19761
                   FnaKarBiPBelak 2000




eq<aHeTAstvtSTI 21
r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 1999-2000


                     esckþIsegçb




                      FnaKarBiPBelak
                      v:asIugetan DIsIu

© 2000 The International Bank for Reconciliation
and Develompment / The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,
U.S.A.

Cover designed by W. Drew Fasick, ULTRAdesigns.
Illustration/calligraphy by Jun Ma. The Cover depicts the
Chinese character for Gate or Door.
Inside design and typesetting by
Barton Matheson Willse & Worthington. Baltimore.

Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing September 1999

ÉksarenHsegçbr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak        1999-2000
Edle)aHBum<pSayeday    Oxford University Press     sMrab;FnaKar
BiPBelak.     vaCaplitplrbs;RkumbuKÁlikénFnaKarBiPBelak
ehIykarvinicä½ynanaEdleK)aneFVIenAkñúgenH minR)akdCaqøúHbBa©aMgBI
TsSn³rbs;RkumRbwkSanaykénFnaKarBiPBelak         rWbNþaRbeTs
EdlBYkeKQrCatMNageT.       FnaKarBiPBelakminFanaelIPaB
Cak;lak;énTinñn½yTaMgLay  EdleK)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúgÉksarenHeT
ehIyk¾minTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHplvi)akNamYy      EdlbNþalmkBI
kareRbIR)as;vaEdr.

ISBN 0-8213-4389-0


Text printed on recycled paper that conforms to the
Amarican Standard for Permanance of Paper for Printed
Library Material Z39.48-1984.

                  matikaénr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 1999-2000

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                                                  III

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                                                       IV

karemIleTAmux

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                                                   V

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                                                          1

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RBMEdnénkarKitGMBIkarGPivDÆ                               Bn§TaMgLay       eGaymankargarÉkCneFVIenAkñúgEpñkd¾
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                                                      2

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                                                          3

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sar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ          ehIyeKKYrrkSa          cMeBaHeCaKC½y.      kMrgeKalkarN_CalMGit         EtgeFVI
sm<½n§PaBCamYyFatuTaMgLayénsgÁmsIuvil.                        eGaykarbMeBjKñaeTAvijeTAmkenH           manPaBc,as;
                                                              las;        edaysgát;eTAelITMnak;TMngrvagTidæPaBGPi
karbegáItlMnaMeKalkarN_sMrab;GPivDÆn_                         vDÆn_nana     rYmmankarGPivDÆmnusS      rUbv½nþ  vis½y
        eyagtamsMeNITaMgenH          FnaKarBiPBelak           nigrcnasm<½n§.
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karGPivDÆ         rMelcBIFmµCatid¾cuHsMrugKñaénkarEtg         sMrbsMrYlkarRKb;RKg         nigkarEfTaMbrisßanEdlbgá
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caM)ac;TaMgLaysMrab;RTRTg;karGPivDÆ             RBmTaMg       karpþÜcepþImrbs;shKmn_.           karGPivDÆrcnasm<½n§
sMrbsMrYlkic©xMRbwgERbgGPivDÆnana.                            epþateTAelIesckþIRtUvkarGPi)alkic©l¥         karsMerc
        kMrgeKalkarN_enH         )anbBa¢ak;GMBIkaryl;         citþd¾mantmøaPaB    dMeNIrkarc,ab;nigyutþaFikar     nig
dwgkan;Etc,as;fa        eKRtUvEtykFatuTaMgLayEdl              RbB½n§c,ab;d¾Cak;lak;TaMgLay.          karkMNt;viFan
pSMKña)anCadMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_        mkeFVIEpnkar     nig      nigdMeNIrkarTaMgLay         faCaRKwHd¾sMxan;sMrab;kar


                                                          4

GPivDÆRbkbedaynirnþrPaBenH            )anbEnßmvimaRtfµI     TaMgLay} KWCakMrgeKalkarN_sMrab;RKb;RKgskmµ
sMrab;b®Ba¢abKMnitGPivDÆn_.                                 PaBrbs;bNþabuKÁl        rWGgÁkar  RBmTaMg\T§iBleTA
       RbkarTaMgenH         min)anbegáItCabBa¢IlMGitén      vijeTAmkénPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgLay         nigkarcrcarKña
bBaðaGPivDÆn_TaMgGs;EdlRtUvrYmbBa©ÚleT.           bBaða     rvagGñkcUlrYm.    CaBiess       RbeTsnImYy²RtUvkar
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RKb;EpñkénkMrgeKalkarN_TaMgLay.              elIsBIenH      GPi)alkic©l¥     tamry³c,ab;        nigviFanTaMgLay
dUc)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy        sßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic©Ca      rWedaysMrbsMrYlskmµPaB          rbs;GñkcUlrYmCaeRcIn
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KMnitGPivDÆTaMgLay.           sar³sMxan;énbBaðaTaMg         nigÉkCn)aneFVI.    dMeNIrkarEdlEp¥kelIc,ab;         Etg
LayenHcMeBaHRbeTsnImYy²          GaRs½yCaBiessnwg           begáIntmøaPaBrbs;eKalneya)aynana            EdleK)an
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eK    nigkMNt;lMdab;GaTiPaBrbs;BYkva¬enHKWCakar             eKalneya)ayTaMgenaH.
garmYy EdlrkeGayeXIjcMNucexSayrbs;esdækic©                          sarénr)aykarN_enHKW        eKRtUvkarkareqøIy
nigrdæaPi)al    RBmTaMgbraC½ynanaEpñksßab½n Edl             tbfµIénsßab½n   enAkñúgsaklPavUbnIykmµ           nigmUl
Ca]bsKÁenAelIpøÚv       eq<aHeTArkkarGPivDÆy:ageBj          dæannIykmµ.        saklPavUbnIykmµtMrUveGayrdæa
TMhwg¦.                                                     Pi)alCatiTaMgLay        EsVgrkkarRBmeRBogKñaCamYy

karksagsßab½n nigPaBCaédKUTaMgLay                           édKUnana¬rdæaPi)alCatiepSg²eTot        GgÁkarGnþrCati
                                                            GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al      nigsaCIvkmµBhuCatinana¦
       karGPivDÆd¾manRbsiT§PaB           tMrUveGayman       tamry³sßab½nelIfñak;Catinana.         mUldæannIykmµ
sm<½n§PaBnanarvafñak;TaMgLayénrdæaPi)al            Epñk     tMrUveGayrdæaPi)alCatiTaMgLay sMerckic©RBmeRBog
ÉkCn       shKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy          nigsgÁmsIuvil.       KñaCamYytMbn;   nigTIRkugnana tamry³bNþasßab½n
yuT§sa®sþlMGit      CakarTamTareRcInRCulcMeBaHfñak;         eRkamfñak;Cati   elIbBaðanana     dUcCakarEckrMElk
NamYy       rWEpñkNamYyénrdæaPi)al         rWmYyGñkpþl;     karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarRbmUlcMNUlCaedIm.
CMnYyEtmYyGgÁ.        rdæaPi)alCatiTaMgLayRtUvpþl;          CaerOy²     TaMgsaklPavUbnIykmµ           TaMgmUldæan
lMnaMeKalkarN_       Edlsßab½n      nigGgÁkarTaMgLay        nIykmµ      TamTarkareqøIytbnanaEdlenAeRkAkar
cg;)an   sMrab;sMrbsMrYlkarxMRbwgERbgnana         edIm,I    RKb;RKgrbs;rdæaPi)alCatiEtmYy.           k¾b:uEnþ   rdæa
bM)at;ral;Rckceg¥ótelIpøÚvGPivDÆn_.                         Pi)alCatiTaMgLayenAEtCaGgÁsMxan;         kñúgkarksag
       RKwHd¾rwgmaMénGgÁkar d¾manRbsiT§PaBTaMgLay           eKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_nana             enAkñúgbrisßanmYy
nigbNþasßab½nEdlbgálT§PaB             CalkçxNÐdMbUgd¾       EdlkMNt;RBMEdn       karkMhit    nigkMNt;tYnaTIrbs;
caM)ac;mYycMeBaHkarGPivDÆ.      kñúgbribTenH   {sßab½n

