Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CGR=9 @ CGIAR Study Paper Number 9 Brazil and the CGLAR Centers A Study of Their Collaboration in Agricultural Research Fernando Homem de Melo , b M X FIE COP sw . ll _ , r_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 Consultative Group on Intemational Agricultural Research CGIAR Study Paper Number 9 Brazil and the CGIAR Centers A Study of Their Collaboration in Agricultural Research Fernando Homem de Melo The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright () 1986 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. First printing January 1986 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America At its annual meeting in November 1983 the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) commissioned a wide-ranging impact study of the results of the activities of the international agricultural research oganizations under its sponsorship. An Advisory Committee was appointed to oversee the study and to present the principal findings at the annual meeetings of the CGIAR in October 1985. The impact study director was given responsibility for preparing the main report and commissioning a series of papers on particular research issues and on the work of the centers in selected countries. This paper is one of that series. The judgments expressed herein are those of the author(s). They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, of affiliated organizations, including the CGIAR Secretariat, of the international agricultural research centers supported by the CGIAR, of the donors to the CGIAR, or of any individual acting on their behalf. Staff of many national and international organizations provided valued information, but neither they nor their institutions are responsible for the views expressed in this paper. Neither are the views necessarily consistent with those expressed in the main and summary reports, and they should not be attributed to the Advisory Committee or the study director. This paper has been prepared and published informally in order to share the information with the least possible delay. Femando Homem de Melo is professor of economics at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where he is also senior researcher at the Foundation Institute of Economics Research. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hlomem de Melo, Fernando Bento, 1942- Brazil and the CGIAR centers. (Study paper / Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, ISSN 0257-3148 ; no. 9) Bibliography: p. 1. Agriculture--Research--Brazil. 2. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecugria. 3. Consultative Gorup on International Agricultural Research. 4. Agri- culture--Research--InternationaI cooperation. I. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. II. Title. III. Series: Study paper (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) ; no. 9. S542.B6H66 1986 630'.72081 85-31469 ISBN 0-8213-0694-4 - iii - C O N T E N T S 1. BACKGROUND .............................................. 1 1.1 The Country ........................................ 1 1.1.1. NaturaZ and poZiticaZ setting .............. 1 1.1.2. PopuZation ............................., 2 1.1.3. Economy ............................ 5 1.2 The AgricuZtute Sector ............................ 9 1.2.1. Structure .................................. 9 1.2.2. Infrastructure and institutional support... 14 1.2.3. Pricing ............................ 22 1.2.4. Past and present performance ............... 42 1.2.5. PoZicy issues .. 55 2. THE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM (NARS) .. 59 2.1 Overview ... 59 2.2 Institutional Structure . . .......................... 61 2.3 AZZocated Resources ................................ 67 2.4 Staff .............................................. 75 3. IMPACT OP IARCs ON THE NARS ............................. 79 3.1 Introduction ....... . 79 3.2 Research Organization .. 81 3.3 Services Provided .................................. 84 4. RESEARCH IMPACTS ON AGRICUL.TURAL PRODUCTION ......... ..... 95 4.1 Important Innovations from Non-IARC Sources ........ 95 4.2 Production Effects . . ............................... 106 5. CONCLUSIONS .. ........................................... 113 REFERENCES ............. . . . . . 117 - iv - T A B L E S TABLE I - Rates o6 Gtowth in YVitd6, 11 CtopL, Btazif and Setected States, Decades ........................ 38 TABLE 2 - Time oi Inttoduction and Adoption o6 New Soybeans Vati4etie in Bcazit and E66ectz in Yietdd ... .... 45 TABLE 3 - Annuat Rates o6 Gtowth o6 Domestic Ptoduction, B,tazit, 14 Commodities, 1960/69, 1967/176 and 1970 /79 (ln %) ...................................... 47 TABLE 4 - Indices o6 Nominat Food Pticeu, ExpendituteCfasses Nottheazt Region, 1967/69 (1967=100) .... ........ 51 TABLE 5 - Gtowth in "PeQ Capita" Ptoduction o Domestic,Ex- poxted Cxops and Sugatcane, 1977/84 .... ......... 53 TABLE 6 - Btazitian Annuat Agticuftwtat ReLeatch by Commod- ities, 1960/69 and 1978/80 ...................... 70 TABLE 7 - Ratio o6 Re6eatch and Extension ExpenditPues to Vatue o6 Agticuttutat Ptoduct in B,,azit ......... 73 TABLE 8 - Reseatch and Extension's Budget in the State o6 Sao Pauto, 1966/80 (1977'z Ct$) ................. 74 TABLE 9 - Annuat G'Lowth Rates in VietZd, Sefected C&Lop6 and Statez, B'Lazit, 1977/83 M ..................... 109 TABLE 10- Annuat Gtowth Rates in Cuttivated Acteage,Sexected Ctops and States, BLazite, 1971/84 (%) .... ....... 110 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CFP - Ptoduction Financing Company CIBRAZEM - Btazitian Watehou6ing Company COBAL - B-azitian Food Company INCRA - Nationat In6titute o6 CoZonization and Agvatian Re6otm EMBRAPA - Btazitian Company o6 Agticuttutat Reseatch EMBRATER - B%aziZian Company o6 Technicat Azsi6tance and RutaJe Exten,sion ACAR - Ctedit and Rutat A6Liztance A46ociation ABCAR - B,azitian Rutat C&edit and Technicat Az4i tance Associ- ation IAA - Sugat and ALcohot Inztitute PLANALSUCAR - Nationat Ptogtam o6 Sugatcane Bteeding COPERSUCAR - Coopetative o6 Suga,% P'oduce.h IAC - CampinaV' Agtonomic Institute DNPEA - Nationat Depattment o6 Agticuttutat Reneatch and Expeui- mentation NARS - Nationat AgticutautaL Rezeatch Sy4tem CGIAR - ConLuttative Gtoup on Intetnationat Agticuttwtat ReseaAch CIAT - Centto Inte nacionat de AgticuQttta T&opicat CIMMVT - Centto Intetnacionat de Mejotamiento de Matz y Thigo CIP - Centto Intutnacionat de ta Papa IRRI - In.tenationat Rice Re4eatch Inztitute IFPRI - In-tenationaL Food Poticy Reseatch In6titute CPA - Centeiu jot AgticuLtutat Resea-tch ICRISAT - Intetnationat Ctops Re.6eaAch In4titute 6ot the Semi- -Axid Thopic - vi - CENARGEN - NationaR Cente>' o6 Genetic Reowu&cu IBPGR - Inte)nationat Boa&d ¸ot PZant Genetic Ro,LceC,6 CTAA - Centet Jo, Agticuttu&at and Food Technotogy SNLCS - Nationat Setvice. ¸o SoiQ Sutvey and Con6e&vation SPSB - Setvice ;o& Ptoduction o6 Basic Seeds IPAGRO - Agtonomic Reseatch Institute. IRGA - Rio Gtande do SuQ',s Rice Institute TAPAR - Pa&ana's Agkonomic Institute CEPEC - Centet 6o& Cocoa Re&5eatch lARC4s - IntuLnationat Ag icuttwLat Re,seatch Centetz IITA - Inte4nationat Institute o6 Ttopicat Ag&icuttute CNPAF - NationaZ ReseaLch Cente 6ot Rice and Beans CPAC - ReseatAch CenteL 6ot Cettados' AgAicuthtke UEPAE - State Unit o4 RQ,stach Execution EMPASC - Santa Catatina',s Ag&icuZtuAat Resea&ch Company EMCAPA - Espitito Santo's Agq4Licuttutat Re.scatch Comnpany EMGOPA - Goias' AgicuQtttae ReZea cLch Company EMPARN - Rio Gtande do Notte'6 AgticuttueOLat Reseatch Company CNPMS - Nationat Re6seatch CCntei 5ot Matze and So&ghun CPATSA - Re5eatch Centet 6ot Semi-A&id Ag'icuQtute CNPMF - Nationat Re>sea&ch Centet 6oA Ca,5ava and Ttopicat Ftuits CNPT - Nationat Res,eatch CenteA 5ot Wheat IRAT - Institute de RecheAches Agtonomiques Ttopicates IPA - PeiLnambuco',s AgKLicuttutat ReseaAch Company IZAC - Inte&ameitican Institute o4 Agta&ian Science-s PESAGRO - Rio de JaneiPo's Agkicuttutaa Reseatch Company EPAMIG - Mina,s GeQLais' Ag&icuttuAat Re,seatch Company - vii - OCEPAR - OAganization o6 Patan6' CoopeAative6 FECOTRIGO - FedveAation o6 Rio Gtcande do SuV6' Wheat Coopetative6 CNPA - Nationat Reseatch Centet dotr Cotton CNPS - Nationat Re6evLch Centet .6o Soybeanc UNESP - Sao Pauto'6 State Univesity UEPAT - Tet totiat Unit o6 Reseatch Execution EMAPA - Mvanthao' Agticuttutat Reseatch Company EPABA - Bahia'" Agticuttutat Rezeatch Company EMPAER - Mato Gto6so do SuV' Agticuttutat Reseatch Company A STUDY OF COLLABORATION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND BRAZIL 1. Backg4ound 1.1. The CountAy 1.1.1. Natuwat and potiticat .ietting In te)Litotiat extension - 8.51 miQPion squate kteometete - B-azit iz the 64ith tacgezt count&y in the wottd, coming a6tet the Soviet Union, Canada, China and the United S-ta.te. It covets 47 pece.nt o6 the totat extension oa South Amveica. The countty iz divided into 6ive geogtaphicat %egionz: a) South, inctuddng the states o6 Rio Gtande do Sut, Santa Cata- tina and Patana, wi-th 6.8 pe.4cent o6 totat ate.a; b) Southeazt, inctud-ing the tates o6 Sao Pauto, Minava Getais, Rio de Jane'io and E4pZ&ito Santo, wi&th 10.9 peh¢ o6 totat aetea; c) Cen-te- -WeQst, inctuding the states o6 Mato Gtozzo do Sut, Mato GLoazzo, Goiao and the Fedetat Dizth.ct, with 22.1 pexcent o6 totat a&ea; d) NoAtheast, Zinctuiding the states o6 Bahia, Se4gipe, Atagoaz, Petnambuco, PacaIba, Rio Ghande do Notte, CeatE, PiauL and Ma-'a- nhao, with 18.2 peAcent o6 totat a&ea, and e) Notth, inctuding the ztatez o6 Pa-'5i, Amazona-6, Rond&nia and Acte, a-s wett as the tettitotiez o6 Rotaima and Amapa, with 42.1 petcent o6 totat acuea. Most o6 the countAy's atea is ttopicaL with adequate ain6 aLL. An impottant exception is pa-t o6 the Nottheast tegion, whete in some ateas tainjatn is teLe. than 10 inches a yea,%. Atthough mozt o6 this 'egion has a 'ain6att tange o6 20-25 neche" thete ha4 been ittegutatity in the %ecent past (Bae/i, 1983). Thh-Qee Leve.L o6 gove-'nment ptevait in B,%azit: 6edetat, Ztate and city. The 1964 taw, by which the Ptaie-dent and GoveAnom we.tQe etec-ted by the Qso-caLted eLtectotat coLLege and not by -the peopLe ditectty, waz changed in 1982 zo that att the 6tate govetnots we/ie again etected in no/imat and dZitect etectZion,.The -2- tAadition in Boazit ha,s been a stAong executive b'Lanch a,s compacted wiLth the tegistatute LCongqre,),, mainty in teams o6 the ,setting o6 economec poticie,s. Bcazitian devetopment modet has been based on the ideotogy o6 mcatket economiez, inctuding it indu,ttiatization aSte,'L the thittie, but wi&th a quite impomtant piteence o6 the pubeic sectot not onty in decieions about poteici and tegutationz but at4o 0 n dAiLect invoZvement in pitoductive activitia (Baeit, 1983). A6tet twenty yeak,s o4 a mititaty type oi 6edetat goveitnment, in januaty 1945 a civitian wa eLtected Pte,s4ident, with the innovation o4 being 6,tom the oppo,&tion oitc.e4 in the countity. It i&s veQy te4zty that in 1988 the countty witt te-tutn to the Qsys-tem o.6 dit Qect eQQctions Aoit the Pte Qidency. Economic poticy in it6 d 6eitent components, macto- - economic, ji. caR, monetaity, agticuRttuwtat, industtiat, commeA'ciat, etc, i4 Zaitgety detetmined at the 6edetat Qevet and by the executive btanch o6 the gove'tnment. The -ta-te4 and citiez, Jot in,stance, have tittte autonomy in deciding about 6iscat matteiLt, but even at tho6e tevet4 o6 govevLnment, when deciding about expendituLt4e4, the executive i4 the mo4t powe&t6ut btanch.Howeveit, with the potiticat change4 undet way p-te4entty in B-'azit it is tikCey that in the 6utUwte, when tetuatning to a ,utR democtatic 6o-Lm oA govetnment, the Legistatuote at atR thtee teveZR witR have gtea.tv powet in deciding about economic and othe't cAiticat pitobtem,s. In ag,FicuttutaL poRicy 4Lch a change wouRd invotve mo,te dizcuzzion, in the tegi£ztatuLe about 6peci4ic poticie4,inctuding pt'ice suppott4, bua6et 6tock4, citedit, iLe e ac h, extension, itegionat devetopment and othet4. 1.1.2. Poputation In 1980, when the ta4t cenzub took pLace, BtaziQ ' totaL poputation had )teached 119.0 mitZion peopte with an aveAtage tate o4 gtowth duiting the seventies o6 2.49 petcent. Foit the ,econd con4ecutive decade, the tate o6 poputation g-towth has dectined: duting the 6oLtties it wa4 2.39 petcent, in the 6i6ties, 2.99 pece.nt, in the sixties, 2.89 petcent and, jinatty, 2.49 petcen-t duting the 6eventies. B&tazit'6 tota2 poputation in 1980 made the countUty the i4xth tvLgest one in the wo,'ttd. The dizttibution o6 poputation then ovet the countty'6 geog,'taphecat tegion/s was as .otZows: South, 16.0 petcent, Southeast, 43.5 pe.%cent, Cen.e.t-West, 6.3 petcent, No&theast, 29.3 pe'tcent and Notth, 4.9 petcent. It can be seen that Btazit has a high degtee o6 concenttation o6 it4 poputation in the Southeazt and Notthea6t -region/s, the 6otmet with 10.9 pe.tcent o6 totat acLea had 43.5 pe.tcent o6 the poputation, white the Notthea4t had 18.2 and 29.3 petce.nt Le.pective.y. The poputation den/sity in Btazit vaties {tom 1.6 peQ /quate kitomete. in the No-th to 255.3 in the /tate o4 Rio de Janeito, patt o6 the Southeast tegion. Be/ide./s /titt having a high %ate o6 poputation gtowth, it i impo-tant to note that Biazit ha6 had, ovet the pe.Itiod o0 it/s mo4e. intense industtiaLeization (a6teA -the thi.>,ties), a much moite tapid tate o6 gtowth 6o the utban poputation than the tuAaZ. In 1940, 31.2 pe.kcent o6 the poputation waz utban and 63.8 petCent tuLLaZ; in 1960, 44.7 pe.cent utLban and 55.3 tutat; in 1970, 55.9 petcent utban and 44.1 petcent tutatf and in 1980, 67.6 petcent utban and 32.4 pe.ce.nt -Lutat(J). In 1980, the tuiLat popuZation expetienced a dectine in ab4oZute te.Lms 60-t the 6it/t time. Theze 6idgue.s indicate ctea&ty a dtaztic and quite Lapid move towa-'d/ uLObanization o6 the 8'tazitian poputation and vety tikety at a highet tate than that expetienced by count'-tiQe with an eatQtie pattetn o6 industtiatization. The tesutting ptobZem.s in te.Lms o6 housing, education, ttLan/po-tation, wate.4 and othet utban setvLvice. ate cteaLty vi/s,LbQe even today in majo% MLazitian citi es . A/s mentioned, the poputation gtLowth Laate in &Mazit duting the /seventie./ was 2.49 petcent. In addition, it -is wo~th mentioning that as between states and te.&titoies, the obse.ved (1) DLuting the jottiez the ave.tage annuat go'wwth oij the uLtban poputation was 3.84 peAccent, in the 6i6ties, 5.47 pe.cent, in the /sixtQe 5.16 peAcent and in the /seventies, 4.48 peALcent. -4 - Aange wa4 &tom 0.97 pe¢ in the state o6 Pa.ana (SouthVto 16.0 petcent in the state o6 Rondonia (,Nomth, but just we4t o6 Mato Gto,soo 4tate in the Cen£teL-We,6t tegion). The state o6 Patana is vvty weZt e6tabtizhed and devetoped in Stetm6 o6 agticuttuuLa p4oductton, wi&th itz gouowth concenttLated in the taSt 6otty yeatLs. Untit the sixties its gtLowuth was ba, ed on co66ee - an expotted Aop - and mayze and edibZe bean4 - domestic ctops. A6tet the mid-,5ixtes,how- evevt, cop mix changed, mainty towaAds the combination soybean - wheat, the 6oJtmeA an expotted Chop and the taUtet an impoAt - substitution one. Ak a 'te- zuet, emptoyment gto'wth ww.z much towe't (Homem de Me2o, 1983). At the 4ame time an opposed pattetn was devetoping in Rondania and a Jew othetL states in Btazit', Notth and Centet-We,st 'tegion., eithet becaRue o4 the chop mix - Rond&nia, with co46ee, cocoa, dome4tic 5ood chop4 - ot because o6 a high gyLowth tate in -totat cuQtivated acteage - Mato Gu4o,o, as the best exampte with 6.6 petcent 65oi the poputation gtowth tate. Othet states with etateivety tow tatezs o5 poputation gJ'towth in the seventies wete Rio Gtande do Sut (South) with 1.56 petcent and Minas Geuais (Southea4st) with 1.54 petcent. With teZativety high tatez,beside. Rond5nia and Mato Go,soso4, we can mention the statez/tetAitoties o.6 Paa (Notth) with 4.64 petcent, Amazonas (Nomth) with 4.10 pe-tcent, the Fedetat Di4tuict (Centet-We,t) with 8.13 petcent, A- mapa (No&th) with 4.37 peQcent and Rotaima (Notth) with 6.86 petcent. These numbeut indicate a ptoceus o6 tetative change in size o6 popuZation, {kom the oZdet and mote deveZoped states to the mote di4stant ones - the zo-catted "51'tontiet" atates - in the Centett-We,st and Notth tegionz, chatactetized by a tow phtopotion o6 totat atabte tand in cu-tivation (Dia,s, 1978). Some ptogtess has been made in Btazit with te,spect to the 'ate o6 titetacy o6 the poputation 15 yeaut and otdet: 49 petcent in 1950, 61 petcent in 1970 and 69 petcent in 1980 (75 pe.'cent 10 yea't4 and otdet) (Baet, 1983). 05 the 62.7 pe/cent o6 the poputation in 1980 that waz 15 yeat, o& oidet, onnty 13.7 pe¢ had nine ot moLe yeatz o6 6chooting. The highe6t petcentage4 with nine ot mome yeai4 o6 zchooting wete 5ound in - 5 - the states o6 Rio de Janeito, 23.2 petcent, Sao Pauto, 17.5 pet- cent and Rio Gtande do SuQ, 16.6 pevcent; the towest wete in Ma- tanhao, 5.65 petcent, Piaua, 6.85 petcent and AQagoaz, with 6.94 petcent, aQQ in the Notthea6t tegion, the pxobtematic and Qow- -income patt o4 the countty. FinacZy, in 1980, 36.8 petcent o6 the poputation wa6 economicatty active (wotk d6o%ce), o6 which 27.5 petcent wete women (30.4 petcent in the ztate o6 Sao Pauto, the highest digute). 1.1.3. Economy The zbtuctutat ttans otmation expetienced by the Btazitian economy ovet the tast 6i6ty yeat6 has been vety zsgni6icant. White in 1920 the countty had 69.7 petcent o6 its wo'dk 6otce 6titt engaged in activitie6 o6 the ptimaty sectot, in 1980 the petcentage wa onty 29.9. Thi.s shit can atQ6obe expkeUoed by the avetage gLtowth 'tateA Jot the d66edtent zectoAt o6 the economy between 1949 and 1981: agAicuttute, 4.7 petcent;indust&y, 7.9 petcent; commekce, 6.2 pekcent; VLanspottation and communication 8.5 peAcent. The induattiatization occutting in Btazit be4o&e Wottd Wa4 11 tesuZted much mote 6/tom incentive'6 coming 4,tom extetnat con6Zicts and a eveite woitd economic depte4s&ion (besidu the gtaduat devetopment o6 intetnat demand), than 4{tom 'omething 't%ezembting a detibetate industZiatization poZ-icy. Fo't instance, Futtado (1965) mention -the inctea4e in capacity o6 the industxiat 6ectot duting pe%iod4 o0 depteciation o6 the Btazi4ian cuttency. Between 1929 and 1937, when impoitts dectined 23 petcent,indtkiat ptoduction inctea5ed 50 petcent, and, a6te& the mid - thitties, the gtowth in induw5ttiat output was accompanied by expan4ion in capacity (Baeit and ViZteta, 1973). Howevet, az tate az 1940 BitaziZ -tiQQ had 67 peitcent o6 itz wotk 6otce in the ptimaty ectot and onLy 15 petcent in the ' econdaty zectot o6 -the econcry. Seve)LaL /tea,5on have been pitezented in the economic6 iiteitatu.te to exptain why BiLaziL teached zuch a point in the twentieth centuity with it4 indu4ttiat and see/vice sectots 6o -6 - 'tQeatie.ty QittQe devetoped. Fit6t, we can mention Pottugat'6 commetciat poti4cie. towakds it5 cotony, with -tespect to toee'tving the Btazitian mackfzet AoA PoAtugu.ee and B&itijh manu6actute. (BaeAL, 1965). Second, the in6titutionat-ociat 5ttuctuAe o6 the countty did not evove. in a way . acititating indu6ttiatization. That , inteAe.st gtoups, 6onmed by Zatge tand owne.u engaged in expoIting a-s we.Q as the comme&ciat sectot in n coastat citien{, inuenced the dotmutation od exchange and commextciaL paotcie, education, tabo& and 4iscat poticie. in ways un6avocabte to an eaLtiet industtiatization (Betgsman and Candau, 1969). FinaLty, the highty pto4itabte oppottunitie. aot ag&icuZtu&aZ expotit, mainty co{jee, atttacted tesouotce., incQuding ent)LtepteneuLitL capacity, J&om the industotiat ectom. It i6 we.Q known that 6uppoit poQ-cie. 6ot co66ee ptoduction kesutted in 5izeabe eQxceQs ptoduction. Ktasne.t (1973), om initance, mention6 that BEazit itatted to tax the coae.e sectotL onty a6tet Woktd Wat ZI. A de.tbe.Late poticy with a high deg.e.e. oi ptimoity given to industtiatization wa6 itatted in Buazit onLy at the end oa the 6o&tie. to the mid - 6i6ties. At that time, 6evetat Latin Ametican counttie6 o6otesaw tow gtowth ¸o' the.t ag4icuitutLa expcittz, mainty with makketz in the atteady devetoped counttLie., white they we.e 6acing high poputation g'towth Itate. and ptobtem6 tetated to 4uktat-ukban miguation (Wionczekz, 1973). The 'te.uzt wa6 the de.inition o6 a devetopment ittategy thkough industkiatization, in the expectation o6 high gaowth Itate.. At6o, with the ckeation od a mode.n indu6ttiat sectot, the countitie. expected to dectea6e thei. dependence on the. wotd economy, incQuding that e.aited to 6Zuctuation s in 6okeign exchange ILevenue. P&ebi6h (1959) wa6 the mo6t impoitant voice 6ot the atgument 6avoILing a deQibe.ate induw6tAiatization poticy, bazed on the unequaL dittibution o4 gain4s 6&om inte.nationa. ttade. Hitcehman (1968) atso mentioned that with 6uch a devetopment ittategy the countitie. in que.tion wete hoping to e.6cape 6itom ithe economic, 5ociat and potitcat backzwaIdne.6 p&evaiting up to that moment. A4 mentioned at the beginning o6 thi6 6ection, the - 7 - ttanzsotmation o6 the Boazitian economy oveA the tast jity yeaus has been quite signi£cant, pa ticutaty a6tet the imptementation o6 a detibetate induzttiatization po&tcy 30-35 yeat- ago.In 1980, the eountty had onZty 29.9 petcent o06 its wo'k 6otce in the pnatmrAy -6ectot, againLZt 22.9 peAcent in induatAy, 9.4 putcent in commetce, 4.2 petcent in ttan6po&tation and communication6, 4.1 petcent in pubtic adminitxtation as weiZ as 29.5 in othet induttiaet and ,e-tvice activities. Foa a mote pteci6e compati4on, we can mention the same 6iguAtes ot 1950: 59.9 petcent in the pAimaty SectoLt, 12.8 petcent in indutty, 5.5 peucent in commetce, 3.7 petcent in ttan6poittation and communications, 3.0 petcent in pubtic adminin&titation and 14.3 peacent in othet activitie6. Vuting 1950/81 the avetage annuaQ GNP g9iowth was 6. 8 petcent, 7.9 peitcent an avetage 6ot industty and 4.7 petcent 6ot ag9iLcuLttte as aJteady mentioned. In 1980, Btazitian GNP was US$ 274.3 bietion (1981 doQtaa) and in "pe& capita" tetms, US$ 2.303. The sectotaZ conttibutton (income) in 1980 was the AotQowing: agaicuttuJe (ptimaity), 13.0 petcent, indu4tty, 34.0 pe.cent and z eQvicez, 53.0 petcent. In 1973, BtaziZ's t-tiade account was in batance: expotts o6 US$ 6.199 biQtion as against impotts o6 US$ 6.192 bittion. In that same yeat, the countity'6 totat extetnat debt waz at US$12.60 bitLion with &e,6teves vatued at US$ 6.42 bittion. The 4i&st oit "6hock" in 1973/174 btought se44iou ptobZems to BitaziV' extetnat ,ectot. AQthough giowth a£te6 kept cZo6e to the hi6toticat avetage, atound 7.0 petcent, they weQe Qowet than tho6e ob6etved duting 1968/73, about 11.0 petcent. Atso, a6tet 1973, B&azit's totat extetnaZ debt inctea6ed quite 4itongty, coming to a toita o6 US$ 43.51 biQQion in 1978. Gitaduatty, the BiaziZian economy, due to the. ize o6 its exteinat debt, became extitemety vutnetabte to incteazse in intete.t tates -in-tetnationatty. In Aact, 1979 waz the beginning o6 a vety unjavotabte pe.tiod jot B&aziZ. Fitit, it saw ithe 6Zit tound o ithe second oit "%hock", with oit ptices ;tiZing Atom US$ 12 to US$ 34 pe. baitet. As a tesutt, BcaziV'A ttade account went again to a - g - deicit ituation o6 US$ 2.84 bittion in 1979 and US$ 2.83 bi&Lon in 1980. SecondZy, the countxty' exte.nat vuRnetabitity was cZea.ty evidenced by the beginning o6 a dAamatic incAea6e in inte.est tates, nominat and Leat, intQunationatZy. The "p-ime 'ate" in the United States incAeased foom 11.75 petcent in DecembeA 1978 to 15.25 pe.%cent in decembe& 1979 and 6inatty to 21.50 peVcent in Decembet 1980. The impact o6 these changes in the totat vatue o6 intetest paid by the countky wa's ubatantia.: 6'tom US$ 2.70 biQtion in 1978 to US$ 9.16 bitton in 1981 and US$ 11.36 b-iion in 1982. ThitdZy, the countty atLo expetienced a substantiat dec&tne in te.km6 0.6 ttade, 38 pe%tcent {itom 1978 to 1982, a 4ituation which wa' agg'avated by the Aece4zion obsetved in inte.Inationat ttade. At the end o6 1982, BtaziLs totat extetnaZ debt had teached US$ 69.65 bitZion and the countky wa' signing an agteement 6ot "economic adjustment" with the IntevnationaZ Monetaty Fund. A{te.t the de6icitz in the ttade account duking 1978/80, thete was a sutpZus in 1981, US$ 1.20 bitZion, which continued in 1982, 1983 and 1984. In 1982, the 'ustpZu wa' at US$ 779 miet-ion, in 1983, US$ 6.50 bietion and in 1984 it teached about US$ 13.00 biQZion. SevetaZ attempts wete made by the Btazitian gove.nment a6te. 1978 to impZement mote 6avotabe. exchange and commetciat poticies. Howevet, because 06 othet goaZs o0 economic poticy, mainty cont'Lot o0 in6Zation, thoze attempt' wete not e66ectivety ttansZated, ovet the pe.'iod, in a consistent devaZuatton pattetn. Onty in the second semeste. o6 1982 and most cZeatZy a4tet the 'igning o6 an agteement with the Intetnationat Mone.tay Fund in ea'ty 1983can it be said that BLazit statted to have a consistent exchange Late poticy. In Febtuaay, 1983 the.e was a majoIa tuL4ning point in the exchange tate poticy with the int&oduction o6 a thity pe.tcent devatuation o6 the ctuzeito vis-a-vis the Ametican doUafi. F-'om that point to the p'te.ent the ctuzeito ha' beeen devaZued monthty in magnitudes exactty equat to inte.nat in6tation. A' a Le.'uZt,, it can be said that 6,tom eakLPZy 1983 to the pte.ent,Bkazit has had a much mote javotabte exchange kate poLicy a' compated - 9- with pteviou6 yeau. Cuttainty, thi4. was one o6 the 4actots &e,ponibQte. Jo the good pe.4okmance o6-the countvtJy'4 tJtade account in 1983 and 1984. 