E687 Volume 23 Royal Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project (PE073311-KH, PHRD Grant) Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy (MIME) Department of Potable Water Supply d w Phnom Penh and Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) Technical and Project Department Phnom Penh Environmental Safeguard Framework Project Operations Manual Version 1.2 (DRAFT) Prepared with s upport from Frank Radstake, Consultant Contract for Environmental Assessment Consulting Services January, 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual PREFACE The present "Environmental Safeguard Framework", as part of the Project Operations Manual, describes the methodology and process to minimize adverse environmental impacts and to include proper mitigation measures for the Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project (PPUWSP), implemented by Department of Potable Water Supply, Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy (MIME), and the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA), Kingdom of Cambodia. The manual is a toolkit for the borrower and/or consultants to prepare Environmental Assessment (EA) reports, to safeguard appropriate environmental monitoring and management, and to obtain the requirecl Environmental Clearances, following both Cambodian Regulations and World Bank guidelines. The various steps for conducting the assessment are summarized in checklists and flowcharts. Additionally, the manual provides technical considerations for the possible project components water supply, sanitation, drainage, and wastewater disposal and management. All relevant Cambodian environmental regulations, World Bank Guidelines, and supplementary documentation have been compiled on an annexed CD-Rom. Although care has been taken to provide official and the most complete and/or up-to-date references, the author does not take any responsibility for the use and application of the current documentation. The Environmental Assessment activities are carried out under the general supervision of Mr. Peng Navuth, Director, Department: of Potable Water Supply (DPWS), and Mr. Long Naro, Director, Technical and Project Department, PPWSA. Mr. Sin Vaidia, Deputy Director DPWS, PPUWSP Project Manager, is responsible for the coordination and daily supervision of the assignment. Mr. Cheav Channy, Deputy Chief of Technical Office, DPWS, and Mr. Ou Khua Vath, Project and Design Section, PPWSA, have been assigned as direct counterpart for the technical implementation of the Environmental Assessments. The Environmental Assessment Consulting Services have been supported through a PHRD grant of the Japanese Government, with support of the Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region of the World Bank. The operations manual will be subject to review during the implementation of the project, and will be updated with experiences and recent findings of the projec t if appropriate. Frank Radstake, Consultant' Environmental and Water Resources Management Advisor E-mail: fradstake(caol.com ' Disclaimer: Findings and views expressed in this report are entirely those of the Consultant and should not be attributed in any matter to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations. .AI7Main text i Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE I INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL .................................................. 1-1 1.1.1 General ................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Report outline ................................................... 1-2 1.2 NATIONAL LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK . ................................................ 1-2 1.2.1 National Environmental Legislation .................... ............................... 1-2 1.2.2 Water quality standards ................................................... 1-3 1.2.3 Phnom Penh and the PPWSA ................................................... 1-5 1.2.4 Other related national regulations .................. ................................. 1-5 1.3 WORLD BANK EA REQUIREMENTS .................................................. 1-6 1.4 APPLIED PROJECT APPROACH ................................................. 1-6 1.4.1 EA Implementation Methodology ................................................... 1-6 1.4.2 Public consultation and participaiion ................................................... 1-8 2 DRINKING WATER SOURCES QUALITY IN CAMBODIA ................................................ 2-1 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................. 2-1 2.2 CURRENT STATUS ................................................. 2-1 2.3 CONCLUSIONS ................................................. 2-2 3 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF SUB-PROJECT LOCATIONS ....................................... 3-1 3.1 GENERAL ......................... 3-1 3.2 MAIN FINDINGS ......................... 3-3 3.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................... 3-4 4 SCREENING PROCEDURES ......................... 4-1 4.1 RATIONAL ........................... 4-1 4.2 REPORTING PROCEDURES SMALLER SYSTEMS (<2000 CONNECTIONS) . .. 4-2 4.3 REPORTING PROCEDURES LARGER SYSTEMS (22000 CONNECTIONS) . .. 4-2 4.3.1 Process . 4-2 4.3.2 EA Report contents . 4-2 4.3.3 Drafting the Environmental Management Plan . 4-4 4.3.4 Conclusions and recommendations . 4-6 4.4 SUBMISSION AND FOLLOW-UP .. 