                                                        5

BYkeKeLIgvij.          enAkñúgBiPBGnþrTMnak;TMng       Edl
RbeTsTaMgLayGacenAbnþbMEbkCabMENk²                     enaH
eRKagkarGPivDÆn_        RtUvEteqøIytbnwgtMrUvkarsakl
pg    mUldæanpg.

saklPavUbnIykmµ nigmUldæannIykmµ

      PaBeCOnelOnénbec©kviTüa kñúgvis½yKmnaKmn_
)aneFVIeGayeKGacdwg)anPøam²           GMBIGVIEdlnwgekIteLIg
enAkñúgpÞH  rWeragcRk rWmYyenAkñúgTIpSarPaKh`unEdl
sßitenAq¶ayBIKñaknøHBiBPelak.                  kMeNInsar³
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tamExSEkv       CaCagdwkCBa¢Úntamk):al;dwkkugETn½r¦.                     kMriténkarGb;rMEdlekIneLIg  rbkKMehIjbec©k
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cMerInénbec©kviTüaB½t'man      )aneFVIeGaygayRsYlCag             TaMgLay)aneqøIytbeTAnwgkarrujRcanenHtamrebob
mun    kñúgkarRKb;RKgGnþrTMnak;TMngfµI²        ¬rUbTI 1¦.        epSg²Kña.     RbeTskan;EteRcIneLIg     )ankøayeTACa
\LÚvenH     Rkumh`unBhuCatiTaMgLayBwgEp¥kelIRcvak;               RbeTsRbCaFibetyü           ehIykarcUlrYmneya)ay
plitkmµEdltaMgenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn. vtßúFatuedIm                  tamry³kare)aHeqñat)anrIkraldal           TaMgfñak;Cati
nigFatupSMTaMgLayGacmkBIRbeTsBIrepSgKña               ehIy       TaMgeRkamfñak;Cati.     rdæaPi)alCatiTaMgLay      )an
RtUvtMelIgpÁúMKñaenAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTot              cMENkÉ         EckrMElkkarTTYlxusRtUvnanakan;EteRcIneLIg         eTA
m:aXIFIg   nigkarEckcaylk;RbRBwtþeTAenAkEnøgepSg                 kan;kMriteRkamfñak;Cati    EdlsßitenACitRbCaBlrdæ
BIenaHeTAeTot.         karsMerccitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;TaMg          Gñkrg\T§iBlénesckþIsMerccitþneya)ayCag          ¬rUbTI
LayenAkEnøgepSg²         ]TahrN_enATIRkugLúg          rWtUküÚ    2¦.         RbCaCnk¾kMBugbegáItGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
køayeTACaB½t'manEdlman\T§iBlPøam² eTAelIplit                     epSg²pgEdr     edIm,ItamdanemIlTisedAnana dUcCa
plEdleKkMBugplit¬nigrcnabfnana                  Edlman\T§i       kMENTMrg;neya)ay        karkarBarbrisßan    smPaB
BleTAelIBYkeK¦enATUTaMgsaklelak.                                 EynD½r    nigkarGb;rMRbesIrCagmun.


                                                             6

                                                         nigpþl;»kaseGayRbCaCnmUldæancUlrYmkMNt;Ebb
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                                                         Cagmun    mUldæannIykmµciBa©wmGPi)alkic©EdlEtgEt
                                                         eqøIytb   nigmanTinñplx<s;.        b:uEnþvak¾GacbgáeRKaH
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                                                         CMnYs.
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                                                         saklPavUbnIykmµ          nigmUldæannIykmµeT.           pÞúy
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                                                         EdlKµaneRKagkarGPivDÆn_Na            Gacecosvagva)an
                                                         eT.        fVIebIrdæaPi)alCatiTaMgLayenAEtCacMNuc
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man   TaMgGviC¢man.   eK)aneBalsresIrsaklPa              eRkamfñak;Cati      edIm,IsMercRbeyaCn_CakarrIkcMerIn
vUbnIykmµEdl)annaMmknUv»kasfµI²        dUcCalT§PaB       enAkñúgstvtSTI     21.
cUleTAkan;TIpSar   nigkarepÞrbec©kviTüa   ¬Ca»kas
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nigCIvPaBx<s;Cagmun¦.      b:uEnþ  eKk¾xøacsaklPa
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eRBaHCYnkal vanaMmknUvGsßirPaB nigbMErbMrYlEdl           citþxøH²  kñúgkargarCamYysaklPavUbnIykmµCamin
eKmincg;)an.     va)aneFVIeGaykmµkrCYbnwgkarRbkYt        xan       ehIykarxkcitþTaMgenaHnwgmanTMhMkan;EtFM
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TaMgLay    CYnkal    dl;esdækic©TaMgmUl     enAeBl       BaNiC¢kmµ     nighirBaØvtßúGnþrCati    eRcInCagsmPaKI
EdlrMhUrcUlénmUlFnlubelIBYkeK.                           FM²Cagrbs;eK         eRBaHBYkeKCYbnwgkarkMhitFnFan
       eKsresIrmUldæannIykmµ        edaysarva)an         nigTMhMTIpSartwgrwugCag.      TnÞwmnwgenH     esdækic©TaMg
elIkkMriténkarcUlrYm   enAkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþ     enaHGacTTYl\T§iBlénkarbnÞúcbg¥ak;             Edlesdækic©

                                                     7

sakl)anbegáIteLIgxøaMgCageKeRcInNas;.               vibtþi    eRkARbeTs       RBmTaMgtMrUvkarnanarbs;GñkeRbIR)as;
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elIesdækic©FM²sem,Im       dUcCashrdæGaemrik      rWesdæ      x<s;Cagmun.      BaNiC¢kmµpþl;lT§PaBeGayRkumh`un
kic©kMBugGPivDÆFM     bgÁÜrdUcCaeRbsIul    KWCarlkd¾FM        GacTTYl)anmUlFnedImRbesIrCagmun          dUcCaeRKOg
cMeBaHesdækic©tUc²         dUcCaRbeTsháaaNa           nig     brikçar-m:asIun     EdlCYyEklMGplitPaBpgEdr.
bg;køaeds.       ebIniyayGMBIbBaðabrisßan     rdæaPi)al       BaNiC¢kmµCYyCMrujkarEbgEckeLIgvij nUvkMlaMgBl
CatiTaMgLayGacrkSatulüPaBrbs;BYkeK               enAkñúg      kmµ   nigmUlFneTAkñúgEpñknanaEdlmanplitPaBx<s;
bBaðaecaTkñúgRsuk         tamry³karkMNt;rebobGnuvtþ           Cag.       CaBiess    vakMBugrYmcMENkkñúgclnaepÞrTI
sþg;daénkarbMBulbrisßan          cMeBaHtMbn;EdlsßitenA        taMgénskmµPaBplitkmµ        nigesvakmµmYycMnYn   BI
TaMgRsugkñúgRbeTsenaH.          b:uEnþ   drabNabNþa           bNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµ           eTAkan;bNþaRbeTskMBug
RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmineFVIkartamkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati             GPivDÆ    EdlCakarpþl;»kasfµI²sMrab;karrIkcMerIn.
nana     enaHBYkeKRbEhlCaminGacedaHRsaybBaða
brisßansaklnana)aneT            dUcCakarKMramkMEhgén
bMErbMrYlGakasFatuCaedIm.             r)aykarN_enH)an
BicarNaelIvimaRtbIrbs;saklPavUbnIykmµ eBal
KWBaNiC¢kmµ      cracrN_hirBaØvtßúnana      nigbMErbMrYl
brisßan.

