Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Tanzania HYDROPOWER ATLAS: FINAL REPORT January 2018 This report was prepared by SHER in association with Mhylab, under contract to The World Bank. This is the final output from the small hydro Mapping and Geospatial Planning Tanzania [Project ID: P145287]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. The Final Report relating to the Hydropower Atlas for Tanzania summarizes the project and the results obtained. The Hydropower Atlas has been validated through field-based surveys and has been internally peer-reviewed. It will be published via The World Bank s main website and listed on the ESMAP website along with the other project outputs please refer to the corresponding country page. Copyright © 2018 THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org The World Bank, comprising the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), is the commissioning agent and copyright holder for this publication. However, this work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. Atlas of the Hydropower Resource of Tanzania In association with Atlas of the Hydropower Resource of Tanzania - January 2018 - « The small hydropower potential of Tanzania is important and largely underexploited. It is unevenly distributed across the country and opportunities exist in all capacity ranges » This Atlas is made available by The World Bank, financed by ESMAP and prepared by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a. (Artelia Group). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils s.a. (Artelia Group) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors for the countries they represent, or to ESMAP. The World Bank, ESMAP and SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of acceptance of such boundaries. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source. HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Table of Content Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................................................................ I LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................II LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................................II MAPS ............................................................................................................................................................................... III ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................................... IV UNITS .............................................................................................................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... V PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................................... VII SECTION A. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT .........................................................................................................A.1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... A.3 1.1. General context of the ESMAP program .............................................................................................................................................. A.3 1.2. Study objectives and scope of work .................................................................................................................................................... A.3 1.3. Frame of the Hydro-Atlas of Tanzania ................................................................................................................................................. A-4 1.4. Hydropower basics ................................................................................................................................................................................ A.4 CHAPTER 2. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... A.5 2.1. Topography: Altimetry and slopes ....................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.2. Hydrography ........................................................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.3. Geology ................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-10 2.4. Climate .................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-12 2.5. Land cover ............................................................................................................................................................................................ A-16 2.6. Protected areas .................................................................................................................................................................................... A-17 CHAPTER 3. ENERGY SECTOR IN TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. A.21 3.1. General information ............................................................................................................................................................................. A.21 3.2. Energy mix, distribution and main production units ....................................................................................................................... A-23 3.3. Power grid ............................................................................................................................................................................................. A-24 SECTION B. HYDROPOWER RESOURCE (0.3-10 MW) ...........................................................................................B.1 CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH .................................................................................................................... B.2 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................ B.2 4.2. Sites identified based on existing information ................................................................................................................................... B-2 4.3. New potential sites: contribution of SiteFinder .................................................................................................................................. B-2 4.4. Creation of a consolidated database ................................................................................................................................................... B-3 4.5. Promising hydropower projects for short term investment (0.3-10 MW) ......................................................................................... B-3 4.6. Reconnaissance study and field investigations ................................................................................................................................. B-4 CHAPTER 5. SMALL HYDRO POTENTIAL IN TANZANIA (0.3-10 MW) ...................................................................................B-5 5.1. Consolidated small hydro potential ..................................................................................................................................................... B-5 5.2. Contribution of small hydro to the energy mix in Tanzania .............................................................................................................. B.7 Page i HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Charts and Tables List of Figures Figure 1. Reconnaissance of potential sites near the Malagarasi River. ................................................................................................................. A-3 Figure 2. Schematic layout of run-of-the-river hydropower. .................................................................................................................................... A.4 Figure 3. Location and tectonics of the Great Rift System in Africa. ....................................................................................................................... A-5 Figure 4. Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Tanzania from 1901-2015. ........................................................................................... A-12 Figure 5. Population growth in Tanzania between 1950-2100. ............................................................................................................................. A-21 Figure 6. Electricity generation mix in Tanzania. .................................................................................................................................................. A-23 Figure 7. Mtera dam and reservoir. ...................................................................................................................................................................... A-23 Figure 8. Penstock of an existing hydropower scheme......................................................................................................................................... A-23 Figure 9. Percentage distribution of households connected to electricity by source of energy and place of residence ......................................... A-24 Figure 10. Geographic Information System associated with the Hydro-Atlas of Tanzania. ..................................................................................... B-2 Figure 11. Illustration of SiteFinder......................................................................................................................................................................... B-2 Figure 12. Investigations of the surface geology. ................................................................................................................................................... B-4 Figure 13. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown by region. ...................................................................... B-5 Figure 14. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown by water basin. .............................................................. B-6 Figure 15. Medium-term contribution of small hydro to the energy mix in Tanzania. .............................................................................................. B.7 List of Tables Table 1. Seasons in Tanzania. ............................................................................................................................................................................ A-12 Table 2. Main natural hazards experienced by the Tanzanian communities (% of respondents). ........................................................................ A-12 Table 3. Land cover classes of Tanzania (ESA-CCI). ......................................................................................................................................... A-16 Table 4. Main existing hydropower plants. .......................................................................................................................................................... A-23 Table 5. Percentage distribution of households (HHs) connected (C) and not connected (NC) to electricity by region and place of residence. .. A-24 Table 6. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown by region. ........................................................................ B-5 Table 7. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown by water basin. ................................................................ B-6 Page ii HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Maps Maps Map 1 ………..vi Location of the United Republic of Tanzania………………………………………………………………………………..………………………. Map 2 Administrative boundaries…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….A.2 Map 3 ……….A.7 Topography: Elevation...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Map 4 ……….A.8 Topography: Slopes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 5 …….....A.9 Hydrographic network………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 6 Geology...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ……...A.11 Map 7 ……...A.14 Rainfall: Interannual average………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 8 ……...A.15 Rainfall: Seasonal variability…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Map 9 ……...A.18 Land cover……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 10 ……...A.19 Satellite imagery……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 11 ……...A.20 Protected areas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Map 12 ……...A.22 Population & Transport………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 13 ……...A.25 Access to electricity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 14 ……...A.26 Existing power system……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….. Map 15 ……...B.10 Small hydropower potential by Water Management Basin...……………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16 ……...B.11 Small hydropower potential by Region………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-1 ……...B.12 Small hydropower potential by Region: Arusha…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 16-2 ……...B.13 Small hydropower potential by Region: Dodoma……….…………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-3 ……...B.14 Small hydropower potential by Region: Iringa………….…………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-4 ……...B.15 Small hydropower potential by Region: Kagera……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-5 ……...B.16 Small hydropower potential by Region: Katavi…………….………………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-6 ……...B.17 Small hydropower potential by Region: Kigoma……………….…………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-7 ……...B.18 Small hydropower potential by Region: Kilimanjaro……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 16-8 ……...B.19 Small hydropower potential by Region: Manyara……………..…………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 16-9 ……...B.20 Small hydropower potential by Region: Mbeya…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 16-10 ……...B.21 Small hydropower potential by Region: Morogoro…………….……………………………………………………………………………………. Map 16-11 ……...B.22 Small hydropower potential by Region: Mtwara………..……………………………………………………………………………………………. Map 16-12 ……...B.23 Small hydropower potential by Region: Njombe…………………….………………………………………………………………………………. Map 16-13 ……...B.24 Small hydropower potential by Region: Pwani……………………….………………………………………………………………………………. Map 16-14 ……...B.25 Small hydropower potential by Region: Rukwa…………………………..………………………………………………………………………….. Map 16-15 ……...B.26 Small hydropower potential by Region: Ruvuma…………………..………………………………………………………………………………. Map 16-16 ……...B.27 Small hydropower potential by Region: Simiyu……………..……………………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-17 ……...B.28 Small hydropower potential by Region: Singida…………………….……………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-18 ……...B.29 Small hydropower potential by Region: Songwe…………..……………………………………………………………………………………….. Map 16-19 ……...B.30 Small hydropower potential by Region: Tabora……………………..……………………………………………………………………………… Map 16-20 ……...B.31 Small hydropower potential by Region: Tanga…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………. Page iii HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Acronyms and Units Acronyms AFTG1 Africa Energy Practice 1 Mhylab Mini-hydraulics laboratory CCI Climate Change Initiative NASA National Aeronautics and Space DEM Digital Elevation Model Administration DSM Digital Surface Model NCAA Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority ESA European Space Agency RE Renewable Energy ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program REA Rural Energy Agency EWURA Energy and Water Utilities SHER SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils Regulatory Authority (Artelia Group) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization SPPs Small Power Producers (of the United Nations) SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission FNR Forest Nature Reserve TANAPA Tanzania National Parks GHG Greenhouse Gas TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company GIS Geographic Information System TAWA Tanzania Wildlife Management GLI Global Legal Insights Authority GoT Government of Tanzania TFS Tanzania Forest Services IPPs Independent Power Producers UN United Nations IRENA International Renewable Energy UNESCO United Nations Educational, Agency Scientific and Cultural Organization IWRM Integrated Water Resources USAID United States Agency for Management International Development LCOE Levelized Cost Of Energy WMB Water Management Basin MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer Units Length Area 1 km = 1,000 m 1 are = 100 m2 = 0.01 ha 1 mile = 1.56 km 1 ha = 10,000 m2 1 foot = 0.3048 m 1 km2 = 1,000,000 m2 = 100 ha 1 acre = 4,047 m2 = 0.4047 ha Volume 1 dm3 = 1 liter = 0.001 m3 Capacity and energy 3 3 3 1 hm = 1,000,000 m = 0.001 km 1 MW = 1,000 kW = 1,000,000 W 1 km3 = 1 billion m3 1 GWh = 1,000 MWh = 1,000,000 kWh Page iv HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Acknowledgements Acknowledgements  This Atlas of the Hydropower Resource of Tanzania has been prepared by a consortium led by SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils (Belgium) in close collaboration with Mhylab (Switzerland). The team was led by Pierre Smits and Quentin Goor with contributions from Damien Dubois, Thomas Dubois, Nicolas Gardin, Arthur Karomba, Lionel Matagne, Athanas Macheyeki, Giress Munyandekwe, Owden Simbeye, Alice Vandenbussche, Laurent Smati and Vincent Denis.  The implementation of this study has been endorsed by the World Bank team led by Fehrat Esen, as well as by the teams from the Rural Energy Agency (REA).  The results presented in this report are based on comprehensive data and information from a large number of stakeholders, whom we thank for their valuable knowledge and inputs. The main contributors were the Rural Energy Agency, TANESCO, the Ministry of Energy and Minerals and the Tanzania Water Basin Offices.  This project has been made possible thanks to the support of the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) administered by the World Bank and supported by 11 bilateral donors. Page v HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Page vi HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Preface Preface  The small hydropower potential of Tanzania is good and largely  Expansion of the existing power grids should continue, as untapped. Opportunities exist in all power capacity ranges. The planned in the Power System Master Plan 2016. The development of this potential is however hampered by the size of development should rely on accurate and transparent mapping the country and the poor state of the road network and tracks in highlighting the priorities and timeframes for their development. remote areas. Soil degradation and erosion is worrying and may Consequently, the economic attractiveness of remote question the feasibility of some hydraulic projects. This context of hydropower projects could strongly increase due to the expected catchment degradation and suspended sediments management reduced costs associated with the transmission lines and access must be considered in every future development of hydropower roads. Those remote projects could hence become competitive projects, whether large or small. Any new infrastructure compared to thermal production. development must be part of an Integrated Watershed Resources  In the light of a growing energy demand, the future development Management (IWRM) process in order to preserve the natural plans will have to integrate all the known and studied hydropower water resources of Tanzania in a sustainable way. sites distributed across the country, the most promising  Small hydro projects have the advantage of a faster development hydropower projects selected in this study and the other process (~2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in meeting the renewable energy sources (solar, wind, ...) which will constitute a increasing electricity demand and a more easily available funding complete portfolio of renewable energy projects. compared to the large hydro. The latter requires a longer  In a context of climate change and high seasonal variabilities of development process, complex financial closure and may streamflow in the rivers, development of reservoir projects should encounter severe socio-environmental constraints. Given the be further analyzed to provide more flexibility of the power opportunity to replace expensive and polluting production from system. Also, cascade development of hydropower projects thermal power plants and the future increase in energy demand (including an upstream reservoir for daily or seasonal regulation) on the main grid and mini-grids, small hydro projects remain are particularly relevant in Tanzania. Economy of scale, appealing even when a larger project is developed. particularly in terms of access roads and transmission lines, are possible for such projects. « The small hydropower potential of Tanzania is important and largely underexploited. It is unevenly distributed across the country and opportunities exist in all capacity ranges » Page vii HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA SECTION A. