it ranges from 90  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 32: FORMAL AND INFORMAL ENTERPRISES CLASSIFICATION USED FOR THIS ASSESSMENT (BASED ON DEPARTMENT OF CENSUS & STATISTICS) Criteria (Number of Persons Major Economic Sector Groups Engaged) Informal Micro 1 to 4 Small 5 to 24 Industry and Construction Formal Medium 25 to 199 Large 200 and above Informal Micro 1 to 3 Small 4 to 14 Trade Formal Medium 15 to 34 Large 35 and above Informal Micro 1 to 4 Small 5 to 15 Services Formal Medium 16 to 74 Large 75 and above LKR 1.3 million to LKR 120.7 million. (Table 33, At country level, labour force is highly concen- 34) trated in the services sector (45%) and industry (28%). The remaining 27% corresponds to the The economically active population in Sri Lan- agriculture sector, which is decreasing as urban ka was estimated to be over 8.9 million (Sri population raises. In the most affected districts Lanka LFS Annual Report, 2015), representing by the flood and landslides in May 2017, the dis- 62.7 percent male (5.4 million) and 37.3 percent tribution of employment within the main sec- female (3.2 million). However, as many women tors is shown in Table 35. The concentration in are self-employed in the informal sector and services activities is particularly relevant in Kal- working at home, this reality is not adequately utara and Galle. Kalutara also presents a high reported in formal statistics. proportion of employed population occupied in industrial activities. TABLE 33: NUMBER OF ESTABLISHED INFORMAL ENTERPRISES IN AFFECTED FIVE DISTRICTS AND MEDIAN ASSET VALUE Micro Ind & Cons. Trade Services Total District Median Median Median Median Median Num of Num of Num of Num of Num of (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) Kalutara 55965 2 13540 2 23554 2 18871 2 55965 2 Galle 44445 2 10808 2 18907 2 14730 2 44445 2 Matara 40030 2 12542 2 15133 2 12355 2 40030 2 Hmbantota 29587 2 11170 2 10696 2 7721 2 29587 2 Ratnapura 40855 2 9299 2 18894 2 12662 2 40855 2 Total 210882 2 57359 2 87184 2 66339 2 210882 2 producti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  91  TA BLE 34: NUMBER OF E STABLIS HED FO RMAL ENTERPRISES IN AFFECTED FIVE DISTRICTS AND MEDIAN ASSET VAL UE SMEs MS Small Medium Large Total Ind & Cons. Trade Services Total District Median Median Median Median Median Median Median Median Num of Num of Num of Num of Num of Num of Num of Num of (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. (LKR. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. Estab. ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) ‘00,000) Kalutara 633 30 458 105 116 1061 1207 55 562 100 247 60 398 20 1207 55 Galle 499 28 383 100 82 811 964 55 330 140 237 53 397 20 964 55 Matara 387 50 269 110 48 354 704 75 239 114 183 90 282 40 704 75 Hambantota 269 30 116 76 27 864 412 44 123 150 79 63 210 18 412 44 Ratnapura 584 13 325 107 61 502 970 35 500 35 200 60 270 15 970 35 Total 2372 29 1551 102 334 656 4257 53 1754 100 946 63 1557 21 4257 53 92  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 35: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED POPULATION (2016) BY MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP IN AFFECTED DISTRICTS District Agriculture Industry Service Kalutara 15.8 31.1 53.0 Galle 34.6 24.0 41.4 Matara 37.4 23.3 39.4 Hambantota 36.6 26.2 37.2 Ratnapura 37.2 27.5 35.4 5.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS Chambers of Commerce, District Secretariats, Divisional Secretariats, Banks, and Insurance Similar to the 2016 disasters, a full picture of providers. the damages and losses incurred by the Indus- try and Commerce sector is not available, even In the PDNA, effects constitute of damages after two-and-a-half months after the May 2017 and losses. Damages are effects on physical disasters. Especially, information related to assets and inventory, while losses are forgone the impact on the informal sector will remain production and income flows. Damage esti- unavailable, unless a comprehensive survey is mation of the formal sector enterprises was conducted. Such a survey is a mandatory re- based on insurance claim data from 14 insur- quirement under the National Insurance Trust ance companies. Losses in the formal sector, Fund – supported (NITF) National Natural Di- and damages and losses in the informal sector, saster Insurance Scheme, to provide compen- were estimated based on the Divisional Secre- sation to damaged business establishments. tariat-level baseline information obtained from The NITF insurance scheme covers all SMEs, the Department of Census and Statistics (see up to LKR 2.5 million. However, such assess- details in Assessment Methodology). ment was not available at the time this PDNA was conducted. Therefore, the PDNA team ac- Damages and Losses cessed different sources, including the Nation- Unlike the floods in the May 2016 disasters, al Enterprises Development Authority; District the May 2017 floods have been described as a Damages 54% Losses 46% FIGURE 13: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES producti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  93  Formal 60% Informal 40% FIGURE 14: PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES IN FORMAL VS INFORMAL ENTERPRISES flood situation with greater force of current. often part of larger value chains, is expected to This perception is supported by the increased have caused medium- to long-term impacts to damages to the housing sector; floods and many businesses. The flooding lasted approx- landslides completely destroyed 3,008 houses imately a week, and the most-affected trading and damaged another 74,301. Therefore, even establishments are likely to have experienced though the actual figures are not yet available, a drop-in sales volume and the negative effects it is safe to assume that business premises and would have continued even after the flood wa- equipment, which were exposed to the disaster, ters receded. Businesses reported higher costs would have suffered a similar impact. It is also and lower revenues for some time beyond the assumed that businesses which were not direct- week following the floods, until demand and ly exposed to the disaster, would also have in- supply was readjusted. In case of both manu- curred revenue losses due to delays in accessing facturing establishments and providers of com- raw materials from suppliers, and employees mercial services, the value of economic losses is not reporting to work. The disruption of the in- expected to be significantly higher than the cost formal sector business and the SMEs, which are of physical damages. 1500 Losses Damages 1200 900 LKR Mn 600 300 0 Industry Trade Services FIGURE 15: SECTOR WISE DAMAGES AND LOSSES 94  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 1000 Damages 800 Losses 600 LKR Mn 400 200 0 Galle Kalutara Hambantota Matara Ratnapura FIGURE 16: D ISTRICT-WISE DAMAGE AND LOSSES According to the estimates made under this as- districts. In Hambantota, damages are sig- sessment, the Industry and commerce sector nificantly higher than losses. Out of LKR 161 reported a total of LKR 4,845.53 million by way million damages reported in Hambantota, of damages and losses (Table 36). Out of the LKR 151 million were reported from insurance total damages and losses incurred in the May claims of 57 business establishments. A close 2017 disasters, 60 percent was reported in the analysis of insurance data shows that a hotel in formal sector, of which 65 percent are damag- Tangalle in Hambantota district has claimed es claimed from insurance providers, which over LKR 100 million for damages caused by amounts to LKR 1.93 billion (as it July 15, 2017) the floods. Looking at the insurance claim, it (Figure 14). can be assumed that the said hotel facility has faced a severe impact and adverse effects due The majority of the total effects of the May 2017 to the disaster. However, the estimation used disasters have been reported as damages, while here does not capture the special cases as listed losses incurred reflect 46 percent of the total ef- above. (Table 36) fects (Figure 13). Employment 50 percent of total damages and losses in- According to the available data, a total of curred in the Industry and Commerce sector, 342,955 persons in the active work force in four equivalent to LKR 2,410.6 million, have been districts (data of Hambantota district not avail- reported in the trade sector. The services’ sec- able) has affected by the flood and landslides in tor represents approximately 25 percent of the May 2017. Out of that 42,936 persons (12.5%) total effects (LKR 1,200.82 million). The indus- has been reported as severely affected.36 Num- try sector has incurred about 25 percent, of the ber of active work force affected by sectors was total effects (LKR 1,234.05 million), of which calculated based on the percentage of popu- 66 percent is related to losses. Both in the trade lation employed in main industry sectors of and services’ sectors, damages are comparative- the relevant districts, accordingly the highest ly higher than losses (39% of the total effects). 36. Calculated from data given in Rapid Impact 59 percent of the total damages and losses Assessment Report of DMC released on 1st June have been reported from Matara and Galle 2017 producti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  95  TA BLE 36: LOS SES AND D AMAGES CA LCULATION F OR FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTOR ENTERPRISES (INDUSTRY / TR ADE/ SER V I C ES) Estimated damage and losses in industry and commerce sector Nature of Industry Trade Services Total District damaged Losses (LKR.) Damages (LKR.) Losses (LKR.) Damages (LKR.) Losses (LKR.) Damages (LKR.) Losses (LKR.) Damages (LKR.) Galle 2,359,126 2,900,545 10,225,927 5,608,987 4,328,852 3,795,634 16,913,905 12,305,166 Totally Kalutara 3,318,846 4,492,218 12,150,454 7,503,573 5,429,037 5,792,144 20,898,337 17,787,936 Damaged Informal Hamban-thota 3,053,286 2,068,206 4,643,494 1,805,319 1,734,597 1,239,538 9,431,376 5,113,063 enterprises Matara 6,976,436 8,870,928 25,661,682 13,480,715 13,037,090 10,387,039 45,675,208 32,738,681 Rathnapura 4,683,951 5,363,128 23,466,936 10,841,066 10,433,478 7,736,016 38,584,365 23,940,211 Total 20,391,645 23,695,026 76,148,493 39,239,660 34,963,053 28,950,371 131,503,191 91,885,057 Galle 38,447,695 31,405,001 163,953,488 60,331,874 68,969,573 41,974,647 271,370,757 133,711,522 Partially Kalutara 23,143,699 41,252,962 167,237,197 69,528,648 75,122,035 54,908,323 265,502,931 165,689,933 Damaged Informal Hamban-thota 2,998,030 1,878,910 6,855,692 1,689,343 2,147,805 1,148,087 12,001,527 4,716,339 enterprises Matara 32,393,594 55,261,368 214,384,734 79,111,922 115,150,929 68,278,362 361,929,256 202,651,651 Rathnapura 11,716,010 19,635,884 134,031,584 43,046,347 59,657,077 31,177,417 205,404,671 93,859,648 Total 108,699,027 149,434,125 686,462,696 253,708,134 321,047,420 197,486,835 1,116,209,142 600,629,094 Galle 234,516,608 104,615,605 26,775,109 245,928,293 14,421,318 36,015,334 275,713,035 386,559,232 Kalutara 140,604,885 31,751,953 24,593,661 177,258,862 14,501,715 20,953,715 179,700,261 229,964,530 Formal sector damages and Hamban-thota 434,740 5,395,085 1,247,723 35,683,920 200,861 110,262,892 1,883,324 151,341,897 losses Matara 275,327,823 80,175,662 101,313,004 518,132,055 71,371,949 70,022,273 448,012,776 668,329,990 Rathnapura 31,072,411 27,935,020 27,774,496 196,396,238 13,349,431 267,272,825 72,196,338 491,604,083 Total 681,956,467 249,873,325 181,703,994 1,173,399,367 113,845,273 504,527,039 977,505,733 1,927,799,731 Total Losses/damages in all five 811,047,139 423,002,476 944,315,182 1,466,347,161 469,855,746 730,964,245 2,225,218,067 2,620,313,882 districts Total Losses and damages in the five districts 4,845,531,949 TABLE 37: NUMBER OF ACTIVE WORKFORCE AFFECTED BY MAIN SECTORS Active workforce affected Sector  District Severely Moderately Total % Agriculture  % Industry  % Services Galle 3,875 46,434 34.6 16,066 24.0 11,144 41.4 19,224 42,559 Kalutara 3,618 69,734 15.8 11,018 31.1 21,687 53.0 36,959 66,116 Matara 12,891 122,391 37.4 45,774 23.3 28,517 39.4 48,222 109,500 Ratnapura 22,552 81,844 104,396 37.2 38,835 27.5 28,709 35.4 36,956 Hambantota     - 36.6 - 26.2 - 37.2 - Grand Total 42,936 300,019 342,955   111,694   90,057   141,361 Foraml (40.2%)         44,901   36,203   56,827 Informal (59.8%)         66,793   53,854   84,534 TABLE 38: AFFECTED ACTIVE WORK FORCE BY STATUS OF EMPLOYMEN T AND FORMAL/INFORMAL SECTORS Total Formal Informal Status of Employement % Persons % Persons % Persons Total 100 342,955 40.2 59.8 137,711 205,244 Employees 56.1 192,398 64.8 35.2 124,684 67,714 Employers 3.1 10,632 45.3 54.7 4,814 5,818 Own account worker 32.3 110,774 5.2 94.8 5,740 105,034 Contributing family worker 8.4 28,808 8.2 91.8 2,353 26,455 producti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  97  number of affected employed population is in and services sector (includes wholesale and re- the service sector. Summary of affected active tail).37 As per the Department of Census and work force according to the districts and on Statistics’ Non-Agricultural Economic Activi- main sectors is give in the Table 37. ties in Sri Lanka survey, 23 percent of the Indus- try and Service enterprises are located in the five Affected active work force by status of employ- districts covered in this PDNA. However, unlike ment, formal and informal sectors calculated the May 2016 disaster, the concentration of this based on the national averages is given in the year’s disaster had been in rural areas, and the Table 38. overall impact on the country’s economy is not expected to be as significant. According to the findings through field mis- sions & discussions with the key informants in 5.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES the districts, around 75%of the formal sector As discussed in PDNA 2016, lack of disaster pre- enterprises have started operations at the pos- paredness in the industry and commerce sector sible scale within two weeks, and over 90% of is a major weakness, exposing them to a high the rest within two months of the disaster. level of damages and losses. Even though the insurance-claim data of the May 2017 disasters This impact was particularly important for is 15 folds smaller compared to 2016 data, this self-employed people; i.e. fruit vending, gar- does not necessarily mean that impacts were dening, home repairing, shoe making and man- less significant. It could also mean that insur- ufacturing bricks. As a consequence, families in ance coverage was not available for large- or the area have difficulties to pay their loans for medium-scale businesses that were covered by 3–4 months as their source of income was lost. insurance, as well as that there has been a sig- Their psychological pressure due to such has nificant level of damages and losses in the sec- not been assessed. tor that has not been captured due to data and information gaps. Analysis of PDNAs 2016 and 5.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON 2017 show that continued ignorance of the ex- DEVELOPMENT GOALS posure levels of private businesses, including As a percentage of GDP, the Industry sector ac- the informal sector, and impacts of recurrent counted for 26.8 percent of the GDP, and the disasters on businesses, are quite alarming. Services’ sector, including wholesale and retail Lack of, and low levels of disaster prepared- trade, contributed 56.5 percent to the entire ness of the business sector, if not addressed as GDP in 2016 (CBSL, 2016). This shows how im- a priority, will lead to a much bigger catastro- portant these two sectors are for the country’s phe in the future. This PDNA reiterates the im- economy. Despite heavy damages and losses portance of business-continuity planning, and caused to the sector in the 2016 floods, the an- building the sustainability of value chains, as nual report of the Central Bank gave a positive these are unavoidable conditions that are im- outlook to the industry and service sectors’ portant for resilience building, and the eventual growth in 2016. However, the Annual Report sustainability of the sector does not carry any analysis on the impact of disasters on the industry and services sectors’ In addition to the above, employment details overall performance. The overall analysis of the are not available in the sector disaggregated by Industry and Commerce sector of Sri Lanka is gender, making it difficult to assess different given in the PDNA of 2016. impacts of the disaster on men and women. Of the labour force of the country (7,830,976 37. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/ persons), 71.4 percent belong to the industry LFS_Annual%20Report_2015.pdf 98  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T It is well-established that disasters reinforce equate incentives for small/micro businesses to prevalent and malignant social inequalities, actively engage in risk-reduction/management, including gender inequality, if appropriate pol- whereas improving the supply of private insur- icy measures and actions are not taken. Lack ance services will help in this context better. of gender-disaggregated information made it more difficult to assess impacts on women, who It is critical to identify and put in place mecha- are well-recognized to be disproportionately nisms that will effectively assess disaster dam- impacted, and a majority of whom are involved ages in the industry and services’ sector. This in the informal business sector. Therefore, it should provide required support to all indus- is difficult to recommend specific measures to tries and services, including small and informal minimize gender-specific risks and vulnera- businesses to recover fast from a disaster, while bilities related to employment, and to provide providing incentives to move towards becom- appropriate guidance to ensure equal opportu- ing risk-sensitive and -resilient businesses. nities for speedy recovery. Granting concessions to— both the informal 5.6. RECOVERY AND and formal sector borrowers who have been af- RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY fected by the floods is also important to allow Since the recommendations provided in the the businesses to recover from the impact of the PDNA 2016 are still valid and have not been im- disaster. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka issuing plemented yet, this PDNA re-emphasizes the a circular on May 29, 2017, has already grant- importance of giving due attention to them. ed a moratorium of not exceeding 3 months Even though, the government’s National Nat- in respect to all performing credit facilities of ural Disaster Insurance Policy (NNDIP) covers borrowers as on May 25, 2017 which have been all SMEs with an annual turnover less than LKR affected by floods. The Central Bank has also 10 million, lack of a systematic approach to decided to waive the penal interest on overdue conduct damage assessment and reporting, has loans of the borrowers under the above mora- significantly delayed the compensation process. torium, as well as of affected non-performing It is clear from the baseline information and borrowers who are willing to settle their loans field visits that over 80 percent of the affected on rescheduled terms. business establishments, fall in the Micro and SME sectors. Delays in government-supported It is also important and urgent to identify the NNDIP compensation will delay the recovery as hazard-prone areas, and elements exposed to they have no other risk-transfer options. different hazards. As mentioned earlier, the Department of Census and Statistics has al- On the other hand, this group (representing ready developed baseline information on the the 80 percent of the total) is also the sub-sec- industry and services’ establishments in the tor which is at higher risk, more vulnerable, and country. It is required to geo-reference these often not covered by a private insurance compa- data and overlay on hazard maps to identify the ny. As mentioned in the DRR and Environment elements at risks. The same methodology can chapters, ever so often, they also contribute to be used in initial damage assessment, and to ex- further aggravating existing risks and generat- pedite the subsequently more comprehensive ing new risks; by settling and expanding in high assessments. risk areas, forced by socioeconomic consider- ations, and by their own business practices. Im- proving the efficiency of the national insurance cover will bring immediate short-term benefits to the economy. It, however, may not create ad- producti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  99  TABLE 39: RECOVERY CALCULAT IO N F OR FO RMA L AND INFORMAL SECTOR ENTERPRISES Cost (LKR. Mn) No Recovery need Short Term Medium term Long term 1 Conduct a comprehensive survey to assess the damages and losses 5 incurred to the informal sector 2 Identify and establish a mechanism to collect damage and loss data   5 2 for industry and trade 3 Develop guidelines for the SMEs for business continuity planning   3   Conduct a programmes for chambers of commerce and its 4 members on the importance of business continuity planning and risk   6 10 transferring Develop a training module and conduct TOTs for the representatives 5 drawn from chambers and other SME consultancy agencies on   5 5 business continuity planning 6 Develop risk profiles and make those available for the private sector Cost is covered under DRR 7 Conduct full scale risk assessment to Kalu river basin Cost is covered under DRR 100  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 8 Build the capacity of planners at both local and national level on Cost is covered under DRR disaster risks and risk sensitive planning   Total  5 19 17 Grand Total 41 Recommendations ment shall work with the Chambers to build Collect baseline information in the Indus- tools, methodologies, and training programs try and trade sector: Ensure pre-disaster for Business continuity planning for the private baseline data are collected and compiled, in- sector. Chambers should assess the feasibili- cluding the geographical location (GIS based) ty of maintaining a dedicated resource pool to to provide a comprehensive and comparable provide technical expertise to the private sector picture. A mechanism should be established to in their development of business continuity collect the post-disaster data based on the ex- plans. posure maps. Sex and age disaggregation of all data is strongly recommended. Ensure insuring the assets in flood-prone areas: In Sri Lanka, insurance penetration is Establish zoning and enforce the existing still low and most of the informal sector enter- laws: Conducting flood hazard mapping in all prises are unlikely to have insurance cover. Var- flood-prone river basins is becoming a critical ious options that can be used to transfer, share factor. The World Bank-supported CRIP Proj- and reduce risks such as micro-insurance prod- ect is conducting such assessments in 10 river ucts, extending National Insurance Trust Fund basins, while UNDP supported Climate Resil- cover to all SMEs as defined in the National Pol- ient Integrated Water Management Project will icy Framework for SME Development, should conduct risk assessment in three more river ba- be considered. sins. It was noted that exposure maps for Kalu river basin is not available yet. Those should Conduct impact assessment to informal also be expanded to vulnerability mapping in sector: A comprehensive study should be order for it to be useful for risk management. carried out to assess the impact on individual Once these assessments are available, disaster informal businesses, and to expedite the pro- risk management measures should be incor- vision of the compensation under the National porated into sectorial and integrated develop- Insurance Trust Fund-supported (NITF) Na- ment planning, with the technical expertise of tional Natural Disaster Insurance Scheme, to the Ministry of Disaster Management. facilitate the speedy recovery of the informal sector. Strategic push should come from issuing busi- ness registration and bank loans based on the Recovery and Reconstruction measures taken by the owners in reducing di- Needs with Costs saster risks. It is also important to encourage (Table 39) insurance providers to use risk information in providing insurance and setting insurance 5.7. IMPLEMENTATION premiums. The informal sector should be pro- STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY vided with additional support by encouraging The World Bank-supported Disaster Damage and facilitating civil society organizations to and Loss assessment system will be fully imple- engage in building their awareness on disaster mented by the Disaster Management Centre, risks and measures that can be taken to reduce supported by the National Planning Depart- disaster risks. ment. The data formats prepared under the initiatives have serious gaps, which need to be Establish/Monitor Business Continuity solved by joint discussions with Disaster Man- Planning: It is required to promote business agement Centre, and sectorial agencies, with continuity and disaster-preparedness planning the active support of the National Planning among all enterprises in order to reduce future Department on priority basis. The Ministry of impacts. The Ministry of Disaster Manage- Disaster Management, with the support of the prod ucti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  1 0 1  National Disaster Relief Services Centre, will was not verified. The authorities are facing dif- complete damage assessment for the May 2017 ficulties in conducting the assessment as the disasters to expedite compensation provisions baseline information was not readily available. under the NITF-supported National Natural Even though baseline information is available Disaster Insurance Policy. The Ministry of Di- with the Department of Census and Statistics, saster Management will also work closely with due to lack of a national platform for data shar- the Ministry of Industry and Commerce to im- ing, these data are not readily available for the plement the recovery needs. Further, the Min- Ministry of Industry and Commerce to com- istry will provide the technical input, and will pile the damage-related assessment. Lack of a work closely with the Chambers of Commerce, suitable mechanism to assess the affected en- and Ministry of Industry and Commerce, to terprises, and to conduct a formal damage as- promote business continuity planning. sessment is perceived as a serious gap in both the PDNAs. In addition, even though the for- Ministry of National Policies and Economic mat used by the Ministry of Industry and Com- Affairs, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, merce carries a column on losses, information and the Ministry of Disaster Management, has not been received sufficiently for the losses, will work together to promote the insurance either because of unavailability of the informa- schemes for the SMEs, which are not covered tion, or poor awareness among the data collec- under NNDIP. tors on the exact requirement of the format. 5.8. SECTOR ASSESSMENT Since information on the informal sector was METHODOLOGY not available, the approximations were done A systematic survey or an assessment has not based on the baseline data collected during the been fully available for the study. Therefore, the Household Survey of the Census & Statistic Team had to conduct a rapid ad-hoc survey to Department, and the percentage of buildings collect information from several sources i.e. affected due to the flood situation. This infor- Banks, Chambers of Commerce, Trade Associ- mation was triangulated by conducting com- ations and Insurance Companies, via the Insur- munity consultations and field visits. ance Board of Sri Lanka. The Team considers the data collected from insurance companies Estimation of Damage and as more reliable though the coverage is low. Losses in the Informal Sector Most insurance companies could only provide In the informal sector, damages and losses were reported information relating to their custom- calculated assuming that some businesses were ers – mainly in the industrial sector – and could completely destroyed, and some were partially not provide full information relating their loss damaged due to the disasters (in both cases, by of output and revenue forgone. Therefore, the using the percentage of households fully and volume of losses had not been adequately cap- partially damaged). Damages in the totally de- tured in the report. stroyed businesses were estimated using the median asset value of those businesses, based The Ministry of Industry and Commerce, with on data from the Department of Census and the support of National Enterprise Develop- Statistics. ment Authority has initiated a data collection from individual enterprises, but at least a par- Formula for estimation of the damages in to- tially completed dataset was available only in tally destroyed informal businesses establish- Rathnapura. It has been noted that damage ments: data was obtained from the affected enterprises without a technical assessment, thus the data 102  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Number of Establishments × % Median annual turnover × number of establish- Affected × Median Asset Value ment × (Trade/industry/services) × %affected × 6 /12 Damages to partially-damaged businesses were estimated using the same formula, and LKR. Estimation of losses in 50,000 as the damage value per business estab- the Formal Sector lishment. Losses were estimated in the formal sector us- ing the same formula used in the informal sec- Losses were estimated for six months for the tor, but for 2 months irrespective of the level of fully-damaged businesses and for two months damage (i.e. full or partial).  for the partially-damaged businesses. Losses in employment were not calculated in this assess- ment. prod ucti v e se ctor: I nd ustry and Commer ce  1 0 3  SEC T O R R E PORT S 104  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T I N F R ASTR UCTUR E S E C T O R infrastruct ure se ctor  1 0 5  6. Irrigation 6.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY soon after the flood waters receded, as well as The irrigation sector plays a vital role in the ag- by supplying seed paddy via the Agriculture ricultural production and rural development Department. of Sri Lanka. About 70 percent of the country’s population lives in rural areas and a large ma- The total estimated cost of the reported flood jority of the rural population are engaged in damages and losses in 2017 to the irrigation agriculture as it is their main source of liveli- and flood control infrastructure of the country hood; mainly rice production under irrigated is LKR 1,535.9 million. The damages and losses conditions. shall be recovered following a phased short- term and medium-term strategy as outlined The impact of the May 2017 flood was felt below, for which the estimated costs are: Short- mainly in the mid-catchment regions of the term LKR 154 million, and medium-term LKR above-mentioned rivers, affecting and disrupt- 2,288 million. ing routine economic activities of the fami- lies in areas getting inundated without timely 6.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT warnings. AND BASE LINE The irrigation-related infrastructure of the · In Kalu ganga, the upstream and down- country serves a total command area of about stream areas of the Run-of-river Hydro 564,000 ha, which accounts for about 18 per- Power dam in Kukule and Millakande; cent of the total land area under agriculture, and about 8.7 percent of the total land area of · In Gin ganga the areas above Nagoda, the country. Ninety percent of the irrigated Tawalama, Udugama and Neluwa and; lands are used to grow rice. In addition, cash crops are also grown under irrigated condi- · In Nilwala Ganga, starting from Akures- tions. The total harvested area ranges from sa up to Morawaka and Kotapola, areas 700,000 to 1,100,000 hectares -of which, an remained inundated for many days. Some average of 75% is irrigated. Irrigation infra- Government officers had been evacuated structure, therefore, helps in sustaining the using the services of helicopters by the Air self-sufficiency of the rural population when Force, and by the Navy using boats. it comes to staple-food production, as well as their livelihoods. Many medium- and small-sized irrigation and regulatory structures, including bridges had The irrigation infrastructure of the country been dislodged due to rapid and high flows, has been classified as follows, based on the area with bamboo plantation bushes in rivers, and served by the scheme: minor (small or village) uprooted canal reservations, blocking the scheme (command area of less than or equal structures. to 80 ha); medium scheme (more than 80 ha, but less than 400 ha); and major (large) scheme The May 2017 flood occurred when the paddy (more than 400 ha). There are 517 major and cultivation was only 4 to 5 months old. There- medium irrigation schemes, irrigating about fore, immediate action was taken under the 450,000 ha with an accumulative storage ca- above-mentioned schemes to re-cultivate the pacity of 7,287 MCM (million cubic meters). damaged paddy by clearing the preliminary Minor irrigation schemes (29,369) irrigate obstructions in irrigation and drainage canals 311,000 ha with an accumulative storage ca- infrastruct ure se ctor: I rrigation  1 0 7  pacity of 1,400 MCM. With a population of the disastrous effects of major floods. The ma- around 22 million, Sri Lanka has a per capita jor flood-protection schemes typically consist storage capacity of about 395 m3, considered of earthen flood embankments, designed for high in comparison with other Asian Coun- varying estimated periods of 5- to 8-day rainfall tries.38 storms in the catchment watersheds, to provide protection to paddy, vulnerable mixed settle- The responsibility of operating and mainte- ments, and townships. nance of the irrigation infrastructure, and as- sociated drainage facilities are divided among Major flood-protection levees, and lock-gate several government agencies: Major irrigation structures, had been implemented since 1925 in schemes managed by the Mahaweli Authori- Kelani Ganga, and Kalu Ganga, including the ty of Sri Lanka (MASL) and the Irrigation De- Bolgoda Basin by the British to provide ‘Protec- partment (ID); medium schemes are managed tion to the City of Colombo’. In Kelani & Kalu by the ID, as well as by the nine Provincial Ir- Ganga Basins, several flood protection schemes rigation Departments, and the minor schemes against minor floods had been constructed managed by the Department of Agrarian De- during early 1930’s by the British– to isolate and velopment (DAD). The Provincial IDs are also give protection to paddy crops, and the areas in responsible for major repairs and rehabilita- both banks near the coastal regions, including tion, as well as the improvement works of mi- the Bolgoda basin. Of late, minor flood-protec- nor schemes maintained by the DAD. tion schemes to afford protection to rain-fed paddy cultivation have been put in action in The Irrigation Department (ID) manages 340 Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga basins, includ- major irrigation schemes, feeding 288,000 ha ing small pumping stations. These schemes are of farmlands, and 21 flood control and saltwa- maintained by the respective Irrigation Depart- ter exclusion drainage schemes. The Mahaweli ment Divisional Engineers in the districts. Authority of Sri Lanka (MASL) manages an- other 104,000 ha, serving 180,000 farm fam- · The Gin Ganga Flood Regulation Project, ilies under Mahaweli System and Udawalawe implemented during 1976-1982 by the Chi- Reservoir schemes. Apart from them, there are nese Government (grant aid project called medium and minor irrigation small Tanks & ‘Drainage and Flood Control project’) was Diversion anicut schemes maintained by the oriented to provide protection to rain-fed ID, and the Provincial Irrigation Department paddy of 4,928 acres.39 and Department of Agrarian Development (DAD) – commanding 216,000 ha and scattered · The Nilwala Ganga Flood Control Project by rain-fed paddy cultivation of 200,000 ha. a French consortium of consultants during 1983-1992 on a ‘Turnkey Project’ was initi- The existing irrigation, drainage and flood con- ated to provide increased irrigation facili- trol infrastructure of Sri Lanka are vital not only for supply of water for agricultural produc- 39. The Gin Ganga Regulation Project, covers earth- tion, but also for the removal of excess agricul- en levees from Agaliya down on either banks of tural and storm water from the farms, as well the river (22 km long) to connect high spots, the construction of 10 pumping stations in 10 drain- as for the protection of people and assets, in- age districts, 32 km of new transmission lines, cluding farm lands and standing crops, against the construction and widening of 22 drainage canals 26 km long, and an administration block, and switching station to manage pumping sta- 38. Irrigation Knowledge Centre March 2014, Dept tions. PL2 (GP3) is the only pumping station, of National Planning and Ministry of Finance & which was being used for both drainage and irri- Planning. gation in the protected area. 108  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T The Nilwala Ganga Flood Control Project In Nilwala Ganga Flood control project, only the two large lower perimeters in the flood plain, close to Matara township, namely the Kiralakale and Kadwedduwa sectors of pro- tected areas (1990 ha and 1845 ha respectively), were implemented under two phases, commencing from August 1983 till 1989. The work in Kiralakale sector included 11 km of bunds on the right bank with a pumping station capacity of 32 m3/sec (8 pumps of 4 cumec), a Gravity outlet with a capacity of 16 m3/sec., 4 Anicuts across 4 bunds, and a spillway on Br 05 Bund. The total length of drainage canal was 65 km with 46 new struc- tures for irrigation and road crossings. Kadwedduwa sector had 11 bunds of 3.1 km length, 55 km of drainage canals, 55 new structures with 180 sluices, a pumping station with a ca- pacity of 56 m3/sec (14 pumps of 4 cumec), a gravity sluice of 16 cumec, and 4 Anicuts on 4 bunds to permit water from Kirama ara for irrigation. In addition, the existing irrigation network from Urapola, Hanaragoda, and Pettare schemes improved an additional extent of 350 ha under water management, to be used as an extension. Further, under stage 11, protection to Akuressa town from a 2-year design flood was devised by constructing a spill at Panadugama (30 m long to divert 200 m3/sec), and a provision to provide about 1.5 km u/s of the town to allow water to spread over the fields, and to flow back to the river at Balukawela, 4 km D/S of the town, with a flood bund from Panadugama to Balukawela to protect the town. Irrigation facilities included a hydro mobile pump, and 4.2 km of canals excavated on excavated on raised beds, installed with Neyretic 19 baffle distributors, si- phons, and other crossing structures. ties, as well as flood protection, to the Paddy that has been protected is 4928 ha of rain- cultivation and townships in the lower flood fed paddy. plains of the river -areas that are annually af- fected by floods. · The minor protection methods of Kaddu- wa R3 sector included 4 additional bunds, a · The Holuwagoda Basin –the largest drain- miniature pump house at Thalgahagoda to age area comprising 6 anicut schemes protect 455 ha of paddy fields with improved (command area 450 ha), which discharged irrigation facilities, and preventing the in- its runoff just upstream of Wakwella Water undation of Malimboda area and other vil- supply intake was cut off by a flood bund lages in Matara Hakmana Road Deviation and linked with the existing Kepu Ela, and on the protected side with a new bridge, allowed to discharge directly to the sea out- adjacent to the existing bridge to widen and fall at Mahamodera. This outfall had to be improve the flow of the river. cut open during flood time with the help of standby equipment. This outfall was later improved by constructing groynes to avoid prolonged inundation of paddy lands 6.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS for which, previously, the Coast conserva- In 2007 a severe drought condition was affect- tion had not agreed to, even after carrying ing the entire country, more severely many dis- out model studies. A new bridge across tricts along the North-East region. On May 23, the river at Baddegama and a roadway was the Department of Meteorology forecasted the constructed to shift the population of Bad- onset of South East Monsoon and heavy rain- degama Township, which was getting inun- fall from May 24, 2017, and also of possible cy- dated, to afford protection. The total area clone effects. infrastruct ure se ctor: I rrigation  1 0 9  while Ratnapura and Kalutara Putupaula hydro stations received 326 mm and 296 mm rainfall on May 25. Gin Ganga Basin: Tawalama hydro station re- ceived 146 mm rainfall and 281 mm rainfall on May 23rd and May 25th respectively, while Bad- degama and Indigasketiya hydro stations re- ceived 211 and 210 mm rainfall on the 24th. Galle Met station received 158.44 mm rainfall on May Gin Basin received much less rainfall, when com- pared to Nilwala and Kalu Ganga Basins. In the Nilwala Basin, the flood levels at Ura- wa and Pitabeddera exceeded and reached the maximum gauge levels and the river, urging the staff to leave the station. 7 rain gauge stations in the catchment recorded more than 200 mm rainfall and 4 stations, namely Pitabeddera, Panadugama, Ellawela, and Denagama tanks stations recording more than 325 mm rain- fall on May 25, the highest recorded rainfall standing at 354 mm at Panadugama station in FIGURE 17: CUMULATIVE RAINFALL Akuressa. The high runoff caused the washing FROM 24TH – 30TH MAY 2017 away of the Kotapola Bridge, and Morawaka town getting more than 12 ft under water. Acting on above-received Intel, the Director, Damage and Losses to Irrigation Hydrology Division, had taken steps to in- · The major flood protection schemes of Gin Sub Sector – May 2017 Flood form all Divisional Irrigation Engineers in charge of the river basins’ infrastructure, using and Nilwala Ganga suffered severe damages the Online Data transmission of the national mainly on account of heavy incessant rain Hydro-Meteorological Information system storms over-riding the designed flood pro- (HMIS). This system with modernized and im- tection works of return periods of 20 years proved Equipment (under the Dam Safety and in Gin, and 10-year design period in Nilwa- Water Resources Planning Project funded by la, with over flood waters overtopping the the World Bank), comprises 122 ID Stations bunds, especially in Nilwala Project. covering most of the Major River Basins (90% complete). · The flood levels in Gin Ganga reached the bund top level of the Baddegama bund (BL As a result, the main observations in the main 11), which threatened the residents with river basins are as follows: seepage flows, along with one other bund (BR1) at Hegoda Boosa. The main cause Kalu Ganga Basin: Millakande ID Station re- for the BL11 bund at Baddegama was due ceived the highest rainfall of 615mm and Kuku- to the existing narrow steel bridge – there legama run of the river, CEB Hydro power were proposed plans to widen it as per its station received 553/326.4 mm on the May 25, original design. The above proposal was 110  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T subsequently changed by the Government SPR1-2 Pumping station, only 5 had been of China team, acting on the request of the serviceable at the time the flood occurred, Government of Sri Lanka to give protection and another two had been repaired and used to Baddegama town. As such, new propos- for pumping to give early protection to ar- als were made by the Irrigation Department eas flooded close to Hittetiya, Tudawa and to shift the old town outside the bund and Rahula road, as well as to residents around constructing a new bridge across the river at Nupe ela. Baddegama to provide safe access to Nago- da Road on the right bank by constructing · In the Kadawedduwa Sector (Ph 11), the irri- the road through the Baddegama Estate. gation systems in Ellawela tank and Yatiyana anicut schemes also suffered extensive dam- · The Nilwala River overflowed over the spill- ages, and part of a road-way which had been way at Panadugama bypass (reached 8.7 m) washed away, had been repaired due to the causing minor damages to irrigation infra- urgency. The Pettare and the Urapola major structure in Akuressa. The spillway at Pana- anicut schemes had been under floods, up to a dugama, blocked with bamboo plantation depth of 4 to 5 ft, causing damages on account bushes, and other debris causing severe in- of not being able to operate gates in time, and undations upstream, had been removed as being stuck when efforts were made to lift it. a priority to make the Kamburupitiya road As such, many gates had to be urgently re- accessible. The unit office, and quarters at paired in addition to the removal of debris the site, which were flooded had to be refur- and removal of overbank fills and erosions. bished. The Bunds BL 13 and BL 09 have also been reported as overtopped. 14 Pumps had been · In Kiralakale sector close to Matara town, able to operate in addition to the two radial the BR 05 bund, which was provided with an gates at the gravity outlet, while the other ra- emergency spillway, was overtopped first, dial gate has been subsequently repaired. causing inundation in the protected area. Subsequently, the BR 04 and BR 03 bunds · The irrigation facilities of Urubokka Oya overtopped, causing damages to bund sur- Diversion, and Kekiri Obada Oya Reservoir, face and downstream slopes of the Bunds. and Kirama Oya Diversion acing schemes in These bunds had not been maintained an- the Nilwala upper catchment, serving Weer- nually in the past. aketiya division in Hambantota district were reported to have suffered from damages to · Due to the Kiralakale sector getting inun- their anicut schemes, and canal systems. dated, a paddy extent of about 800 acres, along with another 200 acres – which suf- · In the Kalu Ganga Scheme, most of the dam- fered due to water shortage prior to the ages have been from the minor flood-protec- flood – suffered damages and had to be re- tion schemes in Kalutara district, which had planted as the cultivation was only about 4 risen due to excessive rains in Rakawana and weeks old. Presently, about 1300 acres have Millakanda area, coming from the Kukule been replanted with seed paddy provided by Ganga flooding. The flood levels observed at the Agriculture Department. Palatota Major Flood Lock gate, which was meant to prevent flood water in Kalu Ganga · The newly-constructed Gravity outlet close from entering Bolgoda via Kepu Ela, which to the SPR1-2 pumping station also suffered threatened even the residents in Panadu- erosions in the earth-filled banks, and is be- ra showed that it was able to withstand the ing repaired. Out of the 8 diesel pumps at flood situation in Bolgoda basin. infrastruct ure se ctor: I rrigation  1 1 1  TABLE 40: PHYSICAL IMPACT ON IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE District Type of Infrastructure Unit TOTAL Galle Matara Hambantota Kalutara Ratnapura Damage to distributory Nos 144 608 87 58 62 959 and field canals Damage to Canal Nos 13 46 - - 1 60 Structures Damage anicuts Nos 91 261 41 59 105 557 Farm Roads Km 20 29 2 5 - 56 Bridges and culverts Nos - 9 3 1 - 13 Damage to tanks Nos - 2 52 - 54 Administrative buildings Nos - - - 15 - 15 TABLE 41: DAMAGES AND LOSSES – IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE District Damages (LKR Million) Losses (LKR Million) Ratnapura 126.4 4.8 Kalutara 142.0 11.6 Galle 1434 0.5 Matara 750.5 14.7 Hambantota 373.6 – TOTAL 1,535.9 31.6 TABLE 42: PHYSICAL IMPACT ON FLOOD CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE Type of Infrastructure Unit Galle Matara Hambantota Kalutara Ratnapura Km/ # of Damage to Flood Bunds 58.1 Km 91 20 46 63 locations Drainage canals Km 2.6 Km - - - - Retaining walls Nos - 52 21 22 24 TABLE 43: DAMAGE AND LOSS – FLOOD CONTROL INFRASTRUCTURE District Damages (LKR Million) Losses (LKR Million) Ratnapura – – Kalutara 8.0 15.0 Galle 95.9 – Matara 156.8 45.0 Hambantota 18.1 3.0 TOTAL 278.8 63.0 112  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T The typical losses incurred due to the flood- The sustainability of these schemes depends ing included the expenditure required for the entirely on the effective drainage of important clearing of debris and garbage at the controlled main and secondary drainage canals, which are structure gates, and subsequent damages to not given due recognition due to lack of fund- scouring of bunds in irrigation and drainage ca- ing, lack of equipment, and appropriate policy nals, which have to be attended to, in order to towards proper drainage management by the assure irrigation supplies and adequate drain- respective agencies. age. Some of the losses include scouring and breaching of the embankments of several mi- Therefore, there is the likelihood for agricul- nor tanks, scouring of bunds of irrigation and tural production to fall, impacting several de- drainage canals of several major, and medium velopment goals. Sri Lanka’s Agriculture sector and minor tanks. performed least during 2016 as was the case 2015. Agricultural production has declined due The summary of the damages, and losses com- to climatic and adverse weather conditions, puted for the five districts are given in Table 41 along with setbacks due to flooding and repeat- and 43, for irrigation infrastructure and flood ed droughts. This has led to increased food im- control infrastructure respectively. The short ports of products such as rice and wheat, and and medium-term recovery needs by districts is livelihood losses incurred by subsistence farm- given in table 44. ers, which continues to this day. In 2016, owing to falling agricultural output, its contribution The total estimated cost of the reported flood to GDP was only 7.1%, down 10% in compari- damages and losses in 2017 to the irrigation son to previous times. and flood control infrastructure of the country is LKR 1,909.3 million. The damages and loss- Further, the status and role of women in agri- es shall be recovered following a phased short- cultural production in the affected districts has term and medium-term strategy as outlined been observed to be far less than optimal. While below, for which the estimated costs are: Short- women are actively involved in main agricultur- term LKR 154 million, and medium-term LKR al activities, as well as in diversified food crops 2,288 million. (Table 40 to 44) generating off farm income, and in the farmer organizations, they are often relegated to the 6.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON role of unpaid family workers without access to DEVELOPMENT GOALS independent income. This status will have neg- In the five affected districts covered by PDNA ative impacts on several development goals. during the May 2017 flood, the irrigation schemes in Kalu, and Gin rivers have provided flood-pro- 6.5. CROSS-CUTTING tection facilities to mostly the rain fed area and ISSUES improvement to existing anicut schemes. In Environment: Natural Resources Nilwala, Kiralakale, & Kadwedduwa sectors, the (Applies to all the above river basins) existing anicut schemes afforded flood protec- tion, with improved irrigation facilities, and the a) Damages to ecosystems, destruction of extension of anicut schemes in Kirama Ara up to wetlands, encroachment, and improp- Tangalle and Weeraketiya areas, were increased er land-use practices due to population in order to improve production capacity. Farm- growth and urbanisation (political inter- ers’ organisations were established, and training ferences). provided, to enhance water management for live- lihood and generation of income. b) Sand Mining: Irresponsible issuance of permits for sand mining and poor enforce- infrastruct ure se ctor: I rrigation  1 1 3  ment of regulations enhance river-bank e) Archaeological and Cultural Loss: Inap- erosion, as well as the deepening of the riv- propriate conservation leading to slip fail- erbed, causing increased intrusion of salin- ures e.g: around Pahiyangala Rock Cave ity at water supply intakes. Site in Matugama in Kalu basin. c) Gem Mining: Negative implications of f) Pollution: Industrial discharges are re- mining activities utilising machinery and leased into water bodies including by equipment in the riverbeds of Sitawaka enterprises at subsistence level with low Ganga in Kalu river basin, combined with productivity and low-economic returns. washing activities, change river regime conditions. 6.6. RECOVERY STRATEGY As irrigation is an integral part of agriculture, d) Main Drainages: The main drainages the upkeep of irrigation, drainage, and flood coming within the major river basins are control infrastructure, are vital. Therefore, it not well-defined and the responsibility is urgent that these damages are rectified at the of managing them, if there are no major/ earliest. If these damages are not rectified ur- medium Irrigation schemes, does not fall gently, the lapses will not only affect the func- under the purview of any institution (eg: tionality and performance of the infrastructure Concurrent list under the 13th Amend- but also have adverse impacts on the agricultur- ment). Managed mostly by the Agrarian al production, farmer’s income, as well as in- Development, if falling under rain-fed crease the risk of floods in the future, affecting conditions for paddy cultivation, land uti- farm lands and other socio-economic assets in lization is marginal and drainage is not the areas already affected by the 2017 floods. adequately maintained and/or managed. This situation has caused many irrevers- The general recovery strategy is to rectify the ible consequences during floods due to damages, and restore the performance of the large-sized deep excavated pits remaining damaged irrigation and flood control infra- unfilled, which become breeding grounds structure assets as soon as possible, with the for mosquitoes causing health hazards for objective of minimising economic losses. The the population nearby. Government is currently rectifying the flood damages caused by the 2016 floods to irriga- TABLE 44: SHORT AND MEDIUM-TERM RECOVERY NEEDS **Recovery Needs (LKR Million) District Short Term Medium Term TOTAL Ratnapura 5 164 169 Kalutara 27 195 222 Galle 59 240 299 Matara 60 1,180 1,239 Hambantota 3 509 512 TOTAL 154 2,288 2,442 ** It is not clear how these needs costs were calculated. The strategies and the costing are normally included here. The damages to IDFlood levees inNilwala & Gin ganga have to be carefully investigated the causes of failure to determine the treatment and designs, which cannot be completed during 2018 and have to be continued. The replacement of Engines & Pumps also has to follow the same procedure. 