1.2. The Agqicuttute Sectom 1.2.1. Sttuctu)Le Ag'LicuttutaZ ptoduction in Bkazit can be con6ideted -tiQQ highty concentLa-ted tegionatty. FoL instance, taking into account onLy six domestic 6ood ctops, the shate o6 &taziV's South and Southeait &egion4 duting 1970/174 wa- the 6oZtowing (Homem de Me.o and AccateLni, 1979): potatoes, 97.9%; onions, 85,4%; maize, 81.1%; edibee be.an4, 59.5%; tice, 56.7%; and ca-sz6ava, 41.3%. When inctuding the Centvt-We.t tegion in &ice ptoduction, the Centet- -South's shate goes to 82.0%. Howeve.PL, taking a Zonget time.peTiod into considetation, a gLeatte. patticipation o6 the Nottheast 'eg.ion in the ptoduction oA a Jew dome.tic 6ood ctopo can be noticed. In the ptoduction o6 ediLbe. be.an-, the Nottheast haake e.otved 4&om 13.3% in 1931/33 to 21.8% in 1952/54 and to 31.0% duting 1979/80. In cassava, the tuepective iguAe. we.te 21,6, 44.5 and 53.9%. In tice, the 6igu'e6 wete. 6.9, 10.5 and 16.5% te.pective.y (Homem de Meto, 1983). On the othe. hand, ptoduction o4 co-e.e., soybeani, peanut6, tobbacco, cotton and otange., aQ oa6 them expotted ctop4, ate even today concenttated in tThe South/Southea6t te9ion6 Oh' mohe b&oadLy in the Cen.te.-South e.gion. Cocoa iz a Nottheast c&op - bazicaLLy concenttated in the -tate oA Bahia -and 6ugatcane has a signi6icant ptoduction -hate - 34.5 pe.itcent - coming tIrom the coastaL atea o6 the Nottheast. 1I a patte.hn can be detected in the tegionat ctop dizttibution, it is towatdz the South/ /Southeast tegions and mote. b-tadLy the Centet-South tegion becoming mote speciaLized in ptoduction o e.xpott ctop4 , those be.ing the ones mainty bene.itted by technoLogicat innovationz,and the Noa-theast incteasing it5 zhat-e o6 phtoduction iom dome.ic -10- 4ood, (Homem de Meto, 1983). Duting 1979/80 totat cuettvated atea dot 22 ctops was 47.34 miZZion hectaxe,s. The ten most igniicant cxops in Ahate o6 totat atea at that time we.e the 6oQZowing: maize, 24.3%, 'oy- beans, 18.1%, ,Lice, 12.3%, edibZe bean, 9.5%, cotton, 7.8%,wheat, 7.3%, sugaLcane, 5.5%, co6e.e, 4.6%, cassava, 4.4% and otange, 1.2%. In totat, the ten ctops occupied 95.0 petce.nt o6 the totat cuttivated atea. The shate o4 a-'ea in zugaAcane has been inctea,s- ing since 1979/80 becaaue o6 the int-toduction o6 the atcohoZ pAo- g)Lam which e.6ectevety ctvLted in 1977. Since the impo'Ltance oa expotted ctop, in the agticut- tute o6 BtaziZian',s SoutheAn tegion watz mentioned, it iz at2o Le.eevant to point out the gteat dependence, hiZto'ticaQUy, o6 the county'z exchange tevenue on agticuetu .'at expttz. Fo& in-tance, as Qate as 1960/67 the shate o4 agAicuttuvaZ in totat expotts was 86 peAcent (Zockun et at, 1976). In 1970 it was 75 petcent whhite by 1974 agticuttute',s zhate had decJined to 67 petcent.Cettainty, the dec&ease o6 agticuZtute'e sha&e is at/o the consequence o6 ptogut.e. made by B'azit in expotting indu,ttiat ptoducts a6teA the inttoduction by the govuLnment o6 a pLogLam o e.xpott pkomo- tion. This p'togAam exempted indu sttia e.xpotts 6tom a.t inditect taxes as we.t as giving them a c'Leedit o6 equat vaatue. Anothe't impottant measu/e taken in the 6econd haP-6 oaj the sixt4e. to timutate expoktm in gen.tat waZ the use od 'ho-'rt tetm mini-devatuations oi the ctuze.ito, a6 compated wZith the pAeviou,s pAactice o6 devatuing onl'y a4tet 6ix to twe.ve months in tine with high dome,stic in- ftation. Thi4 tast meaaute, togethet with a 6avotabtQe pe.-tiod o6 inte.-nationaZ p'Lice., gteatZy beneiited agLicuttuaL eQxpohtts and, as a con/equence, the -shaAe o6 expotts in totaL agticuttuAat p1o- duct incAea,sed conbide.abty: 6ot instance, 6,tom a 6haALe o6 10.7% in 1960, expotts Ae.pte.ented 13.3% in 1970, 20.8% in 1975 and 20.2% in 1980 (Mendonba de Bat&os, 1982). At the. same time, BtaziZian agticuttuAat expott,s became moQe dive.'i6ied. Fhom an extteme.ty high concenttation in co66ee, and in Ze,sse4Q impottance - 1I1 - ,uga&, cocoa and cotton, up untit the mid-,sixties, the compo,si- tion o4 agicwuttuLat expott. gtaduatLy became a mote divet,si6ied. Sub,tantiat gtowth, in quantity and vatue teAtms, ha,s occutted in the cases o6 soybean and its ptoducts, and in bee5, omange juice, poutt&y and tobacco. Con,sequentty, the so-catted "tAaditionaL" expOt,s - which inctude those wi-th tow gqowth o5 wotLd demand, tnainty Lco6ee, cocoa, LugaC and cotton - have in the ta,st yeaxo had a shate con,sideAabLy towet than that ob,etved duting the i4tieLse and sixtie6. Let u6 take a Look at those shates Jot the yeat 1981. With totat expott, o6 US$ 20.13 biLtion, the joint 6ha&e o6 co6- 5ee, cocoa, cotton and sugat was 14 petcent, white at the 6ame time the joint 6haxe o6 soybean and it5 pAoducts, bee6, omange juice, tobacco and pouttiy wa6 23 petcent. In othet wotd&, "VLaditiona." agticuLtutaL expoLts have became Le66 impottant to Bxtazit than those expotts which ptacticaLLy just staAted a.tet the Late itiLes. This capacity the couttty has shown ovet the La,t 20 yeat,s, o4 divetsi6ying itU> agxticutLtauaL expott composi- tion, is cLeaLty a 4avotabLe aspect o6 its agticuLtute. That is, BtazQi', agticuLtute wa- abLe to Ae,pond ei4ectivety to di6ete- en-t citcun,stances in itz extetnat sectot, eithet domesticaLLy - -thxough exchange atte poticy - ox intetnationatLy - thtough 6avotabLe ptice5 and gxowth in ttade. In 5act, an impottant beg- ment o5 BtaziV,s agxLcuLtute is and ha, been competitive nationaL matkets. Latet on thi i.ntexnationaL competietvene66 o6 thci6 egment o6 Bxazitian agAicui'tute witt be conttasted with the situatton o6 dome6tic ctops, which ate mainty impottant 6oods 6ot tow-income 5amitLez. In 1972, Btazit had a totaL o4 3.328 mitLton 6atm,s with the 5oLLow-ng dis ttibution o5 the wotk 6oxce: 4.102 mitiLLonownes and theit 5amiLies; 925 thousand pexmanent satatied wotkexs; 7.820 mitLLon tempota&y 6atax4ed wo)fkets; 380 thousand 6haAe- ctoppex- and 112 thou,and Land tLentet, (Homem de Meto and Acca- tini, 1979) . The wotk o6 5amniLy membexms has been mote impottant iLn the state6 o5 Rio Gtande do SuQt and Santa Cataxina - South -12- tegion - as wetZ as in Espk-&ito Santo - Southeast %egion - and Ceata - Nottheast egions - and tesz impoattant in the states o6 Patana - South kegion -, Sao Pauto and Minas Getai6 - Southeast )Legion -, and Petnambuco - Notthea4t 'egion. One oa the ctiticat a4spects oa the tecent devetopment o6 the B-'azetian economy is the di6equitibtium between the Autat and utban secto-u. Fot instance, avetage uLban income wa-e 117 petcent higheu than tu'at in 1960, 174 peAcent highet in 1970 and 133 peQLcent higheQL in 1976. It i veQhy tikety that the compaitiEon imOh aggiiegate avetage income hideQ thhe ituation 6o'L diAetent componentz oa Btazitian ag&icuttute, -uch abs expot - commetciat cAopbs vesuU domestic - subbistence ones, ot Southetn tegion vetsuz No&th/Nokthealst %egionz. Howevet, the dizctepancy iLs so tatge that it can not pa66 unnoticed. With tezpect to tegionat dii6e,tencez, du-iing 1970/72 the sta-te o6 Sao Pauto - the most advanced agAicuttutaLt state in the counthy - had a vatue added pet wo&kizet 352 pe¢ highe-t than that in the Notthea6t, 160 and 76 petcent higheQ te6pectivety than thoze o6 neighboting -stateis o6 Minas Getais and Rio de Janei-o, a- weLL as 48 petcent highet than that o6 the deveLoped South hegion (Patana, Santa Catatina and Rio Gtande do SuL) (Mendonea de Batto6, 1982). Atzo, the dijequitib'ium just mentioned seems to be te{Qected in the touat-uaban di-t Lbution o6 pove,ty: go-/t in- stance, taking as a mea-sue o6 pove&ty tho.e Leceiving tncome-e betow two minimum-wages in 1974/75, Mendonea de BaAto6 (1982) indicated that 42 petcent ca ULwat 6amiLie6 weQe pooa as against 10 peAcent in mettopotitan a-ea- and 24 petcent in othe-'t cities. In the Noathea6t, 62 pe,%cent oa -twat 6amitiez wete con6ideAed pooh as again/st 18 pu'cent in the South tegion, anothet evidence o the tegionaZ imbatance in B&azitian agticuttvLe. Howevet, adopting a mol'e tigotou6 concept oa pove4ty - de6ined in te&hm o basic needs and adjusted 6o& tegionat p'tice di6je&encez - Fava (1984) came to somewhat di4je&ent conctusions. In Btazit a- a whoLe, 31.8 petcent oa 6u&aL 6amitie, wete poot in 1974/75, as against 28.2 pexcent in utban ateas and 26.9 pet- -1 3- cent in mettopotitan aAtea. This apptoximatety even patteQn vwas obsteved iOm state. such as Saa Pautao, Minas Getaie and E5spZti- to Santo (Southeast tegion) ac we.ff as im the South and Notth- east tegionz. Howe.ve.&, a seveAe tegionat imbatance &emainz:whiee in the NoAtheat 45.1 pe.'ce.nt o6 kLuLat Z amieite wete poot,in the South onty 14.7 pe.cent wet en ithi4 categoIy and in the 4tate oi Sao Pauto, 22.7 pevcent. Fava.'s conctusion was that "the te.utQs obtained do not uppott ctaims that povetty is ptedomi- nantty a tutat phenomenon. This conctu6ion normacty comes 6/tom Aeseatch adopting onty one poveutty tine iom utban and tutat aLeas" (p. 130). With such te.u2tt in mind, at teast patt o6 the d'tastic di4e'tence in auvtage uoAtat/u%ban income. above indicate.d woutd be mitigated by tegionat vatiationz in the cost o6 tiving which woutd tend to make tea. income. mote equat. FinaQQy, a wo-zd about the patiten oi tand di6ttibution in Btazitian agticuttute. The avaitabe. compatative evidence shows a high degtee o6 concenttation o6 Qand ownetship in the countitq, which has had a tendency to inc-'eaze ovet time () In 1970, 6ot instance, ja&ms with ateas be.ow the median occupied onLy 3 pefLcent o6 the totaL atLea white the 5 pe.ce.nt o6 Latge.t 6aAm6 occupied 67 pe.tcent o6 the totaL atea. In 1960 the Gini coe.ic4e.nt in Btazit wads 0.828. At apptoximatety the zame time, -the Gini coe.6icient 6oA othe.L countiLe. we.e.: Austtia, 0.684; EngLand, 0.700; Canada, 0.541; Mexico, 0.929; United States, 0.707; Cotombia, 0.823; U&uguay, 0.816; Venezueta, 0.920; India, 0.379; Phitipine., 0.409; South A6&rica, 0.644; Egypt; 0.410; Austtatia, 0.830; New ZeaLand, 0.735. With the.se 4igutLe., thete is no doubt that Qand owne.6hip is highty concenVtaSted, a-s it eem. -to be in many othet Squth Ametican countr'tie (Gini coe46i- cient o6 0.844 in 1960). In B&'aziL' states, the Lowe.Qst vaue.s 6oA' the Gini coe.4icient in 1970 we.Le. Jot E4pktito Santo, Santa Cata.tina and Pa,%na in the SouthISoutheast tegions as we.LL as in Rondo^nia, Ac}te and Rotaima in the Notth. The highezt one. we.e. (1) Fo,% detaits and the 6oLLowing data, see .Ho66man and G'taziano da SiZva (1975). -14- 4oi. Mato Gto,o, Maianhao and PiauZ, the tait two Tn the NoAth- east. Among the moit impottant imptications ov the hitotieat pattein o6 concenttaaton in Qand ownetship, two wiLt be he4e emphao5zed: itst, the &esutting concenttation in the dittibu- tion o6 income in tukaZ ateaz (Ho66man and Gtaziano da Sitva, 1975) and second, its in6u2ence on genetating an exten,ve pat- tetn oS agticuttvLat g&owth in a countty teQativety abundant in Qavd tesou)Lce (Diaz, 1978). 1.2.2. lnmAastuctute and intitutionat suppott Thete was cteatty on option in BLazet Soi highwayz as compated to otheu modes o. tLan,spottation. AQ4o, conttaty to a 5iequent atgument, thiz option pteceded the cteation o5 the BAazitian automobiQe induw'tty tate in the 4i6tie,,mo'tLe pi.ecizeZty in J957(1 . In 1950, Aom in,stance, the ,ha'e o4 highway tkanspot- itation in the totat 4ot goods was 38.0 peicent a,s against 29.2 6oIt taitway, and 32.4 pe'tcent 6oiL watetway/coasta. ,ships.1n 1955, just be6oxe the beginning o6 the dome,stec automobite indu.stty, tho,se 5haie,s weLe tes pectively 52.7, 21.2 and 25.8 peitcent and an additionat 0.2 peicent 5ot ait tPLan,poAtation. In the /same yealL a.s the itoLst oit "%hock" in 1973, the ditsttbution o4 tAan/5- poAt 6ot goods wal even mote concentiated in highways, with 70.0 peicent, white taitway, had 17.7 petcent, watetway,sc/oa,stat had 10.0 petcent, pipetine,s had 2.1 peLcent and ai' ttanspottation stayed at 0.2 petcent. FinaiQy, the te,spective shaite6 4om 1980 we4.e: 70.5, 16.3, 10.1, 2.9 and 0.2 petcent. It i, atso intetQeting to note that Btazit has had one o6 the higheut shavLes o4 highway ttanspottation in the wo-'rid and one o6 the owesit 5ot aiaZway6. In 1976, the -ituation wa, the 5ottowing: Biazit, 68.5 petcent jo1L highway and 19.1 petcent 6ot taaway; Thitd Woitd, 42.3 and 38.5 peicent; devetoped capitati-st countties, 30.0 and 40.0 peiLcent; communin5t countAies, 7.0 and 73.0 petcent; woitd avetage, 22.4 and 53.0 peicent (Homem de Me- (1) Foi detaits, /ee Homem de Meto and Fon.eca (1981). - 15 - to and Fonseca, 1981). Given the tetai-to4iat dimension o6 BMazit and the spatiat dittibution o6 ag icuttutat ptoduction, it i's po66ibte to note how the countty in genetat and p-'oduceAs / con- sumvLs o4 agticuttur%at commodities in paLticcutaa weQe negativety a4jected by the two successive oit ptice incteases duting the seventies. Atthough the gtowth in cuttivated acteage hac been the most impo'tant zoutce o4 output g!Lowth in Bcazitian agAicuZ- -tue ovet time, the diLastic incteaze in the )tLeative ptice o4 oiQ ptoducts wiLL make it much mote di46icutt Sot that sttategy to continue in the 6utwte. Bo'tazi has invested conside,'tabZy en the devetopment o6 its ttanspottation system, but as can be noted with the Aigukes ptovided above, such inve-tment has been highty biased towaLds highways. The shate o4 highway investment duting 1960/177 was in the xange 72.7 - 81.7 petcent o4 totaL inveztment in t%anzpotta- tion. The attempt made by the B'Lazitian govetnment to change th4z situation a{tet the 6itst dkastic incteaze in oiL ptie-z duuting 1973/174 was not uccesut. The intention was to change the tLans- pottation mix by the end oi the Qeventie, to 32 petcent taitway, 54 peicent highway and 14 petcent watetway/coastat. In 1980, howeve)L, such 4ha-ez we'Le -'espectivety 16.3, 70.5 and 10.1 pet- cent, with even a smaLL 'teduction in the taitway 6hate 6Ltom that oA 1973. On the po6itive side, howevet, it is 'tetevant to point out that zuch investments Led to an imp&e-zive g'towth o4 the &tazitian highway netwotk, which 6tom the ag1icuttute hide tepte- zented a signi6icant step towatds integxating ptoducing and con- suming %egions. FAom 1960 to 1977 the totaL tength oA the highway netwoidk incteazed 224 petcent, with the havte oA paved highways inc'teasing {tom 11.7 pexcent to 36.6 pe¢. In 1977 the totaL o6 mid/ltong distance paved highways was 72.4 thousand tziometete. On the othe& hand, 6Atom 1970 to 1979 the totaL Length o6 the t'aiLway netwotk in the count'ty decLined {tom 31.3 to 30.0 thou6and kiLometets (Homem de Meto and Fonseca, 1981). In spite o6 a high deg4ee qj concenttation in highway -1 6- investment, it is cteaAv that Btazit has made zigni6icant pItogteos in its ttnspoittation ystem. Foa inctance, when compa)ting the 6ituation in the taSte. bNtie with the one pnevaiting in the tate 6ot'tiQe and ea&tQy 6i6tie, Smith (1969) concLuded that"moat o6 the bottteneck6 have been eZiminated in the Cente -Soutdh oa BW'azit, tatgety thtLough pubtic investment in toadb and 6toLage and ptivate expanson 0¸ maLketing acitteit tn tesponse to high pto6its. Thiz has been accompanied by a de6inite downwatd ttend in maAketing ma&gins thtough whotesate in much o6 the itegion". In addition, Smith ¸ound that in the mid-sixties matgins thAough whotesate 6o' tice,mayze and beans tn seveAat ptoducing ateas in the Cenite-South wetue quite simitav to those poLevaizing in the United Staite5. Quite tikety the same pAobZems caused by a pootty de- vetoped t&anspoLttation system, as detected by Smith in the tate 6o&ttieQ 6m the otde't agticuttuLtat taite o6 BataziQ, may be occuit,ting today 6oA' the newetL agticuQtuktat states in the CenteA- -WeQt, NoItth and Noathea6t lLegion,. That seems ithe case atso 4o/t sto,tage in the states oa Mato GlLoi5o and Goias (Cente,t-We,5t), Rond^nia and Pa'ta (No,tth) as weut as tn MaiLanhao (Nokttheait). In a way, it coutd even be consideted noatmaQ that tn a counitty with tihe iit'titoAiat dimenzion o4 BtaziQ, pubZic inveztment in in4ta- ,itlLLuctute shoutd tag behind the peneit4ation o6 ptoductive activ- ities5. P&Tezsentty, howeve,t, some impotitant conittuction is unde'L- way: two highway6, Cuiaba (Mato GLtoso) - Po'tto Vetho (Rondo^nia), Cuiaba - Santa%iem (Pa,tal, and one aita4way in the itate o¸ Ma/ta- nhao, with 900 kZitometet6, to 6eLve the expoltt o6 minetats ¸ltom P/L ject Catajas, undoubtedey b tinging a new imputJse to ag,ticuQ- tuwtat activity in the a/tea. With /Lespect to institutionat suppoLt ¸o'L the ag,iLeuQ- tatae secito/t, a 6ew comments can be made. The 6Ai4t one wi-t be about the o,tganization o0 setvices and the 6o,tmutn tion oS agti- cuttuLat poticy at the 4ede/tat tevet. P'robabty 6omeiwhat deiLtent 6'Lom othe4 counitties, e.g. Atgentina, the BAazitian Minist'Ly 0¸ Agticuttu,te is at the same £eveZ as otheLt ones, pa/tticutaLy thoze - 1 7 - invotved in economic decizion-mating (Ttea4uty and Ptanning Minizttites. HoweveA, as past expetience has indicated, in mattet whete agticuttutat poticites etate ctosety to btoade& economic poticie/, much discussion 9goe on but, in the end, decisions ate actuatty taken eithe' at Ttea4uty ot PQanning, ot even by both togethet. On zome occa6ion6, thiz patte&n o6 deci- zion-making has caused potiticat "noizez" and sttong teactions J&om the Zeade&zhip o6 the agtecuttutat zectoIL. In 6pite o6 thoze p-'obtem-6, it is quite di66icutt to imagine a dii6exent type o6 deci6ion-making, pa&tieutatty one whete majo-% poticy decizions tetated to agticuZtute woutd be taken by the Ministty o6 Agticuttu4e, viewed as a potiticaQ oIL- ganization to ILep'e-sent and de6end the ptodueeW' in-te4est. In ovL opinion this is so not onty beeause o6 the existenee o6 a btoadet devetopment 6t&ategy 6oIL the eountty, but atso becauae o6 the disztibutive imptication4, mainty when con4umetz a-te taken into account, o6 potiey deeisions teZated to agticuttute. In addition, thete ate atzo the shot-t,un imptications o6 such decisions 6oL monetaty, ctedit, 1izcat and othet macto-economic poticies. A 6ew data witQ ittu6ttate out point about di t'ibutive impticationz o6 agticutatu poticie-. Duting 1974/75 the 6hate o6 6ood in totaZ 6amity expenses wete as 6oLZows: 6ot the expen- ditute ctass betow two minimum-wages() 50.9% in the state o6 Sao Pauto, 49.0% in Rio de Jane-iko, 58.5% in the South tegion and 63.0% in the No,%theast tegion; at the othet ext'eme, o-t 6amiZies with totaL expenditutez above 30 minimum-wage-, -uch haLes weQLe: 6.1% in Sao Pauto, 6.5% in Rio de Janeito and 5.6% (2) in the South tegion The concenttation o6 poweL ovet economie decizion- -making in the T&Lea- uty and Ptanning mini4t&iQe is mo-t ctea'L in ctedit, pice 4 uppott and commeAciat poticie-s. Fotmatty,decision6 -%eLated to these ateas aILe taken by the Nationat Monetaty (1) In decembev, 1984, the minimum-wage in MtLazit was CW$ 166.560. (2) In the NoItheast, 16.9% jot tihe expenditute cea"s above seven minimum- -Wage . - 8 - Councit, a 6o'Aum with Aepte6entativez ftom seve.at minie.ties and the poLvate. ectoL, but e64ectivety conttotted by the mtn- iste,tz di&ectty invotved wi.th economicf . Some o4 the technicat wo'Uk ptiok% to the actuat dec4iion-makizng is done by the Mini6t&y o6 Agticuttute.. It is the case, ¸o- inztance, o4 the Companhia de Financiamento da PLoduqao (CFP) (1) in matte.ks connected wi&th de4inition o6 minimum ptice.s 46c dt44etent ctops just be4o,te the (2) beginning o6 eve.ty ctop yea&' , as we.t as the tequ.i&ementz o.4 woIifing capitat 6or each c4op and type o6 technoto gy. Nowadayzs, the minimurn ptices set be.6oe peanting time 'ate ndexed to the monthty in4Zation tate untt1 the beginning o. ha-tve't time, wiuth the objective oa kee.ping constant the.it tea vatuee. At that moment, howevet, the monetaty imptication6 o6 this poticy o6 ptice sappokt become. vey ct-e.a. Two basic insttu- mentz exist to imptement the poticy. These ate the zo-cateed Acquisitions o6 the Fede.kat Gove.knment (AGF) and Loans o6 the Fede.tat Gove.nment (EGF). The 6itst one Jteptesentz the 6atmet6' ,tight, et.ab4tihed by taw, to setZ any quantity he wants to the ¸ede.tat gove.nment, &epte.ented by the Companhia de Financiamen- to da Ptoduqao (CFP) and the Bank o4 Btazit, at the indexed min-- mum p&ice. In othet wokd&, the 4ede&at govQenment cannot te.u6e to puchase the amounts being oije.Led. In ptactice, howeve., 4a,tmeht have o6tet 1aced d cticutt.e6 in mating 5uch a ttan-S- action becawue o6 a tack o6 6inancia-Q Ae.ou&ceQ at the Bank o6 B&aziL, Ae.utting ,tom 6hott--tun Aest titions 'mvns in theit spe.ciic ecotogicat condition,5, the sociac Aate o tetutrn on that inve.st- ment may be quite tow. 1.2.3. Pticing When de6ctebing the mechani.m o6 pticing in Btazitian aqicuttuLe. it is u6e.ut to make the distinction between domes- tic (non-ttaded) and expotted ctops, as wett as that between tho,se who6e pice.s ate administeted by the 6edetat gove.nment and the othe.%. Be.6o-e going into the moLe. conttovet6iat di6- tinction - domestic vetswu expotted ctops - it shoutd be men- tioned that wheat, -ugatcane and mi-k ate the mo6t impottant ag9LicuttuhLat ptoduct6 with admini6ste.ed ptice.. Wheat has been impotted by BLazit 6ot quite some time and in the tast 6ew yeaL -the 6hate o6 impotts in totat con,umptiovt ha6 been acound 0.60-0.70. In addition, 5ince 1972, theAe ha5 been a poticy o6 6ubdiz4ng conjume.5 and,euen be/ote. that, the.e was a poticy ol photection 1oit dome>s.tic ptoduce&s (Knvty in 1983, was an e.6ott has been made 6ot it,5 etimin- ation. In 1984 the aubsidy had a totat co6t in the tange od US$ 400-500 mittion6. AQthough btinging beneAit6 to an impLe- zive numbet o4 tow-income utban 4amitie. t has, at the same time, unnece.,atiZy £avo4ed middLe and high-income one.z,as weRt as boin9ing Ze.s bene4its to Lwutat 6amitiue and to the Notthea5t, the pootest tegion o6 the countty (Homem de Me.o, 1984, p.04). In hiz tevie.w o4 con6um-L good subsidies, Pinsttup-AndeAsen -2 3- mention- that "a 6hi6t o6 exiUsting expteict . ubsbdes on wheat to tice. wouLd towelL incomes to the tich, inecea.ze incomes o6 the middLe-income gtoup ztightty and toweiQ ztightty to the poo0" (PTnsttup-Ande flsen and ALdekman, 1984). Atthough not being an ideat change on di4ttibutive gtoundz, it atso shows) that the wheat bubsidy has its ptobtems. In 4pite o6 the 6act that wheat ptoduction in Btazit has been ptotected - an impott-subAtitution poticy - 6ince the 6iLties, at vatiabte tevets ovet time (Knight, 1971), impokt6s 5titt tep&ezent a takge pakt o6 totat consumption. Nowadays pktices ate 6ixed be6ote pLanting, atthough adjuzted monthty by the devatuation od the ctuzeito vi6-a-vi4 the dotLat, and the goveknment buys the entite ctop. Pkoduction has gtown at tate6 in the tange o6 6.0-7.0 petcent, mo6tty due to the gkowth in cuttivated acteage in the states o6 Rio GOande do Sut, PatanE and mote tecentty Mato Gtozo do Sut. YVeLd gtowth haz been minimum (except in the 6ixtieQ) and ptoduction costs have been hPigh. Fot instance, Knight (1971) mentions the 6oLow-ing teazons 6ot such a poot yietd/co4t petkotmance: tow quatity o6 tand,high co'5t o6 indu4tAiat inputs, vaAieties that 6atL down undet high niVtogen dose,s, dL66-cutt ctimatic conditions and insujjicient technicat and scienti6icat 6suppott. Vietds in Bkazit ate teLa- tivety tow and have not expetienced much gkowth ovet time. Fkom the eaQty 4i6tie- to the tate seventies thkee yeak yiZed avekage- in Btazit wete in the tange o6 507-956 kg/ha, with the -ame avet- age tange in the 6tatez o6 Rio Gavnde do Sut being 432-926 kg/ha, in Pakanv, 758-1,058 kg/ha and in Mato Gto4zo, 407-1,376 fg/ha. Such Latge yietd tanges aAe good evidence 6ot what Knight (1971) caLLed "di66icuLt cLtmatic conditions" kot wheat ptoduction in the countty. When examining the patte'Ln o6 yietd inztabitity ovek the petkod 1967/76, we 6ound that among 10 ctop6, co66ee and wheat had the highest vaLue6 60o the di66ek%ent indicato&z ubed (Homem de Meto, 1982). As a mattek o6 6act, Knight conzide)Ls -uch cQi- mactic instabitity the mozt d66-cutLt acto& 6ot 4science to 4sove, at tea4t undet the conditions o6 Rio Gkande do Sut. Late 6tosts, exceQs tainz -n ce-tain ctiticaL petiodz and watm spting -24- avuo't~ing the incidence o6 diseases, aAe the 6actouz that cou.d not be atteted with the technotogy avaitabLe in the eatty seventie-. In seems that such di4gicutties have acted to shi4t paotog the M'azitian wheat ptoduction to the cent'Lat patt o6 the count)ty, mosQty in ittigated systems. The system ptevaiting in the case od sagatcane ptoduc- tion is atso one o6 administe'ed ptice4, which a)Le 6ixed thtee times a yeax (Febtuaty, June and Octobet) by the IAA - Sugat and Atcohot Institute - o6 the Mini6tty o6 Industty and Comme&ce. HoweveL, juat as was the case when discussing the potiticaL powet oa the Mini4tty oA Agticuttute, in deciding about zuga& and aL- cohot ptice- the ainat decision betongp to the PQanning Ministty. This has been much mote -o 6ince B&azit impLemented the atcohoL p'toduction ptogtam to substitute 6o' ga6otine. With that,atcohoL ptice became a component oi the countty'6 ptice poticy do. oit pAoductA. White teaL wheat ptice Aemain6 conztant ovet the yeat because o6 indexation to a doLLa- vatue, sugatcane, zugat and atcohoL ptices toze in teaL tetms duting the months they ate -ixed in nominaL tetmz. AnotheL impoLtant d66eAtence i6 that augat -U a ttadi- tionaL expott c-top, and aLt expoAtt alte made by the govetnment thtough IAA(1). Athough the 6hate o6 6ugat ptoduction o&t the domestic matket goes th4ough ptivate companies, it is at the 6ixed ptices set by the govetnment. It is impoLtant to emphasize that this Us not a ptotection 'scheme (except in the Nomthea4t), a6 in wheat ptoduction, but %athet a ptice tabitization one. When, 6o& instance, duting some yeats in the seventies, inte'tna- tionaL sugat pticez teached US$ 1,000 pet ton, domestic piceQs to aLL agents invoLved wete much Lower than that. On the othet hand, as nowadays, when inte-nationaL augalt piices ate about US$ 100 pe% ton, domestic ptice- alte much highe,t. It seemz that, as a tesuat o6 such in-te'naL poticy, 6aitmevL ' p&iLcei have been mote -tabLe than inte,LnationaL 6uga& ptice-: 6o& the petLiod 1967/ /76, the avetage peltcentage deviation (6jtom the ttend Line) oA (1) Fot a h4-to'uicat anatyzis o6 the sugat indu6tAy in B'aziL, see Szmtec6anyi, T. (1979). -25- pt.ice in Btazit was 9.7 petcent a4 against 23.0 pece.nt in-te%- nationatty (Homem de Meto, 1981). The same wa6. tue. jot wheat: 8.0 petcent domesticatty a agatinst 14.3 pe.Xcent intetnationatty Aot the avetage deviation. The.te is a gtowing Lecognition in BAazit that Luga&- cane has bene6ited tom technotogicat innovations ove.r time (Pa4tote eQt at, 1976,and Homem de Me.o, 1983). This statted in the tast centuty with the impottation o6 va.rietie. 