4-7 4.5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION .. . 4-8 4.5.1 Documentation of the EA Process . 4-8 4.5.2 Proof of Social Acceptability . 4-8 4.6 MISCELLANEOUS .. 4-9 4.6.1 Arsenic Mitigation . 4-9 4.6.2 Sanitation . 4-10 5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS . 5-1 5.1 RESPONSIBILITY FOR FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION . 5-1 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT . 5-1 5.3 COMPLIANCE MONITORING . 5-1 6 MAIN REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND DOCUMENTATION . 6-1 .4iVIMain text ii Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Schematic presentation of EA scheduling ..................................................... 1-7 Figure 2 - Location map of current sub-project ............................................................. 3-1 Figure 3 - Applied EA Process ................................................................. 4-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Main proposed drinking water quality standards ............................................ 1-3 Table 2 - Cambodian and International effluent s tandards and guidelines ................... 1-4 Table 3 - Receiving water quality standards ................................................................ 1-4 Table 4 - Water Quality sampling results ( .... units ???) .2-2 Table 5 - Summary of sub-p roject locations ................................. 3-2 Table 6 - Summary matrix size versus of sub-project (number of towns) .......... ........... 3-3 Table 7 - Summary of Will ingness to Connect .............................................................. 3-4 Table 8 - Summary Matrix of Environmental Observations ........................................... 3-4 Table 9 - Proposed Table of Contents ................................................................ 4-3 Table 10 - Layout and example of an environment al Mitigation Plan (MiP) for a deep well system ................................................................ 4-5 Table 11 - Layout and example of an Envi ronmental Monitoring Plan (MoP) ................ 4-7 Table 12 - Summary of Institutional Responsibilities for EA activities ........................... 5-1 Table 13 - Checklist for assessment of environmental baseli ne conditions ......... .......... XV Table 14 - Guidelines for the minimum land acquisi tion for water sources protection. XVII Table 15 - Example of a summary matrix of Environmental Issues/Impacts ......... ....... XIX Table 16 - Example for guidelines for groundwater protection zones ........... ................ XXI Table 17 - Potential impacts and mitigation rneasures related to the construction of sewerage and drainage infrastructur e ................................................................ XXVI Table 18 - General listing of wastewater treatment, disposal and sludge managem ent technology (after WB EA Sourcebook) ............................................................. XXVIII LIST OF ANNEXES Annex A - Cambodian Envi ronmental Regulations (availabl e on attached CD-Rom) ....... I Annex B -World Bank Environmental Guidelines (available on attached CD-Rom) ....... III Annex C - OBA Instructions for compliance with E nvironmental Safeguards ................ VII Annex D - Environmental Safeguard Guidelines for Smaller W S System ....................... IX Annex E - Supplementary Technical Guidelines ........................................................... XV Annex E I - Assessment of Environmental B aseline Conditions .............. ..................... XV Annex E 2 - General analysis and comparison of potential environmental impacts .... XVII Annex E 3 - Water Source Cons iderations ................................................................. XX Annex E 4 - Sanitation and wastewater coll ection disposal ................ ........................ XXIII Annex E 5 - Improvement of storm drainage and wastewat er disposal ...................... XXXI Aill'Main text Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Pen-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DBL Design-Build-Lease (contract) DPWS Department of Potable Water Supply DPWT Department of Public Works and Transport (Municipality) EA Environmental Assessment EEA Environmental Examination Application EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESF Environmental Safeguard F ramework IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LCPSS Low Cost Pilot Sewerage System Lpcd Liters per capita per day Mg/I Milligrams per liter MIME Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Energy MiP Mitigation Plan MOA Memorandum of Agreement MoE Ministry of Environment MoP Monitoring Plan MPP Municipality of Phnom Penh MWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteo rology MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NGO Non Governmental Organization OM Operations Manual PCD Pollution Control Department (Ministry of Environment) PG Provincial Government PO Project Owner PPWSA Phnom Penh Water Supply A uthority PPUWSP Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sani tation Project RGC Royal Government of Cambodia ToR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids UNDP United Nations Development FProgram WB World Bank WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WTC Willingness To Connect Al P Main text iv Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of the manual 1.1.1 General The 'Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation' project