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT  Introduction  General geography  Energy sector in Tanzania Page A.1 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Introduction Page A.2 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. GENERAL CONTEXT OF THE ESMAP PROGRAM  ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program) is a  This "Renewable Energy Mapping: Small Hydro Tanzania" study, technical assistance program administered by the World Bank is part of a technical assistance project, ESMAP funded, being and supported by 11 bilateral donors. In January 2013, ESMAP implemented by Africa Energy Practice 1 (AFTG1) of the World has launched an initiative that will support country-driven efforts Bank in Tanzania (the ‘Client’) which aims at supporting resource to improve awareness about renewable energy resources (RE), mapping and geospatial planning for small hydro. to implement appropriate policy frameworks for RE development,  It is being undertaken in close coordination with the Rural Energy and to provide “open access” to resources and geospatial Agency (REA) of Tanzania, the World Bank’s primary Client mapping data. country counterpart for this study.  This initiative will also support the IRENA-Global Atlas by improving the availability and quality of the data that can be consulted through the interactive Atlas. 1.2. STUDY OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK  The objectives of the present study " Renewable Energy Mapping:  PHASE 3: Production of a validated Atlas of the resources Small Hydro Tanzania " are the following: combining spatial data and field measurements.  The improvement of the quality and availability of information on  All reports produced in the framework of this study are available Tanzania’s small hydropower resources; for download on the ESMAP website at https://www.esmap.org.  Provide the Government of Tanzania (GoT) and commercial Figure 1. Reconnaissance of potential sites near the Malagarasi River. developers with ground-validated maps that show the varying level of hydropower potential throughout the country ;  Highlight several sites most suited for small hydropower projects development.  The objectives of the resource maps are:  To contribute to a detailed comprehensive assessment and to a geospatial planning framework of small hydro resources in Tanzania;  To verify the potential for the most promising sites and prioritized sites to facilitate new small hydropower projects and ideally to guide private investments into the sector;  To increase the awareness and knowledge of the Client on RE potential.  The expected results from the study are:  Assembled data in a geographical database (GIS);  A thematic atlas on hydropower in Tanzania with a particular emphasis on small hydro; and  Recommendations to develop the small hydropower sector in Tanzania.  The 3 phases of the ESMAP study are :  PHASE 1: Initial scoping and preliminary mapping of the resources based on spatial analysis and site visits ;  PHASE 2: Field data collection and validation ; Page A.3 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Introduction 1.3. FRAME OF THE HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA  This Hydro-Atlas of Tanzania is a document that contains all the of Phase 3, by including new information collected on the field and information directly or indirectly related to hydropower and updating the contextual information. collected during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of this study. The  The Geographic Information System has been designed to meet information has been compiled and processed in a Geographic the compatibility and standardization requirements defined in the Information System (GIS) and is presented as thematic maps, terms of reference so that geographic data can be easily tables, graphs and various illustrations. The Hydro-Atlas also published on the World Bank GIS platform. In addition, the includes the results of the prioritization of promising sites, as consultant used the free of charge GIS software QuantumGIS for discussed during the Phase 1 and presented in the Hydro processing and publishing the geographic data, which makes it Mapping Report of April 2015. possible to disseminate and transfer the data free of charge  The information of this Atlas presents the hydropower potential of during the training sessions carried out at the end of Phase 1. Tanzania including the new potential sites identified by the  The present Hydro-Atlas of Tanzania focuses exclusively on consulting engineering firm SHER (ARTELIA Group) within potential sites in the range of capacities between 0.3 and 10 MW. the framework of this study, using the SiteFinder tool as well as the existing hydropower sites. The creation of the Atlas started with Phase 1 of the study. The Atlas has been updated at the end 1.4. HYDROPOWER BASICS  Hydropower uses the difference in energy of a water body  Storage hydropower: In this type of scheme, the between two points at different elevations. The elevation hydropower plant benefits from the regulating capacity of the difference is called the gross head and is expressed in meters reservoir to modulate the quantity of water conveyed to the (m). A hydropower project aims to recover this energy in order to turbines and consequently its energy production. This type of generate electricity. In the absence of a hydropower scheme, this project therefore allows a production that can be modulated energy is dissipated in the natural course of the river through the according to the energy demand on the grid. In addition, if the internal and external friction which is responsible for the river bed storage capacity of the reservoir is large enough, it can store erosion. the excess water during the wet season (or year) to redistribute it during the dry season (year). This type of  The production of hydropower results from the conversion of the projects and its operation are therefore one of the key kinetic energy of moving water (in a river or a lake) into elements of adaptation strategies to the effects of climate mechanical energy by one or more hydraulic turbines. This change. mechanical energy is finally transformed into electrical energy by generators. The conversion of energy is carried out in a  Run-of-the-river hydropower: In this type of scheme, the hydropower station (powerhouse) which houses in particular the hydropower plant is directly supplied by an intake or diversion turbines and alternators (Figure 2). structure in the river and has only a very limited or zero storage capacity. In this case, the available power is mainly  The capacity of a hydropower plant P, expressed in megawatts a function of the streamflow in the river. (MW), is mainly a function of the gross head H (m) and the flow rate Q (m³.s-1) passing through the turbines according to the  In the context of this study focusing on small hydro, only run-of- following equation: the-river projects have been considered. Figure 2. Schematic layout of run-of-the-river hydropower. P=ρxgxQxHxη with ρ the water density (kg.m-³), g the acceleration of gravity (m.s-²) and η (-) the global efficiency of the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy (product of the efficiency of the turbines, the alternator and the transformer).  The energy is the ability of a system to perform work while the power expresses the energy transfer per unit of time. The energy corresponds to the capacity produced by a power plant for a certain period. For example, 1 MWh is the electrical energy produced by a 1 MW (1,000,000 W) power plant in one hour.  The hydropower is a renewable energy.  There are two main types of hydropower schemes: Page A-4 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Chapter 2. General geography 2.1. TOPOGRAPHY: ALTIMETRY AND SLOPES  The United Republic of Tanzania consists of the Mainland and elevation changes and elevation gradients. The steeper slopes Zanzibar, and is located in the Great Lakes region of East Africa are situated along the Western and Eastern branches of the rift between latitudes 0°59’ and 11°45’ south of the equator (Map 2). with a difference of elevation that can be more than 1,500 m on a few kilometers distance (slopes > 30%). There is also a steep  North, the country shares a border with Kenya and Uganda. Lake slopes line, the Rukwa fault, along the west side of Lake Rukwa. Victoria forms a natural border with Uganda. North-West, Rwanda These regions have topographical features particularly favorable and Burundi are the neighboring countries. The country is for hydropower development. bounded to the West by the Lake Tanganyika, which separates it from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Zambia, Malawi and Figure 3. Location and tectonics of the Great Rift System in Africa. [ Adapted from: Mozambique are the South neighboring countries. Indian Ocean Davies, T. (2008). Environmental health impacts of East African Rift volcanism. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30, 325-338]. forms the East border. Tanzania is the thirteen largest country of Africa with a total surface area of 947,300 km².  Most of the country is located in the East African Rift Valley formed by the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates began about 35 million years ago and created a combination of several rifts and volcanoes in the region, the most famous of which is Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa (5,895 m) located North-East of Tanzania. [Source: Davies, T. (2008). Environmental health impacts of East African Rift volcanism. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30, 325-338]. The Western and Eastern rift valleys form the Tanzanian Central Plateau. Along the coast, the terrain is composed by plains.  Tanzania can be divided into four main orographic units:  the Western Rift Valley;  the Central Plateau;  the Eastern Rift Valley;  the Eastern Oceanic side.  