6jtom Ftench Guyana and Java, as we.L as with the use o6 a native vatiety "Ctistatina". Howe.vel, the teseatch wozk was inten.siied a6tet 1930 in Campos' expe&imentat station ( Rio de Janeito) and at Campinas ' Agtonomic Institute (Sao Pauto). The Javanese vatieties wete imptoved and othekt we.e deve.oped (CB - Campos/BtazitL).The te.ea&ch team wvete nmaLL but highLy capabLe. In 1971, atL te- 6eatch wo.k at the 6ede.aZ tevet was cenZte.d at PLANALSUCAR - Nationat Ptog&am o6 Sugatcane Bkeeding - an otganization within the Mini.tty oo Induztty and Commetce. This te.eatch institution teceived quiQte atge additionat suppo&t 6oom the 6edetaL gov- etnment and is today acknowteged as ve.y we.L-de.ve.oped and competent. In addition, thiz is one o6 the e.w atea4 whete the ptivate sectot is e.6ectivety engaged in teseatch, thtough the Technotogicat Cente& o6 COPERSUCAR in Pitacicaba, Sao Pauto. COPERSUCAR i6, in a vety atypicaL manne., a coope.ative o6 pti- vate companie.6 in the sugat industty, invoLved in agticuLtutaL ptoduction a.s we. as in industtiat ttan4oJLmation. Howe.ve.t, the technotogicaL ptogte.4 b%ought about by .uch Long tetm empha.siz on sugatcane te.e.ach has been highty concent'tated in the Southe.tn tegion o6 B)'aziZ and patticutaty in the state od Sao PauLo. The avetage annuat tate oi gtowth o0 5ugatcane yie.ds in Sao Pauto between 1931/80 wacu 1.91%,6oLLowed by Patana with 1.64%, Pe.nambuco, with 1.04%, and PatLaba, with 0.24%, these .ast two states in the Notthea-6t. Att the temaining p4oducing states had no signi6icant changes in yie.Ldb o0. had decLining &tate.. At the same time this unbaLanced tegionaL pat- te.tn o StechnotogicaL innovations was taking ptace in the suga&- -26- cane sectot in Btazit, the&e was a substantiat shiSt in the ge- ogtaphicac tocation o6 this agAtcuttutaQ activity. The most dtamatic one was tepxesented by the state o6 Sao Paumo: 6tom an a,tea shav.e o 8.94% duting 1931/33, this 6tate pa6zed to 21.31% du,ting 1952/54, to 31.04% duwting 1970/72 and to 38.28% duting 1979/80 (Homem de Meto, 1983). Simuttaneou,sty the.te wac a sttong dectine o6 the Noathea4t'z shate in the totat !uga'cane a&ea. With te.6pect to the d,tinction between domeztic (non- -t'taded) and expo'ted c!op,s, tet uz staLt by .aying it has no- thing to do with good ve.suu non-good. As a matte,t o6 tact, most dome.stic ctops in Btazit ate impottant 6oods e tow-income 6am- itie., but on theo,eticaZ g9%ounds we coutd ve,ty we.t have a -ebtuation whete a non-6ood citop was incuded in the catego!ty o6 dome.stic good. It seems t-to us quite cteat now that Btazitian agticutturte has been jot quite 'ome time composed o0 two ,sub,ecto'i>, one being the e.xpott sub-eecto& and the othet the (1) dome.stic one in the sen.e o6 being 4otmed by non-ttaded goods This distinction is not based, as ju.6t -aid, on consumption pat- tetns but on the natuAte o each ma&ket, being eithe. open o,t ctosed to inte.tnationat ttan6aections. In an open agiceu-tttat economy, ptice-s teceived by 6atme.s ctosety 6o-Qow changes in inte.nationat p,tices and itn the exchange -'ate, with the ptope.t adjustments 4ot matket.Nng cozwt,s. Gene.tatay, we might think in te.tm, o6 the expott suppty and demand 6unction-5. On the othe.t hand, in a ctosed economy the -etevant 6actot,s 6ot ptLice detetmtnation ate the tntetnaZ suppty and demand junctions. This tast case is usuaLty a consequence o6 the comme.tciaZ poZicy adopted, thtough inttumentz such as taAi66,5, impo,tt Zicen,6ing and, in the extteme, impott p,tLohib- ition,s, as we-tL as un4avotabte inte.tnat co,st conditions vi--a- viU inte.nationa2 onez. Unde.t the aasumption oS a "-6matt countuy' case. in inte.nationat t&ade, The. woutd be an in6Quence jtom (1) This pctvt is baed on Homem de Meto (1983). We ahe Qeaving aide Sot te.ason oi -impticity the case oi cpbs w-ith administeAed pticeu as above deuctibed. -27- poIices and tates oA pto6itabitity o6 expotted c&ops to p4ices o6 domestic (non-ttaded) ctops, but not the teveAt,e. As a tesutt,we may have a 6ituation whete . nteiLnat p.ice. o6 domestic citop' 6tay above the cmtespondent extetnaQ ones (FOB om CZF), due to inadequate cost and suppZy behaviot and exeitence 06 £mpott tetticction6. An inteumediate case is atso posibZe., that is, intetnaZ piceQs o6 domestic ctops stay above the expott pLice. but be.-ow the impott one(l). In addition, it may be the caAe that a ctop cta66i4ied as domestic can be potentiatP-y expot-tabte when thete exists a we.Q-devetoped in-tenationat matket ot a devetoping one, aQ-though in the shott-tun inte.naZ cost condi- tions may ptevent it 6dLom being inte.nationaZZy competitive. The 6ubsecto& o6 expotted ctops in B%azitian agticut- tuOLe has inctuded, Ovet time, soybeans, otange., 6ugca(2), to- bacco, cocoa, coieee, peanuts, cotton, castoA beans and a 6ew othets o6 te.Qe. impottance 6ot the countty'6 6oteign exchange Aevenue. Moe. LecentLy, bee6 and pouttty have become o6 /ome ,te.evance with high expot gtowth tate. On the othe. hand,the dome.5tic sub-sectot has inctuded, with some vaAiationo ove.t time, Aice, edibte beans, cassava, maize, potatoes, miZk and onions, most o¸ which ate impoAtant 6ood6 6o& tow-income 6am- ities. As we said above, maize, tice and casava can be con- ideted as potentiat expottabte. since thete e.xit eithe we.tt- -devetoped intetnationat matketz, as ate the case. with maize and tice, ot a devetoping one, in the case o6 cassava,mainty as Seed in the Eutopean Economic Community. Howevet, in vaAying degte.e ove.t time, intetnat cost conditiono have ptevented a 6avo,'abZe competitive pozition inte.LnationaZZy and, as a ,tesuzt, /5uch ctLops have not been expoieted iLegu2art.y on a gni6icant basis as compa,ted to dome.stic pieoduction. Among the dome.stic c,tops ju6-t mentioned, maize was the onty one showing some expotts, aLithough quite it/tegutaAty, between 1967/79: DuVLing these (1) See the dscuwsion about impokt and expott point's n Hinshaw (1975). (2) A quati6ication i made 4oA this ptoduct, since as discussed above, inteLt- nat ptices ate adminZiteted by the goventnment. -28- thitteen yeats, in 6out, expokt,s wete tezz than 1.2 pekcent o6 totat pAoduction, in two, they we-e 3.4 and 5.1 petcent, and -n seven, between 6.8 and 10.3 petcent o6 domeztic ptoduction.Since 1979, maize has been impotted tathet than expovtedl1) When computing the %atio oi domestec (pAoducceo') to ave&ag9eintQePanationat epott (FAO) ptice' (in c-'uzeitos( 4 the petiod 1948/77, the 6oZZowLng pectute emetges (Homem de MeZo, 1983). Fitt, the dome-tic ctops tice, edibte beans, potatoes and onion4, had ptiee tat4o, above one, in many yeat, above two and, occasionatty, above thtee. Second, sugatcane, co46ee and cotton, thtee oA out expotted etop,s, had a tegutat pattetn Aot the ptce tataio and atway- with vatues betow one. Soybeans, on the othet hand, had most vatues above one duting the 4ities but, consistentZy, betow one duting the 5ixties and seventies. JuLL&t about the same pattetn was obsevted ct. maize and peanuts. Thit.d, with te-pect to wheat, an impotted ptoduct but having an impot substitution potiey, the ptice t.atio wete atway,s above one and in many yeats above two. Foat ome o6 the ptoduct,t inctuded in the anaZy,si,, a downwa%td ttend seemed to exiU5t, mainty en the ca4e4 ca wheat, peanuts, maize, potatoes and soybean4s. As a tLesuZt oc such anatysis, the conctulsion, usuatty ptesented in the economics titetatwte (Petetson, 1979; Atves and Pa,toate, 1978), oA an impticit taxation o6 ag&icuttuLe cannot be accepted as a genetat one. Ctea'ty, -ome nuttitionatty as wetP az budgetatiZy impottant 6oodl, sach as tice and edib?e beans, had domestec pticez in Btazie considetabty above the intel%natio- naQ Zevet ovet a tong time pe,'riod. Foa inztance, Atve,s and Tei- xeit.a (1978), wo)'king with Sao Pauto'z 6amity - budget sutvey oa 1971, have -hown that tice and edibbe beans we-t.e teponsibCe Aot 35% o the catoie-s and 39% o6 the ptoteins con-eumed by -ow- -income 6amitije (up to one minimum-wage "pe-% capita"). In teAms ca Aood budget shatez, tice and beanz had in 1974/75 the AoaQow- ing impottance: in the state o Sac Pauto, 27.9% 6ot 6amities (1) The exception was a speciat deat with the Soviet Union invoQving an expott o 400 thouand tons in 1983, but immediatety Aoctowed by impo&u . -29- with totat expenditu.e.L betow two minimum-wage.; in the ztate o6 Rio de Janeito, 21.8% betow one rninnmum-wage; in the South te- gion, 26.6% betow one minimum-wage; in the NoxLtheazt &egion, 21.1% betow one minimum-wage (32.8% when iectuding cassava 6tout) (Homem de Me.o, 1983). It 4houtd not be impZied, howevet, that, with the evi- dence just pAe.sented we ate a&guing that ag tcuttute was not taxed oVet time in the pirocess o6 B&azit's devetopment sttategy. A6te.t aLL, a ptice tatio betow one does not impty abzence od taxation, atthough it doe. indecate, tespecting matketing costs, competitiveness in the inte.nationat maMke.t. What zeemz to be the ptobtem with the aLgument od zevetat aut&hots in the economics .tetatute is that expticity oL impicitqy they azsume that aLL agIecuLtuLte was an expotting e.c-tot, 6ating to /see it as a segmented one, that is, 6oAmed by both dome.sic and expotting ,ub,sec-to,t. A tecent and comptehenzive teview by the Food and Agticuttu.te Otganization (FAO, 1983), basicatty with the zame (1) methodotogy emptoyed in out anaty/iz , zhows tha-t 4o zome ctops in cettain countties duting the 6eventie.t he situation was 6imitat to that o6 BtaziL, in the sense o6 having pyLZCe tatios (domestic/intetnationat) above one. A ew e.xampLe. wiLL su66ice.: maize, in CoLombia, Egypt, Ghana, MoutLocco,Phitippine. and Venezue.a; pota-toe.s, in Venezue.a; tice, Zn StLi Lanka, Co- Lombia, Repubtic o6 Ko'ea, Nigetia, PhiLippines and Ve.ne.zUta; 6o,tghum, Zn Venezue.a; wheat, in Atgetia, BangZade.h, BtaziZ, Egypt, Mottocco, Peu., Sudan and Tutkey. Vatiation/ o6 the ptice tatio6 ovet the yeau, as expected, wete aL'o obse.ved(2)* I1 we accept thi/ ev.dence, that is, a patt o6 the BP,azitian as we.L as the wotLd agticutteute ie "emi-open"(3) (1) The majot noticeabte di66e.ence is that Zn FAO's *tudy pAdLceW' pAiCQe- a,te compaAed with botdeA ptices (CIF and FOBI. (2) The Q ut/s 6o-'t Ace in B-'aza ate quite A66eAeent in ou& study and FAO's. OWu pice. 'atios Wte so high that we do not think ntakng CIF p.'jiceQ Aathei than ave.!age expoAt pLice. woutd exptain the dLsctepancy. (3) The. tetAm "Semi-open" i/s aio uwed by Myint Zn a manneA quifte. / ta to out', atthough in a dei6e.ent context.See Myint (1975). -30- to intetnationat ttade and not entite.y open a6 usuatQy asumed, it becomez tetevant to anaty,se how the ptoce6 o4 technotogicaQ innovation4 can a64ect te,outce use among the ,ubsectmos domes- tic and t.aded. Let uz statt by az6uming a 6tVong biacs avotKng technotogicat innovation,s in the ttaded (expoted, mainty) 6ub- ,ecto!t. Such innovations woutd ptovide the neceszzaAy conditon's 6o't atteting the output mix thJtough changing 6a&me-tj' expected AetuJtn, 6om avaitabLe option,. Fiut, we wtet 6ee the vtgument in genetat. A tikety outcome. i one in which te.outce. a'Le tcan,e4eted {tom one set o6 activitte.5 to anothet 4avo'ed by technotogicat change, a5 such new techno-ogica- option5 becorne diwgu,ed and avaitabte. 1 the totat cuttivated acteage coutd iincea,e., incotpoAating new tand5, the expanion may be ptedomi- nantty otiented towakds those c',ops 6avo'ted by innovation5. Re.t-evant 6actot,s in6tuencing such an outcome ate -the -type o Stechnotogicat innovation, ma&ket condition,s and po,s6i- bitity o4 4actot 5ubttution. Hete we want to discuss the e66ects o6 Zand-saving innovations, the zo-catted bio chem.catiU The,se innovations atbse thtough the wotk o6 ,se.ection and va- ;iietae imptovement, incauding a gteate.L &tesponse to dettitize.'t app&tcation. In addition, they Le.sutt in aLge.t yietds, cau'se ptacticatty no change in the {inat pAoduct and teduce p&oduction co-5t5 (Kuznets, 1972). With tepe.ct to ma'dzet conditions, xe6etence is he.te made to ptice e.a/Cticity o6 demand, as pa&ticufa&Qy impottant doA a ge.atet genetatity o6 the te.sutt, that is, technotogicat innovation,s aieecting c-'Lop mix in javot o6 the bene.6ted pto- ducits. The highe. the p-Lice e.asticity o6 demand, the moke ike.- Qy is the occuurtence o6 /such a te.utt. Th-e, concu/sion can be obtained 6itom CasV.o (1974), who devetoped a mode. soiL anaty,sing distbibutive question,5, wtTh a two-Istage p)oduction 6unction and 6ou,t 6acto&6: Qand and tand-saving capitat (bio chemicats)on the one hand, and tabot and taboA-6aving capitat (machinety) on the (1) FoL a dAicuws,ion oA types of innovation, e.e Hayami, V. and V.W. Ruttan (1971). -3 1 otheiA, with a high degtee oi subtitution in each ztage but with tow sub :ttution between the two stage,. WlJotking with con5tavnt pALce,s 6ot att 6ouLL 6actot,, Castto showed that the demand Ao-'t Zand wouZd inctea6e i6 STTn + SL6 > 6T' whete S cotLez6ponds to 6acto'L -ha'tez o6 the aggtegate 6actot,s (tand pZu, bio chemicats; Zabot pZuw machinety), n to the ptice-eZasticity o6 demand, 6 to the etatticity o4 6ubtitution between the two sub6unctions and 6T ito the same patametet in the tand zub{unction (tand! and bio chemiaZaQ)( Now, i 6 we inttoduce the case o6 a ",emi-open" economy - ttaded and dome,t-ic goods - the pictute deuctibed becomez cteateL. Some o6 the tecenit Zte'tatwue t'e6fects an -cncteasing tecognition oA the possibitity oA zuch citcunstances. Foa in- ztance, Abbott (1979) mention4 the case in which seZ6--suAdiciency iz a nationaZ poZicy aim and the govetnment attows consumption to inc&'ea-e ok to decZine with the ZeveZ o6 domestic ptoduction. In additi on, Castto and Schuh (1977) indiLcate that the choice o6 pALoductz i6 impottan-t 6oIL the de-tetmination o6 bene4aiciae-s 6Wom agtZicuttuLLLat eLseatcLCh, because o6 the di646eLtent deman(i pLice- -eta,tikcitie4, accotdi4ng to the ma'dket being open oJL ctosed -to intetnationaZ tLanzactions. Wiith such a si tuation in mi nd, we can anaZy:ze the impZication,s Sot the ptoductiion and conoumption .6ides o6 the economy teuQZting 6&om a ptocezs, oi technotogaicaQ change bi ased, in a cettain time peQtiod, towatds one ot mo'te o6 the expotted cLop,s. 1 we consideIt the ca-Qe o0 Zand--6aving biochemiLcatZ, the indi viduat matLginaQ co-t cutve,s and the matket Luppty cuLtve wouZd shi6t to the tight. Wi th a pe'u6ectty etastiZc expoot demand, the cuttiLvated acteage o6 the ctOp iLn question woutd inctease, with atZ the-se e6ects occutati ng with a constant ptLoduct ptiLce. This tepItesents the speci6ic ca-e whe'te aZt ditect bene6its {tom technotogiZcat change ate app'top&iated by dome,t-Lc p-toduceu (Schuh, 1976), incQuding incteases intand pticeQs, maiLnty con- 6i4deting the tocation-zpeci6ic natutQe o6 tLeseatch AeLsuttz. (1) See, atzo, De Janvt'y, A. (1977). -32- When totat acteage iz 6ixed, the change in the ex- pected tate o6 xetuan 6ot the expoited ctop (ot ctopsJ benQete.d by innovation-6s, woutd tead to the attAactions o06 &esovce pue.- vio uZty emptoyed in the domes tic 6ubse.ctot (posibtLy, aso,{6tom expoxttabte. not bene6ited) and, consequentty, the 4etative ptice. o6 domestic ctops woutd inctea!e. This woutd continue untit a new ewuitib4tum tetative ptice iz attained, atway6 a6- suming no change in the 4actots which btought the domestic sub- secto& into existence. In othe. wotds, the compoition o6 out- put woutd be a66e-ted in £avot o6 the expotabteu benei4ted by technotogicat change. A zecond poszibitity, aPteady mentioned,i6 when totat cuttivated acteage can inc-tease. In such a case, the p!toceszs o6 acteage gtowth wouwd tend to be ditected towatd6 the 6avo4ed cAopz, in addition to the e46ect in tegionz aLkeady unde4 cuttivation. In those cases whete the innovations vte 6pe.c4Lc to a ce.tain agticuttutat %egion o6 the countty, the un6avo4ed tegionz coutd show an incteaze in the ptoduction o6 dome.tic ctopz (because o6 highet tetative ptice.) - by assump- tion, c'top6 not bene6ited by technotogicat innovations -,pat-tty compensating the ptoduction ¸ait in the 6-o'me. 4egion.The im- pottant point to emphazize is that, as a &e.sut o0 such a pat- te.,n o0 innovation, pAieCs o6 domestic ctops intetnaLty may stay above the inte.nationat ones oA the dije.tence may even be inc-ea- ead. Ftutthe.tmo'te, i6 the zo-catted domestic cAops inctude impohtant 6oodz, in te.mz o6 budget zhate. o6 tow-income 6am- ities, as shown to be the case 6oA Btazit, the inckease in teta- tive ptice.s, 6ottowing the contempa-ted change in gtowth tates, woutd be tike a tax w1ith tegessivue incidence. As a teh utt, the unbatanced natute o6 the ptocezz o6 technotogicaL change among ctopz w-ith di6e.ent matket chatac-te.tisics, coutd bting a wotQening o6 income disttibution (6/tom the expenditLue zide) (Wittianon, 1917). Fot that scena't-Lo, it is nece.caxy that we maintain the asseumption o6 no changes in commetciat poticy o0, atte.nativety, that the inte.%nationat matket, at teazt 6o0 -33- cettain commodities, i not a suppie.t abZe to compZement domes- tic ptoduction. In addition, az impottant intetmediate case 6houtd be mentioned: inte&naZ pAceQs od domestic cLops stay above the expott ptice., but betow the impo&t onez. In uch a case, the puoduct woutd not be expotted oI impotted. The temaindet o6 thiUs ection witQ examine the evi- dence concetning agtcuttutat te.chnotogie-s otiginating 6oom 6ed- etat and state institutions untit the eatty seventie.s). A6tet that time., changes in po&tcy have btought a gteatvL emphasis on Iteze.ach investments, mainty at the 6ede.tat evet, thILough EMBRAPA, with teseatch centtes in sevetat statsQ. Wit:h tespect to the devetopment o6 te4eatch at the £ededzaQt teveQ, a6tet a hoatt petiod in which 4evetat expetimentat ce.nte we.te buitt and teseatch conducted, theve was a substantiat decine. in &inanciat uppott beginning in the Li6tie. This and the tow quatity oA the stadA wete the Aactots exptaining the ptobtemn detected by Schuh and Atve. (1971): tack o6 contact between ILe.eatchets and atme.tz, te.petitive e.xpetiments, no c te.a,' ci- te.ILia 6oAL the choice oA ptoducts and tow emphasits on bausic Le.- 4.eatLch. Mozt expe.i4menat we-te sti Uictty toutine, invol'ving on-ty compaIL%ion o6 va'Lie.tie. and 6etiL-tizeLt &Lespon-6e. Ait the stateteve oQVQ sutppoJtt, Pas9tote et aQ ( 1 974 ) indicated onty a dew, Sao Pauto, Minasc GeQLaais and Rio GILande do Sut, a4s having ctLeated and maintained ILe.se.a,Lch centeL4 i.n the ta-t 100 yea&A'. Howe.ve&', onty Sao Pauto'o eXppeLi- ence had a gLeatetL zuccezz. In -te.umt oi e.6eective ILe tesutt, the tLepo&-t ob a CommizsiLon o6 the /e.de.Lat gove.Lnment in the. e.aJty -seventie.- indicated the aottowing cotops and tocatZonxs howed zigni-icant deve.-topment6 in te&m6 o.6 higheQh yie.ding vatietiets: wheat in Rio GILande do Sut, sugaLcane in Rio de Janei.,cLo,ats wett a-s coA6e.e, cotton, cit-L-tu and maize in the stjate o06 Sao Pauto (Paiva et at, 1973). Othe.L tLe6ea&Lche.46 identi-ied impo4ttan-t te- utet1, dot co6e.e and cotton in Sao Pauto and sugaIcane in Rio de (1) Thi paAt o' the papeA dIaw-s heavity 4tom Homem de Meto (19,S3). -34- Janeito and Sao Pauto duting the gotiLez. AZso, Funda,cao Catgitt (.1977) tepotted 6igni6icant imptovementz 6oA 4oybeanA,beginnnng in Sao Pauto and tate.L on going to Rio Gtande do SuQ (en the -6ixties). As a tezutt o6 this evidence, it rneems that the ctaim that app&optiate technotogieQs wee avaitab!e in Btazitian agt- cuttuLe in the i6t4iez, is to 6ay the Qeast, an exagetated one. A 6ew teasons justi6y thiUs conctusion. Fit6t, o6 the ctops with otgni6icant vacietat imptovement-s, onty maize can be consideted an impottant domeztic p&oduct (onty ittegutLay expotted), the 'emaining ones being atheady expo'uted, non--Aood oh, even, an impoAted ploduct (wheat). SecondQy, atthough -ome o6 the tech- notogicat devetopment6 occu&Aed be.ote ot du,-Lng the 6i6tCe's, theze. we.e exttemety tocatized in tehm6 o6 in6tuenee, mainty coveting the Southe.n tegion oA Bi'azit. On thiz, we wiLYt -mpty ue.cazg the akgument o6 Pe.in and Winke.man (1976), that is,the need 6m, technoZogicat deve.opments which incheaze yie.d6 OuL spe.c4i4c ag9o-cZimatic envitonmentz. FinaJ§y, with the exception oa sugatcane in Rio de Janeito and wheat in Rio Giande do SuQ, th.te is no evidence oi conttibbution exctuaive.ty 4,tom the 6ed- etaZfty suppotted tese.ach cente.'. On the conttaty, the e.vdence indicates the geate.t impottance o6 Ae ea!Lch -euppotte.d by the 'state o6 Sao Pauwo, 6o& expottabtes as we.tt as 6ot domestic cJtopzS (Sitva et at, 1979). Onty in the se.venties was this -itu- ation Aevet.ed. When anatyL-ing the %Lesea&Lch Qezutts obtained by Cam- pina-s' AgtLonomic In6titute (IAC), the most deve.oped e.seatch centet iLn B&azit be.oQe the c&eation oi the EMBRAPA'6 zyztem in the eahtZy seventie., we. Leached the concZu&ion that they weez itn acco-kdance with the mechanism o4 induced innovation in the pubtic sectot, since the.e appe.aA to have. exzted a cto6e a44o- ciation between the ztate o6 Sao Pauto'z6 ctop mix and Qe.e.atch 4e.uZtQs (H-omem de Meto, 1978) . In this sense, Sao Pauto% ' eh- zeatch investment ove.L tme. wads mosQty ditected to what was -35- impottant to 6atmeAz in the 4tate(lJ. When compating the ptoduct mix (by vafute) in Sao Pau- to'z ageicuttute ptevaiting 6jtom the tate 6ottiez to the mid- -6i6tiez, and the otdeting od cAops in teAmz o6 numbe'.t ot pub- tcationz 6tom 1949/1964, theite appea-ed a teasonabZe agteement (2) 6ot the tank.s . The 6ive most impottant ctopA, in o'de&, wete coi6ee, cotton, tice, maize and sugatcane, white the 6ive with mote pubic&ationz wete co,6ee, potatoez, mayze, cotton and sugatcane. The gteate6tdeviation seems to be Aice, 6otLowed by potatoels. The towe,6t 6ive in vatue wete potatoes, ed-bZe beans, peanut-6, cassava and soybeans, white the towez-t 6ive in pubt- cationz weLte peanut4, zoybean-, edibZe beanz, tice and cassava. The most impo'ttant devaation hetLe appeaus to be soybeans. In addition, it i4z uejut to tecatt that Guttman(1978) p,tesented and tested a modet o6 the demand 6oA pubtic goods to exptain di 6e-tences in pub&ic attocationb to agticuttuLLat te- seatch in the United State6 based on 6atmets ao intet.est gtoups. In B'azit, Pa6toLe et at (1976) have aLso atgued that agticut- tu-tat te4eatch i&s Aespon/sve to the natute o6 the pucduct in th0ee cases: when the ctop is geogAaphicacty concenttated, when it can be induwsttiatized and when technotogy ttan-sem', Jtom ab-oad is 6eazibte. In the Bitazitian case, the tesutt-s obtained by the authotu showed that the 6itst 6actot was most impo-tant 6ot co66ee, white the two othet onez wete moPte zign-icicant Jot cotton and sugat. Atso, Aot the Qe th4ee ctopz, the existence o. a weZt devetoped in-tenationat matket haz been positive Aactot in stimutating tezeatch e66ott. On the othet hand, 6ot tice and edibZe beans those 6actoA6 we-e not p'teent in the same degtee o. impottance. Fo't p&oduct6 atLLeady pt'eent in Btazit's expott tizt in the 6ottiez and Aijti-e, the new technotogies mos-tey bene- (1) Foic the theoteticot teazoning, see Bi-&wangeL H.P. (19771. (2) The )Lank co Aetation coei6icient wa.s zigni6-cant at 5 petcent. -36- 2ited 6atmetz because ca the high ptice.-demand e.asticities they weLe. 6acing. Thiz woutd be a powe.%au incentive 6ot 6atme.t and theit asociation to pkCe. the pubtic sectot to continue invest- ing in new ptoduction technoZogies. This, we betieve, woutd be the cases o6 cotton(l) and 6ugatcane. A 6actot that might expfain the emphasis on co66ee, beZides its impottance as a ctop in the state, iZ the 6act that on the !ottie. the 4ede.tat gove.nment ztatted the expticit taxation o4 co44ee e.xpoAt6. As a t-uutt,ne.w technotogiez woutd be a compensating 6actot(21 Fo't the othet ctop,6, the situation seems to be much mote compe.x. Fot inZntance, the pos6ibitity o6 btinging the pAo- duct to the expottabte. categoty and, as a -Le.utt, genetating bene.its6o, % Sao Pautao' ptoducetz, might he.p expeain teea'Lch (3) eAoatt dot maZze, soybeans and peanuts . At6o, the posibitity o. technotogy ttans4et.s {om ab-oad might have acted a- a 6aciti- tatinqg actot 6o& cettain ctop6. That iz, this ttanze.L woutd be expected to towet the cozt a6 doing -'te.ea-ch Sot cettain commod- itie.-. Paztote et at (1976) mention cotton, sugatcane and maize (hyb%id seedd) as bene6iting Atom such a ttans4et. When examining Revista B-'agantia, the scienti6ic joutnat o4 Campinas' Ag'onomic Institute, it appeats that soybeans, with Ame.ican vaAietie. (Funda,cao CatgiZQ, 1977), and potatoe6, with Eutopean onez, Ait in this case. As a tesutt, the domestic ctops mainty edibte beans, tice and ca^s,ava, wZith 6e.we.L expot-t poozbbititiez and/o-L no Inow-e.dge t~tansAe.L 6om ab'Load, be.6ide. being tess impo>Ltant in the state'. ptoduct mix, we.'te te. contemp.(ated by Sao Pauto's ,tez eatch e 6 oa"tt. In conctusion, it coutd be said that Sao Pauto's te.