114  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T tion infrastructure, with the help of various to tanks, anicuts, and flank bunds, which need- foreign-funded programmes. In the present ed urgent attention, have been identified and context, government will adopt a three-stage will be taken up for repairs before the com- approach to mitigate the 2017 flood damages. mencement of the next cultivation season by the PID and DAD, via District Assistant Com- The table below shows the district-wise needs missioners. distributed in short and medium-term period. However, a proposal of long-term period is The Major Flood bunds in Gin Ganga at Bad- stated in the narrative below. degama, which had been showing signs of seepage, have to be carefully investigated to The damages to ID Flood levees in Nilwala & assess the defects. Precautionary measures will Gin ganga have to be carefully investigated the be needed to arrest the leaks by mud-grouting causes of failure to determine the treatment techniques or using appropriate strengthening and designs, which cannot be completed during methods. These bunds are almost 35 years old 2018 and have to be continued. The replace- and the Irrigation Department is currently car- ment of Engines & Pumps also has to follow rying out a detailed study to revisit the adequacy the same procedure. of the flood protection schemes in Gin Ganga. Short-Term Recovery: The major bunds which overtopped in Nilwala During the short-term stage, the focus will be Basin, need careful surveying and investiga- on urgent recovery activities. The initial recov- tions to assess the repairs, including earth fill to ery needs of the flood protection schemes in the surfaces and slopes where erosion has taken Gin Ganga and Nilwala Basins will be to re- place, to restore them to their original design store the affected pumps to working order in standards. The Nilwala Diesel pumps have been flood-affected pumping stations, in order to partially replaced in the past few years and the afford protection to the protected areas which remaining engines and pumps have to be re- were inundated due to spilling and overtopping placed with immediate effect as these have been of bunds. Along with this, the repair of minor used beyond their design lifespan of 20 years. damages can be undertaken with the budget The replacing of 30-year-old French diesel en- immediately available to the agencies. gines have to be given priority during the medi- um-term funding /recovery. The PID of the Western and Southern Province is awaiting funds to be released by the Ministry Long-Term Measures (2019-2020): of Irrigation to commence urgent repairs to The Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) has ob- minor irrigation infrastructure as reported by tained credit from the World Bank through the Provincial Council Engineers, and Agrari- the Climate Resilience Improvement Project an Services. A precise inventory of the damages (CRIP), to take adoptive and mitigation mea- is now been finalized, with the preparation of sures to build climate resilient infrastruc- estimates to minor irrigation infrastructure ac- ture to face the adverse impacts of climate cording to the Divisional Officers of the Agrari- Change. Under this project, detailed flood- an services Centre. risk modelling, leading to the identification of structural and non-structural interven- Medium-Term Recovery (2018): tions, and measures to mitigate flood risks In the medium-term recovery phase, farmers in 10 River Basins, including Gin Ganga and who lost their crops and could not replant on Nilwala Ganga basins will be undertaken. time will be given priority. In addition, minor These interventions are currently ongoing, irrigation and drainage canal systems, repairs under the Climate Resilience Improvement infrastruct ure se ctor: I rrigation  1 1 5  Project Phase 11, which commenced in May pects to proceed to conduct detailed design for 2016. Further efforts are being made to cus- flood-control intervention in Kelani river basin, tomize and use HMIS for flood- and drought- with the expectation to secure funding from risk mitigation, flood and drought warning, the World Bank for the implementation of the and flood preparedness, development of data investment plan. Feasibility-level investment and information sharing protocols and poli- options for flood-risk mitigation in Gin Gan- cies with other agencies such as DMC, MASL ga and Nilwala Ganga basins too, will be ready Met Department, MCUDP/SLLR&DC, etc. by early 2018, which will provide a basis for the Government to undertake long-term recovery. The May 2017 floods exceeded the 2003 flood Safeguarding the Nilwala and Gin Ganga basins (Frequency 25Yr R/T), in terms of damage by taking into account the development already caused, due to the spilling and overtopping undertaken, has to be given priority, rather than of many bunds in Nilwala Ganga. This can be the diversion of water to Hambantota district. mainly attributed to the non-construction of This is being reviewed in the light of low avail- the low dam (35 m Dam-150MCM 10yr Flood ability of irrigable lands according to the current Volume for flood control only) at Pitabeddera Gin Nilwala diversion studies. (same site) to afford protection after routing the 100year flood through the dam and assess- In the above context, it is crucial to raise the ing the maximum flood discharge would be awareness and political commitment in order 962.0 m3/sec. this will be below the 10-year to address the flood-related damages. The lack flood which can be mitigated by the flood levees of pro-active measures to mitigate the impact already constructed. Ofcourse this dam cannot of flood has led to unprecedented damage. divert water to Hambantota as originally de- In addition to this, the climate variability and signed for a high dam (64 m high) with hydro- unplanned development without adhering to power (Hulandawa -Binghamara Reservoir: proper land-use planning and building norms, 50-year Flood, cost 1968 LKR 100 mn), which and the environment degradation are some of was planned to be constructed as recommended the other factors that have attributed to the cur- in the study by the International Engineering rent grave situation. Company (IEC), in the 1980’s; and possibly due to non-construction of the bypass to protect 6.7. IMPLEMENTATION Matara town, as recommended by the French STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY their 1990-study. Short Term: The responsibility for the plan- ning, designing and execution of flood dam- In addition, flood-risk modelling, and the iden- age, rehabilitation and major improvement tification of flood-risk mitigation interventions works, will be with the concerned Irrigation in Kalu Ganga basins are being carried out with department. The irrigation Department will funding assistance from JICA. The outcome carry out urgent minor repairs with the bud- and recommendations from these two studies get allocated for flood damages to major Irri- will provide the basis for long-term implement- gation systems. Repairs to irrigation canals, ing strategy to mitigate potential damages from where replanting of paddy is possible (seed future flood events in Gin Ganga, Nilwala Gan- paddy supplied by the Agriculture Depart- ga, and Kalu Ganga basins. ment), have been identified and urgent repairs attended to, using the allocations available. As of July 2017, the flood risk-mitigation invest- Post floods, the Irrigation Department has ment options for Kelani basin have been firmed already commenced urgent repairs to the irri- up at feasibility level under CRIP 11. Upon gation Infrastructure. clearance of the proposals, the Government ex- 116  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T For the execution of repairs and rehabilitation, 6.8. SECTOR ASSESSMENT the agencies will entrust the registered Farmer METHODOLOGY Organizations (FO), to carry out such works, This assessment was based on the data collect- under the guidance and supervision of the tech- ed from national-level agencies responsible for nical staff, and Irrigation engineers. For the managing major, medium and minor irriga- execution of improvement works that require tion schemes. The ID, responsible for manag- specialized skills and technical inputs, the irri- ing major and medium irrigation schemes has gation agencies will employ skilled contractors its regional offices in the Regions, headed by a under the technical guidance of the engineering Director of Irrigation, and there is a Divisional staff. Irrigation Engineer (DIE) for each district, de- pending on the number of major schemes. The Commissioner of Agrarian Services con- firmed that the urgent repairs to minor irri- The damages caused by the floods on the ma- gation schemes will be handled through their jor- /medium schemes, and flood-protection District Assistant Commissioners, utilizing the schemes are initially assessed by the DIE of the technical staff available. However, if any flood division, and subsequently these estimates are damage repair and or/ structural improvement validated by the Regional Director’s office, and to a minor scheme require specialized technical submitted to the ID’s head office in Colombo. skill, then the DAD will request the Provincial Ir- rigation Director (PID) to carry out such works. The damages to medium irrigation and some important minor schemes managed by the Pro- Medium Term: For the execution of repairs, vincial Ministries are assessed by the Divisional rehabilitation, and improvement works, the Engineers, and estimates are forwarded to the irrigation agencies will employ skilled contrac- PID’s office to obtain necessary funds through tors to carry out such works under the technical their Ministry. Similarly, damages to the minor guidance of the engineering staff. schemes managed by the DAD, are first assessed by the Divisional officers of the Agrarian Service Long Term: Discussions have commenced Centers and estimates prepared by the techni- among, and between the agencies, to formu- cal staff are forwarded to the District Assistant late an action plan to adopt ‘Build Back Better” Commissioners for approval, who in turn apply techniques, including risk mitigation measures for funding from the Ministry of Agriculture/ in the restoration and modernization of major DAD.  infrastructure, in order to apply for donor fi- nancial assistance. infrastruct ure se ctor: I rrigation  1 1 7  118  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 7. Transport 7.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ceasing of operations for some time. The cost of The floods and landslides of May 2017 signifi- damage, and revenue losses to public bus ser- cantly affected regular land transport opera- vices, are estimated at LKR 3.0 million and LKR tions, except rail transport, in Kalutara, Galle, 202.2 million, respectively. Matara, Hambantota and Ratnapura, districts disrupting road transport operations and caus- The strategy for recovery to undo the effect of ing damage to their infrastructure. The disas- damages to the road sector is to restore acces- ter damages and losses varied geographically, sibility, connectivity and mobility, as well as to depending on the degree of flooding, and the improve upon previous conditions by repair- occurrence of landslides. The total assessed ing damages with preventive measures, so as damages and losses to the transport sector is to avoid similar damage in the future. The re- LKR 13,076.2 million. construction strategy for these roads includes short-term interventions, such as clearing of This assessment found that roads in all five dis- road surfaces, rectification of surface damages tricts of Kalutara, Galle, Matara, Hambantota (by chip sealing and patching), and repairing and Ratnapura, were damaged due to the floods. structures and embankments. Long-term in- These damages are broadly classified into (i) car- terventions include rebuilding structures – i.e. riageway damages, including shoulder damag- bridges, culverts, drains and retaining walls, and es, (ii) earth slips, (iii) damages to bridges, (iv) the protection of embankment and slopes. In damages to culverts and drains, and (v) erosion addition, repairing of the traffic light system and of river embankments. In all five districts, 898 control panels at Godagama, and the re-fencing sections of roads reported carriageway damag- of ROW for 80 km of expressways are also in- es and earth slips. In addition, 100 bridges, 236 cluded. Essentially, the long-term development culverts/drains, 165 retaining walls, and 3 river objectives of the sector were not affected or embankments were also reported as damaged impacted to a larger extent, since the damages in these districts. Further, the flood also caused were not severe and widespread. damages and revenue losses to the Southern Expressway. Overall, the estimated cost of dam- There was a notable loss in revenue for both ages for the road sector is LKR 12,841.4 million, SLTB and individual private operators’ due to while revenue loss for the Southern Expressway interruption of operations during the flood. is LKR 29.4 million. However, there is no clearly-defined strategy in place for recovering revenue losses due to such Public bus services, which operated on the circumstances. Private operators have to bear damaged roads, or went under water, were in- their losses by themselves, as the Government terrupted during the flooding. In addition, re- is not bound to compensate their losses. The lated infrastructure including vehicles, depots government operator, SLTB, may however, be and bus stands, were also damaged to a certain compensated indirectly through their annual extent. According to the Sri Lanka Transport operational subsidy; received from the govern- Board (SLTB), the report of considerable dam- ment. They are also in the process of receiving age by the flood is to 8 buses and 2 bus depots funds from the Central Government for recov- in Ratnapura District. Both SLTB and individual ering the damages incurred. private operators are supposed to sustain their own revenue losses during this interrupted pe- The total estimated recovery-related needs for riod either due to (i) de-routing of services or (ii) damages in the transport sector is about LKR infrastruct ure se ctor: transport  1 1 9  14,956.4 million, including LKR 14,953.1 mil- The total length of the road network in three lion for roads, and LKR 3.3 million for public flood-affected provinces is 41,315 km and it bus services. This amount does not include com- makes up 35.4 percent of the national network. pensations for revenue loss. This can be further scrutinized to indicate shares of national, provincial and local roads in 7.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT three provinces. They stand at 35.4 percent, 33.7 AND BASELINE percent and 35.6 percent respectively. Mean- The road network in Sri Lanka, other than ex- while the full length of the country’s express- pressways, is broadly classified into national, way network is located within the flood-affected provincial, and local roads, according to their provinces: Western and Southern. functionality and management. While the na- tional roads, classified as A and B class roads, The transport operations of Sri Lanka are car- are managed by the Central Government, ried out by using all modes of transport, in- through the Road Development Authority cluding land, water, and air. Land transport is (RDA), the provincial roads, classified as C dominated by road-based transport modes, in- and D class roads, are managed by respective cluding privately-owned vehicles, public buses, Provincial Councils. The expressways, classi- para-transit vehicles, and freight vehicles. Rail- fied as E Class are also managed by RDA. The way is the other mode of land transport, which local roads, which form the bottom-most layer is used for both passenger and freight transpor- of the road network is managed by respective tations. Domestic air transportation has not Pradeshiya Sabhas, Urban Councils, and Mu- been a popular mode of transport, given that nicipal Councils. In addition, there are some almost all parts of the country are accessible by roads which do not fall under any of the above road transport modes within a maximum of 10 classifications. The total length of such unclas- hours. Similarly, water transport is hardly used sified roads is very minimal, compared to the for either passenger or freight transportation. classified network. The length of the road net- work in the flood-affected provinces of West- Road-based land transport operations are con- ern, Sabargamuwa and Southern region has centrated in the 3 flood-affected provinces, been summarized by type in Table 45, with a though all of them are served by the railway also. comparison to national figures. The operational vehicle fleet in the flood-affect- TABLE 45: R OAD NETWORK IN WESTERN, SABARAGAMUWA & SOUTHERN PROVINCES, 2016 S OU R C E: EC ON O M I C & S O C I AL S TAT I S T I C S O F S RI L A N K A , 2016 Sri Lanka Western Sabaragamuwa Southern All 3 Provinces Type Length Length % to the Length % to the Length % to the Length % to the (km) (km) National (km) National (km) National (km) National National Roads (A & B 12,210 1,594 13.1 1220 10.0 1501 12.3 4,315 35.4 Classes) Expressways (E Class) 170 110 64.7 - - 60 35.3 170 100.0 Provincial Roads (C & 18,900 1,954 10.3 2791 14.8 1630 8.6 6,375 33.7 D Classes) Local Roads 85,500 15,000 17.5 7254 8.5 8201 9.6 30,455 35.6 TOTAL 116,780 18,658 16.0 11265 9.6 11392 9.8 41,315 35.4 120  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 46: OPERATIONAL VEHICLE FLEET IN WESTERN, SABARAGAMUWA & SOUTHERN PROVINCES, 2016 Sri Lanka Western Sabaragamuwa Southern All 3 Provinces Type % to the % to the % to the % to the Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. National National National National Omnibuses 21,820 8,931 40.9 1,992 9.1 2,002 9.2 12,925 59.2 Private 30,878 16,258 52.7 2,527 8.2 3,505 11.4 22,290 72.2 Coaches Dual Purpose 341,487 150,136 44.0 21,885 6.4 36,716 10.8 208,737 61.1 Vehicles Private Cars 523,920 313,430 59.8 27,772 5.3 46,222 8.8 387,424 73.9 Land 101,445 15,262 15.0 3,470 3.4 14,276 14.1 33,008 32.5 Vehicles Goods 224,571 96,483 43.0 16,882 7.5 21,844 9.7 135,209 60.2 Vehicles Motor Cycles 2,250,623 681,223 30.3 125,665 5.6 325,046 14.4 1,131,934 50.3 Three 940,838 313,182 33.3 109,016 11.6 126,055 13.4 548,253 58.3 Wheelers Others 6,320 814 12.9 1,286 20.3 199 3.1 2,299 36.4 TOTAL 4,441,902 1,595,719 35.9 310,495 7.0 575,865 13.0 2,482,079 55.9 ed provinces of Western, Sabargamuwa and Similar to the trend in the national level, public Southern are summarized in Table 46 by type, bus service is the principal mode of passenger with a comparison to national figures. The to- transport in these three provinces. These bus tal vehicle fleet in the three flood-affected prov- services are provided by the state-run SLTB and inces has been estimated at 2,482,076 million, by privately-run buses, which are mostly owned and it accounts for slightly more than half of by individual operators. As given in Table 46, the national fleet. Of these only around one- 12,925 Omni-buses are in operation in these third are four-wheeled or six-wheeled vehicles. three provinces, and of which, only around 35 The balance two-third includes two-wheeled percent are owned by SLTB. Privately-owned motor cycles and three-wheeled vehicles. Bus- buses are categorized as inter-provincial ser- es used for public transport add up to around vices and intra-provincial services, and are 13,000 units, representing about 0.5 percent of regulated by the Central Government through the fleet, while all forms of goods carrying ve- the National Transport Commission, as well hicles, including land vehicles, make up around as by relevant provincial councils. In addition, 168,000 units, which is only about 7 percent of 188 buses are in operation on the expressways. the operational fleet in all three provinces. Pri- These buses are operated by both SLTB and pri- vate cars and dual-purpose vehicles are estimat- vate operators with equal shares in number of ed at 600,000 units for all three provinces and trips. account for 24 percent of the operational fleet. Estimated vehicle ownership is about 236 vehi- The railway is a popular mode of transport, cles per 1,000 persons for all three provinces especially during peak hours, in Western aggregately. and Southern provinces but not in Sabarag- amuwa Province. The total track length ex- infrastruct ure se ctor: transport  1 2 1  tending in these three provinces is about 280 The total cost of the damages for national roads km. During peak hours, the railway operates is estimated at LKR 6,258.8 million, out of 5-6 trains on these tracks, especially on main which damages due to earth slips accounts for line and coastal lines, to provide access to and 51 percent, while carriageway damages account from Colombo. for 36 percent. Among all five districts, the na- tional roads in Galle District have reported the 7.3. POST-DISASTER highest damage amounting to LKR 2,239.4 EFFECTS million, whereas the least damage adding up The floods and earth slips significantly affected to LKR 32.0 million was reported for Hamban- regular road-based land transport operations tota District. The national roads in Matara and in Kalutara District of the Western Province, Ratnapura districts have also been damaged Galle, Matara and Hambantota Districts of considerably, accounting for an estimated dam- the Southern Province, and Ratnapura District age value of LKR 1,662.2 million and LKR 1,523 of Sabaragamuwa Province, until water levels million respectively. The cost of damages in receded; and also caused damage to road infra- Kalutara district is comparatively low and has structure. The disaster damages and losses var- been estimated at LKR 802 million. ied geographically, depending on the degree of flooding. Damages and losses in the transport Provincial Roads: Similar to the national sector, covering the road network, and public roads, damages for provincial roads were also bus services, were assessed based on the infor- reported in all five districts and classified as: mation furnished by the relevant government (i) carriageway damages, including shoulder agencies during the PDNA, and the results pre- damages, and earth slips (ii) damages to bridg- sented herein are based on this analysis. In this es (iii) damages to culverts and drains, and (iv) assessment damages and losses to the railway damages to retaining walls. The extent and cost were ignored as they were insignificant. of damages by type are summarized in Table 48 (district wise). Damages and Losses to Road Sector: National roads: Post-disaster assessment re- Nearly 89 sections of provincial roads were re- vealed that national roads in all five districts ported for carriageway damages and earth slips of Kalutara, Galle, Matara, Hambantota and in all five districts. In addition, the flood has Ratnapura, were damaged due to the floods. also damaged 23 bridges, 30 culverts/drains, These damages are classified as: (i) carriage- and13 retaining walls of the provincial network way damages, including shoulder damages, (ii) in the region. The total cost of damages for earth slips, (iii) damages to bridges, (iv) damag- these roads is estimated at LKR 3,833.1 million, es to culverts and drains, and (v) erosion of riv- and of which carriageway damages including er embankments in line with the classification earth slips dominate with a cost share of 91 in information sources. The extent and cost of percent. Damage cost for bridges and culverts/ damages by type are summarized in Table 47 drains are comparatively low and accounts for (district-wise). a share of 6 percent and 3 percent respectively. The provincial roads in Matara district were In all five districts, 55 roads sections of national reported for the highest damage cost of LKR roads were reported for carriageway damages, 2,729.0 million, whereas the least damage and another 42 sections for earth slips. In addi- (LKR 191.2 million) was reported for Kalutara tion, 14 bridges, 20 culverts/ drains and 3 river district. The network in Ratnapura district has embankments of this network were also dam- also been damaged considerably accounting for aged during the flood. a total of LKR 445.8 million. The cost damage for Galle and Hambantota is comparatively low 122  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 47: DETAILS OF DAMAGES TO NAT IONAL ROADS BY DISTRICTS Cariageway Damage Earth Slips Damages to Culverts/Drains Damages to Bridges Erosion of Embankments Total Damage District Road Cost Road Cost Road Cost Road Cost Road Cost Cost Sections (LKR. Mn.) Sections (LKR. Mn.) Sections (LKR. Mn.) Sections (LKR. Mn.) Sections (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) 5 Kalutara 124.4 3 605.0 4 21.5 1 20.0 3 31.0 801.9 (3 km) 19 Galle 1605.7 1 20.0 1 500.0 7 113.7 - - 2,239.4 (31 km) 4 Matara 103.0 23 1529.2 - - 1 30 - - 1,662.2 (14 km) 14 Hambantota 14.7 - - 5 16.5 2 0.8 - - 32.0 (11 km) 13 Ratnapura 347.2 15 981.4 10 104.7 3 90.0 - - 1,523.3 (20 km) TOTAL 55 2,195.0 42 3,135.6 20 642.7 14 254.5 3 31.0 6,258.8 TABLE 48: DETAILS OF DAMAGES TO PROVINCIA L ROADS BY DISTRICTS Carriageway Damage/Earth Slips Damages to Bridges Damages to Culverts/ Damages to Retaining Walls Total Damage Cost Drains (LKR. Mn.) District Road Sections Cost No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) Kalutara 9 63.0 6 39.0 25 68.5 13 20.7 191.2 (18.7 km) Galle 18 229.7 - - 229.7 (282.6 km) Matara 32 2,620.0 2 90.0 3 19.0 2,729.0 (298.7 km) Hambantota 16 237.4 - - 237.4 (163.1 km) Ratnapura 14 323.8 15 113.0 2 9.0 445.8 (309.2 km) All Districts 89 3,473.9 23 242.0 30 96.5 13 20.7 3,833.1 (1072.3 km) infrastruct ure se ctor: transport  1 2 3  and estimated at LKR 229.7 million and LKR cent in total cost, while damages for bridges are 237.4 million respectively. placed second with a share of 23 percent. The reported damage cost for culverts/drains and Local Roads: The extent and cost of damages retaining walls are comparatively low with re- are summarized district-wise for local roads in spective cost shares of 8 percent and 6 percent. Table 49 by following the same classification of damages adopted for provincial roads. Similar to the case with provincial roads, local roads in Matara district were again reported In all five districts, 754 sections of local roads for the highest damage, valued at LKR 847.3 were reported for carriageway damages and million. The network in Kalutara district has earth slips. Further, damages to 63 bridges, 198 also been damaged considerably accounting for culverts/drains and 140 retaining walls were LKR 725.3 million. The cost of damages for Rat- also reported for the local road network in these napura and Galle are moderately placed with five districts. The estimated total cost of damag- the values of LKR 445.4 million and LKR 355.0 es for these roads is LKR 2,576.5 million. The million respectively. The least damage of LKR cost for carriageway damages, including earth 203.5 million was reported for the local roads in slips accounts for the highest share of 63 per- Kalutara district. TABLE 49: DETAILS OF DAMAGES TO LOCAL ROADS BY DISTRICTS Carriageway Damage/ Damages to Damages to Total Damages to Bridges Earth Slips Culverts/Drains Retaining Walls Damage District Road Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Nos. Nos. Nos. (LKR. Mn.) Sections (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) (LKR. Mn.) Kalutara 208 604.8 11 52.2 76 45.7 71 22.6 725.3 Galle 140 355.0 - - - - 355.0 Matara 157 256.5 28 505.3 75 77.5 35 8.0 847.3 Hambantota 65 153.4 - - 22 46.8 3 3.3 203.5 Ratnapura 184 254.1 24 49.5 25 30.9 31 110.9 445.4 All Districts 754 1,623.8 63 607.0 198 200.9 140 144.8 2,576.5 TABLE 50: LOCATIONS, NATURE OF FLOOD DAMAGES AND ITS COST FOR SOUTHERN EXPRESSWAYS S OU R C E: R OAD DE V E L O P M E N T AUT H O R I T Y Damage Cost Location Nature of Damage (LKR Mn.) About 300m section of Expressway section was flooded for Millage: 32+300 about 2 days and few alligator cracks been appeared in the 0.5 section and to be sealed with type 3 slurry sealing. Local failure of embankment slope for about 15m occurred Millage: 74+100 (Left) during the heavy rainy period and to be sealed with a RR 2.5 masonry packing. 101+500 R Cut slope failures were observed at several locations 15 99+900 L Gelanigama – Welipenna RoW fencing was damaged for about 80 km (both sides) at theses section due to flooding as well as during the flood 150 Kokmaduwa-Godagama (40Km × 2) assistance programmers Traffic Light System and Control Panels at Godagama “Nilwala Godagama 5 Gate” were damaged due to flooding. Total 173 124  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 51: NATURE OF LOSS AND ITS VALUE FOR SOUTHERN EXPRESSWAYS S OU R C E: R OA D DE V E L O P M E N T AUT H O R I T Y Revenue Loss (LKR) Nature of Loss Southern Expressway/OCH CKE Total Vehicles allowed for rescue operation & food assistance for 2,861,000 35,800 2,896,800 flood victims by army & other military personnel Revenue loss due to effect of flood 1,258,500 25,294,000 26,552,500 Revenue loss due to closure of IC’s - Total 28,155,000 1,294,300 29,449,300 Expressways: Out of the three expressways in stopped from plying during the flooding. In the country, only few sections of the Southern addition, related infrastructure, including vehi- Expressway were interrupted for vehicle move- cles, depots, and bus stands were also damaged ments, and were damaged due to the flood. to a certain extent. According to the Sri Lanka Table 50 summarizes the affected locations of Transport Board (SLTB), considerable damage the expressway, together with nature of damag- by the flood impacted 8 buses and 2 bus depots es and its cost. in Ratnapura District. Both SLTB and individ- ual private operators are supposed to sustain In addition, the loss of revenue due to the clo- their own revenue losses during this interrupt- sure of the flooded section on the Southern ed period either due to (i) de-routing of services Expressway has been estimated at LKR 29.4 or (ii) ceasing of operations for some time. The million. The details of these losses have been damage and revenue losses to the SLTB and are summarized together with their monetary Private Operators have been summarized in values in Table 51. Table 52. Damages and Losses to Summary table of Damages and Public Bus Services Losses in the Transport Sector Public bus services which were operated on The sectoral and sub-sectoral damages and loss- damaged roads or went under water were es for Kalutara, Galle, Matara, Hambantota TABLE 52: DAMAGES AND LOSSES TO PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT OPERATIONS Revenue Losses Damages for Buses & (LKR million) Service Type District Depots (SLTB) (LKR million) SLTB Private Total Kalutara - 2.9 7.4 10.3 Galle - 6.3 4.4 10.7 Intra – Provincial Matara - 1.5 8.5 10 Hambatota - 6.7 4.3 11 Ratnapura 3 12.6 12 24.6 Inter-Provincial - 14.8 59.1 73.9 Expressway Buses - 30 31.7 61.7 TOTAL 3 74.8 127.4 202.2 infrastruct ure se ctor: transport  1 2 5  TABLE 53: DAMAGES AND LOSSES TO TRANSPORT SECTOR IN AFFECTED FIVE DISTRICTS Damages Revenue Losses Total Sector Type (LKR million) (LKR million) (LKR million) National Roads 6,258.8 - 6,258.8 Provincial Roads 3,833.1 - 3,833.1 Roads Local Roads 2,576.7 - 2,576.7 Expressways 173.0 29.4 202.4 Intra Provincial 3.0 66.6 69.6 Public Bus Service Inter-Provincial - 73.9 73.9 Expressway Buses - 61.7 61.7 TOTAL 12,844.6 231.6 13,076.2 and Ratnapura Districts, discussed above, have For the achievement of disaster risk reduction, been summarized and presented in Table 53. the RDA has already initiated a project called ‘Landslide Disaster Protection Project on Na- 7.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON tional Roads’ to be undertaken within all iden- DEVELOPMENT GOALS tified national roads which have proven to be With respect to the National Road Master Plan prone to landslides. Its goal is to establish, and of the RDA, the strategic goal is to be an excel- maintain a safe and comfortable road network lent service provider with an efficient and safe by improving the capacity for landslide miti- road network, based on new technology. Al- gation of national roads, through modelling though the recent flood has affected the road landslide counter measures, and an early warn- sector and public bus operations, the damages ing system, along with providing assistance to and losses are considered to be moderate when construct such infrastructure at selected loca- compared to other sectors of the national econ- tions. The purpose of this project is to mitigate omy. The damages that occurred within this landslide disaster targeting for A-class national sector have not affected the national develop- roads as part of its basic infrastructure by im- ment sector goals of the country to a great ex- plementing appropriate counter measures in tent, even though a considerable portion of the highland areas, thereby enhancing the security road network has been disturbed. of the road network, and thus, safeguarding the lives of people. 7.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES The country’s national road network, including 7.6. RECOVERY NEEDS expressways is considered to be a crucial eco- AND STRATEGIES nomic infrastructure within the transport sec- National Road Network: The strategy of re- tor, providing high mobility, connectivity, and covery for the damages to the road sector aims accessibility. Thus, early recovery of the sector is to restore accessibility, connectivity and mobil- vital for the economy to be built back as it was. ity, thus improving the previous conditions by It is fortunate that the roads under the national repairing damages with preventive measures road network were – in relative terms – not af- added, so as to avoid similar damage in the fected to a greater extent, because that would future. The reconstruction strategy for these have, in turn, affected agriculture, and industry roads includes short-term interventions, such and commerce, as well as social sectors such as as rectification of carriageway damages (re- housing. habilitation of washed/slipped sections, and surface corrections by chip sealing, and patch- 126  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T ing surfaces), and clearing of roads. The medi- Public Bus Services: There was a notable loss um-term interventions include repairing and in revenue for both SLTB and individual private rebuilding structures, including bridges, cul- operators’ due to interruption of operations verts drains, and retaining walls, and the pro- during the flood. However, there is no clearly tection of embankment and slopes. In addition, defined strategy in place for recovering revenue repairing of the traffic light system and control losses due to such circumstances. Private op- panels at Godagama, and re-fencing of ROW erators have to bear their losses by themselves, for 80 km of expressways, are also included, as the Government is not bound to compen- and considered short-term interventions. Es- sate their losses. The government operator, sentially, the long-term developmental objec- SLTB, may however, be compensated indirectly tives of the sector were not affected or impacted through their annual operational subsidy re- to a larger extent, since the damages were not ceiving from the Government. They are also in severe and widespread. the process of receiving funds from the central government for recovering the damages in- The financial need for recovering damages to curred. national roads and expressways are channelled through RDA’s annual budgetary allocation. The estimated recovery-related needs for dam- RDA annually receives a separate allocation to ages have been summarized by sectors and by utilize for Natural Disaster Affected Road Re- sub-sectors in Table 54. Since proper estimates habilitation from the Central Government. In for each sector and sub sector had not been done case of inadequacy of the aforementioned al- at the time of this PDNA, the recovery-related location, RDA is entitled to allocate necessary needs for national roads and expressways have funds for disaster damages through other bud- been estimated with an excess of 20 percent on getary votes. In contrast to the financial capabil- their damage costs, while for provincial and lo- ities of RDA, the PRDA and Local Governments cal roads, an excess of 15 percent has been taken do not receive a separate fund for spending on into account. The financial need for repairing natural disasters. Therefore, rehabilitation in damaged buses and depots has been estimated matters of disaster-related damages has to be with an excess 10 percent on their damage cost. included in the next year’s road improvement program, unless a separate fund for rectifying 7.7. IMPLEMENTATION damages is received from the Central Govern- STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY ment. Although the flood led to revenue loss for RDA carries out rehabilitation of damages on the RDA due to the closure of some sections of national roads through its direct labour in re- the expressway, there is no defined strategy in gional offices unless extensive technical and place to recover such losses. human resource capacity is required. Similarly, RDA carries out rehabilitation of minor damag- TABLE 54: RECOVERY NEEDS FOR TRANSPORT SECTOR IN AFFECTED FIVE DISTRICTS Recovery Need (LKR million) Damages Sector Sub-sectors (LKR million) Short – Term Medium – Term Total National Roads 6,258.8 5,330.6 2,043.64 7,374.2 Provincial Roads 3833.1 3,473.9 934.17 4,408.1 Roads Local Roads 2576.7 1,623.8 1,339.41 2,963.2 Expressways 173.0 173 34.60 207.6 Public Bus Service Intra Provincial 3.0 3.3 0.00 3.3 TOTAL 12,844.6 10,604.6 4,351.82 14,956.40 infrastruct ure se ctor: transport  1 2 7  es of the expressway through Expressway Oper- Board, facilitated by the UOC research assis- ation, Management and Maintenance Division. tants. In the aftermath of a disaster, RDA gath- Whenever the damages are extensive, rehabili- ers damage data for national roads through tation work will be outsourced to a competent the executive engineer’s offices, and for the contractor. Such work includes rehabilitation expressways through Expressway operation, of bridges and culverts, slope stabilization, and management and maintenance division. Sim- overlaying. Similarly, PRDA and Local Gov- ilarly, PRDDs and Pradeshiya Sabhas collect- ernments carry out the rehabilitation of minor ed data for provincial roads and local roads damages with their in-house resources but the through their sub offices. In addition to road work is outsourced if damages are extensive. sector damage assessment, this PDNA strived to assess the damage and losses to public bus ser- SLTB uses their in-house mechanical labour vices operated by SLTB and Private Individual and resources to repair damaged buses. How- Operators. The SLTB collects damage and loss ever, rehabilitation of damaged buildings has to data through its regional offices, and the Min- be outsourced due to unavailability of in-house istry of Transport and Civil Aviation collected construction labour. this information from SLTB and furnished it to the assessment team. Details of losses to 7.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY privately-owned bus services were assessed The transport sector’s damage and loss assess- based on the information provided by National ment was primarily based on the information Transport Commission, and respective passen- collected and reported by the RDA, Provincial ger transport authorities. A team of research Road Development Departments (PRDDs), assistants from the University of Colombo fa- Pradeshiya Sabhas, and Sri Lanka Transport cilitated data collection across agencies.   128  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 8. Water and Sanitation 8.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY term, medium-term and long-term water and This assessment considered the damages and sanitation-related recovery and reconstruc- losses of the water and sanitation sector in five tion needs were estimated to be LKR 8,400.1 districts: Ratnapura, Kalutara, Galle, Matara million, LKR 5,487.7 million, and LKR 2,912.5 and Hambantota, in alignment with the overall respectively. The highest cost was incurred for assessment. However, disaster impacts of water dug wells followed by toilets. Galle district has and sanitation in Hambantota and Galle were the highest need for water supply, followed by found to be far less than the other three districts. Ratnapura and Matara districts. Ratnapura and Although Colombo district was not identified as Matara district requires maximum attention a focal district, the damages to the main trans- when it comes to sanitation. The impact of, and mission pipeline system from Labugama and recovery post a disaster vary according to the so- Kalatuwawa reservoirs, which feed the Greater cioeconomic status of the affected population. Colombo area was included due to its magni- More deprived communities find that their ba- tude and the effect on it. sic needs are further compromised, whilst the more affluent ones remain concerned about the In the Water Supply subsector, the assessment recovery of capital cost of the damaged water focused on the disaster impacts of urban water and sanitation-related assets. supply schemes of National Water Supply and Drainage Board, community-managed rural When planning water and sanitation services, water supply schemes, and dug wells. In the repeated and recurrent occurrence of disasters Sanitation sub sector, the assessment focused in recent years, emphasize the need to take into on household latrines. account the very significant impacts, particular- ly on most vulnerable groups such as children, The cost of overall damages for water and san- adolescent girls, elders, mothers and differently itation was found to be LKR 1,531.9 million, of abled people. It also clearly highlights the need which LKR 854.7 million was accounted for by for robust medium- to long-term strategies for drinking water supply alone and the remaining the sector, so that it becomes significantly re- amount of LKR 677.2 million was for the dam- silient to disasters. These include interventions ages to inundated toilets. The largest damage in in building necessary capacity in human re- the drinking water sector was to the community sources, and developing system protocols with managed RWS Schemes. The total cost of loss- multi-stakeholder approaches with disaster risk es for the drinking water sector was LKR 143.5 management internalized in the planning func- million; out of which, almost 66.0 million was tion. The strategies will span inter-institutional recorded in Kalutara district. Kalutara also led structural realignment from the macro level to in terms of financial damages and losses, ac- community aspects at the grassroots level. counting for 34 percent of the overall damages and losses. The overall damages and losses were 8.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT lowest in Galle district. AND BASELINE The immediate recovery needs had already been Geographical Focus completed, but the focus on medium- to long- The PDNA assessment of the water and sani- term interventions with the concept of ‘Build tation sector considered the five districts with back better’ found that most were long-term 60 Divisional Secretary areas, and 1472 Grama interventions. In the five focal districts; short- Niladhari Divisions, in alignment with the infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 2 9  broader study. The impact on the water and sons with basic knowledge of operations and sanitation infrastructure of Matara district was maintenance. The quality and quantity of water highest in comparison to the more undulating supplied are often inconsistent. Ratnapura district. Kalutara district closely followed these two districts. The disaster recov- The largest contribution to Sri Lanka’s drink- ery needs of the Matara and Kalutara districts ing water supply, with a coverage of 48 percent posed different problems, particularly concern- — amounting to almost half of its population ing stagnation and inundation of water over a — is by shallow dug wells. Individual house- longer period of time. holders, often for domestic use, construct most of these wells. Dug wells are mainly categorized Water Supply as protected, and unprotected, depending on The public health dimension necessitates that the availability of a guard wall and/or an apron the water sub-sector pays the greatest attention around it. Regardless of the type of well, there to drinking water, when accessibility to potable is no consistent water quality; and dug well water, in order to cater to the most basic human owners are often advised to use an appropriate needs, is compromised. Nationally, the public household water treatment method, such as relies mainly on the following modalities to ful- boiling drinking water, or adding chlorine tab- fil their domestic water needs, resulting in the lets, to address microbial risks. Both Ratnapura assessment being limited to the analysis of: and Matara districts have comparatively higher percentages of unimproved water sources. i. Pipe-borne water supply of the Nation- al Water Supply and Drainage Board BNWS&DB, and CBO-managed RWS schemes, (NWS&DB); as well as protected dug wells, are categorized as ‘improved water’ sources, while unprotected ii. Pipe-borne water supply by Communi- wells and other sources are categorized as ‘un- ty-based Rural Water Supply Schemes; and improved water’ sources. The percentage cover- age of ‘improved water’ sources in the five focal iii. Shallow Dug wells (household and com- districts is shown in 55 below. mon). Sanitation The NWSDB caters to approximately 37 percent In the absence of pipe-borne sewer networks, of Sri Lanka’s total drinking water supply and and seepage treatment plants in the geographic 79 percent of pipe-borne water supply. Main- area of the assessment, the Sanitation sub-sec- ly conventional treatment processes are em- tor analysis was mainly based on household la- ployed by the 324 water supply schemes that trines, with a particular focus on both access to, rely on primarily surface-water sources. The and disposal of, excreta. Ratnapura and Hamb- NWSDB, which is considered as one of the best anthota districts have higher percentages of un- water utilities in the South Asia region, services improved sanitation systems. Table 56 below, at a consistent quality through its 2,092,471 summarizes the sanitation coverage (access) service connections. percentage in each of the focal districts. Rural Water Supply schemes, numbering Water and Sanitation approximately 4500, are mostly communi- Infrastructure Baselines ty-managed and cover approximately 10 per- cent of Sri Lanka’s total water supply, and Water Supply represent 21 percent of the total pipe-borne wa- Data from National Census of Population & ter supply. These schemes are managed by per- Housing (2012) on water, as well as current op- 130  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 55: DRINKING WATER COVERAGE PERCENTAGE IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E A N D C A L C UL AT I O N B AS E : C E N S US O F P O P U L AT IO N & HO U SIN G- 2012 Dug Wells (%) National Pipe Network Other Sources (%) (%) Protected wells within Unimproved water % Tap outside premises premises but outside River/Tank/Stream/ Improved water % Rural water supply Tap within the unit Unprotected wells Spring and others outside premises District Protected wells Bowser Supply Bottled Water Tap within the Tube Wells premises projects the unit Galle 43.1 14.6 7.5 20 5.2 2.3 3 1.1 0.1 0 2.8 89.7 10.4 Matara 32 12.4 6.7 22 7.7 1.7 10 0.8 0 0 7.0 86.3 13.7 Hambanthota 12 7.5 2.4 25 26.7 4.8 15.7 2.3 0.3 0.1 3.2 94.1 5.9 Ratnapura 17.7 13.2 5.2 10 8.4 4.5 26.2 1.5 0.4 0 12.9 81.6 18.5 Kalutara 45.9 13.4 4.6 20.4 2.8 1.6 6.8 2.2 0.2 0 1.9 93.1 6.7 TABLE 56: SANITATION COVERAGE PERCENTAGE IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E A ND C AL C UL AT I O N B AS E : C E N S US O F P O P U L AT IO N & HO U SIN G- 2012 Within the housing Outside the housing Other (%) Improved Sanitation unit (%) unit (%) other housing Dedicated to Dedicated to Un-improved Sanitation % District Shared with Household Household Not using Common/ Shared Shared latrine Public units % Galle 30.7 2.1 58.7 5.6 2.3 0.2 0.4 89.4 10.6 Matara 23.6 1.8 66.6 5.2 2.4 0.3 0.2 90.2 9.9 Hambanthota 14.8 1.4 73.2 6.8 3.2 0.1 0.4 88.0 12.0 Ratnapura 20.8 2.1 65.8 7.5 3.0 0.2 0.5 86.6 13.4 Kalutara 42.5 2.2 48.4 4.9 1.6 0.2 0.2 90.9 9.1 erational data from the NWS&DB, DNCWS and provides 60 percent of population’s water-re- WaSSIP, were used in deriving baseline infor- lated needs in Ratnapura district. In Kalutara mation for the pre-disaster context in the five district, 67 percent of the population gets water focal districts, under the selected categories, as from dug wells. shown in tables 57 and 58. Sanitation In Hambanthota district, NWS&DB provides Data from National Census of Population & potable water to almost 54 percent of the pop- Housing (2012), on sanitation, were used in de- ulation, while it is almost 39 percent in Matara riving the baseline information for the pre-di- district. The dug wells provide drinking water saster context in the five focal districts under to 60 percent of the population in Galle district, the selected categories, as shown in Table 59 while the community-managed RWS Schemes and Table 60 below. This analysis mainly fo- infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 3 1  TABLE 57: P IPE BORNE WATER AND DUG WELLS – BASELINE DATA IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E A N D C AL C UL AT I O N B AS E : C E N S US O F P O P U L AT IO N & HO U SIN G- 2012 Number of Pipe Borne Number of Dug Wells Water Supply Systems NW S& DB SCH EMES SOUR CE SOUR CE NW S& DB/DNCW S/ Total Un-protected Wells Protected wells outside Protected wells within Total Protected Wells MANAG ED SCH EMES District Unprotected wells RW S/COMMUNI TY – NW S& DB Total Wells premises premises WASSI P Galle 15 164 116,245 39,304 20,207 155,549 20,207 175,756 Matara 17 355 65,245 25,365 13,690 90,610 13,690 104,300 Hambanthota 20 149 18,679 11,587 3,754 30,266 3,754 34,020 Ratnapura 12 450 49,538 36,958 14,506 86,496 14,506 101,002 Kalutara 5 163 138,011 40,288 13,942 178,299 13,942 192,241 Total 69 1281 387,718 153,502 66,099 541,220 66,099 607,319 TABLE 58: P OPULATION SERVED BY PIPE BORNE WATER AND DUG WELLS – BASELINE DATA IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E A N D C AL C UL AT I O N B AS E : N W S DB , DN C WS , WA S SIP, C E N SU S O F P O P U L AT IO N & HO U SIN G- 2012 A N D D ISTRICT S TAT IS T IC A L H AN DB O O K Population Served by Pipe Borne Water Supply Population Served by Dug Wells Systems RWS/Community Managed Total Un-protected Unprotected wells NWS&DB Schemes outside premises Schemes within premises Protected wells Protected wells Total Protected District No. Of No. Of Total Wells Population Population Service Service Served Served Wells Wells Connections Connections Galle 107,248 408,615 7,531 28,693 442,893 149,748 76,989 592,642 76,989 669,631 Matara 95,861 383,444 44,099 175,336 260,980 101,460 54,760 362,440 54,760 417,200 H’thota 103,836 399,769 52,759 203,515 71,914 44,610 14,453 116,524 14,453 130,977 Ratnapura 49,159 181,888 221,100 818,070 183,291 136,745 53,672 320,035 53,672 373,707 Kalutara 74,388 238,042 16,371 65,982 441,635 128,922 44,614 570,557 44,614 615,171 Total 430,492 1,611,757 341,860 1,291,596 1,400,713 561,484 244,488 1,962,198 244,488 2,206,686 132  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 59: HOUSEHOLD TOILET BASELINE DATA IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E A ND C AL C UL AT I O N B AS E : C E N S US O F P O P U L ATIO N & HO U SIN G- 2012 Number of Toilets Shared Toilets Shared Toilets Household Toilets Individual Household (assuming two house- (assuming two house- Total Individual District Toilets holds sharing one holds sharing one Total Shared Total Toilets toilet) toilet) Toilets Within Outside Within Outside Outside Public House House House House House Toilets Galle 82914 158460 5645 15061 6084 568 241374 27358 268732 Matara 48101 135934 3681 10704 4838 534 184035 19757 203792 Hambanthota 23057 113754 2182 10618 4981 107 136811 17888 154699 Ratnapura 58261 184632 5864 21086 8526 680 242893 36156 279049 Kalutara 57109 140521 3306 11091 4939 369 197630 19705 217335 TABLE 60: NUMBER OF LATRINES BY TYPE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E A ND C AL C UL AT I O N B AS E : C E N S US O F P O P U L ATIO N & HO U SIN G- 2012 Households Type of Latrine utilized by households (Numbers) District Water sealed & Water sealed & Pour Flush Not using Total connected to connected to latrine (Not Direct pit Other Latrine a Pit Septic Tank Water Sealed) Galle 273, 140 257,657 5,917 4,296 4,123 108 1,039 Hambanthota 156, 476 145,252 1,904 1,736 6,836 120 628 Kalutara 305,737 292,195 6,638 3,284 2,710 123 787 Matara 206,790 196,953 4,565 1,788 2,991 56 437 Ratnapura 285,893 255,587 12,250 4,775 11,490 142 1,650 cused on household latrines (both non-shared Ratnapura and Hambantota districts have a and shared), with on-site excreta disposal sys- comparatively higher percentage of households tems, such as septic tanks and/or soakage pits, utilizing unsanitary methods, amounting to standalone pits, and cesspools. around 6 percent. Although utilizing septic tanks is a better alternative, when compared Approximately 95 percent of the household to the above-mentioned unsanitary methods, latrines in all the selected focal districts, ex- a majority of these are structurally weak, and cept Ratnapura (90%) are water sealed, and not connected to soakage pits, as required for connected to a pit. Although this is laudable, appropriate treatment. there is still a proportion of the population that is utilizing unsanitary methods of dis- The lack of comprehensive and updated data posal of excreta. Pour flush latrines (not water on the type of excreta-disposal methods used sealed), direct pits and not using a latrine at all, by households, and especially the quality of lead to soil contamination, and has significant construction of septic tanks, are the primary long-term effects to groundwater resources. limitations, when it comes to the development (Table 59, 60) of a new and improved system, to enhance the infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 3 3  resilience of the local communities to future The description of damages to the NWSDB hazards. In addition, the challenge also lies in systems in the focal districts, and the affected determining the quality of concealed septic number of consumers are indicated in Table 61 tanks. Furthermore, the main concern is the below. lack of resources and capacity constraints to gather and analyse existing data on latrines. The total number of consumers affected from this disaster is almost 29 percent of all the base- 8.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS line NWS&DB consumers in the focal districts. This description focuses on water supply and It is evident that most of the damages reported, sanitation services using the categorization were to the water intakes built along rivers and described in the above-mentioned pre-disas- streams, and associated equipment. Borehole ter context. Each category is explained with intakes were also damaged due to inundation. respect to the following dimensions: infra- In addition, floods had destabilised the distri- structure and assets; effects on service-delivery bution networks of several schemes. Due to the processes and accessibility to services; effects unavailability of power supply along with the on sector governance, functions and systems; inundation of generators; some systems could and increased risks and vulnerabilities. The not be restored immediately after the floods. component on water, sanitation and hygiene Table 61 below does not include the many in- in schools has been addressed in the chapter on takes blocked with debris due to the flood, and Education. subsequently cleaned, and restored without damages. NWS&DB Water Schemes NWS&DB water-supply schemes in these areas As soon as the disaster struck, the NWS&DB were affected due to adverse weather condi- initiated the Emergency Response Planning tions, including flooding, and operations had system. It also utilised its regular and addition- to be suspended under some schemes. While al resources to minimize service interruptions there was some damage to water schemes due to affected people in all districts, even going to flooding, there was noticeable interruption beyond its regular services and functioning, as of services in Matara district to almost 95 per- an entity providing technical expertise. Some cent of all NWSDB consumers. Interruptions critical equipment and the entire standby equip- in Ratnapura and Hambanthota districts were ment stocks were removed to safer locations; mainly due to disruption of one large system in resulting in minimisation of damages and loss- each district, affecting 18 percent and 15 percent es. In addition to the regular NWSDB hotline, of the consumers respectively. Galle and Kalu- in Matara district, special telephone numbers tara districts’ consumers were the least affected. were assigned for 24/7 operation, to provide information and assistance to the affected com- Three major transmission pipelines conveying munities. water to Kaduwela and Colombo city were dam- aged due to the landslide that occurred along Regular consumers who could not get access to Kaluaggala-Labugama Road at Thummodara. services due to the floods were provided with Almost 100m of the road section was washed alternative means to access water. Water supply down along with these transmission pipelines. to essential institutions such as hospitals, tem- Water supply could be restored within a short porary shelters, and rescue operation centres, period of time by re-routing water from other were maintained in an uninterrupted manner. systems. However, road repairs are still in prog- In addition, water supply schemes where the in- ress, and the pipelines can only be repaired after frastructure was unaffected, but the surround- the road is restored. ing areas flooded, were monitored closely and 134  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 61: DESCRIPTION OF DAMAGES TO THE NWS&DB SYSTEMS IN THE FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: N W S DB Description of Damages Affected District Water supply scheme number of Intake structures and Equipment Other Structures consumers Pitigala Boreholes and pumps   1,448 Galle Udugama Boreholes, pumps and panels   686 Matara Group VSD Panels and Generator   340,860 Karagoda- Uyangoda Boreholes and panels   9,200 Matara Akuressa Pumps and panels   8,500 Deniyaya Panels   3,880 Makandura Pumps and boreholes   1,260 Pipelines and a bridge Ranna   46,200 H’thota crossing Wakamulla Pumps and panels Slow sand filters 12,705 Ratnapura Ratnapura Generator   32,560 Ingiriya   Gravity transmission mains 4,288 Kalutara Horana   Distribution mains 960 Three (03) Main Colombo Greater Colombo Transmission Pipelines   ---  Water Production damaged due to a landslide.   