The Digital Surface Model (DSM) used in the frame of this study is the « Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second Global », published by NASA in 2014. These data have been acquired by the American Space Agency (NASA) through radar measurements from the space shuttle Endeavor in February 2000 and have a spatial resolution of 1 arc-second (about 30 m at the equator). This set of elevation data is particularly well suited for the delineation of hydrographic watersheds, the identification of river systems and the calculation of slopes. The altimetry of Tanzania is shown in Map 3.  The map of slopes (Map 4) has been calculated from the DSM described in the previous paragraph and highlights the important 2.2. HYDROGRAPHY  The Tanzania’s topography features a series of internal drainage and rivers form a large part of the country’s borders. There are basins (endorheic basins) which outlets are the series of the Ruvuma River with Mozambique, Lake Tanganyika with the endorheic lakes in the Northern part of the country, along the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lake Nyasa and the Songwe Eastern Rift Valley (Map 5). River with Malawi, the Kagera River with Rwanda and Uganda and Lake Victoria with Uganda and Kenya. As a result, Tanzania  The rainy season starts in November/December which results in plays a key role in managing transboundary institutions and an increase of river flows and a rise of lakes water level. The flood agreements on transboundary water resources [Source: FAO- period occurs in March-April. Then, a recession period starts in AQUASTAT]. May and finishes in October/November. Many of the larger rivers have flood plains, which extend far inland with grassy marshes,  Tanzania is divided into nine major water management basins flooded forests and oxbow lakes [Source: FAO-AQUASTAT]. (WMB). A brief description of these basins is given below [Source: Ministry of Water and Irrigation of the United Republic of  Tanzania shares six international lakes, five international rivers Tanzania]: and seven international aquifers. Three of the largest African river basins (Nile, Congo and Zambezi) run through the country. Lakes Page A.5 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography  Lake Victoria Basin: is an African Great Lake, source of the There are two unique lakes in the basin namely Jipe and White Nile and is the world’s second-largest freshwater lake Chala which are transboundary water bodies. and the largest lake in Africa. On Tanzania side, the main  Wami/Ruvu and its associated Coast Rivers Basin: is rivers draining into the lake include Kagera, Simiyu, located in the eastern part of Tanzania. The basin has two Mbarageti, Grumet, Mara and Mori Rivers. Along the west major rivers, Wami and Ruvu, and it has coastal rivers flowing side of the lake, the Western branch of the rift creates some into Indian Ocean, most of which are located in Dar es Salaam large waterfalls. Region. The source of Wami River is Chandama highland in  Lake Tanganyika Basin: is an African Great Lake part of the the northern Tanzania and Ruvu River originates from Mt. Congo basin situated in the Western part of the country. All Uluguru. the catchments that drain in the lake constitute the Lake  Rufiji Basin: covers an area of 183,800 km² (about 20% of Tanganyika basin. The land surface of the basin on Tanzania Tanzania). The river drains into the Indian Ocean. The Rufiji side is 151,000 km² and the lake has an area of 32,000 km². Basin comprises of four major rivers namely: Great Ruaha, The main river, the Malagarasi originates at about 1,750 Kilombero, Luwegu and Rufiji (the lower part of main river) meters above the sea level in the Burundian mountainous Rivers. The climate in the basin differs from the coast to the area from where it runs northeasterly through hilly and highlands in the upper parts of the catchments. For instance, mountainous landscape and then southward into the except for the lower parts of the basin, which experience two Malagarasi Swamps. Its major tributaries, the Myowosi and rainy seasons, the largest portion is characterized by Igombe Rivers meet the Malagarasi in the seasonal Lake unimodal rainfall. Nyamagoma. The Ugalla and Ruchugi Rivers join the main river downstream of Lake Nyamagoma. The river then runs  Ruvuma and Southern Rivers Basin: occupies the Ruvuma, west, through the Misito Escarpment where it forms rapids Mtwara and Lindi Regions of southeastern Tanzania. The and waterfalls before entering the lake like the Kalambo Falls, entire area of Ruvuma River basin is about 152,200 km² of one of the tallest uninterrupted falls in Africa. which 34% is in Tanzania. The Ruvuma River is a perennial river and its main tributaries at its headwaters are Lucheringo,  Internal Drainage Basin: is described by rivers draining into Likonde and Lugenda Rivers in Mozambique and the a group of inland water bodies (lakes) which are located Matogoro Mountains. around the north-central part of the country. The system, composed mainly of troughs and faults runs southward from  Lake Nyasa Basin: forms the southwestern part of Tanzania Lake Natron at the border with Kenya to central Tanzania in with common borders of Mozambique and Malawi territories. the Bahi depression. Total basin area on Tanzania side is The total area covered is approximately 165,100 km², about 153,800 km². The major drainage systems in this basin inclusive of lake waters (33,457 km²). The basin covers all includes: Lake Eyasi System, which drains areas in North land whose rivers drain water into Lake Nyasa. The main Tabora Region and East Shinyanga by the Wembere and rivers that pour their water into Lake Nyasa from the Tanzania Manonga river systems, Lake Manyara system and Bubu side include Ruhuhu, Songwe, Kiwira, Rufirio and Lumbira complex where important features are the Bubu and Bubu Rivers. swamps. There are several other small independent lakes and  Lake Rukwa Basin: is characterized by an extensive network swamps with no outlet existing in this basin such as Lake of seasonal and perennial rivers that feed and drain several Basuto and Lake Natron. small lakes and large expanses of swamps and wetland  Pangani Basin: is comprised of five sub basins: Pangani, systems before discharging into Lake Rukwa. The lake is fed Umba, Msangazi, Zigi and Coastal Rivers including by seventeen rivers, ranging in size from big perennial rivers Mkulumuzi, all of which are independent and drain to the to small seasonal rivers. The major rivers draining the basin Indian Ocean. The Pangani River has two main tributaries, include: the Rungwa River, which drains into Lake Rukwa Kikuletwa and Ruvu Rivers, which join at Nyumba ya Mungu from the North; Lupa, Chambua and Songwe Rivers, which dam, a large man-made reservoir with a surface area of 140 drain the Mbeya Range and flow into the lake from the South; km². Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru provide the source of and the Momba River, which flows into the lake from the West. Kikuletwa river flow, while the Ruvu, Mkomazi and Luengera Other rivers include Luiche and Katuma that originate from the Rivers drain part of Kilimanjaro, Pare and Usambara Ufipa plateau and several ephemeral rivers that flow into the mountains and the springs emerge from the Kenyan side. lake during the wet season. « The topography along the Great Rift in Tanzania is particularly favorable for hydropower development. However abundant annual precipitations across the country are unevenly distributed during the year » Page A.6 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.7 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.8 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.9 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography 2.3. GEOLOGY [Source: Sika Resources Inc. (2011), A brief introduction to the  The Phanerozoic is represented by a series of sedimentary units geology and mining industry of Tanzania]. of Paleozoic to Mesozoic age (Jurassic and Cretaceous). This was followed by a pre-rift period of kimberlitic and related, alkalic,  The geological framework of Tanzania is a good representation mantle-derived intrusive and extrusive activity that presaged of the whole geologic history of the African continent. Archean active rifting. Rocks related to this event intrude up to Upper evolution, its modification through metamorphic reworking and Mesozoic and Lower Cenozoic sedimentary formations. Next, accretion of other continental rocks, in turn covered by came a period of rift-related intrusive and extrusive activity. This continentally derived sediments; all these events have shaped the activity was concentrated in the Arusha area in the northeast and nature of the soil. Mbeya area in the southwest that led to the formation of  Pre-rift magmatism followed by active rifting has also left a major mountain-sized volcanoes such as Mt. Meru and Mt. Kilimanjaro. mark upon the Tanzanian landscape. Finally, a wide variety of recent and largely semi- to un-  In the past, geological mapping programs have been consolidated wind, water, and weathering-derived recent undertakenand have contributed to the identification of several formations are found across the country, a number of which host major litho-structural provinces from Archean (Precambrian) to alluvial gold, diamond, and colored gemstone deposits. recent age. The Archean (Tanzanian) Craton covers a large  In the modern times, the typical weather of Tanzania is area of the western part of the country. It is approximatively characterized by a hot climate, long periods of steady rain during delimited by the East African Rift to the East. Archean rocks the monsoon period (March through May) followed by a stretch of contain various elements such as kimberlite pipes where there hot, dry weather, which has led to the development of deeply used to have lodes of diamond and gold deposits. The Archean weathered rock formations and thick overlying lateritic and related basement terrain is bounded to the East and West by a soil horizons. series of Proterozoic mobile belts. This area, on the East side in  The long, evolved drainage history of the country, considerably particular, hosts most of the country’s wide variety of colored affected by sudden and dramatic changes in geomorphology due gemstone deposits. Some recent research suggests that portions to tectonic events in the past, have led to a complex series of of this assumed Proterozoic terrane may actually consist of fluvial, elluvial and alluvial deposits, which host a wide variety of Archean crust that has endured a later phase of higher-grade placer deposits (gold, diamonds, colored gemstones, etc.). metamorphism. Page A-10 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A-11 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography 2.4. CLIMATE 2.4.1. Climate factors [Sources: United Republic of Tanzania (Vice President’s Office), Table 1. Seasons in Tanzania. [Source: FAO, 2006]. National Climate Change Strategy, 2012; FAO, 2006]. Z ONE M ONTH W IND DIRECTION S EASON North Central South  The climate is diverse within the country due to its size (wide elevation range which governs temperature and latitude) and is December to March NE Kaskazi Dry Dry Wet affected by the ocean and inland lakes. March to May Variable Masika Wet Wet Wet June to September SE Kusi Dry Dry Dry  It is characterized by two main rain seasons namely the long rains and the short rains. They originates from the southward and October to November NE Vuli Wet Wet Wet northward movement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.  