BaNiC¢kmµ
        kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTA      BaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs
)anrIkcMerInelOnCagesdækic©BiPBelak         ehIyenHCa
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RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ       BaNiC¢kmµCayansMxan;CageK
sMrab;TajykplRbeyaCn_BIsaklPavUbnIykmµ.
Gahr½NnaMmkCabEnßmnUvkarRbkYtRbECg               nigEbb
epSg²Kña      cMeBaHTIpSarkñúgRsuknana         Edlpþl;
RbeyaCn_dl;GñkeRbIR)as;        ÉnIhr½N      BRgIkTIpSar
eRkARbeTs           Edlpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;GaCIvkmµTaMg                    karbegáItGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO)
Lay.        k¾b:uEnþ  RbkarEdlGacsMxan;CagenHeTA              enAkñúgqñaM  1995      )ansßabnaenAelIkic©RBmeRBog
eTotenaHKW   BaNiC¢kmµ)anCMrujeGayRkumh`unkñúgRsuk            TUeTAsþIBItaragBn§   nigBaNiC¢kmµ  (GATT)    ehIy
CaeRcInCYbRbTHnwgkarGnuvtþRbesIrbMputrbs;Rkumh`un             vaCaCMhanBhuCatifµIbMputeq<aHeTArkkarbegáItbrisßan

                                                          8

mYyEdlCYydl;karpøas;bþÚrTMnij        nigesva    ¬rUbTI     minrgkarTb;sáat;edayr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµnana         enAkñúg
4¦.    viFankarepSg²mYycMnYneTot        RtUvEtedIrtam      bNþaRbeTsGñkmanTaMgLayeT¦.              BaNiC¢kmµkñúg
eRkayenH     edIm,Iecosvagkarxatbg;sMTuHsMrab;kar          vis½yesvakmµCabBaðamYyeTotEdlRtUvedaHRsay.
EkTMrg;.                                                   naMmuxedaykareCOnelOn kñúgvis½ybec©kviTüaB½t'man
                                                           nigKmnaKmn_     vis½yenHkMBugrIkcMerInCaxøaMg¬RKan;Et
                                                           BIqñaM  1994  dl;    1997    va)anekIneLIg   25°¦.
                                                           BaNiC¢kmµRbePTenH        )anebIk»kasmYyepSgeTot
                                                           sMrab;bNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ EdlGacmanlT§PaB
                                                           pÁt;pÁg;esvakMBugRtUvkarTaMgLay.
                                                                    RbeTsTaMgLayRtUvTajplRbeyaCn_ eGay
                                                           )aneRcInbMputBIynþkarnana énGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB
                                                           elak.      ]TahrN_ RbeTsmYyEdlcg;BRgwgkarxM
                                                           RbwgERbgrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarbnßy¬nigrkSa¦ r)aMgBaNiC¢
                                                           kmµTab²     Gac{cg}taragBn§rbs;eK       edaybBa©Úl
                                                           esckþIsMerccitþbnÞabBn§TaMgenaH       eTAkñúgkatBVkic©
                                                           GnþrCatiTaMgLay enAkñúgGgákarBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati.
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                                                           BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati      nigviFannanaénBaNiC¢kmµGnþr
     karBiPakSaKñaGMBIBaNiC¢kmµkñúgeBlGnaKt tMrUv          Cati      faCaynþkarsMrab;Qaneq<aHeTArkeKaledA
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vUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµTUlMTUlayCagmun        ebIsinCaeK        cMeBaHkarkMNt;GtþPaBénrdærbs;xøÜn¦        enaHsßab½n
cg;TTYl)aneCaKC½ydUcknøgmk        kñúgkarebIkTIpSar.       TaMgLayenaHnwgTTYl)ankarKaMRTkan;EtFM.
CMushsvtS      EdleRKagnwgcab;epþImkñúgExvicäika   qñaM          eKalneya)aysaFarN³ RtUvEtKitdl;sßan
1999     eRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPB            PaBlM)akrbs;BlkrTaMgLay EdlRtUvpøas;TIkEnøg
elak       GacCakarsakl,gTImYyéneRKagkarEbb                edaysarkMlaMgrbs;BaNiC¢kmµpgEdr.              CaTUeTA
enH.   karbnßyr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµnanakñúgvis½yksikmµ            eKalneya)ayTaMgenH          RtUvedaHRsaykgVl;nana
nigesvakmµ   KYrEtsßitkñúglMdab;x<s;CageKenAkñúgbBa¢I      rbs;BlkrTaMgLayEdlRtUvpøas;TIkEnøg          eRBaHBl
GaTiPaBenH.         BaNiC¢kmµénplitplksikmµTaMg            krCaeRcInnwgbenÞasBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs           cMeBaH
Lay       Cavis½ymYyEdlpþl;»kasBitR)akdnana                kar)at;bg;kargar nigkarbnÞabR)ak;Ex eTaHbIkarN_
dl;esdækic©kMBugrIkcMerInCaeRcIn ¬ebIsinCa»kasenH          enaHBitkþI   minBitkþI.    karBRgIkesrIPavUbnIykmµ


                                                       9

BaNiC¢kmµ      CamYynwgeKalneya)ayTIpSarBlkmµ               breTs     rYmmankarTij{b½NÑ}énTunskmµnana        dUc
EdlCYysMrYl         dl;karéllksMrbxøÜnrbs;Blkr              CaPaKh`un    nigsBaØab½NÑ  ¬kñúgkMritTabCagRBMEdn
TaMgLayeTAnwg\T§iBlénBaNiC¢kmµsakl               nwgkat;    EdlGac       eGayGñkkan;kab;mansiT§iRKb;RKgelITun
bnßysMBaF        EdlCMrujeGayeKbiTTIpSarkñúgRsukmin         skmµrUbv½nþ¦.   kMeNIncracrN_CakarvinieyaKpÞal;
eGayTMnijBIbreTscUl.                                        nigkarvinieyaKelIplb½RtBIbreTs manTMhMKYreGay
      rdæaPi)alTaMgLay RtUvbþÚreKalneya)aynana              kt;sMKal;Nas;¬rUbTI    5¦.
EdlmanenAkñúgc,ab;BaNiC¢kmµbc©úb,nñ            EtvabnÞúc
bg¥ak;   CaCagCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ.       ]TahrN_        c,ab;
nanaRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø          EdlGgÁkarBaNiC¢
kmµBiPBelakGnuBaØateGayman.            c,ab;TaMgenHman
ectnaFanafa         eKminRtUvlk;plitplTaMgLaykñúg
tMélTabCagtMélEdleKKiteXIjfa{smRsb} enA
kñúgTIpSarkñúgRsukeT.    k¾b:uEnþ  c,ab;EbbenHgaynwg
køayeTACar)aMgcMeBaHGahr½NNas;               Edlbnßy
lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar           nigbMEbrKuNRbeyaCn_
nanaBIkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµTaMgLayBImun.            man
dMeNaHRsaymYy         KWcat;TukesckþIsMerc      sþIBIkar
kMNt;tMélrbs;GñknaMcUl           nigRkumh`unkñúgRsukeTA
tamlkçN³vinicä½ydUcKña. eyagtamviFIenH manEt
bBaðaRbqaMgnwgkareCOTukcitþ      dUcCakarqe)akeTEdl
RtUvedaHRsayEktMrUvedaypÞal;.