Total Number of NWSDB Consumers Affected 462,547 allowed to operate; which enabled water to be The heavy rains resulted in increased dis- supplied through bowsers. solved solids and microbial pollutants in all surface-water sources requiring NWS&DB to Immediate recovery and cleaning efforts man- invest in more resources on turbidity removal, aged to restore the functionality of all vulner- disinfection, and in some locations for taste/ able schemes. In some locations, especially in odour removal– in their conventional treat- Matara district, the response teams could not ment plants and the distribution systems. De- be mobilized until roads became accessible. ploying more water-quality testing teams to the Temporary water supply, with the help of wa- affected areas further strengthened the water ter trucking, and temporary storage facilities, quality surveillance systems. were provided to cater to the increased water demand of both displaced and regular con- The floods compromised the NWS&DB’s rou- sumers, and also for domestic cleaning after tine revenue since the flood-affected urban flooding. The assistance provided by District communities were offered an extended time- and Divisional Secretaries, DMC, armed forces, frame for monthly bill settlement, considering UNICEF, and other donors, was noteworthy. the extensive use of water for cleaning house- NWS&DB also provided water to the military holds. Further, concessions were granted for and others involved in the rescue and cleaning water losses due to damages to the internal operations of households inundated by floods, plumbing systems and fixtures; these were as- using water trucks. sessed on a case-by-case basis. infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 3 5  Support from external agencies to the Water Schemes NWS&DB’s emergency response and recovery Due to the large number of community-based was largely supply-based, and covered materi- RWS systems; especially in Ratnapura and al and service costs. The operational and staff Matara districts; the damages have been scat- costs were borne by NWS&DB; along with tered and extensive. It has been a challenge voluntary inputs from the staff from unaffect- to monitor and assess the condition of RWS ed districts. Even though additional resources schemes after the disaster. The scattered nature were mobilized, the large number of leaks in of the infrastructure, along with the still-emerg- small localized water distribution systems, and ing institutional mechanisms, has also resulted the inability to detect them until the receding of in difficulties in gathering accurate data. floods, significantly increased the water losses. The initiative to collect data of the affected The NWSDB had been implementing the Water community-based RWS systems was made by Safety Plans (WSPs) in their schemes prior to the Water Supply and Sanitation Improve- the disaster, with technical and financial sup- ment Project (WaSSIP), with the assistance of port from WHO and UNICEF. The WSPs have both the Department of National Communi- a dedicated focus on managing emergencies, in ty Water Supply (DNCWS), and Rural Water addition to preventive and resilience-building Supply (RWS) district units of NWS&DB. Since measures, which is a sustainable option in mit- each scheme is unique with its own communi- igating disaster risks. The respective WSPs of ty-based operation, most of the post-disaster affected systems now have to be reviewed, risk issues had been managed by the community, re-assessed, with new control measures and im- leaving only the more critical issues for external provement plans developed to avert potential analysis and support. Based on the information risks from future unprecedented flood levels. gathered, the affected number of communi- Based on these plans, NWSDB then has to ad- ty-based RWS systems in focal districts is given dress medium and long-term needs, including in Table 62. strengthening the resilience of their water in- takes, structures, and equipment. A substantial number of systems have been af- fected, and the percentages are high in Matara There is also a need to further improve NWSDB’s and Galle districts; while the lowest-affect- Emergency Response Planning and disaster re- ed districts are Kalutara and Hambanthota. sponse/recovery processes, based on the cur- The damages include destructions to intakes, rent experiences. pumps, treatment units, structures, and pipe- lines. Community-Managed Rural TABLE 62: AFFECTED NUMBER OF COMMUNITY BASED RWS SYSTEMS IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S O UR C E : WAS S I P, DN C W S & N W S DB RWS U N IT S Affected RWS/Community Total RWS/Community Water District % Affected Water Schemes Schemes Galle 57 164 35 Matara 110 355 31 Hambanthota 12 149 8 Ratnapura 56 450 12 Kalutara 10 163 6 Total 245 1,281 19 136  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Close to 83 percent of the consumers in com- as possible. The issue however is the lack of munity-based RWS systems in Matara districts accurate data as indicated in the recent assess- were distressed while the percentage was 42 in ment. Medical Officers of the MoH, and Public Galle. Consumers in Hambanthota and Ratna- Health Inspectors (PHIs) were the first line of pura were the least distressed. support in making the wells serviceable – main- ly in the technical coordination of dewater- It is important that the Rural WSPs are de- ing and shock chlorination activities. In more veloped and implemented in all RWS systems hardware-oriented cases, special teams from which contribute to enhancing the resilience of the military, NWS&DB and other voluntary these schemes, and empowering communities groups, undertook the dewatering component. to manage risks better. Initiatives in this regard In addition, local authorities also offered their have been started by WaSSIP, Water safety Plan support in this effort. Advisory Unit and RWS section of NWSDB and DNCWS, with technical and financial sup- Rehabilitation of damaged protected wells, port from WHO, UNICEF, and World Bank. as well as provision for basic infrastructure to (Table 62) unprotected wells, remains a major need. This infrastructure (guard wall, apron and internal Dug Wells lining) mainly makes wells more secure, and The most commonly used source of water in limits physical contamination to some extent. the country – dug wells – have been the most However, it does not assure water safety against affected by the floods as the damages have been microbial or chemical contamination, thereby significant. Both protected and unprotected requiring the need for public health promo- dug wells immediately become unusable after tional activities on household storage and treat- flooding, due to inundation of water, which ment. The WaSSIP, together with NWSDB, has carries debris and pollutants, including micro- initiated the WSP’s concept for point sources bial, chemical and physical pollutants. In cases including dug wells, as a WASH promotion ac- of protected wells, severe floods, in most cases, tivity, and will be piloted in the disaster-affected destabilize the guard walls and aprons, com- Ratnapura district soon. promising safety when accessing them. Wells, largely being personal domestic property and As indicated in Table 63 below, most of the af- prevailing in very high numbers, rarely get as- fected dug wells are in Kalutara district while sessed in an in-depth manner for damages, the highest percentage is from Ratnapura dis- following a disaster. The authorities offer stan- trict. The least disturbed area in terms of affect- dard well-cleaning equipment, and support, in ed wells is Hambanthota district. batches, to make the wells serviceable as early TABLE 63: NUMBER OF AFFECTED DUG WELLS IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: NW S D B , DN C W S , WAS S I P & DM C District Total Number of Dug Wells Affected number of dug wells % of Affected wells Galle 175,756 7,202 4.1 Matara 10,4300 3,991 3.8 Hambanthota 34,020 166 0.5 Ratnapura 101,002 7,056 7.0 Kalutara 192,241 11,264 5.9 Total 607,319 29,679 4.9 infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 3 7  TABLE 64: NUMBER OF AFFECTED TOILETS IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S O UR C E : UN O P S District Total Number of Toilets Affected number of Toilets % of Affected Toilets Galle 268,732 1,188 0.4 Matara 203,792 1,792 0.9 Hambanthota 154,699 3,628 2.3 Ratnapura 279,049 2,416 0.9 Kalutara 217,335 3,272 1.5 Total 1.123,607 12,296 1.1 Kalutara and Ratnapura district dug wells’ us- Since inundated septic tanks are not given pri- ers were the most affected, while Hambantho- ority during the immediate-response phase, ta’s users were the least affected. the stabilization of the ones that are structur- ally weakened remains both a recovery, and Household toilets long-term need. There is a need to replace dam- Similar to dug wells, household toilets were aged septic tanks in the most vulnerable house- vulnerable to damages during the flooding. holds. This exercise needs to be mainstreamed, While the damages to latrine superstructure both as a public health intervention and resil- (compartment) were highly visible, long-term ience-building priority. hazards from damaged excreta disposal system was less visible. This resulted in more attention Water and sanitation facilities in schools were and resources (by the owner or from external of concern during the disaster, for two reasons. source) being channelled towards latrine re- Some facilities which had suffered damages habilitation, as opposed to excreta disposal and losses (mentioned in the Education sec- systems concealed underground. Household tor), were put into service during emergency toilets are not assessed systematically; there- response — schools were the first option to fore, as was the case for dug wells, estimation of house temporarily-displaced and evacuated damages was completed using census data and communities. Hence the quality, quantity, as disaster-situation reports. well as child- and disabled-persons-sensitivity of school water supply and sanitation-related Sri Lanka’s household latrines should have a sep- facilities became much more apparent. There- tic tank for excreta disposal, which should be wa- fore, they need to be taken into account during ter sealed, and linked to a soakage pit. However, recovery and reconstruction by the respective a vast majority of septic tanks are not properly sectors/stakeholders. The number of affected designed, are structurally weak, and not water toilets and the respective percentages in the fo- sealed; similar to a standalone soakage pit /cess- cal districts are given in Table 64. The highest pool. Data to exactly determine the numbers number of affected toilets is in Hambanthota are not available. Inundated septic tanks imme- district, followed by Kalutara and Ratnapura diately become a pathogenic pollutant source, districts. These include fully- and partially-dam- as its sludge will be carried away by floodwater. aged toilets. More critically, once the floodwater recedes, people are unaware of structural damages, and In Matara district, 22 percent of toilet users the septic tanks become long-term sources of were affected, while it was 19 percent in Ratna- groundwater pollution, with live pathogenscaus- pura district. The least effected was Hamban- ing immediate risk to dug-well users. thota district. (Table 70) 138  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Summary of Damages and Losses water supply arrangements. The costs for alter- native water supply by NWSDB include, services Water Supply – Damages and Losses to consumers affected by community-based Water-supply system damages have been large- RWS systems, as well as dug well users. Since ly documented, and therefore, could be reason- bowser supply is a coordinated effort of many ably derived. The damages to household dug stakeholders, the actual costs’ details could not wells had not been documented by any govern- be obtained from all of them. (Table 69) ment authority, and direct data is unavailable. However, the number of dug wells affected, and The losses in community-managed RWS subsequently cleaned, was obtained through schemes were managed by themselves, and in the DMC, from District and Divisional Secre- Galle district some immediate pipe require- tariats. These data only include the number of ments were provided by NWS&DB. wells, and do not distinguish between protect- ed and un-protected wells. Estimates for the The following assumptions were made in es- damages to dug wells were made by UNOPS, timating losses pertaining to household dug based on collected-field data through a survey. wells: Accordingly, the infrastructure statistics used · All wells were cleaned with basic dewatering for costing and analysis of damages and losses and / or shock chlorination associated with the disaster are summarized in Table 65 below. · Cost of cleaning of a dug well was assumed as LKR 6,000.00 The respective populations affected by the dif- ferent water systems in the focal districts are Damages to Sanitation given in Table 66 below. According to the above The damages to household latrines have not data, the people in Matara district were the been documented by any government author- worst affected in terms of drinking water sup- ity, hence direct data is unavailable. The dam- ply, followed by Ratnapura and Hambanthota. ages have been estimated by UNOPS, based on collected field data. (Table 70, 71) Table 67 below presents the percentage of af- fected population, by systems, in focal districts. 8.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON DEVELOPMENT GOALS Estimation of Damages Prior to the disaster, the water sector was mov- to Water Supply ing towards water safety based on WSPs– as a A very high percentage of NWS&DB and com- key initiative in-line with the Sustainable De- munity-based RWS systems in Matara district velopment Goals (SDGs)- by establishing sur- were affected by the disaster, while a high per- veillance of water supply; from the catchment centage of dug well users were affected in Kal- to the consumer. The aftermath of the disaster utara and Ratnapura districts. Table 68, and highlighted the need for WSPs, at both the level Table 69 below, summarise the damages and of the service provider, and of the household. losses in the focal districts under the water sub- Post-disaster actions have the potential of sus- sector in line with the pre- and post-disaster taining the water safety agenda, with particular context described above. attention on emergency response planning, and disaster-risk reduction in catchments and river Estimation of Losses to Water Supply basins, through a multi-stakeholder manage- The losses in NWSDB schemes include the loss ment mechanism. It also highlights the need to of revenue and costs for temporary/alternative improve the Emergency Preparedness and Re- infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 3 9  TABLE 65: INFRASTRUCTURE STATISTICS USED FOR COSTING DAMAGES, LOSSES AND NEEDS FOR DRINKING WATER S OU R C E: N W S DB , DN C W S , WAS S I P, DM C & UN O P S NWS&DB RWS/ Community Water Affected number of Cleaned number of District Water Schemes Schemes wells wells Galle 2 57 7,202 7,202 Matara 5 110 3,991 3,338 Hambanthota 2 12 166 166 Ratnapura 1 56 7,056 1,468 Kalutara 2 10 11,264 10,981 Colombo 1 - - - Total 13 245 29,679 23,155 TABLE 66: P OPULATION AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: N W S DB , DN C W S , WAS S I P & DM C NWS&DB Water RWS/ Community Water Total Population in District Total Affected Population Schemes Schemes Affected Population % Population Affected by (Main Report Table 4) Damaged Dug Wells Number of Service Number of Service District   Connections Connections Population Population in District Galle 560 2,134 3,052 12,026 26,317 40,476 1,063,334 3.8 Matara 90,925 363,700 37,715 145,838 15,672 525,210 814,048 64.5 Hambanthota 15,300 58,905 1,715 6,605 642 66,152 599,903 11.0 Ratnapura 8,800 32,560 10,539 39,601 26,663 98,824 1,088,007 9.1 Kalutara 1,640 5,248 2,231 7,917 46,182 59,347 1,221,948 4.9 Total 117,225 462,547 55,252 211,987 115,476 790,010 4,787,240 16.5 TABLE 67: P ERCENTAGE OF AFFECTED POPULATION BY DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: N W S DB , DN C W S , WAS S I P & DM C NWS&DB Water Schemes Community Based RWS Schemes Dug Wells District % Affected population % Affected population % Affected population Galle 0.5 41.9 3.9 Matara 94.9 83.2 3.8 Hambanthota 14.7 3.2 0.5 Ratnapura 17.9 4.8 7.1 Kalutara 2.2 12.0 7.5 Total 28.7 16.4 5.2 140  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 68: COST OF DAMAGES TO WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: N W S DB , DN C W S , WAS S I P, DM C & UN O P S NWS&DB Water Community managed District Dug Wells (LKR.) District Total (LKR.) Schemes (LKR.) RWS Schemes (LKR.) Galle 11,000,000.00 54,148,709.00 5,575,000.00 70,723,709.00 Matara 72,000,000.00 109,485,000.00 42,905,000.00 224,390,000.00 Hambanthota 55,000,000.00 25,543,743.00 14,515,000.00 95,058,743.00 Ratnapura 10,000,000.00 242,268,853.00 44,415,000.00 296,683,853.00 Kalutara 1,700,000.00 10,800,000.00 85,320,000.00 97,820,000.00 Colombo 70,000,000.00 --- --- 70,000,000.00 Total 219,700,000.00 442,246,305.00 192,730,000.00 854,676,305.00 Total Cost of Damages (LKR.) 854,676,305.00 sponse capacity and mechanism for NWS&DB tion sector from a long-term resilience point of to better manage such situations. Similar needs view, after fully understanding the root causes have emerged in community managed RWS to the current system’s failure. The recent nat- schemes. Furthermore, the damages to dug ural disasters have exposed the vulnerabilities wells have highlighted the need to increase pub- in the Sanitation subsector, where systems lic knowledge, and change attitudes and prac- and facilities at household levels have failed, tices on water safety in general and household thereby exacerbating the situation of the most water-treatment options in particular. vulnerable communities. The floods have de- stroyed household sanitation facilities, such as The gaps in knowledge, technology and sys- latrines available in households, causing much tem, related to excreta management, particu- inconvenience to dwellers. Therefore, standard larly at the domestic level, identified after the on-site sanitation will be made available for all floods, can contribute towards the formulation those who cannot connect to the sewerage sys- of proper guidelines and stakeholder account- tem. Furthermore, the country is formulating ability. In order to maintain the momentum to- a National Sanitation Policy, which focuses on wards achieving the country’s sanitation goals, environmentally – friendly sanitation, and will the country will need to focus on a develop- guide the development course towards achiev- ment strategy that will strengthen the sanita- ing the Agenda 2030 commitments. TABLE 69: COST OF LOSSES TO WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: N W S DB , DN C W S , WAS S I P & DM C NWS&DB Water Community Water Cleaning of Dug District District Total (LKR.) Schemes (LKR.) Schemes (LKR.) Wells (LKR.) Galle 538,959.25 600,000.00 43,212,000.00 44,350,959.25 Matara 1,758,950.28 0.00 20,028,000.00 21,786,950.28 Hambanthota 800,000.00 0.00 996,000.00 1,796,000.00 Ratnapura 800,000.00 0.00 8,808,000.00 9,608,000.00 Kalutara 64,481.58 0.00 65,886,000.00 65,950,481.58 Total 3,962,391.11 600,000.00 138,930,000.00 143,492,391.11 Total Cost of Losses (LKR.) 143,492,391.11 infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 4 1  TABLE 70:ESTIMATED DAMAGE TO TOILETS AND ESTIMATED AFFECTED POPULATION S OU R C E: U NO P S Population Damages (No. of Toilets) District Partially Affected Affected Fully damaged Total Population damaged Total Damages Population Population% toilets toilets Galle 1,063,334 102,747 10% 261 927 1,188 Hambanthota 559,903 9,301 2% 956 836 1,792 Kalutara 1,221,948 187,883 15% 1,935 1,693 3,628 Matara 814,048 176,975 22% 1,282 1,134 2,416 Ratnapura 1,088,007 206,496 19% 1,745 1,527 3,272 TABLE 71: COST OF DAMAGES TO SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN FOCAL DISTRICTS S OU R C E: U NO P S Cost of damages of fully damaged Cost of damages of partially Total cost of damages per Districts toilets (LKR.) damaged toilets (LKR.) district (LKR.) Galle 18,270,000.00 37,080,000.00 55,350,000.00 Hambanthota 66,920,000.00 33,440,000.00 100,360,000.00 Kalutara 135,450,000.00 67,720,000.00 203,170,000.00 Matara 89,740,000.00 45,360,000.00 135,100,000.00 Ratnapura 122,150,000.00 61,080,000.00 183,230,000.00 Total cost of damages 677,210,000.00 While the country has good coverage rates of new demand for investing in quality infrastruc- water and sanitation, the disaster exposed vul- ture and services that can withstand the adverse nerabilities in the system, which led to major effects of natural hazards. This demand to be deprivations for those living in affected areas. more resilient in water and sanitation, it should Those most vulnerable, including children, be reflected in the budget and human resource women, elders, people with disabilities, etc., allocated within the sector, as well as at the faced significant difficulties from limited access household level. to safe water, and adequate sanitation services. Children under five were most at-risk, while 8.5. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES women and adolescent girls faced issues due to the lack of privacy and dignity in such circum- Environment stances. Both the floods and landslides have clear- ly raised the profile of Integrated Water Re- Overall, the disaster has triggered renewed source Management, as well as Catchment/ thinking amongst relevant stakeholders on Watershed Management, as non-negotiable improved strategies for service delivery and sub-sectors towards a sustainable future. In- operational workflows in times of a disaster, vestment on infrastructure alone would not particularly given the public’s agitation over withstand the mounting disaster risks unless issues related to safe water, and adequate san- these sub-sectors are adequately integrated itation facilities. The disaster has also created a into water supply. In addition, the need for 142  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T professional seepage management at the local for resilient infrastructure and systems as well as authority level is evident together with required retrofitting, have not yet been recognized as an infrastructure for disposal and transport facili- investment and long-term saving options. The ties. Furthermore, the need for alternative and disaster has highlighted the need for improved innovative sanitation, such as ECOSAN (com- water and sanitation infrastructure designs, both posting latrines), constructed wetlands, and large scale and domestic, with a cost-benefit anal- sophisticated vacuum-based sewage systems, ysis. may need to become part of the way forward, particularly in more densely-populated areas. Emergency Preparedness and Most importantly, the scenario has highlighted Response Capacity/Mechanism the need for systematic coordination, defined It is evident that water and sanitation service accountabilities and convergence between wa- providers and stakeholders need to build their ter, sanitation, health, local governance, and internal capacity and mechanisms in this regard. environment sectors’ stakeholders. Apart from financial resources, there is a need for adequate allocation of human resources and staff Disability time, combined with greater orientation and as- The need to review accessibility of water and sessment tools. sanitation services by those with disabilities has been highlighted during the recent disaster. 8.6. RECOVERY AND The temporary camp locations, such as schools, RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY religious places, etc., did not have provisions for people with disabilities. Access to disabled Context-Specific Approaches persons to public buildings and sanitation facil- The recent disaster clearly highlighted different ities is considered good practice, and should be caseloads of affected communities that need cus- encouraged particularly in buildings in disas- tomized water and sanitation strategies as sum- ter-prone areas that can serve as potential tem- marized in Table 72. porary shelters. Gender Multi Sectorial Platform Gender-segregated sanitation facilities have Strategies for water and sanitation should not be become a norm in Sri Lanka. However, stron- standalone, but must be formulated in line with ger focus on gender considerations need to be and complementing, the strategies of other con- made when providing water and bathing fa- verging sectors such as health, nutrition, hous- cilities, as well as menstrual hygiene manage- ing, environment, and irrigation. ment, during emergency response because they have implications on the security and safety of women and children. Particularly, the needs of Sector Coordination lactating mothers and pregnant women, as well Disaster Risk Management (encompassing pre-, as adolescent girls, have to be explicitly reflect- onset and post-emergency context) and Emer- ed in disaster management mechanisms in the gency Preparedness, and Response Capacity/ sector. Mechanism, should become permanent agenda items of the national WATSAN steering com- Disaster-Risk Reduction mittee meeting convened by the Ministry of Public knowledge and attitudes on DRR-relat- City Planning and Water Supply together with ed aspects of both water and sanitation have be- NWS&DB. This forum may be extended by form- come a matter of concern. Resource allocation ing multi-sectorial platforms to materialize long- infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 4 3  TABLE 72: P ROPOSED STRATEGIES AND STRATEGIC TIMEFRAME Strategic Target Caseload of Affected Proposed Strategies Present Position Timeframe Population Urban/Rural population Investing in repair and Included in Short Term Recovery & whose water systems had reconstruction programs Reconstruction Needs (Table 18 & 19) been damaged Short to medium Urban/rural population term Using precast septic tank Included in Medium-Term Recovery & whose septic tanks had been technology Reconstruction Needs (Table 18 & 20) damaged Population whose dug wells Investing in repair and Included in Short Term Recovery & have been damaged reconstruction programs Reconstruction Needs (Table 18 & 19) Improving the capacity of field Programs are being implemented water quality testing and funds secured. Improving mobile repair and Programs are being implemented restoring capacity of piped water and funds secured. Urban/rural population with Field testing child, disabled and water from a piped network gender sensitive permanent Design work is in progress. infrastructure designs Rural population with water from a dug well Building emergency preparedness Programs are being implemented Medium to long term and response capacity in services and funds secured.   Improving DRR aspects of   Programs are being implemented infrastructure and services making   and funds secured. them resilient to predicted disasters     Empowering the emergency Programs are being implemented response capacity within Water and funds secured. Safety Plans Enhancing the septate management Pilot programs implemented in seven capacity of local authorities districts. Mainstreaming integrated water Pilot programs implemented in seven resource management with special districts. attention to disaster risk reduction Population living within Integrated into planning and catchments, river basins and Mainstreaming land use planning feasibility study manuals of NWSDB. Long term sensitive reservations   Promoting awareness on Programs are being implemented   environmental sustainability and funds secured.   Upgrading the school curriculum with the basics of water safety, Pilot programs implemented in seven environmental sanitation and districts. environmental sustainability term strategies for Integrated Water Resource calculated based on the estimated damages to Management, with attention to catchments, water and sanitation infrastructure. An im- and river basins. Convergence between the wa- provement cost of 10 percent (following the ter and health sectors may be further strength- ‘Build Back Better’ principle) was built into the ened under the Water Safety Plan framework estimated damages for medium-term and long- through District Water Quality Surveillance term water and sanitation recovery, and recon- Committees, to cater to disaster-related issues struction costs. pertaining to household water and sanitation facilities. The total recovery and reconstruction costs for water supply and sanitation facilities in the five Recovery and Reconstruction focal districts are indicated in Table 73 below. Needs with Costs The highest cost is for dug wells followed by toi- The recovery and reconstruction needs were lets. 144  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Table 74 below represents the Water Supply Re- risk-management approaches such as water covery and Reconstruction Needs by Districts. safety plans. The sector will have to assess its Galle district has the highest need, followed by potential in reaching out to both upstream and Ratnapura and Matara districts. downstream audiences through customized communication strategies on risk-informed 8.7. IMPLEMENTATION and disaster-resilient water and sanitation ser- STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY vices. Mass media and education systems will The Ministry of City Planning and Water Sup- be more involved in setting sustainable targets ply, together with NWS&DB and DNCWS; in this regard. being the sector involved agencies; will incor- porate the proposed initiatives and strategies Since water and sanitation services are shared under its national coordination mechanism by many stakeholders, the sector has the chal- and liaise with converging line ministries, in- lenge of setting standards and mechanisms for cluding the Ministry of Policy and Planning, overall monitoring of recovery. While short- and the Ministry of Disaster Management. The term monitoring has been successful, there will line Ministry, as the sector lead, will also make be challenges in medium- and long-term mon- sure that the initiatives comply with national itoring, since the sector services are delivered policies and international ratification of disas- by both mandated and non-mandated services ter and humanitarian responses. The Ministry providers, including individual households. and NWSDB will collaborate with the interna- The sector’s coordination mechanism will con- tional donor community, and UN agencies, in sider these dynamics in monitoring. the recovery/ reconstruction process. They will    The sector will consider innovation, re- further link the recovery and reconstruction search, and development as key cross-cutting work with long term development and DRR ini- aspects across water and sanitation services, tiatives pertaining to the sector. to make them more disaster resilient. This will range from simple cost-effective solutions to The sector will focus specifically on the coordi- comprehensive academic research. Initiatives nation and institutionalization between policy in this regard have been already taken on water and implementation levels during the recov- safety plans by involving university research. ery phase, particularly involving the grass root Also, traditional indigenous knowledge on level such as CBOs. The sector assessments will withstanding disaster will be revisited. be further extended to identify the gaps during these processes, in terms of both financial and 8.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY human resources. Both water and sanitation subsectors comprise sub-categories, such as urban, rural and planta- A key highlight during the immediate re- tion areas, where socioeconomic factors are to sponse was the role and response of CBOs, be considered in recovery strategies and long- communities, civil society organizations, me- term development. dia institutions, etc. The sector will assess the incorporation of such stakeholders in medium Damages to Water Supply to long-term recovery processes as well, by set- Damages to NWS&DB water schemes were ting mechanisms and platforms. The existing based on site visits to the locations, and assess- Community-Based Organizations that manage ments made by the respective provincial and water schemes will play a key role in this aspect, regional offices. The initiative to collect data through capacity building and integration of of affected community-based RWS systems was made by the Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Project (WaSSIP), with the as- infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 4 5  TABLE 73: SHORT TERM, MEDIUM TERM A ND LONG-TERM WATER & SANITATION RECOVERY AND RECONSTRU CTION NEEDS Water & Sanitation Recovery and Reconstruction Needs (LKR.) Sub Category Short Term Medium Term Long Term Total NWS&DB Water Schemes 73,700,000.00 183,600,000.00 -- 257,300,000.00 Community managed RWS Schemes -- 486,470,935.50 -- 486,470,935.50 Dug Wells -- 212,003,000.00 4,531,884,500.00 4,743,887,500.00 Toilets -- 744,931,000.00 2,167,550,000.00 2,912,481,000.00 Total 73,700,000.00 1,627,004,935.50 6,699,434,500.00 8,400,139,435.50 TABLE 74: SHORT TERM, MEDIUM TERM A ND LONG-TERM WATER SUPPLY RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY DISTRICTS Water Supply (LKR.) District Total for Districts (LKR.) Short Term Medium Term Long Term Galle 1,000,000.00 76,696,079.90 1,388,244,000.00 1,465,940,079.90 Matara 1,000,000.00 245,729,000.00 890,675,500.00 1,137,404,500.00 Hambanthota 0.00 104,564,617.30 258,687,000.00 363,251,617.30 Ratnapura 0.00 326,352,238.30 1,028,456,000.00 1,354,808,238.30 Kalutara 1,700,000.00 105,732,000.00 965,822,000.00 1,073,254,000.00 Colombo 70,000,000.00 23,000,000.00   93,000,000.00 Total 73,700,000.00 882,073,935.50 4,531,884,500.00 5,487,658,435.50 TABLE 75: MEDIUM-TERM AND LONG-TERM SANITATION RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY DISTRICTS Toilets (LKR.) District Total for Districts (LKR.) Medium Term Long Term Galle 60,885,000.00 317,471,000.00 378,356,000.00 Matara 148,610,000.00 230,307,000.00 378,917,000.00 Hambanthota 110,396,000.00 526,372,000.00 636,768,000.00 Ratnapura 201,553,000.00 884,730,000.00 1,086,283,000.00 Kalutara 223,487,000.00 208,670,000.00 432,157,000.00 Total 744,931,000.00 2,167,550,000.00 2,912,481,000.00 146  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T sistance of both the Department of National for utilizing unsanitary methods (especially not Community Water Supply (DNCWS), and Rural using latrines) are financial constraints of the Water Supply (RWS) district units of NWS&DB. rural population. The damages to latrines (ac- cessibility) are often apparent, while damages The UNOPS had made estimates for the dam- to excreta-disposal systems (mainly septic tanks ages to dug wells in Galle and Matara districts and soakage pits) remain concealed leading to based on collected field data through a survey. both short-term and long-term hazards. · Fully-damaged wells = 0.6% of protected The damages in Galle and Matara districts have wells been estimated by UNOPS, based on collected field data. Data for the other districts have been · Partially-damaged wells calculated extrapolating the percentage of dam- = 0.24% of protected wells aged latrines for Matara which is 0.64 percent. Data for the other districts have been assumed The following assumptions were made in esti- using the above percentage of damaged dug mating damages to toilets: wells for Galle and Matara districts. · Reconstruction of fully damaged toilet – The following assumptions were made in esti- LKR. 70,000.00 per toilet mating damages to household dug wells: · Repairing of partially damaged toilet – LKR. · Reconstruction of fully-damaged protected 40,000.00 per toilet wells – LKR. 65,000.00 per well · Construction of water sealed toilet for direct · Repairing of partially-damaged protected pit users – LKR. 70,000.00 wells – LKR. 35,000.00 per well · Protection for unprotected wells – LKR. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs The medium-term and long-term recovery and 65,000.00 per well reconstruction needs were calculated by includ- ing an improvement cost of 10 percent on the Damages to Sanitation estimated damages to water and sanitation in- It must also be noted that the primary reason frastructure.  infrastruct ure se ctor: Water and Sanitation  1 4 7  148  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 9. Power supply 9.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY in order to make the power supply system in The objectives of the PDNA in relation to the the country resilient to future disasters and Power Sector, is to assess and quantify the ex- climate risks. tent of damage and revenue loss caused by the disaster, and to gain a better knowledge on the 9.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT recovery needs of the power sector, to ensure a AND BASELINE resilient-rebuilding process. The governance and administration of the power sector comes under the Ministry of The net value of the damage and losses in the Power and Renewable Energy. Ceylon Elec- power sector was estimated to be LKR 652.45 tricity Board (CEB) is a main utility provider Million. Damages to the infrastructure has of the country under the purview of the Min- been estimated at LKR 474.31 million, and the istry, which is responsible for most of the gen- total revenue loss as recorded, is LKR 178.15 eration and distribution activities, while being million across the five disaster-affected dis- completely responsible for transmission. Lan- tricts in the country. Mainly, the electricity dis- ka Electricity Company (LECO), a subsidiary tribution network in five districts (Ratnapura, of CEB, is the other distribution licensee re- Galle, Matara, Hambantota and Kalutara) was sponsible for distributing electricity along the damaged by severe floods and landslides. With- coastal belt of the Western Province, and part in the five districts, the highest number of dam- of Southern Province. ages was recorded in Matara — particularly in the Kotapola DS Division. Serious damages In order to achieve benchmark competition to were recorded in Kalawana, Ayagama, and Kal- improve efficiency and quality of supply to the utara as well. customers, and sound operation mechanism, the Distribution System of CEB is divided into Power supply was disconnected in order to four Divisions. The CEB’s distribution network avoid electrocutions and was restored in most consists of 30,611 km of 33 kV, 11 kV Medi- of the affected areas between days 3 and 10, de- um-Voltage lines (MV), and 138,514 km of 400 pending on the accessibility. The damage and V Low Voltage (LV) lines adsorbing power from loss for the power sector have been calculated 63 Grid Substations (GSS). There are 6.6 mil- based on the data collected and provided by the lion electricity consumers in the country. field staff of Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), and Lanka Electricity Company (LECO). Each Distribution Division of CEB is headed by an Additional General Manager who is direct- The recovery strategy for the power sector ly reports to the General Manager of CEB. The aims to restore power supply immediate- four divisions have been formed in the follow- ly, improving the previous conditions by ing Provinces. (Table 76) repairing damages with some preventive measures to avoid similar damages in the fu- Each Distribution Division is divided into prov- ture. The total estimate of the recovery and inces and each Province is headed by a Deputy reconstruction need for the power sector is General Manager. The Province is sub-divided LKR 2.1 billion. This includes medium- and into several Areas, which are managed by Area long-term recovery initiatives that require Electrical Engineers. The Area is further subdi- reducing the impact of damage for the sector vided into several Consumer Service Centres concerning environmental and social effects (CSC) headed by an Electrical Superintendent. infrastruct ure se ctor: Power s upply  1 4 9  TABLE 76: DISTRIBUTION DIVISION OF CEB Division 1 Colombo City, North Western Province, North Central Province and Northern Province Division 2 Western Province North, Central Province and Eastern Province Division 3 Western Province South II, Uva and Sabaragamuwa Division 4 Western Province South I and Southern Province There are two branch offices of LECO in Gal- the Southern Province, between the May 25 and le and Kalutara, to carry out the electricity June 5. The highest number of electricity-related distribution operations, headed by a Branch damages was recorded in Kotapola Divisional Manager who directly reports to the Head of Secretariat Division, Matara District. Damage Operations in LECO. to the distribution system in Matara district was the highest when compared with other af- The present electrification level of the whole fected districts in the Southern Province. Near- county is 99.3 percent and 100 percent electric- ly 330,000 electricity consumers were affected ity accessibility was achieved in 2016. Almost by disconnection in the Southern Province. all the households (100%) in the Southern Province are supplied electricity by the Nation- Electricity supply was restored and normal- al Grid. The distribution system of the South- ized between days 2 and 10 in Matara, Pitabed- ern Province is comprised of 3,639km of 33 kV dara, Baddegama, Neluwa, Athyraliya, and lines, 248.50 km of 11 kV lines and 20,584km other mostly-affected Divisional Secretaries’ of LT lines, deliver electricity to the doorsteps Divisions, especially in Matara and Galle, de- of 739,937 electricity consumers. There are six pending on both severity and accessibility. CEB grid substations (GSS) in the Southern Province could restore power supply in Hambantota dis- catering to the distribution system. trict within 4 days. The distribution network of Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura town, Elapatha, Kiriella, Ayagama, Province is comprised of 2,976 km of 33 kV Kalawana, Nivithigala and Eheliyagoda were lines, 26.6 km of 11 kV line and 13,266 km of the most affected divisions in Ratnapura dis- LT lines catered by 3 GSS. The number of con- trict. Kalawana and Ayagama CEB Deports sumers with access to electricity in Ratnapura were completely inundated due to floods. Elec- district is 82,500 out of the total of 463,302 tricity Distribution feeders, which cater to all consumers in Sabaragamuwa Province. Both above areas, were switched off on May 26, 2017. CEB and LECO operations are carried out in However, electricity supply to Ratnapura hos- Kalutara district for supplying electricity to pital was provided without any interruption. 133,406 households in the district. The distri- 143,371 electricity consumers were disconnect- bution system of Kalutara consists of 848.2 km ed from the electrical grid due to the impact of 33 kV lines and 3,459 km of LV lines. of floods. Approximately one week was taken to restore the power supply in Kalawana and 9.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS Ayagama areas. The electricity distribution system suffered physical damage during the floods and land- Power supply was disconnected in affected slides, disrupting power supply in Kalutara, areas in Kalutara district from May 26 to the Ratnapura, Matara, Hambantota and Galle in first week of June 2017, affecting nearly 79,000 150  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T consumers. When the water level was rising, As part of emergency operations of the CEB, transformers were isolated and almost all trans- electricity isolations were carried out to avoid formers had to be disconnected in mostly-af- casualties and damages due to electrocutions. fected areas, while maintaining power supply to The field situation was closely monitored and Kalutara Hospital and the Police station, along acted upon accordingly. Tri-armed forces, with the Divisional Secretariat. Power supply to the police, and government institutions, also Water Pumping Stations at Labugama/Kalatu- helped in numerous ways. Weather reports wawa was delayed by two days due to the earth- were used to monitor and assess the ground sit- slip situation at Thummodara. Hence, water uation. supply was affected in Colombo District. CEB could normalize connections between days 3 The total damage and losses occurred to the and 10 in most of the areas in Kalutara, based power supply sector was LKR 652.46 million. on the principle of accessibility. Physical damages to electricity infrastructure were estimated to stand at LKR 474.31 million, Special Restoration Gangs of CEB were in op- out of which LKR 474 million worth damages eration to restore the power supply. The trans- were incurred to CEB-owned infrastructure, portation of materials such as poles and cables and LKR 0.31 million in damage to LECO. Loss- were hampered due to non-availability of road es (the revenue losses) of the electricity sector access. have been estimated at LKR 178 million. Losses were higher in CEB when compared to the loss- The physical damage to the electricity distri- es in LECO areas. bution system was estimated to be LKR 426 million. Mainly, bulk-supply energy meters, Summary table of estimates current transformers, MCCB’s (moulded case of Damage and loss circuit breakers), distribution lines, electricity (Table 77) poles (both low tension and medium voltage), MCCB cut outs and normal energy meters were 9.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS ON damaged. Matara Grid Substation was com- DEVELOPMENT GOALS pletely inundated and totally disconnected due Electricity is the prime means of energy to all to flooding, and alternative power supply was social interfaces such as hospitals, armed forc- arranged through Galle, Beliatta and Deniyaya es, water supply mechanisms, government and Grid Substation in the Southern Province. The private institutions, religious institutions, fuel cost of damages to the Matara GSS was estimat- pumping stations and business places, etc. ed to be LKR 48.49 million. One of the development goals of the Ministry TABLE 77: SUMMARY TABLE OF ESTIMATES OF DAMAGE AND LOSS LKR Million Assumption/ Disaster Effects Comments CEB LECO Total Infrastructure & assets recovery 474 0.31 474.31 Disruption in service delivery/Losses 178 0.15 178.15 Total 652 0.46 652.46 Grand Total infrastruct ure se ctor: Power s upply  1 5 1  of Power & Renewable Energy is to provide Considering the increasing number of land- electricity to all at all times. The disruption of slides (35 related to this event), the environmen- the supply was kept at its minimal for 2 to 10 tal impact of the mini-hydro schemes requires days in the most-affected areas in the Southern to be reviewed. As stated in the Environment province, Ratnapura and Kalutara districts, de- chapter, construction affects soil and slope sta- pending on the severity of the damage and ac- bility while cutting and uprooting valuable tree cessibility. Recovery took a considerable time species and diversion of water have implica- to restore normalcy even after the water level tions on possible the extinction of indigenous subsided in some places, which were fully sub- species of fauna and flora. This impact should merged. be taken into account when planning and in- stalling future Power Sector Plans. Some damages caused to the Mini Hydro De- velopers were reported. The revenue generated 9.6. RECOVERY NEEDS from bulk-electricity customers and ordinary AND STRATEGIES consumers was directly affected. The bulk sup- In the immediate aftermath of the May 2017 di- ply given to factories was also restored soon af- sasters, CEB deployed its fullest capacity to re- ter the flood disaster, but workers took several store the power supply in affected areas, and as additional days to attend duties as living condi- such, in most areas power supply was restored tions were not fully harmonized. within 48 hrs. The damages caused to the power distribution lines and other installations have 9.5. CROSS-CUTTING been fully restored at this point, and thus, a spe- ISSUES cific recovery and reconstruction strategy will The administration of the post-disaster situa- not be required. tion was not seriously hampered as all logistics were handled in a timely manner, supervised by However, the Ministry of Power and Renewable senior officers, and monitored by relevant au- Energy facilitated CEB to upgrade the Trans- thorities. Assistance given by voluntary repre- mission and Distribution Network through sentatives, peer groups, and the management, the implementation of a number of Transmis- made the task more effective. All relevant staff sion and Distribution Development projects to in the sectors worked as teams to help the af- ensure the reliability, and the quality of power fected people. supply, concerning environmental and social effects, in order to make the power supply sys- No specific groups in particular can be catego- tem in the country resilient to future disasters rized as vulnerable. People living in the low-ly- and climate risks. ing areas were mostly affected. Those with low incomes couldn’t resume their normal lives be- The CEB has experienced an island-wide black- cause of the other related issues. out in two or three previous occasions in 2015 and 2016. As a result, a Cabinet-appointed CEB took the initiative to clear the debris of the committee has studied the vulnerability of the electrical network to avoid electrocutions and power supply system and has made a number educated residents about possible impacts. The of recommendations to the CEB. The Ministry deployment of CEB Working Gangs to affected of Power and Renewable Energy has initiated areas to clear the damaged power cables and preparations of Disaster Management Guide- lines was difficult due to unavailability of nec- lines and a Plan for the power sector under the essary transport (boat) facilities, especially in provisions in the Disaster Management Act, Ratnapura District. May 2005. Considering the May 2016 disasters, the Ministry directed the CEB to implement the 152  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 78: TOTAL RECOVERY NEEDS OF POWER SUPPLY Costs (LKR Million) Recovery Needs Short Term Medium Term Long Term Infrastructure & assets recovery Identified backup materials of mostly-needed items for restoration of 469 electrical supply, such as Energy Meters, Poles, MCCBs etc. Service delivery/ Production of goods & Services 10 Maintain stores at convenient and at vicinity for quick transportation. Portable Generators with fuel storage for ongoing needs/ Social needs. 4 Solar-powered Lamps/Lanterns for life support. 3 Solar-powered Chargers for operational/ social needs 7 Radio Communication System/ PTT (Push to Talk) enabled hand-held radios 3 for operational activities (30 Systems). Motorized Boats with lifesaving Jackets for material and workers transports 5 (3 Boats). Risk and Vulnerability reduction Capacity Building of the Power Sector’s employees on Disaster Risk 5 Reduction Disaster Management Strategies. Appointing a Disaster Management Team for the Power Sector Establish Disaster preparedness and Disaster Management and desk/Office 1 at the Provincial Control Centre/Call center of Ceylon Electricity Board. Implementation of Early Warning Systems together with Public addressing. 10 Setup of LED systems for Street Light illumination for the affected areas. 30 Deployment of Unmanned Ariel Vehicles to collect real information 10 equipped with Transceivers. Installation of Rain Gauging stations in Catchment areas with telemetering 5 system to obtain real-time data. Conversion of bare conductor to ABC Conductor. 1,000 Shifting of Auto Reclose at Morawaka. 3 MV line shifting at river banks and river crossing. 150 Re-conducting MV lines for alternative power arrangements. 200 Shifting of Kalawana and Kiriella CEB Depots. 13 Overhead and Contingency 50 142 Total 554 1,566 infrastruct ure se ctor: Power s upply  1 5 3  recommendations provided by the Committee, energy meters were damaged (most of the me- which include setting up of a disaster prepared- ters were replaced at the same time). Additional ness plan, setting up of a disaster management employees (field staff) were deployed to speed committee, and building the capacity of the up the process. Some actions were coordinated staff. It is expected that the above arrangements with Assistant Government Agents’ requests. will strengthen the CEB’s capacity to respond to Precautions were taken to minimize electrical future disasters. property damage which could have popped up after connecting (future oriented) the supply. A smart distribution network with under- ground cabling and a sophisticated monitoring Two utility providers, CEB and LECO, are re- system is a must for reliable distribution system. sponsible for the implementation of recovery The Ministry decided to install rain-gauging and reconstruction strategies with respect to stations in catchment areas with telemetering distribution network damages. The Ministry system to obtain real-time data in order to re- of Power and Renewable Energy is facilitating spond accordingly. the two utility providers by formulating ener- gy policies to implement an effective recovery • Pre-disaster planning mechanism, and the coordination of donors, for securing finances for future development, The System Control Centre of CEB studies the and upgrading of the present distribution net- weather patterns and weather forecast, and also work. The Distribution Master Plan, which is considers the announcement of water level in under preparation with JICA’s assistance, will preparation of its ‘preparedness plan’. CEB’s be initiated to ensure a coordinated approach area offices and breakdown gangs are informed for generation and transmission. accordingly to act in case of a disaster. The Ministry of Power and Renewable Ener- The implementation of the Disaster Manage- gy initiated concessions for electricity con- ment Plan for the Power Sector was initiated by sumers who have been severely affected by the the Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy flood and landslides in the following ways: with the collaboration of the Ministry of Di- Electricity meters have been provided free saster Management, and the Disaster Manage- of charge to those whose meters have been ment Centre. destroyed in the floods. CEB also initiated clearance to the internal wiring network by Recovery and Reconstruction inspecting the same for those who have been Initiatives and Costs affected. Six months’ grace period has been (Table 78) given for flood victims when it comes to pay- ing their May and June electricity bills in in- 9.7. IMPLEMENTATION stalments. Free service connection is being STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY given to consumers whose houses have been The disaster situation was monitored daily, and completely destroyed by the floods and land- a special contact number was announced for slides, and payment of previous electricity the public to inform about any electricity griev- bills has been waved off. Free electricity ser- ances. Special teams to respond to all needs in vice is being offered for a six-month period for the sector were deployed and they responded people displaced due to floods and landslides. as urgently as possible. Financial authority Affected small enterprises and industries are limits were relaxed to manage the situation being given six months to pay due electricity effectively. Supply was restored soon after en- bills on an instalment basis. suring the safety to the places even though the 154  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 9.8. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Revenue loss was calculated on a prorated basis: Data was collected by the Divisional Secretariat The average monthly bill for a calendar month Divisions and forwarded to the CEB Distribu- for many days (basically 10 days) of loss of pow- tion Divisional Office. Data and information er was considered. Average losses of LKR 500 on the electricity distribution network was household were taken into consideration. Stan- assessed by the Area Engineering Offices of dard costs were published and used for arriving CEB. The need to restore supply was raised by at replacement costs. Finally, market rates as of the area office of CEB and administrated by the today have been considered with tolerance.   main Distribution Divisional offices of CEB covering the island. Loss and damage data of LECO distribution areas were also collocated by the LECO area office and compiled at the LECO head office. infrastruct ure se ctor: Power s upply  1 5 5  SEC T O R R E PORT S 156  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T CR OSS CUTTI N G I S S U E S Cross C utting I ssues  1 5 7  10. Environment The environment chapter argues that Sri Lanka has little choice left but to shift towards sustain- able development as the other alternative is to 10.