- zeatch ptog'tam appea-t to have been mo6tZy concent-'a-ted duaLing (1) The cotton %eseatch p4ogo'am is we.t documented by Ayet, H.W. and G.E.Schuh (1972). (2) A compenzating 6acto40 o-this natuAe is mentioned by Scobie, G.M. (1979). (3) The case oA tice in Cotombia wheILQe the pAo6pe.ct o6 expotting was an incen- tive. 6ol 6atmeu to suppoAt a Tezeatch ptoglLam is men.toned by Scobie (1979). -37- 1941/174 in co6e.e, cotton, gcugatcane, potatoe.,, and mtze.. Thete waz an inte.4mediate deg&1ee od e6oOtt on peanvts, soybe.ans and, pethap4s, edibte bean,s, with the quaa Sication tha- to thiz6 Za6t ctop it wa-s much mo-te. &outine a-s we.t a,s Itecent &ezea,tch.Finatty, the towe.-t emphacsiUs was on tice and ca4ssava, two o6 -the Sood p,toductz, 6oit the dome.-tic matke.t. 15 we. add to the p,tevioau in- 6o tmation that, at the 6ede.tat teve., 6gn-i6cant etesuts we.te obtained onty 6jo&L wheat and ,soybean,s in Rio Gtande do Sut and -sugatcane in Rio de Janei&to, we. have compeete.d the pictu-te in te.Qkm, o6 avaitabitity o6 new technotogi,ez in Bitazitian ag,ticuQ- tu,QLe. Even with the Qimited numbe.L o6 ctops being anaZty-s6ed,-thi-s i,s a hete.togeneouas pictta,e and i.t -shouZd hetp exptain the behav- imi o6, domeistic-intv,tnationat p,tiCe ,tatio,s ais ea,ttie,t diyscujssed. In addition, it eis use.6uZ to check to what e.xten-t the ob5se,tved technotogicat deve.opmte.nts we.t te. 6ected in highet. yie.d,s. It -seem.s that gene.tatton o6 ne.w technotogiies in BtaziZ wa, concent,tated in the Southe.Ln istate.s, mainty Sao Pauto, and on ce.ttain ckopz. I-tA woutd be expected, howeve.t, tha-t, even taking into accoun-t -the tocation-ispeciJic natute .o6 c,top -tech- noa ogZe.s oa -the biaotogicaQ type, ,state.s cfao-e to Sao Pau2o,,s-uch a,s Mina4 Ge.taizs, Paitnan and Goia,s, woufad aQ,so bene.it, atthough p-tobabty not to -the -same extent a,s 6atme.tis Locatized the.e. AQthough u,sing g&owth .tate.s in yie.Zds a-s an indicatot o0 the occute.nce (and adoption) oa biotogicat-chemica -technoZ- ogicaQ deve.-opment6s, it -shoutd be emphasized that it i-s not a pe.te.ct one. Yietdis pet hectate ake at,so intuQenced by othe. 6ac,tok'S, -such a,s isoiQ 6e.&titity, ctimate., and ptoduc-t and 4acto-' ptiCces. Tabte 1 5how-zs, o% e.te.ven ckops and 6ouL ten-qyeat pe.ti- odes, the kaite.z o6 yietd gtowth 6ot thoze. -state.is wheQe -they wee. above 2 petcent pet yeat, a, we.tt as -the obise.ved talte.z 60o B4aziQ. AZthough thi,s cuttin9-oJ6 point iUs atbUitt'ay, Ut iUs u4- ticientty high to ptovide quite a tatge numbe. o occuLOtences. Looking at the.se. state.s w-ith annuaa kate.S o6 g'owth above 2 petcent, and the -tespective time petiodz, it iUs poZs,si-be. to get a be.tte.t pictute o6 technoZogicat devetopments: -38- TABLE I RATES OF GROWTH IN YIELDS, 11 CROPS, BRAZIL AND SELECTED STATES(1 , DECADES CROP 1940/49 1950/59 1960/69 1967/176 COTTON BR - -5.99 PR = 6.39 GO - 6.11 GO a 7.42 SP = 4.91(2 BR = -1.69 PR = 2.54 BR = 1.07 SP 2.68(2) BR = -1.24 PEANUTS MT = .5.79 PR = 5.35 (2 SP - 2.55 (2 PR = 2.22 BR = -1.64 BR - 1.17 SP = 3.93 BR = 3.55 RICE BR = -0.62(2) BR = -0.42(2) BR = -1.58 PR = 5.59 2 BR = 0.30 COFFEE(31 MG = 5.48 ES = 3.17 BR = 0.18(2) SP = 7.55 PR = 4.74(2) SP = 2.22 BR * 3.41 BR = 0.62 BR = 1.23 SUGARCANE CE = 3.80 BR = 0.71 BA - 2.26 BR - 0.70 SP = 5.70 MG = 2.05 BR = -0.11(2) BR = 0.90 EDIBLE BEANS SC = 3.26 BA = 4.61 BR = -0.32(2) BR = -3.72 SP = 5.96 BR = -0.22 BR = -2.90 MANIOC RGS= 7.77 BR = 0.24)2) PE = 2.35 BR = -2.44 SP = 9.21(2) SC = 3.88 BR = 0.48 BR = 1.28 CORN MG = 3.19(2) BR = -0.04)2) BR = 0.42(2) GO = 2.42 BR =-0.29 MT - 2.44 PR- 3.54 SP = 2.21 BR = 1.65 POTATOES SP = 4.62 SP = 3.68 MG = 3.20 MG - 3.02 BR = -3.69 BR = 1.52 PR = 7.06 RGS= 3.06 SC = 9.93 SP = 5.69 BR = 2.75 BR = 3.53 SOVBEANS(3) PR = 10.03 BR = -0.21(2) PR = 6.52 BR = -1.82(2) RGS= 5.51 SP = 4.78 BR = 6.16 WHEAT BR = 1.76(2) BR = 4.41(2) PR = 2.29 BR = 0.33(2) RGS= 5.96 BR = 4.80 (1) The btate4' abbteviatiou ate: PR-Pwtana, SP-Sao PauCo, GO-Goia4,MT-Mato GJL04o, MG-Mna46 Getai6, ES-E6pDtto Santo, CE-Cea4a, BA-Bahia, SC-Santa Cntxkina, Vtr-S-2io (½tnde do SVu, PE-Pvtnamburtv. (2) Not 6igniZicantty di66etent 6tom zeAo at 5 peAcen.t. (3) Co66ee, 1967/75, Soybean,u, 1952/59. SouAce: Ba6ic data, Fundacqo In4t&tato Btaziteito de Geogwa6ia e Eztat6tica (FIBGE). -39- - Cotton: Sao Pauto and Pa'tna in the jijtiZe, teach- ing Goas& in the sixties and continuing in att thaee neatby stotes duting 1967/76. Thiz appeats to be a case o6 technotogicat ttans- Ae-t 6itom Sao Pauto to othe& neighboting statez. Aye,t and Schuh (1972) mentioned that the new -eedz devetoped in Sao Pauto we)e adaptabLe to GoZao, and Minas Getaiz. - Peanuts: Sao Pauto, Paxana and Mato G&os6o in the 6i6ties, Pa,%ana Zn the 'ixtte-s and Sao Pauto duteng 1967/76. The occutLence Zn the 6i6tut, is Zn agteement with the concent&ation o. teseatch tezutt6 at that time, a good patt o6 which we&e on va,tetat imptovement. T'ans6et o4 technotogy to neighboting states aLso appea&z to have happened. - Rie.e: Patana duLing 1967/176. It iz not pozib-be to 'tetate thiZ to technotogicat devetopmentA. - Co66ee: Minas Getai6 and Pat'na in the 6otties, Sao Pauto and Ezpk')tito Santo Zn the 6i6tiez and Sao Pauto duting 1967/175. The concenttation o5 teseatch tezuQtt Zn Sao Pauto was ,tom the Late 6otties to ea&Ly sixties. The occuttence ot thoze two states Zn the 6otties might be etrated to 4otLz o6 highe& natutaL 6ettitity. - Sugatcane: Sao PauLo and Cea&a Zn the 6ottie-, az weLL as Minas Getais and Bahia Zn the sixties. Fo-' Ceata,a Notth- eazte,tn state, thete is no evidence o6 technotogecaL devetopments, but 6oA Sao Pauto thete is, as pteviou6ty mentioned. AL4o the detected concenttation o6 te6eatch tezu£tt Zn Saa Pauto ,tom the Late 6{tie4s to the Late sixties appeatz to have had no majot impact on yietd- up to the mid-seventiez (Homem de Meto, 1983). - Edibte Bean-: Sao Pauto and Santa Cata'Lina Zn the 6o'tties and Bahia Zn the 6i.tie4. The-te is no evidences to eta-te theze occuttencez to technotogicaL deveLopments. - Cassava: Sao Pauto and Rio G%ande do Sut Zn the jot- ties, as wett as Pe%nambuco and Santa Catatina Zn the sixtte4. In both petiods, the states wete tetativety distant geogtaphicatty -40- and, at,so, thete is no documented edence o¸ technotogicaZ change. - Maize: Minas Getais in the 6o'%ties. A6teA that, not untit 1967/76 wete thete signs o6 gaowth in yieJd,6 in Sao Pauto, Goils, PaAtan and Mato Gto,zo. The concenttation in teseatch 'te- suttL s was 6tLom the tate 4idties to the eatty sxties, inctuding the devetopment o4 new hybxid seeds. Ftom that petiod to the p&tesent, new hyb&ids came out o6 Campinas' Institute (Homem de MeZo, 1977). The petiod 1967/76 may matk the beginning o6 tech- notogicat ptogLe,s (and adoption) in maize ptoduction in the Centet-South )Legion o4 Btazit. - Potatoes: Sao Pauto in the 6o!Ltie,s and 6i6ites; Mi- nas Getaz, Patana and Santa Caitatina in the sixties, and Minas Getais, Rio Gtande do SuQ a- wett a Sao Pauto, duting 1967/176. This is the case with the tatgest numbet o6 itates, atL o6 them aeLtativeqty ctose geogtaphicaLty, and with the highest tatez 06 gtowth in yietds. The concenttation o6 tesea&ch -sesutt was 6tom the taite 6oitiZe to the Late sixtiezv, which coincides with the patte-tn o6 yietd gotwth in Southe'n Btazit. - Soybean4: Patana in the 6i6ite-; a6tet that, not untiL 1967/76 wa, thete considetabte yiQed gtowth Zn Patana, Rio Giande do Sut and Sao Pauto. The %eseatch tecotd 6ot this ctop shows that the wo-Lk itaited in 1939 in Campinas, with Ametican va.tiQeite (Funda.ao CatgiZL, 1977). The Lineage L-326 obtained in 1958 was taken to Rio G&ande do SuQ whete, in 1963, it became, aiteL 6utthet woirk, known as Santa Rosa and commetciatty avait- ab.e. Anothe't vatiety, Hatdee, o6 Ametican otigin, was inttoduced in 1965. It appeats that these Aesuett a66ected the pattekn 06 yiQed g~Lowth in Southetn Btazit thtough a p&oce,4, o6 technotogy t)Lan 6et . - Wheat: Pa.'ana and Rio G'tande do Sut Zn the bixties. The tepoiLt 06 a 6ede)Lat commi46ion, above mentioned, empha.6ized this c'top as having had signi4icant te' eatch tezauitt duting o)L ptioL to the 'ixtiez Zn Rio Gtande do SuQ. -41- F/om this tLeview, it appeaA,s that technotogicat pto- gtess, te.,tected in yietd,s pet hectate, has occuvted 6ot ceatain cuops and time peiLods: cotton, beginning in the 6i6tie ;peanuts, dtLing the +ijtie.; co6e.e, mote4y in Sao Paueo duLtng the 6i6tie, and 1967/176; sugatcane, in the 6oties; maize, dueting 1967/76; potatoe.5, beginning in the 6oAtiLe and again in 1967/76; soybeans, duting 1967/76, and wheat, in the. sxtest . Thie doe/s not appeat to be a poo& L'e.Omd 6ot Btazit', te. eakeh institutions a6 we.tt as its agiceuttute. But it ceAtainey is an unbataneed one in ctop tetm,s. It atso heZps to undetstand the pte.5ence. o& absence o6 the tespective p&oduct in Bt az iL'.I expottEing ti/st and the behavio4 o6 the ptiee &a;tios (domestic- -inteLnationaZ) ove.t time. Fot instance., co66ee, cotton and sugatr have t>taditionatty been expo'tted and zhow ptiLce tatiLo betow one in atmo,st eve.y yea't duting 1948/77. The evidenee gatht.e.d 6ot technotogicat devetopment6, Lndicate. substantiat woJth. on va't- ietat imptrovement in these ctops, mainty jtom Sao Pauto's insti- -tutions (Campinas' Ag4onomic Institute). On the othet hand,tech- notogecat imptovement6 appeat to have been impottant vn making soybeans a tegutat and expanding expotted ptoduct beginning in -the earZy sixtie. Thtee othet ptoduct6 expetienced a decviLniyg Vpriee rtatio,s ovet 1948/177: maize, wheat and peanut6, with gAea-test em- phasis on the jitst. It is intetesting to note again -that maize was expotted S-tom the £ate sixties to the mid-seventies,atthough in te.ativety smaRQ amounts and somewhat ittegutaity. AY,o the.e is some eVidence o6 -technotogicaQ deve.opments 6ot Athis c&op beginning Lin the Qate jiLtiLe.s Jtom Campinas' Ag-onomiLc intntitu- tiLon. The same patlte.4n, but 5ome.what te.&s wet-documented,appeats to have happened wiLth pe.anut- Ln -the 6i6tiLe.z. Wheat, on the othet hand, is ani importe.d ptoduct wLith p4oduee.L. ' puiceQ entieLtey.tegu- £asted by the gove.4nment, which put,sue. an impoirt-uabstiitutiLon poticy a e.a)iLe4t de ctiLbed. The ptice tatiLos wete vety high dutiLng the jLi>tiLe. but have expe4Lienced home dectiZne i -the siixtiesi and seventiLe. The eviLdence on AtechnotogLicaQ deve.opmen-t- -42- seems to indicate ptogte.e occuvLing in the sixtie. Fot the domestic (non-tAaded) ctop,, the ptice. atios weite ubstantiatty above one in the 6i4ties and, in 5ome cases, even in the sixties and seventies. Fo t.ice and edibte beans thete is ve.y Zittte evidence o4 technotogicat devetopment. The ptice-tatio 6o'r tice had vatue., above two twice duting 1966/77 and above 1.5 thtee timez. Fo eQdibQe beanbs, at,so with no majo4 euidence o6 new technotogies, thete appeatz to have existed zome dectine in the ptice tatios in the sixties and se.ve.ntie.s,atthough 6oP-owing a vety unstabte patetLn. It seems tPeevant to point out that this ptoduc,t had the highest tate o4 inctease in inte.)na- tionaZ p,'tice. duting 1966/77, o6 17.0%, which shoutd a66ect the denominatot o6 the tatio. Finatty, potatoe. 6how a decLining pkice. atio and atso pke,sent evidence o6 technotogicaL devetop- mentes in Sao Pauto, aLso 'te.ected in othe. Sou,the.n 5tates.In ,summaty, we think that the evidence pkesented 6oL an unbatanced patteAn in -the genetation o6 new -technoLogiels o6 the biotogicaL type by the pubtic sectom he.ps to exptain the unequat patte.n o. dome.tic-intetnationaL p-'ice tatios and the segmented natuLLe od Btazitian agAicuttwte, that i6, ttaded and non-tAaded (domes- tic) goods. 1.2.4. Past and PLe.Zent Pet6oAmance In the ptevious section we atgued that B-azitian ag- 'ticuttute shoutd be Looked at as compolsed o4 dome.tic (non- -tctaded) and expoLted subsecto-ts, 6o'ming what has been caLted a "oemi-open" agticuttutaL economy. At6o we aLgued that, in uach a ci'z.cunstance, an unbaLanced pat,te.n o6 technotogicat change, in the -senbe od most bene.iting the cAops in the expotted (ot expoLtabLe. subsecto-'L, coutd te.uLt in changes in the c'top mix. Ouw concLu5ion was that the patte.n o6 technotogicat change in B5azit was actuaLty an unbatanced one, in ctop, a4 we.L as in ,tegionaL etem-s. That i,s, expotted ctop, and -the Southe.n tLegion oi the countty have had mote -technotogicaL change than dome.,tic -43- ctop6 and the Nottheast tegion. The ZaAge6t pioduction gtowth in Btazit 6tom the eatty ixtiesQ to the tate seventies was in soybeans, which became in this petiod vety impottant 6ot the countty'. 6oteign exchange tevenut. Vue to the zize o6 such ptoduction gtowth, this patt o6 the papeA witt anatyze it in gAeatet detait. At the sa.me time data witt be ptovided to heZp undet.tand the pe.1omrncrce o6 B-a- zitian agticuttute on an individuat ctop bas-is, as we.tz a's how the gtowth in soybean ptoduction has a{6jected pe6otm1ance. o0j othet ctop6, patticuZaty domestic 6ood ctops. Mote. peci6icaZty, we intend to show that one o6 the main tea.onz 6oot the. ttemendous gtowth in the p'toduction o4j -oybe.an-, since the ea-tty 6ixtie6,ha- been the devetopment o6 Stechnotogicat innovations occuting in Southe.n Buazit(l). In addition, we wiQt show that suc-h g4owth te.utted in signiLicant change. icn the composition o6j output (again6t dome.tic-6ood ctopz), tesutting in an inadequiate tate o6 output gtowth. FinaZty, we attempt to show the e.6ectt, o osuch changes in the index o6 Sood ptice.6 Jot 6amiZies at di 4je.Leent in- cnome ZeveQ. It shou.d be noted, howeve.A, that by 6ocu,5ing on these aspects o6 technoZogicat innovation. we ate not saying that Btazit has not beneite.d 6tom technotogicaZ innovation in zotbean6. The moat impo'ttant way, in outr vie.w, waz to mafze po66ibte a 6t'tonge.t expoAtt pe.ti6otimance, today ot gteeat impottan.ce w-ith t'e.pe.ct to the Btazitian exteALnat debt cAisis. We want atso to caQQ ttte.ntion to the tiact that technotogicat innovation in soybeans wauJ, one ot thte.e main 6actotz 6avoting expo-Ltt in B-tazit since the. mid-six- tie.. The othet two we.JQe.: a) the inttLoduction, iin 196ls, o6 the system o6 exchange mini-devatuation6, and b) a 6avotiabte pe.iLod o6 in-te.nationat piLLcezO, mainZy duting the 6iLt haQA o6 the seventiLe. Consequen.ty, the evidence ot change. in ctop mix and te.utting p/tiCe e. ectz,ptue.ented beZow, must be unde.Ltood as the joint 'te.uZt ot the above 6oLcu, and not just 6)Lom tech- (1) The 6ottowing dAaw he.vity 6tjom Homem de Meto, F.,(1984). -44- notogieca change in 'oybean pAoduction. We hope to show, howevet, that thiz Zast jactot is o4 gteat impo%tance in expPaining the change in ctop mix that began in the second patt o6 the 6ixtieu. Soybeans, in Bcazit, %eptesent the most Aecent exampte o4 a tatge expansion in acteage du&ing a 4hott time intetvat and in a ZemiQted geogtaphic a'ea. In 1960, totat oyQbean acAeage was 177 thousand hectates, with 159 thousand in the state oi Rio G.'ande do SuQ. By 1980, the teapectiue 6igutez wete 8.965 mittion and 3.988 mLition. In 1980, soybean expokt6 wete US$ 2.5 bittions, about 12 pe)cent o6 B-Lazit'6 totaQ. DuVing the Lixtieu,the annuat tate o6 g%towth o6 soybean acteage was 16.3 petcent and, in the 4eventie4, 20.7 petcent. The LncAea4e in intetnationat pitcez staAted in 1971-72 and teached maximim tevet6 in 1973 and 1974. In 1972, totat 4oybean acteage atteady was at 2.292 minLion hec- tat es. Cevtainty, the avootabte pe'iod o6 intetnationat ptiLc ez duting the eatty seventies made a pozitive conttibution to the gitowth oi acteage. Howeve&, thi4 was not be the piLncipat jactok behind the commencement o6 zoybean expansion in B&aziL, 5ince duvting the ixtiLe pxicQu xemained ptactica.ty constant in nom- inaQ te&ms. In addition, it 6houtd be noted that Qeve'at commodi- -ties had ptice incteaz es duting cettain yea,%rs in the seventies, but none od them expetienced an atea expanzion compatabte to that o6 soybean4. TabQe 2 show,s a summaty o. the agAonomic te,seatch 6ot 6oybeanz in MaziL, in tetm6 oA new vaAietiLe, the time o6 theit int'oduction and the impact in actuaZ yietd6. Two o6 these vat- ietie,s - Santa Rosa and Ha&dee - weAe vety impottant 6oJL the expansion o6 soybeans duLing the Late ixties and eatty seventies. The 4ommeA, as aPteady mentioned, otiginated in Campinaz' Ag,tonomic Institute (Sao Pauto), beginning with the inttoduction o6 Ame&ican vatietiLe and, taQte on, the devetopment oi tineage L-326 in 1958. In the mid zixte4 it became comme&ciafty avJaiabie in Rio G)Lande do Sut undet the name o6 Santa Rosa. The va)Liety Ha'idee, aLso o4 Ametican oaigin, was teseatched and adapted at Campinaz a>tet 1965. Such jact4, again, teveat the impottance o6 -45- TABLE 2 TIME OF INTRODUCTION AND ADOPTION OF NEW SOYBEANS VARIETIES IN BRAZIL AND EFFECTS IN YIELDS PERIOD AVERAGE YIELD NEW VARIETIES BRAZIL (Kg/HaJ 1960 - AmacLeta comum, AbuxLa, Peti.cano e Mo- giana. 1960-68 1,060 HittQ, Hood, Majos, BienviQte e Hampton. 1969-74 1,394 B&tagg, Davi6, Hatdee, Santa Ro4a,VDe- ta, Campo6 Getaiz, IAC-2, V-ioja e Minei&a. 1975-80 1,541 IAS-4, IAS-5, Ptanatto, PPata,PFtota, BR-1, Pattana, Bo ie.L, Santana, Sao Lu.Z5, IAC-4 e UFV-1. 1980 1,740 BR-2, BR-3, BR-4, IvaZ, Veta Ri ca, Un4ico, Cobb, Lancetz, CO-136, IAC-5, IAC-6, IAC-7, UFV-2, UFV-3, Cti6tati- na e Dokzko. SoUJcLe: M. Ka6tet and E.R. Bonato, "ContAubuibow da6 CiEncia.L Ag'LLaa paWLa o DenvoZvimento: A Pezquia em Soja", Revi6ta de Economia Rutat 84 (1980): 405-34. -46- intetnationat knowPedge tAan,seA 6o% the poceQ o6 technotogicat change in B-%azitian agkicuttuAe, mainRy by obviating the need to ILepeat Aeseaech compReted etsewheke and -so teading, as in the case dieu>sed by Guttman (1978), to a dectine in teeeutch costs. A,so o6 note iz that 6Aom the 48 vatietiee tecommended 6ot ptant- ing in 1980, 26 had o'iginated in nationaL pLog)Lams and 22 came 6)Lom the United State,s, hatL oA which wete in the 6otm od tin- eage-s (Ka,stet and Bonato, 1980). Seve-tat othet agtonomic a6pectz o6 the cLop wete empha- -ized ovet the yea'u by the teseatch centevs: setection oc Rhizobium'% Lineage,s, diAect ptanting, contoLt 6o weed-s, disease-s and pests, den,sity and ptanting time. The indications ate that in thQe tate -5eventies, 6oybean -&eseatch was one o6 the mo,st deveLop- ed in the countAy. Fot in,stance, in tecent yea't¢ these teseavtch centeut, have been invotved in devetoping p-toduction yistems 6o't othe. tegions beside,s SoutheLn BtaziL, ,such a,s Ea,6t and CenteA- -We-st &egions. In addition, "the tueeatch i,s aiming to deveLop technotogy speci6ic 6o't soybean p-toduction in kegions with tati- tude,s betow 15Q S. The pto,spect's dot obtaining vaLieties zspeci6i- catty adapted to Lowet Latitude,s, as weLL iom knowLedge about ctop management a-Le excettent, and new in the wo&Ld" (Ka,stet and Bo- nato, 1980, p. 432). Sevetat new vatieties devetoped 61rom the tate -seventiees to the pe-sent (TkopicaL, Savana, Ctistatina, Ca- Aajaz) 6oA the Centet-West and Nottheast tegions o6 B4azit con- 6itm that ptediction. It shoutd be noted that duting 1967/76 (Tabte 1), the aveLage annuaa tate o4 gtowth o6 5soybean yieLd,s in B/Lazie wa,s 6.16 petcent (5.51 pectent in the -state in Rio Gkande do SuL, 6.52 peLcent in Patana and 4.78 pe¢ in Sao Pauto), a tate weLt above thoise obseAved jot othet ctops, eithet expotted ot dome,5tic. Tabte 3, on the othe4 hand, -showzs the Aates o6 gtowth in ptoduction duting 1960/69, 1967/76 and 9710/79 6oA 6outteen ctop&, among expotted and domestic ones. When examining .such data, it 4houtd be noted that 6tom the sixtie6 to the 5eventies, Btazitian agticuLtute expetienced a numbex o6 impoLtant change,s: -47 - TABLE 3 ANNUAL RATES OF GROWTH OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, BRAZIL, J4 C OMMODITIES, 1960/69, 1967/76 and 1970/79 (iT %) COMMODITIES 1960/69 1967/76 1970,/79 1. DometUic Rice 3.20 2.47 1.46(a.) Edib-e Beanz 5.37 -1.93 -1.90 CaL,sava 6.05 -1.86 -2.09 Mayze 4.74 3.55 (a) 1.75 (a) Potatoe- 4.34 1.34 3.73 Onion6 3.87 4.77 9.27 2. Expotted Soybeanzs 16.31 35.03 22.47 Oxcangez 6.01 12.73 12.57 Suga&acavze 3.63 5. 10 6.30 Tobacco 5.30 6.16 Cocoa 2.55 - 3.73 Co66ee -7. 10 -6. 3 4(a) -1. 54 (a) Peanutz 5. 89 -6.8O0 (a) -12.06 Cotton 151 (a) -1.99 -4.41 Souwce: Puduction dcta 6,tom FIBGE-Funda.cao In,6tiuto BaZitiR&o de GeogaLjia e Esta9tZ6tca. (a): Thi e-ttet indicatea the coeA6icient as not sigvn4cauCnty di46evLent {6Aom zexo at the 5% 4evet. -48- a6tet a tLeativety uni6o,%m peAtoiLmance between cAop6 and a quite good one in "pet capita" te.%ms (2.9 pe.cent poputation gtowth) duting the sixtie.6 in the e.ventie. the countiy had a substantiat detetimoation in the pet.oimance o6 dome.tic cLop6 and a gteat expansion o6 ce.Ltain expotted ones, a ptoce.s cteatty ted by zoybeans. As can be 6een, the wot,6t cases weAe ca4sava and edibZe beans, with tatge dectine., white the pAoduction teve.6 oA tice and maize ztagnated duting the zeventie.. At the same time the poputation waz g-'owing at an annuaQ tate o6 2.47%. Ij the 6itzt give domeztic-6ood commodities o6 Tab2e 3 ate aggtegated in te.%mz o6 "pet capita" catotic/ptoteic avait- abitity(l} the data shows an annuat 'ate o6 dectine, duting 1967/79, o6 -1,34% and -1,31% tespectivety. The avai-abitity in B&%azit o tice, maize and edibZe beans waz onty ve.y AQightty inc,teased by impo'Ltz ovet the pe.tiod. These Aive dome.tic-6ood c-tops, in addition to cotton and pa6tute e and, wete the agtiucut- itua! ptoductz mozt a46ected by the zubztantiat expan6ion 06 soybeans in Southe.n Btazit (Zockun, 1980). Futthe.tmote, as ex- pected, the. bs-titution e.e.ct o6 technotogicat change was not timited to dome.tic ctopzs. Az can be zeen, cotton, an expote.d ctop, was atlo negativety ae.cte.d in aLea and p'Loduction. Even when we conzidet othet 6ood ptoductz, such as sugat, wheat, meat (bee., potk and poutt%y), eggs and mitk,totat "piet capita" catotic/ptoteic avaitabitity dectined duting 1967/175 (annuaQ tate. o6 -0.52% and -0.62% tespectivety), with a osmatt Aecovety dutAing 1976/179. The impottance o6 wheat and 4ugat at6o inc-tea45ed ovet the pe.iod, the 6otme. being a ttaditionatRy im- poivted 6ood which had, as eattie.A mentAioned, a poticy o6 pitce zubzidie. 6o L consume.z beginning in 1972. Du,Ling 1970/79, the gltowth ILate 6o-t wheat avaitabitity wa4 g&e.atet than that 6O'L domestic ptoduction, indicating a gteate.et toQe o6 impoAtS.Without the poticy o5 consumption zubi6idie. and Laitget wheat impo,tts,the (1) That is, domeltc pu'wdaction minus e.xpoAt pZus impot6. Use as zeed6, tozzez and change in stocks wQe.t not consideted because o6 tack o6 annuat data. See, 6o& othe. detaLe,, Homem de Meto, 1983. -49 - 6aZZ in caZotic/p,iLotein avaiZabi9ety woutd have been Ztatget than that obo eAved. A a cons equence o this unbatanced petAoAgmance in tem.6'u oA domestic ptoduction and avaiZabitity o6 impottant ¸ood ptoductz, it iz ete.vant to vedi6y how diiee.ent cta.sez o6 sam- itZ income we.)e a 4ected. To do this, the in6otLmation 6tLom the jamZey budget sutvey (ENDEF-FIBGE)(7) catZted out in 1974/75,oAt the sta-te. o6 Sao PauZo, Rio de JaneitLo, as wet.L as South and Notthea.t tegions wete used. Such data shows impottant di6Ae.- ence. in consumption amongst expenditute eta. ae.s(2) and tegions. Fot inztane., the sha&e o6 tice and edibZe beans in totat good expenditute vatied between 21.1 - 27.9% in the Zowe.t income (expenditute cZa46) and between 3.3 - 7.2% in the highest one 6ot the dout tegions. SimiZat behaviot wa4 obze.ved 6ot the haAtez o6 maize and its ptoductz, wheat and its p&oducts (except in the Nottheast), tube&. and toots (cassava, potatoe-6)and suga't. The conttaty, howevet, waz .een to occuA in the caze o6 meat and egg,s/minZkf/chee,se, that is, incteasing - ha'te. as incomre. t'i e . AtZo, a 6e.w impo'Ltant di66e.ence. coutd be ob6etved Zn the No'tth- east: cassava was much mote impottant in Zowe.t income. cZasses, whhite wheat waz mote impotLtant 6o't highet income c-a4tes. The.se s t>'tong di6Z e.ence.Q iZn con-sum ption - tLuctuAes between income. (expenditute.) ctaze. , as we.Z as the distinct behavio't o6 phy'icaL avaiZabititizt, alLe good e.a6on4 6OtL ex- pecting, in addition, an uneven impact in -te.mz p o paZice. and iteat incomes jo-t B&iaziZian damitie.. Thisu wouad occua' thtough changez Zn matket p'tice. and con4eequent income e.6ect5s, via each pLoduct'6 6haLte in totae Aood expenditutLe. AitetL examining the behaviot o thitteen good itemz at the tetaiZ teve.t An Sao Pauao duting 1967/79, it wa4 noticed that those with taLge.,t pitce inc>tea6e.s we.te cassava, edibte beans, bee., po&k and maZze, thtee (1) Mote detaiZ6 about the teQuitz tha:t 6oZow can be 6ound in Homem de Meto, 1983. (2) De.ined in te.ms oA consumption expendi-tuez ptzL taxes a- we.9 a. tabox and teitement/heatth contAibutionv. -50- o6 them being domestic 6oods, otiginating in the ctop zectot,and o6 gteateT impottance Io.' towet income 6amities. In an attempt to ve'tiy the dit'ibutive e.Ject. o0 this zituation, we estimated the incteaze o4 the 6ood pice. index by expenditute cetazse (based on ENDEF-FlBGE, 1974/75) JoA SLio Pauto, Rio de Janeito, az we.Q az South and Notthea. t tegions (Homem de Meto, 1983). The4e indices wete computed by taking the shates (weightl) o4 eaeh p'toduct in totat Aood expenditute. Jto the two state. and two tegions ca BSazif and the obze.ved p4ie.u in Sao Pauao (Colst oa Living Index). Excepting Sao Pauto it 6houwd be ce.a- that we ate onLy apptoximating the ituat-Lon ace.d by 6amitie. ovet di66e.ent income cta6se6. Tabe. 4 shows the estimated Aood ptice. ndex onty 6ot the Notthealst tegion. The ditection o6 the change, howevet, was the same in the two states and the othe. tegions anatysed,showing Za,%get incteases Jot the towet income 6amities. In othe. wo-'ds, these wete the 6amitiQe moztty a6e.cte.d by the ttanoILmations wich oceuA&ed in the compo-ition o4 agAicuttutat output, in te- sponseQ to technoLogicaQ innovations in soybeans and to changes in exte.Xnat va&iabZe. (ptices and exchange tate). The case o6 the Notthea/st tegion, howevet, was the most setiouz one and 6o4t that teazon it is expticity -hown in TabLe 4. Fot instance, when we compate the towe.t and highest income cta&6e. in te.tms o annuat Aate. o6 g-'owth o5 nominaQ 5ood pAicez, it can be noted that dutiing 1967/79 they we.e 28.6% and 26.2% tespectivety. In discussing the di-5e.ent tesutz among states and tegions, two main %eazon6 shoutd be mentioned: a) the gteatet impottance o6 ca^sava and edibe. beans Jo, towe.t income. amitiQe in the NoILtheast az compaked to othe. %egion6 (26.7% against 2.4% among the income extteme. in that tegion, ve.htu 14.2% against 1.4% in the South). The/se two commoditie. we.e the ones with the g,eate.st incIeaze.s in te.tat ptice.6 du&ing 1967/179; b) the te.a- tivety zmaLL impo4-tance o6 wheat in the consumption habitz o0 eowet income 6amitie. in the No4ttheast (4.2% against 10.0% among the ext&'emez in the Nottheast, and 8. 