cracrN_hirBaØvtßú
        kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAfµI²enH   cracrN_hirBaØvtßú
qøgkat;RBMEdnCatiTaMgLay         )anekIneLIgrh½sCag                 cracrN_mUlFnbreTs)anpþl;KuNRbeyaCn_
BaNiC¢kmµ.        cracrN_mUlFnenHGacEbgEck)anCa             esdækic©d¾sMxan;dl;RKb;PaKI.      vinieyaKinbreTs
karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs        karvinieyaKelIplb½Rt         )anEbgEckkarRbfuyRbfanrbs;eK           eTATIpSareRkA
BIbreTs        \NTannanaBIFnaKar           nigcracrN_       RbeTs      ehIyman»kasGacrkcMNUl)anenATUTaMg
GPivDÆn_pøÚvkar.      karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTspSMeLIg        BiPBelak.     esdækic©TaMgLayEdlTTYlrMhUrcUlén
edaycracrN_kñúgbMNgTijh`unenAkñúgKN³RKb;RKg                 mUlFn     TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_tampøÚvCaeRcIn.        BI
énRkumh`un     rWeragcRk.     karvinieyaKelIplb½RtBI        dMbUg rMhUrcUlénmUlFnenHbegáInkMriténkarvinieyaK.

                                                        10

enAeBlEdlkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs )anmkcUlrYm                    ykhaniP½yd¾RbugRby½tñ.           rcnasm<½n§c,ab;sMrab;
ehIy       vaEtgEtnaMmkCamYymUlFnenHnUvCMnajÉk                  kargarFnaKark¾RtUvdak;ecjnUvlkçxNÐnana sMrab;
eTsxagRKb;RKg        kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalnana           RBm        karbegáItFnaKar       esvananaEdlFnaKarGacpþl;
TaMgTMnak;TMngd¾sMxan;CamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;          nigTIpSar       kMriténmUlFnEdlFnaKarRtUvman           RBmTaMgbrimaN
GnþrCatiTaMgLay.        k¾b:uEnþcracrN_mUlFnGnþrCati            B½t'manEdlFnaKarGacbeBa©jeGaydwg.                eRkABI
TaMgenH    CaBiesscracrN_énkarvinieyaKry³eBl                    enH    kMrgeKalénc,ab;RtUvEcgGMBICMhannanaénkar
xøIEdlERbRbYly:agrh½s           k¾eFVIeGayRbeTskMBugrIk         RbugRby½tñEdlniy½tkr¬GñkRbtibtþic,ab;¦RtUveFVI       ebI
cMerInTaMgLaysßitkñúgsßanPaBeRKaHfñak;mYycMnYnpg                sinCaeKbMeBjtamsþg;daenHmin)an.
Edr.     kñúgcMeNamenaHman         bMErbMrYlPøam²énmena                karRbkYtRbECg         EdlekIneLIgenAkñúgvis½y
seBa©tnarbs;GñkvinieyaKnana            nigrlkénkareqøót         hirBaØvtßú    pþl;mknUveRKOgelIkTwkcitþ       TaMgcMeBaH
»kasrkcMeNj          EdlGacbgçÚcrbbénGRtabþúÚrR)ak;             FnaKar      TaMgcMeBaHGtifiCn.     karRbkYtRbECgekIn
)anbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;FnaKar         nigRkumh`unFM²     RBm        eLIg      enAeBlEdlvis½yhirBaØvtßúkñúgRsukrIkcMerIn
TaMgbNþalmhnþrayeTAelIesdækic©nana.                   kar       ehIymUlb½Rtnana       TIpSarPaKh`un      RBmTaMgsßab½n
dak;eTRBkSmUlFnGnþrCatieTAkñúgdbvij             minGaceFVI      GnþrkarIepSg²eTot     k¾cab;epþImedIrtYFMCagmun.     kar
eTA)aneT¬ehIyk¾minEmnCabMNgR)afñaEdr¦.                b:uEnþ    GnuBaØateGayFnaKarBIbreTscUleTAkñúgRbeTsmYy
mUlFnEbbenHEtgEtnaMmkCamYy nUvbBaðaRtUvRbQm                     CaBiess         enAeBlEdlRbeTsm©as;pÞHmanRbB½n§
muxmYy     enaHKWRtUvbegáIteKalneya)ay          nigsßab½n       c,ab;d¾Cak;lak;    nwgCYyEklMGniy½tkmµtamry³kar
nanaEdlRcanRtlb;tulüPaB                 eFVIy:agNaeGay          naMcUl    nUvsþg;daRKb;RKghaniP½ymanKuNPaBx<s;
mUlFnenaHpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;esdækic©              EdlkMBugrIk       bTBiesaFn_Epñkc,ab;        nigGñkRKb;RKgEdlmankar
cMerIn  CaCagbgçÚcRbeyaCn_rbs;va.                               bNþúHbNþall¥.
        rdæaPi)alénRbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgLay Gac                         FnaKarTaMgLay enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPi
cab;epþImdMeNIrkarenH         edayEkTMrg;vis½yFnaKar            vDÆRtUvføwgEføghaniP½yBIr.        CaerOy²      FnaKar
nigelIksÞÜyTIpSarmUlFn.               PaBkRménsgÁhFn            TaMgLay rk)anrUbiyvtßúry³eBlxøIenATIpSarsakl
nigmUlniFiesaFnnivtþ RBmTaMgPaBTn;exSayénTIpSar                 CarUbiyb½NÑEtmYymux      dUcCa    duløaGaemrik    rWeyn
plb½Rt      ¬PaKh`un    nigsBaØab½NѦ         enAkñúgbNþa       Cb:un    bnÞab;pþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgCarUbiyb½NÑ
RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ       eFVIeGayFnaKarkøayCaGnþrkarI             kñúgRsuk.      FnaKarTaMgenaHRbQmmuxnwghaniP½y
hirBaØvtßúsMxan;CageK.       karbegáItkMrgeKalénc,ab;           Cakar)at;bg;karpÁt;pÁg;rUbiyvtßúbreTsry³eBlxøI ebI
FnaKard¾rwgbwugmYy    eFVIeGaymanplcMeNjesdækic©                sinCaTIpSarrIgs¶Üt      RBmTaMghaniP½yCakar)at;bg;
d¾sMxan;.      lkçxNÐc,ab;d¾manRbsiT§PaB             begáIt     tMélTunskmµrbs;BYkeK        ebIsinCaGRtabþÚrR)ak;Føak;
eGaymanbrisßanmYy          EdlelIkTwkcitþdl;karTTYl             cuH.      RbeTsTaMgLayGacraraMghaniP½yTaMgenH