is being implemented by the Department of Potable Water Supply (DPWS) of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy (MIME), and the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA), Kingdom of Cambodia. The MIME component aims at financing water supply and sanitation projects targeting provincial towns and district towns that express demand for improved services and low- income communities in urban centers. It finances investments that (i) respond to what consumers want and are willing to pay, (ii) facilitate and develop private sector participation in financing, operating and maintaining constructed facilities, while designing specific instruments that ensure inclusion of low income communities residing in the service areas. The main objective of the PPWSA component is to ensure that consumers in rapidly growing peri-urban areas in Phnom Penh receive sustainable water supply. The project will finance water supply investment targeting peri-urban communities that express demand for the improved services, with special focus on low-income communities living in these urbanized centers. As part of the project the RGC will develop financing mechanisms through which, low-income communities can participate as fully-fledged paying customers of piped water system. The second objective is to continue the sewerage program in Phnom Penh, incorporating in the sewerage systems new Sangkats. It is the responsibility of the borrower (i.e. the RGC through the Provincial Governments) to minimize adverse environmental impacts and to include proper mitigation measures, and to conduct an Environmental Assessment (EA), both required within the Cambodian regulations and the World Bank guidelines. Environmentally sound practices have to be incorporated into the project design, and possible negative impacts will have to be mitigated to acceptable levels. The present volume of the Operations Manual describes the EA methodology and process. EA is the integrated process for the review of proposed businesses and development activities for their impacts on the environment, including ecological, socio- economic and cultural components. An EA complements the technical and economic feasibility studies of a proposed project and/or activi ties. The manual is a toolkit for the borrower and/or consultants to prepare the EA reports and to obtain required operating permits. The manual does not intend to provide full pre- prepared "blueprints"; as local assessments will always be required during each EA preparation. 111P'lvMain text Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 1.1.2 Report outline Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the Environmental Assessment process, including background information on institutional and regulatory developments in the environmental and the water sector in the Cambodia. Specific aspects like Arsenic contamination and a summary of the findings in the current project towns are given in Chapters 2 and 3, respectively. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the formal procedures to be applied for the preparation of the EA reports. including information on the preparation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Institutional, monitoring and follow-up activities are provided in Chapter 5. Main references and additional background materials are lis ted in Chapter 6. 1.2 National legal and administrative framework 1.2.1 National Environmental Legislation Overall management of the environment lies with the Ministry of Environment (MoE), which was created in 1993. The MoE has wide responsibilities, which are spelled out in the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management. At the provincial and city levels, there are corresponding Provincial/City Environment Departments. These local departments have the responsibility of enforcing the environmental legislation coming under the competence of the MoE. However, the daily operational functions of these departments would normally come under the direct control of the provincial/city authorities. The development of environmental legislation is one of the Cambodian Government's national priorities. In November 1996, the Cambodian National Assembly passed the Law on Environmental Protection and Natjral Resource Management (the framework Law). The Law was prepared with technical and financial assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the United States Agency for International Development (USA ID). The objectives of the framework Law are lo protect environmental quality through the prevention, reduction and control of pollution, to establish an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system, to ensure sustainable use of natural resources, to encourage public participation and to suppress acts which are harmful to the environment. The framework Law calls for ElAs to be conducted for every private or public project, to be reviewed by the Ministry of Environment before submission to the Government for a final decision. All proposed and existing activities are to be covered under this requirement. Sub-decrees are antici pated to provide for the finer details of the system. The Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, which was issued in December 1999, details specific procedures to be followed and the nature and size of projects which are required to submit ElAs. Furthermore, draft guidelines have been prepared for the set-up and contents of the EIA