The table shows typical seasons in Tanzania but it may vary. High The long rains (Masika) begin in the mid of March and end at the evapotranspiration rate can reduce the effectiveness of rainfall, end May, while the short rains (Vuli) begin in the middle of especially in the semi-arid areas (PLDPT, 1984). October and continues to early December. The northern part of the country including areas around Lake Victoria Basin, North-  The combined influences of altitude, latitude, rainfall and soil Eastern Highlands and the Northern Coast experience a bimodal determine the climatic zones of East Africa. Pratt and Gwynne rainfall regime. Central, South and Western areas have a (1977) classify Tanzania into five agro-ecological zones: afro- prolonged unimodal rainfall regime starting from November, alpine, humid to dry sub-humid, dry sub-humid to semi-arid, semi- continuing to the end of April. More details are given in the table arid and arid. below (Table 1). 2.4.2. Rainfall and temperature  Annual rainfall varies from 500 mm/y to 1,000 mm/y in most parts km²) experiences at least four months with precipitations below 5 of the country. The highest annual rainfall of 1,000 mm to 3,000 mm/month every year (on average). mm occurs in the Northeast of the Lake Tanganyika Basin and in  Most of the areas with extended dry periods are mainly in the the Southern Highlands. In these areas, mean annual rainfall is Center (Dodoma, Iringa, Mbeya, Sumbawanga, Tabora) and in 1,071 mm. Zanzibar and the coastal areas are hot and humid, and the South (Songea, Tunduru) of the country. The situation is less average daily temperatures are around 30°C. October-March is severe in the Northern (around Lake Victoria) and Eastern the hottest period. Sea breezes however temper the region’s oceanic zones. climate and the period of June-September is the coolest with temperatures falling to 25°C. In the Kilimanjaro area,  Those long dry period regions are more likely to feature seasonal temperatures vary from 15°C in May-August to 22°C in rivers and streams that are less favorable for hydropower December-March [Source: FAO, 2016]. development.  Map 8 shows the duration of the dry periods across the country Figure 4. Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Tanzania from 1901-2015. [Source: The World Bank Group, Climate Change Knowledge Portal]. represented by the number of months with precipitations below 10 mm/month (on average). It reveals that abundant annual precipitations across the country are unevenly distributed during the year: some regions feature high precipitations during the wet season and an extended dry period with very small amount of rain.  Sixty percent (60%) of the country (548,290 km²) experiences at least four months with precipitations below 10 mm/month every year (on average). Forty percent (40%) of the country (380,000 2.4.3. El Niño  El Niño is a natural event characterized by the abnormal warming the highest in the country historical records [Source: Tanzania of the sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern regions Meteorological Agency, 2016]. along the equatorial line of the Pacific Ocean. On average, it  These extreme hazards have had severe repercussion on the occurs every 2 to 7 years and can last up to 18 months. El Niño livelihood of the affected population. They have lost crops, has significant environmental and climate impacts on a global agricultural inputs and tools, animals, pasture land and other scale. In some areas, this can lead to reduced rainfall and sources of income such as agriculture casual labor, in addition to drought, while other areas are subject to intensive rainfall and houses properties [Source: FAO, 2017]. flooding. Climatologists have announced that the El Niño event 2015-2016 could be the most severe ever recorded [Source: Table 2. Main natural hazards experienced by the Tanzanian communities (% of respondents). [Source: FAO, 2016]. FAO, 2016]. F REQUENCY  The last El Niño event (from 2015 to 2016) has affected Tanzania. T YPE OF HAZARDS R ARELY R EGULARLY S EASONALLY Y EARLY About 25,000 households have been directly affected by floods in Drought 13.5% 14.5% 29.5% 70.0% six regions namely Arusha, Dodoma, Mara, Morogoro, Mwanza, Floods 73.0% 14.5% 26.5% 0.0% and Shinyanaga [Source: FAO, 2017]. Frost 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% 0.0%  It has also impacted temperatures from October to December Hail 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% 0.0% 2015 and the beginning of year 2016. Temperatures during that Others 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.0% period reached up to 36°C, approximately 1.7 - 2.0°C above the Pest / diseases 13.5% 71.0% 3.0% 0.0% monthly average temperature, in particular on the coastal areas Storm 0.0% 0.0% 35.0% 20.0% and Northeastern highlands. This deviation from the average is Page A-12 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography 2.4.4. Climate change [Sources: United Republic of Tanzania (Vice President’s Office), decreasing rainfall amount and seasonal shift in rainfall patterns National Climate Change Strategy, 2012; The World Bank Group, are becoming more common. Most parts of the country, Climate Change Knowledge Portal]. particularly the Central and Northern Zones, which are semi-arid will be more likely vulnerable to the projected increase in  Climate change has impacted Tanzania and threatens the frequency and amplitude of extreme climate events (URT, 2007). majority of Tanzanian who depend on natural resources. In order to face this problem, the country has to develop adaptation  The National Climate Change Strategy presents Tanzania with an strategies in various areas including agriculture and water opportunity to address climate change adaptation and participate resource management, such as irrigation, water saving, rainwater in the global efforts to reduce GHG emissions in the context of harvesting; coastal protection; alternative clean energy sources; sustainable development. The commitment of the country to the sustainable tourism activities and community awareness conservation of its forests is appropriate considering that programs in public health. Tanzania has over 33.5 million hectares of forestry reserves and sizable rural land under forest cover. This natural reserve can play  Analysis of climatological data notice signals of increased climate an important role to sustainable development and act as a sink of variability and climate change over most parts of the country. greenhouse gases produced elsewhere. Every decisions and Observations from local communities point in the same direction. actions that will be taken to reduce climate change will have Recent climatic disturbances such as increasing temperature, beneficial consequence for the nation and communities. notably over highland areas are observed in most parts of the country, late rainfall onset and early withdraw (cessation), « Hydropower: a renewable source of energy whose development must contribute to adaptation strategies to climate change » Page A.13 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.14 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A-15 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography 2.5. LAND COVER  The land cover presented in Map 9 is a result of the CCI Land Table 3. Land cover classes of Tanzania (ESA-CCI). Cover (© ESA Climate Change Initiative - Land Cover project A REA L AND COVER CLASS 2016) which is a well-known source of land cover information [ KM ²] [%] worldwide. These data are the result of the integration of five Tree cover broadleaved deciduous open (15-40%) 193,200 20.5% years (2008-2012) of satellite images acquired by the European Shrubland 150,400 16.0% Space Agency (ESA) MERIS instrument (MEdium Resolution Cropland rainfed - Herbaceous cover 117,000 12.4% Imaging Spectrometer). Tree cover broadleaved deciduous closed to open (>15%) 116,000 12.3%  A very abundant vegetation cover composed mainly by forests, Cropland rainfed 91,170 9.7% which cover about 40% of the territory, characterizes the country. Water Bodies 60,020 6.4% Croplands, alone or in association, account for about 30% of the Shrub or herbaceous cover flooded fresh/saline/brackish water 45,130 4.8% land cover classes. Then, the grasslands and shrublands together represent a little less than 25% of the country’s surface whereas Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%) 27,600 2.9% water bodies a little more than 5%. Grassland 27,050 2.9%  The spatial distribution of the land cover of the country is mainly Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation 25,070 2.7% (tree/shrub/herbaceous cover) (<50%) characterized by a natural vegetation (forest and shrub) which Tree cover mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved) 20,700 2.2% covers half part of the central plateau (western, southern and northeastern parts) and the eastern ocean side (plains) whereas Cropland irrigated or post-flooding 16,540 1.8% the other part of the central plateau (central and northern parts) is Tree cover broadleaved evergreen closed to open (>15%) 11,460 1.2% mainly distinguished by agricultural areas. Mosaic natural vegetation (tree/shrub/herbaceous cover) (>50%) 10,680 1.1% / cropland (<50%)  The Landsat satellite image presented in Map 10 shows the Others classes (with < 1% of total area) 28,572 3% distinction between the diverse vegetation cover. TOTAL 940,592 100%  The general evolutionary trend leads to a deforestation in favor of