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY continue paying dearly with increased loss of Recurrent and multiple disasters in Sri Lanka lives and losses to the economy. Alternative in- have made the country highly vulnerable and vestment and development plans possibly will paying for losses that the country cannot afford. be more resource intensive, but are needed for While climate change may be responsible for resilient and more balanced development. This intensified hazards, Sri Lanka cannot hold cli- underpins the need to empower institutions mate change responsible for all the impacts of to enforce environment al governance. In the the disasters. Contemporary development that short and medium run, it is important to re- ignores environmental concerns is gradually view and find a way out of some of the burning eroding the country’s natural resource base, concerns such as, sand mining, controversial which acts as an effective buffer between people pesticide use, potential of proposed mini hydro and natural hazards, to disaster-related risks. potential schemes, and urban waste manage- ment, while the long-term sustainable devel- Increasing Sri Lanka’s exposure to Disasters opment plans of Sri Lanka are developed and in 2016 and 2017 can be easily attributed to be- implemented. ing largely development induced, although as mentioned above, high rainfall within a short Assessing damages to environment and related period of time was a hazard which was most losses is difficult and recovery, which generally likely a result of climate change. Yet develop- takes longer, is even more so, but the striking mental impact on environment, contributed lack of data and information about damages significantly to the way the hazard impacted to natural capital makes the task impossible. people. Weakened water retention capacities Major landslides caused losses worth LKR 541 of the Sinharaja and allied rainforests, due to million loss of ecosystem services. This calcu- the destabilization of the ground, deforesta- lation was possible due to comprehensive data tion, degradation of forests, ‘development’ compiled by the NBRO. Information on eco- activities including mini-hydro schemes, etc., logical damages as a result of floods could not disappearance/inability to perform ecosys- be found and therefore, has not been estimat- tems’ service functions of river banks due to ed. This clearly re-emphasizes the need for a its widespread unauthorized encroachment systematic collection of post-disaster environ- by government offices, private-sector property ment data and information, as recommended and settlements violating reservation-related by the PDNA 2016 as well. The increasing di- regulations, destabilization of embankments saster trend, which has links to environmental due to indiscriminate and over extraction of management, makes this even more important. river sand, etc., are some links which PDNA identified that aggravated risks and intensified The evidence needed for minimizing environ- impact. Lack of effective waste-management mental destruction and reasoning of additional system, contradictory developmental direc- investment required for environmentally-sen- tives, etc., and weak governance systems which sitive solutions, can only be justified through are not able to enforce environment laws, are systematic collection and analysis of environ- seen as some of the key institutional reasons ment-related data and information. Recovery which exposed both people and assets in the af- principles call for ‘Build Back Better’ and the fected areas to the disaster, and as such, result- analysis of environmental data can also justify ed in heavy damages and losses in May 2017. the additional resources needed for sustainable recovery programmes. While lack of data and Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 5 9  information prevents the derivation of accurate come the new norm in Sri Lanka. As high winds recovery estimates of the environment sector, and rainfall were creating havoc in the South- the chapter provides an approximate cost of ern, South-Western and South-Central parts of LKR 300 million for planning and putting into the country in May 2017, the North, the North place urgent measures for recovery and recon- Central, Eastern and the North-Western re- struction with regard to environmental de- gions continued to suffer from severe drought struction in the short term, while a minimum and water shortage that has been continuing of LKR 530 million is needed to facilitate rec- for over one and a half years. ommended transformations in the long term. A sound link between the increasing frequency 10.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT and intensity of disasters, and climate change, AND BASELINE has now been established. It is also quite well established that the majority of risks and vulner- The relationship between abilities that people face have environmental pre- environment and disaster resilience cedence; in natural or built environments. As the Sri Lanka, although located in the disaster PDNA 2016 reported, the combination of heavy hotspot South Asian region,40 until about a rainfall, favourable geology and inappropriate decade ago was considered to be a country with land-use practices are some of the key factors for relatively low disasters risk. Nevertheless, re- further aggravating the climate vulnerability of cent events and trends put in evidence of the the country to trigger increased risk of landslides increasing vulnerability, particularly to climate in the central hills over the last few years. Foot- related hazards. Extreme weather events such prints of recent and often accelerated ‘develop- as floods/landslides and droughts, have be- ment’ that had not taken environmental concerns into due consideration, and risks aggravated by 40. Independent 2015, http://www.independent. serious gaps in environmental governance could co.uk/news/world/asia/south-asias-most-dead- be clearly identified in the affected areas. ly-earthquakes-a6709301.html FIGURE 18: AFFECTED DS DIVISIONS BY FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES 2017 160  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Status of environment and affecting the environment and contributing to natural resources the increasing risks. These elements will be de- As the PDNA 2016 mentioned, the ecosystem scribed in the text below. service capacity of forests in Sri Lanka, is fast de- clining. Sinharaja, the most valuable rainforest The reduction in the ability of soil to hold wa- of Sri Lanka; a World Biosphere Reserve since ter in rainforests, facilitating the runoff and 1978 and a World Heritage Site since 1988,41 siltation of streams and waterways, are consid- and the surrounding unprotected rainforests, ered immediate impacts of forest degradation. contain the origins of rivers that contributed to Communities, civil societies and local officials the 2017 floods. These forests continue to face in disaster-affected areas identified illegal ex- challenges of destruction to their rich bio-diver- traction of forest resources and clearance given sity. Following the recognition of the important for various projects ignoring environmental role of forests in climate change through the protection laws and related construction, log- REDD+ initiative, the government of Sri Lanka ging and plantation of tea, palm oil, etc., as well implemented the REDD+ readiness (Reducing as construction of mini hydro schemes,44 as Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Deg- key reasons of creation of risk, which continue radation + readiness) programme over the last despite recurrent disasters. four years, which concluded with an investment framework at an estimated cost of approxi- Regardless of advocacy campaigns aimed at mately US$ 100 million to combat deforesta- convincing decision makers to rethink the log- tion and forest degradation.42 Yet the pressure ic of promoting mini-hydro schemes, which on the forest by developmental initiatives by the generate relatively small amounts of electricity Government and other stakeholders continues. at a high cost of losing the extremely valuable Encroachments, infrastructure development environmental services of rainforests, licenses projects, and private agriculture ventures are are continued to be issued for these schemes. identified as the main drivers of deforestation. Out of total 519 mini-hydro energy projects Forest fires are also a local risk that forests face. proposed, 182 energy projects commissioned While forest fires can be due to accidents or generate a total of about 355 MW45 of electricity. extremely dry weather, most fires reported are There are about 40 mini-hydro schemes in the due to encroachment of forest for cultivation affected area: Ethamala Ella (2MW), Koskula- of tea or other crops or by poachers targeting na (0.6 MW), Anda Dola (0.77 MW) and Eli Ha- wildlife. E.g., more than 150 acres of Handa- tha (2 MW) are a few examples. The movement pan Ella within the Rakwana rainforest area and use of heavy machinery destabilize soil and had been completely destroyed in early 2016 by slope, while cutting and uprooting valuable fire,43 worsening, deforestation and aiding the species of trees lead to the diversion of water, destruction of catchment areas. with implications such as the extinction of in- digenous species of fauna and flora.46 Impacts Figure 19 shows the main drivers and processes of construction spread way beyond just the site (e.g., expanding foot paths to roads that allow the passage of heavy vehicles). Drying up of nat- 41. http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11A/ ural springs and waterfalls, have been observed Sep10_1315632233KA.php 42. UNREDD+ Programme Sri Lanka 2015, Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Sri 44. http://www.rainforestprotectors.org/rainfor- Lanka; Identification of Key Policies and Mea- est/documents/Campaigns/2015/Protect%20 sures Sinharaja%20World%20Heritage%20Rainfor- 43. https://rainforestprotectors.wordpress. est.pdf com/2016/04/23/handapan-ella-forest-re- 45. SLSEA records 2017 serve-set-on-fire/ 46. http://www.liveat7.lk/2016/01/19/12768/ Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 6 1  MAIN DRIVERS PROCESSES AFFECTED AR E A S Isolated Road construction New investment infrastructure Mini hidro electrity Rainforest planning Urban expansion Weak assesment Tea plantations expansion and monitoring River borders Economic Gem mining activities & courses Sand mining Development of informal activities No maintenance of river banks Inadequate Lack of environmental Waste management / debris disposal Wetlands legislation practices Use of pesticides FIGURE 19: RISK RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN AFFECTED AREAS as a result. There are allegations regarding the clined water availability due to climate change destruction of rainforests and/or buffer zone and other reasons, the plant factor has drasti- due to schemes that have come up with the pa- cally declined to about 30%. Review of the Gov- tronage of politicians and officials. The accusa- ernment’s position on mini-hydro schemes, tion also extends to not having proper EIA and/ and declaring an end to mini hydro-schemes or not implementing recommendations of EIA. have been discussed. In this context, why Sri Even when EIAs are respected, due to its proj- Lanka plans to add 155 MW of electricity from ect-specific focus, the cumulative impact creat- mini-hydro schemes during 2018-203748 is a ed by all or clusters of projects, are not known. question, and it needs to be discussed widely, Neither the approving government authorities especially when other renewable options con- nor independent organizations in Sri Lanka tinue to become more viable. The wind poten- have resources to monitor project implementa- tial of Sri Lanka, with the opening of the North tion; therefore, ecological damage arising from and East, is quite substantial. The potential these developments are not captured and com- assessed so far just in the Mannar-Poonarin pared.47 stretch alone is over 700 MW49, while the full potential is believed to be much higher. Solar When mini-hydro schemes were introduced potential is also very high in Sri Lanka for obvi- about three decades ago as a renewable energy ous reasons, although there are some technical option to be promoted through private invest- and practical challenges that – must be over- ment, their viability index assessed by a plant come to harness and mainstream a substantial factor which was about 42%. Some experts portion of that potential. claim that mini-hydro resources in Sri Lanka by now have been exhausted. In addition to de- A proposal of road construction through the Sinharaja rainforest, creating risks to flora and 47. https://rainforestprotectors.wordpress. com/2016/02/12/environmental-impact-due- 48. PUCSL 2017, Decision on Least Cost Long Term to-destruction-of-rainforests-for-mini-hydro- Generation Plan 2018-2037, projects/ 49. Records from SLSEA 162  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T P H O T O G R A P H S FRO M K O SK ILUNA AND AND ADOL A MINI-HYDRO PROJECT S FIGURE 20: MI NI-HYDRO PROJECTS S OU R C E: R A INF O R E S T P R O T E C T O R S O F S R I L AN K A fauna/wildlife, and unnecessarily exposing landslides in affected districts and categorised the World Heritage forest, was suspended due them under safe, unsafe, and medium safe ar- to protests in 2011. Investigations ordered by eas, and offered guidance for construction and the Minister of Environment, recommended living in areas with lower risks. Approval from building an alternative road outside the pro- the Local Authority for construction of hous- tected area to meet the same needs. Immediate es and structures in non-taxpaying local au- actions to acquire 2,500 hectares of Sinharaja thority has not been respected. As such, NBRO World Heritage Rainforest under the Land Re- recommendations are not known to them or forms Commission (LRC) were recommended monitored. People believe that apart from the under Forest Conservation Department, 50 en- negative impact of large projects, individual ac- dorsing the Cabinet Directive of 2004. tions such as uprooting of old rubber trees for change in plantation or land use, constructing As the PDNA of 2016 points out, wildlife and roads and other service infrastructure for pri- nature have been given increased importance as vately-owned land, and construction within the Sri Lanka strategizes tourism as a key growth private land without adhering to NBRO guide- sector. However, increased human elephant line in areas with higher elevation, also signifi- conflict will result in destruction to natural cantly contribute to landslide risks. There is a habitats. Ill-planned development, recurrent strong view from Ratnapura that unregulated floods, landslides and extended periods of and unsystematic gem mining has created sig- droughts, and the spread of invasive species, nificant landslide threats. They say51 that there continue to be increasingly challenging. There- are many areas of the district such as palmad- fore, it is doubtful if the country will be able to ulla, which are areas ‘on stilts’ or on gem mines realise its ecotourism potential within time if and are at risk of collapse; disasters waiting to increased threats to forest and wildlife as well happen. as the threat of disaster-related risks to people living downstream from rainforests are not ad- About a third of the wetlands in the country, equately addressed. which plays a vital role in flood retention, are in the severely flood-affected areas, and half Landslide-related risks that lead to the increase of them are high- to- moderately challenged, in deaths and destruction have been discussed mostly by anthropogenic causes.52 In addi- at length NBRO has mapped the risks related to tion, two of the six Ramras sites of Sri Lan- 50. http://www.rainforestprotectors.org/rainfor- 51. FGD in Colombo 17 July est/documents/Campaigns/2015/Protect%20 52. (IUCN/IWMI /CEA, 2006) http://www.cea. Sinharaja%20World%20Heritage%20Rainfor- lk/web/images/pdf/7-1.Book-National-Wet- est.pdf land-Directory-Low%20res(1).pdf Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 6 3  WASTE D UMP ING SITE IN GALLE A ND POL L U T ION OF WET L A ND A REA S FIGURE 21: WASTE DUMPING SITE IN GALLE S O UR C E : G AM I G E DR A G AL L E ka; Bundala and Maduganga wetlands, are in monitoring mechanism on sand transporta- the flood-affected areas. As mentioned in the tion, the law was amended in 2004, making PDNA 2016, wetlands have been exploited and it mandatory to obtain a permit to transport damaged with negative changes to ecosystems, sand. It has been alleged that there are many as well as changed in many ways due to urban loopholes in the law-making way for illegal development. The continuing to use wetlands mining. A ban on sand mining in the rivers of as urban waste dumps is possibly the most de- Sri Lanka has been imposed (e.g. in 2015) and structive intervention. Many waste -dumping lifted (e.g. in 2017) alternatively. Sand mining sites continue to be either wetlands or sites has been intensive, and with increasing de- close to rivers. The result is the heavy contam- mand, vehicles were driven directly into the ination of water posing health risks to people river to extract sand. The ban triggered even & animals, and the inability of the wetlands to higher demand for sand; although scarce due to perform the vital function of reducing impacts overexploitation. This has led to riskier mining of floods. operations. At present, sand is extracted from the middle of the river, going down to about 16 The rivers of Sri Lanka are affected by several feet. It is reported that while young men with factors: the construction of buildings; com- diving skills consider this a lucrative employ- mercial activity (authorised and unauthorised) ment option, they often fall victim to gradual and related pollution along the sides of rivers; loss of hearing, as safety gear is not used for irregular commercial plantations; the use of this illegal diving operation. People on the Gin heavy equipment; sand, stone, quarry and soil basin in Galle introduced crocodiles to prevent mining; irregular construction of tube wells; illegal sand mining in Gin Ganga, although this and continually used as waste disposal sites by only had a short-term impact. Apparently, the settlements, plantations and commercial enter- illegal activity enjoys the patronage of some prises. government administrative officers and politi- cians in the area, and continues unabated. Riv- Sand mining has been a highly contentious is- erbanks that existed decades ago have ceased to sue over the last few years; particularly over the exist, while people have stopped swimming in last two years. River-sand mining has been regu- Gin Ganga due to its dangerous depth.53 lated by the Mines and Minerals Act since 1992, but illegally-mined sand continues to come into the market. With the intention of providing a 53. FGD on 4th August at Baddegama DS office 164  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T FIGURE 22: GIN GANGA AFFECTED BY SAND DUNES Sand mining has also increased the amount of proach and has given rise to serious disaster slit in river beds, while the increased depth has risks and land-related social concerns.54 As resulted in low water levels in the river during reported in the PDNA of 2016, poorly-main- dry periods. The deepened rivers extract ground tained drainage and canal systems are unable water from wells and cultivated lands in the sur- to cope with increased volumes of water during rounding area, impacting the water security of the monsoon period and in extreme situations. farming communities. Drying up of wells in the The waste deposit that ends up in the canal and vicinity, and sea-water’s intrusion in the coastal drains due to improper waste disposal in urban areas, have been reported. Even the course of areas makes this situation worse. rivers has reportedly changed due to sand min- ing, with severe embankment collapse (e.g. Gin According to the Department of Meteorolo- Ganga), and the instability of embankments gy, Sri Lanka receives over 5000 mm rainfall poses risks to land and to structures. Sand min- in the wettest parts (western slopes of the cen- ing also has changed the natural function of riv- tral highlands). Most water that flows through er bed – inability to maintain natural riffles and the wet zone goes to sea. The exceptions are pools that helps powerful but controlled river Kelani and Walawe rivers, which also provide flow which impact its course and function. water to generate electricity. Flood manage- ment systems have been established in rivers For example, the outfall of the Gin Ganga lo- such as Kalu, Gin and Nilwala due to recurrent cated in Galle town, is blocked with sand dunes flooding in the wet zone coast. These struc- during dry periods. The inability of Gin Gan- tures and mechanisms introduced decades ga to break through the sand barriers during back reportedly to have functioned effectively rains is a major cause for the usual flooding in as flood barriers; although in some instances the lower end of the Gin Ganga basin. The con- at the cost of generating environmental con- structed breakthrough barriers including the cerns (e.g. acidity development at Nilwala55 fall to sea create recurrent flooding even during and drying up of natural springs around Badde- a small rain. gama56). However, questions are raised about the continued effectiveness of these systems in Management of Local Infrastructure and Services 54. DS Baddegama 4th August at FGD Lack of integrated planning of the local infra- 55. Senevirathne and Wijesekera 2003 structure is a barrier to taking a holistic ap- 56. FGD on 4th August Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 6 5  FIGURE 23: GIN GANGA- SAND BAGS FIGURE 24: MUNICIPAL WASTE DUM PING PLACED TO PREVENT FLASH FLOODS SITE GALLE, FROM A DISTANCE the changed context of increased volumes of usually safe from floods. The highway has been water received, changes to land use, particularly constructed on a platform created by filling settlements and businesses that have come up in land, instead of being built on concrete pillars flood plains, river reservations, drainage issues like in many other countries.58 This requires downstream, weak maintenance (e.g. pump large volumes of soil and causes the fragmenta- stations of Gin and Nilwala), and violation of tion of both land and of habitation, resulting in safety protocols of flood regulation, etc. Some the change of land use, often with negative en- structures are even being compromised due to vironmental implications. Most importantly, it new development (e.g. the Southern Highway blocks the free movement of rain water (and an- blocks flood-drainage paths introduced by the imals) to the other side of the structure. The soil Gin-ganga Flood Regulation project close to needed for the building of highways is supplied Baddegama interchange). Further, people have at the cost of razing hillocks and/or excavating been expressing fear about the ability of the in- large pits in the interior of the country. These frastructure to withstand increased flood pres- too have given rise to many environmental (and sure, as cracks and leaks have appeared during social) problems in addition to contributing to the floods. (E.g. Leaks in the flood barriers of the floods. Gin Ganga that created fear amongst people).57 People also believe that the use of glyphosate, Sand bags were placed at the flood-prevention the weedicide widely used in agriculture in Sri bunts by people fearing flash floods, with the Lanka, contributes to increasing soil erosion help of armed forces engaged in relief where and risk of landslides.59 They claim that the ef- water leak from breached bunts occurred. fect of glyphosate on soil is evident as it has been commonly used to loosen soil when extracting Southern Expressway is considered the first manioc tubers. While we have not found scien- step towards the 1000 km of highways planned tific evidence to substantiate this claim, reports in Sri Lanka. While parts of the highway were confirm that glyphosate has subtle but disrup- affected by landslides and submerged during tive impacts on the ecosystem, especially the the floods in 2016, the highway is also consid- soil’s ecosystem based on its interaction with ered the reason for flooding in areas which were soil microorganisms.60 The effects include soil 58. The Island June 2017 http://island.lk/index. 57. Seneviratne and Wijesekara 2003 http://library. php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-de- wur.nl/ebooks/drainage/drainage_cd/3.3%20 tails&code_title=166201 lakshmane%20sw%20and%20wijesekera%20 59. FGD in Colombo in July nts.html 60. Pesticide Action Network – 2017 Glyphosate 166  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T degradation due to long-term disintegration An example is a garbage dump that seems to of carbon in humus.61 The ban of glyphosate be gradually growing up to becoming a huge or ‘Round Up’ as it is commonly called, was mountain-like structure in Meethotamulla can announced by the President at a public gath- be seen alongside the sky-scraping apartments ering in May 2015 with immediate effect due from the beautiful beachfront of Demodara. As to its link to CKDu, which is spreading across shown in the above picture, it is a large dump the dry zone of Sri Lanka claiming many lives. maintained by the municipal council of Galle. While the Rajarata University claims that there Due to it, the leachate water in the outfall has is enough scientific evidence to link glyphosate been polluted and people cannot swim or fish to cancer and chronic kidney disease (CKD), in in it. The other consequence of the landfill is March 2017, the WHO also announced that the non-degradable materials and the waste con- glyphosate probability to be carcinogenic to hu- trolling officer informed that there will be a mans”62, on basis of the research undertaken project to eliminate these wastes in the land-fill. by International Agency for Research on Can- The main objective of the project is placing an cer (IARC). incineration machine. The municipal waste-management context re- While waste disposal is a challenge at municipal ported in the PDNA of 2016 has not improved, levels, the degradable part of solid waste con- but aggravated over the last year. The waste tinues to be disposed of at the household level, slide in Meetotamulla dump killed 34 people as traditionally done in rural areas. The high in mid-April 2017, politicising the problem. volume of non-degradable waste generated due While dumping at Meetotamulla was suspend- to modern consumption patterns have spread ed immediately as a result, the Government was to rural areas, while waste collection is not forced to come up with alternatives as garbage practiced or is irregular in local authority areas. piles started appearing on roadsides in Colom- People, as a result, have resorted to using rivers bo. While the environmental cost of proposed to dispose non-degradable waste (picture). The alternatives such as dumping unsorted waste waste collected downstream, is a constant chal- around Muthurajawela and transporting it to lenge, blocking canals and drainage systems, Aruwakkalu, Puttalam to an abandoned quarry giving rise to spreading diseases. This becomes mine would be huge, the government will im- a bigger challenge during the rainy season, plement these as short-term measures. Incin- blocking the flow of river and contributing eration, electricity production through biogas heavily to urban floods in coastal towns. generation, accelerated composting, and san- itary landfills are being discussed as well. Mu- Status of policy and institutional nicipal waste management in the urban areas of mechanisms and their implementations Galle Matara, Kalutara, Ratnapura and Ham- bantotoa are in similar status as above. Monograph  https://issuu.com/pan-uk/docs/ glyphosate_monograph_complete 61. Ranil Senanayake, Sunday observer 2017 http://sundayobserver.lk/2017/06/25/ features/%E2%80%98all-plants-will-be- killed%E2%80%99 FIGURE 25: A BAG OF PLASTIC 62. Wijedasa and Surendraraj 2015 http://www. WASTE THROWN IS FLOATING sundaytimes.lk/150607/news/glypho- DOWNSTREAM, GIN GANGA, GALLE sate-ban-mired-in-confusion-152113.html Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 6 7  TABLE 79: ECOLOGICAL STATUS AND DISASTER IMPACTS Ecological status of affected Cluster Impact areas Built environment, Urban floods from overflow Ratnapura and plantations and highly Kalu river basin of Kalu river associated Kalutara fragmented wetlands and wetlands forests Floods and landslides due Paddy lands with substantial to high rain in the rain Gin river basin Galle dry zone forests forests and release of water from reservoirs Coastal area with densely built environment in urban Nilwala river basin Matara Floods and Landslides areas with paddy and other crop plantations Hambantota Dry Zone Floods and landslides The context described in the PDNA of 2016 has tive capacities of respective institutions, and not changed much over the year. The Ministry the ability to regulate and enforce the law by rel- of Mahaweli Development and Environment evant authorities. The status is highly complex (MMDE), continues to be the policy-making with duplicity in the attitude and approach by body with respect to environmental manage- decision makers when addressing address en- ment, and the Central Environment Authority vironmental and developmental issues in the (CEA) has the wider regulatory powers. Having country. signed the Paris Agreement in early 2016, the Government of Sri Lanka proposed INDCs 10.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS under three categories: mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage, with the commitment to Floods reduce GHG emissions up to 16%, by 2030. The Heavy rains received starting on May 25,2017 targets became NDCs in early September 2016 led to riverine foods of the Kalu, Nilwala, and when the Government ratified it. The sectoral Gin rivers, affecting areas in the river basins agencies are required to plan for achieving the and causing urban floods in coastal areas. Apart respective NDC targets, starting 2020. Further, from these districts considered in the PDNA, the government also has issued instructions to floods were also reported in areas around Ke- sectoral agencies to align their plans with the 17 lani River. (Table 79) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in an attempt to mainstream SDG implementation Landslides through national budgeting and budget moni- The high rainfall trigged 35 significant land- toring63. slides, and many smaller ones, across the affect- ed districts. The high incidences of landslides While these are highly-progressive steps in the that occurred in the Ratnapura district has been right direction, there are a lot of concerns about attributed to the newly-constructed roads (e.g. achieving the expected result with existing gaps Kalwana, Nivithigala64 ) which have cutting in the institutional, technical and administra- failures, along with improper and inadequate drainage and culverts. With the recording of 63. Budget Call 2018, Ministry of Finance and Mass Media, 25.7.2017. 64. FDG July in Colombo 168  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T slips and mudslides in several locations, people other sectors, and by interviewing local officials have begun to call these ‘engineered landslides’. and communities. Following the district-level The landslides also degraded landscapes by FGDs, a special focused group discussion was causing offsite damages, such as the siltation convened in Colombo on July 18, 2017, focus- of agricultural lands (tea, rubber, coconut and ing mainly on the effect of natural disasters on paddy), and water bodies. There have been re- the environment sector. Selected NGOs and ported incidences of floods and flash floods in CBOs, who assisted the Government during the areas considered safe from floods, due to the di- emergency and in carrying out relief measures, version of rivers and flood water, and landslides participated from all the districts considered in falling onto river paths. the PDNA. A further visit and an additional FDG were carried out in Galle with multiple stake- Disruption of Sectoral Governance holders including local officials, on August 4, There is no evidence to show that the services prior to finalising this chapter. The general lack of multiple agencies that are tasked with con- of information was acknowledged over and over serving and managing the natural environment again, when stakeholders could only describe have been significantly affected, apart from the damages. instances listed below. Gathering data related to damages and losses to the environment sec- As mentioned, environmental losses are dif- tor was challenging this year too. While most ficult to estimate even with the availability of line agencies have collected respective data (e.g. accurate data. Gaps in data, therefore, make it NBRO, FD, and DWC) and information related an impossible task. Similar to the last PDNA, their own interest, there are gaps preventing damages to natural capital/ecosystems was es- a good understanding of the complex overall timated only through proxies. situation and in arriving the ability monitor changes in the environment sector. Landslide Related Damages and Losses An approximate calculation of loss due to Summary of Damages and Losses the main landslides across selected districts Although the environment sector has sustained was carried out utilizing proxies given in the considerable damages as stated throughout this Table 3. The proxies are derived out of academic document, these are not well and systematically and project-related research carried out over a captured and recorded. While acknowledging few years by the Department of Environmental that capturing the status of environment and Science and Forestry of University of Sri Jay- damages and losses are extremely challenging, awardhanapura. It can only be used as an indi- little or no interest shown about the environ- cation of minimum levels of economic losses mental effects, especially by agencies that are due to environmental damage. The estimation mandated to work on environmental issues, is of the Net Present Value of ecosystem services a concern. As reported in the PDNA of 2016, (carbon sequestration values and watershed making a reliable estimate and arriving at an ac- protection values), and values of non-timber curate picture of damages to natural resources forest products, (pharmaceutical prospecting such as forests, wildlife, biodiversity, wetlands, values of natural forests), were estimated using land, etc., have become more challenging. 10% discount rate and a 30-year time period. (Table 80 to 82) During the data collection processes of PDNA 2017, attempts were made to gather data and Flood-Related Damages and Losses information, which were mostly qualitative. Embankments have collapsed in many places Estimates were derived by comparing and along rivers due to enormous pressure created cross-referencing these with data collected by by the river’s flood water and as a result of a va- Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 6 9  TABLE 80: INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE OCCURRED WITHIN THE FOLLOWING AREAS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE FOREST DEPARTMENT Protected Area Damage Damage (LKR Million) Fully submerged under water loss Office of regional deputy and damages to office equipment Included in the DRR Chapter conservator of Forest, Ratnapura and furniture. Inability to provide the services for a week TABLE 81: ECOSYSTEM SERV ICE LOSSES DUE TO LANDSLIDES S O UR C E : UN I V E R S I T Y O F S R I J AYAWRD HA N A P U RA Loss Extent (ha) Approximate Value LKR (Net Present Value) Homestead 1.4. 27,632,125.54 Natural Forest 21.37 335,707,276.90 Other Cultivation 0.5 1,876,782.80 Paddy 1.27 4,188,108.26 Rubber 14.51 51,300,915.14 Tea 36.46 127,239,411.10 Total 75.51 547,944,619.70 TABLE 82: LOSS OF REVENUE DUE TO LOSS OF SERVICES IN THE AFFECTED AREAS S O UR C E : DE PART M E N T O F W I L DL IFE C O N VE RSATIO N , FO RE ST D E PA RT ME N T Visitor Number Income (LKR) Estimated Loss of Facility Income (LKR) May 2017 June 2017 May 2017 June 2017 Yala 30,093 28,480 27,723,410.00 25,765,740.00 1,957,670.00 Udawalawa 11,848 9,539 9,713,939.00 8,575,695.00 1,138,244.00 Lunugamwehera 270 107 27,560.00 8,000.00 19,560.00 Sub Total 42,211 38,126 37,464,909.00 34,349,435.00 3,115,474.00 Sinharaja Forest 763,400.00 Total Estimated 3,878,874.00 Income Loss (LKR) 170  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T FIGURE 26: EMBANKMENTS ALONG GIN RIVER riety of anthropogenic actions including sand Below is a photo of one of the many embank- mining and illegal construction. Embankment ments collapsed along Gin River, which has losses are seen almost at every natural river taken about half the road with it, causing seri- bend, in many instances taking away land along ous accessibility issues. Gabion walls are being the embankment. According to stakeholders, built by RDA to restore the road. But the im- the Galle/Baddegama embankment of Gin pact it could have on the river and related risks Ganga has over 50 places where embankment have not been analysed. The third photo shows has collapsed, within Galle district. a house, which is just an example of the many structures including schools that have become While the damages have threatened the stabil- highly vulnerable due to the erosion of the river. ity of infrastructure and buildings, including Government offices and schools built close to Bamboo is promoted as a river bank stabilisa- the river, the loss of biodiversity and damage to tion plant with multiple economic benefits. riverine ecosystem has not been captured. It is However, harvesting bamboo has become a quite obvious that damages can also be directly tedious process including obtaining permits linked to paying little respect to river reserva- from the Government, due to which its appli- tions. Overtime, river banks have vanished, tak- cation in many of the traditional uses, includ- ing away some of the unique ecosystems with ing its wide use in construction sector have them. Urgent recovery work has begun due to drastically declined. As a result, alternatives of the need to restore accessibility, but the impact bamboo in the construction industry have be- of built embankments on river flow, and resto- come popular. The lack of harvesting of bam- ration of riverine species, is unknown. boo trees has turned them into huge bushes that weigh on the embankments. The collapse Responding to a question raised by a stake- of embankments has also taken away over- holder at the FGD in Galle, the representative grown bamboo bushes and even large trees from the Irrigation Department confirmed that causing further damages downstream, espe- there was no overall analysis done or planned cially in places where the river gets narrower post the recent floods, in order to understand and where there are bridges, breaking has been the systemic gaps, and to arrive at strategic im- considered during the flood in Galle. Uprooted provements that can be incorporated into recov- bamboo bushes have clogged the rivers causing ery and long-term plans. This reactive approach flash floods. to damage caused by the disaster has serious im- plications on the remaining ecology and species FGDs also pointed out issues of an aggravated that depend on it. flood situation and stagnation of flood water, due to blocked canals and drainage. Examples Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 7 1  FIGURE 27: UPROOTED BAMBOO BUSHES CLOGGING UP GIN GANGA of illegal construction blocking canals and into the recovery frameworks of all sectors. Ex- drains were discussed as well. ample include adhering to land-use regulations appropriate to the area, carrying out strategic The destruction of houses and other structures environmental assessments, enforcing envi- created debris, parts of which would have ended ronmental impact assessment/initial environ- up in sensitive coastal ecosystems. There is no mental assessment, during reconstruction to evidence of the effects of floods on the wetlands minimise future disasters. (under SLLRDC) and no assessment has been on its effect on coastal eco systems, or even rel- Provincial and local authorities must have the evant information collected. The department of adequate capacity and clear mandate to ensure Coast Conservation had to spend LKR 3 million the implementation of environmentally-sensi- to adopt protection measures in response to the tive and disaster-risk based plans, including the damages that happened to the Kaluthara sand short-term post-disaster recovery initiatives. dune. Destruction to ecosystems due to remov- Therefore, incorporating capacity building al of debris using machinery to clean wetlands, within recovery plans should be considered. water ways, coastal ecosystems, etc., have also not been captured or valued. (Table 83) Loss of eco-system services will have negative implications on the livelihoods and food securi- 10.4. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ty of people in the affected and surrounding ar- Environmental concerns are cross-cutting in eas, as well as far-reaching implications in other nature. This report argues that increasing di- geographical areas. Women, who shoulder the sasters present Sri Lanka with no option but to main household responsibilities including wa- move towards environmentally-sensitive and ter and food supply, are likely to experience the disaster-risk based integrated planning in the negative implications of environmental dam- medium and long term. In the short term, it is ages in a stronger way. There is ample evidence important to ensure ‘Build Back Better’ options that women are more vulnerable to risks and TABLE 83: SUMMARY TABLE OF LOSSES IN THE ENVIRONMENT SECTOR SN Losses LKR USD 1 Ecological service losses 547,944,619.70 3,652,964.13 2 Loss of revenue 3,878,874.00 25,859.16 3 Protection measures (Kaluthara sand dune) 300,000.00 2,000 Total 552,123,493.70 3,680,823.29 172  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T are impacted by disasters. At the same time, ter, taking away or reducing the value of nation- women are a strong and reliable force when it al and local investments, achieving Sri Lanka’s comes to building resilience. It is important to ambitious growth targets becomes even more ensure that women are included and given the challenging. The logic of higher initial invest- opportunity to lead and contribute to environ- ment to minimise risks and build resilience (‘in- mental-recovery initiatives. Similarly, children vesting 1 dollar on disaster risk reduction now as future leaders and strong advocates should to save 7 dollars later’: UNISDR 2007), not only be targeted and included in environmental-re- makes sense, but also the only choice Sri Lanka covery plans in an appropriate manner. has. A move towards long-term planning based on environmental concerns and disaster-re- Affected communities should also be an active lated risks therefore, becomes the only option force in recovery, as their improved under- with integrated national and local planning so standing of links between environmental man- that the whole country’s development falls in agement and DRR can contribute significantly line with this logic. towards sustainable recovery. It is important to emphasise on including the most vulnerable The country must have one national devel- people, as their awareness and commitment are opment plan which embeds disaster-related extremely important, especially to achieve me- management plans, climate change adaptation dium- and long-term recovery targets. and mitigation plans, national bio-diversity improvement plans, forest revival plans, etc., 10.5. RECOVERY NEEDS rather than having separate independent plans AND STRATEGIES developed by different authorities as practiced Environmental restoration is a long-term pro- at present, which get inadequate attention and cess. While, proper restoration can only be are not implemented as intended. Instead, a achieved in the long term through consistent national development plan should be a plan commitment, as detailed out below, measures that guides the nation towards sustainable de- must be taken in the short- and medium-term velopment by considering social and environ- to prevent further deterioration of the vulnera- mental concerns together, to achieve economic ble environment due to disasters and other an- goals. This approach supports the principles of thropogenic impacts. The limited information the Paris Agreement, which Sri Lanka is a sig- available on the damages and losses incurred natory to, and is in line with the range of envi- by the disaster, and the long-term nature of ronment– and disaster-related international environmental recovery, make the recovery es- agreements, which the country has endorsed. It timations highly challenging as environment is also important to ensure that these compre- is a cross-cutting area and some aspects of en- hensive strategic plans are not changed based vironmental recovery are considered within the on national or local political scenarios, and/or sectoral estimates as part of ‘Build Back Better’ bureaucratic pressure. measures. Therefore, while the recovery and reconstruction strategy is linked to all these as- The recovery strategy proposed in the pects, estimations given in Table 84 attempt to above-mentioned table suggests some ini- focus only on areas not considered by sectoral tial steps towards a bigger strategic direction, estimates. where environmental conservation and man- agement are central to deliver growth and Recovery and Reconstruction Costs to reach the developmental ambitions of the country. The short- and medium-term plans Recommendations needed in response to the disaster should have As damages and losses increase with each disas- links to overall long-term development plans. Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 7 3  TABLE 84: ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY Issue (LKR Million) Short-term Medium-term Long-term Total (S+ M) Review the national physical plan and other 25 75 X 100 key investment plans that aim at accelerated To develop a vision To develop an Systems are in place national growth (e.g. highways, Megapolis and a strategy; national/local for implementing regions) and assess short medium and long term to revise National development plans and regulating; risks and realistic costs of managing economic, physical Plan and guidance and with capacity social and environment risks through more open capacity development and resources dialogue. for planning and to monitor risks, This should provide the economic basis for implementing management of shifting towards integrated planning which integrated risks and revise incorporate ecological landscape rationale development integrated plans (e.g. river basins, seascapes) with long term including at the local periodically/as perspective. Sustainable reviving of affected levels needed area can be carried out as part of this plan. Start roll out / Governments, sectoral and local plans based implementing on climate resilient and adaptive approaches integrated plans should be within the integrated plans Review development plans implemented 20 100 120 and planned for the affected area, that have Cost of review, Incentives / impacts on sensitive ecosystems, especially revision of compensation scheme those that involve encroachment of the forest development of to implement and buffer-zone causing fragmentation of alternative plans habitat and its transformation. Using tools for through wide eco system valuation estimate total or true consultation costs and benefits of development and move including with towards achieving more sustainable economic people who and social development targets. This would be are currently an assessment which inputs into integrated affected and planning mentioned above cost of changed implementation (e.g. compensation, incentive’s, etc.) Review impacts of disaster on affected 5 5 10 rainforests and review NRIFAP to include recent damages and disaster risk management. Management plans of rainforests and protected areas has to eventually be aligned with above mentioned integrated planning Review plans for mini-hydro power generation 25 10 X 35 in the country and in the affected area, Opening electricity taking changes to cost structures of the other generation alternative energy options and calculating total plan for wider costs, of mini hydro projects as whole including discussion and ecological costs rather than considering each involving academia project separately. If necessary revise Sri Lanka’s and specialists electricity generation plan 2018-2037. including international in alternative energy and electricity generation to find the best way for country achieve economic targets while not compromising on social and environmental goals 174  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 84: ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY Issue (LKR Million) Short-term Medium-term Long-term Total (S+ M) Record and review ecological damages to 50 50 100 riverbanks including those due to related restoration efforts, Identify vulnerabilities and possible new risks created. Include finding river basin level strategies, which should be developed as key components of national sustainable development vision and strategies. Use the findings to guide short and medium-term restoration and embankment stabilisation efforts are sustainable. These strategies must also take in to account the existing construction and infrastructure development on river reservations, land use changes to the basins, extraction of sand, diversion of waste to rivers, maintenance of canals and tributaries linked to the river etc. Particularly damages to Gin Ganga and Nilwala (as JAICA focuses on Kalu ganga at present) including flood redirection projects. These must be assessed soon and necessary short term and medium-term measures taken to alleviate possible risks Review and capture the true costs of sand 25 50 x 75 mining to urgently and proactively look for immediate viable alternatives (e.g. construction techniques that require less sand) and invest on research to look for alternative to sand in construction. Review costs of ecological impacts created 25 15 X 40 by canals and drainage systems, which block natural water flow. Propose and implement ecological retrofitting in the short term together with public awareness and strict enforcement of penalties for irresponsible individual actions. In the medium and long-term these should integrate with river basin development plans and integrated into local and urban development plans Review and estimate damages to wetlands and 15 25 X 40 other sensitive ecosystems due to disaster and early recovery. Develop participatory restoration plans with all key stakeholders and implement within the scope of integrated planning Use above estimations to advocate for 5 5 10 more investment to improve urban waste management systems within integrated planning, to minimise pollution to environmentally sensitive areas Ensure consolidation of data and information 75 100 175 gathering to give more evidence based updates to decision makers on the status of environment and improve system of capturing and monitoring status of environmental during and after disasters. Implement protection measures near the 3 Kaluthara sand dune damage area Total 303 530 830 Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 7 5  Only a conservative estimate of the cost of the plans creates heavy risks, it is important to en- proposed recovery has been offered, as more sure strict enforcement of the same. All agen- realistic estimates can only be derived through cies and ministries must adhere to these plans much greater consultations, given the com- collectively, irrespective of change in govern- plexities mentioned above. Wide consultations ments, ministries, and political and bureau- are a prerequisite to shift towards development, cratic power at national and local levels. It is which is based on true commitment to environ- necessary to create awareness amongst national mental management. and local politicians, and officials, and amongst the public, to get necessary political support to Resilience building through development and continue with agreed plans. preparedness: While, at present, the connec- tion between environment, development and Integrated planning must be developed or plans disasters is rarely disputed, there are inade- should be revised to align with ecological land- quate attempts to understand their inter-con- scape management principles, which include nected and multiple roles. More specifically, strictly regulate construction and infrastruc- the development which is disaster risk based tural development in safe locations assigned for and environment sensitive is beneficial, while built environment development while leaving, ill planned development can be destructive. environmentally sensitive and risk-prone areas, as much as possible, for forests and regulated While Sri Lanka has embraced the 2015 Paris cultivation. Further, regulating and managing Summit which will lead to Sustainable Devel- rivers, river reserves, river tributaries and chan- opment at the highest levels, the nation also nels, wetlands as well as drainage and waste seems to have given into pressures for short- management in urban areas should be made term political gains by allowing destructive interlinked parts of all plans. The proposed practices (e.g. reissuing of licenses for river NRIFAP may be revised in line with integrated sand mining). The recognition of the role that planning to ensure forests too are well-recog- environment plays in disasters and its con- nized within plans. sequential costs, are often forgotten after di- sasters, especially when attempting to make Addressing Development competitive cases for short-term financial Induced Risks: or political gains (e.g. the port city, dumping Careful observations show that instances of waste in Muthurajawela). As more frequent landslide, which were rare and one off in the and intense disasters become the new norm, it past with minimum casualties and loss, have would be prudent for the Government to con- drastically increased in all fronts. Landslides sider shifting current developmental approach- in May 2017 were not just too many in number, es, so that development becomes sustainable but occurred in areas where landslide risk was and, Sri Lanka is better resilient and prepared not considered at all (e.g. Padukka in Colombo for such situations. Political support for the re- district). Risks to slope stability created by in- quired shift should be created through public frastructural development such as roads, rail- awareness and supporting research to generate way and buildings, are identified as key reasons further local evidence and viable alternative for this. It is, therefore, important to make nec- options. essary changes to the way development takes place and risks generated through development Integrated plans based on improved are assessed, and the way in which risk-reduc- land use strategies and ecological tion and risk-management measures are in- landscapes principles (e.g. river basin): corporated within projects (e.g. infrastructure As lack of respect for land use and integrated development planning to externalize substan- 176  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T tial risks to achieve cost minimization and how ers should be reviewed as this can create ecolog- this must be revised). Alternative approaches ical problems elsewhere along the river. A plan such as soil nailing (the insertion of steel rods for the strengthening of embankments should into an unstable slope to pin it in position) and be developed based on this understanding and soil bio-engineering, (spraying a mixture of as mentioned above respecting its reserves, flood grass-seeds, other seeds and fertilizer onto a plains and boundaries when recommending land suitable matrix so that when the seeds germi- use. Scientific research can be conducted to as- nate, roots hold the underlying soil in place), certain the best plants (or combination of plants) studied by RDA with academic inputs65, should that should be grown along river banks under the be taken forward putting necessary policy and current context to strengthen embankments, practice change in to place. and reducing soil erosion and flooding. In this particular scenario, people propose growing Review Mini-Hydro Investment plans: A bamboo together with Kumbuk as opposed and review of the latest electricity-generation plan, Valdel and other species as alternatives. which recommends mini-hydro development until 2037, must be reviewed in light of their Protection of Wetlands: Ensuring as much potential negative contribution to severe gen- water retention as possible in all areas of riv- eration of risk. In addition to this, a plan to re- er basins and wetlands, such as marshy ar- duce and manage risks created by existing mini eas, paddy fields, and lakes is very important hydro projects must be developed and imple- in this context. Further, wetlands in coastal mented, while considering the possibility of the areas are important to be conserved and pro- need to phase out and dismantle mini -hydro tected to allow these to perform their function projects in the long term. of protecting everyone from floods; one of many important functions they perform. Na- Review River Sand Mining: Given the risks tional policy on wetlands and strategy (2006) and destruction caused by sand extraction, should be used as guidance to implement rel- urgent attention should be paid to the iden- evant plans. A comprehensive and long-term tification of alternatives. It is also important plan should encompass the revival of wetlands to identify and promote alternative construc- where possible, including the removal of block- tion methods that do not require substantial ades for water flow including small dams and amounts of sand. anicuts as appropriate. A Proposal for using excessive sand accumu- Pollution Control of Rivers: There needs to lation in lagoons in Puttalam district as an be a thorough review of the current status of alternate is being considered at present. It is the rivers which are subjected to disposal of in- important to ensure comprehensive environ- dustrial, commercial and domestic waste, and ment amendment is done before implementing making recommendations to remove all pollut- such an alternative where sensitive ecosystem is ing sources from the reservations, and find ing implicated. alternative waste disposal methods for sources. This should be an input to the developmental Strengthening of embankment: The impact plans, as well as in the implementation of the of introducing many built embankments to riv- above-mentioned river management plans. The CEA must build up its capacity and resources to ensure this. Jayasena 2008, http://www.academia.edu/ 65. 