reports). Although still in draft form, they will be used as the basis for the EIA reports. .lIMain text 1-2 Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Per-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 1.2.2 Water quality standards Drinking Water Quality standards No official drinking water quality standards presently exist in Cambodia. The general practice is currently to apply the WHO guidelines wherever possibl e. With support of the WHO, a proposal is being prepared by an inter-ministerial for the introduction of new drinking water quality standards (see Table 1). It is not expected that the new water quality standards will officially be approved prior to the start of the projects. The full set of proposed drinking water quality standards is included in Annex A. Table 1 - Main proposed drinking water quality standards Principle New Proposed Drinking Water WHO (updated parameters quality standards 2nd edition) Chloride [mg/I] 300 250 Color [deg.] 10 TCU (True Color Unit) 15 Hardness 300 (as CaCo3) Iron 0.5 0.3 Manganese 0.5 0.1 pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 Odor Acceptable Unobject. Taste Acceptable Unobject. Turbidity [NTU] 5.0 5.0 Arsenic [mg/I] ()01* 0.01 Cadmium [mg/I] 0.01 0.003 Chromium [mg/l] 0.05 0.05 Cyanide [mg/I] 0.07 0.07 Fluoride [mg/I] 1.5 1.5 Lead [mg/I] 0.01 0.01 Mercury [mg/I] (.001 0.001 Nitrate [mg/I] 50.0 50.0 Nitrite [mg/I] 3 3 Selenium [mg/1] 0.01 0.01 Total Coliform Zero Zero E. Coliform Zero Zero Note: Proposed interim Arsenic Maximum Allowable Concentration until June 2007: 0.01 - 0.05 The recommendations are especially important for the Arsenic level. It is generally acknowledged that the WHO standard of lOpg/l would be unrealistic to apply currently, and that a (temporary) value of 50pg/l will be more appropriate for Cambodia. Accordingly, it is recommended to apply a maximum value of 50p/g for the design of the water supply system for the Provincial towns. The PPWSA will apply the WHO guidelines, as is being done for the entire P WSA service area. ,]ii'Main text 1-3 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Effluent Discharge standards The Ministry of Environment, through its Pollution Control Department (PCD), sets effluent discharge standards in Cambodia. The PCD obtained approval for a comprehensive set of wastewater discharge standards in April 1999 under the Sub- Decree on Water Pollution Control. Table 2 summarizes the effluent standards for effluent discharge into a public water area. The complete sub-decree on water quality standards is included in Annex A. The table also provides a comparison with other regional or international effluent standards. Table 2 - Cambodian and International effluent standards and guidelines No' Parameter Unit Discharge to Discharge to Thailand European World Bank protected Public water (1996) - Union (1998) .... public water area and (1991)^-- area sewer 2 pH - 6-9 5--9 55-9.0 - 6-9 3 BOD5(5 days Mg/l < 30 <80 < 20 < 25 < 50 at 20°C) 4 COD Mg/A < 50 < 100 < 120 < 125 < 250 5 Total Mg/l < 60 < 120 < 50 < 35 - 60 < 50 Suspended Solids (TSS) 6 Total Mg/l < 1000 < 2000 < 3000 - Dissolved Solids (TDS) 7 Grease and Mg/l < 5.0 < 15 < 5 mg/i - <10 oil 8 Detergents Mg/l < 5.0 < 15 10 Nitrate (NO3) Mg/I < 5.0 < 20 < 100 < 10-15 (s) - 15 Phosphate Mg/ < 3.0 < 6.0 - < 1 - 2 (s) <2 (PO4) 34 Ammonia Mg/I < 5.0 < 7.0 - - <10 (NH3) ^ From Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (Council of Ministers No. ANRK.BK - 06 April 1999), Annex No 2 Notification of the Pollution Control Committee, No. 3, B.E. 2539 (1996) dated August 20, B.E. 2539 (1996) issued under Factory Act B.E.2535 (1996), Vol. 113, Part 75 D, dated September 17, B.E. 2539 (1996) EU, 1991 - Urban Waste Water Treatment (EU Directives 91/271/EEC & 98/15/EEC). (s) for sensitive (eutrophication) areas only; upper limits applies to smaller systems (i.e. 10 000 - 100 000 population equivalents) WB, 1998 - Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. General Environmental and Manufacturing guidelines Receiving Water Standards Water quality standards to be achieved in receiving waters are defined in the sub-decree on Water Pollution Control (RGC, 1999). Table 3 - Receiving water quality standards River Lakes and Reservoirs 1 PH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 2 BOD5 (5 days at 200C) Mg/I 1 -10 1 - 8 3 Suspended Solids Mg/I 25- 100 1 - 15 4 Dissolved Oxygen Mg/I 2.0 - 7.5 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 5000 < 1000 6 Total Nitrogen mg/I No standard 0.1 - 0.6 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l No standard 0.005 - 0.05 Cambodia has no official bacteriological standards for effluents. In general, it seems reasonable to link the treatment standards required to the planned and current quality of ..I|l'Main text 1-4 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA I WB) Project Operations Manual the receiving water. Policy should be to avoid causing deterioration of current water quality and where possibl e to improve water quality. 