agriculture. Page A-16 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography 2.6. PROTECTED AREAS [Sources: Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), 2017; Ngorongoro  Wildlife Management Areas are areas of communal land Conservation Area Authority (NCAA); Tanzania Wildlife which are not part of protected areas, voluntarily set aside as Management Authority (TAWA), 2016; Tanzania Forest Services habitat of wildlife by local community members. (TFS) Agency, 2016; The Ramsar Convention Secretariat; Marine  Game Controlled Areas are declared for conservation of Parks and Reserves Tanzania, 2015]. wildlife outside village land where activities that could  The President of Tanzania, in agreement with the relevant negatively affect wildlife are prohibited. authorities, has approved the designation of protected areas on  Forest Nature Reserves (FNR) are state-owned and are the land and at sea. This decision is part of Tanzania’s wildlife managed by the Tanzania Forest Services (TFS) Agency. conservation strategy. The designation of protected areas aims to Animals and trees are protected in these places. These maintain the biological diversity, the natural and cultural reserves are generally restricted to research, education and resources of these places through legal or other effective means. nature-based tourism. Among the protected areas, many sites are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Consequently, special rules and regulations  Ramsar Sites: The Convention on Wetlands, called the apply for these areas, e.g. related to settlement, tourism, hunting Ramsar Convention, is the intergovernmental treaty that and other activities. Depending on their status, the areas are provides the framework for the conservation and wise use of divided into the following categories: wetlands and their resources. There are two sites in Tanzania identified as Ramsar sites: Lake Natron and Kilombero  National Parks: The Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) valley. Wetlands are among the most diverse and productive consists of 16 national parks and are part of the country’s rich ecosystems. They provide essential environmental services natural heritage. The conservation of its fauna and flora is a and represent important resources of fresh water. priority. Hence, these areas are subject to a particular protection against the human activity that may threaten their  Marine Reserves are protected areas that are strictly set biodiversity and ecosystem. aside to protect biodiversity and are always small areas where human residence is not allowed. The use of their  Conservation Areas such as the Ngorongoro Conservation resources and their impacts are strictly controlled and limited Area (NCA) are polyvalent lands where human development to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such is realized in accordance with the conservation of natural protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas resources. For example, in the Ngorongoro Conservation for scientific research and monitoring. Area, the interests of indigenous residents are respected and tourism is promoted while maintaining the conservation of  Marine Parks are a specialized version of a marine reserve natural resources. where various community users and habitation is encouraged through a strict zonation scheme, and emphasis on  Game Reserves are categories of wildlife protected areas education, recreation and preservation is highly which are declared for the purpose of conservation. Both recommended through participatory management consumptive and non-consumptive wildlife utilization are approaches. allowed after permit has been obtained from the Director of Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA). No human  Protected areas represent a little less than 40% (361,300 km²) of activities are allowed, unless, with permit granted by the the total terrestrial area of Tanzania and 3% (7,300 km²) of the Director of TAWA. marine area (Map 11). These areas are distributed throughout the territory. « The environmental impacts of small hydropower development are generally lower » Page A-17 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.18 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.19 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA General geography Page A.20 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Energy sector in Tanzania Chapter 3. Energy sector in Tanzania 3.1. GENERAL INFORMATION [Sources: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); boost the development of renewable energy and diversify the SHER Ingénieurs-Conseils, Small Hydro Mapping Report, 2015; energy mix to attain a more robust and resilient energy supply that African Development Bank Group, Renewable Energy in Africa - is less subject to oil price shocks. Tanzania country profile, 2015]  Tanzania’s energy sector faces a number of significant  Tanzania is endowed by a variety of energy resources from coal challenges amongst which: and natural gas to renewable energy sources like biomass,  Increasing electricity demand; hydropower, geothermal, solar and wind. Most of this potential remains currently untapped, despite the expansion of the power  Risk of load shedding, power outages and associated capacity and grid extension led by the Government of Tanzania electricity price shocks due to the increasing unpredictability (GoT). The continued development of Tanzania’s energy sector of hydropower generation; is critical to the country’s ability to grow economically, attract  Financing of the energy sector; foreign direct investment, and increase industrialization.  Low access to reliable electricity;  The development of the renewable resources available in the  The size of the country associated with scattered population country would contribute significantly to Tanzania’s energy supply and contribute moving the country closer to achieving middle- makes grid extension expensive for many remote areas; income status, as envisioned in the Tanzania National  Health risks and degradation of the environment from Development Vision 2025. household reliance on biomass energy.  For many years, the Tanzanian electric system has not been able  In June 2014, considering the supply and financial crisis known to satisfy the growing demand for electricity. Supply of electricity by the country in recent years, the GoT adopted the “Electricity is not keeping pace with demand causing frequent load shedding Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014 – 2025”. and power outages. Consequently, the electricity demand is  Population dynamics is one of the key factors influencing the supply-driven, and it is hence difficult to estimate the actual future demand for energy and capacity. As illustrated in Figure 5, demand in a context of sufficient supply. Government estimates the number of inhabitants of the country will increase from 53.9 are that demand for electricity is on average growing between 10 million in 2015 (estimate) to 138.1 million in 2050 (median % and 15 % per annum. projection).  During the last 10 years, various important reforms were Figure 5. Population growth in Tanzania between 1950-2100 [Source: UN, World implemented in the electricity sector. The main stakeholders in Population Prospects, The 2017 Revision]. the Tanzanian Electric Sector are the following: The Ministry of Energy and Minerals responsible for “electricity matters” (as it is designated in the Electricity Act, 2008), the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (established under EWURA Act, Chapter 414), the Rural Energy Agency (REA) (established under Part IV of the Rural Energy Act, 2005) and the utility Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO). Other Ministries also have a role in the energy sector activities such as the Ministry of Environment.  Recognizing the potential contribution of renewable energy to the country’s future energy mix, the GoT is committed to promote the development of low-carbon energy initiatives, by harnessing the country’s renewable energy resource. Renewable and clean sources of energy can be utilized to improve access to sustainable, modern and cleaner energy services. Deployment of renewable energy technologies has the potential to contribute to job creation, income generation and the improved livelihoods for vulnerable population groups, particularly women and children in rural areas.  Tanzania is impacted by climate change, facing increasingly unreliable rainfall patterns and more frequent and prolonged drought periods over the past two decades. These have affected  According to the census 2012, on the Mainland, the population is the country’s power sector due to its strong dependence on mainly distributed on the norther border (Lake Victoria) and hydropower, as presented in Section B hereafter. This situation eastern coast with the highest density in Dar es Salaam (over has created power crises and increased dependence on 3,000 persons per square kilometer). Zanzibar has also a high- expensive and environment polluting fossil fuels most of which density population with over 2,500 persons per square kilometer are imported. This unsustainable situation is an opportunity to in the Mjini Magharibi region (Map 12). Page A.21 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Energy sector in Tanzania Page A-22 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Energy sector in Tanzania 3.2. ENERGY MIX, DISTRIBUTION AND MAIN PRODUCTION UNITS  Biomass is the major source of energy in Tanzania. It is primarily Table 4. Main existing hydropower plants [Source: Ministry of Energy and Minerals, used domestically, in the form of charcoal and firewood [Source: Power System Master Plan – 2016 Update, December 2016]. Global Legal Insights (GLI), Energy 2018]. More than 80% of I NSTALLED A NNUAL E NERGY N AME N UMBER OF I NSTALLATION T YPE C APACITY G ENERATION energy delivered from biomass is consumed in rural areas. Heavy (L OCATION ) UNITS Y EAR [MW] [GW H ] use of biomass as the main energy source contributes to Owned by TANESCO deforestation, while the importation of oil costs about 25% to 35% of the nation’s foreign currency earnings [Source: TANESCO, Hale Run-of-the- 2 21 36 1964 Current status of energy sector in Tanzania, 2013]. (Korogwe) river Nyumba Ya  According to the EWURA’s annual report (2016), Tanzania has Mungu Reservoir 2 8 22 1968 an installed power capacity of 1,442 MW, of which 1,358 MW (Mwanga) supplying the Main Grid and 84 MW in Isolated Grids across the New Run-of-the- Pangani 2 68 137 1995 country. The electricity generation mix consists of 31% from river (Muheza) hydropower and 69% from thermal (natural gas 56% and liquid Kidatu 1975 (2 units) fuel 13%) as shown in Figure 6. During the financial year 2015- (Kilombero- Reservoir 4 204 558 Morogoro) 1980 (2 units) 2016 a total of 6,449 GWh were available for sale from TANESCO plants (61%), Independent Power Producers (IPPs, 37%), Small Mtera Reservoir 2 80 167 1988 (Kilolo) Power Producers (SPPs, 0.8%) and imports from neighboring Uwemba Run-of-the- countries (1.3%). 