28312517/Stabilizing_Slopes_Sri_Lanka_Ex- amples_of_Natural_Disaster_mitigation_in_ Research on Glyphosate: Although the im- Small_Island_Developing_States pact of glyphosate on health is evidenced by Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 7 7  many recent reports including those by WHO recovery-related and developmental projects and Global Pesticide Network, the Govern- accordingly. ment has given into the demands of the tea in- dustry lobby to allow its use in tea plantations. Use of Local Knowledge for Risk Minimis- Since the slope and soil destabilisation impacts ation: Historic and local environmental factors of Glyphosate are not scientifically established, should be considered in developing sound in- it will be worthwhile to carry out scientific re- frastructure projects. While local communities search to understand whether and what cor- bear the brunt of the impact of disasters, the relation exists between the use of glyphosate community’s views are not seriously taken up and the increased risks of landslides. in development. Research reveals that in many instances, calamities have been averted or its Review and take action to mitigate risks impacts reduced, when local knowledge has around Gin and Nilwala rivers’ flood-man- been considered in planning and implement- agement projects: Review the ability of these ing initiatives. Similarly, damages and losses projects to deliver intended objectives and the are shown to be high where infrastructural con- risks involved due to weak maintenance, the struction has ignored or inadequately consid- ageing of structures, etc. Also, make recom- ered the local environmental conditions. E.g., mendations for reducing pressure downstream Gin Ganga floods control, Nilwala Ganga Flood including considering diversions of excess wa- Control, and Colombo Matara Expressway. ter to dry areas such as Hambantota. Ensure active public and stakeholder involve- Risk Management in Ratnapura: Review risks ment in developmental planning and envi- of landslides and collapse of earth, especially in ronmental management at district-level and Pelmadulla Ratnapura district, and put safety division secretariat levels, particularly in the and migratory measures in place. design and implementation stages of new proj- ects. Their voice needs to be heard in the District Data and Information gathering on en- Development Committees (DDC) from the very vironment and monitoring: The PDNA of beginning to ensure that they become support- 2016 pointed out that environmental dam- ive and individually accountable as well. ages and losses had not been captured by relevant authorities and therefore, were not Further, where environmental degradation, considered in the recovery and development such as damage to wetlands or deforestation plans. Unfortunately, no improvements have exists, the civil society can be a force that the been made over the last year too on this front. Government can use to work with the relevant Despite the recommendations of PDNA 2016, authorities to implement risk-minimising ef- once again, environment has not been consid- forts, as well as restore the destructed ecosys- ered in any of the rapid assessments carried tem through the community’s involvement. out by the Government in May-June 2017. The civil society can also play a vital role in rep- Therefore, the Ministry of (Mahaweli Devel- resenting the community’s voice at district and opment and) Environment must step up to divisional levels. work with the Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs, and the Ministry of As an immediate step, empower, organise and Disaster Management to ensure the required equip local communities to better understand monitoring of the status of the environment, and better face disaster-related situations. They with the help of other agencies such as FD, must understand their own role in contributing DWC, MEPA, etc. and to convince the NPD to aggravating risks and vulnerabilities and that to issue directives to sectoral agencies to plan 178  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T should help them to contribute better towards to sustainable development. As recommended sustainable post-disaster recovery. above, while Sri Lanka needs to move towards a comprehensive sustainable development Enforce the existing Law: The conversion strategy/plan to achieve national growth/ of highlands to tea and rubber plantations, as developmental goals and targets, rather than well as other commercial plantations (such as implementing sustainable development plans palm oil), has been observed as a contributing separately through the above-mentioned ini- factor that triggered the increased occurrence tiatives. of landslides. Strong recommendations were made by the community’s representatives to Therefore, MMDE must work with MDM to en- regulate and implement the already-existing sure sustainable development and to make sure national policy that designates hilly areas with that disaster risk-reduction elements are built a slope of 60 degrees or above as forest reserves into recovery strategies, and also that they get which cannot be deforested. Reforestation in implemented through relevant developmental the slopes and riverine ecosystems is recom- initiatives. MNPEA should support MMDE and mended. MDM in this endeavour by directing the review of sectoral development plans to include and Authorities also need to ensure that sufficient prioritise the recommendations by the PDNA, provisions are put in place to enforce laws to especially during future budget discussions and prevent large-scale environmental destruction allocations. and degradation, including rainforests, oth- er forests, rivers, lagoons and wetlands as well 10.7. ASSESSMENT as seascapes66 which are being polluted by the METHODOLOGY dumping of garbage. This includes considering Data and information used for this assessment short-, medium-, and long-term approaches in- was collected through: (a) reviewing existing cluding taking action to remove constructions documents and published material, particu- that have been made in conservation areas, con- larly to capture the pre-disaster situation, and trary to environmental protection laws. (b) collecting quantitative and qualitative data from government officials at the district level 10.6. IMPLEMENTATION OF guided by a checklist. Focus group discussions STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY carried out in all districts were used as a plat- As stated in the PDNA of 2016, Sri Lanka form to gather the latter-mentioned data and Comprehensive Disaster Management Pro- information. gramme, National climate change policy, Haritha Lanka and Sri Lanka Next, Blue- As the initial analysis carried out based on the green Era programmes, National Adaptation above-mentioned data had many gaps-especial- Plan for Climate Change in Sri Lanka (2015- ly due to lack of basic quantitative data related 25), INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined to environmental damages and losses, a spe- Commitment to reduce C emissions ) of Sri cial discussion focusing on the environmental Lanka, the implementation of NBSAP, land impacts of the disaster was conducted at the use policy, National Action Programme for national level with the participation of CSOs, combatting land degradation (UNCCD), com- which has actively engaged in post-disaster op- mitments to SDGs and Paris agreement 2015, erations in the affected districts. This discussion etc., demonstrate the country’s commitments brought out a lot of new information, mostly qualitative, which was incorporated in to the 66. Sri Lanka ranks the 6th Ocean polluter amongst analysis. A special visit to selected affected loca- all countries (ref) tions was also made, which was followed up by Crosscutting iss ues : E n v ironment  1 7 9  a discussion organized amongst multiple stake- and lack of important baseline information. holders in one of the affected districts Galle. It is important to note that this issue has been Once the analysis was firmed up with additional recognized by the IPFA report on the 2010 information collected, some key claims made flood event and the PDNA of 2016. This report by stakeholders were cross checked and verified also highlights the lack of a designated agency with relevant officials at national institutions. with the task of monitoring or collecting data on environmental impacts following a natural Constraints disaster. Lack of data to determine environmental dam- ages and losses and no responsible agency/ It is important to emphasize that more com- agencies being available this initiative, etc. were prehensive assessments are required to get a constraints mentioned in the report. One of better understanding, and to providing a more the serious challenges in compiling this report complete picture on the situation, along with was the difficulty in accessing available data, accurate estimation. 180  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 11. Disaster Risk Reduction 11.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The recovery-related needs and strategies The May 2017 floods and landslides caused identified for intervention in the DRR sec- extensive damage to communities and their tor are categorized into: (a) Immediate and assets. It caused massive damage to the rural short-term needs (b) medium-term needs and infrastructure such as roads and the damage (c) long-term needs. Under recovery-related to small-scale tea plantations and paddy cul- needs, following are some of the key interven- tivation had a direct impact on the livelihood tions that have been identified. of the people. The loss of labour opportunities due to floods has affected rural communities, a) Strengthening Early Warning Systems thereby making them more vulnerable. The from the National to local level ensuring secondary damage caused due to 2017 floods, last-mile connectivity. though not classified directly under damage and losses, has weakened the surrounding in- b) Strengthening the emergency response frastructure. preparedness capacity at the community level to receive, understand, and react to As per the Damage and Loss data, there were early warnings. no reported damages to the Disaster Risk Man- agement infrastructure. However, losses were c) Assessing the roles and responsibilities of estimated based on the Government’s expens- relevant institutions including MoDM, es related to response-based activities, includ- DMC, and NDRSC to agree on clear man- ing the cost of relief distribution, management dates while minimizing overlaps. of temporary shelter and logistics incurred by DMC, NDRSC and the Ministry of Defence. d) Reviewing training-related awareness and However, the cost of engaging government staff capacity-building mechanisms of the main in all 24 districts had not been estimated at the DRM institutions. time of preparing the report. The total amount of losses incurred by the Government is estimat- e) Reaffirming the central role of the DMC ed at LKR 996 million, while the expenses in- as the disaster management information curred by the UN and other INGOs in providing hub, and strengthening and building the relief to disaster-affected people are estimated at capacity of the information management LKR 1.26 billion. system. The shortcomings highlighted with respect to f) Encouraging the DMC to develop a system the status of disaster management of the coun- to generate and update sex, age, disabil- try in the year 2016 were evident during the ity disaggregated data, and allowing the May-2017 floods as well. There was a complete analysis and dissemination to address data lack of coordination amongst the key stake- gaps. holders, which impacted the smooth func- tioning of the critical pre- and post-disaster g) Reviving the existing monitoring system management activities vis-a-vis the relaying to assess the impact of DRR investments in of early warning, command and control of the order to strengthen budgetary allocations Emergency Operation Centre (EOC), and di- for DRR measures. saster preparedness and response at the local level. h) Conducting Hazard Risk and Vulnerabil- Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 8 1  ity (HRV) assessments, including river-ba- Disaster Management Centre (DMC) was es- sin level assessments and mapping for tablished in July 2005, to implement the direc- high-risk areas. tives of the NCDM. The Ministry for Disaster Management (MoDM) was initially established i) Creating a Recovery Framework as a key by a Gazette extraordinary in November 2005 DRM measure to identify policies and under the Prime Minister, and subsequently strategies during post-disaster recovery. placed under the subject minister. 11.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT The Ministry of Disaster Management is man- AND BASELINE dated to lead on all aspects related to Disaster Risk Management. Its main functions as de- Hazard profile of Sri Lanka tailed in the Gazette extraordinary, include for- Sri Lanka frequently experiences hydro-me- mulation of policies, programmes and projects teorological hazards such as floods, landslides for disaster mitigation, response and recovery; and drought. Over the years, the intensity and the formulation of National Disaster Manage- frequency of climate-induced disasters have ment Plan and National Emergency Operation increased, in the country. Documented stud- plan based on National policy, providing direc- ies have indicated that this trend can also be tion and assistance in implementation of afore- attributed to climate change and phenomena said policies, programmes and projects within such as El Nino67. Rapid urbanization and un- the time-frame agreed with the National Plan- planned development are contributory to the ning authorities and within budgetary resourc- growing levels of impact from disaster-related es, liaising with Ministries and Government events. organizations to ensure the timely execution of the aforesaid activities, the implementation Institutional and legal structure for of the early warning system, rescue operations, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) providing relief in disaster situations, overall The legal and institutional structure for disas- coordination, and research and development68. ter management in Sri Lanka is derived from the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No. 13 The Ministry of Disaster Management cur- of May 2005. Following the Act, the National rently comprises of the Disaster Management Council for Disaster Management (NCDM), Centre (DMC), Department of Meteorology, a high-level oversight body, was established to National Building Research Organization provide directives related to DRM efforts in the (NBRO), and the National Disaster Relief Ser- country. NCDM is chaired by H.E. the Presi- vices Centre (NDRSC) to implement its core dent, with Hon’ble Prime Minister as the Vice- functions outlined in the Gazette notification. chair. The leader of the Opposition, 22 subject An implementation mechanism, consisting of Ministers, Chief Ministers of the 9 Provincial the National Disaster Management Coordi- Councils and five nominees of the Opposition nating Committee (NDMCC), chaired by the nominated by the Speaker, are members. The Secretary to the Ministry was set up to achieve the coordination of DRM with key Ministries, departments, and other stakeholders69. Sim- 67. Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment 2015, National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impact in Sri Lanka: 2016 68. Special Gazette issued on 22nd November 2010 to 2025; UNESCAP, RIMES, Science and Policy presented in Annual Performance Report, 2015, Knowledge Series, Integration of DRR and Cli- Ministry of Disaster Management, 2015 mate Change Adaptation into Sustainable De- 69. National Disaster Management Coordinating velopment, El Nino 2015/16 Impact outlooks Committee (NDMCC) represents the globally and Policy Implications, December 2015. promoted National Platform for Disaster Risk 182  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T ilarly, Coordinating Committees have been 2015’ and ‘Sri Lanka Comprehensive Disaster established at the District, Divisional and Management Program (2014-2018)’ are the Grama Niladhari level. The NDMCC has the Cabinet-approved programmes for the imple- mandate to generate DRM policy recommen- mentation of DRM activities in the country. dations to the NCDM through coordination of all government, UN, NGOs and private-sec- DRM Financing tor agencies. The NDMCC used to meet on a An analysis of the budget estimates from 2009 monthly basis70 providing the opportunity to 2016 reveals that the total allocation for di- for coordination at the national level with all rect interventions related to Disaster Manage- other mandated agencies through sharing of ment activities by agencies under the purview information, advocacy, joint DRM planning, of the Ministry of Disaster Management varies and implementation. from 0.04 percent to 0.1 percent against the to- tal annual budget. The National Disaster Management Plan, National Emergency Operation Plan, the Annual Allocation of MoDM 2013-2016 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and (Table 85) the National Emergency Response Plan of the country have been completed with exten- The allocations to the MoDM from the Nation- sive consultation process. Volume II of the al Treasury are supplemented by bilateral and Road Map, ‘Towards a Safer Sri Lanka 2005- multi-lateral donors, Development Banks, UN agencies and the private sector, to implement Reduction. http://www.unisdr.org/files/601_ projects labelled as priority. For the period be- engguidelinesnpdrr.pdf tween 2006 and 2016, 39 such investments 70. The practice of regular meetings of NDMCC has and projects have been implemented, towards continued till about early 2015 TABLE 85: BUDGET ALLOCATION TO THE MINISTRY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Annual expenditure in LKR Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 Description Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Budgetary Budgetary Budgetary Budgetary Allocation Allocation Allocation Allocation % % % % DMC 353 310 88 923 448 48 485 290 60 385 350 90 Agencies NDRSC 723 205 28 2380 426 18 1452 376 26 2186 811 37 under the MoDM NBRO 272 92 34 N/A 126 - N/A 173 - N/A 213 - DoM 250 151 60 84 73 87 603 360 60 342 307 90 Total annual budget 2,566,996 2,599,000 3,338,000 3,699,000 of the government Allocation for DM as a % against total annual 0.10 0.23 0.13 0.16 budget of the GoSL Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 8 3  improving the medium- and long-term DRM DRM capacity development at the national capacities of the country, amounting to ap- and local levels proximately US$ 1.5 billion. Further, sectoral ministries continue to invest on DRM-related The outcomes of the above-mentioned limita- activities within their respective mandates and tions are apparent in several key areas of DRM: capacities. i) Gaps in understanding disaster risk and vulner- The physical capital of the MoDM includes di- ability: saster-related response and rescue equipment The DMC has developed hazard profiles and vehicles, distributed up to the Divisional for each province and district for major level. There are also 52 search and rescue teams hazards including floods, drought, land- from the Sri Lankan Army and Navy as well as slides, coastal erosion, cyclones, sea surg- volunteer teams at the local level. The Ministry es, sea-level rise, tsunamis, and lightening also maintains a District and Divisional level covering the entire island. However, since data-base titled, ‘Sri Lanka National disaster the profiles are in different scales, their ap- resources network’ with information on specif- plication in the decision-making process is ic equipment such as water bowsers, boats and limited. There appears a gap in not follow- engines. ing standard methodologies for Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability (HRV) assessments. Limitations observed in the application Further, vulnerability assessments for the of Disaster Risk Management national or district levels have not been Within the existing institutional structure, completed. The available risk and vulner- there are several main concerns observed in its ability-related information therefore, is effective functioning: grossly inadequate for informed planning and decision making at national and local · Lack of clarity of the mandate, legal author- levels. Also noted is the expanding num- ity, specific roles and responsibilities of the bers and new groups of vulnerable groups respective agencies within MoDM; such as urban and rural middle-income groups, which need to be factored into the · Gaps in coordination among the agencies vulnerability assessment. within the overall institutional structure · Poor awareness of the general public regard- ii) Limitations in Early warning Early warning and forecast-related messag- ing the rules, regulations and the provisions es communicated through national media provided by the DM Act and implementing do not contain sufficient clarity on the possi- institutions: there has been no consistent ble impact, and/or guidance to the public on mechanism to inform the general public the actions to be taken. In the current early and/or a two-way communication for infor- warning system, authorities at the national mation sharing between the agencies in the level, including the Emergency Operations MoDM and the public; Centre (EOC), do not verify the last-mile dissemination. The public is unable to ac- · Data and information-related gaps leading cess flood-, cyclone-, and landslide-related to inaccurate observations and analysis of warning messages issued through the na- pre- and post-disaster situations; and tional media via radio and TV, due to heavy rains, power failures, or when the infor- · Ad-hoc nature, poor focus and alignment to mation is disseminated at late hours when the institutional roles and responsibilities in people do not listen to the radio or watch 184  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T television. Poor public awareness regarding One main reason attributed to often ineffective early warning and lack of trust on the warn- and/or weak national and sub-national plan- ing messages themselves, add to the overall ning processes, is the lack of effective citizens’ limitations. engagement. Also, the perspective of women and children on urban and rural environments iii) Gaps in preparedness for response and development is missing and they have no As evident from a number of disasters in the representation in the planning process. recent past, the planning for the prepared- ness for response is grossly inadequate. iv) Protection of the vulnerable While there are Grama Niladhari, Division- Different kinds of shocks weaken the ability al and District-level plans, prepared by the of the most vulnerable to manage risk and DMC through consultation with the stake- to bear the impact of disasters. There is a holders, their implementation and follow need for safety-net mechanisms to ensure up remain weak. There are no pre-identified protection to women, children, and people evacuation venues and/or mechanisms to with disabilities during disaster-related dis- ensure the safety of the people and proper- placement and in recovery phases to prevent ty during evacuations. There is no adequate gender-based violence, child abuse, traffick- system to assess relief-related require- ing and molestation, etc. When established ments; similarly relief coordination and in conjunction with other risk mitigation/ distribution is not streamlined between the transferring mechanisms, the social pro- public and private sectors. With the increas- tection schemes and safety-nets may help to ing frequency and intensity, specifically of tackle the impact of disasters. floods, landslides and drought, the DRM in- stitutions seem challenged when it comes to v) Underlying risk drivers displaying the required levels of prepared- There are considerable gaps in understand- ness for adequate response. ing the underlying drivers of disaster risks, such as the consequences of poverty and The humanitarian and development partner inequality, climate change and variability, agencies operational in Sri Lanka have been and unplanned and risk-insensitive devel- promoting a Comprehensive School Safety opment including rapid urbanization. Poli- system through the leadership of the Ministry cies, strategies and programs are not geared of Education since 2005. In this regard, guide- to reduce economic and social vulnerabili- lines on Comprehensive School Safety Plans ties, and to protect the vulnerable sections were developed and capacity building measures of society. This situation leads to increasing on the same were given to relevant authorities the existing vulnerabilities and creating and stakeholders over the past decade. The new risks when interventions are risk in- DMC regularly conducts simulation drills and sensitive. awareness-creation activities in schools to pre- pare for emergencies. Most of the schools in vi) Deteriorating community capacity high-landslide risk areas were given rain gaug- The individual and collective capacities of es to monitor the level of rainfall in order to the communities have fast deteriorated self-evacuate during heavy rainfall. However, in the face of escalating risks and disas- most of the damaged schools during this crisis ters. There is also heightened dependency reportedly did not have a School Safety Com- on relief from the Government and other mittee or Comprehensive School Safety Plan sources. Continuing trends of ad-hoc re- and the rain gauges were not properly used to lief-distribution patterns and support sys- monitor rainfall. tems during disaster-related emergencies Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 8 5  by public and private agencies have contrib- term action in a consistent manner in the areas uted to furthering the dependency of the of: community. Need for a National Disaster Management Sri Lanka Post – Disaster plan inclusive of a comprehensive action pro- Needs Assessment-May 2016 gram for a 5-year period from 2018 considering Floods and Landslides that the balance of investments need to imple- Following the May 2016 floods and landslides, ment projects in the Sri Lanka Comprehensive which affected almost half a million people in Disaster Management Program (SLCDMP); 24 districts resulting in loss of life, destruction of houses and livelihoods, a Post Disaster Needs Addressing medium- and long-term recovery Assessment (PDNA) was conducted by the needs identified in the PDNA: recommenda- Ministries of National Policies and Economic tions to reduce the risk of drought in the future; Affairs and Disaster Management (in collabora- requirements to achieve global targets outlined tion with the European Union, the World Bank in the Sendai Framework and Sustainable De- and the United Nations). The PDNA consists velopment Goals; to share the findings of the of a comprehensive analysis related to the May PDNA with the Cabinet Ministers; and 2016 events including social, productive, and infrastructure sectors and cross-cutting issues To request assistance from national and inter- of Environment, DRR, employment and liveli- national donor agencies and donor countries, hoods, and gender and social inclusion. Based to implement the specific projects identified in on the analysis, strategies for recovery and a set the Program. of policy recommendations were provided. The Ministry of Megapolis and Western De- The PDNA document was approved by the Cab- velopment recognized the May 2016 floods as inet71 with a direction to develop the National a catastrophic flood, a predominantly urban Disaster Management Plan – 2018-2022 as disaster and expressed the willingness of the proposed, and the Secretary to the Ministry of Ministry to be closely engaged in the recovery Disaster Management was directed to submit process, along with the Ministry of Disaster the same to the Development of National Plan- Management, to ensure DRR measures for ning for appraisal, prior to seeking financial large-scale urban development. In this regard, assistance for its implementation. The Cabi- specific reference has been made to the pro- net paper also accorded due consideration to a posed Water Management Centre of the Min- number of specific observations of the Ministry istry of Megapolis and Western Development of Finance, Ministry of Mega polis and Western to address urban development and disaster Development, and the Ministry of Mahaweli vulnerability linkages, as well as for providing Development and Environment. useful outputs for this purpose. The observations submitted by the Ministry of While the approval of the Cabinet paper of Finance and the Ministry of Mega polis and March 2017 will provide strategic directions Western Development show the recognition to take the recommendations of PDNA for- of the development: disaster risk linkages, root ward, while looking into how they have been causes of disaster risk, and related critical issues addressed by the respective Ministries/agen- to be addressed through medium- and long- cies, it has been noted that no further action has been taken towards detailed planning or finan- 71. Cabinet paper No: 17/0321/715/004, dated 15 cial allocations. March 2017 186  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T The main recommendations of the PDNA-2016, for response were counted as loss. The total including preparing a recovery framework, recorded expenditure of the UN and NGOs calling for a donor conference, and prioritizing during the disaster has been presented in the the actions, have not been taken forward due table below, and an extended summary can be to multiple reasons. These include the prevail- seen in Annex 7. ing drought situation, as well as issues related to the collapse of Meethotamulla solid waste Summary of losses to the Government dumpsite, etc. which shifted the focus from (Table 86) 2016 floods. Summary of losses to the UN, and 11.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS national and international NGOs In addition, below in summary are the expens- Damage and Losses es incurred by the UN and INGOs related to The damages normally considered in this sec- providing psychosocial support, management tion are those related to the infrastructure of camps and shelters, WASH, education, food and facilities relevant for DRR. However, no security, and nutrition. A detailed list of such damages to the DRM infrastructure have been assistance is provided in Annex 7. (Table 87) reported during the May-2017 floods and land- slides. Damages to the infrastructure related to Emerging risks and vulnerabilities flood control have been considered in the irri- from the May-2017 disasters gation chapter. A main area of concern is emerging risks, as well as the increase in existing risks as a result Losses were calculated based on the Govern- of the May-2017 events. Floods and landslides ment’s expenses related to response-related have increased the land exposed to risks, along activities including costs for relief distribu- with the damages caused to the river banks and tion, camp management and logistics’ expen- surrounding areas. Landslides have resulted in ditures, incurred by DMC, NDRSC, and the new unstable slopes where there were commu- Ministry of Defence. However, calculating nity settlements previously. Further, the events the cost of engaging government staff in all leading to a cascade of disasters in May 2017 24 districts during response period was not have increased the overall risks and vulnerabil- feasible within the time agreed for the PDNA. ities of the affected areas and the inhabitants. Therefore, staff-related cost was not taken There are displaced people and families, and into accounting when calculating the losses. fully- and partially-damaged houses along the paths of flooding and landslides. The impact Similarly, funds raised and received for human- of the disaster impact has also weakened hous- itarian response through the emergency-re- es and communities’ infrastructure located in sponse mechanism and on-going programmes surrounding areas which may not have been TABLE 86: ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE GOVERNMENT Categories Total Cost (LKR) Relief distribution 983,010,925.20 Logistic expenditure for response 11,014,991.34 Initial rehabilitation of key infrastructure 1,667,466.35 TOTAL 995,693,382.89 Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 8 7  TABLE 87: ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY UN AGENCIES AND NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL NGOS United Nations 925,304,777 INGOs 341,466,041.1 Total 1,266,770,818.05 directly classified as damaged or impacted by bread winners), resulting in massive impacts the disaster. For example, there are damaged of physical, psychological, social, and financial community roads, walking paths, contaminat- nature on the affected people. ed wells, etc., which have direct bearing on a community’s wellbeing and its recovery. Analysis of DRM systems after the 2017 Floods and Landslides An increase in poverty and vulnerability of the The May-2017 disaster highlighted shortfalls affected families is evident as there has been a similar to those experienced in May 2016 and reduction of their regular income due to dis- captured in the PDNA of 2016, with regard to ruption of livelihoods and loss of income. There the DRM status of the country, specifically in is continuous uncertainty of livelihood-related areas such as early warnings and dissemina- recovery for an uncertain period of time with tion, command and control of the Emergency no clear information or assurance of compen- Operations Centre (EOC), disaster prepared- sation for recovering losses to capital, along ness and response at the local level, and infor- with lost livelihoods. For example, most small mation management and coordination among tea holdings in Matara District are covered key stakeholders. with mud and sand which need to be cleaned for revival. Overall wage-labour opportunities Shortfalls identified in Early from sources such as tea and paddy cultivation Warning Systems (EWS) are at a halt. Bags of harvested and stored pad- dy, meant for families’ consumption and sales · The Department of Meteorology issued an have been washed away. People who have tak- alert on May 15 on the probable intensity of en loans for production and personal purposes precipitation in the range of 100-150 mm. are facing the challenge of the subsequent in- Proceedings of the Emergency Response stalments that need to be paid to lending insti- Committee (ERC) meeting convened on tutions. The cumulative effects of these factors May 23, 2017 by the DMC, indicate the lim- are likely to push the communities towards ited awareness of the relevant authorities on further vulnerability. There are also health is- the level of surge capacity that would be re- sues of the survivors that have weakened their quired by the extreme levels of precipitation capacity to cope with the conditions, and their that occurred from May 24, 2017. chance at overall recovery. From a national per- spective, there is an overall reduction of stable · There were no organised and coordinated areas suitable for habitat, and possible losses flood warnings, messaging and or evacu- related to production. From community and ation systems. People received messages social perspectives, there is loss of life of family about rising waters in an ad-hoc manner, members (children, parents of young families, mainly through informal channels, leading 188  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T to rumours and giving rise to the reluctance skilled personnel. There is no evidence of of vulnerable communities to evacuate. any pre-planning, inventory or drills. · The collaboration between the Department · Many flood-affected people were stranded of Meteorology, Department of Irrigation, in their own houses for more than 5 days National Building Research Organization until the flood waters receded. The reasons (NBRO), and DMC to synergise real-time for this were many, including lack of early data from the newly-installed networks of warning regarding flash floods, and the fear automated rain gauges proved inadequate of leaving their homes. Also, in several ar- due to gaps in data sharing. eas, rescue operations were hampered due to lack of equipment, overall poor levels of · The VHF Radio communication between preparedness, as well as lack of information EOC and District Units of the DMC was to the search and rescue teams on the ge- not fully operational due to lack of proper ography and demography of the inundated maintenance, monitoring and awareness areas. regarding operability. EOC, therefore, was constrained by an improperly functioning · During the emergency, some areas re- communication system; it was not possi- mained inaccessible for the search and res- ble to verify whether EOC communication cue teams for several days. The Sri Lanka Air reached the District and Divisional levels. Force could only air-drop relief assistance as there was no place to land the helicopters · The communication channels of the Office either to rescue people or to distribute relief. of the Chief of Defence Staff (OCDS) of the The search and rescue teams were not well Sri Lanka Armed Forces and Police have prepared or equipped to provide solutions been in service, filling this gap to a large ex- for such complex ground realities. tent. · A clearly defined chain of command appears · The community-level early warning system to have been lacking at the beginning of the established by distributing rain gauges with disaster, with several Ministries issuing in- colour strips to indicate threshold levels of structions for emergency operations. The precipitation, to trigger evacuation of in- newly-established National Emergency dividual slopes, had not provided expected Operations Plan (NEOP) and the SoPs for safety for slopes which were affected by the the emergency response were not activat- landslides. However, the system has been ed. Further as was the case during the 2016 successful during earlier incidents in the flood disaster, another opportunity to op- Nuwara Eliya District, according to NBRO. erationalize and pilot-test NEOP and SOPs It is advisable to investigate the failure of was missed. The non-implementation of the this system in this instance. NEOP further fails to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the system. · Most of the emergency and temporary Main shortfalls in disaster- related response shelters were setup in temples and schools, · Confirming the gaps in preparedness for re- which did not have the required basic sanita- sponse as also mentioned in the 2016 PDNA, tion facilities, such as toilets, bathing cham- search and rescue operations were severely bers for large numbers of people, resultantly affected due to non-availability of adequate there were critical issues related to hygiene. numbers of boats, engines, safety gear, and Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 8 9  · Inadequate coordination and collaboration tributions made by the humanitarian agen- between NDRSC and the DMC/EOC has cies and the private sector. also been noted. Maps providing informa- tion on safe locations, distribution mech- · In addition to the relief response of the anisms, key ground-level responders and Government, there were substantial efforts service providers were lacking and/or not from the private sector and the general pub- utilised. lic to generate assistance, with goods and cash. The Government machinery, however, · Electricity had been shut down within the was unprepared to do an inventory, result- first few hours of the water levels rising; tele- ing in wastage and oversupply of certain phone lines were not working, and road net- items. Further, many District Secretaries works had gone under water hampering any were faced with situations of looting of re- communication and access among the local lief assistance by organized groups. With officials, and with the affected communities. large amounts of relief goods arriving to the affected areas in a haphazard manner, many · Data and information gaps, specifically non-victims benefitted while the assistance dis-aggregated data prior to the disaster reaching the real victims was limited. appeared to be a severe bottleneck when it came to providing informed assistance. In · The Government did not provide guidelines many instances, the relief provided was not or standards for relief-assistance when re- matching the real needs of the affected peo- quested by the international community, ple. This refers to basic supplies of food, wa- and thereby, could not exercise control over ter, and medicines, as well as the specifically the relief items received, to ensure that those practical needs of women and infants that are suitable for the climatic, socio-economic could not be met. Similarly, limitations were and environmental conditions of Sri Lanka. also experienced in areas such as protection and psycho-social support. · There are observations of unequitable relief distribution. Several instances have been · Limited coordination amongst the Gov- reported where relief distribution did not ernment agencies and between the Gov- reach people away from the main accessible ernment and external partners (UN, NGOs, routes. This is applicable for both official re- private sector) was observed throughout lief distribution, as well as relief donated by the response-related operation. Existing the general public. national-level coordination platforms such as National Disaster Management Coordi- · In many locations, the temporary evacua- nation Committee (NDMCC) or Emergency tion shelters were functional for a short pe- Response Committee (ERC) meetings were riod (less than 2-3 weeks), except where the not regularly organized to update on the sit- people displaced from landslides and in dan- uation, for a more coherent collaboration in ger of landslide-related risks were residing. emergency response. There is also the situa- Therefore, many immediate relief assistanc- tion where members of the service providing es planned by different agencies had to be mechanisms are not adequately aware about either delayed or cancelled until the exact lo- their roles and responsibilities. Accordingly, cation of the displaced people was clarified. many actors worked directly with district authorities or relevant line ministries and Shortfalls in Data, Communication departments. As a result, the national-level · As highlighted in the 2016 PDNA, gaps in and Information Management coordination authority was unaware of con- 190  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T data continue to be a concern in post-disas- 11.4. RECOVERY NEEDS ter situations. There is no systematic way to AND STRATEGIES generate sex and age disaggregated data on deaths, the number of injured, and those · Strengthening Early Warning Systems from Immediate and short-term needs displaced. It has to be noted that the situa- tion reports provided by the DMC with in- National to local level inclusive of last mile formation on deaths and displaced are not dissemination and response planning, ad- disaggregated by sex and/or age. This is a dressing the severe gaps demonstrated lapse with severe implications on response, during the May-2017disaster. recovery, preparedness planning, and over- all actions for effective DRM. · Strengthening the emergency response pre- paredness capacity at community level to · There was no coordinated system for pro- receive, understand and react to early warn- viding updates during the emergency situ- ings as well as basic first responder training ation. Different Government institutions to build their resilience against future disas- were demanding situation-related updates ters. from the Divisional and District levels, who were constrained with managing the emer- · Conducting a lesson learned exercise, in- gency situation with disrupted infrastruc- cluding consultations with communities ture and services. and vulnerable groups such as women, chil- dren, elderly and people with disabilities, to · Information management was notably a understand the strengths and weaknesses considerable issue to all stakeholders during of the overall emergency response during the May-2017 disaster. In addition to lack of May 2017, and to learn lessons for future real-time accurate and sex, age and disabili- improvement. ty disaggregated data; there have also been inconsistencies in the information flow pro- · As stated by 2016 PDNA, the establishment vided by the DMC and NDRCS. This has led and/or revival of Village Disaster Manage- to some conflicting records and reports, on ment Committees (VDMCs) are a priority. the number of affected or dead. Through the VDMCs, the community or- ganization and first responder capacities · The information related to relief-related as- can be enhanced, including search and sistance received from bi-lateral donors di- rescue, first aid, monitoring, and receiving rectly by the Government of Sri Lanka was and responding to early warnings. VDMCs not shared among the humanitarian and can also improve effective citizens’ engage- donor community, which may have resulted ment, particularly women and children, in in duplication of efforts. decision-making processes at the division- al level Disaster Management Coordina- · The mammoth role played by social media tion Committees. in organizing support for emergency re- sponse through highlighting the needs and · Identifying designated relief centres and maintaining databases of relief collection implementing actions to facilitate their centres has been well recognised. A more ac- functioning in need, including the role of tive role assigned for social media networks temples and other religious and communal by the Government authorities is likely to spaces as safe centres during disaster-relat- have resulted in more enhanced emergency ed emergencies. response. Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 9 1  · Establishing a mechanism to provide af- District/Divisional/ GN levels to develop fected people, specifically displaced people, a more efficient system of work for DMC, with clear and coherent information on the NDRSC, WDO, and Child Protection offi- relief and recovery schemes, criteria, and cials at the local level. other details in a systematic manner. This element was completely absent in the after- · Operationalising the NEOP to understand math of the May 2017 disaster. its strengths and weaknesses in preparing for the future disasters. · Assessing the capacity and training needs of Tri forces in search and rescue; providing · Developing the shock-responsiveness of the them with required gear, equipment, and existing social protection schemes to ensure training. that the safety nets that are available to the most vulnerable groups of people can help · Streamlining the engagement of other in- in mitigating the future risks of natural haz- terested parties such as the media, private ards and other external shocks. sector, philanthropic institutions and the general public in disaster preparedness and · Establishing mechanisms and strategies to response. involve the private sector in practicing di- saster risk reduction and mitigation as part Medium-term needs of business continuity. Regarding Institutions and governance: · Establishing triggers and thresholds to de- clare a National Emergency including stan- · Assessing the roles and responsibilities of dards to request international assistance relevant institutions including MoDM, during such an emergency. DMC, and NDRSC to agree on clear man- dates removing any overlaps and areas of Regarding information non— clarity, including operational, coor- and datai dination, management and accountability- related aspects, to develop clear SOPs. · Further to, and reiterating the recommen- dation of 2016 PDNA, to close the data · Reviewing and re-visiting the training, gaps of DMC to help in developing a system awareness and capacity building mecha- to generate and update sex, age, disability nisms of the main DRM institutions. Assess disaggregated data, their analysis, dissem- the effectiveness of the current training and ination and use for informed DRM actions capacity development methods. by DRM-designated institutions, as well as other key national planning and sectoral · Reviving national and District-level coordi- Ministries and agencies. MoDM can con- nation platforms such as NCDM, NDMCC sider building on the existing systems such and ERCs, to ensure clear coordination re- as ‘Sahana online IM tool’. lated to disaster preparedness, emergency response and efficient management of in- · Reaffirming the central role of the DMC as formation. the disaster management information hub and strengthening the information man- · Reviewing the preparedness for response agement system and its capacity. and emergency management planning, coordination and implementation at the 192  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T · Setting up a coordinated system at the na- in identifying housing designs for the de- tional level to provide and update informa- stroyed houses, as well as for all new con- tion during emergencies within the access structions in high-risk districts. of all stakeholders, including Government authorities and the media. This work can Long-term needs build on the existing initiatives through the Regarding recovery processes above-mentioned ‘Sahana on-line system’ and with a volunteer team for support. · Conducting Hazard–Risk Vulnerability (HRV) assessments, including basin-lev- · Strengthening sub-national level capacities el assessments and mapping for high-risk for preparedness and response, and con- areas, including a system of consistent up- ducting Post Disaster Needs Assessments, dating. This can be initiated by way of com- considering that the actual management of pletion of work initiated by the DMC. the situation takes place below the nation- al level. There are several representatives · With National Planning Department and from Ministries such as MoDM, Ministry DRM authorities in the lead, using NDMCC of Women and Child Affairs, placed at each and other relevant mechanisms to share and District and Divisional Secretariat. Their update HRV-assessment information for collective capacity needs to be developed, application in the planning and implemen- along with programs to utilize the collective tation of sectoral development (Infrastruc- capacity for preparedness, response, overall ture, town planning, Irrigation and WM, DRM at the sub-national level. Agriculture, Education, Environment, etc.) · Revising the currently used DALA data-col- · Creating a recovery framework as a key lection format to rectify gaps identified DRM measure to identify policies and strat- during the 2017 PDNA. Some of the critical egies to be followed during post-disaster gaps include absence of data related to any recovery, following ‘Building Back Better’ of the main cross-cutting issues such as en- principles, including land acquisition for re- vironment, gender, social inclusion, and settlement. overall social vulnerabilities. · Reviving the existing monitoring system to Regarding Risk Reduction assess the impact of DRR investments/mon- · Devising a system for effective implementa- ey for value in the long term to strengthen tion of the National Disaster Management budget allocations for DRR measures. Policy and Plan 2018-2022 as called by the Cabinet Paper 17/0321/715/004 (dated Regarding the Re-location and land March 15, 2017) including progress review, monitoring, and accountability measures · Identifying appropriate, low-risk locations use with ‘Build Back Better’ principles aligned with the Sendai Monitor system. specifically for those displaced; and develop- ing housing designs suitable for flood-prone · National Planning Department to lead in areas such as building on stilts, an upper sto- coordination and in facilitation with the ry area to secure goods, harvest, as well as for subject Ministry and agencies for DRM, use as a safe shelter during regular floods. HRV-informed sectoral development plan- ning, and implementation with specific at- · Re-visiting the designs made available by tention to the observed root causes for the NBRO in terms of appropriateness and cost May-2017 disaster (upper catchment area Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 9 3  management, river bank conservation, riv- NDRSC), will lead the implementation of the er pollution, land zoning and construction above consolidated framework of recovery. regulations, urban development, etc.). · Introducing a mechanism to embed di- 11.7. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Five districts severely affected by floods and saster-risk and vulnerability-related landslides out of the 15 districts were consid- information as integral parts of sectoral de- ered in this chapter, in coherence with the over- velopment’s planning and implementation all report, for assessment of disaster impacts and in developing recovery programmes. · Considering climate-related hazards and their impacts that can be aggravated by ill- Data provided by the NDRSC and DMC on af- planned development, developmental fail- fected districts, people, evacuation centres and ure, and ensuring procedures for rigorous relief distribution. The United Nations Resi- conducting and application of the Environ- dent Coordinator Office provided information mental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Disaster about the international cooperation support. Impact Assessment (DIA). Field visits were conducted in order to collect qualitative information about the response and 11.5. RECOVERY AND recovery intervention and current needs. Rec- RECONSTRUCTION ommendations were made based on the experi- NEEDS WITH COSTS ence of public sector, UN agencies and national (Table 88) and international NGOs. 11.6. IMPLEMENTATION Flood defence infrastructure maintained by the STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY Ministry of Irrigation was assessed within the The Ministry of Disaster Management, to- corresponding chapter.  