1.2.3 Phnom Penh and the PPWSA Phnom Penh Municipality (MPP) is the government body with overall responsibility for service provision within the city. The Department of Public Works and Transport (DPWT), under the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT), is responsible for sewerage and drainage in the municipality. The PPWSA at present is responsible for drinking water production and distributi on within the city of Phnom Penh. The PPWSA have extensive experience with implementing major construction works in the city of Phnom Penh and has elaborated regulations for contract implementation. Contract conditions, as approved by the World Bank, include various clauses related to environmental and social aspects to promote appropriate construction practices. In summary, these include: * The contractor should comply with all laws in force in the country where the facilities are installed and where the installat ion services are carried out (clause 9.4) * The employer should be responsible for acquiring and providing legal and physical possession of the site and access hereto, and for providing possession of and access to all other areas reasonably required the proper execution of the contract, including all requisite rights of way (clause 10.2). * The employer and the Contractor should establish site regulations setting out the rules to be observed in the execution of the contract at the Site and shall comply with therewith. The contractor shall prepare and submit to the employer, with a copy to the project Manager, proposed site regulations for the employer's approval, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld. Such site regulations shall include, but shall not be limited to, rules in respect to security, safety of the facilities, gate control, sanitation, medical care, and fire prevention (claus e 22.3). * Site clearance in course of performance: In the course of carrying out the contract, the contractor shall keep the site reasonably free from all necessary obstruction, store or remove and surplus materials, clear away any wreckage, rubbish or temporary works from the site, and remove any contractor's equipment no longer required for the execution of the contract (clause 22.6.1). * Clearance of site after completion: after completion of all parts of the facilities, the contractor shall clear away and remove all wreckage, rubbish and debris of any kind from the site, and shal I leave the site and facilities clean and safe (clause 22.6.2). * Amongst others, the contractor shall held Third party liability insurance, workers compensation, and employer Ii ability (clause 34). 1.2.4 Other related national regulations Construction Section 10 of the Cambodian Code of Construction details the implementation of the necessary procedures required for the protection of the Environment during the execution of specific work activities. The Code has been prepared by the Ministry of Public Work and Transportation (M PWT). The Sub-decree on Construction Licenses (No. 86, dated December 1997) require property owners in cities to construct a septic tank for the treatment of domestic sanitary .iIVMain text 1-5 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual sewage from their building. The overflow from the septic tank should then be connected to the 'sewerage' system. 1.3 World Bank EA requirements World Bank procedures for environmental screening are described in the Operational Policy 4.01: Environmental Assessment (1999; Annex B of this manual). As the current project include major infrastructural works in Phnom Penh, the project has been assigned to the Category A. This implies the requirement of the preparation of an environmental analysis or limited Environmental Assessment. Major environmental issues to be addressed and mitigated include adverse impacts in terms of arsenic contamination, wastewater discharge, and draw down of groundwater (see Annex E ). Special attention should be paid to public participation, possible involuntary resettlement and compensation for loss of income due to the development of the water supply systems according to WB regulations (OD 4.30: Involuntary resettlement, see Annex B). Key issues include the necessary compensation for land acquisition and the possible displacement of people and resettlement. Details are given in the Operations manuals on Public Participation and Economic Compensation prepared as separate Volumes. As most of the necessary constructions for the water supply systems are small, resettlement and land acquisition are not major issues in the current project. However, if .applicable, the relevant measures have to be addressed and incorporated into the EA reports (see sections 4.2 and 4.3). 1.4 Applied Project Approach 1.4.1 EA Implementation Methodology An 'Environmental Assessment Implementation Methodology' has been developed combining both the Cambodian regulations and WB safeguard guidelines. As mentioned above, the proposed methodology is principally based on and combines the regulations and guidelines listed below: Royal Government of * Sub-decree on Water Pollution (1999, No: 27.ANRK.BK) Cambodia * Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment process (2001, No: 72.ANRK.BK) * Guideline for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. Draft only. Ministry of Environment. World Bank Guidelines * World Bank guidelines on Environmental Assessment (OP and BP 4.01); a World Bank Guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement (OP and BP 4.12). Details on the identification of EA requirements and necessary documentation to be prepared are given in Chapter 4. Additional references and background documentation are given in Annex E and Chapter 6. Specific instructions for the OBA component are given in Annex C. .AIP'Main text 1-6 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual The environmental assessment is closely coordinated with the other project