9% againzt 7. 1 % in the South). TABLE 4 INDICES OF NOMINAL FOOD PRICES, EXPENDITURE CLASSES, NORTHEAST REGION, 1967/79 (1967=100) YEARS <1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 2.0 - 3.5 3.5-55.0 5. 0 - 7.0 >7.0 1967 100 100 100 1O0 100 100 100 1968 126 124 123 122 122 121 120 1969 160 155 152 150 148 148 147 1970 198 191 188 185 183 181 181 1971 253 243 237 231 228 225 223 1972 319 302 291 280 275 270 268 1973 430 407 389 374 365 359 356 1974 557 533 514 498 490 483 479 1975 766 721 688 658 640 624 606 1976 1,133 1,033 970 912 876 848 817 1977 1,546 1,401 1,317 1,242 1,195 1,156 1,124 1978 2,087 1,947 1,856 1,768 1,720 1,671 1,631 1979 3,311 3,081 2,917 2,770 2,686 2,609 2,542 Annuat 28.6 28.0 27.5 27.0 26.7 26.5 26.2 Rate. Souxce: Pximaty data, ENOEF-FIBGE (Weight6) and FlPE-Fundcoao votituto de PQaquisa. Econ&mieoa^ (Piceu in Sao Pauto) as uepoAted in Homem de Me.o, F., 0 PuobZema Atiment.ot no &'rxt. ..., 1983. -52- It shoutd be tecatted that, beginning in 1972, the Btazigian govetnme.nt ubU6idize.d wheat pAice.s 4o aQQ consume.t%., which, in the Nottheast, had a tegte.zive incidence. Re.tUts such as those de.citibed, pai%ticutatty ,ot the Nottheast, can aggtavate those obtained 6oA nominat income di6ttibution in B.Aazit with the census data o6 1970 and 1980, in the sense o6 gAeatet concen- ttation o4 the -teat income di-ttibution. A6tet buch an unbatanced pet.o-mance - gtowth o e.x- pooutabtee and "pet capita" dectine in avaitabiLZity o6 dome.tic 6ood ctop6 - with a vety tikety negative e.6ect on lLeat income ditAibution, agticuttute was tatgeted as a 6ectot with high "p'tiotityl" in the ovetait economic zttategy be.gnning in 1979.In addition, to that "ptiotity" a Jew othe. 6acto. we.e. added, the mozt impottant being the batance o4 payments cltiiz- which occut- ted with the second oit "shock" in that 5ame yeat. In othet wotds, -t was cLeat that Btazit zhoutd incLeae. it e.xpo-tt6 and decteae. its impoott. The 6itst ,Leat devaPtuation o6 the c4uzeito took ptace in Decembet, 1979 and in Juty o6 that zame yeat the atcohoQ ptogtam, int'oduced to substitute gasotine in 1975, teceived a new and Za'tget suppott as we.t as incentives to ptivate inve.tots. In TabQe 5 we show dot 1977/84 the indices o6 "pe.' ca- pita" ptoduction Jo,% dome.tic ctop4 and expotted ones with ,sugaftcane shown 6epatatety because oJ the aLcohot ptogtam Again, as unbatanced pet.otmance can cteatty be noticed. Fit6t, the decte.aze., -1,94 pe.cent annuat tate, in the "pet capita" pkLo- duction oi domestic 4ood ctops (kice, edibQe beans, maZze,caoszava and potatoe.s). This, we. 'tecatt, happened a6tet the dectine in "pe. capita" p-oduction o6 the same ctops duting 1967/76 (TabLe 3) . Fot individuat, cuop duting 1977/84, tZCe, edZbLe be.ns and maZze had ze.Lo tate o6 gtowth in "pe. capita" ptoduction, whhite cassava and potatoes had dectine., -5.29 petcent and -2.27 (1) In te.unts o6 pioduction (not avaitabi-ity), 1977 -U the -tecommended yeat to 6tatt the 6ie.s iThce. 1979 and 1978 had ext&Lemeey adve.e cftimatc condition,s. (2) As aiAeady mentioned poputaion gtowth Adte in B-Lazit wao 2.9 petcent du/'ing the sixties and 2.5 pe.ce.vt duting the seventies. - 53- TAELE 5 GROWTH IN "PER CAPITA" PRODUCTION OF VOMESTIC, EXPORTED CROPS AND SUGARCANE, 1971184 (a) YEAR VOMESTIC EXPORTED SUGARCANE CROPS CROPS 1977 100.0 100.0 100.0 1978 86.0 88.0 105.1 1979 87.3 94.0 110.5 1980 90.8 112.8 115.6 1981 90.2 110.6 118.3 1982 96.5 104.2 137.9 1983 73.6 107.2 156.4 1984 84.9 113.3 174.8 AnnuaZ GILaowth Rate (M -1.94 2.56 7.84 (a) P'duction data 6,tom FIBGE (BtaziUian Foundation 6ot Geog'taphy and Statistic6). La6peqyte indicez, 1977 piceu, poputation gtwwth oa 2.5 peAdent dwting 1977/80 and 2.3 peLcent luAing 1980/84, Vome>6tic c/OP,: . Zce, mraze, edibQe beavt, caezava and potawtoa . Expovte cxOp: cotton, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans, otange. anT cocoa. Signi.icance te,st at the 20 pecent Zeevet. - 54- peAcent annuatty tespe.ctivety. Second, Tahte 5 shows a substantiat i inceteaze., 7.84 pet- cent annuatty, 6ot the "pet capita" ptoduction o6 zugatcane, mo,tty as a tQeutt o6 the incenteve. given by the atcohot pto- gktam. Thi&dty, with an intetmediate pe.6o&mane., TabLe 5 shows the expotted cAop,s, with a yea&Zy gtowth tate in "pet capita" ptoduction o6 2.56 pe.cent(l). Such a )tate is the tQeutt o6 the 3.40 petent annuat gtowth in `pet capita" soybean ptoduction, 6.15 pe.cent in otange ptoduction and 3.07 pehcent in cocoa "pe. capita" ptoduction, atthough dectine we.te vet.iied 6ot cotton, peanuts and ca6to-, beans(2) This un4avotabLe petAotmance o4 "pe.4 capita" ptoduction o6 domestic 6ood c&ops shoutd, in the absence o6 compensatoty ope.tationz in stock!z and/ot impott,s, be Ae.Lected in highet teta- tive ptices. Given the impottane. o6 such 6oods 6o' tow-income 6amities in tetmem o6 budget shate., thi& type o6 change couLd boting a woL5ening o4 the &ea.a income disttibution. Even taking into account that othevL 6actovt, conttibuted to highe.L con,sume.L ' p-tice. duAing 1977/84, zuch as incteased oit p-'tice. in 1979/80 and the tise. in inte.LnationaL commodity ptice. in 1983, it seem. impoAtant to mention that the minimum-wage (in Sao Pauto, Rio de Jane.ito, Minas Ge.tai and the Fede.kat Di,sttict) in 1983, when de6tated by the index o6 consumet 6ood p'ice. in Rio de Janei&Lo, was 26 pe.tcent towe.t than in 1977. In 1978 it was 0.9 petcent highe.L than in 1977 and in atL othe.L yea,t it was towe. than in 1977 (in the itange 5.0 - 8.8 peAcent). In 1982, 37 pe.Lcent o6 the Btrazitian economicatty active poputation - 17.8 mittion peopLe - had incomes equat to o't betow one minimum-wage, a numbe.L which con6i&m-s the impottance o0 the di6ttibutive i-jue. in BkaziL. (1) Inctuding co66ee, the g4ow;th A-te 6oA expotted cAops was 2.53 pe.cent. (2) Mozt o4 the data in this pa4t o6 the pape. iz 6tom Homem de Me.o, 1984. -5 5 - 1 .2. 5. Poticy Iszues It is out opinion that one o6 the mo6t impoAtant cuttent ptobtemz in Bzazitean agAicuttuAe iz the unbatanced pat- Ste.n oi its gtowth. Obviousty we ate not imptying that this is the onty ptobtem. F-om pe.vious sections o6 this pape& we couwd mention ptobtems tetated to the concenttation in tand ownet.Jhip, the occupation o6 the 6jionteiet tatez, the unbatanced patte'n od agicuttu&at g&towth in tegionaZ -te.mo (Southe.n v6. No&theast Aegion,) and a 4ew othet.. In this section, howevet, attention witt be given to the ptobtem o6 unequat ptoduction gtowth in the MaziLeian ctop sectoA, patticutaty .ince the countty 6aces a se- tious cti,6is in its extetnat 6ectot. In BA'azit, 1985, we think 6ive 6actoJu ate eteevant 6ot detetmening te.OUtCe attocation between the dome.tic (non-t'laded), expotted and sugatcane (atcohoZ/gasotine) bub.6ecto&s: a) a tech- noLogicaZ dizequitibtium 6avotin.g expotted ctops and sugatcane as again,st domestic ctops; b) the exchange tate poticy 6ince the teat devaLuation in Febtuaty, 1983; c) the behaviot o inte.tna- tionat commodity pticeQ; d) the 6utute o6 the atcohot. ptogtam; e) -the teceszion o6 the Btazitian economy zZnce 1981. The i't%,t one, the technotogicat disequitibtium, can be chatactetized by a gteate.kt intensity in the genveati-on (and adoption) o6 technotogicat innovation. 6ot ctops in the expott ,subsectot vis-a-vis the domeitZic one. In6otmation has atteadybeen given to 6uppott thi.6. As a te.6utt, yiqZd gtowth iZ highet 6ot the 6o'me. subsecto&, ptooi-tabitietie ate atte.ed and agticu.- tutat gtowth is ditected to the expotted bubeecto4. Fot in-tance, even in the Aecent petiod oi 19771/84, the 6oLLowing was the annuat agge.gate -ate oA yie.d gtowth Zn Btazit: a) expotts c)top.s (cotton, peanuts, tobacco, soybean, otange. and cocoa),4.05 petcent; b) sugatcane, 2.79 pe4cent; c) domestic ctops (tice, edibte bean., maize., cazzava and potatoes), zeto (in the ttend tne.). As an exampte o6 the te.utting unbatanced gtow.th, between 1977 and 1984, even with dectining inte.nationaL ptice.., .oybean -56- atea gtew by 2.038 miLtion hectate6 in the 6ta-te oi Mato GtoAso do Sut, Mato Go4so, Ooias and Mina4 Getai4, %egionA which in- ctude BtazitVs ce.iados as wet. aL ateas betow 15QS, a6te' the deve.opment o6 the apptopAiate vati.tieiz by the EMBRAPA system. In addition, even within the domestic ubsectott, an unbatanced technotogicat - ituation seems to exi,6t. 16 we go back to Tabte I, it can be noted that maize and potatoe,s did considek- abty bettet in te.'mz o4 yieed g'owth than tice, casava and edibZe beans duting 1967/176. Now, 6ot the pe.iod 19771/83 the e.stimated tates oS yie.d gzowth (thtee yeat moving ave.age) 0ot B-azit we.e: maize, 3.88%; potatoe., 3.24%; tice, 2.00%; cazsava, -1.22% and edibLe bean4, -1.40%. The tice yie.d gtowth went 6-tom ze-to to 2.00% between the two petiods and the tatez 6ot maize and potatoes temained positive with a good imptovement 6oA maize. Latet on in thi, pape/t we witt come back to this mattet. Atthough 6howing an imptovement, mainty 6ot maize and tice, it is quite Likety that a disequitib'ium stit e.xizt6 on technotogicat gtoundc between expotted and dome.tic ctopb. 16 this i6 Lo, an impottant impLication is the di66icutty o4 teve.'e it in a shott time pe.iod, in spite o6 the act tihat 6jtom the mid-6eventies EMBRAPA has inc'teased te.eatch inve.tments 6ot dome.stic ctops thtough the cLeation o. nationaL te.eatch centtes. In the 4econd pLace, the exchange tate poticy 5otLowed by Btazit is woiuth mentioning. With the maxidevaLuation (30 pet- cent) o6 the ctuzeito in Febtuaty, 1983 as we.t as the mini- devatuation4 since then, it iz cteat that the behaviot o. the excchange tate has 5avoted ptoduction 5ot expott. 14 we take into account BtaziZ'6 agteement with the IntetnationaL Monetaty Fund - devaLuation equat to the monthLy tate o. dome.tic in6tation - up to 1985, az we.et as the countty'z utgent need 6ot a Za&ge tVade outptus, the conctuzion is that 6ot the neat 6utute, the exchange tLate poticy 6houtd continue to be one 6avoving agticuL- tutaL expott4. In the thi-d ptace, it is nece6saty to conzidet the -tecent behaviot o6 "pet capita" income. This is 4o becawue in - 5 7 - 1981 we had the beginning io an economic tece,sLon and conze- quantty, the obbseved dectine tn income "pQn capita" contAibuted to a downwatd shi6t in the inte.tnal demand 6ot dometic. ctoop. Thiz 6uthevL 6avou expott ctop6 via the te.sutting incte.ae in the p)Lice-tatio o6 expottabte.-domestic ctops. To give a mote pteci,se idea o6 the impottance oA this p1LobQem we coutc( mention Bacha'.s (1984) e.timate o6 the ave.age ",standatd" o6 tiving in 1984, which was 17 pe.tcent towet than in 1980. This etitmate a,tume.- zeao gtowth in 1984 (actuaaUy it was positive), the de- te.Ko,'ation in the tetm,s o. ttade and the tLan6sAe6J o6 teaZ te,soutcQe. to 6oteignets, in addition to the 14.1 pe.tcent decZAine in "pet capita" GDP. The magnitude. o6 such a 6att indicates that tn the next e.w ye.ats, even with the beginning o e.conomic tecov- e.ty, intetnat demand may be a con.Sttaint on the expanioLn o6 do- me,tic, ctopi. In 6ouJLth ptace, the.e i -the behaviot o6 in-te'nationaZ commodity pice.s, at teast tho5e. tetevant to BS~tazitQ' agticut- tuLLLaZ expottts. 14, in the neat 6utu,'e., such ptice6 incte.a.6e. 6tom the pteeent tow e.ve.,s, the e.e.ct woutd be simitat to the one cau.ed by the exchange &ate, that is, an incteaze in the Letative expotted - dome.tic ctop pttceQ tatio wtth tesuttant change. in the ctop mix. With the exception o6 the second seme.teLt o6 1983 and the 6itz,t one o6 1984, intetuviationat commodity ptice,s have been quite tow a6 compa,'ted to the. QeveQ o6 1980. Fot instance, a6te.t an avetage close to US$ 300 pet ton in the second semestet o6 1980, the 6oybean ptice wa, ne.at US$ 200 tn the second semuteA oi 1984. WotQd tece,&,Zon, high te.at intetet ta-te ancd the ovet- -vatued doQQat, 6omewhat eteated 6actors, ate /tecogniZed as /tea- ,onz jo~t the heavy dectines tn commodity ptices. FinaQty, ~the Za,st ete.t.ant vatiabtt e iUs the ~t&tUte o6 Btazit'm atcohoL ptogtam. ThiUs 6a-utue. i not cteat to ua5 6tom indication° o; /e.ce.nt govetnmentaZ atitude.. The ptoduction goat Jo' the c/top yea/t 1985/86 - 10.6 biQQPion tite/ti - wtiQ be in tatge patt Autt6itQQed, and quite a 5Qew new ptojects have been {inanced tisnce the "boom" petAod 1979/82. F)tom 1977/84 the sugaL- -5&- cane atea iinceased at an annuaZ tate o4 7.43 pekcent, white the avea with domeztic and expo-ted cnops temained con6tant. In th, context, it iL not po6zibte to disAegatd the competition 4oA tand and othey input,s between zugaLcane, expotted and domestie ckop,s. We betieve thete ate gtound-5 1o1 Ae6otmutating the countty'yj eneQtgy poticy, that i, pteventing additionat expan,sion oS Lugat- cane. This conetu-eion iA based on the high sociat co,st5 o6 pto- dutcing atcohot in Btazit (US$ 79-91 pet bat et-equivatent in 1981) (hlomem de Melo and Petin, 1984) and the exintece o4 cheapet at- te,Lnative,s (dome,stic oit, coat, natutat ga,s, hate oit, consetva- tion, imptoved vtban and &ong-diAstance t&anzpottation). In conetusion, we befieve that one o¸ the most impoAtant probtem,s today 6ot B.azit is to de6ign a compen,satoty poticy 6o.5 the expansion oi the domesttic chop subsectot in £ight o¸ the above 6ive 5acto'uts. PatticutaTy impottant 6oir such a poticy ate con,st-taintis due to the technotogicat dis equitibAium and the ex- change tate poticy. The gotmet 6ottow6 {tom the unceutain and iong-,tun natute o6 teseaAch investment,5. EMBRAPA ha,s inctea,5ed ,-.uch investmentS and it i>s vety -mpottant that they a-'Le not di.5- contt-nued in the 6utwte. The second one 6ottow,s diQectty , tom SB'azit'6 exteQnat debt and the need 6ot subtantiat incteases in expohtt,. -59- 2. The Nationa- AgaicutLtkaQ Rezeatch Syztem (NARS) 2.1. Ovetview In the p,'teviouz chaptet we mentioned that in 1973 theate wa.! an impotant change in the otganization o6 agCicuttutat te.eatch in Btazi&, with the cteation o6 EMBRAPA - SAazitian Company o6 Agticuttutat Resea&ch -, a state owned cotpotation inctaded in the Miniztty o6 Agticu.ttu&e. TogeThet with such an oLganizationaZ change it seems that a majoL poZicy change aQzo took ptace, in the sense that 6tom that moment to the p4teent, -te.ealtch activities at the 6ede.'tat Qeve. teceived a muLch gteatet uzppott than in ptevious pekiods, such as that beginning in the e.aty 6i6tie. when te.eatch activitie. wete dec-ining whie. those te.a-ted -to ex.tenzion we.te inctea-sing. Ag)ticuttu&tLaZ aLe.4eakch in B-tazit has typicatty been conce.nt'ta-ted in the. pubtic 4ecto4, both 4edetaL and s a-te. The paatticipa-tion o6 -the ptiva-te sectotL has been quiUte s-maLt, with the monst impot-tan-t exception be.ing maize. ezeatch (hybtid seeds), with na-tionaL and 6oe.ign-owned companies. With te.pec-t -to -the devetopmen-t o6 agticuQLtutaa te.ea-ch a-t -the 6edetae tevet, -two pe.tiod-d aate uztuatty distinguis heQd as tepa e.sen-ting dij6e.xe.n-t o,tien.tation a6-te. WoaQd Watt II. The 6iuL,t one, dating 6xom be6oke Woatd Wax II tasAted untiL 1971 (Schuh and AZve.s, 1971). In this 6itz-t phase, -the te.4eatch oaganiza-tion was in -the 6oa'm o6 a t'tadi-tionaL pubtic ze.tLvice - -the. Na-tionat De.patAtmen-t o0 AgticuLttutaLQ ReseaLch and Expe.ximen-tation (DNPEA) in thJe Mini-tty o6 AgiLicuLttute. In -thiz pe.iod, besides -the tack o6 a continuing e.6ort by -the ede.Tda gove.tnmen-t, in -the. 4ense o06 ptoviding ag-'ticuttawe with apptopiLia-te -technotogicaL innova-tionz, the.LQe aQso wa4 inadequaate ge.og taphicat di-!,ttibu-tion o6 te.Qea&ch uni-ts, az we.Lt a6 -the abzence o6 pTope. communica-tion be.tween te.ea-tcheut and 6a'Lme.'u. Among -the consequences, Schuh and ALve. (1971) poinAted oUt -the co-e.xi--te.nce. o6 a LatgQe num be.4 o6 -te.eatLch p-koje.c-tz wich patattet objectives and 6o t p,toducts wuithoat g,.eat impoattance a. eithe,t JooCd itei,s G',t a. lie./:, /,C('.(q '(;l-it 1 ,.(t!;e eet t .a,a.t)Lx zwa-s a L(6wt('cl 'cCtc tc Z o k:zc iace' a' j.i attLactin g new one.6. AR,o, as poiiited out in -the pev4ioius chapteA, the indica tonl (Paltote et at, J974) ate that ovniy a 6ew 6tates, sach a4, Sao PauYo, Rio Gtande do SuZ and ,Minas Getai4-, c-teated and wete abYe to su/stain -tezeatch institu.tAon dutLing the taPst 100 yea-ts, oi which onty Saa Pauto's e'3jo'tt had gteat succezz. OLt teview in the ptevious chaptet con6i/med this eaLt poin-t iot the ca'se.- o6 co66ee, cotton, suga-,tcane, omange, maize and potatoe.5 tn Sao Pauto. The 6iULt te.seatch centet in the 5tate, Campinaz 'Agtonomic Institute, wa6 cte.ated in 1881 mainQy 6otL co{ge.e tezeaA'ch. It wa.s SoRRote.d by the BiotogicaR Institute, the VIv&(oPi 06 ZootechonoRogy and Akiimaz NuPL-ition and the Depatutment od ZooRogy, none'W o5 the 6ou. wi&th any di'zLect Aetation -to uniet.sitie. . The state ha6 atso Jot a tong tirnme /uppo/t,ted an agt%iuZtutat schoot. im Pitacicaba (ESALQ) within the Unive,tsity o¸ Sac Pauto. Otheit 4chooRj now exist. The Campinas' AgkItonomic Institu-te (IAC), be.-i des i t headquaate.s in Campina,, had a totat o6 16 expetimentat tationz 4pt.ead OVeQ most oe the aglticu atuat e. tegion v in the state. Fot an individuaR /state, Sao PauZo'% e.loktt was quite i. -mpiSesive, e/peciatty when the compaAilson is made to that at the 6edetae teve.. Fo,t instance, in 1969 Sao PauRo'-s agticu LtuOLa kteseatch /sy/stem had 720 4te.e.aLche.z, whie. -the /edeta1e syl--em (DNPEA) had 850 6O/t BtaziL az a whoe. (Paiva, 1973). Thiz 6ede.taZ sytem was 6onmed by nine tegionaZ t e.ea-ch cenvte-t, each one. wth a netwo)tk o6 expe.timentat stationv. U/sing the numbe.tL o6 %e/eacthe't in each cente.% as an index oa e4-ott, a -5peciat 6avotabte note could be made ot -the. Aeeatch cente.tt- Zocated in Reci¸e lPet- nambuco), Sete Lagoal (Minas Getaiz), RiTo de Janei.to (the 6o- caZRed Km 47) and PeZotaz (RRio G-tande do Sau). Each o' the nine tegionat te.ea'tch centets oS DNPEA suppomted kQeseaLch in c-'ops impokttant in thei. te.pective tegionv which as mentioned above, invoeved con-6idetabte amount o6 dupticated e6o6mt. - 6 1 - --- Thi,s pattetn o6 ag icu&tutiat Ae4eaJLch o)Lganization was cacu&ed "the di66u.6e mode. o6 Ae.seaitch" by PatoIte and Atv e. (1984): "the main 6actu,e o6 this modeZ is that each ,tezeat-ch unit ttiues to divetsi6y its acitve.tie, iteeatching many di4deJt- ent ptoduct,6 and attempting to gene.tate a wide a.vtay o6 -technot- Ogi e.5". The citicAim o6 Pastoite and Atves was bazed on the expen,6ivene.s o6 such -sy,tem o6 .te.5eatch o'tganization, -ince 6nty pait o4 the ne.w know-21edge gene.tated wa4 e6jecNtveqy t-tanz- 6oltmed into new techhnoZogy. The becond phase in the devetopment o6 agiLecuZtutaa 't.e.ea-tch in Btazit, dating 6tom 1911 to pkes e.nt day-, was an answevt to such an ine6-ic-4Z'ent situation. In 1971 a speciat committee wa,s appoin-ted by the 6eded aa govvLnnment to evaLuate the te.ea-tch 4ituation in the countity, and in 1973 change. we.te 6otmatLzed thitough the c'teation o6 EMBRAPA, which otaitted it6 ope.tations on ApiLZ 26, 1973. 2.2. In titutionaQ StV.uctutLe The c'teation o6 EMBRAPA, a majot poticy and cotganoiz- ationaL change in B;taziZian agticuttuote, Wa4 a tecommendation o6 the zpeciaQ committee appointed by the Ministet o6 AgLicuttuLoLe .tn 1971, with the objective o6 evau.ating -the 6ede."tat system a6 agictae a tutai Tte.eaAch exiz,tent a;t .that time. I-tz main conctu6ion waz -the need o6 an ui-gen-t te.6oAm 06 -the 'teeatch sy4-6tem tn -the coun-t't.y. Ne.xit we. vitxcL be Aevi4e.wing wha-t wetee the basiZc pLin- ecipZe. o06 the ite.eaich mode. impZemented a;t nthat tine. and con-tinuing nowaday6. In -the woind,s o6 Pa-stote and Atve.s, "the bazic tenet oiS EMBRAPA is that apptied ag ,icuttu,tat ,teeatach zhoutd be guided by the conchLe.te needz o6 the nationa. 40oe4ety a.6 expte.sed in gove.iLnmen.t poLicie.-6 and in the conce&Ln6 o6 6a'tmnie.', exte.nion agentb, and induzitty. Execution o6 appRied te,sea.ach ditec-ted ,towavLd immediate needo iL. seen a6 -the ptov- iLnce. 06 the ttechnoZogitCa te.,eatch institute.. Mote 6undamenitaZ e,sea)tch in Qeen a4 -the ptovince 06 the univetz-itie.6" (Pa6to'ze and AZve.,6 1984). -62- In addition to thiz genetat ptincipte 60t the te6oAm o6 the agticuttutaL tezeatch 6ystem in B5iazit, 6ix 6peci6ic gui deRine4 swee uw6ed (Paztote and Atve.6, 1984): a) the ttanje& o6 6oL-Leign technotogy was conzideted vatid but with Rimited impo-t- ance in many in&tanceQ6. Ttaining abtoad and technicaL azzistance wete conzideted as impottant; b) teseatch e6o-L-t- -6houLd be con- cent',ated on tegionaL ptoject4, due to the scatcity o6 huaman and 6inanciaL tezoutcce; c) the plivate sectot 4houtd pa4tticipate in the deveLopment o6 most 4eecatch ptojectz; d)the4e 6houed be admini,tiztative dRexibitity in the tezeatch -ystem in te-'m-6 o6 obtaining extta jinanciat 4ezoutcez and in dete4mLmining the Levet o6 4aLataie, as weLL a5 t&aining need.6; e) a ctose teLationzhip jhoutd be e,6tabtijhed wi,th -the extenzion setvice and the input indu,tty with the objective o6 imptoving the di66uzion mechanism; 6) InowLedge 64om inteknationat intitu4te4 and 64tom othet 6oteign teseakch cen-teb zhoutd be adapted and 6p'tead thtoughtout the coum- .t-y. Economics tezea4ch 6houLd aLso be incLuded in the 6ystem. Z6 we tecaLL the de6icienciez and tow ptoductivity o6 the pteviouz teseatch syztem in BSazit (DNPEA), we can have an idea o0 the chaLLenge Aaced by thoze invoaved in ptanning the 6i-tUst steps o6 the new .6y4.tem. It is impo-tant to note, again 6ot out commentz Latet on, thczat ag9icuttu. at hezea4Ach in B%aziL, p4eviouz to EMBRAPA'4 cteation, was atmo4§C entiteZy concenttated at Campina,' Ag4onomic Institute (TAC), a 4etQ&tivety taige tezea-'ch cente4 zuppo-tted soLeiy by the -tate o6 Sao PauLo. It tookz tike the chaRLenge46 as weLL aj the di66i- cuttiez to be 6aced by the new tezeatch syztem wete cteatty pefceived by tho,se, Like Pastote and Atves, diqectiy invoLved on the evatuation pteceding EMBRAPA and in the initiaL ptanning a6tet itz 6o4maL cteation. Fot in,6tance, thoze 6ame two autho4-s empha-bized that "the deveLopment o6 EMBRAPA imptiez the concen- ttation o6 teLativeLy ia4ge 'inanciat and human te-zeatch te- zoutcez on a Limited numbet 06 ptoductz. The chaLtenge that thi&s modeL ptezents i-6 that a6 deiining ptio4titie4 and teaponding to changing citcunstance-6" (Pa6to4e and Atve.6, 1984, p.124). -6 3- Atthough with quite a Za-'tge Aesponzibitity in doing agticuQttuat teseatch and obtaining uzeLut aezuLtt to 6ammet-5,it iz impottant to emphazize that {Aom the beginning EMBRAPA was not suppo,sed to be the on teyeseaAch insttutton to cO veut Btazit as a whoQe. The state te.seatch system stif-f had an im- pottant ptace in the -in,tiutionat modet impLemented a{te. 1973 and EMBRAPA'- -toe. was to devetop it wh en nece.zaty and/ot zuppot- it. EMBRAPA had the ditec-t tesponoibitity 6o0t u.eating and impZementing commodity - otiented nationae- te,eaALch cen-te.ks. Az we. mentioned be.o-'e, juzt a 6e.w states in BIazit we.&e abLe ot witting to c&eate oIt maintain ag,L'ilcuLtutLac Ieeatch in,-titutiono, Sao Pauto being the. main except-ton. A6 a )Le,sutt, this pL-t o0 EMBRAPA%' woLfz had to zta'-t pacticaty 6tom 5cta-tch and was concen-tLated on tLaining te.ea)LcheILz 6o-t the seve.Lat states a's we.L as ptoviding the tLe.pective state gove.Lnments witth a,56is-t- ance in -the otganiza-tion o4 -theit own te,seatch coApoAa;tionz (Pa- -to&e and ALvez, 1984). In Aacing -the ptobLem o6 e.tab-L,hing te.Le.aech ptio-t- Ltie,s in -te.ILm, o6 ptoducts, tegions and te.soutce aLea., EMBRAPA came -to -the AoLLowing decizion,: whea-t, zugaLcane., maize, ed-ibe. beanz, zoybeans, tice, ILubbet, tivestock and daity, in -te.m, o4 pxoductz, and "cet-'tado", 5emi-a4Ld ag)'icu-tute and humid-Vtopic ag,ticuttute in ;tetms o4 te,soutce ateas. Na,tionaQ &ezeakch cen;tets wete cteate.d 6o& each o4 these ptoduct6 with the exceptions oi LLugaLcane. and co66ee. A6 we men-tioned in the ptevious chapteL, - cugaLcane ILe,seatch ha-s been, since 1971, undet the te.sponibiti;ty o6 PLANALSUCAR, as institution betonging to the MiniVtky o6 In- duw5t'y and CommeLce. Since this tazt ke.ea.a'ch cen-te.t was ctea-ted in 1971 be.2oe -the otganization o6 EMBRAPA, we can onty 6pecutaLte ;tha;t EMBRAPA may have had, in it- beginning, the goat o6 incok- pottaing 6ugatcane tese.ach in its own syztem. Even i6 that is ;tiue, -the Aact iz that zuch incoALpo-'tation has no-t occuk'ted up to -the pteen~t. Aboutt -the coa6ee ke.eatch centet, wha;t couLd be Lea-tnt J&om out vists jot this ILeseatch is that EMBRAPA o46e.ed it to -the sta-te o4 Sao Pauto in coLLabota-tion with Campinas' -64- Ag'tonomic Institute, but that it was >ie.6ued by the sta4e gov- etnment. Nowadays, the fist o. EMBRAPA'6 nationa.e tAQ3 eatch centets inctude,s sevetaf- othets not in the initiat de6inition o6 pLiomitie., Much as: cotton, cassava/Auits, potk/pouttLy, patm, goats, vegetabtes and agLcLuttutae chemicat-n 6m ptant deases. TheiP tocation, a-te the 6oaowi>ng: a) Cotton: Campina Gtande, Pa&a7ba (Nottheast) b) Rice and Bean-s: Goiania, Golas (Centet-West) c) Goats: SobAai, Ceatar (Notheazt) d) Agticuttutat Chemicats: Campinas, Sao Pauto (South- east) e) Livestock: Campo Gtande, Mato Gko-so do SuQ (Centet- -West) D) Vai4y: Cokonet Pacheco, Minas- Getais (Southeast) g) Vegetabte,s: BtasZZQLa, FedehaQ Disttict (Centet-West) h) Ca ava/F&4its: CiLuz das Afmas, Bahia (No4-theast) i) Maize./Soghum: Sete Lagoas, Minas Getais (Southeast) j) Rubbet/Patm: Manaus, Amazonasn (Notth) k) Soybeans: Londtina, Patana (South) Q) Pck/Pouttty: ConcjiLdia, Santa Catatina (South) m) Wheat: Paz6o Fundo, Rio G&ande do SuQ (South) n) Tempetate Ftuits: Petotas, Rio Gtande do Sut (South) Ftom this updatedti,st o6 nationat te,seatch centeAz it can be noted that EMBRAPA' system has expetievnced a subtantiat expansion 5tom -itb initiat tist c5 ptimoity ptoducts. Witth the exception o6 suga)Lcane [cove.