                                                            11

RtwmkMritmYy        b:uEnþeKRtUvmanc,ab;nanaEdlmantY           eGaykøayeTACavdþ{sµÚm-GñkCitxagrbs;Gñk}énkar
naTITImYy       sMrab;bg¥n;esckþIRtUvkarkm©Iry³eBlxøI          ]btßmÖFn.      karBiPakSaKñafñak;tMbn;      nigfñak;Gnþr
BIbreTs.         viFankarEbbenHmYy          GacTamTarfa        Cati GMBIkarsMrbsMrYleKalneya)aym:aRkUesdækic©
mYyEpñkénmUlFnhUrcUlmkTaMgGs;                  EdlminEmn       GacrkeXIjviFIbeBa©ósskmµPaBTaMgLay                Edl
sMrab;TijmeFüa)ayplitkmµrUbv½nþ          RtUvTukedayELk        eyaKyl;cMeBaHesdækic©mYy          ehIyekgcMeNjelI
kñúgry³eBlkMNt;mYy           dUcenHva)anbegáInéføedImén        karxatbg;rbs;GñkCitxagnanarbs;eK.
karTTYl\NTanry³eBlxøIBIbreTs.                                  bBaðacMeBaHmuxénbrisßanTaMgmUl
         enAkñúgBiPBmYyEdlTIpSarhirBaØvtßúbnþ{edIreTA                  eRkayBIesdækic©énRbeTsmYy         rgkarCn;lic
rkPaBsakl}           RbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgLayRtUvEt             edaysarkMlaMgesdækic©saklPøam eKmanfamBl
eFVIxøÜneGayeTACam©as;pÞHl¥      sMrab;karvinieyaKry³          tictYcNas;sMrab;RKb;RKg         rWbeBa©ós      ehIybri
eBlEvgBIbreTs.             karksagbrisßanCamitþcMeBaH          sßanrbs;eK     GacrgkarKMramkMEhgedayskmµPaB
karvinieyaK      TamTarkarxMRbwgERbgeFVIeGaymanrbb             TaMgLayEdlRbRBwtþeTAhYsBIRBMEdn              nigkarRKb;
siT§ivinieyaKin nigc,ab;RbkbedaytmøaPaB/            RbB½n§     RKgrbs;eK.         enAkñúgRbeTsEdlmancMNUlTab
c,ab;Edlcat;Tuk       nigkarBarvinieyaKinbreTs          nig    mYycMnYn   karKMramkMEhgenHmanPaBF¶n;F¶rlµmEtbgá
kñúgRsukesµI²Kña/ RKwHm:aRkUesdækic©d¾R)akd RBmTaMg            eRKaHfñak;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆRbkbedaynirnþrPaB          Ca
karvinieyaKCamUlFnmnusS.              enAeBlEdlkarvini         bnþeTAeTot.    ]TahrN_       bMErbMrYlGakasFatuGac
eyaK)anrYmbBa©ÚlKñaCaesdækic©kñúgRsuk            Edlman        eFVIeGaykMBs;TwksmuRTeLIg       Cn;licpÞHsEm,grbs;
dMeNIrkarl¥mYyehIy             vinieyaKinTaMgLayEtgEt          RbCaCnrab;lannak;         enAkñúgRbeTsEdlsßitenATI
eRtomxøÜnnwgedIrcUl     ebIsinCamanvinieyaKinNamñak;           TMnab    dUcCabg;køaeds.      rdæaPi)alTaMgLayEdl
sMerccitþdkxøÜnecj.                                            eFVIkarEtÉg    rYmTaMgGgÁkarfñak;tMbn;nana      minGac
         sßab½nGnþrCatinanamantYnaTICYyRbeTskMBug              eqøIytby:agmanRbsiT§PaB eTAnwgbBaðabrisßanEbb
GPivDÆTaMgLay          elIksÞÜysßirPaBhirBaØvtßú        nig    enHeT. RtUvEtmankareqøIytbCasakl.               RbeTs
karvinieyaK.         kic©RBmeRBogFnaKarGnþrCatinana            ]sSahkmµTaMgLay        CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHPaK
dUcCakarRBmeRBogTIRkug)al          (Basle Accord)      Gac     eRcInénbBaðabrisßansaklEdlekItman¬CaBiess
eRbIeFVICaKMrUsMrab;sþg;daKNenyüFnaKarkñúgRsuk.                ]sµ½nkabUnicplitedaymnusS¦            b:uEnþRbeTskMBug
mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati (IMF) GactamBinitüdMeNIr              GPivDÆTaMgLay          k¾)antamTan;y:agrh½sEdr.
karesdækic©      nigsMrbsMrYlkarbn§Úrbnßyry³eBlxøI             smtßPaBrbs;BYkeK         kñúgkarbMpøajbrisßankñúgeBl
cMeBaHbBaðasnÞnIyPaB         bn§ÚrbnßyPaBF¶n;F¶rénvibtþi       GnaKtekIneLIgRBmCamYynwgkarrIkcMerInrbs;BYkeK.
esdækic©.      kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµTaMgLay            Gac             BiPBelak)aneXIjrYcmkehIynUveCaKC½ybri
CYyrkSakareqøIytbnana            cMeBaHvibtþihirBaØvtßú kMu    sßand¾BitR)akdmYy     enAkñúgBiFIkarTIRkugm:ugeRtGal

                                                           12

(Montreal Protocol)         enAqñaM   1987      Edl)an       TaMgGs;RtUvEteCOCak;dUcKñafa          tMélénkarxUcxat
RbmUlRbeTsTaMgGs;mkCYbCMuKña           edIm,IedaHRsay        brisßanmankMritx<s;       smnwgykmksMGagehtupl
karKMramkMEhgrYmcMeBaHbrisßan.          BiFIkarTIRkugm:ug    énkareFVIskmµPaBPøam².        CMerIsTIBIr sMrab;\riya
eRtGal b:unb:gedaHRsaybBaðabMPay]sµ½nkør:UPøúyG              bTbc©úb,nñ   RtUvEtGaceFVI)antambec©keTs           nigmin
r:UkabUn  EdlbnßykMhab;]sµ½nGUsUnenARsTab;xag                sUvéfø   ehIyRbeTsTaMgGs;RtUvEtmanectnacUlrYm
elIénbriyakas. enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1980 GñkR)aCJ                 enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatinana.         CYnkal ectna
TaMgLay)andwgfa karbeNþayeGaymankarbMPay                     enHsMEdgecjmkkñúgtMélmYy EdlbNþaRbeTsman
]sµ½nenH        nwgbegáInkarbBa©aMgkaMrsµIsVayG`ulRta        plcMNUlx<s;         bg;eGaybNþaRbeTsEdlmanpl
y:ageRKaHfñak;mkkñúgry³kMBs;EpñkxagelI             begáIn    cMNUlTab       edIm,IeFVIeGayRtUvtamkic©snüaNamYy
GRtaCMgWmharIkEs,k        nigkatar:ak;  RBmTaMgbMpøaj        ehIyRkumhtßelxInana          dak;TNÐkmµeTAelIRbeTs
brisßan.       edaysarBiFIkarTIRkugm:ugeRtGal        nig     TaMgLayNa        EdlbMeBjtamsþg;dakMNt;edaykic©
kareFVItamkic©RBmeRBognana         karplit]sµ½nkør:UPøúy     RBmeRBogenHmin)an.          CabBa©b;sþg;daenHpÞal;RtUv
Gr:UkabUnCasakl         )anfycuHCaxøaMg       ehIysh         EtGacbt;Ebn)an        eRBaHkRmmandMeNaHRsayEbb
RbtibtþikarCasakledIm,Ikat;bnßykarrls;rlay                   {xñatmYyEdlRtUvRKb;TMhM}         sMrab;bBaðasaklTaMg
RsTab;GUsUn      cab;TTYl)aneCaKC½y.                         LayNas;.
        BiPBelak      CYbnwgbBaðabrisßanmYycMnYneTot                 lkçxNÐnanaCMuvijbBaðaCIvcMruH        nigbMErbMrYl
EdlCHsMBaFKMramkMEhgsaklelak.                  GVIEdleK      GakasFatu      eFVIeGayeKeXIjfa        karQaneTAdl;
GacsÁal;c,as;enaH        KWbMErbMrYlGakasFatu       Edl      kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatielIbBaðaTaMgenH         manPaBsµúK
bNþalmkBIkMeNIn énkarPay]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksIut                  sµajCagerOgrls;rlayRsTab;GUsUn                 eTAeTot.
eTAkñúgbriyakas.        bBaðaecaTepSg²eTotrYmmankar          b:uEnþ   shKmn_GnþrCati)ancab;epþImEsVgrkdMeNaH
)at;bg;CIvcMruHEdlRbRBwtþeTAkñúgel,ÓnGasnñ           kar     RsayehIy.          snñi)atsþIBICIvcMruH   nigsnñi)atRkb
raldalénvalxSac; karrls;FnFanmcäCati                 kar     xNÐeKal sþIBIbMErbMrYlGakasFatuEdl)anekIteLIg
sayPay          énsarFatusrIragÁsßitezrEdlbMBulbri           enAkñúgkarRbCMukMBUlEpndI enArIy:U qñaM 1992         )an
sßan    nigkarKMramkMEhgeGkULÚsIuénTVIbGg;takTik.            begáItmUldæanRKwHsMrab;QaneTAmux. kmµviFIbrisßan
        RbvtþieCaKC½yénbBaðaGUsUn      )anpþl;KMrUmYyén      sakl     (GEF)      CakarpþÜcepþImKMnitrYmKñarbs;kmµviFI
GnaKtkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatinana         sþIBIbBaðabrisßan      GPivDÆn_shRbCaCati          (UNDP)         kmµviFIbrisßan
saklTaMgLay.               krNIviTüasa®sþsMrab;edaH          shRbCaCati          (UNEP)        nigFnaKarBiPBelak
RsayhaniP½yénkarxUcxatbrisßan                RtUvEteFVICa    (WB)   .     kmµviFIbrisßansaklpþl;GMeNay             nig
cMh    y:agsVahab;      nigCECkEvkEjkCasaFarN³               mUlniFism,Tannana         sMrab;ecjelIéføcMNaybEnßm
y:agmWugm:at;.    RbCaCnkñúgBiPBelak       nigrdæaPi)al      EdlRbeTsnana)ancMNay                  kñúgeBlEdlKMerag