preparation activities (e.g. engineering design, economic analysis, and community consultation, see Figure 1). The EA preparation should start simultaneously with the initial (engineering) assessment and pre-feasibility study in order to include all environmental aspects in to the selection process and engineering design right from the beginning. The EA preparation and operating permit processing should be completed before the signing of the loan agreement. Figure 1 - Schematic presentation of EA scheduling ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT PHASES AND STEPS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT b Invitation and agreement on 'participation'in the project Inventory and evaluation of , Scoping and.Assessment of existing systems and water,-:. Environmnental baseline .. reauirements conditions.-;. - Pre-feasibility studies |, ; Analysis ofenvironmental | ->~r ; --impacts and_drafting of EMP \ I I, r t 8 J , } , //~~~~~~I" IVai Approval of alternatives and tariff implications Public consultations and participatory' selection of final altemative - b6 Dta`iled eng;neering desig an |- -,Finaizati6n-ofiEA+rieort arnd| fiaca anlyi I- ,-4; " ro - .... in, . 'MoEapproya,-- -.WB appralsaland signing of loan,' _1 'agreements Construction and operation of Compliance Monitoring Waler Sup'ply System The main steps for the EA include: * (non-formal) Scoping meetings; * Inventory of the environmental baseline conditions; * Potential direct and indirect environmental impacts, including opportunities for enhancement; * Systematic environmental comparison of alternative investments, sites, technologies/designs, including all the significant adverse environmental impacts that are anticipated. AIlP"Main text 1-7 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME I PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual * Drafting of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), including a mitigation and monitoring plan; * Community consultation and participatory selec tion of WS alternative; * Submission to and clearance of MoE and/or the World B ank; * EMP Compliance Monitoring. Project preparation, including all environmental assessment activities, is coordinated through the PMO of the PUWS. As a part of the whole feasibility study, the EA should be started at the project planning stage, or just after the proponent acquired the location permit. By starting the EA in the early stages of a project's cycle, it seeks to avoid costly development, caused by mistakes and unpredicted environmental damage s. 1.4.2 Public consultation and participation Both the RGC and the WB emphasize the importance of public participation and require a transparent EA process in gaining understanding and achieving social acceptability for a project or undertaking. Participation of the local authorities and population should be secured through regular community consultations during the entire EA process (similar to WB 'stakeholder workshops"). The goal of public participation is to enable citizens to take responsibility for environmental protection and management through active involvement in decision making. The community consultations must be sufficiently integrated into the process of the formulation and evaluation of technical alternatives. Therefore, it is recommended to include the public consultations on environmental issues during the multiple public hearings to be organized during t he technical assessment, feasibility study and design. The consultation process should be documented and annexed to the EA report (see section 4.5.1). Also, proof of social acceptability based on the results of the public consultations should be annexed to the E A report (see section 4.5.2). il7Main text 1-8 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Prolect Operations Manual 2 DRINKING WATER SOURCES QUALITY IN CAMBODIA 2.1 Introduction In 2001, the Royal Government of Cambodia (i.e. MIME), with support from the World Health Organization, completed an assessment of drinking water quality from source located throughout the country (MIME/WHO, 2001). The assessment, which was conducted in thirteen of Cambodia's most densely populated provinces, focused exclusively on testing the chemical quality of urban and rural water supplies. However, it is critical to note that the human health threat from bacteriological unsafe drinking water is by far the most important water quality issue in Cambodia at present time. The potential for naturally-occurring toxic chemicals to appear in groundwater was among the main concerns guiding the design of the 2001 assessment. Experiences in other portions of Asia where high concentrations of Arsenic and Fluoride have appeared in drinking water played a driving role. Consumption of elevated levels of Arsenic in drinking water over long periods of time has been associated with a variety of human health problems, including skin lesion and abnormal pigmentation, cardiovascular problems, and various forms of cancer. 