gether with its agencies (DMC, NBRO and the 194  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 88: RECOVERY NEEDS COSTS IN THE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION SECTOR Medium Short Term Long Term Total Cost DR needs Term LKR. LKR. (Mn) LKR. (Mn) LKR. (Mn) (Mn) Strengthening Early Warning Systems from National to local level inclusive of last mile dissemination and response planning, addressing 3 5 300 308 the severe gaps demonstrated during the 2017 May disaster. Strengthen emergency response preparedness capacity at community level to receive, understand and react to early warning as wells basic first 4 8 50 62 responder training to build their resilience against future disasters Establishment or revival of Village Disaster Management Committees X 10 15 25 (VDMCs) as a priority. Identify designated relief centers and implement actions to facilitate their functioning in need, including the role of temples and other religious and 75 57.2 180 312.5 communal spaces as safe centres in disaster emergency Establish mechanism to provide affected people, specifically displaced people with clear and coherent information on the relief and recovery 3 2 5 schemes, criteria and other details in a systematic manner. Assess the capacity and training needs of Tri forces in search and rescue, 5 10 10 25 provide the required gear, equipment and training. Conduct a lesson learned exercise, including consultations with communities and vulnerable groups such as women, children, elderly and people with disabilities, to understand strengths and weaknesses of the 0.5 0.5 overall emergency response during May 2017 and to learn lessons for improvement. Streamline the engagement of other interested parties such as media, privet sector, philanthropy and general public in disaster preparedness, 3 2 5 10 response. Institutions and governance: X X Assess the roles and responsibilities of MoDM and the 4 agencies (DMC, NDRSC, NBRO, DoM) to agree on clear mandates removing any 5 - - 5 overlaps and areas of non – clarity, including operational, coordination, management and accountability aspects, develop clear SOPs Revive national and District level coordination platforms such as NCDM, NDMCC and ERCs to ensure clear coordination of disaster preparedness, 2 3 5 emergency response and efficient information management. Review the preparedness for response and emergency management planning, coordination and implementation at the District/Divisional/ 3 - 3 GN levels to develop a more efficient system of work for DMC, NDRSC, WDO, Child Protection officials at the local level Operationalize the NEOP including the development of Institutional Disaster Management Plan to understand its strengths and weaknesses 2 2 in preparing for the next disasters. Information and data X X In order to close the data gaps, DMC to lead developing a system to generate and update sex, age, disability disaggregated data, their analysis, dissemination and use for informed DRM actions by DRM 2 3 5 designated institutions as well as other key national planning and sectoral Ministries and agencies. Reaffirm the central role of the DMC as the disaster management information hub and strengthen the information management system 5 10 15 and its capacity. Set up a coordinated system at the national level to provide and update information in emergencies for the access of all stakeholders including 1 0.5 1.5 for the government authorities and media. Revise the currently used DALA data collection format to rectify gaps identified during the 2017 PDNA. Some of the critical gaps include 2 2 4 absence of data related to any of the main cross cutting issues such as environment, gender, social inclusion and overall social vulnerabilities. Cross cutting iss ues : Disaster R isk R eduction  1 9 5  TABLE 88: RECOVERY NEEDS COSTS IN THE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION SECTOR Medium Short Term Long Term Total Cost DR needs Term LKR. LKR. (Mn) LKR. (Mn) LKR. (Mn) (Mn) Revise the currently used DALA data collection format to rectify gaps identified during the 2017 PDNA. Some of the critical gaps include 2 2 4 absence of data related to any of the main cross cutting issues such as environment, gender, social inclusion and overall social vulnerabilities. Revive the existing monitoring system to assess the impact of DRR investments /money for value in the long term to strengthen budget 5 5 10 allocations for DRR measures. Re-location, land use with building back better principles X X Identify appropriate, low risk locations specifically for those displaced; 3 2 5 Develop housing designs suitable for flood prone areas such as building on stilts, upper story area to secure goods, harvest, as safe shelter during 2 2 2 6 regular floods Re-visit the designs made available by NBRO in terms of appropriateness and cost in identifying housing designs for the destroyed houses, as well 2 1 3 as for all new constructions for high risk districts Conduct Hazard – risk vulnerability (HRV) assessments, including basin level assessments and mapping for high risk areas, including a system of 30 300 200 530 consistent updating. This can be initiated by way of completion of work imitated by the DMC. With National Planning Department and DRM authorities in the lead, use NDMCC and other relevant mechanisms to share and update HRV assessment information for application in planning and implementation 1 2 2 5 of sectoral development (Infrastructure, town planning, Irrigation and WM, Agriculture, Education, Environment etc.) Create a Recovery Framework as a key DRM measure to identify policies and strategies to be followed during post-disaster recovery 3 3 6 following ‘Building Back Better’ principles including land acquisition for resettlement A system for effective implementation of the National Disaster Management Plan 2018-2022 as called by the Cabinet Paper 17/0321/715/004 (dated 15 March 2017) including progress review, 1 1 2 monitoring, accountability measures aligned with the Sendai Monitor system National Planning Department to lead in coordination and facilitation with the subject Ministry and agencies for DRM, the HRV informed sectoral development planning and implementation with specific 1 1 2 attention to the observed root causes for the May 2017 disaster (upper catchment area management, river bank conservation, river pollution, land zoning and construction regulations, urban development etc.) Considering climate related hazards and their impacts can be aggravated by ill planned development, development failure, procedures for 10 10 20 rigorous conducting and application of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Disaster Impact Assessment (DIA). Total 1384.5 196  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T 12. Gender and Social Inclusion 12.1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by women. Prevailing social and economic inequalities weigh in on how disasters affect people. Wom- The main concerns observed in the aftermath en, children, the elderly, disabled persons, and of the May 2017 disaster events include: minorities, are often more vulnerable during, and in the aftermath of disasters, due to a com- · Non-availability of sex, age and disability bination of factors including those that are of disaggregated data; systems for data collec- social, economic and institutional nature. In tion and analysis at the national and local addition to the differential impact, disparities levels hampering informed planning, deci- in both vulnerabilities and capacities are de- sion making, and in providing appropriate cisive factors in the ability of different social support in pre- and post-disaster situations. groups to recover post the disaster. · Gender insensitive space arrangements in According to the Sri Lanka National Hu- temporary shelters which implicated the man Development Report (HDR) 201772, the safety and security of women and children. country falls in the medium gender-equality category, and has the second highest Gender · Inadequate support to men, women and Development Indicator in South Asia. Howev- children dealing with loss of life of family er, this report also notes that the gender gap is members and other severe trauma. greatest when it comes to income. · Loss of shelter and associated insecurities, Institutionally, there is a dedicated Ministry uncertainties and fears related to re-loca- for Women and Child Affairs, and units estab- tion, and recovery of lost livelihoods. lished at the Divisional Secretariats, consisting of Women Development Officers (WDO), coun- · Damages to women’s and children’s spac- sellors, and child probation and protection offi- es— kitchens, toilets, wells and bathing cers, to look into issues related to the wellbeing areas; schools, learning spaces and equip- of women and children. The 2005-2015 Road ment. Map for Disaster Risk Management included strengthening women’s rights by reinforcing · Loss of livelihood, specifically women’s the fundamental rights in the Constitution, and self-employment ventures due to damages promoting the implementation of the Women’s caused to dwellings and disruption of la- Charter to ensure a coordinated and inclusive ap- bour opportunities. proach to risk reduction and disaster prepared- ness. · Overall poor engagement of women in when it came to delivering early warning, The May 2017 floods and landslides affected preparedness for response both at the com- 779,819 people, including 401,882 women and munity level and at the local officials’ level, 377,937 men, amounting to around 54% of the lapses in drawing on women’s capacities in total affected population. A total of 304,708 temporary shelter management, and recov- households in the five focal districts are headed ery planning. 72. UNDP, Sri Lanka NHDR 2017: Reducing Inequalities: Shared Growth (un-published) Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  1 9 7  · Lack of consultation by the local-level of- ket, women make up two thirds of the total ficials with affected men and women on number. At the same time, of the total num- recovery and relocation-related issues and ber of workers engaged as contributing family suggestions. workers, women account for more than three fourths. Unpaid employment is also higher Issues of compensation related to for recovery among women across age groups, indicating for women without proof of asset losses (e.g. their marginalized position in the society74. wage labourers). It is to be noted that with social and cultural norms demanding women to be principal care- In consideration of the issues of immediate na- givers, many women prefer self-employment ture in the aftermath of the disaster, along with which enables them to manage both household long-term gender sensitive and socially-inclu- activities and earning an income. sive outcomes, deliberate and sustained action should be taken to ensure that gender analysis Even with these positive social development and social inclusion of recovery needs and is- indicators, the country’s overall level of women sues are carried out, prior to the framing of the gender empowerment is below the average lev- multi-sectoral recovery and reconstructions’ el of developing countries, especially because strategy. Further, in the recovery strategies pre- of the extremely low involvement of women in sented in the 2016 PDNA there are short-, me- politics and low female participation in the la- dium- and long-term strategies that have been bour force. Representation of Sri Lankan wom- proposed for consideration within the overall en in national politics remains low (5.8%) and recovery strategy. much lower in provincial and local levels. 12.2. PRE-DISASTER CONTEXT As a post-conflict country, Sri Lanka has a con- AND BASELINE siderable number of Female-Headed House- According to the Sri Lanka National Human De- holds. According to the Household Income and velopment Report (HDR) 201773, Sri Lanka falls Expenditure Survey, 24.2 percent of all house- into the medium gender equality category, and holds in Sri Lanka are headed by women, with a has the second highest Gender Development majority in the age group of 40-59 years.75 Indicator in South Asia (Maldives is higher at 0.937). Sri Lanka ranks well in several Human With reference to gender-based violence (GBV), Development Indicators; in health achievements as stated in the 2016 PDNA, information from such as maternal mortality and life expectancy service providers, such as police and non-gov- for both men and women and improvements in ernmental organizations, indicate significant educational attainment (particularly in second- prevalence of various forms of GBV across the ary school). Less well ranked are the economic country76. While Sri Lanka lacks systematic related factors such as low incomes derived by and national-level data and statistics on GBV, women and low female labour force participa- cases reported to police between 2007 and tion. Sri Lanka HDR 2017 notes that the gender 2013 show an increasing trend in the number of gap is greatest in the dimension of income. complaints. With reference to labour force participation, The Ministry of Women and Child Affairs has out of nearly half the working age population which does not participate in the labour mar- 74. Ibid 75. Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2011 73. UNDP, Sri Lanka NHDR 2017: Reducing In- 76. http://www.childwomenmin.gov.lk/resourc- equalities: Shared Growth (unpublished) es/30/REPORT.pdf in PDNA 2016 198  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T taken a strategic lead in developing a policy reference to local governments. framework and national action plan to address sexual and gender-based violence SGBV (2016- 12.3. POST-DISASTER EFFECTS 2020). The recent stocktaking exercise in July (DAMAGES AND LOSSES): 2017 revealed that there seems to be some se- rious challenges in undertaking the National Disaster Impact Action Plan (NAP) forward. In the absence of adequate quantitative data, the analysis is based mainly on the qualitative infor- The National Child Protection Authority mation generated from field assessments, and (NCPA) was established by the Parliament of Sri observation visits. Information on the affected Lanka (Act No. 50 of 1998) for the prevention population disaggregated by gender or age is of child abuse, and the protection and treat- not available. The summary below includes es- ment of children who are victims of such abuse. timates referring to the baseline information of National-level data on SGBV in children is not the 2016 Census Department. (Table 89) available. However, a study of 353 children pre- sented for medico-legal research revealed that Due to the unavailability of data disaggregated in 339 (96%) cases, the perpetrator was known on the basis of sex and age, the analysis on the to the survivor. impact of the disaster on girls and boys is also quite limited, which poses the risk of overlook- There are women’s units established at the Di- ing their specific recovery needs. There is an visional Secretariats, consisting of Women De- obvious lack of awareness, and in the capaci- velopment Officers (WDO), counsellors, child ties of the Disaster Management Centre and probation and protection officers, to look into relevant local authorities, for child-related data issues related to the wellbeing of women and collection, and building sensitivity towards the children. principles of child protection. It was noted that there was a general lack of familiarity with, and The Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institu- understanding of child protection principles tional Development sections of the ‘Towards a among relief workers, and camp management Safer Sri Lanka: A Road-Map for Disaster Risk committees, who worked in close proximity Management 2005-2015’ include strengthen- with displaced children, especially young girls ing women’s rights by reinforcing the Chapter who may have been in a vulnerable situation on Fundamental Rights in the Constitution, and at a heightened risk of exploitation. and promoting the implementation of the Women’s Charter to ensure a coordinated ap- There remain difficulties in getting the accu- proach to risk reduction and disaster prepared- rate number of separated, unaccompanied, or- ness. The activity is proposed to be led by the phaned, dead, and injured children, as a result Ministry of Disaster Management, along with of the disaster. The Department of Probation the Ministry of Women and Child Affairs, the and Child Care Services has already instructed civil society, and labour organizations, as par- their officers to collect this information. Based ticipating agencies, focusing on women’s is- on the report of the Probation Department, sues. The road map also provides the rationale shared during a child-protection emergency co- for making special effort to involve women in ordination meeting at the Ministry of Women Citizens’ Committees, and to encourage wom- and Child Affairs, thus far, 4 orphaned children en’s participation in disaster management with were identified and are living with their rela- tives. 24 children lost one parent and are cur- rently living with their remaining parent. The Probation Department is providing LKR 2000 Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  1 9 9  TABLE 89: AFFECTED POPULATION BY SEX No, of affected persons No, of persons in Relief Camps District Male % Female % Male % Female % Galle 76,034 47.91 82,659 52.09 509 47.91 554 52.09 Rathnapura 115,948 49.30 119,249 50.70 23,202 49.30 23,862 50.70 Kalutara 93,103 48.37 99,361 51.63 6,622 48.37 7,067 51.63 Matara 87,714 47.93 95,294 52.07 5,639 47.93 6,127 52.07 Hambanthota 5,138 49.14 5,319 50.86 97 49.14 101 50.86 377,937 401,882 36,070 37,710 per month for all 28 children as a grant for the formation. It should be noted that women and next 6 months, commencing from July 2017. children have less access to information, added to the fact that when it comes to use of mobile It was also evident that during initial phase of phones, they account for a low percentage of the emergency, more focus was given to the users. physical needs of community members, in- cluding food and shelter arrangement, while Dealing with losses and trauma: the psycho-social well-being of children was Children and women have been dealing with not prioritized. It was noted at the time of the the overall impact of the disaster, shock, losses assessment that they were frightened of loud and trauma, when there are substantial damag- noises, which they associated with the explod- es and losses to the homes and household items, ing sound of the landslide. Some of the chil- including kitchen utensils, bedding, clothes, dren lost their parents, siblings and relatives and disruption of home-based livelihood. during this disaster. Very few organizations, such as Save the Children, World Vision, Child Dealing with loss of life of family members and Fund, and UNICEF, are engaged in activities trauma — spouses, children, grandchildren, that focus on the psychological well-being of parents, relatives, etc. in some cases, bodies the affected children. Children also reported have not been found in order to complete the as feeling disengaged from the relief and recov- last rites. ery process, and fearful of the unknown future ahead. It was also evident from discussions There has been an overall increase in the status with affected children that they have not been of vulnerability — health issues, loss of liveli- involved in any effort related to disaster-risk hood, and uncertainty of recovery, and/or relo- reduction, either at the community level or in cation. schools as part of school-safety planning. Some children lost their parents, siblings and Key concerning issues relatives during this disaster. The psychological Following are main issues concerning women well-being of the affected children is a concern. and children encountered during the emergen- cy, in displacement and in early recovery: Specific needs of women and children during emergency: Immediate needs include sanitary items and un- No early warning /pre-warning: derwear, infant care and related requirements – The flood and landslide-related emergency sit- uation arose without any pre-warnings and in- · The continuing of care-giving functions 200  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T while in displacement, household cleaning quate camp safety officers are available in the and recovering household damages from camps, particularly female officers, as well as floods. to establish monitoring and reporting mech- anisms for children that are at-risk or victims · There is the need for psychosocial support, of abuse and violence, so that they can receive and psychosocial first-aid, for children who appropriate care and protection services. It is have lost loved ones, and those children highly recommended to conduct more gen- who are displaced and living in difficult and eral awareness amongst those living in the stressful conditions. camp, so that they may be vigilant on issues of child abuse and violence, and in the reporting · There is the risk of limited access to the most of related incidents to relevant authorities in basic services of water and sanitation, as well the camp. as food commodities, along with already high levels of acute and moderate poverty, · Temporary shelters had to accommodate resulting in the high risk of malnutrition. many facilities within limited space, in some occasions tents provided had zippers and Security and privacy of women, locks from outside. · There were no minimum standards observed girls, and young children · Field-visit reports to camps indicate that while in displacement: in temporary shelters. there is a lack of attention by poorly-trained camp management officers (no minimum Accessing information and standards observed in temporary shelters) · Women and children are not consulted or en- opportunity for consultation to issues such as: gaged in planning camp management. There · Accessing safe and segregated toilets, bath- are no opportunities to contribute and or ex- ing areas in temporary shelters press any concerns. · Privacy for women and female children (for · There is lack of information on recovery as- example, proper partitioning) sistance, relocation plans and related issues. Women cited that officials do not share any · Safety and protection (for example, lighting information and both women and men were at night/in toilets) not consulted by the officials. · Temporary shelters had to accommodate · Personal identification documents including many facilities within limited space, in some birth and marriage certificates were lost, and occasions tents provided had zippers and no death certificates were issued for those de- locks from outside. ceased (at the time of this report). · Safe spaces for children to play and study. · There has been loss of houses and household Loss of assets The disruptions of schooling, and loss of school books and materials, are added sourc- assets, self-employment related assets and es of stress to children and their families. equipment. · The protection and safety of all children in · Those affected have been dealing with busi- the camps should be given more concern. ness recovery issues, and recovering lost live- There is an urgent need make sure that ade- lihoods. Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  2 0 1  · Moreover, those who have faced the loss of continue to depend on relief, dry rations, paddy stocks are dealing with food security, etc. and the burden of accessing food to com- pensate for loss of stocks. · While losses to the livelihoods and related assets are being assessed, there is no clarity on how they will be compensated. There was · In the affected districts, women’s contribu- Productive Sectors an immediate aid of LKR 10,000 provided tion to the productive sectors is predom- to all affected households, given to the Head inantly through informal production and of the Household, for the purpose of clean- care-giving services, home-based produc- ing and repairs. tion activities, micro enterprises, and wage labour. This scenario reiterates the analysis · Ministry of Women and Child Affairs and account presented in the PDNA of 2016. (MoWC), through Women Development The main livelihoods are paddy cultivation, Officers (WDOs), and the Rural Develop- tea holdings, and tea estate-related daily ment Ministry, is collecting information on labour, dealings in spices — specifically cin- lost livelihood activities, for consideration namon, small and medium businesses — for providing grants for revival. MoWC has mostly food and snacks’ sales, tailoring of launched a programme worth LKR 75 mil- garments, small boutiques, and other daily lion to provide livelihood-revival support labour work. to fully- and partially-damaged enterpris- es, as well as to support women for income · The 2017 floods and landslides have result- generation, with the aim of their empower- ed in considerable loss of self-employment ment, in the aftermath of May 2017 disaster ventures: assets such as food-preparation events. The programme covers 44 Division- utensils, machinery and furniture, and raw al Secretariats in the 5 disaster-affected material, etc. With the damages and de- districts, implemented with the Women’s struction to homes and household items, Bureau under the MoWC, and Divisional those who were self-employed are in need of and District Secretariats in the five districts. complete revival. · The immediate needs, specifically for wom- · Small tea holdings, home gardens, fruit and en who are engaged in home-based liveli- vegetable cultivations, mostly carried out hoods, include low interest or soft loans to by women, are covered with mud and sand, recover and re-start. There is, however, the requiring cleaning and re-planting in most issue of existing loans, for which no con- cases. sideration or grace period has been given due to the flood situation. The Oxfam Rap- · Due to the overall halt in production ac- id Gender Analysis Report, conducted in tivities where women were pre-dominant- Ratnapura and Matara districts, states that ly engaged in, and due to displacement, indebtedness is higher among women, as wage labour opportunities were practically women are generally prioritised under mi- non-existent at the time of this report. cro-credit schemes with fairly high rates of interest, including government schemes · The main livelihoods for men are paddy cul- such as Samurdhi. tivation, small-tea holdings, and daily wage work. Similarly, production activities are at · Another specific concern to be noted, is that a halt resulting in non-availability of wage the Government support schemes take into work. Under these circumstances families consideration the estimation of loss of as- 202  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T sets (with the certification of Grama Nilad- care-giving role. Further, for most women in hari, WDO), for extending compensation the disaster-affected districts, livelihood and and livelihood revival grants. Those who are income generation activities of various scales without assets and depend on wage labour, are also home based in nature. The loss of home and those working in tea factories etc., are and workplace, therefore, increases their vul- in one of the most vulnerable categories. nerability. A secure shelter is of critical impor- However, they are not supported through tance in maintaining the personal autonomy of such schemes. women and children, and its absence generates a situation of prolonged crisis. Infrastructure The only available data on the impact on infra- The 2017 floods and landslides have damaged structure is on water and sanitation infrastruc- over 77,000 houses according to the estimates. ture as revealed in rapid assessment reports. Kitchens and cooking utensils, toilets and bath- ing areas have been damaged, thereby ushering Most of the water systems in the communities in new risks and vulnerabilities for women and were destroyed and contaminated, toilets, and children. It has also been noted that a signifi- bathing facilities, were damaged. While wells cant number (over 20%77) of households are were cleaned through the Public Health In- female headed (FHH), which demands con- spector (PHI) system soon after floods receded, sideration for added elements of vulnerabili- communities do not feel well water was clean ty. The current system follows the Head of the enough for drinking. There was dependency on Household as the main benefactor for all forms bottled water where there was access, or people of compensation, land re-allocation, etc. There resorted to boiling well-water several times be- is no sufficient information to analyse how this fore consumption. will affect women accessing such benefits. WASH facilities in temporary shelters, and in A number of issues related to schooling, while welfare centres were insufficient and below families remain in displacement, demand atten- SPHERE-minimum standards. The specific ref- tion. Schools, including pre-schools, suffered erence here, has been made to fewer numbers from damage and losses to buildings, to teach- of toilets (in some cases there was only 1 toilet ing aids and instruments. A number of schools for 20 families), as well as bathing areas, com- were utilised as temporary shelters. There are pelling women and children to go to the bush school children who lost their parents, sib- jungle. lings and family members, and who are suffer- ing from the trauma of loss and displacement. Focus Group Discussions in Galle highlighted They are in need of long-term counselling and that communities did not have access to boat psycho-social support. While schools were re- transport during the floods. opened, and school kits containing uniforms and books were distributed for displaced kids Social sector to attend school, the overall disruption requires Losses and damages to houses and displace- further consideration. For example, there are ment severely implicate the safety, security and both girls and boys, who are going to appear for stability for all, specifically women and chil- their GCE/ AL and OL exams in the following dren on many accounts. Existing household months, for whom, this disruption will have arrangements and related gendered division stronger implications. Mothers in temporary of labour prescribes that among women’s core shelters also expressed concern about the level responsibility, is maintaining clean and com- fortable households for family, and the overall 77. DMC/NFRDC in PDNA 2016 Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  2 0 3  of nutrition young children were getting while WDOs, however, confirmed that there were no in displacement. While meal requirements incidents of harassment or GBV in the tem- were met, it was not possible to provide the chil- porary shelters. On the contrary, women in dren with mid-day meal menus, as requested by temporary shelters expressed that men in the schools. affected community provided them with pro- tection in the adverse conditions, guarding the The Ministry of Women and Child Affairs has shelter, and respecting their privacy in toilets initiated a post-disaster psycho-social advice and bathing areas. programme, starting with Ratnapura Dis- trict, targeting affected children and women, The unavailability of age and sex desegregated especially those who are traumatized. The data created a significant setback in child- and programme also aims to identify and support women-focused specific interventions. children who require such support on a long- term basis. The implementation team includes Loss of vital registration documents in the representatives from the Department of Pro- floods became an issue for displaced persons bation and Child Care Services, National Child when it came to effectively accessing basic so- Protection Authority, Children’s Secretariat, cial services and compensation. While this was and the National Committee on Women. common for both men and women, for wom- en-headed households, it added further com- Protection Issues plications when it came to proving their status. Several protection issues have been observed, summarized as below. The protection and safety of all children in the camps has been raised as a concern. While in Overall, poorly-planned temporary shelter co- some shelters, there was the presence of the ordination and management processes, have WDO and the Child Protection officers, this was been observed in the affected districts. Safe- not the case for all shelters. While the impor- ty-related risks for women, children and other tance of including female officers in temporary at-risk groups are compounded by factors such shelters is well accepted, WDOs being female as lack of adequate WASH facilities meeting in most cases were not included in the initial the minimum standards in camps and welfare teams which attended to the emergency. Fur- centres, poorly-lighted alleys and pathways ther, the scarcity of trained Child Protection leading to latrines, lack of inside zips for those Officers in camp management and emergency living in blue tents, and absence of proper mats support has also been noted. for those sleeping on floors. Due to lack of ad- equate numbers of latrines, women and chil- 12.4. RECOVERY NEEDS dren in some instances opted to go to the bush AND STRATEGIES jungle, which also can invite risk to the person. Deliberate and sustained action should be tak- This was a common occurrence in Ratnapura, en to ensure that a gender analysis and social Matara and Kalutara. As mentioned, SPHERE inclusion of recovery needs and issues are car- minimum standards were not adhered to, ried out, prior to framing the multi-sectoral re- which can affect the privacy, safety and security covery and reconstructions’ strategy. Further, of women and children. This can heighten risks in line with the recovery strategies presented in of gender-based violence (GBV), and violence the 2016 PDNA (p. 202-203), the following are against children, in several ways. proposed based on the rapid assessment of the 2017 May disaster events. Discussions in Focused Groups in all districts, observations and discussions including with Immediate and short-term needs: 204  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T · Provide information, consult and engage cent engagement and participation, and women and children on recovery, re-loca- identifying and addressing child-protection tion. issues that may arise. · Consider the establishing of temporary Short-to Medium-term needs: shelter-management committees engaging Data and information affected people, ensuring to include wom- en, and providing training on child-friendly · Set up a system in coordination with the Na- camp management. tional Census and Statistics to collect sex, age and disability dis-aggregated data. · Include the participation of women in emer- gency response with a view to make this a · Standardize the data-collection formats regular practice. used for baseline, emergency and post-di- saster needs. · Include female officers in camp-safety man- agement teams. · Build the awareness and capacities of rele- vant national, district and divisional-level · Establish child-friendly spaces, and Wom- officials to collect dis-aggregated data. en-friendly spaces (as needed) in long-term shelter locations. · Conduct gender analysis to spread informa- tion on the recovery-related strategies in all · Pay special attention to the needs of children sectors; productive and social. with disabilities. · Support the Probation Department to put · Ensure that adequate camp safety officers in place an effective system that: are available in the camps, particularly fe- male officers, as well as to establish mon- i) identifies, registers and maintains records itoring and reporting mechanisms for of children who live in camps and those children that are at-risk or victims of abuse who have been separated / unaccompanied and violence, to support them with appro- / orphaned (if any); priate care and protection services. ii) provides appropriate response mecha- nisms and psychosocial support; · Support the care-giving role of displaced iii) facilitates placement of children with care- women with adequate aid (sanitary, clothes givers/relatives keeping in mind their best and other material) and appropriate friend- interests; and ly spaces. iv) supports tracing and reunification of these children back with their families, where · Provide for more recreational activities for possible children in camps to promote social skills, peer support, team play, and leadership Housing and re-location skills amongst adolescents. · Engage affected women in re-location plan- · In areas of return, establish children’s clubs/ ning discussions. networks to continue providing psychoso- cial support; facilitating child and adoles- · Consult women in housing designs; ensure cooking spaces, latrines, and garbage dis- posal arrangements meet the practical and Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  2 0 5  safety requirements. · Deploy Child Protection Officers and trained volunteers, who can provide basic · As a disaster risk reduction measure, con- psychological first-aid for children living in sider home-based income generation activ- the camps, and facilitate referrals to more ities and enterprises in housing designs to specialized services when required. safeguard against future losses. · Include women officers and communi- ty representatives in the discussions for Temporary shelter/safety pre-planning emergency shelters (through · While there are no/or few incidents men- village- and divisional-level committees). tioned, it is important to maintain mini- mum standards for safety and security. Build Coordination at the district and divisional the capacity of relevant officials of MoDM, levels MoWC, District and Divisional Authorities, etc., on SPHERE minimum standards in · To address considerable gaps of coordina- emergency and temporary shelters, and take tion at the local level, and for ensuring gen- measures for implementation of minimum der and social inclusion measures, divisional standards by introducing relevant policies and district level officers from varying Min- and directives. istries (MoDM, MoWC, MoE, Child Protec- tion Authority, Samurdhi, EDO etc.), are to · Set up a system to enable access to immedi- be organized into a core team to function in ate relief items such as sanitary aid and un- planning for early warning, preparedness derwear for women, and requirements for for response, emergency management and infants, using baseline data without await- early recovery. ing real-time data on the emergency (items required in the first 24 hours of an emergen- · Specific attention is drawn to the need for cy). stronger coordination between the NDRSC, DMC, and MoWC officials at the divisional · Implement the existing NCPA Child-Friend- and district levels, with a view of engaging ly Spaces (CFS) guidelines, child-friendly MoWCA with a stronger role, with equal au- camp management guidelines, and guide- thority for more efficiency, as well as to ad- lines for volunteers and aid workers work- dress currently existing divisions. ing with children. · Revive and strengthen Village/Grama · Set up women-friendly spaces in line with Niladhari-level committees for regular the guiding principles such as empower- floods’ and landslides’ preparedness, en- ment and leadership, survivor centred spac- suring the inclusion of women in commu- es, safe and accessible locations, to ensure nity-level preparedness, early warning and women can access safe gathering spaces, response. further reducing their risks and vulnerabil- ities. Livelihoods recovery · Set up vigilant teams within the commu- and support nity for safety and security with specific · Assess the financial status of women en- functions. Build their awareness on the key trepreneurs for potential debt, when i pro- issues related to women’s and children’s viding livelihoods’ assistance, and take safety, and security. appropriate action for different groups in 206  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T providing livelihood-recovery assistance, comes to children attending schools or and pay specific attention to female heads of school registration for the next year (birth households. certificates, lost notes/text books, etc.). · Instil measures for debt nullification for · Engage in rapid rehabilitation of education SMEs, and female-headed households facilities, including WASH infrastructure, which are severely affected. which were damaged, to ensure continua- tion of education. · Introduce insurance schemes for potential future losses of livelihood assets, and build · Create awareness and build the capacity of awareness on protecting income generating students within the already-affected schools sources/business from flooding. to take on possible threats to their lives, and build their preparedness capacity. · Conduct awareness building and training · Put in place guidelines and mechanisms to Medium-to long-term needs: on gender inclusion and Sphere Standards monitor, and report, instances of abuse and for all governmental and non-governmental exploitation. stakeholders, actively engaged in the emer- gency response. · In areas of return, support the establish- ment of children’s clubs/networks in af- · Prepare checklists, and simplified guide- fected communities to continue providing lines in local languages on how to address psychosocial support. gender, children, and social inclusion issues in disaster risk management covering pre- · Facilitate children’s and adolescent’s en- paredness, emergency, response and recov- gagement and participation. ery. · Identify and address child protection issues · Use the forum of National Disaster Coordi- that may arise. nation Committee (NDMCC) for awareness building of DRM stakeholders on gender · Analysis of dis-aggregated data and their Long-term needs: and social inclusion. application as a mandatory element in the · Include gender and social inclusion-relat- National Disaster Management Policy and ed key indicators in the national indicators Plan 2018-2022. of progress of the Sendai Monitor. Identify data requirements to monitor accountabil- · Comprehensive School Safety to be manda- ities for reporting. torily implemented, and be part of all edu- cational activities including pre-schools and · Advocacy with relevant authorities to relo- technical institutes. cate the existing schools and pre-schools in high landslide risk areas, or take appropri- · Develop policies and enact directives for ate mitigation measures to minimize future husband and wife joint ownership of land, landslide risks to ensure the safety of chil- and houses at the times of relocation. dren. · Liaise with the National GBV Forum, Min- · Undertake replacement of lost documents istry of Women and Child Affairs, to raise rapidly to minimize restrictions when it Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  2 0 7  current protection issues, and collaborate to tion of the recovery plan led by the Government support the Disaster Management Minis- in accordance with the ‘Build Back Better’ prin- try in implementing the Policy Framework ciples. The review, monitoring and indicators of and National Action Plan to address SGBV. progress will be aligned with the indicators and Pay specific attention to Ratnapura district, reporting processes of the SDGs, and Sendai where according to Police reports, cases of Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. violence against women is high. · Establish long-term capacity on child-cen- 12.6. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY This chapter utilised both primary and second- tred disaster risk reduction, and establish ary data sources. Published and un-published trained staff capacity on child-friendly camp existing documents were used specifically to management to ensure quick deployment. capture the pre-disaster status. Primary data; both qualitative and quantitate; were gathered through Focus Group Discussions with wom- Recovery and re-construction en and men in the affected districts, guided needs with costs (See table 90) by questionnaires and checklists, interviews with the District and Divisional-level officials 12.5. IMPLEMENTATION in Ratnapura, Matara and Galle districts, and STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY through visits and group discussions at the The Ministry of Disaster Management and the temporary shelters. Additional visits to selected Ministry for Women and Child Affairs will lead locations in Galle and Ratnapura districts were the recovery, in coordination and partnership carried out to gather supplementary informa- with the National Planning Department. UN tion to address data gaps. Primary data was also agencies and partners, international and na- accessed from the gender assessment carried tional NGOs, and development partners and out by OXFAM in selected villages and camps donor agencies, will support the implementa- in Matara and Ratnapura districts. Special dis- cussions on the aftermath of the disaster events held with the media and the private sector also provided qualitative information. Annexures  208  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 90: RECOVERY NEEDS IN GENDER SECTOR Short Term Medium Term Long Term Total Cost # Gender and social inclusion needs (LKR) Mn (LKR) Mn (LKR) Mn (LKR) Mn Provide information; consult and engage women on 1 0.25 0.25 recovery and re-location. Consider establishing temporary shelter management Covered 2 committees engaging affected people, ensuring to X under item 1 include women. above Include the participation of women in the emergency 3 0.5 0.75 1.25 response with a view to make this regular practice. Include female officers in the camp safety management Covered teams. 4 X under item 1 Establish child-friendly spaces (as needed) in long-term above shelter locations. Establish child-friendly spaces (as needed) in long-term 5 0.25 0.25 0.5 shelter locations. Establish women-friendly spaces (as needed) in long- 6 0.25 0.25 0.5 term shelter locations. Ensure adequate camp safety officers are available in the camps, particularly female officers and establish No additional 7 monitoring and reporting mechanisms for children that X X cost required are at-risk or victims of abuse and violence to support with appropriate care and protection services. Support the care giving role of displaced women with Covered 8 adequate requirements (sanitary, clothes and other under relief material) and appropriate friendly spaces. assistance # Short to medium term: Data and information Set up a system in coordination with the National 9 Census and Statistics to collect sex, age and disability 0.05 0.05 0.1 dis- aggregated data. Covered Standardize the data collection formats used for 10 under item 7 baseline, emergency and post-disaster needs. above Build the awareness and capacities of relevant national, 11 district and divisional level officials to collect dis- 0.5 0.5 x 1.0 aggregated data. Conduct gender analysis to inform the recovery 12 0.35 0.5 X 0.85 strategies in all sectors; productive and social. Provide for more recreational activities for children in 13 camps to promote social skills, peer support, team play, 0.5 0.5 1.0 and leadership skills amongst adolescents. In areas of return, establish children’s clubs/networks to continue providing psychosocial support; facilitating 14 child and adolescent engagement and participation, 0.75 0.75 and identifying and addressing child protection issues that may arise. # Housing and relocation Engage affected women in relocation planning No additional 15 discussions. cost required Consult women in housing designs; ensure cooking, 16 latrines and garbage disposal arrangements meet the 0.05 0.05 practical and safety requirements. As a disaster risk-reduction measure, consider home Covered 17 based income generation activities and enterprises in under item housing designs to safeguard future losses. 12 Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  2 0 9  TABLE 90: RECOVERY NEEDS IN GENDER SECTOR # Temporary shelter/safety Costs Include women officers and community representatives included 18 in the discussions for pre- planning emergency shelter under the (through village and divisional-level committees). DRR recovery needs Advocate with NDRSC to include the below procedure and make budget allocation: To be Set up a system to enable access to immediate relief covered 19 items such as sanitary aid and underwear for women under and requirements for infants, using baseline data emergency without awaiting real-time data on the emergency (items relief goods required in the first 24 hours of an emergency). Build the capacity of relevant officials of MoDM, MoWC, Costs District and Divisional Authorities, etc., on SPHERE included minimum standards in emergency and temporary 20 under the shelters and take measures for implementation of DRR recovery minimum standards by introducing relevant policies and needs directives. Implement the existing NCPA Child-Friendly Spaces (CFS) guidelines, child-friendly camp management 21 0.75 0.75 guidelines, and guidelines for volunteers and aid workers working with children. Set up vigilant teams within the community for safety and security with specific functions, build their 22 0.5 0.5 awareness on the key issues related to women’s and children’s safety and security. Deploy Child Protection Officers and trained volunteers who can provide basic psychological first aid for children 23 1.0 1.0 living in the camps and facilitate referrals to more specialized services when required. # Coordination at the district and divisional levels To address considerable gaps of coordination at the local level, and for ensuring gender and social inclusion measures, divisional and district-level officers from varying Ministries (MoDM, MoWC, Child Protection 24 0.15 0.15 Authority, Samurdhi Officers, etc.) to be organized in to a core team to function in planning for early warning, preparedness for response, emergency management and early recovery. Specific attention is drawn to the need for stronger coordination between the NDRSC, DMC, MoWC officials at the divisional and district levels with a view No additional 25 of engaging MoWCA with a stronger role, for more cost required efficiency as well as to address currently existing divisions. Costs Revive and strengthen Village/Grama Niladhari- included level committees for regular floods and landslide 26 under the preparedness, ensuring to include women in community DRR recovery level preparedness, early warning and response. needs # Livelihoods’ recovery and support Assess financial status of women entrepreneurs for potential debt in providing livelihoods assistance and 27 take appropriate action for different groups in providing 0.175 0.175 livelihood recovery assistance, pay specific attention to female headed of households. Instil measures for debt nullification for SMEs, female- 28 headed households which are severely affected: funds to 25 50 75 be allocated. 210  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 90: RECOVERY NEEDS IN GENDER SECTOR Introduce insurance schemes for potential future losses 29 of livelihood assets, build the awareness on protecting 0.05 0.05 0.1 income generation/business from flooding. # Medium to long term Costs Conduct awareness building and training on gender included inclusion and Sphere Standards for all governmental and 30 under the non-governmental stakeholders actively engaged in the DRR recovery emergency response. needs Prepare checklists, simplified guidelines in local languages on how to address gender, children, social 31 5 5 5 15.0 inclusion issues in disaster risk management covering preparedness, emergency, response and recovery. Use the forum of National Disaster Coordination Committee (NDMCC) for awareness building of the DRM stakeholders on gender and social inclusion. 32 0.5 0.5 1.0 Include gender and social inclusion-related key indicators in the national indicators of progress of the Sendai Monitor. Identify data requirements to monitor and accountabilities for reporting. 33.425 61.5 5 99.925 Crosscutting iss ues : G ender and So cial I n cl usion  2 1 1  Annexures Annex 1: PDNA Sector Team and Contributors Housing, Land and Settlements Research Assistants R.M.M.W. Rajapaksha (University of Ruhuna), Gihani Lead Agency Dikwaththa (University of Sri Jayawardanapura) Sampath Mallawarachchi (Director-Planning, Ministry of Housing and Construction), Chaminda Pathiraja (Director, National Disaster Relief Services (NDRSC) Food Security, Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries Co-Lead Agency Lead Agency Aziza Usoof (UN-HABITAT) Dr. W.M. W Weerkoon (Additional Secretary – Development, Ministry of Agriculture), R.K.W Ranketh Kumbura (Department of Export Agriculture), Further Contributors W.M.R.Weerakkodi (Assistant Director, Development Asoka Harischandra (NHDA), W.K.C. Kumarasiri Division, Ministry of Agriculture). (Scientist, NBRO), Anoja Munasinghe (Director- Planning, Ministry of Hill Country New Villages, Infrastructure and Community Development), Co-Lead Agency Savithri Jayakodi (Assistant Director, NDRSC), Renuka Laksiri Nanayakkara (VAM Officer, WFP), Indu Wickramasinghe (NHDA) Abeyrathna (Senior Emergency Officer, WFP/MDM), Upula Amarasinghe (Monitoring and Reporting Officer, FAO) Research Assistants R.M.M.W. Rajapaksha (University of Ruhuna), T.A.S. Nadeeshani (University of Moratuwa), W.W.D. Dakshina Further Contributors (University of Ruhuna), W.A. Isurika Uthpalani S.M.U.G. Saman Kumara (Agricultural and Agrarian Chularathna (University of Colombo) Insurance Board), P.M.A. Niroshan (Ceylon Fishery Harbours Cooperation), Chandana Koddippili (Assistant Director, Agricultural and Agrarian Insurance Education Board), W.H.D.Priyadarshana (Head-Marketing, Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute), Lead Agency A. Sooriarachchi (Agriculture Economist, Department of B.M. Weerasinghe (Ministry of Education), P.A.S.P Agriculture), A.M.U.K.Alahakoon (Director-Statistics, Jayalath (Assistant Director, Ministry of Education) Agriculture and Environment Statistics Division, Department of Census and Statistics), Tharangani Wickramasinghe (Additional Secretary Development Co-Lead Agency Division-Tea, Ministry of Plantations Industries), H.R.M. Shibley (Education Specialist, UNICEF), NuwanMadawan Arachchi (Assistant Director, Disaster Christian Stoff (UNICEF) Management Centre), DR. Manoji Jayathilaka (Ministry of Rural Economics Affairs) Further Contributors Research Assistants Ganga Samarawickrama (Programme Coordinator, W. P. Buddhima Madavi Gunarathna (University of ADPC), Paula Bulencea (UNICEF) Sri Jayawardanapura), W.T.L. Fonseka (University of Ruhuna), W.B. Gayathri Kaushalya (University of Colombo), P.H.D.J. Sahan (University of Ruhuna), Research Assistants Yurajie Chameekari Mahindadasa (University of Sri K. K. Kalpana Sachini Kottawa (University of Colombo), Jayawardanapura) H.H.D. Tharaka (University of Moratuwa), T.A.S. Nadeeshani (University of Moratuwa) Industry/commerce Health Lead Agency Ishani Abeyrathne (Director – Commerce, Research Lead Agency Development, Ministry of Industry & Commerce) Dr H.D.B Herath (National Coordinator), Dr N.W.A.N.Y Wijesekara, Dr Asanka Wedamulla, Dr Janaka Wickramarathne., Dr Thilini Wickramaarachchi (Ministry of Health) Annex 1: PDN A Se ctor Team and Contrib utors  2 1 5  Co-Lead Agency Transport Dr. Buddhika Hapuarachchi (UNDP), Kalana Cooray (Technical Coordinator, UNDP), Ajith D. Perera Lead Agency (Secretary General/ CEO, FCCISL), Dilini Kirtisinghe D.D. Matararachchi (Senior Programme Director, (Assistant Manager-Membership, FCCISL) Planning and Monitoring, Ministry of Higher Education & Highways), Ms. K. A. S. Walpola (Senior Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Local Government) Further Contributors Indrani Sugathadasa (Chairperson, Insurance Board of Sri Lanka), Damayanthi Fernando (Director Co-Lead Agency General-Insurance Board of Sri Lanka), Navaz Suranga Kahandawa (Consultant-World Bank), Janaka Rajabdeen (National Project Director, United Nations Weerawardana (Consultant – World Bank) Industrial Development Organization),Chaminda Weerasinghe (Statistics office, Department of Census and Statistics),C. Rajan (Chambers), Gemunu Wijesena Further Contributors (ILO), K.G.I.D. Koralagedara (Programme Assistant) Kamal Amaraweera (Director, Maintenance & Management – Road Development Authority), S. Opanayake (Director, Expressway Operation, Research Assistants Maintenance & Management Division – Road B.G. Janaka Dilan Ekanayaka (University of Sri Development Authority), Thilakerathna Bandara Jayawardanapura), A.G. Dhanuja Shamantha Sirisena (Additional Secretary – Ministry of Transport and (University of Ruhuna), W. P. Buddhima Madavi Civil Aviation), Niranjalie Perera (National Transport Gunarathna (University of Sri Jayawardanapura, W.B. Commission), P. R. D. Fernando (Road Development Gayathri Kaushalya (University of Colombo) Authority), Mrs. Aloka Karunarathna (Deputy Director- Planning, National Transport Commission) Irrigation Research Assistants Lead Agency Maheshika Adikarinayaka (University of Colombo), Y.M. D.J Meegasthenna (Director-Irrigation, Drainage Kasundika Kumari Bandara (University of Colombo), & Flood System, Department of Irrigation),M.A.S Pubuduni Chandima (University of Ruhuna), Gihani Weerasinghe (Commissioner General, Department Dikwaththa (University of Sri Jayawardanapura) of Agrarian Development ), Prabath Witharana (Chief Engineer, Water Management, Department of Agrarian Development) Water and Sanitation Lead Agencies Co-Lead Agency National Water Supply & Drainage Board and Suranga Kahandawa (World Bank), Upali Delpechitre Department of National Community Water supply. (World Bank), Nihal Fernando (World Bank) Coordinator – Eng. J.M.C.G. Jayasinghe, (Engineer -Northern & Central Region), National Water Supply and Drainage Board. Further Contributors K.A.S Abeysiriwardena (Provincial Director of Irrigation -Southern Province) Mrs. Chitranganie, (provincioal Co-Lead Agencies Director of irrigation, Western Province) Water Supply & Sanitation Improvement Project – Eng. N.U.K. Ranatunga (Project Director) and Eng. Ranjith Fernando (Deputy Project Director) Research Assistants Y.M. Kasundika Kumari Bandara (University of Samantha Wijesundera (Water and Sanitation Specialist Colombo), Chaminie Sudeshika Wanasinghe (University -World Bank Consultant), D.S.D. Jayasiriwardene (Water of Ruhuna), P.P.Ruwanpathirana (University of Supply and Sanitation Specialist) Ruhuna),A.M Pramuditha Mayuramali Karunarathna (University of Colombo) United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS-Sri Lanka) – Nimal Nakawita (Project Manager), Buddhika Kodithuwakku (Senior Project Support officer), Dinoo Wickramasinghe (Project Development, Team Assistant), Nishantha Perera, T.A.D. Amarasekara (UNOPS) 216  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Research Assistants Disaster Risk Reduction Tharaka Nilmani Ariyawansha (University of Colombo), Gihani Dikwaththa (University of Sri Jayawardanapura), Lead Agency Y.M. Kasundika Kumari Bandara (University of Anoja Seneviratne (Director -Mitigation, Research & Colombo) Development, Disaster Management Centre), Savithri Jayakody (Additional Director, NDRSC),I.C Pathiraja (Director,NDRSC), Mr. U.L.W.Chandradasa (UNDP/ Power & Energy DMC) Lead Agency Mr. M.G.A. Gunathilaka (Additional Secretary, Ministry Co-Lead Agency of Power and Renewable Energy), Ms. Anuradhi Perera, W. B. M. R. Buddhi Weerasinghe (Consultant, ADPC), (Assistant Director –Planning, Ministry of Power and Bimali Amarasekara (Technical Specialist, UNDP), Renewable Energy) Madhavi Ariyabandu (Consultant, UNDP), Ganga Samarawickrama (ADPC) Contributors Mr. Mahindha Wijayashantha (Deputy General Further Contributors Manager, Ceylon Electricity Board), Mr. S.S. Kananda Watsala Jayamanna (UNICEF), Thisantha Ameresekere (Deputy General Manager (Southern), Ceylon Electricity (UNOPS), Gothami Chandrarathne (Janathakshan), Board), Mr. R.R Jayarathna (Deputy General Manager M. A. D. D. Chanaka (Red Cross), Paula Bulancea (Sabaragamuwa), Ceylon Electricity Board) (UNICEF), Malith Fernando (Department of Meteorology), Takayuki Nagai (JICA-MDM), Ganga Samarawickrama (ADPC), W.B.M.R. Weerasekara (DCS), Environment Menaka Wijesinghe (Plan International) Lead Agency M. P. D. U. K. Mapa Pathirana (Additional Secretary Research Assistants -Environment Projects & Education Training, Ministry W. P. Buddhima Madavi Gunarathna (University of of Mahaweli Development and Environment), Deepa Sri Jayawardanapura), B. Isuru Nilesh Senarathna Liyanage (Director (International Relations / Education (University of Sri Jayawardanapura), M.G.S. Pasan Training & Research, Ministry of Environment) Aravinda (University of Sri Jayawardanapura) Co-Lead Agency Gender and Social Inclusion Dr.Visaka Hidellage (UNDP) Lead Agency Ms. S.G. Palliyaguruge (Director –Development, Further Contributors Ministry of Women and Child Affairs), K. G. Sumudu Manjula Amararathne (Director-Operations and Dinesha (Ministry of Women and Child Affairs), R. P. Natural Resource Management, Department of Samarakkody (DMC) Wildlife Conservation, Nishantha Edirisinghe (Deputy Conservation of Forest, Forest Department), Nishanthi Perera (UNDP), Hemantha Widanage (Center for Co-Lead Agency Environment Justice), Ana Maria Leal (UNFPA), Madhavi Ariyabandu (UNDP), Sarika Cooray(UNFPA) Research Assistants W.B. Gayathri Kaushalya (University of Colombo), W. Further Contributors P. Buddhima Madavi Gunarathna (University of Sri Watsala Jayamanne and Paula Bulancea (UNICEF), Jayawardanapura) Ganga Samarawickrama (ADPC), Lakmini Jayathilaka (OXFAM) Research Assistant W.B. Gayathri Kaushalya (University of Colombo) Annex 1: PDN A Se ctor Team and Contrib utors  2 1 7  Annex 2 : Terms of Reference Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) Scope The main objectives of the PDNA are to: and Methodology 1. Estimate the overall impact of the May 2017 floods Background and landslides focusing on the 5 affected districts in the Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to natural hazards like country. floods and landslides which represent a significant risk to inhabitation and economics in the region. On May 25 2. Assess the physical impacts of the disaster, in order to and 26, 2017, fifteen (15) districts in Sri Lanka was affected develop a Recovery and Reconstruction strategy (RRS) by incessant heavy rains brought on by the southern presenting the early, medium and long-term recovery and monsoon triggering flooding, landslides and heavy reconstruction strategies, along with costs and a timeline winds. About 879,778 people have been affected in the in one consolidated report, with emphasis on the most aftermath of the disaster, with 219 dead, 154 injured and vulnerable communities. 