-,ed by PLANALSUCAR) and co6,/)ee, we cannot think o° any majo ptioduct in B/,Lazitian agtic uttue. that i,6 not ptes entty co ve qed b y EMB RA PA 's jteseatch s ystem . UeteRty thi.s expaniaon o~ 5the hangeQ o4 EMBRAPA%' activitie. utepoesents a poticy change {tom the eaQtie.t oKtientation: ".ince Piezoutce.6 aiLe scatce, it i-U nece,,a'½y to timit the numbeu od ptoduction system p&iototype. devetoped and the numbet oi commoditie,s ie,se.ached. Ctea&ty p-'iotitiee muit be e,stabti4shed, buit this means that some gtoup- o4 6atmeA6 may not ie.ceive the bene6it{U oi te.e.ach" (Pas- totie and Atve.s, 1984, p.125). As we. w4it 6ee in the next zection -6 0 - EMBRAPA',s budget gILew considetab4y ove. the peiLZod 1974/82. It iz pozzbte. that one way EMBRAPA'6 administ ato'>,s dutK:ng 1974184 6ound )te.seach e.oLutce.s coutd be incAteased wa,s to inciLea.se the numbet o06 commodities having a nationat Qeset..ech cente,t 'Liathet than to convince gove.Lnment o66iciats t-o taie suppot;t 6o't a given numbet o6 centets. Eeseu AZveA, 6o'time.t p'Jes t hae6 o. the e.venUtie. to 1978/80 is quite ctea-'t and coincide.5 wvith the 6iPLt Qew yejkai od EMBRAPA. In 6act, the budget data given by At'ev. (Ave.s, 1984, pp. 161-73) shows a con,6idetabte incte.a/e .in EMBRAPA' expenditutLe.. duikng 1974/80 (in mittions o6 dottaWt>: 1974, 25.3; 1975, 56.0; 1976, 80.8; 1977, 98.1; 1978; 125.6; 1979, 154.1; 1980, 157.5; 1981, 183.0; 1982, 220.0. Immediate.y be.o,'te the cteation oA EMBRAPA, the Aed- eAaf budge.t 6ot agticuttutat and Uve,stocz wa,s thee jo>-Rowing (mi.eion dottats): 1970, 10.6; 1971, 9.5; 1972, 8.8; 1973, 14.0 (Atve.s, 1984, p.53). Exte.nion expenditu.ate at.6o tnc4ea.ed ?tom the jit,t haf6 o4 the euevnties to 1978/80 but at a tate towet than the incteaze ot 6 te.eatch. Howeevet, de.pite thi& an inceease in te.eatch expendituL-e.s, the data shown by Evenson indica-te. tha-t B.tazit -tff- t.anked tow coOmpaLed to othe. Latin Ame.'ican counttie,s, Reading him to concPude: "The EMBRAPA initiative ha5 now pa tiatRy te.toted th-i, batance, but even now Btazit doe. not tank highRy a6 an invQetot in pubRic -secto t agticuttutat te- sea.aLch" (Evenson, 1984, p. 252). A. a te.utt, the Btazitian pat- te.n o6 technoZogicat innovation may in the dutu>Le. Read to mote batance among c-kops but may stitt be at a te.ative.Ly tow ove.aLL -eeve. compated to othet counttie.s. FtnaLLy, the.e -houtd be a wotd about the budget oi Sao Pauto' te.eatch institutions. In TabLe 08 we pt'eent the te.- ,seat,,ch budget dot aLL in.sttuttons, as ceLL a,s the budgets o& exten,sion duting 1960/80, both o4 them coming enti-e.y 6tom the ,state gove.nment. We can then note a gaiAty keeasonabte gtowth in the te.eatch budget Jot aLL in titution-s in the -state Stom the eatt.y 6ixtie. to the mid-seventie., a6tet which i-t ook,s Lke. -73- TABLE 7 RATIO OF RESEARCH AND EXTENSION EXPENDITLIRES TO VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT IN BRAZIL YEAR RESEARCH EXTENSION 1959 0.30 0.57 1965 0.34 0.77 1971 0.41 0.83 1974 0.31 0.66 1978/80 0.87 1.13 Souwtce: Eve.non (1984, p. 252). oveta. Q a eseatch investment temained constant untit 1980. PLac- .ticatQy the same patte.n can be ob,etved 6ot the extension budget, with the dL,tinction that in evety yeat this budget was con,sdetabty tatget than the one. 6o teo Qeatch. One o6 the pozLbte 'ieazonz 6ot the obzeAved no-gtowth in Sao Pauto'.6 te.eatch inve.6tment a-tet the mid-,eventie. ,'couzd be thought to be the cteation o6 EMBRAPA and the gtowth in it,s budget a6tet 1974. That iz, a6tet being the teadet in ag,%icut- tutaZ teseatch in B&aziZt 6ot quiL-te some. time, wLth bene.6it4 -to Sao Pauto and neighboLing sta-te,s, -the sita-te might have voQun- -taty began -to adopt a potLcy aimed a-t bene.i4ting, via ex-tetnaZ- -&itie.6, 6om EMBRAPA'.s inctLeazsing kte.eaitch Lnve.;tmen.t. HoweQveQt, doubts ati eQ with te.peQc-t ito -thaAt hypotheh Qi4 when we. note. thaAt Sao Pauto',s extenzion budge.t had p-'tactLcaZZy the /ame behavioo a?itet -the mid-,even-ties, and tha-t ex-te.nat bene.iLt, -to Sao Pauto {oom Za'Lget exteno4on budge.ts a-t -the 6ed- e.aa tevet (EMBRATER) woutd be minimaQ, i6 exiZ6tent a;t atZ. In addiAtion, -the patiticipation o6 EMBRAPA in Sao Pau- Qo'4 te64eatch budge.t, thAough gtant4 wa,6 vety 6matt - 4.7 pe'Civt -74- TABLE 8 RESEARCHAND EXTENSION'S BUDGET IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO, 1966/80 (1977' Ct$) VEAR RESEARCH EXTENSION 1960 97.6 155.4 1961 105.0 173.2 1962 115.5 219.4 1963 98.1 262.1 1964 94.8 236.9 1965 109.5 334.9 1966 128.2 404.4 1967 159.9 297.2 1968 130.1 277.9 1969 168.1 382.2 1970 183.5 356. 8 1971 262.6 387.3 1972 279.7 402.6 1973 300.2 569.66 1974 272.1 653.3 1975 257.1 747.6 1976 266.7 602.7 1977 246.1 562.7 1978 347.3 477.1 1979 311.3 617.5 1980 265.9 516.9 SouLtce: Peixoto da Si2va (1983, p.72). - 75- duAing 1978/80 (Evenson, 1984, p.253). We tecaPQ that the te- ,ea'tch 6ystem in Sao Pauto ib not a pautt 06 EMBRAPA'6 nationat iy,stem at eea,6t in 6oiLmat teQms, as the Ae.6utt o6 a decision takfen by the state gove.Lnment in the mid-seventi&e.. In any case, given the impoitance °6 Sao Pauto',s Ae,se.ch cente.ts, the.te. i )Lea,bon 6ot conce.tn about the behaviouLt o6 the te.eavLch budgets 6tom the mid-,seventie.5, espe.ciatty /since the situation seem's to have de-te.io-tated zince 1979. Fot in/stance, in 1983 the budget o6 Campina/5' Agtonomic Institute (IAC) waz, 58.6 pe.cent o0 the one 6ot 1979; 4o6Lt the Biotogicat Int&ttute, 59.6 pe.Lcent and 6oA -the Zootechnoto9y Intitute,59.3 petcent (GoveLno do E,stado de Sao Pauto, 1984, p.31). Such a dec-i-tle iJ quite. seioLu, AZnce Pei- xoto da Sitva (1983, p.90) e.timated a vatue o6 matgina- ptoduct oA 73-76 itom an additionat ctuze.io inve.ted in te.ea-tch in Sao Pauto, a6 compated to one o6 40 pet additionat dottaa in the Unie.d State,s with a imiZaa methodotogy. Evenison (1984, p.254) had atteady detected /such ptLobtQem/n Sao Pauto's ptogtam: "It appeaIu, howeveoL, that Sao Pauto's exempta/tLy ptoqjram hac not been the cente.piece o6 thki, expan,5ion (EMBRAPA',).lndeed, the IAC budget has expanded f-ittZe .5ince thQe eaAt2y 70,s, and the.,ue ate tepotts that it has &o8;t some /sta66 membeA...., 6e.w expetiment ,station), in the wontd have ptoduced mote bene6itz pet unit o0 inve.tme.nt than IAC". In the next chap-te.L we. wift go in mote detait about the t.etation,ship EMBRAPA - IAC. 2.4. StaJ6 One o6 the outstanding achievementts o6 EMBRAPA since 1974 ha,s been the upg-Lading o6 B-tazitian tesea.tch peL,sonne. th-ough 6otumat mazste. and docto'at ttaining. As pointe.d out by Pa,stote and AZve.s, in the 4eed.tat teseatch sy/ste.m that exiZsted be.6ote EMBRAPA, "onty 10 pe.tcent coutd be consideted pto6es- sionat,s with Some kind oS g,%adua.te ttaining in Ae.eat'ch" (Pasto- te and Ave.s, 1984, p. 123). In Decembe.-t, 1983, ten yqeat4 a6te. EMBRAPA'2s c'teation, 79 pe.%cent o6 the -te.eatch sta66 had eithe. - 76- the mastet ot the doctoLata degtee, In Figute I we p1Lesent the changes ovet time in the quat4icationnz o6 EMBRAPA's teeeaAcheur in which we can obseLve the tVtong gtowth in the pt'opottion o6 ma,;teAts hotdets, Soi.Zowed by those with doctokat degLtee and the dectine in the pAFopottion o6 teseatchetz with the B.S. QeveQ o6 thtaining. In 1983, out od 1,613 tesea-tche't-,, 338 (21 pe4cent) wete at the 13.S. teveQ, 990 (61 peAcent) at the mastetjs QeveT and 285 (18 petcent) at the doctotat teveZ. The sta64 tt'uctLuAe o the NARS in 1983 (inctuding the state insitutions as weQZ as EMBRAPA) was the 6oQZowing: 4,178 teseatch,ts, with 1,891 (45 pe'cent) at the BS Zevet, 1,777 (43 pe'tcent) at the ma,ste%', eveL and 510 (12 petcent) at the docto&'z LeveL. EMBRAPA, is Leading in the cuLtent changes itn quati6ication. 16 aLt EMBRAPA' TQesea,tchets pt.esen-ty uLndeQt ttaitning 6inish theit degt'ee, the 6oLLowing dittibution witQ ptevaiL: 1,613 %eseatche't in totaL with 195 (12 peQcent) at the BS LeveL, 963 (60 petcent) at the ma,stet,s LeveL and 455 (28 pet- cent) at the doctot's teveL. 14 we app-y the same as,5umption to the nationat Aeseatch system, the 6oLLowing wiQQ tesufLt; 4,178 teseaAchet-s in totat with 1,545 (37 pe-cent) at the BS LeveL, 1,903 (46 petcent) at the mastete teveL and 730 (17 peAcent) at the doctot' LeveL. To achieve such a tapid qua 6Amcation change in the te- zeatch sta66, EMBRAPA has invested a zhake o6 15-30 petcent oA the ove'atL budget duting 1974/82. In doLLat tetm,s, that means annuaQ vaLtue in the tange 7.1 - 36.4 mitLionz in the same pe'tiod, incLuding %baLaaty inditect costs, subtitution at a co-st equaQ to saLaty and inditect costs, ptus diULect education ex- penses .tike schotatships, 6ees and ttanspottation" (AZves,1984). Such an impLovement in the nationat sustem's quatiL ication ,sthucttU'e i4 an indication that mote and bettek Aesea)tch t1euLtt shoutd be ob-tained in the 4utute. We weQe not abte, howeveL, to b-teakdown this ztctu.tUhe by commodity. 16 -the 6ame impo'ovement can be assumed 60o domestic and expoivted goods, we couLd be stiQQ mote optimistic that a moQe even pattetn oA -technotogicaL - 717 - -- 1 70 60 / 50 40 30 20 10 Ph 0 _ a a , , , l 1976 77 78 79 80 81 82 FIGURE 1: Thc chanq quaZi 'jccatiou,lb cl EMBRAPA 'ee atche>t. Soutce: AevQe ( 1984, p. 173). -78- innovationz witU esuet in the 6utuoe. The data 6oh lAC - Campina,s' Agtonomic Inztitute - is not as detaiZed as that 6ot EMBRAPA. In 1983, IAC had a toita o6 250 teseatcheut, o6 which 53 had thaining abLoad, atthough the type wa6 not 5peci6ied. On the negative zide, howevet, 33 Aeseatchetz Ze6t the in titution in the ?ive ye.a4hs p'evious to 1983. The BiotogicaQ Institute in Saio Pauto had 204 teseatchets in 1983, 44 with ttaining abtoad and a Zo,s4, o6 6out te,seattche&h6 in the tast dive yeat,. In the Zootechnotogy In-titute, theQe we.he 105 Lte.ea.ache&ks in 1983, o6 which 13 with ttaining abiLoad (Gove.4no do E,6tado de Sao Pauto, 1984). The totat numbeA oi ILe- ,sea4c.he.i in IAPAR - Patana' . Ag.'Lonomic 7n,stitute - evoZved ghtom 3 in 1972, 10 in 1973, 36 in 1974, 97 in 1975, 168 in 1976, 168 in 1977, 167 in 1979, 166 in 1980, 170 in 1981, 176 in 1982, 177 in 1983, to 176 in septembe.t 1984. Atso, %e.ea&chets at the ma,ste.4 ot docito,%t' Zeve. evoQved 6tom 4 in 1973, 9 in 1974, 11 in 1975, 16 in 1976, 19 in 1977, 32 in 1978, 40 in 1979, 56 in 1980, 61 in 1981, 70 in 1982, 81 in 1983, and to 88 in Septembe.t, 1984. FinaQty, IPAGRO, in Rio G4ande do Sut, .eemz to be in the wot,st situation: with a totaZ o6 230 Ae.e.acheA,s in 1984,o6 which onty one wa,s at the docto4'.6 teve. and 20 at the rna.5tt',. -79- 3. Impact od IARC, on the NARS 3.1. Intitoduction As discused in the pAevious chaptet, the BcLazitian agticuttutat tea eatch system has undetgone quite impottant change/s since the ti^st haZ6 o6 the /seventie/s. Even with a de.icient 6ed- e&at tezeatch system bejote that time, the coantty, ot moke pte- ci6ety, a patt o6 it, had a set o6 succeQsz6uu tezectCh cases and te.utts. It i in-teteting to ob,6etve that molt o6 the -uc- ceQ-5 -totie6 o6 kezeatch iLn Buazit - co6e.e, cotton, CtLLUS, sugatcane and soybeans - ate commodities not cove-ted by the IARC6 even today. The exceptions atLe potatoels, because oA CIP, and maxize, with CIMMYT, aQthough most oA the Xte.eatLch in the.e cILopZ wal compete.d p&io,t to the cteation o6 theze two IARC6.The case.s o6 cotton, maxize, potatoez and soybeans iutf-utLate the 6unction- ing o6 an in6otLmat mechani&m 6o- iLmpotting new knowtedge as wett azs vaieti-e.s, paIticutaty 6,tom the United State.s and EaLope., to be 4utthe. used in c&ozzing. The exiztence o Iete.vant know-edge which can be ttan4eILted (a pubQxc good) 'houad maze it much easiet and teQs costey to devet.-op agticuQtutat technot.ogy dome.- ticaZty. When othe. countLie., patticuta&ty the devetoped ones, do not have a substantiat (and teZevant) amount o6 Inowtedge to be ttIan-6etted, te.eatch may be much mote di66icutt as we.Q a6 costQ-tie 6oIt Zes devetoped counttie.. PIeviousty, we mentione.d the unbatanced patte.n o6 technotogicaL innovation in Btazit with a bias again/st zome cIiticat domestic 6ood cLops, such a-s /Lice., cassava and edibQe beans. Mainty in the cases otj ca-zsava and edibte beans, Le.eaItch e66ott by devetoped countIle. ha' not been o6 majot signi6icance, pethaps becaue. Qthey ae. not vety impottant to them, in ptoduction ot in con/sumption. ThQe situation iz mixed 6oI ILice. IDtigated Iice has had signi6icant tech- notogicaZ devetopments, incQuding thoseQ te.sutting 6tom IRRI, but the same cannot be said 6oA uptand tice. As a Aesutt, and 6ot - 80- the moment Qeaving aside the mo'te )ecent contibutionz o6 the IARCS 6ot those cuopZ (CIAT and IRRII, the domestic e.6ott zhoued have been much gkeatet, in 4p-te o6 being a mote di66i- cutt one. Since EMBRAPA and the nationaQ te.eatch yfstem wete. cteated and imptemented, Ae.eatch expenditute. have been sub- 6tantiatty incteased, many te.eatch txe.uZts have a-'te.ady been obtained and, as a tesutt o6 atQ that, the countQLy may be in the ptoc.e. o6 getting a mo.e batanced patte.n oi technotogicat change among c&opb - dome.tic and expotted. In addition, EMBRAPA and the NARS have conside.Aabty imptoved the quaaity o6 theit teseatchet. , mainty thLough oAtmat ttaining at the maetet. and doctot' tevets. On the negative side, howeve., TAC, out 6otme. most impottant teseaAch cen-te, haz expe.,tienced dectine. Even ij no change. had at6o occutted in the intetna- tionaZ Aeseatch scene, Btazit woueid stiQt no doubt have teatized gain-s Som investing mote in agticututtat te.ea&ch, aRthough th'ough the "in6otmat" ttanziet mechani6m mentioned above, c&opS ptive.eged by teseatch in deveZoped count'tiQe wou2d be mo4e bene- 6ited by the ptoce,S6 o6 knowYedge tAanseht. Howevet, thingz did not temain constant on the inte.nationaL scene, since the numbe. and covetage a6 ctops in the IARC ysitem incteazed signi6icantty. RecaZZing the ctops with te.seatch de6iciencie. in B'tazit, a mention o6 CIAT, with cazzava, tice and edibZe beans, and IRRI with tice. houtd be made, incQuding the ,'ecent gteatet attention to uptand tice. In addition, the c,eation o6 IITA and ICRISAT waS a 6avotuabe deve.Zopment, given the ptevatence in Btazi( oj -topicat and semi-atid agticuttute, mainty in the pootQe tegion. o6 the countty. Reasoning somewhat diLeuAentty, i6 thoseQ poitive change. on the inteanationaL 4cene had occu,ted without substantiat im- ptovement in BAazita' nationaL Aese.atch system, the occuttence o ututQe bene.its in teitm o4 teseatch te.uttz wouLd not be so cettain. Howeve.t, a -the nationat system actuaaty imp'ioved, pat- - g]1 - tecutatty in the atea o6 Leseatchets' quatiZicationz, we think the pte.zent tetationship IARC4 - NARS, a weQt as the jutute one, iz beinglwitU be conducted much mote ptoductivety.In othe. wotdz, it iz out opinion that an e.66cient nationat te.6eaAch sy,6tem in Btazit, as etfewhete, is a ptecondition 6ot a pto- ductive cottabotation with the IARCs. 3.2. Reseatch Otganization The sUCtuctue. o EMBRAPA, atong with that o4 the te.t o6 the NARS, has at&eady been detaited in the ptevou.s chaptet. We have atzo de.ctibed how the system is imptemented thtough natZonaQ te.eatch ptogtanm, e.6pe.caLLy 6ot the ctopz covexed by EMBRAPA (which excZude.z coe.e., sugatcane, and a 6ew minot ctops). Thus, as compated to the peviowus deeenttatized te.eatch system, whose main institution was IAC,suppo&ted entite.Ly by the state o6 Sao Pauto, it can be e.en that in estabizbhing EMBRAPA, the 6edetat govetnment gained powet in the deciZion-making ptoce6., and the ztate gove.nmentz, at teast in Sao Pauto, ZoAst powet as we.L as pAe.tige. The potiticat comptexity oA imptementing ancd adminiz- te.ing the NARS's mode. Zn BtaziL, must be tecognized.The peope. invoLved Zn EMBRAPA'Z c-eation had a vety ctea& vizion o6 what the system shoutd be, and Zn 6act they tJLied to impte.ment it.The syotem be.ote EMBRAPA was identiie.d as "the di66uze modezQ o6 te.6eatch", in the sense that "each te.eatch unit tties to divet- si6y itzs activities, te.ea'tching many die.etent p4oductzs and attempting to gene.ate a wide auLay o6 technotogie.s" (Paztote and ALve.4, 1984, pp. 120-21). On the othet hand, "the. devetop- ment o6 EMBRAPA impLtes the concent4ation o6 &e.ative.Ly tatge 6inanciaL and human te.seatch tesoutcees on a Limited numbet o6 ptoductz. The chaLe.nge that this mode. pe.se.ntS ics that o6 de.6ning ptiotitiLe and %e.sponding to changing ci&cunstance.s (PaZsto4e and AZveQ, 1984, p. 124). The de.6nition o6 p&iotitiez invotved not onty the commoditie.s to be t4e.e.ache.d bu-t atz0o the - 82- numbe.t o6 ptoduction system pAoitotypes to be devetoped. We couid caetC thi's the "concent'a-ted modet o6 te.eatch.", as opposed to the ptevious "di66use modet". It seems cteat to us that EMBRAPA'%6 adminZitAatoits be- gan to imp-ement this ne.w te.eatch modet/o ganization without discussing o't debating it wiuth atf po Zbl.te patticipant6,which, given the atteady estabtished and independent in6titution6, wao bound to Qead to con6&c-t. It is o6 couwse. po Zbte that even i the. concenttated mode. had been oj6e&ed 4o't a biLoad dis- cuz6ion with aQt paAtiLe, coniticts wouRd 5titt have occutted. Based on a 5impte economic Aea.oning and g-ven B&tazitian agticuttutat conditions, as we.Q az the scatcity of &'ezeatch te.ouAce., we see me.'itt in EMBRAPA' concentutated modet. In the 'eat wottd, howevet, peA6onaf- and in6titutionat con- 6tict6 shoutd be viewed with no 6utptiQe. The cteaAe.t case i& that o6 IAC - Campinas' Agtonomic Institute. IAC' use.ulne.s had not been timited to Sao Pauto. Many innovations with otigin at IAC, incuding vatietaZ innovations, we.e adopted by JaAme. in otheA 6tate., pavticuZtay the neighboming one.-s with zimiZa- ecotogicaZ conditions. FoIL instance, Evenson's t.e.ufRt about ex- te.naR e{e.ctz was that "t&an/sietabitity {jrom Sao Pauto to the South is high (but Ze.z than one, o6 couse.) and signi6icant" (Evenson, 1984, pp. 262-63). No ttan4etabitity, howev.e, wa' obse.ved to the Nottheast and a tow one to the Cenite-West and Southeast tegionz o6 Btazit. In conc-uzion, even i6 IAC coutd not be consideLed a nationaZ ILe.eatch cente&, it at tea6t had a considetabte Ltegionat in6Zuence. Also, the technicaf assistance, pet.onat oh institutionat, to othe.h h.eaLch centeu in BLaziz, inctuding the Notthea6t (cotton, Joh instane.) jhouRd not be negtecte.d. AZthough the cottabotation o6 IAC with the IARC6 hao not been o6 gheat intensity, it nevetthe.Resz has existed in tLtaining, genetic mate.iats, in6oAmation and pubticationz. In mo6t o6 the inte.views made at ZAC it was jeRt thete was a te.Zationship p-,obtem between IAC and the IARCz invoRving EMBRAPA - 83 - in ,the middte. Thi, pAobPem appe.ait to exii4t most inte.n5ivety in the activitiez o6 ttaining and genetic ma£teiatz. The comptaint {,tom IAC is that, atthough it,& PLe,ea'tche.ts can dite.ctty 6eek the coZZabo,tation 6iLom di66e.ent IARCs, any {inat decision de- pend,s on EMBRAPA. This, acco,tding to Campina,' '%e.ea the im,t mt4s the institution' initiative, ptaces it in utbo'tdination to EMBRAPA and, in home ciutcun,tance., iz quite humitia.ting. This ta-,t p'LobZem atijse. when the ,te.ea,tchet, in IAC 6e.e. he is p'to- 6e,,ionatQy upet.ioit to -the EMBRAPA anaty4st in a spe.ciic situ- a,tion. Given the past quati-ty o6 IAC% ', taSt and Aaeteatch accom- ptishme.nts, -this may happen in some ci'tcunstance.. Fo.t instance, quite a 6t.ong bias against EMBRAPA was 6ound in IAC'Ks edibte bean sect-tgL, white the.,Le was nonein the itice secto't. Both ALice 'te.se.atche.ts inteLviewed made the point ,that they have had no p'Lobtem,s with EMBRAPA in te'Lms oA ace.s to the 'tice ge.tmoptasm bant o6 ,that in titu,tion. The bean b'Leede.t inte.tviewed, on the othe.t hand, wa,s highty c'LiticaL o6 EMBRAPA: jitst, be.cae,e o6 the poo't quatity o6 the be.an,' ,te,eeatch sta64 in CNPAF-Goiania; ,second, because o- the di66icuttie. in doing te.ea'tch suppo't,ted by EMBRAPA; andthi'Ld,'tLegaILcdLng the coLLaboALa-tion with the IARC'S, because o6 EMBRAPA's ceenttatization o6 aLL decisions 6mo' the ,e.tvice. p'Lovided. As a 'tesuLt, that bean b'teede.t is not pa'tt o6 the nationaL bean te,seatch p'tog'Lam. He con,idet,s the pa'L-tici- pation ,tuQes Ao0t an independent 'tesea'tch e.ntentL ike IAC too 'te,stitictive, mainty in tetm 06 'Lesea'tch ptoceduites and Qimi- -tationz on the use, by IAC, o6 the 'Le.uQ,tt obtained in 'te.ea'tch. The administtation o6 IAPAR-Pa'tana'- A4tonomic lnzstclte - in Lond'tina, wouLd p'te6e.L to have, 6o't aQL ze.tvice,s, a ditect 'tLeation,ship with the IARC6, 'Lathe.t than go th'tough EMBRAPA.They think IAPAR woutd gain with -uch a change, mainty in the case o4 tt'aining, since its ptanning 4o,t the 6utute woutd be imp'toved.In IPAGRO - Rio G(Lande do SuQ's Ag'Lonomic In-,titu-te -, mo,st iteta- tion,s with the IARC6 aLso have -to go th'tough EMBRAPA. One o6 IPAGRO 'z Ae.ea'tchets stated the need 6o't ditect coLLabotation IPAGRO - CIMMVT, that is, without EMBRAPA'z initemediation. - 8 4- IPAGRO woutd gain 6tom such a change 'ince cutentty EMBRAPA16 centitatization sZow, the teceipt o6 genetic mate >iats. In IRGA - Rice (Cachoeitinha, Rio Gcande do Sut) on the otheA hand, thete is a diAect Aetation o6 its eseautchets with CIAT's, a mechan:m which i& thoaght to best expizezs needs to the IARCs. FkLom this evidence, we. coatd conctude tthat independent /Le.seaLech institutionz in BAaziQ wou.fd p-'re6e. to have a diitect Aetation,hip w,ith the IARC6. The ptesent system, howeveL, is one whe.te EMBRAPA'.s ta66 cootdinate. moot aspects od the tQeationship and that is thought to be highty nece&aMty. AQthough the "cen- tkatized" tetation,hip with the IARCs may be mote e.{icient in the shott-tun than the pteviouz "di6ujse" one, in the 5en.ne o getting a highe.t ho'tt-,tun Stetthn jot an invested ctuzeito, it may bZock teseatchet. and institutions initiatJve and, as a te.uUt, yie.d sma.tet ,tetutn, in the Qong-tun. C.titicat to soQ- ving this ptobtem, we betieve, woutd be the e.tabti,shment o0 channets in the nationat commodity te.eatch ptog'ams whete such ptobtemn coutd be openf-y discussed. 3.3. Se.tvice.6 ptaovided Ajs tated above, the pAovizion o e gne.tic mateAiats and ttaining ate undoubtdety the most impottant se.vice. ptovided by the IARC6 to the NARS. The opinion was oiten heatd t ha -the ttaining at the lARCs was mote impottant in the past than in the pte,sent, and that now the ptoviZ,son 06 genetic mate.'.iaf-6 is the most impottant setvice. In out view, what exptains such tanking today is the substantiat imptovement atteady obtained in the quaZi4ication o6 EMBRAPA' teseatch ,ta66, and to a ZeQQeh extent, in the entiZte nationaL teseatch system. Evidence o6 such imptovement waz ptesented in the pte- vious chaptet. 16 that i6 ttue, the pLe.dominaneCe o genetic matetiat,s in the tetationship 1ARCs-B&aziZ witt tend to be accentuated in the 6utUe. zince quateiication imp-tovement, thtough 6otmaL - 5 - maztet and doctotat ptogtams, is a ptoce.& ztitt undetway in EMBRAPA and at the NARS. W&thout a hight-y t4ained Le.a)tch zta66, tezea,'tch teZtted to bteeding and vaAietat impkovement 'houtd not be expected. Now, the human Le.Outce bcabe has im- pkoved ubtantiatty, atte.ing the natute o6 the teZationzhip between the NARS and the IARC6. This teLationship can be ex- pect to continue changing in the 5uutte. The head o6 the Human ReoUtcez De.vetopment o6 EMBRAPA exptessed the opinion that the cou e.z pte.entty o66eted by the IARC6 ate not o4 gteat inte.tet to EMBRAPA's peopLe. He.e we may have two po 4bitite.: Ai'u6t, the IARCS have atteady com- pete.d the.t tote in the type od ttaTning ptovided by the pto- g9Iam6 o64eted in the ea'tLiet yeats oi EMBRAPA and the nationa. system, and may zhi6t the.t emphasis to othe. counttie..Second, the ttaditionat t'Laining -houZd be onty the 6it6t -tage in a two ot mote stage ttaining ptogLam. Given the potesent highet quatei6cation o6 the ke.ea'ch sta64 in BtaziZ, the ptogtamshoupd evove. to mote 6pec-i6c atea6 ot to discussion o6 -peci4ic pto- beem6 identiie.d by the tezpect4ve nationat commodity te.eaLch pi,og/Lam-5. As a tLe.ut, the conVtibution o6 the IARC6 in te./m o6 "e'teatch apptoache. oIL methodotogies" woutd be a bette.L one.. It 6eem.m to me that pe.e.ntZy, the.e is no mechanism 4ot this type o6 evoZutionaty change in the Aetation6hip IARC6-NARS to o CWLu. It is impottant to ob6eLve that in the opinion o6 those peopte inte.viewed, the 6o/mat ttaining that Bkazitian Le.eatchePu have had abtoad, in Ame..Lican and Eu>'opean unive. eities, iz con- ,side./Led as a comptement tathe. than a bU&,stitute 6ok IARC ttain- ing. As a Le.sutt, we betieve the second poas,sibUty - a change in the IARC'z t)Laining pAogAam 6o-A B/Lazitian )Le.e.a/che.k - zhoutd be puk,s ued in the 6utuQe. In the joZLowing, 6pe.ci4c comments made in ouk inte.