2.2 Current status The MIME/WHO assessment results indicated that the chemical quality of most urban and rural drinking water sources was generally very good. No pesticides were detected in any of the samples (which were screened for over 40 types of organochloride and organophosphate compounds). Surface water sources were typically very low in dissolved solids and of good quality (although not tested for bacteriological quality). Groundwater was generally also of good chemical quality, and did not have any detectable levels of dissolved solids. Flowever, groundwater had higher levels of dissolved solids. Iron, Manganese, sodium, chloride and other naturally-occurring elements are common constituents of groundwater. Most of these elements are harmless. The most significant findings of the survey is that groundwater for certain areas in Cambodia contain levels of chemicals that could pose concerns for human health. The most important of these chemicals is Arsenic. Several water sources, both in rural and urban areas, were found to contain Arsenic concentrations above the WHO's guideline value of 10 parts per million. The highest concentrations were detected in Kien Svay and TaKhm. A few other chemicals of human health significance were detected in the study areas. These include Barium, Chromium, Fluoride, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Selenium. Of these, the most significant are likely Nitrate and Nitrate, as they were detected at levels exceeding their respective WHO guideline value in several locations. The most prevalent concerns among consumers of groundwater were related to taste and other aesthetic properties of water. Mainly Iron, Manganese, and Hardness can cause taste and odor problems, and can c reate problems for bathing and w ashing. .4i]'Main text 2-1 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual During the feasibility studies for the first batch of sub-projects a water quality sampling program was conducted by MIME. A summary of the results of the sampling is given in Table 4. ....... .TO BE COMPLETED WITH FINAL RESULTS . Table 4 - Water Quality sampling results (.... units ???) Water Tested Components Town Source Tested pH EC TDS Fe NO3 Cl Hardn As ess O' Smach Deep bore 46m 7.6 648 325 0.05 1 49 150 0 Bavet Deep bore 22-29m 4.85 28 13 0.02- 0.9- 49 25 0 0.33 1 5 Kandieng Reay Deep bore 24-36m 7.14 138 70 0.1 1.1 NT 50 0 Kraol Kou Deep bores 30-39m 6.56 100- 50- 0.12- 0.6- 56 100 0 260 130 0.36 0.8 Kampong Chak Deep bore 36m 6.98 151 76 0.27 1.2 NT 25 0 Boeung Deep bores 59-72m 6.00- 143- 80- 0.08- 1.1- 0-86 70-120 0 Trakoun 7.73 1945 988 0.80 1.4 Ph Thom + Ph Deep bores 17-33m 6.96 705 355 0.03 3.3 36 400 0 Touch Srah Chik + Deep bores 30-40m 6.3- 40- 20- 0.1- 0.5- 0- 25-450 0- PaoyChar 8.4 1780 1115 1.0 18 290 <10 Phsar Chub Deep bores 40-60m 5.64 44 22 0.37- 0.9 NT 40-80 0 0.66 Thmor Pourk Deep bores-46-60m n/a n/a n/a 0.13 17 NT n/a 0 Neak Loeang + FS report summarizing details being prepared Prek Khay Kha A& B Prasat Deep bore 53m 6.51 233 114 0.98 1.8 6 90 30 Svay Antor Deep bore 29m 6.59 249 125 0 1.5 NT 130 0 Prek Deep bore 47m 6.71 201 98 0.18 1.4 NT 80 0 Changkran Chheu Kach Deep bore 35m 6.92 368 188 0.04 1.8 6 120 10 Roka Deep bores 21-33m 5.47 410 208 0.14 10.4 36 120 <10 Sala Lek Pram Deep bores 18-31m 7.3 400 200 <0.3 <0.1 24 150 0 Prey Khmer Deep bores 16 -35m 7.34 2'50- 140- 0.09- 0- 52- 50-250 0 1000 535 2.74 .002 183 Ponley Deep bores 27-38m 7.34 200- 98- 0.03- 0- 9- 120 0 650+ 324 4.15 .002 18.5 Note: Bold values indicate samples exceeding proposed water quality standards. 2.3 Conclusions The sampling data collected for the present project confirms the 2001 assessment that certain water quality parameters may need to be addressed, but no serious water quality constraints are to be expected. In selected towns the Iron, Manganese and Arsenic content may be exceeding the official WHO guidelines values of lOpg/l, but it is expected that standard aeration will be sufficient to provide drinking water of good quality. Also high Hardness may require additional treatment in a selected number of towns. It should be noted that all water quality sampling programs are only general assessments representative for limited areas only, but can not provide the final water .AlIMain text 2-2 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual quality to be found in a specific location. It will hence be necessary that any new well will always be tested extensively before usage. If necessary, the design of the system will have to modified to obtain acceptable water of an acceptable quality (see also section 4.6.1: Arsenic Mitigation). .AiP'Main text 2-3 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Pen-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 3 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF SUB-PROJECT LOCATIONS 3.1 General The first batch of sub-project of the PPUWSP initially consisted of 5 Peri-urban areas, 23 provincial towns, complemented with 6 back-up towns. After an initial assessment of the suitability, feasibility, and environmental constraints to include the areas in the project, a final listing for the first batch of project locations had been established (see Table 5 and Figure 2). Figure 2 - Location map of current sub-project .AIP'Main text 3-1 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 5 - Summary of sub-project locations Code Town Province District Current IEIA Status report MOI Kranhjung Prey Veng Postponed M02 Phsar Prum Krong Pailin Pailin Postponed M03 Samraong Odor Meanchey Samraong Postponed M04 Ou Smach Odor Meanchey Samraong Included Yes M05 Anlong Vaeng Odor Meanchey Anlong Vaeng Postponed M06 Krong Kep Kampot Kampot Postponed M07 Bavet Svay Rieng Chantrea Included Yes M08 Kandieng Reay Svay Rieng Svay Teab Included Yes M09 Kraol Kou Svay Rieng Svay Chrum Included Yes M1O Kampong Chak Svay Rieng Rumduol Included Yes M11 Malai Banteay Malai Postponed Meanchey M12 Boeung