74 people reported as missing. Overall, 1,162,355 houses were affected, of which 3,008 houses were fully destroyed, 3. Ensure that strategies for recovery integrate concepts while another 74,301 houses were partially damaged. At of disaster risk reduction, including ‘Build Back Better’, the peak of the floods and landslides, 109,890 people were identify the underlying causes for the scale of the damage temporarily relocated to 504 safe locations. According to (noting that land degradation and land use planning, the estimations, at least 150,000 of the total number of or absence thereof, are important factors), and address affected people are women and girls of reproductive age, gender-related and environmental concerns. and over 189,000 children are threatened by the effects of the disaster in the affected districts. Of these districts 4. Provide recommendations for strengthening strategies Galle, Matara, Kalutara, Rathnapura, Kegalle and for flood-risk management and landslides’ management Colombo were the highly-affected districts. in the country. Government Response and 5. Assess the status of the most vulnerable communities; General Coordination those affected by landslides in Sabaragamuwa, and In the immediate aftermath of the flood and landslides Southern and Western Provinces. of May 2017, the Disaster Management Centre, with the support of the Tri Forces and the Police, started search 6. Recommend institutional mechanisms and policy and rescue operations to rescue and evacuate the stranded options to be undertaken in support of the recovery and people and direct them to safety centres established in reconstruction processes that promote long-term disaster the safe areas. The Government’s relief provision effort resilience in the country. was led by the National Disaster Relief Services Centre, under the Ministry of Disaster Management, and was 7. Provide suggestions to help strengthen the capacities fully supported with large quantities of food and non-food of the Ministry of Disaster Management, including the items donated by the general public, various government Disaster Management Centre. and non-state actors including the media. The government has granted LKR 166 million as flood and landslide relief PDNA Deliverables in the form of initial support to the affected districts to be The PDNA report comprised of the following: utilized to meet the immediate relief-related needs of the affected people. • An impact and needs-based assessment for each selected sector (sectors to be decided in consultation with MDM, Request for assistance for the PDNA MNPEA and relevant sector ministries). The Ministry of Disaster Management, Government of Sri Lanka, requested the UN’s support to conduct a PDNA. • A recovery and reconstruction-related strategy for The assessment will be led by the Ministry of Disaster the early-, medium- and long-term needs with guiding Management (MDM) and Ministry of National Policies principles, costs and timelines for each sector. and Economic Affairs (MNPEA), and will be undertaken with the assistance of the European Union, the World • Recommendations for strengthening strategies for Bank, United Nations agencies, and other relevant flood-risk management and landslides’ management in agencies and partners. the country. Objectives of the PDNA The PDNA will be an assessment of the impact of the floods Coordination of the PDNA and landslides in the 5 key affected districts in Sri Lanka The PDNA exercise will be led by the Government of with special focus on the most vulnerable communities. Sri Lanka —by the The Ministry of Policy Planning and Economic Affairs, and the Ministry of Disaster Management. The ministries will be supported by Heads 218  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T of Agencies/Representatives from the United Nations consult with State and Local Government authorities, the (UN), the World Bank (WB) and the European Union public/community’s representatives, NGOs, UN agencies, (EU) to provide overall guidance for the PDNA. A PDNA and other stakeholders, as well as to examine the extent Coordination Team with representatives from the of the damage. The teams will subsequently review the Government and the three partners (UN, World Bank and data provided by the Government to assess the extent EU) will be constituted to provide technical support and and quality of data available. This will be followed by the oversight to the PDNA process. review and analysis of the data by sectoral/core teams to prepare the draft sector reports. Methodology summary 4. Final consultations and report writing: Upon the The PDNA includes the collection of pre-disaster baseline completion of data collection and analysis, the sector-wise data to compare with post-disaster conditions in order teams will write sector-related reports, and consultations to evaluate the disaster’s impact and to determine the with key stakeholders will be held to prioritise recovery- overall recovery strategy. The PDNA does not use a single related strategies and costs. Other details of the work, methodology but a range of analytical methods, tools and like ensuring that cross-cutting issues are addressed and techniques that have been developed and are applied to double counting is avoided will be looked into. Also, the post-disaster assessments and recovery planning by the validation of recovery and reconstruction-related needs UN, EU, and the World Bank, as well as other relevant will happen at this stage. stakeholders, including governments, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. University of 5. Presentation of findings and Final Report dissemination Colombo will be involved in data collection, tabulation, analysis and also in the compilation of the draft document. Time frame for the Assessment As such it combines quantitative data with qualitative The timeframe of the scheduled activities of the PDNA is information and analysis, to assess the impact of the given below. (Table 91). disaster and develop a framework for recovery. The assessment will build on secondary data available from Scope of the Assessment State and Local Governments, and from existing or on-going humanitarian/sectoral assessments which The assessment may cover 5 key districts affected by the can be complemented by primary data, such as the flooding and landslides with special focus on vulnerable rapid humanitarian assessment, and the agricultural groups and may include the following sectors. (Table 92) assessment. Data will be collected by a combination of multi-sector field assessments, desk reviews, aerial reconnaissance, site visits by sector specialists, satellite Management and Coordination arrangements imagery interpretation, and interviews with stakeholders. Coordination structures to be put in place to guide the PDNA exercise include: The assessment will have the following phases: High-level Management Team 1. Planning workshop: This will take place in early July to share and explain templates in particular to the Senior officials of MDM, MPPEA and UN, World Bank all governmental ministries and institutions and UN and EU will: and other stakeholder agencies, who will support the government, so that baseline and damage-data collection • Provide strategic decisions and guidance to the overall is done based on the requirements of the templates. At PDNA processes; this workshop, sector leaders, co-leaders and supporting agencies will be identified and roles and responsibilities • Provide decisions related to resources required for the will be defined. PDNA exercise; 2. Preparatory and Desk Review Phase: To include initial • Act as a link between International Community, GoSL desk reviews to collect baseline information, determining and the core PDNA Coordination team. the scope of the respective sector-wide reviews, identifying information gaps, preparing data-collection Coordination and Sector Team templates, and identifying and rapidly hiring field-data collection consultants. To begin with, desk reviews will be The coordination and Data Management team for the carried out to analyse and compile all available baselines’ PDNA will be established, consisting of: the MNPEA, information for the various sectors, to identify gaps in DMC/MDM as the lead, together with the UN, the EU, the baseline data, and to also identify various data sources for WB and any other relevant partner(s). The function of the the collection of both baseline and damage-related data. coordination team is as follows: 3. Analytical Work and Sector Strategic Reviews: When • Complete the identification of participants for the most of the damage-related data is available, sector- PDNA and confirm availability. wise teams will be mobilised to visit the affected areas to Annex 2  : Terms of R eference  2 1 9  Activity Completion Date TABLE 91: THE TIMEFRAME OF THE SCHEDULED ACTIVITIES OF THE PDNA SN. Activity Dates Meeting at Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs, Ministry of DM and 1 Friday, June 23, Morning relevant Agencies 2 Meeting with Secretary and other officials, Ministry of Disaster Management Friday, June 23, Afternoon Meeting students of University of Colombo to familiarize with the formats –NPD, DMC 3 Tuesday June 27, Morning and identify sector agencies and officials 4 Meeting with NPD, DMC to agree on formats to be used for data collection Tuesday June 27, Afternoon Preparations: University students to familiarize themselves with data collection formats 5 June 28 and 29 and process of data collection Planning workshop for all stakeholders: Additional Secretary of the relevant Ministries, 6 Nominated persons for data collection, UN Agencies, WB, EU, university students and July 3 others; agree on sectors, districts, data collection formats, reporting formats, process 7 Field-data collection July 4 – 10, 2017 2-day workshop for data compilation, analysis and getting ready for presentations – 8 July 11 and 12, Morning Sector Teams, university students 9 Presentation to sector teams/stakeholders for feedback July 12, Afternoon 10 Sector teams start writing the chapters July 13 onwards 11 Preparatory work for presentations/ address comments July 13 Presentations to stakeholders – NPD, Local Government Authorities, Private Sector, 12 July 14th – 31 Media, NGO’s for feedback 13 Development of chapters by sector teams July 17 – 31 14 Compilation, writing the executive summary and develop draft Report 14th – 15th Aug 15 Presentation to the Government/ Stakeholders August 22 220  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 92: INITIAL LIST OF PDNA CONTRIBU TIONS – AGENCIES Sector Lead Agency Co-lead Agency Contributing Agencies Social Sectors NDRSC, NBRO, Ministry of Hill Housing Ministry of Housing and Construction UNHABITAT Country New Villages Health Ministry of Health Education Ministry of Education UNICEF ADPC Productive Sectors Agriculture, Livelihood and Ministry of Agriculture WFP FAO Fisheries Industry and Commerce Ministry of Industry and Commerce UNDP ILO Infrastructure Sectors Irrigation TBC World Bank Ministry of City Planning and Water Water and Sanitation World Bank, UNOPS UNICEF Supply Ministry of Highways and Higher Transport World Bank Education Ministry of Power and Renewable Power Supply Energy Cross Cutting Issues Annex 2  : Terms of R eference  2 2 1  • Collect and compile background data needed for the Reporting Team PDNA (including existing assessment reports, Flash The function of the reporting team is as follows: Appeal, Report, maps, etc.). • Review sector chapters/outputs and provide guidance in • Compile baseline data for the PDNA from the various the compilation of the assessment report. participating Ministries, using the matrices provided previously by the mission. • Ensure that gender and other relevant cross-cutting issues are integrated into all sectors effectively and • Prepare standard field datasheets for each sub-sector comprehensively. team, in consultation with experts, ensuring that gender and other relevant cross-cutting issues are integrated into Develop the executive summary and annexures of the all sectors effectively and comprehensively. final PDNA report. • Facilitate logistical arrangements of mission-related Edit the chapters and ensure that the text of the assessment activities (venue, field trips, etc.). report/recovery framework is consistent, clear, coherent, and grammatically correct. • Provide technical guidance to the assessment, and report to the high-level management team. • Draft the final report for the PDNA. • Organise consultations required for the PDNA developmental process and for the finalisation of the recovery-related strategy. • Facilitate the high-level meeting to present the outcome of the assessment report. 222  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Annex 3: Stakeholders involved TABLE 93: PDNA CONTRIBUTION – AGENCIES Sector Leading Agency Co-Leading Agency Supporting Agency Housing Ministry of Housing & Construction UN-HABITAT NHDA, NBRO, NDRSC Education Ministry of Education UNICEF ADPC Health Ministry of Health Ministry of Plantation Industries, Department of Export Agriculture, Ceylon Agriculture Fishery Harbors Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture WFP, FAO Agricultural & Agrarian Insurance Board, Ministry of Rural Economic Affairs, Department of Agriculture Industry and Commerce Chamber of Commerce, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Insuarence Board of Sri Lanka UNDP and ILO Power Supply Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy Irrigation Department of Irrigation, Depatment World Bank of Agrarian Development Water & Sanitation National Water Supply and drainage World Bank UNOPS board Transport Ministry of Highways and Higher RDA, Ministry of Transport and World Bank Education Civil Aviation Gender Ministry of Women and Child Affairs, UNFPA, UNDP OXFAM, UNICEF DMC Oxfam, ADPC Department Environment Ministry of Mahaweli Development of Wildlife Conservation, UNDP and Environment Forest Department, Centre for Environment Justice DRR DMC, NDRSC ADPC, UNDP UNICEF, UNOPS, Janathakshan Anne x 3: Stakeholders in v olv ed  2 2 3  TA BLE 94: DIS TRICT B REA KDO WN O F DA MAGES AND LOSSES BY SECTOR Non-categorized Sector Galle Hambantota Kalutara Matara Ratnapura Total effects by district   Damages Losses Damages Losses Damages Losses Damages Losses Damages Losses Damages Losses Damages Losses Housing 6,804.55 462.20 650.22 35.21 6,379.58 409.30 9,785.03 738.39 5,427.63 347.44 29,047.01 1,992.54 WASH 126.07 44.35 195.42 1.80 300.99 65.95 359.50 21.79 479.91 9.61 1,461.89 143.50 Health 33.00 - 23.00 28.93 62.70 201.83 147.63 201.83 Agriculture 3,366.52 414.39 106.73 347.07 3,204.30 398.05 2,581.10 826.59 1,034.30 415.02 10,292.95 2,401.12 Industry 532.58 564.00 161.17 23.00 413.44 466.00 903.72 856.00 609.40 316.00 2,620.31 2,225.00 Irrigation 239.30 0.50 391.70 3.00 150.00 26.60 907.30 59.70 126.40 4.80 1,814.70 94.60 Power 31.55 8.00 - 185.36 249.41 178.15 474.31 178.15 Education 1,205.20 212.60 1,205.20 212.60 Annex 4: District Breakdown of Damages and Losses Transport 12,844.60 231.60 12,844.60 231.60 DRR 2,262.46 - 2,262.46 Environment 552.12 - 552.12 Total D&L (LKR) 11,133.57 1,485.44 1,513.24 410.08 10,471.31 1,365.90 14,750.94 2,502.47 7,740.34 1,092.87 14,299.21 3,638.76 59,908.60 10,495.52 District Total Effect 12,619.01 1,923.32 11,837.21 17,253.41 8,833.21 17,937.97 70,404.12 (LKR) 224  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T District Total Effect (US$) 84.13 12.82 78.91 1115.02 58.89 119.59 469.36 Annex 5: Damages and Losses to the Private and Public Sector TABLE 95: SECTOR DAMAGES AND LOSSES BREAKDOWN – PRIVET AND PUBIC Sectors Private (LKR) % Public (LKR) % Other % Total Effect (LKR) Social Sector 29,219,610,000.00 60.68 3,587,190,000.00 16.07 - - 32,806,800,000.00 Housing, Land and Settlements 29,047,010,000.00 60.32 1,992,530,000.00 8.93 - - 31,039,540,000.00 Health and Nutrition - - 349,460,000.00 1.57 - - 349,460,000.00 Education 172,600,000.00 0.36 1,245,200,000.00 5.58 - - 1,417,800,000.00 Productive Sector 17,539,602,499.00 36.42 - - - - 17,539,602,499.00 Food Security, Agriculture, 12,694,070,550.00 26.36 - - - - 12,694,070,550.00 Livestock, Fisheries Industry and commerce 4,845,531,949.00 10.06 - - - - 4,845,531,949.00 Infrastructure Sector 127,400,000.00 17,185,478,696.11 76.99 - - 17,313,338,696.11 Irrigation - 1,909,300,000.00 8.55 - - 1,909,300,000.00 Water and Sanitation - 1,675,378,696.11 7.51 - - 1,675,378,696.11 Transport 127,400,000.00 12,948,800,000.00 58.01 - - 13,076,200,000.00 Power supply - 652,000,000.00 2.92 460,000.00 100.00 652,460,000.00 Cross Cutting Issues 1,266,770,818.05 1.45 1,547,816,876.59 6.93 - 2,814,587,694.64 Environment - 552,123,493.70 2.47 - - 552,123,493.70 Disaster Risk Reduction including 1,266,770,818.05 2.63 995,693,382.89 4.46 - - 2,262,464,200.94 Urban Risks Employment & Livelihood - - - - - - Gender and Social inclusion - - - - - - Total (LKR) 48,153,383,317.05 99.74 22,320,485,572.70 100.00 460,000.00 100.00 70,474,328,889.75 TABLE 96: SECTOR DAMAGE AND LOSSES SUMMARY- PRIVATE AND PUBLIC Sector % Private (LKR) 68.33 Public (LKR) 31.67 Other 0.00 Private 68% Public 32% FIGURE 28: COMPARISON PUBLIC PRIVATE EFFECTS Annex 5: Damages and Losses to the P rivate and Pub li c Se ctor  2 2 5  Annex 6: District Breakdown of Recovery Needs 97: DISTRICT TABLE NEEDS TABLE 97: DISTRICT BREAKDOWN OF RECOVERY BREAKDOWN OF RECOVERY NEEDS BY SECTOR BY SECTOR   Galle Matara Galle Hambantota Matara Hambant       Short Medium Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Housing 461.60 5,028.96 12,917.37 737.31 7,634.72 19,199.87 35.03 514.06 653.48 Housing 461.60 5,028.96 12,917.37 737.31 7,634.72 19,199.87 35.03 514.0 Education Education Health 9.00 148.00 29.00 15.00 21.00 4.00 Health 9.00 148.00 29.00 15.00 21.00 4.00 Agriculture Agriculture Industry Industry Irrigation 59.00 240.00 60.00 1,180.00 3.00 509.00 Irrigation 59.00 240.00 60.00 1,180.00 3.00 509.0 WASH 1.00 137.58 1,705.72 WASH 1.00 1.00 394.34 1,120.98 785.06 214.96 1,120.98 137.58 1,705.72 1.00 394.34 214.9 Transportation 2,374.45 985.25 2,374.45 1,658.31 4,449.07 Transportation 985.25 371.15 4,449.07 174.28 1,658.31 371.15 174.2 Power Power Environment Environment DRR DRR Gender Gender Total (LKR) 2,905.05 6,539.79 Total (LKR) 5,262.38 14,652.09 6,539.79 14,652.09 2,905.0510,888.37 409.18 10,888.37 20,324.85 5,262.38 1,412.3020,324.85 409.18 1,438.54 1,412.3 District Total District Total 24,096.93 Effect (LKR) 24,096.93 36,475.60 36,475.60 3,260.02 Effect (LKR) DIstrict Total DIstrict Total 160.65 Effect (US$) 160.65 243.17 243.17 21.73 Effect (US$) 226  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Non categorized Effects by tota Kaluthara Rathnapuara Total District m Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Long Short Medium Long 06 653.48 407.32 4,809.46 9,953.33 346.36 6,288.51 7,100.82 - 15.00 5,189.90 1,987.62 24,290.71 55,014.76 125.45 1,306.00 84.20 125.45 1,306.00 84.20 21.00 10.00 35.00 126.30 222.00 319.00 2.55 80.00 624.30 257.55 939.00 1,609.89 1,721.00 939.00 1,609.89 1,721.00 5.00 19.00 17.00 5.00 19.00 17.00 00 27.00 195.00 5.00 164.00 154.00 2,288.00 - 96 785.06 1.70 329.22 1,174.49 527.91 1,913.19 3.70 1,604.01 6,699.44 28 1,326.09 690.40 2,006.09 846.76 173.00 34.60 10,699.85 4,389.60 - 554.00 1,566.00 - 554.00 1,566.00 303.00 530.00 303.00 530.00 - 163.50 443.00 778.00 163.50 443.00 778.00 33.43 61.50 5.00 33.43 61.50 5.00 30 1,438.54 1,783.11 6,034.08 11,127.82 2,392.45 7,953.48 9,236.00 1,742.38 4,891.99 9,363.65 14,494.55 37,720.01 66,142.95 3,260.02 18,945.01 19,581.93 15,998.02 118,357.50 21.73 126.30 130.55 106.65 789.05 Annex 6: District Breakdown of R e co v ery N eeds  2 2 7  Annex 7: International Response- Foreign Donations TABLE 98: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE: FOREIGN DONATIONS Emergency Funds Own Budget Agency Name Districts Sectors (LKR)** Cost (LKR)* ACTED Ratnapura Early Recovery, WASH N/A 2,668,913 ADPC   Coordination     ADRA Sri Lanka Galle, Matara, Kalutara Food Security, Shelter and NFI 30,116,400 15,750,000 Alliance Child Protection, Food Security, Health, NFI/ Development Trust Galle, Kalutara, Kegalle Hygeine, WASH 3,300,000.00 221,158.00 (ADT) Americares Kalutara, Ratnapura Health 762350 3049400 Animal Protection, Coordination, Early Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Recovery, Food Security, Health, Hygiene, A-PAD Hambantota, Kalutara, Matara, N/A 34,300,000 Information/Needs Assessment, Search and Ratnapura Rescue, WASH CBM/Navajeevana Hambantota, Matara Education, Health N/A 1,760,250 ChildFund Sri Galle, Education, Protection   20,210,000.00 Lanka Direct Relief   Health     Habitat for Galle, Kalutara Shelter, WASH     Humanity Sri Lanka Handicap Matara Shelter and NFI     International HELVETAS Ratnapura Early Recovery, WASH     Humedica Galle, Matara, Ratnapura Food Security, Shelter and NFI     International Lanka Early Recovery, Emergency Employment ILO Kalutara, Ratnapura   4600500 Creation International Water Colombo, Galle, Hambantota, Management Coordination     Kalutara, Matara, Ratnapura, Institute (IWMI) IOM Matara, Ratnapura Health, Shelter and NFI 0 300,000,000 Islamic Relief – SL Matara, Ratnapura Food Security, Hygiene, Shelter and NFI     Japan Emergency Ratnapura Shelter and NFI     NGO Galle, Hambantota, Education, Food Security, Health, Psycho- LEADS Kalutara, Matara, Ratnapura,     social Support, Shelter and NFI, WASH Trincomalee Education, Food Security, Livelihoods, Early Muslim Aid Kalutara, Matara, Ratnapura   recovery 442,123.17 Oxfam Kalutara, Matara, Ratnapura Protection, WASH, Food Security,     PARCIC Matara Education, Shelter and NFI 33,832,976 1,700,000 Peace Winds Japan Kalutara Shelter and NFI     People in Need Ratnapura Early Recovery, WASH     Plan International Education, Protection, Shelter and NFI, Matara, Ratnapura 99,000,000 89,000,000 Sri Lanka WASH Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Child Protection, Education, Shelter and NFI, Sarvodaya     Kalutara, Matara, Ratnapura WASH Child Protection, Education, Shelter and NFI, Save the Children Galle, Matara     WASH 228  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 98: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE: FOREIGN DONATIONS Emergency Funds Own Budget Agency Name Districts Sectors (LKR)** Cost (LKR)* Sri Lanka Red Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Coordination, Food Security, Health, Search     Cross Kalutara, Matara, Ratnapura and Rescue, Shelter and NFI, WASH Team Rubicon UK Matara, Ratnapura Coordination, Shelter and NFI, WASH   5352470.93 Galle, Hambantota, Kalutara, UNFPA Health, Protection   32937275.25 Matara, Ratnapura UN-Habitat Galle, Kalutara Shelter and NFI 103,511,096.70 0 Galle, Gampaha, Kalutara, Child Protection, Coordination, Education, UNICEF 253,504,476 13,861,417 Matara, Ratnapura Food Security and Nutrition, WASH UNV Colombo, Galle, Ratnapura Coordination, Field Work, Relief     Galle, Kalutara, Matara, WFP Coordination, Food Security 12679562   Ratnapura Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, WHO Hambantota, Kalutara, Health 204,210,450 0 Kegalle, Matara, Ratnapura Galle, Gampaha, Kalutara, Assessment, Child Protection, Coordination, World Vision Lanka Kegalle, Nuwara Eliya, Food Security, Health, Search and Rescue,     Ratnapura Shelter and NFI, WASH Sub Total: 1,043,586,223.70 223,184,594.35 Overall Total: 1,266,770,818.05 UN UN 873,905,585 51,399,192 INGOS 169,680,639 171,785,402 1,043,586,224 223,184,594 Anne x 7: I nternational R esponse- Foreign Donations  2 2 9  Annex 8: Additional information by sector Housing TABLE 99: DEFINITION OF SECTOR (URBAN, ESTATE AND RURAL) Urban Sector All areas administrated by the Municipal and urban councils constitutes the urban sector Estate Sector Estate sector consists of all plantations which are 20 acres or more in extent and with ten or more resident laborers. Rural sector All areas other than urban and estate comprise the rural sector TABLE 100: CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSING UNITS Type of principal material unit Type of housing units Wall Roof Floor Bick/ Cabook/ Cement Blocks/ Tile/ Asbestos/ Concrete/ Cement/ Terrazzo/ Tile/ Stone/ Pressed soil blocks Metal Sheets Granite/ Wood Permanent Mud Tile/ Asbestos/ Metal Sheets Cement Bick/ Cabook/ Cement Blocks/ Tile/ Asbestos/ Metal Sheets Mud Stone/ Pressed soil blocks Bick/ Cabook/ Cement Blocks/ Cajan/ Palmyrah/ Straw/ Metal Cement/ Mud/ Wood Stone/ Pressed soil blocks Sheets Semi-permanent Mud Tile/ Asbestos/ Metal Sheets Mud/ Wood Mud Cajan/ Palmyrah/ Straw Cement/ Mud/ Wood Plank/ Metal Sheets Tile/ Asbestos/ Metal Sheets Cement/ Mud/ Wood Plank/ Metal Sheets Cajan/ Palmyrah/ Straw Cement Cadjan/ Palmyrah/ Straw Any material Any Material Improvised Plank/ Metal Sheets Cajan/ Palmyrah/ Straw Mud/ Wood/ Sand TABLE 101: BASELINE DATA, CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING – 2012 No. of No. of Type of unit No. of % of District households housing rented rented units Permanent Semi-permanent Improvised Unclassified houses houses Kalutara 305737 302371 271953 89.94% 29657 9.81% 760 0.25% 1 0.03% 7937 2.62% Rathnapura 285893 284282 213540 75.12% 70130 24.67% 601 0.21% 11 0.39% 3230 1.14% Galle 273140 271236 238153 87.80% 32094 11.83% 920 0.34% 69 0.03% 3332 1.23% Matara 206790 205153 177754 86.64% 26520 12.93% 787 0.38% 92 0.04% 1794 0.87% Hambantota 156476 155716 131470 84.43% 23956 15.38% 290 0.19% 0 0.00% 1526 0.98%  Total 1228036 1218758 1032870 84.75% 182357 14.96% 3358 0.28% 173 0.01% 17819 1.46% 230  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 102: NUMBER OF HOUSES DAMAGED BY DISTRICT District # of houses damaged   Minor Partial Full Total Kalutara 3548 10842 602 14992 Ratnapura 3315 9030 803 13148 Galle 9898 8990 445 19333 Matara 10398 17288 1015 28701 Hambantota 688 304 143 1135 Total 27847 46454 3008 77309 TABLE 103: COST OF PARTIAL DAMAGES TO HOUSES Partial Damage (LKR Million) District < 500 sq.ft 500-1000 sq.ft. >1000 sq.ft. Total Cost Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost per Cost Kalutara 901 20.39 2496 136.03 0 0.00 1082 51.40 2121 522.96 5514 1916.12 2276 1048.38 3695.27 Ratnapura 599 13.55 3119 169.99 0 0.00 648 30.78 2517 620.60 3902 1355.95 1530 704.76 2895.62 Galle 2588 58.55 1977 107.75 0 0.00 2964 140.79 3116 768.29 6445 2239.64 1798 828.20 4143.22 Matara 4649 105.18 4194 228.57 0 0.00 4132 196.27 3882 957.16 7807 2712.93 3022 1392.01 5592.12 Hambantota 27 0.61 86 4.69 0 0.00 25 1.19 78 19.23 513 178.27 263 121.14 325.13 Total 8764 198.29 11872 647.02 0 0.00 8851 420.42 11714 2888.23 24181 8402.90 8889 4094.50 16651.36 TABLE 104: COST OF FULL DAMAGES TO HOUSES Fully Damaged (LKR Million) District below 500 500-1000 >1000 Total cost Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost per Cost   Kalutara 25 4.53 60 26.16   0.00 10 3.80 75 147.94 345 959.10 87 320.595 1462.12 Ratnapura 123 22.26 256 111.62 0 0.00 39 14.82 139 274.18 197 547.66 49 180.565 1151.10 Galle 80 14.48 104 45.34 0 0.00 25 9.50 36 71.01 134 372.52 66 243.21 756.06 Matara 264 47.78 153 66.71 0 0.00 91 34.58 119 234.73 299 831.22 89 327.965 1542.98 Hambantota 22 3.98 70 30.52 0 0.00 8 3.04 10 19.73 24 66.72 9 33.165 157.15 Total 514 93.03 643 280.35 0 0.00 173 65.74 379 747.58 999 2777.22 300 1105.5 5069.42 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 3 1  TABLE 105: DAMAGE TO HOUSEHOLD EFFECTS Damage to Household Effects (LKR Million) Total Improvised Semi-permanent Permanent Cost District <500 Cost 500-1000 Cost <500 Cost 500-1000 Cost 500-1000 Cost >1000 Cost Kalutara 926 6.95 1092 24.57 2556 95.85 2196 142.74 5859 952.09 2363 590.75 1222.19 Ratnapura 722 5.42 687 15.46 3375 126.56 2656 172.64 4099 666.09 1579 394.75 1380.91 Galle 2668 20.01 2989 67.25 2081 78.04 3152 204.88 6579 1069.09 1864 466.00 1905.27 Matara 4913 36.85 4223 95.02 4347 163.01 4001 260.07 8106 1317.23 3111 777.75 2649.92 Hambantota 49 0.37 33 0.74 156 5.85 88 5.72 537 87.26 272 68.00 167.94   9278 69.59 9024 203.04 12515 469.31 12093 786.05 25180 4091.75 9189 2297.25 7326.23 Summary of damages Type of damage Cost (LKR.Million) Partial damage 16651.36 Fully damaged 5069.42 Housing damage 21720.78 household effects 7326.23 Total damages 29,047.01 TABLE 106: TOTAL LOSSES IN HOUSING District Kalutara Ratnapura Galle Matara Hambantota Total Estimated # of rented houses 16 9 5 9 1 40 Rental loss 1.92 1.08 0.6 1.08 0.12 4.8 # of tents 380 220 32 640 200 1472 Cost of tents 22.8 13.2 1.92 38.4 12 88.32 Transitional shelters 120 161 89 203 28 601 Cost 18.06 24.09 13.35 30.45 4.26 90.21 Emergency shelter repairs 7195 6173 9444 13843 152 36807 Cost 107.93 92.6 141.66 207.65 2.28 552.11 # partially damaged 14390 12345 18888 27686 992 74301 Cost 71.95 61.73 94.44 138.43 4.96 371.51 Debris clearence # fully damaged 567 753 444 1001 143 2908 Cost 8.51 11.3 6.66 15.015 2.15 43.62 Emergency # of households 14987 8479 19333 29262 830 72891 allowance Cost 149.87 84.79 193.33 292.62 8.3 728.91 # of households 883 1954 455 602 24 3918 Rent allowance Cost 19.87 43.97 10.24 13.55 0.54 88.16 Camp care and # of families in camps 112 196 0 16 8 332 maintenance Cost 8.4 14.7 0 1.2 0.6 24.9 Total cost 409.3 347.44 462.2 738.39 35.21 1992.53 232  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TA BLE 107: T OTAL RECO VE RY NE EDS FO R HOUSING Early recovery needs (LKR Million) Type of Assistance Emergency Rent allowance Camp care and Debris clearence allowance (NDRSC) (NDRSC) maintenance District Total cost # of tents (NDRSC) Cost of tents Transitional shelters Cost Emergency shelter repairs  Cost # partially damaged Cost # fully damaged Cost # of households Cost # of households Cost # of camps Cost Kalutara 380 22.8 120 18 7195 107.93 14390 71.95 567 8.51 14987 149.87 883 19.87 112 8.40 407.32 Ratnapura 220 13.2 161 24.09 6173 92.60 12345 61.73 753 11.30 8479 84.79 1954 43.97 196 14.70 346.36 Galle 32 1.92 89 13.35 9444 141.66 18888 94.44 444 6.66 19333 193.33 455 10.24 0 0 461.60 Matara 640 38.4 203 30.45 13843 207.65 27686 138.43 1001 15.015 29262 292.62 602 13.55 16 1.20 737.31 Hambantota 200 12 28 4.2 152 2.28 992 4.96 143 2.15 830 8.3 24 0.54 8 0.60 35.03 Total 1472 88.32 601 90.09 36807 552.11 74301 371.51 2908 43.62 72891 728.91 3918 88.16 332 24.90 1987.61 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 3 3  TABLE 108: MEDIUM-TERM RECOVERY NEEDS Medium Term (LKR Million)- proposed reconstruction strategy Flood Landslide       # of landslide affected and # of fully damaged houses Cost of repairs for partial Cost of reconstruction of Cost of reconstruction of Land grant for relocation # of partially damaged Total construction cost Technical Land preparation cost fully damaged houses support and District monitoring (6% high-risk houses of construction cost) damage houses houses Kalutara 14390 2878.00 567 453.60 504 604.80 3936.40 201.60 60.48 236.18 Ratnapura 12345 2469.00 753 602.40 1509 1810.80 4882.20 603.60 181.08 292.93 Galle 18888 3777.60 444 355.20 92 110.40 4243.20 36.80 11.04 254.59 Matara 27686 5537.20 1001 800.80 111 133.20 6471.20 44.40 13.32 388.27 Hambantota 992 198.40 143 114.40 86 103.20 416.00 34.40 10.32 24.96 Total 74301 14860.20 2908 2326.40 2302 2762.40 19949.00 920.80 276.24 1196.94 TABLE 109: TOTAL RECONSTRUCTION COST Activity LKR Million Improvements to housing assessment and data collection system 15.00 Total Housing construction cost 19949.00 Land grant 920.80 Land preparation cost 276.24 Technical support costs 1196.94 Replacement cost of household assets 1932.73 Total Reconstruction cost 24290.71 TABLE 110: DISTRICT-WISE DAMAGES Fully Damaged (LKR Million) Total District below 500 500-1000 >1000 cost Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost per Cost   Kalutara 25 20.00 60 48.00   0 10 8.00 75 229.35 345 1055.01 87 352.6545 1713.01 Ratnapura 123 98.40 256 204.80 0 0 39 31.20 139 425.06 197 602.43 49 198.6215 1560.51 Galle 80 64.00 104 83.20 0 0 25 20.00 36 110.09 134 409.77 66 267.531 954.59 Matara 264 211.20 153 122.40 0 0 91 72.80 119 363.90 299 914.34 89 360.7615 2045.41 Hambantota 22 17.60 70 56.00 0 0 8 6.40 10 30.58 24 73.39 9 36.4815 220.45 Total 514 411.20 643 514.40 0 0 173 138.40 379 1158.98 999 3054.94 300 1216.05 6493.97 234  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TAB LE 111: RECONST RUCT ION NEEDS Reconstruction Needs – Actual Cost Estimate (LKR Million) Minor Damage (LKR Million) <500 sq.ft. 500-1000 sq.ft. >1000 sq.ft. Total cost District Imp Cost semi Cost per Cost imp Cost semi Cost per Cost per Cost   Kalutara 901 720.80 2496 1523.56 0 0 1082 865.60 2121 2091.84 5514 3832.23 2276 2096.77 11130.79 Ratnapura 599 479.20 3119 1903.84 0 0 648 518.40 2517 2482.39 3902 2711.89 1530 1409.51 9505.23 Galle 2588 2070.40 1977 1206.76 0 0 2964 2371.20 3116 3073.16 6445 4479.28 1798 1656.41 14857.20 Matara 4649 3719.20 4194 2560.02 0 0 4132 3305.60 3882 3828.62 7807 5425.87 3022 2784.02 21623.32 Hambantota 27 21.60 86 52.49 0 0 25 20.00 78 76.93 513 356.54 263 242.29 769.85 Total 8764 7011.20 11872 7246.67 0 0 8851 7080.80 11714 11552.93 24181 16805.80 8889 8188.99 57886.39 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 3 5  TABLE 112: RESETTLEMENT COST FOR LANDSLIDE AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS District No. of relocation plots Cost of land Land preparation cost 30% Kalutara 504 201.6 60.48 Ratnapura 1509 603.6 181.08 Galle 92 36.8 11.04 Matara 111 44.4 13.32 Hambantota 86 34.4 10.32 Total 2302 920.8 276.24 TABLE 113: ACTUAL RECONSTRUCTION COSTS Actual Recontruction Costs (Medium Term)   Activity Cost (LKR.Million) Minor damage (Flood affected) 57886.39 Fully damaged (Flood affected) 6493.97 Construction cost (flood damaged) 64380.36 Land grant (Landslide affected) 920.80 Land prepration cost (landslide affected) 276.24 Construction of 1861 housing units from high risk locations (not damaged in the disaster) (landslide 2233.2 affected) Construction cost (Landslide affected) 3430.24 Total construction cost 67810.60 Technical support cost 6% of total construction cost 4068.64 household effects 7326.23 Total Housing reconstruction needs 79205.47 TABLE 114: HOUSING RECOVERY NEEDS Distribution of Housing Recovery needs by timeline Total medium-term housing reconstruction needs 24290.71 Long term housing reconstruction needs 54914.76 Early recovery needs 1987.61   81193.08 TABLE 115: LONG-TERM RECOVERY NEEDS Long term Needs (LKR Millions) Activity Cost (LKR Mn) Multi-hazard risk mapping for Western, Central, Uva, Sabaragamuwa and Southern Provinces 50 Development of physical and land use plans incorporating hazard maps and Climate Change 20 adaptation measures Improving regulatory system for enforcement of building regulations as per the physical and 10 land-use plans Mainstreaming DRR and Climate change adaptation measures into the construction industry 20 Long term housing reconstruction needs 54,914.76 Total 55014.76 236  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 116: VALUE OF HOUSING Improvised Housing Semi-Permanent Housing Permanent Housing <500ft2 B/W 500 and 1000 <500ft2 B/W 500 and 1000 ft2 B/W 500 and 1000 ft2 > 1000 ft2 ft2 kitchen 1,000 kitchen 2,500 kitchen 3,000 kitchen 3,000 kitchen 10,000 kitchen 15,000 utensils utensils utensils utensils utensils utensils 1 plastic 1,500 1 plastic 1,500 1 plastic 1,500 1 plastic 1,500 wooden 55,000 wooden 55,000 table table table table furniture furniture 4 plastic 5,000 6 plastic 7,500 4 plastic 5,000 6 plastic 7,500 3 single 30,000 2 single 15,000 chairs chairs chairs chairs beds beds 2 2,000 3 3,000 2 single 15,000 3 single beds 22,500 radio/cd 5,000 1 double 22,000 mattresses mattresses beds player bed radio 750 radio 750 2 mattresses 2,000 3 mattresses 4,000 TV 30,000 radio/CD 5,000 player cooker 1,500 cooker 1,500 radio 1,500 radio 1,500 gas cooker 4,000 TV 30,000 storage 1,000 storage 2,500 TV 20,000 TV 20,000 gas sylinder 2,500 gas cooker 4,000 others 2,250 TV 20,000 gas cooker 4,000 gas cooker 4,000 iron 1,500 gas sylinder 2,500 TOTAL 15,000 kitchen 2,000 gas sylinder 2,500 gas sylinder 2,500 kitchen 24,000 iron 1,500 table cupboards   others 3,750 iron 1,500 iron 1,500 clothes rack 1,500 kitchen 25,000 cupboards   TOTAL 45,000 coffee table 1,000 coffee table 1,500 2 wardrobes 30,000 clothes rack 1,500     storage 2,500 storage (excl 2,000 cabinet 20,000 3 wardrobes 45,000 kitchen)     clothes rack 1,000 clothes rack 1,000 refrigerator 50,000 cabinet 20,000     kitchen table 2,000 kitchen table 5,000 pedestal 22,500 refrigerator 50,000 and storage fans     pedestal 7,500 2 pedestal 15,000 study table 10,000 fans/AC 50,000 fans fans and chair     others 5,000 refrigerator 30,000 dressing 10,000 study table 10,000 table and chair     TOTAL 75,000 others 7,500 outdoor 10,000 dressing 18,000 furniture tables       TOTAL 130,000 others 9,000 outdoor 10,000 furniture         TOTAL 325,000 PC 50,000           telephone 13,500 line           washing 45,000 machine           others 12,000           TOTAL 500,000 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 3 7  Education TABLE 117: GRADE ONE NEW ADMISSIONS BY GENDER & WITH ECCE – 2015 Grade One New Admissions by Gender & with ECCE – 2015 Grade 1 new Admissions Grade 1 with ECCE Province District Male Female Total Male Female Total Colombo 13,992 13,511 27,503 13,529 13,233 26,762 Gampaha 14,555 14,536 29,091 14,230 14,258 28,488 Western Kalutara 9,296 8,989 18,285 8,934 8,444 17,378 Total 37,843 37,036 74,879 36,693 35,935 72,628 Kandy 10,884 11,015 21,899 9,943 10,261 20,204 Matale 4,447 4,248 8,695 4,200 4,077 8,277 Central Nuwaraeliya 6,804 6,554 13,358 5,904 5,792 11,696 Total 22,135 21,817 43,952 20,047 20,130 40,177 Galle 8,933 8,642 17,575 8,772 8,182 16,954 Hambantota 5,775 5,616 11,391 5,576 5,429 11,005 Southern Matara 6,888 6,283 13,171 6,533 5,954 12,487 Total 21,596 20,541 42,137 20,881 19,565 40,446 Jaffna 3,975 3,865 7,840 3,844 3,742 7,586 Kilinochchi 1,190 1,174 2,364 1,153 1,131 2,284 Mannar 998 948 1,946 976 928 1,904 Northern Mullativu 1,107 1,097 2,204 1,098 1,092 2,190 Vavuniya 1,485 1,376 2,861 1,391 1,319 2,710 Total 8,755 8,460 17,215 8,462 8,212 16,674 Ampara 6,814 6,682 13,496 6,375 6,209 12,584 Batticaloa 5,083 5,022 10,105 4,734 4,687 9,421 Eastern Trincomalee 4,354 4,113 8,467 4,158 3,997 8,155 Total 16,251 15,817 32,068 15,267 14,893 30,160 Kurunegala 14,125 13,635 27,760 13,853 13,437 27,290 North Western Puttlam 7,377 6,936 14,313 6,951 6,581 13,532 Total 21,502 20,571 42,073 20,804 20,018 40,822 Anuradapura 8,817 8,693 17,510 8,571 8,431 17,002 North Central Polonnaruwa 3,963 3,850 7,813 3,766 3,652 7,418 Total 12,780 12,543 25,323 12,337 12,083 24,420 Badulla 7,318 7,341 14,659 6,738 6,735 13,473 Uva Monaragala 4,607 4,395 9,002 4,358 4,141 8,499 Total 11,925 11,736 23,661 11,096 10,876 21,972 Kegalle 6,701 6,605 13,306 6,278 6,247 12,525 Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura 9,127 9,096 18,223 8,296 8,265 16,561 Total 15,828 15,701 31,529 14,574 14,512 29,086 Sri Lanka 168,615 164,222 332,837 160,161 156,224 316,385 238  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 118: GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS BY FUNCTIONAL GRADE- 2015 Province District 1AB 1C Type 2 Type 3 Total Colombo 78 79 149 100 406 Gampaha 66 106 187 177 536 Kalutara 49 67 161 140 417 Total 193 252 497 417 1,359 Kandy 60 161 217 211 649 Matale 21 67 98 136 322 Central Nuwaraeliya 34 89 152 273 548 Total 115 317 467 620 1,519 Galle 67 70 118 175 430 Hambantota 38 65 129 87 319 Southern Matara 45 71 131 117 364 Total 150 206 378 379 1,113 Jaffna 47 44 149 199 439 Kilinochchi 12 14 37 41 104 Mannar 15 20 29 69 133 Northern Mullativu 13 9 41 60 123 Vavuniya 11 22 46 102 181 Total 98 109 302 471 980 Ampara 36 67 150 183 436 Batticaloa 34 50 106 165 355 Eastern Trincomalee 24 59 100 129 312 Total 94 176 356 477 1,103 Kurunegala 75 184 316 308 883 North Western Puttlam 33 72 160 101 366 Total 108 256 476 409 1,249 Anuradhapura 37 96 176 248 557 North Central Polonnaruwa 24 33 59 131 247 Total 61 129 235 379 804 Badulla 45 133 195 225 598 Uva Monaragala 32 49 120 93 294 Total 77 182 315 318 892 Kegalle 49 90 188 206 533 Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura 59 84 248 201 592 Total 108 174 436 407 1,125 Sri Lanka 1,004 1,801 3,462 3,877 10,144 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 3 9  TABLE 119: GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS BY FUNCTIONAL GRADE – 2015 Province District 1AB 1C Type 2 Type 3 Total Colombo 78 79 149 100 406 Gampaha 66 106 187 177 536 Kalutara 49 67 161 140 417 Total 193 252 497 417 1,359 Kandy 60 161 217 211 649 Matale 21 67 98 136 322 Central Nuwaraeliya 34 89 152 273 548 Total 115 317 467 620 1,519 Galle 67 70 118 175 430 Hambantota 38 65 129 87 319 Southern Matara 45 71 131 117 364 Total 150 206 378 379 1,113 Jaffna 47 44 149 199 439 Kilinochchi 12 14 37 41 104 Mannar 15 20 29 69 133 Northern Mullativu 13 9 41 60 123 Vavuniya 11 22 46 102 181 Total 98 109 302 471 980 Ampara 36 67 150 183 436 Batticaloa 34 50 106 165 355 Eastern Trincomalee 24 59 100 129 312 Total 94 176 356 477 1,103 Kurunegala 75 184 316 308 883 North Western Puttlam 33 72 160 101 366 Total 108 256 476 409 1,249 Anuradhapura 37 96 176 248 557 North Central Polonnaruwa 24 33 59 131 247 Total 61 129 235 379 804 Badulla 45 133 195 225 598 Uva Monaragala 32 49 120 93 294 Total 77 182 315 318 892 Kegalle 49 90 188 206 533 Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura 59 84 248 201 592 Total 108 174 436 407 1,125 Sri Lanka 1,004 1,801 3,462 3,877 10,144 TABLE 120: DISTRICT SCHOOLS USED AS TEMPORARY SHELTERS District Number of schools being used as temporary shelters Kalutara 11 Galle 2 Matara 7 Rathnapura 26 Hambantota 3  Total 49 240  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 121: NUMBER OF AFFECTED CENTRES Number of Affected Centres District Technical Vocational Training National Youth Corp Nat: You: Services Recovery Cost (LKR.   colleges Authority Centre Centres Council Centres Mn) Kalutara 0 0 1 0 0.02 Galle 0 1 2 0 16.51 Matara 1 1 1 1 7.88 Hambantota 0 1 0 0 0.07 Ratnapura 0 0 1 0 0.1 Total 1 3 5 1 24.58 TABLE 122: DETAILED BUDGET   Sub. Total Activity Total Resumption of education services - Provision of uniform, textbooks and teaching-learning materials: 12500 school students at the rtae of LKR.1200 per child (uniform: LKR. 800/- and LKR. 15,000,000 400 for text books and stationery). Provistion for lost furniture 336 schools × 50 units (tables and chairs) at LKR. 3000 per unit 50,400,000 Repairs to damged pre-schools and replacement of lost furniture and learning materials The cost of repairs to 382 damaged pre-schools and replacement of lost furniture and 33,950,250 learning materials were calculated at the rate of LKR. 88,875 for each pre-school. Devise a mechanism to closely follow up on school dropout Cost of a local consultant to work with NFE unit of MOE to devlop necessary tools and capacity buiding. LKR. 400,000 per month for 12 months 4,800,000 2 workshops at the rate of 100,000/- each 200,000 5,000,000 Provision for lost equipment The cost of equipment belong to science labs, home science units, aesthetic rooms, sports unit and audio video units have been calculated at the rate of LKR.2 million for fully dmaged units and LKR.1.5 million for partly damaged units except for fully dmaged computer unit at LKR. 2.5 million. Computer Lab: 11FD × 3.1 million and 24 PD X 1.9 million 79,700,000 Science lab: 15FD × 2.5 million and 6PD × 1.9 million 48,900,000 Home Science Lab: 6FD × 2 million and 8PD × 1.5 million 30,200,000 Aesthetic Room: 12FD × 2million and 9PD × 1.5 million 47,100,000 Sports units: 6FD × 2 million and 6 PD × 1.5 million. 24,000,000 Audio Video units: 3FD × 2 million and 7PD × 1.5 million 20,800,000 Agricultural Unit 8 × 1 million 8,000,000 258,700,000 Reconstruction of partially damaged school buildings 336 partially damaged schools have been calculated at the rate of LKR. 1.07 million per 361,536,000 school. Construction of schools recommended for relocation and fully damaged schools. Cost of reconstruction of 66 new school buidings has been calculated at the rate of LKR. 660,000,000 10 milion per school. Repaires to technical, vocational and youth service centres Reapirs to 1 damaged Technical College, 3 Vocational Training Authority Centres, 5 National Youth Co-operative Centres and 1 National Youth Services Council Centres. 24,580,000 The damage was estimated on the basis of information provided by the Ministry of skills development and vocational training. No breakdown was given. Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 4 1  TABLE 122: DETAILED BUDGET Continuation   Sub. Total Activity Total Provide psychosocial support to affected students and families. Training of 5 persons from each 336 pre-schools and 382 schools Training of teachers and committee members (400 training sessions) at LKR. 35,000 per session 14,000,000 Implemenation support to affected pre-schools and schools at LKR.10,500 per schhol. 7,539,000 Implemenation support to affected pre-schools and schools at LKR.2000 per schho0l in medium 1,436,000 term Implemenation support to affected pre-schools and schools at LKR.2000 per schhool in long 1,436,000 24,411,000 term Review of existing curriculum and textbooks with DRR and resilience perspective. 1 consultant for 6 months at LKR. 400,000 per month. 2,400,000 Promote DRR related outdoor action orieted project work for primary, secondary and A/L students Develop Teacher Guide: 4 workshops at LKR. 55,000 per workshop 220,000 Printing of 25000 Teacher Guides at LKR. 250 per copy 6,250,000 Development of story books: 10 workshops at LKR. 50,000 per workshop 500,000 Printing of 10,000 copies of story books at LKR. 250 per copy 2,500,000 Printing of 8000 posters at LKR. 15 each 120,000 9,590,000 Strengthen disaster preparedness and response at the school and community level through school-based/community based DRM training and planning Training workshops: provincial, zonal level: 1 workshop at 172 zones for emegency focal points 8,600,000 at LKR. 50,000 per workshop Improving existing policies, guidelines and systems for better safety and DRR preparedness in schools. An International consultancy will be saught for 45 days at the rate of US$ 300 a day (US$ 1,957,500 13,500) Perdiem: US$ 3500 507,500 Transport: US$ 1500 217,500 Total: US$ 18500 2,682,500 Undertake school vulnerability mapping for all types of hazards and collate them in a central data base or link it with EMIS system Cost for mapping of 10,161 schools at LKR. 5,500 per school 55,885,500 Development of a software 1,500,000   57,385,500 Develop an emegency response mechnism at MOE along with a national data base to track damages and loss in a case of an emeregency Development of data collection tools, 3 workshops at LKR. 50,000 per day 150,000 Develop of a guidebook on emegency response in education, printing and dissemination: 5 525,000 workshops at LKR. 45,000 each and printing of 1000 copies at LKR. 200 each. Capacity buiding workshops for emeregency focal points: 4 workshops at LKR. 50,000 per 200,000 workshop Provision of hardware: 9 copmputers and printers at LKR. 175,000 per unit 1,575,000 2,450,000 Total 1,516,685,250 242  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 123: DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE LKR Assumption       Disaster effects million   Comments   Public Private Total Damages to     infrastructure and assets Costs of fully damaged 62 school buildings have been The cost of damage is calculated at LKR. 620 0 620 schools fully damaged 10 million per fully damaged school. 248 schools have been partly The damage is calculated on the basis of Costs of partly damaged damged to the floors, roof, information gathered from information 171.50 76.4 247.9 schools wallls, fencing and water and provided by schools and pre-schools sanitation facilities Furniture used by students, The damage is calculated on the basis of Costs of damage to teachers and officers has been information gathered from information 40.32 57.3 97.6 school furniture damaged in all 336 effected provided by schools and pre-schools. schools. Equipment belong to computer lab, science lab, home science unit, aesthetic The damage is calculated on the basis of Cost of damage to room, sports unit and audio information gathered from information equipment video units have been provided by schools damaged as water levels went up in the schools Computer lab     63.5 63.5 Science Lab     39 39 Home Science Unit     24 24 Aesthetic Room     37.5 37.5 Sports     21 21 Audio video     16.5 16.5 The damage is calculated at the rate of LKR. 20,000 per damaged pre-school Damages to 382 pre-schools, Costs of damage to pre- building, LKR. 15,000 for furniture, furniture and learning 0 23.6 23.6 schools LKR.750 per uniform set and LKR. 600 for materials books and stationary per child for 7640 students Damages to 3 Technical Colleges, 3 Vocational Calculated on the basis of information Cost of damage to Training Authority Centres, 5 provided by the Ministry of skills technical, Vocational and 14.6 14.6 National Youth Co-operative development and vocational training Youth Centres Centres and 1 National Youth (NPD report) Services Council Centres Loss due to disruption in service delivery /     Production of goods and services: All 336 effected schools had to clean up the schools’ Cost of debris removal is calculated at Cost of cleaning up/ environment removing the rate of LKR. 60,000 per affected 20 5 25 debris removal the debris, mud and silts school. collected at the school premises 49 schools were used as IDP camps during the first two The costs of repairs were calculated at Cost of repairs to schools weeks of the flooding and LKR. 1.2 million per schools used as IDP 58.8 0 58.8 being used as IDP camps hence needed minor repairs camps. to make it ready to beging normal school activities. Cost of erecting 3 no of temporary learning The costs of erecting a TLC has been Temporary Learning centres were erected in 3 calculated at LKR.1.5 million. per 4.5 0 4.5 Centers at schools schools in Ratnepura district building. Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 4 3  TABLE 123: DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE Continuation LKR Assumption       Disaster effects million   Comments   Public Private Total Ministry of Education took Cost of unifrom, text 74000 school students at the rtae of immediate measures to books and stationary and LKR.1200 per child (uniform: LKR. replace lost uniform, text 88.8 10.3 99.1 other materils delived to 800/- and LKR. 400 for text books and books and stationery for affected students. stationery). students in effected schools Loss due to disruption in     education governance. Cost of additional     0 0 0 manpower deployed Loss due to Increasing     risk and vulnerability Cost connected to prevention of water Cleaning drainage system, The cost of cleaning the drainage system borne diseases such as schools’ grounds and repairs is calculated at LKR.7500 per affected 25.2 0 25.2 dengue and diarrrohea to WASH facilities school. through cleaning the schools environment TOTAL     1245.2 172.6 1417.8 TABLE 124: AFFECTED SCHOOLS BY FUNCTIONAL GRADE AND EDUCATIONAL ZONE S OU R C E: MIN I S T RY O F E DUC AT I O N District Educational Zones AB1 C1 Type 2 Type 3 Galle 0 1 0 1 Galle District Udugama 0 6 2 3 Elpitiya 2 0 1 1 Total 2 7 3 5 Matara 3 5 5 2 Akuressa 5 8 10 6 Matara District Deniyaya 1 5 10 6 Mulatiyana 5 2 16 5 Total 14 20 41 19 Tangalle 2 1 4 0 Hambantota District Walasmulla 2 2 3 3 Hambantota 2 0 1 0 Total 6 3 8 3 Kaluthara         Horana         Kaluthara Mathugama         Total 13 24 62 30 Rathnapura         Niwithigala         Rathnapura Balangoda         Embilipitiya         Total       76 TABLE 125: NUMBER OF AFFECTED PRESCHOOLS District Number of Affected Preschools Number of preschools Recovery Cost (LKR.Mn) Kalutara Galle 59 4.9 Matara 118 11 Hmabantota 2 0.1 Ratnapura 113 13.45 Total 382 33.95 244  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 4 5  Galle Matara Kaluthara District Rathnapura Hambantota Total Number of Affected Schools 136 94 18 17 71 Roof 64 14 20 5 41 Wall 5 5 6 1 10 Floor 2   1 1 2 Building 17 18 2 6 21 Play Ground 1 1   1 9 Structural Damages TABL E 126: NUMB ER OF AFFECTED SCHOOLS Retention Wall 17 11 2 5 15 Other (Gate, Doors) 2   2   5 Books   9 3 1 12 Furniture   8 3 5 16 Other stationary     2   10 Water Supply 4 5   1 13 Drainage 1   1 1 4 Supply and Materials Electricity 3 1 1 1 5 Toilet Unit 6 1 3 1 15 Fully Damage 1 4   4 2 Lab Partially Damage   7 2 Computer   15 Fully Damage   8 1 2 4 Lab Science Partially Damage   1 1 2 2 Fully Damage   3   1 2 Lab Home Science Partially Damage   3     5 Fully Damage   4   2 6 Room Equipment Partially Damage Aesthetic   2     7 Fully Damage   2   1 3 Sports Partially Damage   1     5 Fully Damage 1       2 Video Audio Partially Damage         7 Agricultural equipment     1   4 Increasing Risk 5 26 5   25 Health Description of damage and suggested actions by health institution TABLE 127: AFFECTED HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN RATHNAPURA DISTRICT (AYAGAMA AND BALANGODA) Name of Damage Occurred Type of Damage Approximate MOH Area the affected 1)Building Structurar 1)Fully Suggested ActAion Value Institution 2)Equipment Furniture 2)Partually (LKR mn) Hospital relocated due to Relocation to a new No structural damage. landslide risk. venue. Eminent risk of Access roads blocked due to landslides to hospital a). Spot lampe-02 landslides. building & staff quarters. Relocated to “Pradeshiya NBRO Report pending. b). Pulse oximeter-01 Saba” building I.No sanitation facilities to c). Defibrilator-01 Ayagama DH- Ayagama Patients & staff II.Mortuary furniture at library d). Infusion pump-02 300M building III.Drug stores. Dressing room e). Infant resuscitation operational and inward in the table-01 same building. Decision on relocation IV.No proper way to dispose of hospital to be taken clinical and solid waste. when NBRO report available. 