- view-s witt be tisted with the otigin indicated, but with no attempt to integtate them ok to avoid ovettapping. a) EMBRAPA' headquattes: coutbes shoued considet wett-de6ined ateas and themes beeause o6 the in- c,tea6.ing quaeiiication o6 EMERAPA' teseatch sta66: a betett speciieation o6 the t'ainee' pte-,tequi- 6ite.; mote advance notic eiptogAamming coutse. to attow EMBRAPA to do it6 own ptanning. b) CNPAF - Goiania: the IARC6 6houtd give mote atten- tion to "%ceenti6ic" tIaining; decisions about which B,azitian te.4eaAcehet. shoutd be taLined and in what subjects shoutd LLe. with EMBRAPA. c) IPAGRO - Rio GAande do Sut: ttaining was tanked as the mo6t impottant a6peet o6 the cottabotation(1) Since IPAGRO i6 having e.tious 6unding d44icuttiLe 6o4t 4otmat and tong-time ttaining, it sugge6ted shoAt couWtse.s as a poo56bte "6econd be.t" soeution. d) CPAC - Cettados - Btao _ a: ttaining was the most Lmpok-tant a6pect in the beginning o6 the coQtaboat2ion in 1978, but with the ensuing inctease in the quata- iication oi CPAC'6 6ta66, today the mo6t impottant aspect i,5 getmopta6m mateitaQ and teseatch apptoacheu /methodotogiLe. e) IAPAR - Londtina: theAe is a need 4oA mote Viaining o0 tongeut dutaton in bteeding. With tespect to the ptovi6ion o6 genetic matetiaZ6, we have a 4ew comment6 be6ote ti6ting them. Fit6t, we have used in6oPLmation ptovided in the intevie.w6 made in each teseatch cen- te., as we.Q as in pubZ&jhed mate.iaL. Second, not aQQ te.eatch cente.%' puovided uw with a tist o6 lARC'.s conttibutions to vat- ietaQ devetopmentos. As a te.outt, out tist may be incompete. Lai5tty, the.e is atmo6t no in4otumation about which ae.as ae. utitizing these new vatieties. The ctop6 given pAiotity in out (1) We tecaQQ 65tom the ptie.viou chaptel that IPAGRO, with 230 tLezeatche. had oney one doctot and 20 masteu. -87- 6ieid 6uAvey weAe tice, edibLe. bean, maize and ca4ava. RICE: a) BR-2: uptand aice, cuttivaL te6utting Jtom tineage IR 442-2-58, with otigin in the ctLozzing IR 95-31-4/ /Leb MUe Nahng. It wa6 int oduced in 1976 in PiauZ (Notthea6t) by UEPAE-Tetezina and CNPAF- Goiania, th'tough the Intktnationat- Rice Te6ting PtogLam o6 IRRI. ChaAacteti. tiLc: tesitance to btast, "mancha pa'tda", "eeatduka" and to todging; toaeeant to d'y pe&iodz in tecommended atea6 (patts o6 Piauk'). b) BR-IRGA-409: cuttivaa o6 ittiqgated tice, devetoped in 1978 by EMBRAPA thtough UEPAE-Petota6, the Fed- eiaL Univet&ity o6 Petotas, and IRGA thtoaugh Ca- choeiUtinha'6 expetiment station, 6/tom tnveage P 790 o6 CIAT, te6utting 1&om the cto6sing o6 tineage6 IR 930-2 and IR 665-31-2-4 o6 IRRI. Intetmediate teac- tion to btast, mode'tatty &eQistant to "he bintospoLt4oid' and tesistant to o dging. Recommended 6ot the ,tate o6 Rio Gtande do Sut, excepting the southekn coa5taZ a'ea. Acco&ding to IRGA'3 peopte in Cachoei- -iLnha, thi6 cuttivat occupied 350 thousavnd hectates in 1983 (50 pec.ent o6 the taote'6 totat). c) EMPASC 103: cuttivat o6 io6Ltigated tice deveRoped in 1980 by EMPASC - Santa Cata&ina'z AgAicultwtat Re- 6eatch CoApotation - 6Aom Zineage P 791 - -B4-14 and ctos6ing IR 930-2/lR 665-31-5-8. Rezi6tant to todging and to bta,6t in Zabotatoty conditdions. d) CNA-4: iL&iLgated tiLce, int'coduced 4Aom Indone6ia by CNPAF in 1978 and cottesponds to ZLineage, B 54 lb-Pn- -58-5-3-1, otLiginating 6/tom the cLossing PELITA 1-1/ /IR 1082. Shoat size and tecommended 6o04 ivtLgated a/tea6 o6 Cea'ti, Petnambuco and PataZba (No/t-hea6t ,states ) . 8 g- e) CNA 7: inttoduced in Btazit in 1q78 with the identi- 6ication IET 2881, oAig9 nating in India and )t,e- tbti&ng 6'tom the cAo66ing T 141/IR 665-1-175-3.Sho&t size ittgated Aice, modetatty teistCant to btast and tecommended 6ot itAigated a,%ea6 o5 Cea4ta, PeQ- nambuco and Pa Zatba (No%ttheast tates). 6) CNA 1051: 6oA humid towtand tice ateas, otiginating 6tom the ctoz4ing BG 90-2/4440/Cotombia 1, made in CIAT and inttoduced in Bcazit by CNPAF in 1981.Shott size pZannt, e sitant to bZast and "eQscatdaduka"; tec- ommemded jo-t CenteA-We6t, Notth and Nottheazt Legions6. g) BR-IRGA 410: &e6utting Atom joint tesea)tch EMBRAPA- -IRGA (Cachoeitinha), inttoduced in 1981,otiginating in CIAT'4 matexiat IR 930-53/IR 665-31-2-4,iti9gated -tice, indicated 6o& the cootet tegions o6 Rio Gtande do Sut; in 1983 it occupied 100 thousand hectatez in the ztate (15 petcent o ithe totae). h) IAC 1278: ittigated tice coming Atom puogeny P-1278 in "homozigo4e", 6iom CIAT in 1976 and tested ex- petimentaUty Aom 6ive yeatz by Campinas' Agtonomic Institute: commetciaZZy avaitabZe in June, 1982. i) IAC 4440: IAC's denomination Aom the inttoduction oA CICA 8, tesistant to btast. j) IR 665 and IR 841: in Campinaz' Ag&onomic lnzstitute. k) CICA & and CICA 9, a6tet 1977 in the state o6 Rio GI[ande do SuQ, the 6owmeA with tow acceptance and the tatteA not wotking weQQ. EDIBLE BEANS: a) CAUPI BEAN-MANAUS: QUneage 6tom IITA and deveZoped by UEPAE/Manau and CNPAF; tes4itant to "catvEo" and "cet-cospoLta", and moduLatty -es4istant to "mo-aico"; AQecommended 6o,% the ,itzte o Amazona4 (Notth). -89- b) CAPIXABA PRECOCE: edibk'e beanz, otiginating in CIAT (BAT 304) and teAuLting /Aom the cAozzing Po&vriZZo Sintetico (EZ SaZvadot)lCompuae. to ChimaZtenango (Gua- temaZal. Se.ected by EMCAPA-Ejsp'tito Santo ' AgAi- cuZtLutaZ Re. eaAtch Cotpotation-in 1981/82 and com- metciaeZy avaitabte -in thee -tate o4 Eospkitco Santo in 1983; teis-tant to "4e'L%ugem" and tote.tant to "antAacnose", "bactetioze" and "mancha angut2at". c) EMPASC 201-CHAPECO: edib-e bean (backa ),int)Loduced in 1976 by IPAGRO-Rio G(tande do Sut, a-6 LINEA 38 6kom ICA- CoZombia Ag&icuttuLtat In-titute. In 1977 it was int.'Loduced in Santa Catatina by EMPASC; 6Zi't tecormmendation 4o t pZanting in Santa CataAina in 1983. Resisstant to "4ettugem" (Utomye.zs phaseoti)and modetattZy te.sitant to "anttac.nose" (CoUetottichium Zindemuthianum), to "mancha anguZat" (lsahtiop Psis gh&ie.o.a) and to "bactetiose" (Xanthomonas campest' pv phaseoti). d) IAPAR 8-RIO NEGRO: obtained in IAPAR-Londtina, bCack edibte bean, Atom the ctos6ing RIO TISAGI with -eg- )tegating poputation otiginating 6tom CIAT (FF 1322); Jtesiztant to "anttacnose", "mo-saico" and "6etvugem" and t-ecommended 60o patFt o6 Patana 'state. e) VITORIA: cuttivat otiginating 64tom CIAT (BAT 179)and tesu&ting S-tom the vLos,sing 51052 (TutiaZba 4)/Bewute D Pautinat; sete.cted by EMCAPA in 1981/82 and made commetciaQQy avatZabe. -n 1983; to-e.ant to "an-t4acnoze" and "bactetiose", but se.nzibee to "%e&- tugem" and "mancha angutat"; tecomme.nded 6ot aQZ the state o6 EspZtito Santo (Southeast). 6) EMGOPA 201: coming 64om CIAT (A-295), devetoped by EMGOPA - GoiaZ' Agpicu.tutaa Reseatch Cotpotation -; in 1984 was dizttibuted to 4aAmets. -90- g) BR-I POTY: caupi bea.ns {Nokthea, t) , !Le uLtting 6Aom the ctao,sing o6 cuttivat PITIUBA and TVu 410 (Texa, PutpZe Hutt 49), thi,s tast one 6om IITA. It wal obtained by CNPAF- Goiania and UEPAE-Tetezina(PiauZ); Qe,si,stant co sev'e'ta "viAusl"; used 6oaL human con- ,sumption as weQt as AO& animaQs. h) BR-3 - SERRANO: caupi bean obtained by CNPAF-Goiania and EMPARN - Rio GLande do Notte'.s Agticutttata Re- ,eatch Cotpotation - in 1983, otiginating itom the cto6ing o6 PITIUBA and TVu-590 (IITA, NigeAia);tot- etant to the main dieceases and tecommended o-t patt, o. the tate o6 Rio GLande do Noate. i) CNC 0434: cuttivat o6 caupi bean oiginated in the seeection made by CNPAF-Goiania, with mateviat coming 6tom IZTA in 1978; AesiZtant to "mozaico" and made avaitabLe in the state o6 MaLanhao (Notthea.t). MAIZE: a) BR-5101: euttivat devetoped in 1978 by CPA-Humid T&opic (EMBRAPA, BetEm)thtough setection in an otig- inat poputation 6ynthe,5ized at SehooP o6 Ag'icuQtate - USP, Piaceicaba, with maZze coming mainty 6tom ,,taee TUXPENO. When con,wCttLng Pitacicaba's matetiat, Le6e&ence was made to it,s eoming J'tom CIMMYT. Rec- ommended 6ot the Amazon tegion. b) BR-5102: cuttivat devetoped in 1978 by CPA-Humid T'topic in Be.Em and CNPMS-Nationat Resea,%ch Centet 6ot MaZze and Soaghum - in Sete Lagoa4, Mina5 Ge- ,ftai., both o6 EMBRAPA, 6'tom poputation 28 in CIMMYT'.s getmpta,sm bank; modetatty.Aesistant to eodging and tecommended 6op Qow-Qand atea6 o6 the Amazon tegion. c) CENTRALMEX NORDESTE: cuttivat devetoped in 1980 by EMBRAPA' Semid-Atid Reseea4ch CentJe (CPATSA, Pet)to- Qina, Pe%nambueo), 6&om getmpZazm TUXPENO thtough -9 )- the c&ozzing PlRAMEX/AmE ica Cent-'at made at Pita- cicaba'-s Schoot oa AgAicuttwte; it was not setected to be &eiztant to dty peiodz and jcint cuttvation, but i6 LQecommeyde.d 6'oL the NoaLthea6t LegIion. d) BR 105: cuttivat devuetoped in the ea-'ty eightie. by CNPMS-Sete Lagoas (EMBRAPAI 6'atom a synthetic vatiety obtained 6tom ge.mptasm oaiginated in the Catibbean, and 6e.ected in Thaitand, by CIMMYT ;ot'L Le.sitance to "mZtdio"; tote-ant to "hetmintho/potiose" and "6e,Ltugem", wi-th ptanting Aecommenda-cion-soL -the /state,s od Mina-s Getais, Sao Pauto, GoiH/s, Patana and Manto Gao6 oo do SuQ. e) BR 108: white cutetivaA. devetoped in -the ea&ty eighties by CNPMS-Se;te. Lagoa6 (EMBRAPA), Atom a ,yn-the.tic vatiiety obtained 6'aom a veLsrion oa6 hoAt- -,ize. quantitative. o' getmptat,m TUXPENO o6 Cen-ttat Ametica, oxiginating in CIMMYT. It is, a vate.iety in- dicated 6ot mixing with whea-t 6tout in the 6ood indu/st'ty; -toe.tan-t -to "hetmin-tho-,poK4o,6e" and "e.'t- -tugem" but with 6en.in ivi-ty -to "mLdio";atecommended Jot -the centtat tegion oA BaaziQ, pa)Ltticuta)ty 6oa the states o6 Mina/, Ge.ais, Sao Pauto, Notth o6 Pa- -tana and Ma-to Gto6,so do Sut. b) BR 126: cut;tivaa devet.oped in the e.aty eightie.s by CNPMS-Se.te Lagoas (EMBRAPA), Jtom a ,ynthe.tic vaa- ie.ty ob-tained wi&th ge.mp?azm otiginating mainty in -the Aace TUXPENO; modeta-tty kLe.iistan-t -to todging yetZow, type and indicated 6ot gaoin ptoduction a/s we.t as 6oaa gteen mateatiat. To teu.ant -to "hetmin-tholpotiose" and "6Qe.4Xugem", buit wiLth sensi- tivi&ty -to "mktdio" disease; xecommended ot -the 6,ta-te. o- Minas Getais., Sao Pauto, Ghoi5,s, Patana, E4pkJ-&ito San-to and Ma-to Go4,66o do Sut.. g) BR 300: an ineteAvatiietat hyb-'id deve.toped iin 1983 -92 - and otiginating 6tom ctosing two 6hoAt-6ize potigenic vti.etieA with CIMMVT'I bazic matetiat, obtained in CNPMS-Sete Lagoas (EMBRAPA); ye!Qow type, mtQi6tant to todgTng and totAeant to "hetminthospo ,so&e", "miZddio" and "6vut'ugem" dis- ,seaze,s; tecommended 6otL the 6tate,5 o6, Minas Gekai4,5 Sao PauLoL, Goia6 and Patana. h) BR 301: an inteJtvatietat hyb'tid devetoped in 1983 by CNPMS - Sete Lagoact (EMBRAPA), oAiginating 6Atom two zhoAt-ize se tected vatieties based on po-eigeniT, wuith basic matevtiat Z 1om CIMMYT. Vetto-owange.cotot, &ei,stant to todging and totJe.ant to "hetmintho4po,tiose", "miZIdio" and "`6v,Lugem" di4- ea-se,s. Recommended 4ot the 5tates o6 S-ao Pauto,Mi- naz Getaiz and Patana. i) BR 302: a "top-ctos" hybtid omtiginating 6iLom cto2S4S- ing a shott-size potigenic vatiety with a high-yieLd zimpte hybtid, obtained by CNPMS-Sete Lagoa,s (EMBRAPA) in 1983 with CIMMYT%' matetLiat . Vettow-o'Lange cotmou, te,6ibstant to todging and toevLant to the same disease,s as BR-300 and BR-301. Recommended 4o5t the ta-tes o4 Mina6 Ge'tai-, Sao Pauto, Goiaj and Notth o4 Patana. j) EMPASC 151 - CONDA: a cuZtiva)t omiginating 4{tom the poputation AmatiaUfo det Bajio x TempZados, coming 6tom CIMMYT thtough EMBRAPA, and devetoped in 1983 by EMPASC - Santa Catatina'6 AgticutuOLata Reueatch Cot'potation - oot condition6 o6 avevLage soit Set L- tiZity. YeZZow-otange cotot, with good Ae6Qsi6tance to the main pests and diseaseu. Recommended mainty 6oAt the westetn patt oS the 'tate o6 Santa Catatina (Souht). k) EMPASC 152-OESTE: a cuZtivat om'iginating 64tom the popu.2ation SUWAN DMR (Catibbean tegion), imptLoved -93.- in Thaitand and CIMMVT, and coming to Bu',Zit, via EMBRAPA, to EMPASC-San-ta Catatina. It ha. shown .Qe- ,itance to "'mLctdio" (Sctetospota so&ghi) and i&6 ,tecommended 6ot the werste)n patts a6 the state o6 Santa Ca-tatina. t) PIRANAO: obtaiLned iun the tate ixtie.s by the Schoot o6 Agicut.tme-PiAacicaba, Sao Pau2to, wit-h otigin in the cto,s,sing 06 PIRAMEX 111 and TUXPENO BRAQUTTI- CO, 6Aom CIMMYT. Shokt-6iize ptant w-ith hAigh &e.zi- tLance -to todgtcnq and good yietds. In genetat, aQ-Q new va%iietuie. mentioned 6ok tice,bean, and maize ate ptesensted as having good yietdd as compated to ouder one., but we we.e not abZe to have a &eZiabZe ba,si,s 6ox an adequate compaition in tetmz o6 actuaZ ptoduction condltion-. On the othet hand, no teegistty o6 vatietat imptovement wa-s 6ound 6o-' ca&,,ava, which wa-es con9iimed when visiting CNPMF - Nationat Re- ,eeatch Centet 6o-t Cassava and Ttopicat Ftuit-6 - in C-tuz das AQ- mat, Bahia. Wiith utepect to patiue4ez, it 6e.e.mz AthaAt CIAT 4 cot- tabotation with CPAC - "Cettadoas" Reseatch Cen-te - in BAasUia, ha, Zed -to the devetopment o6: a) And/opogon goyano- (cv Ptanat- tina) in 1979/80; b) StyZo,ant-6_ gufanen,s-U (cv Bande.tante) in 1984; c) Stytosantez mactocephata (cv Pione.to) in 1984; d) Btachiatia b'izanta (cv Matandu) in 1983. Whitce whea-t wa,s not inctuded in out ptiotitiez o't Qie.d inte.ie.w,s, we wete abQe -to identi6y the 6oQtowing deve.- opment,s: a) ALONDRA 4546, cuttiva-L obtained tate in the e.ventie. 6!om the cto,6ng D 6301-Nai 60 x Wq-RM/Cno2-Ch.'t, with CIMMYT's mate.iat and having the numbe.k CM 11683, with cood te.sitance to di,ea,Qse.s; it is Aecommended 6ot pat-s o0 Patanc,, Mato Gto-so do SuQ, Sao Pauto and the centtat pakt o6 B'azie; b) MONCHO BSB: cuZtiva)L obtained ate. in the seventie. tes.uZt-cng 6htom a tineage e.e.cted by CIMMVT; tecommended Jot the cen-tta' patt 06 BLazit; c) BR 10-FORMOSA: cuetvat obtained ea-Qy in thQe eightie.6 6,tom tQe,se.ecting AZond-a Sib, in CPAC - "Cet&ado-" Re.eatc.h Centte in B4a4kZia, wiith yie.Zd. 15 pe.cen-t highe.4 than ALONDRA 4546; d) - 94 - BR 11: joint wo}tk o6 CIMMYT, CNPT-Nationat Reseatch CentJ 6m0) Wheat -, Pazso Fundo, and tecommended 6otL the 6tate o6 Mato GuswL- zo do Sut. -9 5-- 4. Re.6eatch Impact, on Agticuttutat PiLoduction 4.1. Impottant Innovations 6tom Non-IARC Soutce,s In the ptevious chap-te. we tisted, 6o-' tice, edibZe be.an, maize, pastutes and wheat, the vaAieties devetoped in the NARS with the conttibution o6 the IARC6. Fot cassava no devetop- ment wa6 identi6ied. Howevet, we must temembet that the IARCs do not covet many commodi.tie. in B azitian agticuttute U and that ,some o6 the &eseatch wo&k teading to the devetopment oi new vat- ietieQs i.6 independent oS theitL setvices. Atso, othet in-te.na- tionat teseatch institutions may have conttibuted to the ptoce,ss 06 technotogicat change in B-azit. In this patt oA the pape we. w!itt etview the new vatietiQe, o6 seve.at agticuttu&at commoditieb devetoped independentty oA the IARC6, mainty itom the 'econd hat2 o6 the 6eventiZe., but with tes- individuat detaits than in the pt'e.viouZo chaptet. RICE: a) CNA 104: 6iom eto,ssing IAC 47 and SR 2041 - 50-1 (with tesi.stance to bta-6t, South Kctea) Atecommended 6o-t the 'state o.6 Mato G(osso (uptarnd tLce.), wi,th modeLa-te &e.is,tance -to bta'5t disea.,ae. b) CNA 108: deve.oped with -the objec.ti.ve o6 be.ng te- si,tant -to beast, 6A.om ctosoing IAC' 47 and TOS 2578/ /17-4-2-3-B2 (intQoduced 65tom Niget.a) . High t e.-is- ,tance -to ba-st, yietd 15-20 pe&cen;' highe. -than IAC- -47, uptand tice. c) CNA 790954: with genetic mate.iat jjtom IRAT-Insti- -tute de Rechetches Agtonomiquae. T,%opicates - in 1979; 6&om ctossing DOURADO PRECOCE and 1RAT 13; sho&t cyce. and highe/ %e.i-stance to todging and being mo,stty cuttiva-ted in -the state,-, o6 Goiaz and Ma&anha-o. -96- d) CNA 791048: uptand Aice.' cuttivat 6etected by CNPAF - Goiania, 6,'Lom cto,ing, in 1979, DOURADO PRECOCE and IAC 5544, with the objective o6 com- bining chaactetistics o6 gAain quatity and shoAt- -cycte oa the 6it,st one with high yietd. o6 the second. Recommended otL tates/etetitotite o6 Ro- t%aima, Amap3 (No%th) and PiauLi (Nottheast). e) CNA 796019: cuetiva& int&oduced in 1979 by CNPAF- -Goiania, with the identi4ication YET 4094. it te- sutted 4tom ctaoi4ng BN1/CR 115 made in India. Rec- ommended 4o& the state oA Piauar (Noi%thea,st) I) APAR 9: cuttivat o6 up.2and tice devetoped in IAPAR - Londtina, Jtom co,,ing BATATAIS and tineage IAC F-3-7; tecommended 6ot the 6tate o6 Patana. EDIBLE BEANS: a) IPA - 1: cuttivat devetoped by Penarmbuco's Co&po,- ation o4 Agticuttutat Re.,eatch (IPA), 6)tom ctoz,ing COSTA RICA and L 3-0-50. b) IPA - 2: cuttivat devetoped by Pe.nambuco's CotpoA- ation o6 AgticuLtwtat Resea&ch (IPA), Atom ctossing COSTA RICA and L3-0-50; with te.istance to "6e.tu- gem" but with sensitivity to "anttaenose". Recom- mended AoLt watm ateaz and tow tQe.ative humidity. c) IPA-74-19: cuZtivat devetoped by Pe.nambuco',s Cot- potation oA Agticuttutat Re.eatch (IPA), 6)tom ctoz/- ing COSTA RICA and L3-O0-50; te.istant to "6et.ugem" but with sensitivity to othet disease..Recommended im watm a'Lea,s and tow te.Lative humidity. d) GUATEIAN 6662: cu.tivat o6 btaea bean,s, inttoduced by the joint ptogtam DNPEA-IPAGRO (Rio G'ande do Sutf), otiginatty se.ected by IIAC - Intetametican Institute o6 AgAa&ian Sciences - o6 Costa Rica.Rec- ommended 6ot bean ateas o6 the state o6 Rio Gtande do SuQ. -97- e) TURRIALBA 4: cuttivat o6 btack beanz, puLe tine zetected 6&om and indigenouz poputation in Guatema- ta by IIAC; inttoduced in B.azit by IPAGRO - Rio G-tande do Sut in 1969. MAIZE: a) SAVE 342: cuttivat o6 doubte hybtid deve.ooped by IPAGRO - Rio GiLande do Sut. Ve.Zow cotot, indicated Aom 6eed a weCtt as 6o& 6toua'. Recommended Aot the state oi Rio G'ande do Sut. b) SAVE 345: cuttivat o6 doubte hybtid devetoped by IPAGRO - Rio Gtande od Sut. YetLow cotoA,.ndicated not seed as weLL as 6ot itout; shott-cycte and 'tec- ommended Ao& the 6tate oj Rio G&aide do Sut. c) EMGOPA 501: cuttivact obtained by EMGOPA - Goi.s' Cotpo'tation oA Ag'icaututat Rezeateh, 6Iom popu- tation COMPOSTO DENTADO, synthesized in the Genetic'6 Vepa&tment, Schoot o6 Ag&icuttute, Pi&acicaba, Sao Pauto; tQeistant to "meQdio" and "hetminthospotiose". d) SINTETICO: cuZtivat obtained by PESAGRO - Rio de Ja- nei'to'z Cotpotation o6 Agticuttuta. Re4eatch, 6&om the otiginat matetiat SINTFTLCO IPEACS ZZZ. IPEACS wads, be6ote EMBRAPA, the teueaLch ce.ntet ' ot the Centet-South .Legion. Recommended 6oA° the notthean patt ob Rio de Janeito's state. e) BR 125: cuttivat devetoped in CNPMS - Sete Lagoao, 4&om a synthetic vatiety obtained Jom geA'mptasm otiginating in b&eeding ptogLam6 oi Btazit, Cotom- bia and Mexico. Low.tesistance to todging, toLetant to "hetminthospotiose" and ",1e'ugem", and with sensitivity to "miLdio". b) BR 126: cuttivat devetoped in CNPMS - Sete. Lagoa4, 6jiom a synthetic vatiety obtained 6)tom geAmpLas m -9 8- oAiginating in the )Lace TUXPENO. Mode qatty &e,4itant to todging , tottant to "4Qevugem" and `heimin- thospotio,se" and with sensitivity to "mZetdio". Rec- ommended 6ot states o6 Minaz Ge4aiz, Sao Pauto, Go-ias, Patana, Ezpktito Santo and Mato GoLzzo do Sut . g) BR 427: cuttivaL o6 6weet co-n devetoped by CNPMS - Sete Lagoa,6, 4jtom a synthetic vatiety obtained in getmptasm 6,tom Haway. Totetant to `tte-ugem" and "hemminthospotio,se", but with sensitivity to "m-Zdio". Recommended dAo the ztatez o6 Sao Pauto, Minas GevLai, Rio de Janeito, Mato Gto,so do Sut, and south o6 Goia6. POTATOES: a) BR - 1: cuLtiva. ~tesutting 6tom coto,sing BNTJE (The Nethettand,s) and BARONESA, and devetoped by UEPAE - Cascata, Rio GLande do Sut. Resistant to "e.5vetdea- mento" and tecommended -ot the states o6 Rio G'tande do Sut and Santa Catatina. b) CHIQUITA: cuZtivat devetoped by EPAMIG - Minas Ge- )Lais' Coapoaation o6 Ag,-icuttutat Reseatch - and EMBRAPA, 6tom "cLone" 0010 cezutting 6tom ctosoing DELTA and PAMIR 9in 1971); yieQd was 29 pe.cent highet than those o6 impotted cuttivaut.Recommended Ao4 the Centet-South 'egion oA B-aziQ. c) MANTIQUEIRA: cuttivat devetoped by EPAMIG - Minas Getai,s - and EMBRAPA, Jtom "ctone" 0113 tesutting 6hom PLossing COSINA and HYDRA (in 1971); yiLed was 34 pe.cent highet than those o6 impotted cuttivatz. Recommended okt the Centet-South tegion oi Btazit. d) MINEIRA: cuttivaL devetoped by EPAMIG - Minas Ge- Aaiz - and EMBRAPA, Jtom "cLone" 0196 teuQtting 6tom etozzing COSIMA and TONDRA (in 1971). Yietd wa6 -99- 26 peteent highet than impotZed cutt4vats and tec- ommended 6o'u the Cente'i-South tegio.n o6 BcazziQ. WHEAT: a) BR - 1: cutetvat devetoped by the jo-int p'Logttam CNPT - Pazo Fundo (EMBRAPA) - and Fedetat Univet- sity o6 Petotazs (Rio Gtande do SuR), detive.d {tom wo6zing IAS 20 and IAS 50, in the Le-te seuenties; ire66tcant to the majotiUty o4 "6eAtugem"'s A.acees and to "cAuetamento". Shott-cyee and tecommended 6o& the we6teAn patt6 od Patana'6 state. b) BR 2: cuttivat devetoped by the joint ptog'a.m CNPT- Paz6o Fundo (EMBRAPA) - and the FedeQLaQ Unmveuity o6 Petotas (Rio Giande do SuQ), detived 6Stom cJossing IAS-50/4/lAS-46/3/VILELA SOL 4/EGYPT NA 101/TIMSTEIN, in the £ate seventie. Shot t-cete, t aQR ize, ,Lec- ommended 6o"t the we,te.tn patJt o4 Patana'.6 state. c) BR 3: cuttivaot devetoped in the Late seventies by DNPEA-Petctea (be6mote EMBRAPA), CNPT - Pa6o Fundo (EMBRAPA) - and the Fedetat Univeui;ty o~ PeLtotas (Rio Gtande do SuQ), 6jttom c&tozing IAS 50/41/AS 46/ /3/VILELA SOL 4/EGYPT 101/TZMSTElN; avetage cycte, taLL size, tecommended 6ot the stta-te o Rio G'ande do SuR. d) BR 4: cuttivat devetoped in the Late seventies by CNPT - Pas6o Fundo (EMBRAPA) - and -'he FedetLaL UniveAtsity o4 Peto ta4 (Rio Gtande do SuL), taom ctoAs'ig IAS 20*3/SINVALOCHO GAMA. Avetage cycLe, taLL size, Lecommended 6ot the bztate o6 Rio Gtande do SuQ. el ACEGUA: cuttivat devetoped in the Late seventies by IPAGRO - Rio Giiande do SuR, 6irom ctLoa)fing IAS 50 and B 8; avetage cycLe., taLL .6ize, Lecommended 6oA the a-'Leas 06 BagE and Hetvat in Rio G-Lande do Sut. -J00- ) BR 5: cuttivat devetoped in the tate 'eventiZ. by CNPT - Paso Fundo (EMBRAPA), 6tom coszing IAS 59/ /IAS 52/GASTA; 6hoit cycte, tatt size and tecom- mended 6ok the wheat t'egionz o6 the .tate o6 Rio GiLande do Sut. 9g BR 6: cuttivat devetoped by DNPEA - Pef-ota6 (be6o0e EMBRAPA), CNPT - Pa6zo Fundo (EMBRAPA) and the Fed- etat Univet6ity o6 Petota6 (Rio G'tande do SuQ) in the tate /,eventie.s, 64Lom ctoi6Zng IAS-20-IASSUL/ /TOROPI. Long cycte, tatt 6ize and tecommended o0t ate wheat tegion,6 o6 Rio GiLande do Sut. h) TlFTON: cuwPtivat devetoped by IPAGRO - Rio Gkcande do Sut, by .se.ection 6'zom the same tineage existent in Geotgia, United State.z; highLy te.sistant to "oldio", avetage cycLe, 5hot.t ize and tecommended 6oA aLL wheat tegions o4 Rio G-,Lande do Sut and 6outh- e=tn Pvatna. i) BR 7: cuttivat devetoped in the eatty eightie. by CNPT - Paz6o Fundo (EMBRAPA) 6tom cto66ing IAS 20- -IASSUL and TOROPI; avetage cycLe, tatt size., te- is-tant to atL tace.s o6 "6e..ugem" (Puccina gtaminiz t.'itici) and tecommended 6o,% patt6 o6 Patana'6state. I) ZAPAR 3-ARACATU: cuttivat devetoped in the ea'Lty e.ghtie. by IAPAR - Londtina, unknown coZing,6hott to avetage cycLe, avetage to taLL 6ize,,tecommended 6o't the tegion o6 Douw,Lado6, Mato Gto6o do SuL. k) BR 8: cuttivat devetoped in the eatty e.ghtiZe by DNPEA - Petota6 (be.o60e EMBRAPA) and CNPT - Pas6o Fundo (EMBRAPA), 6/tom cto66ing IAS 20/TOROPI/PF 70100; 6hott-cycLe, taLL 6ize, te.istant to "6etou- gem" and tecommended 6ot Rio Gtande do Sut, Mina6 GetaZis, Goils and the FedetaL Dizt,tict. t) BR 9 - CERRADOS: cutivat devetoped in the eaLty -I0I- eightie> by CPAC - B&a6ktia (EMBRAPA, cettado6) and AeaLutting 6/Lom cuto6ing BH 1146 and IRN 595-71.Rec- ommended do& upZand cuttivation in the centtat Ae- gion 06 Btazit. m) CANDEIAS: inttoduced in BLazit by OCEPAR - O/ganiz- ation oi PatanH'6 Coopetativeu - a6 U.neage E 75168 o6 DekaLb Seed Co. (A&gentina), te/6utting 6/om c4o66ing CARDENOL x SONORA 64-KLEIN RENDIDOR, and evatuated by the nationat teseatch 6ystem oA EMBRAPA, sho'tt-cycte, tow 5ize and tecommended 4ot Minac Ge- taiLs, Goils., Mato Gtoozo and the Fed.&at Dizt'ict. n) MINUANO 82: cuttivak otiginating in the ctosLng 571 x S 473. A3A2 made in FECOTRIGO'.- expeLimentat centte. FECOTRIGO iLs Fedetation o4 wheat CoopeA- ativQe6 in Rio Gtande do Sut. Recommentded jo& s o itz with mote than 5 petcent o6 atuminum Xsatuta.tion in the stateas o6 Rio Gtayzde do Sut and 1aatana. o) RS 1 - FENIX: cuttivat devetoped by TPAGRO - Rio GLvande do Sut - in the. eatty eightiue., 6'tom the cto66iLng PF 70100/J 115157-69, .shott cycqe and %eC- ommended 6ot att the State o6 Rio Gtande do Sut. p) RS 2 - SANTA MARIA: cuQtivac. devetoped by IPAGRO - Rio G'tande do Sut - in the eatty eigh.tiexs foom the c4to,sing S45/KAVKAZ, 6ho'tt-cycte and Qtecomnlnded 6o"L atR Rio G/ande do Sut. q) RS 3 - PALMEIRA: cutitvat devetoped by IPAGRO - Rio G4tande do Sut - in the ea4ty eightiLs, 6/om the cto6s6ing S45/KAVKAZ (made Ln 1972), tshott-cycte and tecommended 6o4 a.t RLo G4avnde do Sut. A) RS 4 - UBIRAIARAS: cuttiva4 devetoped by IPAGRO - Rio Gkande do Sut - 6)Lom the ctoL6isn MARINGA/S 76. Recomminded 60o att RLo G4ande do SuLt, except 4e- gionv6 oa Bag-e and Sao GabtLiLe. -I02- COTTON: a) BR 1: cuttivat deve.oped Zate in the seventie.