3 0.8 2 1991 (Njombe) river Figure 6. Electricity generation mix in Tanzania. [Source: EWURA, Annual Report Kihansi Run-of-the- 1999 (1 unit) for the year ended 30th June, 2016]. (Kilombero- 3 180 793 river 2000 (2 units) Iringa) Owned by Small Power Producers (SPPs) Mwenga Run-of-the- 1 4 17 2012 (Mufindi) river Darakuta Run-of-the- N/A 0.5 N/A 2015 (Magugu) river Yovi Run-of-the- 1 1 N/A 2016 (Kisanga) river Tulila Run-of-the- 2 5 N/A 2015 (Songea) river Run-of-the- Ikondo (N/A) 3 0.6 N/A 2015 river Mbangamao Run-of-the- 1 0.5 N/A 2014 (Mbinga) river Figure 8. Penstock of an existing hydropower scheme.  Most of the thermal power is installed around Dar es Salaam with a total of 757 MW representing approximately 80% of the total thermal installed capacity of the country (2013).  Hydropower generation which used to represent the bulk of the overall electricity generation declined by nearly two-thirds between 2002 and 2006 (from 98% to 40%), and now stands at 31% of the available capacity. This situation resulting notably from periods of extended droughts has caused extensive load shedding and the use of expensive thermal power plants as main electricity source to compensate the reduced output from hydropower plants. [Source: African Development Bank Group, Renewable Energy in Africa, 2015]. Figure 7. Mtera dam and reservoir (Source: Google Earth). Page A-23 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Energy sector in Tanzania Table 5. Percentage distribution of households (HHs) connected (C) and not  According to a recent survey (Energy Access Situation Report connected (NC) to electricity by region and place of residence [Source: Rural Energy 2016), the regional differentials in electricity distribution are still Agency (REA), Energy Access Situation Report 2016, 2017]. noticeable within and among all regions of Tanzania (Map 13). T OTAL R URAL U RBAN Dar es Salaam region has the highest proportion of households R EGION T OTAL HHS C NC T OTAL HHS C T OTAL HHS C connected to electricity (75%) followed by Njombe (50%), Arusha 469,204 39.7 60.3 306,509 25.1 162,694 67.4 Kilimanjaro (43%) and Katavi (40%). Regions which has less than 20% of households connected to electricity include Rukwa (9%), Dar es salaam 1,417,251 75.2 24.8 - - 1,417,251 75.2 Simiyu (12%), Shinyanga (13%), Geita (14%), Songwe (16%) and Kigoma (16%). Dodoma 590,106 23.5 76.5 499,290 16.9 90,817 60.0  Rukwa region is poorly served by electricity with only 3% of its Geita 76,553 14.0 86.0 62,706 10.3 13,847 30.6 rural households connected to the electricity in 2016. Other regions with less than 10% of their rural households connected to Iringa 289,324 39.5 60.5 211,231 29.5 78,094 66.7 electricity include: Songwe (6%), Kigoma (7%), Shinyanga (7%), Kagera 678,574 24.6 75.4 600,054 16.2 78,520 88.7 Simiyu (9%) and Manyara (10%). The situation is different for urban areas where the percentage of connected households to Katavi 103,890 40.0 60.0 75,873 31.5 28,016 62.8 the electricity ranges from 27% (Rukwa region) to 89% (Kagera region). Kigoma 483,363 16.2 83.8 391,543 6.7 91,820 56.7  The electrification rate is much higher in urban (65.3%) than in Kilimanjaro 499,128 42.6 57.4 383,952 32.4 115,176 76.7 rural areas (16.9%). Disparities on sources of energy are significant between rural and urban residents. Figure 9 shows Lindi 293,907 20.0 80.0 237,279 18.0 56,628 28.0 that, households connected to grid electricity are lower in rural Manyara 354,642 20.6 79.4 299,895 9.4 54,747 81.8 (35%) than urban areas (96%). On the other hand, households connected to solar power was higher in rural (65%) than in urban Mara 403,837 21.3 78.7 325,812 14.2 78,024 50.7 areas (3%). Private entity/individual electricity generated from owned sources (excluding solar) is the least source of electricity Mbeya 412,915 34.1 65.9 254,064 12.9 158,851 68.0 among rural households (0.6 percent). Morogoro 655,833 24.3 75.7 453,798 11.8 202,036 52.4 Figure 9. Percentage distribution of households connected to electricity by source of energy and place of residence [Source: Rural Energy Agency (REA), Energy Mtwara 448,463 33.0 67.0 337,833 24.1 110,630 60.3 Access Situation Report 2016, 2017]. Mwanza 630,094 32.8 67.2 387,434 17.9 242,659 56.6 Njombe 221,565 50.5 49.5 161,848 45.9 59,717 62.8 Pwani 333,150 32.8 67.2 216,087 22.5 117,063 51.8 Rukwa 259,632 8.7 91.3 199,587 3.3 60,045 26.6 Ruvuma 392,519 31.8 68.2 286,460 23.2 106,059 55.2 Shinyanga 339,428 12.8 87.2 260,910 7.0 78,517 32.2 Simiyu 298,960 11.5 88.5 287,419 9.3 11,541 66.5 Singida 334,525 22.3 77.7 295,744 15.0 38,780 77.6 Songwe 412,608 15.9 84.1 317,343 6.0 95,264 48.9 Tabora 483,265 21.8 78.2 408,880 13.9 74,385 65.0 Tanga 572,083 30.5 69.5 439,666 19.3 132,417 67.8 Total 11,454,819 32.8 67.2 7,701,217 16.9 3,753,598 65.3 3.3. POWER GRID  The transmission and distribution network of Tanzania are owned  In addition, transboundary transmission lines exist between and operated by TANESCO. The transmission system consists of Tanzania and Uganda (132 kV) and between Tanzania and 647 km of 400 kV lines, 2,745 km of 220 kV lines, 1,626 km of Zambia (66 kV) to import power to Tanzania. 132 kV lines and 580 km of 66 kV lines. Beside the national grid exists a series of isolated grid supplied by an aggregate power capacity of 84 MW. Page A-24 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Energy sector in Tanzania Page A-25 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Energy sector in Tanzania Page A-26 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA SECTION B. HYDROPOWER RESOURCE (0.3-10 MW)  Methodological approach  Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.1 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Methodological approach Chapter 4. Methodological approach 4.1. INTRODUCTION  The present Atlas of Hydropower Resources focuses on potential development of the energy sector (Figure 10). The Hydro-Atlas is hydropower sites with an installed capacity between 0.3 and indeed a unique tool that integrates all the information coming 10 MW. from the different institutions involved in the hydropower sector. It provides an overview of the sector in terms of both existing and  The identification of new potential hydropower sites at the country potential projects, allowing a better understanding of the energy or regional scale relies on the following three-stage approach: demand and candidate projects that need to be developed. 1. Screening of the study area using a dedicated tool that  The Hydro-Atlas should be a dynamic and evolving tool that calculates hydropower potential along a network of rivers must be updated according to future development of the based on the rainfall and topography. This tool, SiteFinder, hydropower sector in Tanzania and the increasing availability of has been developed by SHER Ingénieur-Conseils. information (hydrological measurements, update of site surveys, 2. Desk-based analysis of the results of the screening phase etc.). based on the analysis of satellite imageries and topographic Figure 10. Geographic Information System associated with the Hydro-Atlas of maps. It aims at identifying the actual location of potential Tanzania. hydropower site along the river stretch and carrying out a first estimate of the site key features. 3. Field visits are integral part of the potential site identification process to validate the key features expected from the previous stage.  The database of potential hydropower sites is complemented by the sites that have been already studied and that are available from the literature, studies or lists from the Ministries and other stakeholders of the energy sector.  The development of the Hydro-Atlas, including the associated Geographic Information System, is an essential tool for the responsible Tanzanian agencies in charge of the planning and 4.2. SITES IDENTIFIED BASED ON EXISTING INFORMATION  More than 100 documents were collected and reviewed during the  These lists, which contain common potential sites, present Study. Those documents embrace a large scope of fields related geographical coordinates and some technical information such as to the electricity sector in Tanzania and from all kinds of authors installed capacity, gross head or design flow. ranging from government officials to international consultants and  It is important to remember that the lists are often summaries of agencies. The sources of information on potential sites were the several documents. Most of the time, these documents are not or following: not anymore available. Very often, there are significant errors on  potential sites from the lists of the World Bank; the positioning and/or technical parameters, and it is not possible to trace the source or to correct them. There is also uncertainty  potential sites reported in the archives of the Ministry of about the technical parameters, when they are mentioned, as we Energy and Minerals, REA, TANESCO; generally do not have information on the assumptions used to  potential sites described in different studies from determine them. Consultants. 4.3. NEW POTENTIAL SITES: CONTRIBUTION OF SITEFINDER  SiteFinder is a screening tool that calculates hydropower potential Figure 11. Illustration of SiteFinder. along a network of rivers. The result of SiteFinder is a set of river stretches that appear to be relevant for the development of small hydropower scheme i.e. river stretches that features the combination of a high gradient of the river slope and favorable hydrological conditions. The analysis relies on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and climatic and/or hydrological data.  