1.Relocated to Ayurvedic hospital building due to *NBRO report on landslide risk at the current landslide risk pending. location. 2.Landslide in the adjoin area *New location for previous history of landslide in relocation has been the adjoining area. identified. 3.A water channel running through hospital premises. 4. Thought to increase risk of Balangoda DH-Rassagala landslide in the area. 5. Walls in the ETU, admin and building OPD are cracked. 6. New cracks appeared 50M A land adjoining the recently in the OPD building Ayurvedic hospital are extending. building which belongs 7. Relocated venue has limited to estate. space(upstairs) 8. Dressings are being done at the kitchen of the ayurvedic hospital OPD. Dental surgery, Drug stores at the same building. 9.No Patient waiting area. 246  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 128: AFFECTED HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN RATHNAPURA DISTRICT (PALMADULLA,NIVITHIGALA,KURUWITA,KALAWANA AND KIRIELLA) Name of Damage Occurred Type of Damage Approximate Suggested MOH Area the affected 1)Building Structurar 1)Fully Value (LKR ActAion Institution 2)Equipment Furniture 2)Partually mn) Temporary closed due MCH Clinic- to landslide risk. Very Palmadulla old building. Structurally Needs unstable. Eminent relocation 2M landslide risk in the No equipment damage. Palmadulla MCH Clinic- All records destroyed. Possible Need resupply Hakamuwa Inundated damage to baby scales delivary of equipment 2M sets. BP Apparatus & furniture MCH Clinic- Inundated 4M Narangoda All records destroyed. Possible MCH Clinic- Need resupply damage to baby scales delivary Watapotha of equipment 2M sets. BP Apparatus & furniture All records destroyed. Possible PHM Office- Need resupply damage to baby scales delivary Kiribathgala of equipment 0.1M sets. BP Apparatus &furniture Nivitigala PHC- Need resupply Kolombagama of equipment 0.1M PHC-Pathakada Damage to the building 1M PHM Office- Possible equipment damage Need resupply Inundated Pohorabawa Still not accessible (04/07/2017) of equipment 0.1M Kuruvita PHM Office- Possible equipment damage Inundated Millavitiya Still not accessible (04/07/2017) 0.1M Weddagala- Possible equipment damage Inundated North Still not accessible (04/07/2017) 0.1M Possible equipment damage Hagalagamuwa Inundated Still not accessible (04/07/2017) 0.1M Kalawana Need resupply Kukulegama Damage to the building of equipment 1M Damages to part of the DH B Pothupitiya hospital building and DMO 5M quarters MCH Clinic- Possible equipment damage 2M Ellawala Inundated Still not accessible (04/07/2017) PHM Office- Possible equipment damage Kiriella 1M Pahalagama Inundated Still not accessible (04/07/2017) Damage to the building and PHC-Welipoth 0.5M furniture Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 4 7  TABLE 129: AFFECTED HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN RATHNAPURA DISTRICT (RATHNAPURA PS,RATHNAPURA MC,ELAPATHA AND EHELIYAGODA) Damage Occurred Type of Damage Name of the affected 1)Building Structurar Suggested Approximate MOH Area 1)Fully Institution 2)Equipment ActAion Value(LKR mn) 2)Partually Furniture Damage to the building MCH Clinic-Kahangama and furniture 3M Damage to the building PMCU-Pulungupitiya and furniture 1M Damage to the building Need to re Ratnapura PS PHC-Ketalianpalla and furniture establish 3M Damage to the building PHC-Gurubevilagama and furniture 1M Damage to the building Need to re PHC-Palendagama and furniture establish 2M Damage to the building PHC-Ganegoda and furniture 1M Ratnapura MC Damage to the building PHC-Mihindugama and furniture 1M Possible equipment MCH Clinic & PHM Office- damage Still not Rajasisugama Inundated 3M accessible (04/07/2017) Elapatha Possible equipment MCH Clinic & PHM Office- Need resupply damage Still not Rajasisugama Inundated of equipment 0.4M accessible (04/07/2017 Damage to the building PHC-Hewayinna and furniture 0.1M Damage to the building DHC-Wevila and furniture 0.1M Damage to the building DHC-Mitipola and furniture 0.6M Eheliyagoda Damage to the building DHC-Paligala and furniture 0.4 Damage to the building DHC-Mahiyangoda and furniture 0.1M Damage to the building DHC-Hiridurangala and furniture 0.5M 248  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 130: DAMAGES IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN KALUTARA DISTRICT Damage Occurred Type of Damage Name of the affected Suggested Approximate MOH Area 1)Building/ Structural 1)Fully Institution ActAion Value(LKR mn) 2)Equipment /Furniture 2)Partually DH-Galapatha(Type B) 1)Building/Structural Partially Renovation 1M HLC Clinic Madurawala Madurawala MCH Clinic 2)Equipment/Furniture Fully Replacement 1M 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 3M Kapugedara MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 3M Palanda MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M Palindanuwara 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 3M Iluppotha MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 1M Morapitiya MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 1M Naragala MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 3M Veyangalla MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 3M Paragoda MCH Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M Bulathsinhala Ihalawelgama MCH 1)Building/ Structural Partially Renovation 3M Clinic 2)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 1M Diyakaduwa MCH Clinic 1)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 0.5M Molkawa MCH Clinic 1)Equipment /Furniture Fully Replacement 0.5M Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 4 9  TABLE 131: DAMAGES IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN GALLE DISTRICT Type of Name of Damage occurred Approximate Damage MOH area the affected 1)Building structure Suggested Action Value(LKR 1)Fully institution 2)Equipment/Furniture mn) 2)Partially Decision to relocate PMCU Walls are cracked. Partially to be taken after 10M Lankagama Eminent landslide risk in the vicinity NBRO report Eminent flooding risk, River route changed due to recent floods causing more risk. All the access roads. No possible evacuation route in the case Decision to relocate MCH clinic of landslides. If landslides occur only reachable by Partially to be taken after 5M Lankagama air. Access road shows erosion due to rerouting of NBRO report the river. NBRO report regarding landslide risk is pending. Neluwa Inundated by flood. Damaged to office documents, equipment and furniture (all records destroyed) Secca scale-01, beam weighing Paiting of walls, MCH clinic scale-02BP Apparatus-02, All furniture (2 tables, Provision of Partially 2M Happitiya 2 steel cup-board, 10 chairs) destroyed. Stock of equipment and “Threeposha” destroyed. Landslide risk in the furniture vicinity. NBRO report regarding landslide risk is pending. Need a generator No generator 4M DH Neluwa Need a new double Old ambulance 8M ambulance Renovation and repair. MOH office Old vehicle Partially Supply of furniture 6M and equipment. 3 wards, labor room, PCU, OPD Inundated (list Supply of furniture of equipment damaged attached) Drug stores and equipment. 6M inundated up to 5ft. Drug stocks destroyed (very DH B few salvaged). Significant medical & non-medical Partially Hiniduma equipment damaged beyond repair. (list attached). Possible landslide risk to three medical wards. MO Needs new 8M quarters-01 inundated & damaged. ambulance Ambulance caught up in the floods Thawalama Painting of walls, PHM office Inundated by flood. Damaged to office Provision of Partially 1M Hiniduma documents, equipment and furniture equipment and furniture Needs a new double MOH office Old vehicle 9M cab DH Opatha No generator Needs a generator 4M 250  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 131: DAMAGES IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN GALLE DISTRICT (CONT.) Type of Damage occurred Approximate Name of the affected Damage MOH area 1)Building structure Suggested Action Value(LKR institution 1)Fully 2)Equipment/Furniture mn) 2)Partially NBRO report regarding Decision to relocate to be PMCU Yakkalamulla 10M landslide risk is pending taken after NBRO report Yakkalamulla Painting of walls, provision MCH clinic Udumalagala Inundated by floods Partially 1M of equipment and furniture MOH Yakkalamulla Old vehicle New double cab 9M Painting of walls, provision PMCU Kahaduwa Inundated by floods Partially 2M of equipment and furniture Elpitiya Painting of walls, provision MCH Kahaduwa Inundated by floods Partially 1M of equipment and furniture MOH Office Old vehicle Partially Needs a double cab 9M Painting of walls, provision MCH clinic Weliwitiya North Inundated by floods Partially 1M Weliwitiya of equipment and furniture Divithura Painting of walls, provision PHI office Ethkandura Inundated by floods Partially 1M of equipment and furniture MCH clinic & PHM quarters, Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 2M Akuretiya of equipment and furniture MOH clinic WaduWelivitiya Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 1M (south) of equipment and furniture MOH office Old cab Needs a double cab 9M Inundated by floods, Repairs and painting 2M Damaged roof, toilet pits DH Nagoda Partially Need a generator 4M No electricity Need a new ambulance 8M Old ambulance MCH clinic & PHM quarters Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 2M Mapalagama of equipment and furniture Painting of walls, provision MCH clinic Gonalagoda Inundated by floods Partially 1M of equipment and furniture Udugama MCH clinic & PHM quarters Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 2M Udalamaththa of equipment and furniture MCH clinic Yatalamaththa Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 1M (East) of equipment and furniture MCH clinic & PHM quarters Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 2M Unanvitiya of equipment and furniture Painting of walls, provision MCH clinic Udugama north Inundated by floods Partially 1M of equipment and furniture MCH clinic Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 1M Paranathanayamgoda of equipment and furniture Painting of walls, provision PHI office Nagoda Inundated by floods Partially 1M of equipment and furniture Udugama PHI office Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 1M Mapalagama of equipment and furniture PHM office Painting of walls, provision Inundated by floods Partially 1M Thalagaswala of equipment and furniture MOH office Old vehicle Needs a double cab 9M Baddegama MOH office Old vehicle Needs a double cab 9M Imaduwa MOH office Old vehicle Needs a double cab 9M *All the 12 MOH office of the Galle District does not have generators. To supply generators 15M Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 5 1  TABLE 132: DAMAGES IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN MATARA DISTRICT Damage occurred Type of Damage Name of the Approximate MOH area 1)Building structure 1)Fully Suggested Action affected institution Value(LKR mn) 2)Equipment/Furniture 2)Partially No structural, risk Earth slip in between of damage to both Building aretention wall to Deniyaya BH Deniyaya OPD building and 3.5M buildings if landslide prevent further earth slips Administrative building persists. Well and sump inundated. Completion of the Access road inundated construction work of the 0.15M Kamburupitiya BH Kamburupitiya during the floods. Sump damaged new wall. Interruption of current Building alternative access 13M supply road to the hospital. Reconstruction of the Access road to ward access road. Repair of the no. 01 was inundated. Damage (complete) ward 01. Renovations of Damage to the roof of Morawaka DH Morawaka to the roof and toilet the toilet and pits. Purchase 3M the ward no. 01. Toilet pits new water pump. Building pits damaged due to a covered pathway for floods. wards. PMCU Maramba Damage to the roof Repair of roof 0.2M Roof of the dispensary, OPD and ward no. 02 Complete damage Immediate reconstruction damaged due to strong to the roof. Partial of the roof. Provision of an DH Akurassa 3M winds. Well, pump damage to the alternative water source to house and water pump pump house. the hospital. Akuressa inundated. Repair of the roof of the Roof of the ambulance ambulance garage and garage damaged. Partially hospital roof. Removal of DH Ruhunugama 1.5M Damage to the roof of Partially trees around the hospital the hospital. which are a danger to its structures. Remove of the dangerous PMCU Derangala Earth slip 0.2M trees. Kotapola Damaged drainage Repair of drainage system. PMCU system. Inundated water Purchasing new water 0.5M Beralapanathara motor. motor. DH Pallegama Earth slip Remove the soil 2.5M PMCU Dehigaspe Damage to the roof Repair of roof 0.3M Construction of retaining PMCU Kotapola Damage to the roof 3M wall. Pending earth slip near Weligama PMCU Denipitiya Repair of internal road 1M the hospital. Repair of roof immediately. Damaged internal road of 0.5M PMCU Hakmana Construction of retaining the hospital 1M wall Hakmana MOH Office Needs relocation to a safer Damage to the roof 2M Hakmana place Denagama MCH Inundated every year due No equipment Needs relocation 2M Clinic to floods damage Katuwangoda MCH Situated in a high-risk No damage due to Needs colour washing and Malimbada 0.2M Clinic area for landslides floods purchase of equipment No structural Purchasing new water Mulatiyana PMCU Makadura Inundated water motor damage, Equipment 0.1M motor damaged 252  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 133: ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED REQUIREMENTS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DISASTERS MANAGEMENT OPERATION CENTRE AT RDHS LEVEL Item Purpose Quantity approximate Value Essential requirement when transporting health staff to Life jackets 10*12 MOH = 120 affected areas through boats 6M Emergency backup power system during power failures Solar power system and energy saving to disaster prone hospitals and 12 institutions 20M MOH areas Preservation of dead bodies for medico legal Mortuary coolers 1*5 hospitals = 5 25M procedures during disaster situations Ambulances for disaster prone Safe transportation of casualties during disasters to 4 40M hospitals health care institutions Helipads Air lifting of casualties from peripheral hospitals 1*5 hospitals = 5 25M Buildings for accommodation of disaster management health 3 100M team Bus for transportation of disaster 1 20M management team Equipped with mini lab facility and with other medical Mobile laboratory equipment (ECG, Multipara monitors etc.) facilities for 1 20M mobile medical camps Transport medical personals, drugs and equipment to 4 wheel cabs 4 36M affected areas Maintain an uninterrupted drugs and medical supply 4-wheel crew cabs 2 15M throughout the district in a future disaster situation Transport medical personals, drugs and equipment to Motor boats 2 10M affected areas Transport medical personals, drugs and equipment to Mini boats 2 2M affected areas Establishment of disaster Disaster management management operation center at App specialist RDHS level Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 5 3  1. RDHS Rathnapura Divisional Hospital Ayagama (Type B) Divisional hospital Ayagama is a type B divisional hospital with bed strength of 60 beds providing both inward care and OPD services. Around 150 to 200 patients receive outpatient care services daily at this institution. Hospital building is situated in a land slide prone area and all the access roads leading to the hospital are also at risk of earth slips. There are records indicating previous landslides in the vicinity of the hospital in last decade. During recent floods, there was a major landslide in Ayagama Township and all the access roads leading to the hospital. Due to impending risk of landslides District Medical Officer decided to evacuate both patients and staff immediately from hospital premises. Hospital was evacuated to “Pradeeshiya Saba “building which is situated in a relatively safer location. No casualties or injuries reported during the evacuation. At the present location, there is limited space to function a hospital. No sanitary facilities are available for both patients and staff. Mortuary has been arranged in makeshift reading hall at the Pradeeshiya Saba building. No separate space available for drug stores, dressing room and OPD consultation. No proper facilities available for clinical waste and garbage disposal. Electrical generator which was requested has not been delivered. No damage to the hospital structure has been reported due to landslides and no equipment loss has been reported either. NBRO report regarding the future risk of landslides is pending. Relocation of the hospital to a safer location is been suggested. Venue for relocation has not been identified yet. In short term for routine functioning of the hospital District Medical Officer requests following medical equipment. Two spots lamps, one pulse oximeter, one defibrillator, two infusion pumps and one infant resuscitation table. In long term relocation of the entire hospital to a safer location is needed as the Ayagama divisional secretariat area is at constant risks of flooding and landslides. The cost of relocation of the entire hospital is estimated to be around 200 million. Divisional Hospital Rassagala Divisional hospital Rassagala a type C divisional hospital situated in the Balangoda MOH area caters to a mainly rural plantation sector population. It is a curative institution providing both OPD and clinic services. Dental surgery is also available at this institution. Around 150 patients receive outpatient care services daily at this institution. During recent heavy monsoonal rain fall hospital was relocated to Ayurvedic hospital in the close vicinity due to land slide risk at the present location. There are previous records indicating landslides in the vicinity of the hospital resulted in casualties. A water channel runs through the property of the hospital which is suspected to be the main reason for earth slips around hospital. Walls of the ETU, Administration building and OPD are cracked and split lines are expanding. New split lines are appearing in the OPD building. There is a land slide risk at the vicinity of the hospital which threatens the structural integrity of the OPD building. Relocated venue is situated at upstairs of the Ayurvedic hospital and accessibly to the floor is limited due to poor space. OPD, Dental Surgery, Drug Stores are functioning at the same floor with limited space. No patient waiting area is available. Kitchen of the Ayurveda hospital has been converted to a makeshift dressing room. 254  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T NBRO and National Geological Survey reports regarding the landslide risk is pending. New location for relocation of the hospital has been identified by the District Medical Officer. A bare land owned by the plantation company is identified as a possible location. The cost of relocation permanently is estimated to be around 20 million rupees. 2. RDHS Galle Divisional Hospital Hiniduma, A type B divisional hospital is situated in the MOH area Thawalama.It caters to a largely rural population and provides inward, OPD and Clinic facilities. Around 200 patients receive outpatient care services daily at this institution. Medical staff at this institution provides daily medical clinic services to around 100 patients. During the recent floods due to overflowing of “Gin Ganga”, hospital was inundated up to seven to eight feet. Staff and all possible equipment were evacuated to male ward which is situated in higher ground. But due to sudden and unexpected rise of water level considerable numbers of both medical and non-medical equipment were not salvaged. Three wards, Labor room, PCU and OPD were inundated and damaged. Drug stores were inundated up to 5 ft of water. Drug stocks available at the time of floods were destroyed. One of the medical officers’ quarters was also inundated. Hospital ambulance was also caught up in the floods and need urgent repairs to be functional again. Medical equipment like infant warmers, sucker machines are damaged. Non-medical equipment like refrigerators, patient beds and cupboards were also damaged beyond repair. (The list of damaged equipment is attached herewith). Possible landslide risk exists in the vicinity of the general medical wards. In long term relocation of the hospital to safer location has to be initiated due to constant risk of flooding. PMCU Lankagama Primary medical care unit Lankagama and maternal and child clinic Lankagama is situated in the MOH area Neluwa. The location of the dispensary is isolated and only access through Sinharaja forest reserve. It caters to a population around seven hundred people residing inside the forest reserve. It provides both outpatient and clinic services. It also conducts antenatal and vaccination clinic services through maternal and child clinic. All the access roads leading to the institution has been flooded and blocked. Within first few days of the flooding all communications with the institution were lost. It was only accessible by air at the initial stage of the disaster. Access roads are blocked by earth slips and there is a constant danger of further landslides. In case of an emergency no evacuation routes exist. Due to rerouting of the river towards the institution there is further risk of flooding in the vicinity. Eminent landslide risk prevails at the vicinity of the institution that carries a risk loss of lives and damage to property. The medical officer who is in charge of the dispensary has to travel daily through a high-risk access road with constant threat of landslides to attend to patients. Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 5 5  NBRO report regarding the landslide risk is pending. NBRO team informed at time but could not visit due to poor accessibility. In short-term, a thorough risk assessment regarding the feasibility of the dispensary in the area is required. In long term relocation of the dispensary to a more accessible place has been suggested. 3. RDHS Matara Base Base hospital Deniyaya, A type B base hospital situated in the RDHS Matara caters to a largely rural population including a sizeable estate based population. It provides outpatient, inward medical services and clinic based services. During the floods in 2003 hospital was affected due to landslides in the vicinity of the hospital. During recent heavy monsoonal rain and flooding there was an earth slip near the new administrative building and clinic complex which threatens the structural integrity of the buildings. Access road to the hospital was also damaged due to the recent floods. NBRO report regarding the landslide risk is pending. In short-term a retain wall to contain the earth slip is required. In long-term a proper feasibility study before any new construction at the hospital site giving more emphasis on landslide risk is required. List of prioritized health institutions by district 256  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 134: ESTABLISHMENT OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTER AT RDHS LEVEL Item Quantity Approximate Value Human resources: Disaster management specialist 1 Materials: Laptops 5 0.6M Desktop computer 2 0.2M Color laser printer 2 0.1M Fax machines 1 0.05M Photo copy machine 1 0.15M Smart tabs 10* 5 0.25M Smart monitor 1 0.1M Multimedia projector 1 0.25M Public addressing system 4 0.2M Round table 1 0.1M Camera 2 0.2M Glass cupboards 2 0.05M Executive chairs 5 0.1M Office tablets (4”*2”) 5 0.1M Office chairs 10 0.1M Job No Institute Describe the damage Damage 1 DH -Galapatha HLC Clinic Building partially damage 0 2 MCH Clinic Madurawela Equipment & Furniture Fully damage 1 3 MCH Clinic Kapugedara Colour Washing, Electricity, Retaining wall 2 4 MCH Clinic Palanda Electricity, Repairing of fence 3.5 5 MCH Clinic Illuppotha Colour Washing, Electricity wiring, Floor tilling 6 6 MCH Clinic Morapitiya Colour Wash, Repairing of Plaster 2 7 MCH Clinic Naragala 0 Colour Wash, Repairing of roof, doors & windows repair, 8 MCH Clinic Veyangalla 4 Electricity,20x20 new building 9 MCH Clinic Paragoda 20x20 new building 3.5 10 MCH Clinic Ihalawelgama 11 MCH Clinic Diyakaduwa Colour Wash, Electricity 0.5 12 MCH Clinic Molkawa Colour Wash, Electricity 0.5 Job No Institute Describe the damage Damage 1 PMCU-Lankagama Awaiting NBRO Report 2 MCH clinic Lankagama Awaiting NBRO Report 3 MCH clinic Happitiya Inundated. Damaged to equipments and furniture 5 4 DH Neluwa Generator / Ambulance 0 5 MOH Office Neluwa Double Cab 0 6 DH( B) Hiniduma Inundated. Damaged to equipments and furniture/*Ambulance 6 7 PHM Office Hiniduma Inundated. Damaged to equipments and furniture 1 8 MOH Office Thawalama Double Cab 0 9 DH Opatha Generator 0 10 PMCU-Yakkalamulla Awaiting NBRO Report 11 MCH Clinic-Udumalagala Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 5 7  TABLE 134: ESTABLISHMENT OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTER AT RDHS LEVEL (CONT.) Job No Institute Describe the damage Damage 11 MCH Clinic-Udumalagala Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 12 MOH-Yakkalamulla Double Cab 0 13 PMCU-Kahaduwa Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1.5 14 MCH clinic-Kahaduwa Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 15 MOH Office Elpitiya Double Cab 0 16 MCH clinic-Welivitiya (North) Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 17 PHI Office- Ethkandura Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 18 MCH clinic & PHM Quarters, Akuretiya Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 2 19 MCH clinic WaduWelivitiya (south) Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 20 MOH Office Divithura Double Cab 0 21 DH Nagoda Repairs and painting (Generator / Ambulance no Allocation) 2 MCH Clinic & PHM Quarters – 22 Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1.5 Mapalagama 23 MCH Clinic-Gonalagoda Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 MCH Clinic & PHM Quarters- 24 Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 2 Udalamaththa 25 MCH Clinic-Yatalamaththa (East) Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 25 MCH Clinic & PHM Quareters-Unanvitiya Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 27 MCH Clinic-Udugama North Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 28 MCH clinic-Paranathanayamgoda Painting of walls, provision of equipments and furniture 1 29 PHI office-Nagoda 30 PHI office-Mapalagama Painting of walls,provision of equipments and furniture 1 31 PHM office-Thalgaswala Painting of walls,provision of equipments and furniture 1 32 MOH Office Udugama Double Cab 0 33 MOH Office Baddegama Double Cab 0 34 MOH Office Imaduwa Double Cab 0 Job No Institute Describe the damage Damage 1 DH-Ayagama Landslid prevention 20 2 DH-Rassagala Landslid prevention 10 3 MCH Clinic-Palmadulla 4 MCH Clinic-Hakamuwa 5 MCH Clinic-Narangoda 6 MCH Clinic-Watapotha 7 PHM Office-Kiribathgala 8 PHC-Kolombagama 9 PHC-Pathakada 10 PHM Office-Pohorabawa 11 PHM Office-Millavitiya 12 Weddagala-North (Kalawana MOH) Essential Repairs 1 13 Hagalagamuwa (Kalawana MOH) 14 Kukulegama (Kalawana MOH) 15 DH-Pothupitiya 16 MCH Clinic-Ellawala 17 PHM Office-Pahalagm 258  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 134: ESTABLISHMENT OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT CENTER AT RDHS LEVEL (CONT.) Job No Institute Describe the damage Damage 19 MCH Clinic-Kahangama 20 PMCU-Pulugupitiya 10 21 PHC-Ketalianpalla 22 PHC-Gurubevilagama 23 PHC-Pelendagama 24 PMCU-Ganegoda 10 25 PHC-Mihindugama 10 26 MCH Clinic & PHM Office-Hangamuwa 27 MCH Clinic & PHM Office-Rajasisugama 28 PHC-Hewayinna 29 DHC-Wevila Essential Repairs 0.1 30 DHC-Mitipola Essential Repairs 0.6 31 DHC-Paligala Essential Repairs 0.4 32 DHC-Mahiyangoda Essential Repairs 0.1 33 DHC-Hindurangala Essential Repairs 0.5 Job No Institute Describe the damage Damage 1 BH Deniyaya Earth slip in between OPD building and Administrative building 4 2 BH Kamburupitiya Construction work of the well, alternative access road (* Generator) 0.15 3 DH Morawaka Damage to Access road, Toilet pits, roof 3 4 PMCU Maramba Damage to roof 0.2 5 DH Akuressa Damage to roof, OPD and WD 2, well and pump house 3.5 6 DH Ruhunugama Damage to the security fence, gate, roof and Ambulance garage 1.5 7 PMCU Derangala Earth slip to the backyard of quarters 0.2 8 PMCU Beralapanathara Damaged drainage system 0.5 9 DH Pallegama Damage to roof 2.5 10 PMCU Dehigaspe Damage to roof 0.35 11 PMCU Kotapola Pending earth slip near the hospital (Retaining wall) 3 12 PMCU Denipitiya Damaged to the internal road 1.2 13 PMCU Hakmana Damage to roof 2 14 MOH Office Hakmana Inundated by floods 2 15 MCH Clinic Denagama High risk area for landslides (Retaining wall) 2 16 MCH Clinic Katuwangoda Equipment damage 0.08 17 PMCU Makadura Inundated water motor 0.1 MCH clinic & PHM clinic office 18 Damage to roof partially immediat reconstruction 2.5 Thanipita 19 MCH clinic Pahala Maliduwa Damage to roof partially immediat reconstruction 0.15 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 5 9  Agriculture Damages and Approximate Recovery Cost of Livestock Sector in Selected Five Districts TABLE 135: DAMAGES AND APPROXIMATE RECOVERY COST OF LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN SELECTED FIVE D ISTRICTS S OU R C E: MIN I S T RY O F R UR AL E C O N O M I C S AF FA IRS Hambanthota Galle Kalutara Matara Rathnapura Total Approxymate Recovery Approxymate Recovery Approxymate Recovery Approxymate Recovery Approxymate Recovery Approxymate Recovery Description Cost (LKR.Mn) Cost (LKR.Mn) Cost (LKR.Mn) Cost (LKR.Mn) Cost (LKR.Mn) Cost (LKR.Mn) No. No. No. No. No. No. Poultry 2332 1.3125 200 0.1 1000 0.3 3645 1.8225 262 0.131 7439 3.666 Cattle 24 2.4 620 62 500 30 945 94.5 16 1.6 2105 190.5 Buffaloe 12 1.44 31 3.72     20 2.4 26 3.12 89 10.68 Swine         1500 45         1500 45 Goat 11 0.165 86 1.29 50 1.5 213 2.925 27 0.405 387 6.285 Office Equipment   0.213   0.784       0.046       1.043 & medicines Damaged farms 6   10   2   85   53   156   Total Recovery   5.5305   67.894   76.8   101.6935   5.256   257.174 Cost (Mn.) Industry and commerce TABLE 136: AFFECTED NUMBER OF INDUSTRY AND COST OF DAMAGES S OU R C E: IN S UR AN C E DATA Type of Industry Affected Damage. LKR Industry 21 12,434,045 Trade 90 10,294,100 Services 65 5,649,515 Personal 51 4,642,100 Total 227 33,019,760 260  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 137: AFFECTED NUMBER & ESTIMATED COST IN INDUSTRY, TRADE AND SERVICES SECTORS IN DISTRICT WISE   Galle Hambanthota Matara Rathnapura Kaluthara Total Number of Affected Number of Affected Number of Affected Number of Affected Number of Affected Number of Affected Estimated cost Estimated cost Estimated cost Estimated cost Estimated cost Estimated cost   Industry 39 118612590 6 5395085 39 88803790 22 31435020 13 31751953 119 275998438 Trade 250 245928293 35 35683920 383 518132054.5 227 196396237.8 143 177258862 1038 1173399367 Service 66 36015334 16 110262892 113 70022273 117 267272825 38 20953715 350 504527039 Total 355 400556217 57 151341897 535 676958117.5 366 495104082.8 194 229964530 1507 1953924844 TABLE 138: TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF DAMAGES INDUSTRY AND SERVICES DISTRICT WISE (FORMAL SECTOR) District Total estimated cost Galle 662,272,267 Matara 1,116,342,765 Hambanthota 153,225,221 Rathnapura 563,800,421 Kaluthara 409,664,791 TABLE 139: AFFECTED ACTIVE WORKFORCE IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND SERVICES SECTORS IN DISTRICT WISE Impact on Employment Active workforce affected   Sector District Severely Moderately Total % Agriculture   Industry   Services Galle 3,875 42,559 46,434 34.6 16,066 11,144 19,224 24.0 41.4 Kalutara 3,618 66,116 69,734 15.8 11,018 21,687 36,959 31.1 53.0 Matara 12,891 109,500 122,391 45,774 28,517 48,222 37.4 23.3 39.4 Ratnapura 22,552 81,844 104,396 38,835 28,709 36,956 37.2 27.5 35.4 Hambantota     – 36.6 – 26.2 – 37.2 – Grand Total 42,936 300,019 342,955   111,694   90,057   141,361 Foraml (40.2%)         44,901   36,203   56,827 Informal (59.8%)         66,793   53,854   84,534 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 6 1  TABLE 140: AFFECTED ACTIVE WORK FORCE BY STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT AND FORMAL/INFORMAL SECTORS Affected active work force by status of employment and formal/informal sectors Total Formal Informal Status of Employment % Persons % Persons % Persons Total 100 342,955 40.2 59.8 205,244 137,711 Employees 56.1 192,398 64.8 35.2 67,714 124,684 Employers 3.1 10,632 45.3 54.7 5,818 4,814 Own account worker 32.3 110,774 5.2 94.8 105,034 5,740 Contributing family worker 8.4 28,808 8.2 91.8 26,455 2,353 2,500,000,000 2,000,000,000 1,500,000,000 1,000,000,000 500,000,000 0 Industry Trade Commerce FIGURE 29: TOTAL ESTIMATED COSTS OF LOSSES BY TYPE OF ACTIVITY 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Galle Kalutara Hambantota Matara Ratnapura FIGURE 30: TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF LOSSES BY DISTRICT 262  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 141: SALARY LOSS IN THE FORMAL SECTOR Salary loss in the formal sector Monthly Gross Affected Sector 75% Income Loss 25% Income loss salary (LKR) persons Agriculture 16,138 44,901 33,676 271,729,627 11,225 362,306,169 Industry 23,807 36,203 27,152 323,206,808 9,051 430,942,411 Services 31,836 56,827 42,620 678,429,140 14,207 904,572,186         1,273,365,574   1,697,820,766 Grand Total         LKR 2,971,186,340 USD 19,807,908.93 TABLE 142: LOSSES CALCULATION FOR INFORMAL ENTERPRISES Nature of damaged District Estimated losses of informal sector in industry and commerce sector     Industry Trade Services Total Galle 2,359,125.67 10,225,927.07 4,328,851.98 16,913,905 Kalutara 3,318,846.24 12,150,454.38 5,429,036.55 20,898,337 Totally Damaged Hambanthota 3,053,285.74 4,643,493.52 1,734,597.00 9,431,376 Informal enterprises Matara 6,976,436.13 25,661,681.53 13,037,090.04 45,675,208 Rathnapura 4,683,951.30 23,466,936.22 10,433,477.88 38,584,365 Total 20,391,645 76,148,493 34,963,053 131,503,191 Galle 38,447,695 163,953,488 68,969,573 271,370,757 Kalutara 23,143,699 167,237,197 75,122,035 265,502,931 Partially Damaged Hambanthota 2,998,030 6,855,692 2,147,805 12,001,527 Informal enterprises Matara 32,393,594 214,384,734 115,150,929 361,929,256 Rathnapura 11,716,010 134,031,584 59,657,077 205,404,671 Total 108,699,027 686,462,696 321,047,420 1,116,209,142 TABLE 143: INCOME LOSS IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR Income loss in the informal sector Total active work Status of Employment Informal sector force affected Monthly mean Income loss income LKR % Persons Employees 192,398 35.2 67,714 15,725 532,399,992.68 Employers 10,632 54.7 5,818 53,489 272,291,590.00 Own account worker 110,774 94.8 105,034 18,584 1,707,965,445.21 Contributing family worker 28,808 91.8 26,455       LKR 2,512,657,027.89   USD 16,751,046.85 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 6 3  TABLE 144: ANNUAL TURNOVER AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE SECTOR S OU R C E: N AT I O N AL P O L I C Y F R AM E W O R K F O R SME D E VE L O P ME N T, PA GE 3 Size Sector Criteria Medium Small Micro Annual Turnover LKR. Mn. 251 – 750 LKR. Mn. 16 – 250 Less than LKR. Mn. 15 Manufacturing Sector No. of Employees 51 – 300 11 – 50 Less than 10 Annual Turnover LKR. Mn. 251 – 750 LKR. Mn. 16 – 250 Less than LKR. Mn. 15 Service Sector No. of Employees 51 – 200 11 – 50 Less than 10 Informal enterprises in affected districts and median asset value TABLE 145: INFORMAL ENTERPRISES IN AFFECTED DISTRICTS AND MEDIAN ASSET VALUE Micro Ind. & Cons. Trade Services Total District Num. of Median Num. of Median Num. of Median Num. of Median Num. of Median Estab. (Lak Rs) Estab. (Lak Rs) Estab. (Lak Rs) Estab. (Lak Rs) Estab. (Lak Rs) Kalutara 55965 2 13540 2 23554 2 18871 2 55965 2 Galle 44445 2 10808 2 18907 2 14730 2 44445 2 Matara 40030 2 12542 2 15133 2 12355 2 40030 2 Hambantota 29587 2 11170 2 10696 2 7721 2 29587 2 Ratnapura 40855 2 9299 2 18894 2 12662 2 40855 2 Total 210882 2 57359 2 87184 2 66339 2 210882 2 264  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 146: FO RMAL ENTERPRISES IN AFFECTED DISTRICTS AND MEDIAN ANNUAL TURN OV ER SMEs MS Small Medium Large Total Ind & Cons. Trade Services Total District Median Num Median Num Median Num Median Num Median Num Median Num Median Num Median Num of (Rs. of (Rs. of (Rs. of (Rs. of (Rs. of (Rs. of (Rs. of (Rs. Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Estab. ‘00,000) Kalutara 633 30 458 105 116 1061 1207 55 562 100 247 60 398 20 1207 55 Galle 499 28 383 100 82 811 964 55 330 140 237 53 397 20 964 55 Matara 387 50 269 110 48 354 704 75 239 114 183 90 282 40 704 75 Hmbantota 269 30 116 76 27 864 412 44 123 150 79 63 210 18 412 44 Ratnapura 584 13 325 107 61 502 970 35 500 35 200 60 270 15 970 35 Total 2372 29 1551 102 334 656 4257 53 1754 100 946 63 1557 21 4257 53 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 6 5  TABLE 147: TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES (FORMAL & INFORMAL SECTORS) IN ALL FIVE DISTRICTS Sector Damages Losses Industry 423,002,476 811,047,139 Trade 1,466,347,161 944,315,182 Services 730,964,245 2,225,218,067  Total 2,620,313,882 3,980,580,387 TABLE 148: TOTAL LOSSES AND DAMAGES IN THE FIVE DISTRICTS (FORMAL & INFORMAL) Informal 1,940,226,484 Formal 2,905,305,464  Total 4,845,531,949 266  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Irrigation TABLE 149: SUMMARY TABLE OF DAMAGES, LOSSES AND RECOVERY NEEDS OF MAJOR IRRIGATION SCHEME Impact on Major Irrigation Schemes Managed by Irrigation Department Recovery Needs District Damages Losses Recovery Needs Short Term Medium Term Ratnapura           Kalutara 67.7 11.0 99.0 11.0 88.0 Galle 35.2 – 45.8 13.0 32.8 Matara 176.4 14.2 243.5 14.2 229.3 Hambantota 205.0   266.5   266.5 TOTAL 484.3 25.2 654.8 38.2 616.6 TABLE 150: SUMMARY TABLE OF DAMAGES, LOSSES AND RECOVERY NEEDS OF MAJOR FLOOD PROTECTION SC HEME Impact on Major Flood Protection Schemes Managed by Irrigation Department Recovery Needs District Damages Losses Recovery Needs Short Term Medium Term Kalutara 10.4 8.0 15.0 25.4 15.0   Galle 58.5 90.0 - 103.5 45.0 - Matara 156.8 45.0 248.8 45.0 203.8 Hambantota 18.1 3.0 26.5 3.0 23.5 TOTAL 272.9 63.0 404.2 108.0 296.2 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 6 7  TA BLE 151: DAMAGED AND RECOVERY INFO RMATION IN RATHNAPURA DISTRICT MV Lines Area CSC (33kV/11kV)     LV Lines – No. of Poles No. of transformers Consumers No. of Poles     Damaged Restored Balance Damaged Restored Balance Damaged Restored Balance Affeted Restored Balance Power Supply Ratnapura East 12 12 - 130 115 15 - - - 13,000 12,700 300 Ratnapura Metro 4 4 - 35 35 - 2 2 - 12,000 12,000 - Ratnapura Kalawana 20 20 - 150 130 20 1 1 - 13,730 13,330 400 Nivithigala 33 28 5 140 128 12 - - - 24,041 23,741 300     62,771 Eheliyagoda 13 10 3 28 20 8 3 3 - 30,000 30,000 - Eheliyagoda Kuruwita 27 24 3 39 36 3 2 2 - 16,000 16,000 - Kiriella 45 25 20 200 50 150 - - - 20,000 17,500 2,500     66,000 Kahawatta 1 1 - 12 10 2 8,000 8,000 _ Balangoda 268  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T - 15 10 5 600 600 - Kahawatta Opanayaka - 18 10 8 1,000 1,000 -     9,600 Embilipitiya Godakawela 3 3 -20 20 20 - 1 1 - 5,000 5,000 - TABLE 152: DAMAGES AND RECOVERY NEEDS ACTION POWER SUPPLY SECTOR IN RATHNAPURA DISTRICT S OU R C E: ND R S C Description of Recover Recover Approximate Province District Location Unit Damages Action Action Cost (RS) Area CSC           Ratnapura 12 12 3,681,882.35 East Ratnapura MV Lines 4 4 1,227,294.12 Metro Permanently Ratnapura (33kV/11kV) No. Recovered Kalawana of Poles 20 20 6,136,470.59 Nivithigala 33 33 10,125,176.47 Ratnapura 130 130 15,128,148.15 East Ratnapura 35 35 4,072,962.96 Metro LV Lines – No. of Temperary Ratnapura Poles Recovered Kalawana 150 150 17,455,555.56 Nivithigala 140 140 16,291,851.85 Ratnapura - - - East Ratnapura 2 2 3,444,000.00 Metro No. of Permanently Ratnapura transformers Recovered Kalawana 1 1 1,525,000.00 Nivithigala - - – Sabaragamuwa Rathnapura Eheliyagoda 13 13 1,994,352.94 MV Lines Permanently Eheliyagoda Kuruwita (33kV/11kV) No. 27 27 4,142,117.65 Recovered of Poles Kiriella 45 45 6,903,529.41 Eheliyagoda 28 28 3,258,370.37 LV Lines – No. of Temperary Eheliyagoda Kuruwita 39 39 4,538,444.44 Poles Recovered Kiriella 200 200 23,274,074.07 Eheliyagoda 3 3 4,125,000.00 No. of Permanently Eheliyagoda Kuruwita 2 2 2,600,000.00 transformers Recovered Kiriella - - – Ratnapura Kalawana Depot Damage 1 1 15,000,000.00 Temperary Ratnapura Kalawana CEB Quarters 1 1 3,000,000.00 Recovered Eheliyagoda Kiriella Depot Damage 1 1 9,500,000.00 Not yet Ratnapura Kalawana LBS 1 1 1,800,000.00 recovered                 159,224,230.94 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 6 9  TABLE 153: DAMAGE DUE TO FLOODS PREVAILING IN THE SOUTHERN PROVINCE District Area CSC MV Lines(33kV/11kV)-No.of Poles LV Lines No.of Poles Cost (LKR. Mn.) Cost (LKR. Mn.)       Damaged Damaged Restored Restored Balance Balance Galle Galle Galle 1 1 0 0.085 20 20 0 0.518     Habaraduwa 1 1 0 0.105 15 15 0 1.851     Bataduwa 1 1 0 0.175 24 24 0 1.237     Thawalama 31 31 0 2.79 54 54 0 1.319 Total of Galle     34 34 0 3.16 113 113   4.93 Area Galle Baddegama Baddegama 4 4 0 0.25 8 8 0 0.125     Gonapinuwala 2 2 0 0.22 6 6 0 0.125     Thalgaswala 16 16 0 0.80 50 50 0 1.0     Wanduramba 6 6 0 0.075 30 30 0 0.6 Total of Baddegama     28 28 0 1.345 94 94 0 1.850 Area Galle Ambalangoda Seenigoda 1 1 0 0.073 5 5 0 0.132     Elpitiya 0 0 0 0 25 25 0 0.625     Induruwa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total of Ambalangoda     1 1 0 0.073 30 30 0 0.757 Area Hambantota Tangalle Tangalle 0 0 0 0 12 12 0 0.22     Beliatta 0 0 0 0 40 40 0 0.74     Walasmulla 10 10 0 0.47 54 54 0 1.03     Angunukolapelessa 0 0 0 0 32 32 0 0.6     Middeniya Sub CSC 1 1 0 0.05 44 44 0 0.86 Total of Tangalle     11 11 0 0.52 182 182 0 3.45 Area Matara Weligama Weligama 3 3 No 0.043 40 27 Pole 0.257     Akurassa 51 32 Balance 1.279 135 152 alignments 1.09045     Morawaka 22 24 Work 0.760 180 52 and 0.5395     Deniyaya 20 41   0.821 160 208 other 2.68724     Pasgoda 5 5   0.205 36 36   0.67181 Total of     101 105 -4 3.108 551 475 76 5.246 Weligama Area                       Matara Matara Kamburupitiya 7 7 0 0.400 48 48 0 2.16     Hittatiya 1 1 0 0.100 33 33 0 1.485     Matara 2 2 0 0.200 8 8 0 0.2     Dickwella 0 0 0 0.000 23 23 0 1.035     Hakmana 13 13 0 0.800 69 69 0 3.105                                             Total of Matara     23 23 0 1.500 181 181 0 7.985 Area Total of Southern                     Province 270  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T No.of Transformers No.of Consumers Other Damage(Type of the Damage) Cost Revenue(Meters) Cost (LKR. Mn.) Cost (LKR. Mn.) Cost (LKR. Mn.) B/S Meters Damaged Restored Restored Affected Balance Balance Stores  Total 0 0 0 0 1200 1200 0 0.18 0 0 0 0.00   0 0 0 0 6100 6100 0 0.915 0 0 0 0.00   1 1 0 0.652 1700 1700 0 0.255 0 0 0 0.00   3 3 0 2.391 21500 21500 0 1.50 0 0 0 0.00   4 4 0 3.043 30500 30500 0 2.85 0 0 0 0.00  13.98 0 0 0 0 16,000 16,000 0 0.24 0 1,500 0 0.375   0 0 0 0 8,000 8,000 0 0.06 0 10 0 0.025   1 1 0 0.70 22,000 22,000 0 0.30 0 2,000 5 5.175   0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 0 0.18 0 250 1 0.66   1 1 0 0.70 66,000 66,000 0 0.78 0 3,760 6 6.235 10.22 0 0 0 0 15,000 15,000 0 0.06 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 5,000 5,000 0 0.85 0 950 0 5.32   0 0 0 0 10,000 10,000 0 0.28 0 0 0 0   0 0 0 0 30,000 30,000 0 1.19 0 950 0 5.32 7.347 0 0 0 0 4000 4000 0 0 0 LV-45,5M-100   0.27   0 0 0 0 6000 6000 0 0 0 LV-70,SM-120   0.39   0 0 0 0 12000 12000 0 0 0 LV-150,SM-300   0.88   1 1 0 0.67 8500 8500 0 0 0 LV-80,SM-202   0.51   1 1 0 0.67 10500 10500 0 0 0 LV-100,SM-250   0.64   2 2 0 1.34 41000 41000 0 0 0     2.69  8 0 0 0 0 20000 20000 0 -   260   8.827   3 3 0 2.246 32000 31990 10 -   1575   38.34   0 0 0 0 10000 9992 8 -   865   17.745   2 2 0 2.213 15000 15000 2 -   986   27.119   0 0 0 0 9000 9000 0 -   230   6.369   5 5 0 4.459 86000 85982 20     3916   98.400 111.213                   other Damages       2 2 0 1.36192 26000 26000 0 2.34 0 3916   30   0 0 0 0 13924 13924 0 2.254 0     10.425   0 0 0 0 10000 10000 0 0.9 0     8.05   1 1 0 0.68096 8000 8000 0 0.72 0     2.946   1 1 0 0.83 15000 15000 0 1.35 0     1.296                         1.125                         0.38   4 4 0 2.87288 72924 72924 0 7.564 0     54.222 74.143                         224.903 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 7 1  Environment TABLE 154: IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTA L LEGISLATIONS AND AUTHORITIES IN CHARGE OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION Legislation Implementing Agency National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980 – Provides overall environmental protection legislation, including licensing procedures, environmental standards and project approval Central Environment Authority procedures (EIA/IEE). Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance No. 2 of 1937 – Provides for the conservation of wildlife, which have been declared as protected species. Empowers the Minister to declare Department of Wildlife Conservation any area of State Land as a National Reserve or Sanctuary Forest Ordinance No. 16 of 1907 – Consolidates the laws relating to forests and to the felling and transportation of timber. Empowers the Minister to declare any area of State land as a Forest Conservation Department Reserved Forest, Conservation Forest National Heritage Wilderness Areas Act No. 3 of 1988 – Provides for the declaration, protection and preservation of any area of State land with unique ecosystems, genetic Forest Conservation Department resources or outstanding natural features as National Heritage Wilderness Areas State Lands Ordinance No. 8 of 1947 – Provides for how State Lands and their resources, including lakes, rivers and streams, should be allocated, used and managed. Also provides for Ministry of Lands the declaration of State reservations Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka Act No. 23 of 1979 – provides for the conservation and maintenance of the physical environment of Mahaweli Authority Mahaweli Areas, including watershed management, soil erosion and the protection of reservation areas Water Resources Board Act No. 29 of 1964 – promotion of afforestation, preventing the pollution of rivers, streams and other water courses, and formulation of national policies Water Resources Board and relating to the control and use of water resources of the country. Soil Conservation Act No. 25 of 1951 – Provides for the conservation of soil resources, Ministry of Agriculture mitigation of soil erosion and the protection of lands against flood and drought Flood Protection Ordinance No. 4 of 1924 (as amended) – provides for the protection of areas from flood damage and empowers the Director of Irrigation to declare any area as a flood Ministry of Irrigation area. Control of Pesticides Act No. 33 of 1980 – provides for the licensing and regulation of the Registrar of Pesticides import, packing, labelling, storage, formulation, transportation, sale and use of pesticides. Municipal Councils Ordinance No. 29 of 1947 – Provides for the establishment of Municipal Councils and outlines their powers, duties and responsibilities in relation to the built Municipal Councils environment and maters such as waste disposal and sanitation. Urban Councils Ordinance No. 61 of 1939 – Provides for, duties and responsibilities in relation Urban Councils to the built environment and maters such as waste disposal and sanitation Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987 – outlines their powers, duties and responsibilities in Pradeshiya Sabha relation to the built environment and maters such as waste disposal and sanitation Urban Development Authority Law No. 41 of 1978 – Empowers the Urban Development Authority (UDA) to regulate and manage the urban environment including wetlands under Urban Development Authority their preview Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation Act No. 15 of 1968 – empowers the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Sri Lanka Land Reclamation Corporation (SLLR&DC) to reclaim low-lying lands and wetlands 272  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Disaster Risk Reduction TABLE 155: LOSSES OF THE GOVERNMENT Categories Total Cost (LKR) Relief distribution 983,010,925.20 Logistic expenditure for response 11,014,991.34 Rehabilitation 1,667,466.35 TOTAL 995,693,382.89 TABLE 156: LOSSES OF THE UN AND NGO United Nations 925,304,777 INGOs 341,466,041.1 Total 1,266,770,818.05 TABLE 157: MILITARY FORCES – EXPENDITURES INCURRED BY THE OPERATION Categories Total Cost (LKR) Medicine 341,325.20 Transportation 11,014,991.34 Well cleaning 61,939.00 Rehabilitation 1,009,185.00 Renovation 596,342.35 TABLE 158: INFORMATION REGARDING WITH CLEANING (GALLE, MATARA, KALUTHARA & RATHNAPURA) Cleaning sectors Total number of units SCH/GOVT Institution 14.00 House 27.00 Well 1,482.00 Gulley 44.00 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 7 3  TABLE 159: ESTIMATED EMERGENCY BUDGET REQUEST FOR PREPARED FOODS, DRIED FOODS AND FUNERALS S OU R C E: ND R S C Expenditures (Rs) District Prepared Foods(Fresh) Dried food Funeral Total (Rs) Matara 164,707,200 69,357,400 3,200,000 237,264,600 Kaluthara 173,217,600 72,107,000 6,800,000 252,124,600 Hambanthota 9,411,300 3,404,800 500,000 13,316,100 Rathnapura 211,677,300 84,112,000 8,600,000 304,389,300 Galle 142,823,700 57,139,600 1,600,000 201,563,300 Total 701,837,100 286,120,800 20,700,000 1,008,657,900 TABLE 160: RELEASED EMERGENCY FUNDS FOR PREPARED FOODS, DRIED FOODS AND FUNERALS S OU R C E: N DR S C Emergency Relief Total Funds LKR. Received Funds from NIFT LKR. Received Funds from Treasury LKR. District 125,000,000 350,000,000 475,000,000 Relesed Funds (NITF) Relesed Funds (Treasury) Total Released LKR. Rathnapura 25,000,000 120,000,000 145,000,000 Kalutara 42,000,000 110,000,000 152,000,000 Galle 20,000,000 27,500,000 47,500,000 Matara 25,000,000 47,000,000 72,000,000 Hambanthota 6,000,000 8,000,000 14,000,000 Colombo 3,000,000 9,700,000 12,700,000 Kegalle 3,000,000 1,000,000 4000000 Gampaha 4,000,000 14,684,183.64 18684183.64 NDRSC   11,332,663 11,332,663 Total 128,000,000 349,216,847 477,216,847 TABLE 161: ANNUAL BUDGET ALLOCATION OF MDM AGENCIES IN LKR MILLION   Institutions 2013 2014 2015 2016 DMC 646.76 945 1509 978 Budgetary Allocation of agencies under the MDM NBRO 114 312.3 501 569 274  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 162: ANNUAL EXPENDITURE BY TYPE OF ACTIVITIES IN LKR MILLION Categories 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Capacity Building 0.09 0.2 0.5 2.12 2.47 Mitigation projects 125.16 267.33 485.31 497.54 421.58 Awareness and preparedness 4.06 18.79 20.65 21.71 23.31 Flood mitigation 45.87 95.2 115 100   Risk assessments 35.2       10.1 Equipment 18.59 21 74.98 47.06 71.8 Evacuation and rehabilitation   43.91 50 21.44   Early warning system   6.87 8.17     Recurrent NDMC* 8.52 9.39 11.85 0.34 1.4 Recurrent DMC 87.98 113.71 159.91 167.5 194.25 TABLE 163: MONETARY DONATION RECEIVED TO MINISTRY OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Amount of fund (LKR.) Name   Main private companies   Lanka IOC Plc 5,000,000.00 Hon Lakshman Wasantha Perera 266,605.00 Aitken Spence Travels (Pvt) Lyd 250,000.00 Hiroshi Aouch (Presidential Secretariat) 1,333,600.00 China Geo- Engineering Corp 500,000.00 China Construction Third Bureau First Engineering Co. Ltd 500,000.00 Dial Textile Industries Pvt Ltd 1,000,000.00 Adolf Ahlers Ag of Germany 1,000,000.00 Governments   Royal Thai Embassy 8,964,589.87 High Commissioner of Bangladesh *Not included Consulate of Ireland 200,000.00 Other private companies and individuals 17,638,633.26 Total 36,653,428.13 High Commissioner of Bangladesh (USD 500,000) 76,724,890.63 Total Donation (LKR.) 113,378,318.76 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 7 5  TABLE 164: LKR. 10,000/= COMPENSATION FOR HOUSING DAMAGES RECEIVED BY FAMILIES IN DISTRICTS Received fund for District Secretory District No of people requested (LKR.) Galle 19333 193,330,000.00 Rathnapura 8479 84,266,000.00 Kalutara 14987 149,870,000.00 Matara 29262 292,620,000.00 Thrincomale 191 1,910,000.00 Mulatheew 29 290,000.00 Mahanuwara 118 1,180,000.00 Matale 42 420,000.00 Madakalapuwa 4 40,000.00 Colombo 1889 18,940,000.00 Wawniya 31 310,000.00 Gampaha 98 980,000.00 Kegalle 336 2,400,000.00 Hambanthota 830 8,300,000.00 Nuwara eliya 48 480,000.00 Total 75677 755,336,000.00 Received fund from NITF (LKR.) 785,441,900.00 Received fund for District Secretory(LKR.) 755,336,000.00     Remaining fund (LKR.) 30,105,900.00   LKR. 7500/= housing rental fees TABLE 165: LKR. 7500/= HOUSING RENTAL FEES RECEIVED BY FAMILIES IN DISTRICTS No of families requested by District District Received fund for District Secretory (LKR.) Secretory Rathnapura 1,701 38,272,500.00 Galle 455 10,237,500.00 Kaluthara 730 16,425,000.00 Kegalle 37 832,500.00 Hambanthota 24 540,000.00 Matara 602 13,545,000.00 Total 3,549 79,852,500.00 276  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T TABLE 166: COSTS INCURRED BY UN/HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Emergency Funds Own Budget Cost Agency Name Districts Sectors (LKR)** (LKR)* ACTED Ratnapura Early Recovery, WASH 2,668,913 N/A ADPC   Coordination     ADRA Sri Lanka Galle, Matara, Kalutara Food Security, Shelter and NFI 30,116,400 15,750,000 Alliance Development Child Protection, Food Security, Trust (ADT) Galle, Kalutara, Kegalle Health, NFI/Hygiene, WASH 3,300,000.00 221,158.00 Americares Kalutara, Ratnapura Health 762350 3049400 Animal Protection, Coordination, Colombo, Galle, Early Recovery, Food Security, A-PAD Gampaha, Hambantota, Health, Hygiene, Information/ N/A 34,300,000 Kalutara, Matara, Needs Assessment, Search and Ratnapura Rescue, WASH CBM/Navajeevana Hambantota, Matara Education, Health N/A 1,760,250 ChildFund Sri Lanka Galle, Education, Protection   20,210,000.00 Direct Relief   Health     Habitat for Humanity Sri Lanka Galle, Kalutara Shelter, WASH     Handicap International Matara Shelter and NFI     HELVETAS Ratnapura Early Recovery, WASH     Humedica International Lanka Galle, Matara, Ratnapura Food Security, Shelter and NFI     ILO Early Recovery, Emergency Kalutara, Ratnapura   4,600,500 Employment Creation International Water Colombo, Galle, Management Institute Hambantota, Kalutara, Coordination     (IWMI) Matara, Ratnapura, IOM Matara, Ratnapura Health, Shelter and NFI 300,000,000 0 Islamic Relief – SL Food Security, Hygiene, Shelter Matara, Ratnapura     and NFI Japan Emergency NGO Ratnapura Shelter and NFI     Galle, Hambantota, Education, Food Security, Health, LEADS Kalutara, Matara, Psycho-social Support, Shelter and     Ratnapura, Trincomalee NFI, WASH Muslim Aid Kalutara, Matara, Education, Food Security,   Ratnapura Livelihoods, Early recovery 442,123.17 Oxfam Kalutara, Matara, Protection, WASH, Food Security,     Ratnapura PARCIC Matara Education, Shelter and NFI 33,832,976 1,700,000 Peace Winds Japan Kalutara Shelter and NFI     People In Need Ratnapura Early Recovery, WASH     Plan International Sri Education, Protection, Shelter and Lanka Matara, Ratnapura 99,000,000 89,000,000 NFI, WASH Colombo, Galle, Sarvodaya Child Protection, Education, Gampaha, Kalutara,     Shelter and NFI, WASH Matara, Ratnapura Save the Children Child Protection, Education, Galle, Matara     Shelter and NFI, WASH Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 7 7  TABLE 166: COSTS INCURRED BY UN/HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Emergency Funds Own Budget Cost Agency Name Districts Sectors (LKR)** (LKR)* Colombo, Galle, Coordination, Food Security, Sri Lanka Red Cross Gampaha, Kalutara, Health, Search and Rescue, Shelter     Matara, Ratnapura and NFI, WASH Team Rubicon UK Coordination, Shelter and NFI, Matara, Ratnapura   5,352,470.93 WASH Galle, Hambantota, UNFPA Kalutara, Matara, Health, Protection   32,937,275.25 Ratnapura UN-Habitat Galle, Kalutara Shelter and NFI 103,511,096.70 0 Galle, Gampaha, Child Protection, Coordination, UNICEF Kalutara, Matara, Education, Food Security and 253,504,476 13,861,417 Ratnapura Nutrition, WASH UNV Colombo, Galle, Coordination, Field Work, Relief     Ratnapura WFP Galle, Kalutara, Matara, Coordination, Food Security 12,679,562   Ratnapura Colombo, Galle, WHO Gampaha, Hambantota, Health 204,210,450 0 Kalutara, Kegalle, Matara, Ratnapura Assessment, Child Protection, Galle, Gampaha, World Vision Lanka Coordination, Food Security, Kalutara, Kegalle,     Health, Search and Rescue, Shelter Nuwara Eliya, Ratnapura and NFI, WASH Totals:   1,043,586,223.70 223,184,594.35 Overall Total:   1,266,770,818.05   278  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Gender Flood & Landslides 2017 May- Death Details TABLE 167 : FLOOD & LANDSLIDES 2017 MAY- DEATH DETAILS S OU R C E: ND R S C District No.of Deaths Male Female Children Rathnapura 86 37 35 14 Kalutara 70 21 25 24 Matara 32 17 8 7 Galle 16 7 9 0 Kandy 1 0 1 0 Gampaha 4 2 1 1 Hambanthota 5 3 2 0 Kegalle 4 2 2 0 Colombo 1 0 1 0 Total 219 89 84 46 Annex 8: Additional information b y se ctor  2 7 9  280  SRI LANKA FLOODS AND LANDSLIDE S - MAY 2017 / R AP I D P DN A R E PO R T Bibliography Department of Census and Statistics, Ministry of National issuu. 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