- by the CNP - Campina Gitande, PaataZba (EMBRAPA), te- 6uQting 6tom the cto-sing ALLEN 333/57 x ALBURN 56; tei,stant to "mutcha" o. Vektici-tium, shoktt-cycte, te.commended Am patt6 o6 PeAnambuco, Atagoa6, Sel- gipe, Mina-6 GLa-iU and Goia-S. b) IAPAR 4-PARANX 1: cuttivat devetoped by lAPAR-Lon- d-'ina in the Qate seventite, with e.te.ction in A6Ai- can vatiety REBA B-50 (beginning in 1973). Shott- ,size, good tesiztance to dlLy pu.iodz, tot,eant to "bacte)tio-oe" and "Lamutose" and tecommended ot pa&t6 o4 Patana and zoutheLn Ceata (Notthea6t) c) CNPA 2 H: cuttivat devetoped by CNPA - Campina Gtan- de, PataZba (EMBRAPA) in the eatty eightie>5, te.5u2t- ing 6Aom individuaQ se1ection in the A4{tican vat- iety REBA B-5O. Totetant to "bactetiose" and tecom- mended 6ot 6tate., o6 Ceata and Bahia (Notthea6t). d) CNPA 2 M: cuttivat deve.oped by CNPA - Campina Gtan- de, Patak-ba (EMBRAPA) in the eatty eightie6; it -U a compound with genotypeQ oS VELUDO C 71, C 74 and PB 117-20-8, with sen-itivity to "bactetiooe" and "Ju{saJtioLoe" and tecommended 6ot the state.s o6 Piau-, CeatE, Rio G-ande do Novte, PLakaba and Petnambuco. SOYBEANS: a) BR - 4: cuttivat devetoped in the Qate 6eventie. by CNPS-LondlLina (EMBRAPA) and CNPT - Paso Fundo (EMBRAPA) , te.-utting 64om cto//ing HILL and HOOD. YiLeZd wete 10 petcent highe. than BRAGG' and 15 pe.tcent highet than DAVIS'-6 (-,ee TabZee 1). Recom- mended oot att alLeaz o6 Rio GlLande do Sut. b) DOKKO: cuttivat devetoped jointty by IAC - Campina6. - I 0 3 - IAPAR - LondAina and CNPS - Lond't.na (EMBRAPA), ftom poputation RB 72-1, in the tate . eventiea. Yieds weUQte 5-15 pe¢ higheA than that o6 UFV-1 and 19 pe'cent higheiL than that o6 IAC-2 (,see Tab-e 1). Recommended 6okt the states o6 Minas Ge'tais,Go- i&s, Mato Gtooso and the Fede&aZ Dist&ict, the centtat paAt o ' BAaziZ . c) IVAT: cuttivat devetoped in the tate 5eventies by IPAGRO - Rio G'Lande do Sut - Jtom the cILossing MAJOS x HOOD (in 1967] . YieZds we'te 9 petcent highet than thoze o6 BOSSIER and HARDEE ana' 3 pelzcent highe'L than that o6 BRAGG. Re6i6tant to disea-oes and iiecommended 46ot Rio Gtande do SuQ . d) BR 05: cutiva-t devetoped in the eaAly eighties by CNPS - Londtuina (EMBRAPA) and made avaitabte by UEPAE - Dour.ado6, Mato GLo&6o do Suw, keSLLezuting6uom cto44ing HILL and HOOD (in 1966). l2: has the same yieJd as BRAGG and DAVIS but i-s supektioi in tetm6 o6 p-ant height and in6ettion o6 thc, 6i'tt pods. Recommended 6o& zoits o6 high 6ettiU>ty in the 6outhe&n patt o6 Mato Gtoz6o do Sut. e) EMGOPA 301: cuttivat devetoped in 'he ea-t.y eigh- ties by EMGOPA - Goia! ' AgkZcuttuta-aA Reueatch Com- po-tation -, 6jtom the cto66ing IAC 4 and JOiPTER (in 1973/74). Recommended 6o0 the 4outhetn pat- o6 GoiaZ, between 160 - 190 £atitude, A"n soit. atom tow to aveQLage 6etZtiity (paLttiatty ok totatty im- piLoved "cetotadobs"). 6) DOURADOS: cuQttva4 devetoped in the eatty eighties by UEPAE - Doutados, Mato G-'osbo do Sut (EMBRAPA), ILeQsutting £-tom 6e-Zection in cuttiva;t ANDRE-WS (Zn 1973), setection made by OCEPAR - O)tganization o6 PatanP% CoopeAativeQs. VieZd-6 wete 9 petcent highek than SANTA ROSA'-6 and 5 peAcent higitex thaLn VlIOJA'. - 104- Recommended jot the zouthe.n pait oi Mato Gto,o do SuQ. g) NUMBAIRA: cuttiva devetoped in the ea.cty eighties4 as a tesutt o4 the woOk o6 seveta in titution,s:IAC - Campina,, IAPAR - Londtina, CNPS - Londtina (EMBRAPA), CPAC - Btatia, ce.uado5 (EMBRAPA), EMGOPA - Goias' AgLicuZtuZaZ Resea.ch Coxpotation-, EPAMIG - Mina, Ge.ai,s' Agticuttutat Reseatch Co't- potation - and UNESP - Sao Pauco's State Univetsity - in IQha Sotteita. Yie.ed, wete 6 pe.cent highet than UFV-1 and 19 petcent highe.L than IAC-2 (see TabLe 1). Recommended 6ot Goia4, Mato G'toso, Mina,6 Getais and the Fede.,Lat Disttict, att in centtat Biazit. hl TROPICAL: cuttiva,t devetoped in the ea-tLy eighties with the conttibution o6 seve.%aL intitution6: IAC- Campina4, IAPAR - Londtina, EMBRAPA (UEPAE - TeQe- zina, Piauk; UEPAT - Poitto Vetho, Rondonia; CPAC- BtasZtia, cettado,; CNPS - Londtina), EMAPA - Mata- nhao', AgticuLtutaL Reseaech CotpoLtation-, EMGOPA - Goias' Agticuttutat Rezeatch Cotpotation-,and EPABA - Bahia'.s AgeicuttutatL Re.eatch Cotpoktation. It iL a ptogeny seLected 6tom the cto6,osing HAMPTON and E 70-51 (in 1969/70), and it was the 64i'ut ooybean vaitety avaitabLe 6ot pLanting in Latitudez betow 150 which incLude.6 the Amazon and the Nottheast. Recommended Aot MatLanhao, Piaua, Rio Gtande do Not- te, Amazonas, notTh of Goias, noath o6 Bahia and Ste.tito'ty o6 Rondania. i) BR 6: cuttivat made avatatbLe tn 1981 by CNPS -Lon- doZna (EMBRAPA), setected as a p,%ogeny F 6tom the cto,esZng BRAGG (3) and SANTA ROSA. Resistant to 4ev- e.taL diseazez and tecommended 6ot the state o6 Pa- xana. -105- j) TIARAJU: cuttivat devetoped in the ea'ty eightiem by IPAGRO - Rio Gtande do SuQ, jtom the cto&szing INDUSTRIAL x ASOMUSUME. It was Steted by UEPAE- DOURADOS, Mato Gto66o do Sue (EMBRAPA) and it i' tecommended jot the tegion o6 Doutado6 in Mato Gtoz- ,o do Sua. k) BR 8 - PELOTAS: cuttivat made avaitabLe in 1983 by UEPAE - Pe.Lota s, Rio G.tande od Sut (EMBRAPA), te- 'sutting 6tom a se.ection made in 1975 in genetation F5 o6 cto64ing BIENVILLE x HAMPTON. Re.sitant to seve,Aat disea5e.5 and tecommended 6ot the wheat te- gionvs o6 Ctuz Atta, CoLtoniat de Santa Rosa and La- goa do6 Patos in Rio Gtande do SuL. t) BR 9 - SAVANA: cuLtivaaL devetoped in the eatty e.ghtie6 by CPAC - B,ta.LLtia, cettadoz (EMBRAPA) -, with contktibutions 6tom 6eve,tat inLtitution.s: CNPS- Liondtina (EMBRAPA), IAC - Campina4, EPAMIG - Mvnia Getais, EMGOPA - GoiE6 and EMPAER - Mato Gto4zo do SuQ'.6 Agticuttutat Resea'ch Cotpotation. It tesutted -6&om an Lvidividuaa ie.e.tion in the popu.aation ("buLk") LoB 74-2 in F4. The cto64ingz invoLved DAVIS x SANTA ROSA and tineage. IAC 73-481, IAC 73- -1075 and F67-5221. Recommended Aot the "cettado"` tegion o6 B>taziL, moosty Located in the centtaL patt o6 the countty. m) BR 10 - TERESINA: cuttivat made avaitabte in 1983 by CNPS - Londtina (EMBRAPA); it io a. ptogen.y F6 6tom the ctozivng UFV 1 x IAC 73-2736-10. It i's tecommended .ot tegions Notth and NoA.theazt 0- B&azit with Latitude. be.Low 150. It ha6 a cycLe 10 day,s tonget than TROPICAL which atLowsz a bettet di6ttibution o6 pLanting and ha&ve.6ting. n) BR 11 - CARAJAS: cuttivax made avaitabbte Ln 1983 by CNPS - Londtina (EMBRAPA); it iz a pA.ogeny F 6xom -106- the cAto,s,ing UFV x IAC 73-2736-10, being teitant to some diseases. It is Aecommended 6oA pYanting in tegions Notth and NoAthea,t, betow 150 Qatitude. o) CEP 10: cuttivat made avaitabte in the. ea4ty eghties by FECOTRIGO - FedvLation o6 Wheat CoopvL- atives in Rio G'ande do Suwi -, teutting 4,om the ctos,sing IAS 2 x D 70-3185 (in 1974). YVetd, wete 7 petcent highet than those o6 BOSSIER, BR 3 and IVAT. 4.2. PThtoduction E6e.c.t Btazit has, whithout doubt, 6ubtantieatty imptoved its agticuttutat tLeseatch system ince the Aitst hat6 6:6 the seventie'. FiuLt, EMBRAPA's ovetate budget has eon,idetabty incteased. SeC- ovid, the quatity oA Btazitian te.eatehets has been igniicantty upg'taded. Thitd, at the end o6 the 5eventie,s a mote batanced pat- .te.n o6 te4sea.Lch inve.tment eme.ged between dome.tic and expo'tted ctops. FoLUth, the conttibution o6 the IARC6 has been Le.evant and the ei,t o6 new vatietie.s te.utting 6tom such a cottabotation, ao given in chaptet 3, is an impot4e,ive one. Fi6thty, aQ,oimpLe,Aive is the Qi,t o6 new ctop vatLieties devetoped in the NARS - B/aziQ, without the diA)ect coftabotation o6 the IARC6. Thete stif-t /ematn some tetevant que,stions. The 6iUts-t one iz wheThLt oi not BtaziQ iz investing the ptopet - in economic te)Lm6 - amount in agtiuttuAat te,seatch in the aggtegate and in impoAtant segment5. The second one is whethet ot not the unb.aQ- anced patteLn o6 technotogitea innovations - dome.tic vs.expoitted citop,s - is actuaQQy being coULected. We atteady noted that in te.Lm o6 e.6oiLt (inve.tment) a change towatds a mo-e batanced pat- te.n coutd be detected duuting 1978/80. Was that ttan,stated into actuaQ te.uiZt, that i,5, incieasing the Late oA technotogicat change 6oA domestic ctops tLe&ative to expoLte.d ones, incuding the speciaQ ccase. o4 /ugaicane? That is not a simpte question to answet and we witQ not pietend to have it compJetety answeLed. HowevvL, -1 0 7 - in the temaindevL o this ecUtion we witt make home attempts to dizcuzz the ptoduction e66ects o6 technotogical. change. The 6i"t que6tton wivtt not be deatt with 6au'Lthe'L hete. In &Leviewing the new vatieties deveLoped in the NARS, with and w4ithout the coLLabotaation o6 the IARCM, the 6iutt im- p-'Lession bs that the baLance i4 innovation among cLopz is good. WhiZe we cettainZy cannot go vety deep in anatyrzing this pJtobtem using as the onty evidence the tist o6 new vavieties, when con- sideving the tespective numbeus and geogtaphicat di<tibution o6 new vatie-t4e, 6o4 each ctop it Zook6 tike tiuce, edibte beans and maize (among the dome.tic ctopf)and soybeans and cotton ( among the expo4%ted ones), as wett a-s wheat, had a good pe&4otmance. 06 coutrse, we must tecaLL that zevetat expotted ckopL, Luch as co6- 6ee, o4ange5, Lugatcane, peanuts and tobacco, we.e not inc-uded in out Lutvey 5ince they ate not, patt o6 EMBRA1A'A JLeseaAch yLstem. On the othet hand, casLava, among the dome.tic ctopS,was the negative pa4tt o6 the tevi-ew, -ince not a LS-ingte newJ vatiety was identi6ied as being devetoped in -the te.cent; past. AL 60t Loybeans a ptope.4 evauaation o6 the impact o6 aLt the. vatieti4e pteviouLsLy tiL-ted wouLd tequiLte much mo4e time and e6'6ott than we we.te abLe -to give to -the p-te.ent %e.seatch. To makze zome ptogtes in answeting the basic quaetion as to whe-thet ot no-t Btazit now has a mo4e batanced patte4n o6 vatietat (yie.d imptoving) innovations among ctops, we wi-L use a di64eAen-t methodotogy. ConListen-t wi-th ou0 anatysiz in TabLe 2, we witt Zook aXt the annuaa tatez o6 yietd gLow;th 6ot Qeve.aLcJop4, domeLtic and expo4-ted, in the 5ta-te. o6 B)Lazit's Cente.4-South &e- gion 6o0t the pe.iod 1977/83. FoLowing -that, we wiUZ e.xamine. the annuaZ Aate6 o6 ac4eage gtow-th 6ot the same ctops and sta-te.,6ok the pe.iod 1977/84. It ics not nece.auLyMtotepeat the economnic teasoning up - potting -uch a pkocedute, since -that was a good pat4t o6 chap-tet 1. The main point was that a pattetn o6 innovatioiLs 6avoting expo4ted ctop-z woutd tend to cause expan-sion o6 acteage in those c4ops,and - 10 8- thtough subtitution in ptoduction, coutd bting acteage dectines 6o& domestic ctops. In Tabte 9 we pt4eent the annuat tate. 06 yietd gtowth and in Tabe. 10 the annuat tate. o6 acteage gtowth both 6ot dome. tic and expotted ctop, in Btazit' Centet-South te- gion. We mut make it cteat that out test i& onty a 6iuLt attempt to tackze the ptobtem and that pethaps onty a ,Lough pattetn in both tabte,s coutd be expected. Fit,t, e.t us compate TabLe 9 with TabLe 1, in tetms o6 numbet o6 events - de6.ned a- individuat ctop yi-ed gtowth above 2 petcent pet yeat - duting 1960/69, 1967/76 (both in Tabte 1) and 1977/83 (in TabLe 9) and in the -ame gtoup of statev5.Since thete ate S events du.ing 1960/69, 16 duting 1967/76 and 24 duting 1977/83, it Look,s tie. yie.d-imp'wving technotogicat change ha,5 been incteasing. This agte.e. wi&th the obse.ved incte.ase in in- ve.&tment 4ot agticuttutaL te. eatch since the e.tabtishment o6 EMBRAPA in 1974. Looki-ng at the dist.ibution o6 the.e events among do- me,stic, expo4-ted ciLop, and wheat, JotL the same otops and -tate. in both Tabtez., in the th'ee petiod4, we. note that both gt'oups o6 ctops expetienced expan,s-on in the numbet o6 events at about the zame tate between the it,st and thitd petiod,s. Howe.ve, the eX- pan,sion wa tatge.k Jot expotted ctop, when onty the 'econd and thitd petiod, ate compated. In addition, in TabLe 9 6out ca5e,s o6 negative yietd gtowth 6ot domestic ctops can be noted, two 6ot beans (Patana and Mato Gto,s-o), one 6ot ca,4,ava (Minas GeAai6)and one 6ot potatoes (Rio Gtande do SuL), whie. thete ate none 4ot ex- pote.d ckop4. AQbo, an impottant change in the mix o6 technoLogicaZ innovation-s 6o domestic ctops occute.d duting 1977/83 as com- pated to 1967/176 (TabLe 1): in this ea/Lie. petiod, o6 e.ght events, one waA 6ot tice, thtee wete 6ot potatoes and 6out -ot maize. Du&ing 1977/83, in nine eventz, two wete Ao kiceQ, onLy one 6ot potatoes and 6-ix 6ot maize. In addition, in two states kice had posiitive. ateQ o6 yietd gtowth (Pio Gtande do Sut and I 0 9 - TABLE 9 ANNUAL GROWTH RATES IN YIELDS, SELECTED CROPS AND STATES, BRAZIL, 1977/83(a) (a) CROPS SP PR RGS MT GO MG BRAZIL 1. DOMESTI CS: Rice 8.19 zema 1.67 1.72 zeua 3.72 2.00 Bean,s zeto -2. 32 zej,w -9. 49 zew zeto -1.40 Maize 4.15 4.40 5.58 3.63 4.75 3.93 3.88 Ca,s& ava zec zeao zev zeto zet -1.90 -1.22 Po;taitoes - ze&o -1.49 - - 8.13 3.24 2. EXPORTED: Cotton zeuo 5.50 - 4.01 7.99 8.18 5.81 Peanuts zeA ze ze}o - - zeto Co°eLe. zVw 15.61 - - - 4.12 5.50 Soybe= 3.83 zeQo' zev 6.57 4.32 5.69 2.84 O'tanqge 2.67 - 2.89 - - zeaw 2.15 SugaAecane - 5.36 zve,w zeto 6.70 5.45 2.82 Tobbaco - - 2. 83 - - 0.76 1.85 3. WHEAT: - 3.42 zeio 8.94 - Souwce: Ba6ic da.ta, FIBGE. (a) ThAe.e-yeaL mov'ng avevtage. The tetteut 6ot .the .stat"e, mean: SP, Sao Pauto; PR,Patana; RGS, Rio G,ande do StkE; MT, Mlato GU.46o do Sut and Mato G&oatso (toge.the&); GO, Goti$2; MG, Minaz GeAaQS. Sign4LcancQ ste tt at 5 peAcen;t tevet, the same a i.n TabZe 2. -1 10- TABLE 10 ANNUAL GROWTH RATES IN CULTIVATED ACREAGE, SELECTED CROPS AND STATES, BRAZIL, 1977/84 (%l (a) CROPS SP PR RGS MT GO MG 1. DOMESTICS: Rice zvLo -14.25 3.70 -8.02 ze.to zeo Bean.n 4.71 zeiLo zeto zeto zeVLo zeto Macuze 2.97 2.63 1.61 8.41 zet'o -2.20 Ca,s6sava zVe[o z eLo - 9.75 -6.71 zeJLO - 4. 4 4 Potatoe, - - 4.75 -5.32 - - zeto 2. EXPORTED: Cotton zeito 4.13 - -4.70 z eto zeto Peanut5 zer.o -16.14 -33.62 - Co6eee ze'Lo - 8.31 - - - 6.64 Soybeani6 Z VLo ze tvo zeJLo 19.16 28.72 17.51 Odtang es 7.81 - -3.13 - - 5.11 Sugatcane 11.24 16.29 ze.to 29.60 19.11 5.25 Tobbacco - - ze.Lo - - -11.89 3. WHEAT: - - 7.59 -11.81 19.19 SouAce: Baic data, FIBGE. (a) The tet-t 6doL the statez mean: SP, Sao Pauto; PR, PaAana; RGS, Rio Gtande do Sut; MT, Mato Giwosso and Mato Go'zwo do Sut (toge- thev); GO, Goi&; MG, Minal GeAai,. Signi6icance te,6t at 5 pe'tcent tevet. Mato Gtoso,o), in spite o6 being betow the 2 petcent dividing 'tate. The mix o6 technotogicat change in 1977/8g2 - mote concen- ttated on maize and -'tice - zhoutd bting mote bene6it, to pto- duce&o and con-sumeAt, especiaZty since potatoes has onty a minot impo/ttance 6ot eithet gtoup. Anothet point giving g/teatet conjidevKce to theLe te- sutts, i& the p-tead o6 positive tates o4 yietd gtowth ovet the Centet-South tegion o4 Btazit. Maize is the best: exampte, with vety impte4,6-ve tates 6ot aQQ six states con4id.,ted. Duting 1967/ /76 (Tabte 1) maize had 'tate,s above 2 petcent ir 6out states.ln- ctuding -Lates which wete poLitive but betow 2 petcent, ti'e showed incteases in 6out tate- oA Btazit's Centet-South tegton duting 1977/83 (Tab-e 9). Fot expotted ctops, cotton had 6out events out o6 a po,s6ibte 6-ve duALng 1977/83, soybeans had 60out out o6 six, otange, two out o6 thtee, and sugatc.ane, th/iee out o6 jive. FinaLty, in tetms o6 aggtegate nationat yA etd inctease- we can atso no-te conzidetabLe ptogte,, dvoLing 1977/83 (Tabte 9) as compa/ied -to 1967/76 (TabLe 1). Onty po-tactoes and soybeans diZd not -show impt'ovemen-t in yietd' . O u't -tes t i ndi cates -tha-t B tazi-t had mo-'te Q techniLcat change duting 1977/83 than in p&evious petiodz. Howeve't, -the que-stioZn stitt temainz o6 an batanced distibuat-on be-tween c2tops - o6 -uch -technicat change. FiL,st, in -the aggtega-te, expo't-ted ones z,titt had a hiLghe-u -tate -than domnestic ones,, maint'y because ta-te, t6o'L edibte beans and caosava wete nega,tiLue. Howevet,in -the ,ouathe-'n tegion, domestic ctops gained teta;tiveZy ove/i expotted c-top,, in -tetm,° o' yietd g-'ow-th, especiatty maize and tiLee, as compa-'ed -to soybeans and co-t-ton. Fo-'t thiz utegion, a-t kLeait, -the bias 4avo'tiLng expo/i-tabtLe -in the ctop mix dutinnq 1967/76 wa's no-t tepea-ted duting 1977/83. The opposite %tezutt occutted in BtaziL&- cent/tat tegion, whe'te expot-ted ctop,s gained tetaLtivetyL ove- do- mestic ones, -in spiL-te o6 -the 6ac,t -that yiZetd 2t/owth -'tates -in those sAtaetes, 6o0 maiLze and ice in pa-tt-Lcutat, wete pozitive.A-6 a tesu5at, Btazit's cen-ttat tegion may now- be tepeatiLncl the pat- te/tn o6 iLt,s ouathe/n tegion duting 1967/76 in te/tmz o6; an unbat- - 1 2 - anced pattean o6 -technicat change, whkch coutd Qead to unbaZanced ago%cauUutat gtowth as between dome.,stic and expotted c&ops. In TabLe 10, giving the annuaR tates o6 acteage gowth du,ting 1977/83 6ot the same cLops and state., the 6oLLowing can be noted. Fitzt, in the Southe.n tLegion zoybean ac'Leage did not gptoW; we. Lecatt that the ext oaodina&y expansion o6 this cLop beginning in mid- xixtie. was a majol. &eason ¸ot change. in ctop mix against dome.tic ptoductz. Atso, we note a conoZotent atea gAowth o4 maize in the thtee Southetn ztatez and that oi iUti- gated ice. in Rio G4ande do SuL. HQe the. ca4e is not that o0 tice-soybeans competition, but shoutd be inte.pteted as a 6avot- abLe impact o6 the deveLopment o6 new tice vatieties as eatie.t -teviewed (mainLy BR-IRGA 409 and 410). Cotton acteage incteazed onRy in Patana. In '6econd pLace, when tutning out attention to the thkee centtat states4, an oppo6ite patte.%n o6 agticuttutaL g4owth was obse.ved duting 1977/83. Soybean acteage gtew substantiaLLy in these thtee states - mo&e than two mittion hecta~te. between 1977 and 1984 - white tice atea dectined in Mato Gto6zo and 5tag- nated in Goias and Minas Geatai,. Fo& maize, the.te was high atea gjtowth in Mato Gto6oso, ztagnation in Goias and dectine in Mina. Getaiz. Fo,% bean4, the.e was ttagnation and sot ca5ava,dectines in two states and '6tagnation in one.. Fot maize.and tice,at Least, we had indica.ton4 o6 technicaZ innovations in the centaL 'te- gion, as we.LL as positive tates o6 yietd gtowth duting 1977/83. Ou% exptanation iZ that ioybean innovation is dominating that in itce and, to a Leze.'t extent in maize, 6ince aLQ thtee ate zub- -tiuteU ctop4 in ptoduction. Thuz, it 6eem. that the deve.opment o. zoybean vatietie. 6o& the centtaL tegion o6 B6%azit,inctuding its "cetwados" a-'ea and that with Latitude. be.ow 150S,i4 having a zttong impact on the compoz6ition oA ag4icuZtutat gtowth in that paitt oi the countty. Finatty, the 6t4ong gtowth o6 the zuga&cane acteage, in ptacticaLLy aRR ztate. Zn the Cente.-South tegion, shoutd be intetptete.d mote as a Ae.sut o4 the atcohoL ptog)Lam than the inten,6ity o6 technicaL change. -113- 5. Concusions With the in6oAmation pwovided in this study, it can be conc.uded that today the IARCz ate cotabokating wvith a much bette& teseatch system in Btazit than piieviousf_y. Thiz countty, howeveL, tost quite some time beiote deciding to invest in agti- cuttutat tezeatch. The majot poticy change occuAted in the 6i'&'t hat6 06 the seventies with the cteation o6 EMBRAPA. By atf- Aea- zonabZe ctitetia o6 pet6o,%mance, the achievements o6 EMBRAPA and moke b!Loadty the NARS, can be conzideted a. ctose to exttaotdinaoy. A Jew Aeasons wiQt juztiLy such an evaQuation. Fi,stt, Buazit coutd not be con,sideted as having, up to the 6itzt haZ6 oJ the seventies, a nationat teseatch system with the minimat condition,s o6 zize and quatity to setve its di6jevent %egion,s, ctops and ptoducetz. In 6act, up to that time, a 6avotabLe wotd coutd be atid onty about Sao Pautao', agticut.- tutaa tezeatch system, which devetoped sevetat yiLed-imptoving vaAietiLe. IAC - Campinas' Agtonomic Institute -, the best exampte, made impo'ttant innovations in co?6ee, cotton, Omangez, -6ugatcane, soybeans, maize and potacutoes. A consequence 06 that situation, iK. which teseatch was ve'ty poot at the 6edetaZ Levet, wa- an undetirlve,stment in agti- cuttuLat Leseatch, which waz patticutatty setious when anatyzed on a ctop by ctop basis. The undetinvestment was gAeatest Jot ce,%tain ctiticat 6ood commodities. In consequence, the countty expetienced the deveEopemnt o6 a zegmented agicuZtuLat system with one zecto't open to extenat tatanzaction4 and competitive in the intetnationat matket, and anothe4 wi-thout )egutat compe-t- tivene44 in that matket because o6 un6avotabte domestic coat conditions. ln te4ms o6 ptoduction pe6oatmance, thingz becamemuch mote compticated aJte4 the mid-,sixttez, wi&th -"echnotogecat inno- vations 60o'r soybean4, high inteAnationav p&iLces and a bettet ex- change tate poLicy. A d4ta,tic change in ctop riix occutted in -114- 6avaot o6 expotted commodities and "pet capita" p!oduction o6 do- met-ic 6oods dectined signiLocantty. EMBRAPA and the NARS wvLe cAeated and the cotf-aboAation with the 1ARC- was inten6i4ied in the middte o6 thi, ptoce,. In addition, in 1973/174, BAazitj,ike many othe. count-ti4e, was acing the extAemety advetse eQ6ect. of the 4itst oet "4hock", in its extetnat accounta. In tight od these thtee devetopments, it iP possibte to undetstand the sociat "demands" as weft as EMBRAPA' tespon sbitities in the mid-seven- ti4e. ARso, itom that -ituation and the di66icu-ties 'e&ated to human and dinanciat Ae.Outce,s, it i6 po,,ibte to undekttand EMBRAPA'-s pteoccupation in de.ining teseatch ptiotitien,inctuding ctops to be emphasized in the -%e.se.ach p'ogtam. That wit- taze us to the second teason SoIL ouL extteme.ty good evatuation o0 EMBRAPA, the Ae,souLotce,s invested in the %teseach ptogLam. Ove.1LaRt EMBRAPA'6 budget gtew by a muZtipte o6 ten in dottat tetms Atom 1974 to 1982 and totat te,seatch expenditute as a ptopoAtion o6 the vaQue o4 agticutatuta p4oduct atmost doubted beitween 1974 and avetage 1978/80. The petiod',s negative point, howevet, was ;the detekiotation ob,etved in TAC - Campina6, 4o-meQty out ptin- cipaQ teseatch in-5titution,a high qua&.ty one even byinte.nationat -standaAds. In addition to its gteatet budgets EMBRAPA was abte to make .ubstantia, investments in human tLeouLLce,s. FLoiom an initiaL -ituation whete the minopuity o6 Ae.eatche., was /LeaLLy quati6ied, ten yea&, aatet EMBRAPA had succeeded in a majo4 quaQ- ity change in its teseatch -ta46, with a Latge majotity at the mastet's ot doctot's e.ve. o6 ttaining. In this petiod, aLso im- po'ttant oAt the quatity o¸ Bazi-ian teseatcheAt, wa, the ttain- ing o44e.ed by the IARCs. Howevet, with the quatity imptovement expe.ienced by the te,seatch staj, it Look -ike tepAe.ntty the type o6 ttaining pLovided by the IARCs witt have to change. The thitd teason to justi6y ovL good evaLuation o6 EM4RAPA-NARS is eta-ted to the ptobLem od a pteviou,s unbatanced -J1 5 - pattetn 06 -technotogicaZ innova,tion. The evidenae we uJeQte abte to gathet indicacted ,that a change had atteady oacutted by the end o6 -the 6eventie. towaAds a mote batanced pattetn oa te- ,eea&ch inve.tment between domestic and expot,ted ctoph Cettain- QQy, tha,t was an indica,tion o6 e.6o,-t and noat ptacticaQ te.utts. Howevek, it is impottan,t to ob6e.ve that in thi e66o4)tt the IARCs had much to give, -ince CIMMYT, IRRI and CIAT, wete con- cetned with exactty those domeztic ctops 6o'r which BAazit had a ptobtem, maize, tice, edibQe be.ns and cassava, and lIZTA and ICRISAT we.te. tevant to BtaziQ', agAo-ctimatic condi;tion6. EvaZeuating 'Leseatch teu-hUts obtained since the cte- ation o6 EMBRAPA-NARS, i,t wao nojted ,tha,t -the con-ttibuation o6 -the TARC- has been te.evant, mainty in -the ptovision o6 gene.tic ma- tetiaP to Btazit. The Zi6t 06 new vatieties te.utting 6'tom -buch a coaeLbotation, given in chapte.t 3, is imptesive., mainty in the ca6e. 06 maize, tice, edibLe be.an and whea-t. At6o imptehsive is the tLi6t o6 new ctop vatietie. deveLoped by EMBRAPA-NARS with- ou,t -the di'tect cotLabotation o6 the IARCs. By the ctite.'tia We devetoped in thiUs tudy to meazut-e the amount 0o6 technotogicaL change occutting ovet ,time, we conctuded that an inctease did take ptace Jt-om 1960/69, 1967/76 and 1977/83. Thi, is in agtee- ment wi,th the oveatat incteaze in invehstmen-t 6ot agticutu-ttat -te- seatch aitet -the impLementation o6 EMBRAPA in 1974. When considet- ing domestic and expot-ted ctops, i,t was no-ted that -the amount 0A technotogicat change initea6ed 5imitaAty 6ot ba,th gtoup 6'tom the 6it6t to the thitd petiod, atthough the inc-tease wa- tatget 6o-t expotted ctops when compat-ing the second a.d thitd petiods. Within dome6tic ctops, the mix 06 technotogicaL change is now mote concent'tated in maize-tice as again-st maize-po-ta-toe.s, with -the ptL-een-t mix being mote impottan-t 6oit pAtoduc-e.t and consumeu. When con6ideting the quesztion oa technotogicat change in tegionaQ tetms, we noted that domewtic chtopt made te.ative gainh ove.-t expotted ctopz in the Southetn tegion, with yietd gutow,th ah indica-tot, duting 1977/83, e.peciaLty maize. and tice, ah compated to soybeans and cotton. Howeve.t, thQe opposiote hap- -116- pened in BtaziQ'z centtae tegion, wh.e&e expoited cAop4 made te- Zative gainz ovvL domestic ones. In this tegion now, as it was in the SoutheAn &egion dutLing patt od the sixties and the seven- ties, soybeans is in the 6iut p4 ace, with evevLat new vatieties 6o.t the atea o6 "cettados'" az weQQ as those .oA tow Zatitudes. With aQQ that in mind, it 6eemm impottant to me that the coLZabotation EMBRAPA-NARS-IARC6 6houtd be maintained OIL even incteased. The IARCz wotk with the "itght" ctops with te- zpect to Btazit' need.. In te.ms o6 ptio eitiue, we woutd say that an inctea6ed coQUabotation woutd be nece.saxy 6ot cassava, edibLe beans and uptand tice. Such a cottabotation, howeve., 6houtd take into account that pxeQsentQy the quaaity oa B4azitian 4te6e.atche.t4 is much highet than it was ten yeats ago. As a te- ,u6tt, the baiss 6ot a continuing succe.4but cotZabotation,be it in t&aining, genetic mate.kiats, &e.eaAch apptoache. ot methodo&- ogie.s, etc., does exi,6t today in BIaziL and, ptobabty, in bettet tetmz than in mid-seventies. 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