SiteFinder contributes to add 174 potential sites to the final spatial database of hydropower. It is worth mentioning that potential stretches that have not been visited may eventually not be favorable for hydropower development. Page B.2 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Methodological approach 4.4. CREATION OF A CONSOLIDATED DATABASE  All the 700+ potential sites that were identified from the sources  The geological maps gave a first indication on the nature of the described above were analyzed based on satellite imagery, rocks, the possible tectonic events and the presence of geological topographic and geological maps, and regional hydrological faults which could make the implementation of a hydropower studies in order to assess if the site is favorable or not for project more complex. hydropower development.  This analysis has eliminated duplicates and sites with inconsistent  This analysis confirmed the presence of hydraulic head, the river data, for which no exploitable information was available. catchment area, the absence of obvious development constraints  The result is a consolidated database containing 455 potential due to the presence of villages, protected areas, military sites, etc. hydropower sites distributed across Tanzania. 4.5. PROMISING HYDROPOWER PROJECTS FOR SHORT TERM INVESTMENT (0.3-10 MW)  A substantive work has been carried out to establish a portfolio of  Environmental criteria: lack of major environmental hydropower projects that meet the criteria of the study: the constraints that may jeopardize the development of the promising hydropower projects. This work was conducted in project; close consultation with REA and the World Bank Experts.  Adequacy between energy demand and size of candidate  This selection is the result of a complex multicriteria analysis, projects; based on:  Technical criteria: assessment of the geological risk and the  Estimated power capacity between ~300 kW and 10 MW hydraulic and hydrological characteristics of the site, corresponding to the scope of this study; including sediments transport.  Economic criteria: estimation of the Levelized Cost of Energy  An estimate of the potential capacity of each project was carried (LCOE), including the costs related to the access roads and out, considering a design flow corresponding to the median flow transmission lines; of the river, which was estimated based on a regional hydrological study. Page B-3 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Methodological approach 4.6. RECONNAISSANCE STUDY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS  The objective of this stage is to study, at the level of  Environmental and social impacts; Reconnaissance study, the most promising potential sites for  Economics; small hydro in Tanzania.  Topography.  In total, 85 promising sites have been visited from which 82 have a confirmed potential for hydropower development. Amongst  The Consultant’s team of Experts have frequently worked in those 82 promising projects, a subset of 20 was selected and difficult conditions due to the difficulty of access to many sites. constitutes the list of the top 20 priority hydroelectric projects for These experts had to show endurance during the long hikes in short-term development in Tanzania. addition to the sections by motorcycle, canoe, pirogue and accommodation under sometimes precarious conditions.  Additional field investigations (surface geology, topography, hydrology and socio-environment) were carried out on the top 20  The data and information collected during the site investigations priority projects: of the top 20 prioritized potential hydroelectric projects were used to prepare a preliminary layout for each site including a  Additional site visits by experts in hydropower design; preliminary bill of quantities and investment costs. The preliminary  Topographic surveys based on the processing of ortho- design of the potential hydropower schemes, their energy photogrammetric images acquired by drone; performance analysis and eventually the economic modelling are  Characterization of the surface geology; detailed in dedicated project fiches consolidated in the Site Investigations Report.  Description of the socio-economic and environmental context; Figure 12. Investigations of the surface geology.  Visit of the nine Water Basins Offices for hydrological data collection in order to perform additional hydrological modelling.  The reconnaissance and field investigations took place between September 2016 and July 2017. They were carried out by teams of experienced engineers and technicians with a solid background in the following areas:  Hydropower design;  Hydrology;  Hydraulics;  Geology;  Geotechnics; Page B-4 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Chapter 5. Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) 5.1. CONSOLIDATED SMALL HYDRO POTENTIAL  The hydropower potential of Tanzania is still largely untapped. Table 6. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown Opportunities exist in all power capacity ranges. by region. Confirmed small Hydropower Potential  The analysis shows that Tanzania has a good small hydro Region [MW] [%] potential for private or government investments. Iringa 40.6 25.1%  Without technical or economic considerations, the small hydro Rukwa 29.2 18.1% potential in Tanzania consists of more than 400 potential sites Singida 16.6 10.3% from 0.3 to 10 MW. Eighty-two (82) potential projects were visited Tanga 14.1 8.7% with a cumulated capacity of approximately 162 MW Lindi 11.9 7.3% (confirmed small hydropower potential) (Figure 13). Ruvuma 11.6 7.2%  43% of the confirmed hydropower potential is concentrated in the Kigoma 10.2 6.3% regions of Iringa (25%) and Rukwa (18%), whose favorable Mara 9.6 6.0% topographic characteristics were highlighted in Chapter 2. These Dodoma 8.9 5.5% two regions have a confirmed total potential of 69.8 MW. Mtwara 3.5 2.2%  57% of the small hydropower potential is concentrated in three Kagera 2.2 1.3% water basins: Rufiji (27%), Lake Tanganyika (16%) and Internal Morogoro 2.0 1.3% Drainage (14%). Katavi 0.8 0.5% Njombe 0.7 0.4%  The spatial distribution of the small hydro potential is presented in details below. Table 6 and Figure 13 illustrate the breakdown by TOTAL 162 100.0% administrative region while Table 7 and Figure 14 present the results by water basin. Detailed maps for each of the regions with hydropower potential are presented in Maps 16-1 to 16-20. These maps illustrate in detail the location of the potential hydropower sites and their features. Figure 13. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown by region. « Without technical or economic considerations, the small hydro potential in Tanzania consists of more than 400 potential sites ranging from 0.3 to 10 MW. The small hydro potential confirmed by field visits represent a cumulated power capacity of ~162 MW » Page B-5 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Table 7. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: breakdown by Figure 14. Small hydropower potential (0.3-10 MW) confirmed by site visits: water basin. breakdown by water basin. Small Hydropower Potential Water Basin [MW] [%] Rufiji 43.6 27.0% Lake Tanganyika 25.6 15.8% Internal Drainage 22.5 13.9% Ruvuma & Southern Rivers 17.2 10.7% Lake Rukwa 14.5 9.0% Pangani 14.1 8.7% Lake Victoria 11.8 7.3% Lake Nyasa 10.4 6.4% Wami/Ruvu and Coast Rivers 2.0 1.3% TOTAL 162 100.0% Page B-6 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) 5.2. CONTRIBUTION OF SMALL HYDRO TO THE ENERGY MIX IN TANZANIA  As presented in the previous chapters, Tanzania’s potential for Figure 15. Medium-term contribution of small hydro to the energy mix in Tanzania. small hydro development is important.  Small hydropower has the advantage of a faster project development process (~ 2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in meeting the growing electricity demand and an easier financial closure compared to large hydro. The latter requires a longer development process (6 to 10 years), significant funding and may encounter severe socio-environmental constraints. Given the opportunity of thermal substitution and the future increase in energy demand on the main grid and mini-grids, small hydro projects remain appealing even when a larger project is developed.  Figure 15 highlights the contribution of small hydropower in the energy mix of Tanzania. This figure compares the energy mix in 2016 (source: EWURA’s Annual Report 2016), as detailed in Chapter 3, and a medium term projection with the implementation of the top 20 priority hydropower projects identified and selected for this study (section 4.5). This figure considers that the sources of thermal generation remain identical. The data on other renewable energies are not available.  The contribution of these top 20 priority projects is 162 MW, which represents an increase of 36% (from 447 MW to 609 MW) of the available hydropower power capacity.  These figures show the importance of small hydro development to achieve the country's objectives in terms of energy security and economic development. « Small hydropower has the advantage of a faster development (~ 2.5 to 4 years), a better progression in meeting the electricity demand and a more easily available funding than for the large hydro » Page B.7 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.10 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.11 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.12 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.13 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.14 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.15 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.16 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.17 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.18 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.19 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.20 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.21 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.22 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.23 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.24 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.25 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.26 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.27 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.28 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.29 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.30 HYDRO-ATLAS OF TANZANIA Small hydro potential in Tanzania (0.3-10 MW) Page B.31 www.sher.be