                                                         13

GPivDÆn_mYymaneKaledAmYy        rWeRcIn RtUvKñaCamYy       RbeTsBYkeK    cMENkÉmUldæannIykmµ         )ancg¥úl
nwgbBaðabrisßansaklTaMgbYn         eBalKW     bMErbMrYl    bgðajeyabl;       nigbMNgR)afñaTaMgLayrbs;Rkum
GakasFatu     kar)at;bg;CIvcMruH   karbMBulTwkFmµCati      nigshKmn_nanaenAkñúgRbeTs.           mancMNucBIr
nigkarrls;rlayénRsTab;GUsUn.            rdæaPi)alCati      rbs;mUldæannIykmµ    Edlr)aykarN_enH       )ancab;
TaMgLayGaceFVIskmµPaBmYycMnYn         sMrabkar;EklMG       GarmµN_  eBalKWvimCÄkar    nignKrUbnIykmµ.
suxumalPaBkñúgRbeTs        enAeBlEdleKCYyGPirkS
sm,tþirYmrbs;saklelak.          ]TahrN_       karlub       Bhuniyménneya)ay nigvimCÄkar
bM)at;R)ak;]btßmÖeTAelIeRbg\n§n³      nigkMENlMGkar              mUldæannIykmµ     )anbegáItBhuniyménneya
dwkCBa¢ÚnsaFarN³           minRtwmEtCaplRbeyaCn_           )ay     nigkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaN         enATUTaMgBiPB
RbesIrbMputcMeBaHesdækic©nImYy²eT vaEfmTaMgcUlrYm          elak.   ]TahrN_mYyén)atuPUtenH       KWkMeNIncMnYn
kat;bnßykarbMPay]sµ½nkabUnDIGuksIut         Casakl         RbeTsenAkñúgBiPBelak     EdlekIneLIgenAeBltMbn;
Edlb:HBal;dl;RbeTsdéTeTotpgEdr.                            NamYydeNþIm)anÉkraCürbs;BYkeK.         ]TahrN_
                                                           mYyeTotKW   bMErbMrYlrebobeRCIserIsrdæaPi)alrbs;
bBaðaeRkamfñak;Catinana                                    RbeTsnImYy².     25    qñaMmun manRbeTskñúgBiPB
        saklPavUbnIykmµ)ancg¥úlTisénkarykcitþ              elakticCagmYyPaKbIkan;lT§iRbCaFibetyü.          na
Tukdak;rbs;rdæaPi)alCatiTaMgLay           eTAelIbNþa       xagcugénbNþaqñaM    1990      smamaRtenH)anekIn
RBwtþikarN_  kMlaMg  nigKMnit BIxageRkARBMEdnrbs;          eLIgdl;Cag  60    PaKry¬rUbTI   6¦.




                                                       14

      lT§PaBRbCaCnkñúgkarcUlrYmeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ           cMeBaHhirBaØb,Tandl;karGb;rM ¬CaBiesskñúgtMbn;RkI
elIbBaðaEdlTak;TgBYkeK           KWCaFatud¾sMxan;enAkñúg     Rknana¦      etIfñak;NaCaGñkerobcMkmµviFIsikSa      nig
dMeNIrkarEklMGsþg;daCIvPaB ¬k¾dUcCakñúgkarGPivDÆ             ksagÉksarbeRgon          ehIyfñak;NaCaGñkTTYlxus
d¾manRbsiT§PaB¦.        k¾b:uEnþ   kareqøIytbnanaxag         RtUvRKb;RKgsalaeronerogral;éf¶ rYmmanTaMgkarCYl
neya)ayeTAnwgmUldæannIykmµ dUcCavimCÄkar Gac                 kartMelIgzan³        nigkarbBaÄb;RKUbeRgonTaMgLay.
maneCaKC½y rWKµan GaRs½ynwgrebobGnuvtþ. teTA                 edIm,Iecosvag     kMueGayvimCÄkarRbRBwtþeTAedayekg
enHCaemeronsMxan;²mYycMnYn        sMrab;eGayrdæaPi)al        cMNjBIsmFm' RtUvmanRbPBpþl;cMNUlCaGMeNay
BicarNa     enAeBlcab;epþImRbtibtþivimCÄkar.                 eTAeGayGaCJaFreRkamfñak;Catinana          nigkarksag
       vimCÄkaresÞIrEtCanic©kal        bNþalmkBIktþa         RbB½n§epÞrsareBIBn§rvagrdæaPi)alfñak;epSgKña       edIm,I
neya)ay.         Cajwkjy          TisedAsMxan;CageKKW        bMeBjFnFanmUldæan.         RtUvmanviFansMrab;RKb;RKg
rkSasßirPaBneya)ay              nigkat;bnßyhaniP½yén         km©IeRkamfñak;Cati.     CabBa©b;     eKRtUvbBa©ÚlCMhan
TMnas;hwgSa        edayRbmUlRkumepSg²mkCamYyKña              nana     sMrab;ksagsmtßPaBénrdæaPi)aleRkamfñak;
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarcrcaKña         Edlmanc,ab;CaeKal.           Cati   edIm,IbMeBjParkic©fµI²TaMgLay.
karCECkEvkEjkGMBIRbkarfa          etIKYreFVIvimCÄkar rWeT           FatunanaénkMENTMrg;RtUvRbRBwtþeTARBmKña.
enaH     CaRbkarminsmRsbeT             ehIyrebobGnuvtþ       sMTuHkMlaMgneya)ay        EdlCaerOy²        enABIeRkay
vimCÄkarCaGñkkMNt;eCaKC½yrbs;va.                             vimCÄkar        EtgbNþalrdæaPi)alkNþalTaMgLay
      karksagyuT§sa®sþvimCÄkarRbkbedayeCaK                   eGayeFVIsm,Tany:agRbjab;Rbjal;                ehIykar
C½y    CakargarsµúuKsµaj      eRBaHGñkeFVIkarsMercTaMg       yl;RBmeTAelIkare)aHeqñatfñak;mUldæan          CaCMhan
LayminEmnCanic©kal        RKb;RKgdMeNIrkarvimCÄkar           rh½sbgÁÜr    niggayGnuvtþ.      k¾b:uEnþ karbegáItTMnak;
)anTaMgRsugeT.       vimCÄkarTamTarkarpøas;bþÚrRbB½n§        TMngc,ab;fµI²    rvagrdæaPi)alkNþal       nigeRkamfñak;
GPi)alkic©     nigkarbegáItsßab½nneya)ay          sareBI     Cati   CaParkic©EdlRbRBwtþeTAyWt²         nigy:aglM)ak
Bn§    c,ab;   nigrdæ)alfµI.      vaminRtwmEtTak;Tgnwg       eRBaHvaCakarepÞrRTBüsm,tþi        nigbuKÁlik      BIfñak;
karsMercEdlGnuBaØateGaymankare)aHeqñat enAmUl                kNþal      eTAfñak;mUldæan.     vak¾CakarlM)akesµIKña
dæaneT    EtvaTak;Tgnwges`rIénCMerIs     sþIBIviFanénkar     enHEdr cMeBaHkarbMElgRbB½n§mYyEdlEp¥kelIkarepÞr
eRCIserIs     nigkarGnuvtþnana       Bak;B½n§nwgKNbkS        fvikaRbcaMqñaM       rvagGgÁPaBnanaénrdæ)alRbmUlpþúM
EdlnwgCH\T§iBldl;mtinana           EdlGñke)aHeqñatGac        eTACaRbB½n§mYyEdlEp¥kelIkarkMNt;Bn§dar           nigkar
dwg)an.     vaminRtwmEtTak;TgnwgesckþIsMercepÞrkar           cMNayenAtamfñak;epSg²énrdæaPi)al.
TTYlxusRtUvmYycMnYn¬]TahrN_              karGb;rM¦   eTA            rdæaPi)alCatiTaMgLayRtUvEtbgðajkarxMRbwg
eGayfñak;mUldæanb:ueNÑaHeT eKRtUvsMerceGayc,as;              ERbgrbs;xÜøn kñúgkarRKb;RKgEbbfµIelITMnak;TMngrvag
pgEdrfa     etIrdæaPi)alfñak;Na      CaGñkTTYlxusRtUv        rdæaPi)alfñak;epSgKña    enAral;eBlcab;epþIm.      vaCa


                                                         15

erOgénbBaðaFøab;manBImun²mk        eRBaHvab:HBal;dl;         Edr.      CaTUeTA     karraraMgbuKÁlTaMgLaymineGay
karrMBwgTuknana.          bBaðasMxan;mYyEdlFøab;manBI        cl½t     edayeRbIeRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana          RtUvbraC½y
munmk     EdlrdæaPi)alkNþalGacdak;ecj              sMrab;    eRBaHrdæaPi)alCati min)anbgðajeGayeXIjPaBbiun
rdæaPi)alRbCaFibetyüeRkamfñak;CatifµI²         KWRtUvrkSa    Rbsb;kñúgkarsMercelIkarkMNt;TItaMgmNÐlpÞHRbCa
karkMhitrbs;fvikakNþaleGayrwg.                 rdæaPi)al     Cn nigRkumh`unTaMgLayeT.         rdæaPi)alnwgmanCag
mUldæanRtUvdwgfa         ebIsinCaeKcayelIskMNt;rdæa          mun    ebIsinCa      eKedIrtameKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_
Pi)alCatinwgminFanaecjsgCYsBYkeKeT             ehIyGñk       nanaEdlpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;tMbn;TIRkugpg                nigdl;
bg;Bn§ nigGñkneya)aymUldæan CaGñkRtUvTTYlbnÞúk               CnbTpg RBmTaMgTTYlsÁal;fa dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_
EktMrUv.                                                     nwgCMrujnKrUbnIykmµkñúgeBlxagmux          eTAtamEpnkar

nKrUbnIykmµ                                                  d¾RtwmRtUv.

        RbCaCnkñúgBiPBelakkan;EteRcIneLIg²          kMBug           rdæaPi)almUldæanTaMgLay            Gaccab;epþImeFVI

ecjBItMbn;CnbTmkkan;TIRkug.         25     qñaMmun  40°      eGayTIRkugrbs;BYkeK køayeTACakEnøgEdlsVaKmn_
énRbCaCnkñúgBiPBelakrs;enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug          ehIy      cMeBaHkarGPivDÆesdækic©.       CMhand¾sMxan;mYy          KW
25    qñaMeRkaymk       smamaRtenH)anekIneLIgCitdl;          RtUvrkSakMritRKb;RKan;    énkarvinieyaKelIehdæarcna
60°.        kñúgcMeNamGñkTIRkugTaMgGs;kñúgeBlGnaKt           sm<½n§   rYmmanTwk    RbB½n§Gnam½y       pøÚvfñl;  TUrs½BÞ
Cit    90°      nwgrs;enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.           GKÁisnI    nigsMNg;lMenAdæan.          rdæaPi)almUldæan
knøHstvtSmun        kñúgcMeNamTIRkug   100       FMCageK     kMBugeFVIkarkan;EteRcIneLIgCamYyEpñkÉkCn EdledIr
bg¥s;rbs;BiPBelak           man  41    sßitenAkñúgbNþa       tYy:agsMxan;kñúgsMNg;lMenAdæan          ehdæarcnasm<½n§
RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.         mkTl;nwgqñaM 1995 cMnYnenH         enAnwgkEnøg     nigesvasaFarN³kñúgTIRkug.             b:uEnþ
)anekIneLIgdl;       64     ehIysmamaRtenHenAEtekIn          TIRkugEdlmanrdæaPi)almUldæanTaMgLay                 RtUvEt
eLIgCabnþeTAeTot¬rUbTI       7¦.                             GgÁasR)ak;d¾sMxan;mYycMnYn       sMrab;eFVIhirBaØb,Tan
        rdæaPi)alCatimYycMnYnykBn§tMbn;CnbT           nig    vinieyaKelITIRkug     CaBiess       kñúgeBlqøgGnþrkal
tMbn;mYycMnYn     elItMélplitplCnbTTaMgLay kñúg              CnbT-TIRkug. TIpSarmUlFnÉkCnCaRbPBd¾RbesIr
namCameFüa)ayKaMRTTIRkug          edayQrelImUldæan           EteKRtUvmankMrgeKalénc,ab;           nigkartaMgcitþy:ag
fa        eKalneya)ayEbbenHCYyelIksÞÜyesdækic©               mWugm:at;rbs;rdæaPi)alkNþalRbqaMgnwgkarecjsg
{TMenIb}.      rdæaPi)alxøHeTotEdlxVl;GMBIkMeNInRbCa         CMnYs.       kareFVIEpnkareRbIR)as;dI       Ca]bkrN_d¾
CnRkIRkenAtamTIRkug )ansakl,gbg¥ak;clnapøas;                 sMxan;     nigmanRbeyaCn_        b:uEnþeKRtUvkMNt;viFan
bþÚrTIkEnøgrs;enA      BICnbTeTATIRkug    edayCYnkal         y:agc,as;sMrab;kal³eTs³énmUldæannImYy².
tMrUveGaymanlixitGnuBaØatpøÚvkar       edIm,IGaceTAkan;             RbeTsTaMgLaymin)ac;rg;caMdl;eBl             EdleK
TIRkug)an.      viFINamYyk¾min)anhucpll¥CaBiess              køayeTACaGñkman       eTIbEklMGesvananaenAkñúgTIRkug


                                                         16

eT.    karcat;Ecgsßab½nEbbfµIGaceGayeKpþl;esva           eFVIniy½tkmµ]sSahkmµTaMgenaH             nigbMpuskar
)anRbesIrCagmun     eTaHbImancMNUlTabkþI.     ninña      RbkYtRbECg.
karfµI²   kñúgkarpþl;esvasMxan;²     cg¥úlbgðajBI        RbB½n§lUTwk³   rdæaPi)alTaMgLayeRcInEtminGac
skþanuBlénbNþasm<½n§PaBsaFarN³-ÉkCn.                     pþl;R)ak;cMeBaHkmµviFIvinieyaKF¶n;²    EdlRtUvedaH
                                                         RsaysMrab;TIRkugTaMgmUl.           b:uEnþ  shKmn_
   sMNg;lMenAdæan³      GñkGPivDÆÉkCn      sßab½n        nana    kMBugEtcat;EcgCamYybNþaGgÁkarminEmn
   sµ½RKcitþ    GgÁkarshKmn_      nigGgÁkarminEmn        rdæaPi)al      edIm,IGnuvtþdMeNaHRsaysmRsb
   rdæaPi)alTaMgLay        RtUvcUlrYmeRcInCagmun.        nana     EdlCaKMrUmYysMrab;karRbwgERbgkñúgeBl
   cMENkÉEpñksaFarN³ RtUvEtepþateTAelIc,ab;              GnaKt.
   kmµsiT§i/   karpþl;hirBaØvtßú nigkarCYybMeBj          kardwkCBa¢Ún³     karGb;rMsaFarN³           nigsm<½n§
   xat/    c,ab;sMNg;   nigehdæarcnasm<½n§em.            PaBRbkbedayKMnitécñRbDitnana                Gackat;
   Twk³    TIRkugFM²  kMBugQaneTArkkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk        bnßykarbMBulbrisßan.         b:uEnþ plRbeyaCn_FM
   edayEpñkÉkCn.        sm,TanÉkCnnana        )an        bMputRbEhlCaGac)anmkBIkarbBa¢ÚnkarrIkcMerIn
   CMnYsGñkpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³rYceTAehIy       enAb`UeG      énTIRkugeTAtambeNþaypøÚveFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;edIm,I
   NUsGayers¬Gasg;TIn¦            cakata¬\NÐÚen          begáItRckpøÚvdwkCBa¢ÚnRbkbedayTinñplx<s;.
   sIu¦   nigm:anIl¬PIlIBIn¦.    tYnaTIrbs;rdæ   KW




                                                   17

karERbkøayeKalneya)aynanaCaskmµPaB                           sm<½n§énTMnak;TMngsareBIBn§rvagrdæaPi)altMbn;         nig
                                                             kNþalrbs;RbeTseRbsIul/            karxMRbwgERbgrbs;
      saklPavUbnIykmµ        nigmUldæannIykmµ        pþl;    RkumshKmn_nana            nigGñkGPivDÆenAtammUldæan
»kasBiess²CaeRcIn           Etk¾manplCakarbgçÚcsßir          edIm,IEklMGsþg;daCIvPaBenATIRkugkar:aCI      RbeTs):aKI
PaBxøHEdr.        r)aykarN_enH)ankMNt;CMhanmYy               sßan    nigkarbegáItsm<½n§PaBTIRkug-CnbTmYy           enA
cMnYn  ehIyrdæaPi)alGacykCMhanNamYy                rWTaMg    RbeTstg;sanI.
Gs;     eTAGnuvtþ     edIm,Ikat;bnßyvibtiþEdlGacekIt                bBaðacMeBaHmuxenAkñúgkarGPivDÆmaneRcIn         dUc
eLIg.   rdæaPi)alCatimantYnaTInaMmuxeK      b:uEnþGgÁkar     CaPaBRkIRk       eRKaHTurPikS   suxPaBminl¥          kgVH
GnþrCatinana    nigrdæaPi)aleRkamfñak;Cati      ¬rYmTaMg     lMenAdæan      nigGnkçrPaBCaedIm.          eK)aneFIVeGay
rdæaPi)alénTIRkug¦     EpñkÉkCn      GgÁkarminEmnrdæa        mankarvivDÆCaeRcInrYcmkehIy           eFVIIeGayRbCaCn
Pi)alTaMgLay         RBmTaMgGgÁkarnanarbs;Gñkpþl;            enAkñúgtMbn;nana    dUcCaGasIubUB'a    )anFUrFaCagmun
CMnYy    edIrtYCaEpñkKaMRTd¾sMxan;.     GgÁkarTaMgenH        eRcIn    ebIeFobnwgsßanPaBkalBIBIr-bITsvtSmun.
kMBugksagsßab½nnana       ¬viFanpøÚvkar   nigminpøÚvkar      sUm,IEtenAtMbn;Ek,rsahar:a       enATIVbGaRBic       Edl
nana¦EdlkMNt;TisénkarvivDÆrbs;dMeNIrkarnana                  esdækic©kñúgry³eBlBIr-bITsvtSknøgeTAenH              Føab;
énsaklPavUbnIykmµ         nigmUldæannIykmµ.        r)ay      mandMeNIry:ab;yWunCaxøaMgenaH     k¾manCIvPaB       Gayu
karN_)anbgðajkrNIsMrab;sikSa          5    Edlbgðaj          rs;enACamFüm      nigkMritvb,Fm'ekIneLIgEdr.        k¾b:uEnþ
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Gaccab;ykplRbeyaCn_)anBI)atuPUtTaMgBIr               nig     ticCag 1 duløaGaemrik       kMBugEtekIneLIg.     eKGac
eqøIytbeTAnwgkarbnÞúcbg¥ak;EdlGacekIteLIg.           kar     bMEbrninñakarenHeGayeTACaRbeyaCn_sMrab;RbCaCn
sikSaTaMgenH    Tak;TgnwgesrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ            kñúgBiPBelak     edayTajykplRbeyaCn_BIkMlaMg
enAsaFarNrdæGar:ab;eGsIub/         kMENTMrg;vis½yFna         TaMgLayénsaklPavUbnIykmµ            nigmUldæannIykmµ
KarenARbeTshugRKI/          karxMRbwgERbgcgRkgrcna           enAkñúgstvtSTI     21    enH.




                                                         18

                       saklPavYbnIykmµ       nigmUldæannIykmµ    ¬smahrNkmµesdækic©BiPB
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                lMnwgDINamic    TaMgenAfñak;Cati TaMgeRkamfñak;Cati.

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                rcnasm<½n§nanaEdlCaRKwHsMrab;ksagviFIedaHRsayCalMGit           nigmanRbsiT§
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                EdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTA     RBmTaMgesñIpþl;esckþIENnaMsMrab;GñkeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ
                nigGñkRsavRCavTaMgLay        RBmTaMgmnusSRKb;rUbEdlykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkar
                GPivDÆ.




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