Trakunn Banteay Thma Pourk Included Yes Meanchey M13 Phnom Thom / Phnom Banteay Mongkul Borei Included Yes Touch Meanchey M14 Nimitt Banteay Ou Crov Postponed Meanchey M15 Srah Chik/Poy Char Banteay Phnom Srok Included Yes Meanchey M16 Phsar Chob Banteay Preah Netr Included Yes Meanchey Preah M17 Thma Pourk Bantey Thma Pourk Included Yes Meanchey M18 Neak Loeang/Preaek Khsay Prey Vieng Peam Ro Included Yes Ka M19 Prasat Prey Vieng Kampong Included Yes Trabaek M20 Svay Antor Prey Vieng Prey Reang Included Yes M21 Preaek Changkran Prey Vieng Sithor/Kandal Included Yes M22 Chheu Kach Prey Vieng Ba Phn om Included Yes M23 Roka Prey Vieng Pea Reang Included Yes S02 Sala Lek Prim Kampong Kampong Included Yes Chhnang Chhang S03 Prey Khmer Kampong Kampong Included Yes Chhnang Chhang S04 Ponley Kampong Kampong Included Yes Chhnang Chhang S04 Traeng Trayueng Kampong Speu Kampong Speu Back-up S05 Tram Khnar Kampong Speu Kampong Speu Back-up S06 Khsem Khsan Kampong Speu Kampong Speu Back-up Phnom Penh Included Yes Full environmental assessments have been carried out for all the participation sub- projects, parallel with the feasibility studies and community consultations. The findings of the activities for the first batch of towns have been a major input for the present ESF- OM. Al7Main text 3-2 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 3.2 Main findings .............. .TO BE COMPLETED WITH THE FINAL RESULTS . Size of the sub-projects A review of the sub-projects shows the relative large number of small sized sub-projects (Table 6). Table 6 - Summary matrix size versus of sub-project (number of towns) Cost < Total Size of System < 500 HH 500- 1,000 HH 1,000 - 2,000 HH > 2,000 HH Total: Environmental impacts Arsenic Sanitation Public Consultations MIME, with support of the Engineering Consultant conducted a series of meetings and consultations with the resident, Provincial Government Officials and local officials of the sub-project towns. Overall, the project is perceived to be of great help to the community since it will significantly improve the quality of the drinking water supply and public health conditions by reducing common cases of water borne diseases (diarrhea, gastroenteritis and parasitism). The project will further stimulate socio-economic growth through increase in the number of commercial and economic activities thus adding revenue to the community. The results of the Willingness-to-Connect (WTC) is given in Table 7. .,iiwMain text 3-3 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 7 - Summary of Willingness to Connect Code Town Province Forms Positive WTC M04 Ou Smach Odor Meanchey M07 Bavet Svay Rieng M08 Kandieng Reay Svay Rieng M09 Kraol Kou Svay Rieng M10 Kampong Chak Svay Rieng M12 Boeung Trakunn Banteay Meanchey M13 Phnom Thom / Phnom Touch Banteay Meanchey M15 Srah Chik/Poy Char Banteay Meanchey M16 Phsar Chob Banteay Meanchey M17 Thma Pourk Bantey Meanchey M18 Neak Loeang/Preaek Khsay Ka Prey Vieng M19 Prasat Prey Vieng M20 Svay Antor Prey Vieng M21 Preaek Changkran Prey Vieng M22 Chheu Kach Prey Vieng M23 Roka Prey Vieng S02 Sala Lek Prim Kampong Chhnang S03 Prey Khmer Kampong Chhnang S04 Ponley Kampong Chhnang Phnom Penh Institutional Capacity The implementing capacity and resources of the Clients to carry out extensive environmental assessments is admittedly lirnited. The classification of larger and smaller sub-projects will significantly improve the effectiveness of the available resources. EA summary reports can be prepared by the PMO staff itself, while some external support may be required for the larger sub- projects. 3.3 Summary and Conclusions As the impacts for most of the smaller sub-projects are identical , are Impacts are relatively similar Table 8 - Summary Matrix of Environmental Observations Size of System Number of Towns Main Main identified Mitigation infrastructure impacts measures 500 HH 500- 1,000 HH 1,000 - 2,000 HH > 2,000 HH By limiting the .I t Main text 3-4 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 4 SCREENING PROCEDURES 4.1 Rational The substantive Environmental Assessment (EA) requirements for World Bank projects (i.e. OP 4.01: Environmental Assessment) are consistent with the 1996 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (the 'Framework law') and the 1999 sub-degree on the EIA Process, to be implemented by the Ministry of Environment (MoE) (see section 4.3.2). Environmental Safeguard Guidelines for the project have been developed by MIME combining both the Cambodian regulations and WB guidelines. The methodology has been elaborated in an "Environmental Safeguard Framework", as part of the Project Operations Manual' (ESF-OM). A copy of the ESF- OM (hardcopy or CD-Rom, together with sarnple IEIAs, can be obtained from MIME. Based on the mentioned MoE and WB documents, a flowchart showing the EIA procedure to be applied has been prepared. For the present project, with MIME being the Project owner, the applied process is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 - Applied EA Process Determination of Project EIA Requirements < 2000 connectiols, PE,BpaVAapEAJl m'IflatiOf4 v Include EA In Batch - jcsjojpeand size Summary Report .i'',' Projecw >= 2000 connections: !*.8{{ ae<< l . Prepare Individual .,.* ' ,3 . IEIAJEIA Report EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Project's Owner as Ministry and Institution 0 30 days * * 30 dayses EPA'S EtA reportof Pr C.are to1 < Rvsat IE MS] .App -: RepoiltoMoE ElAre~~Mo MOE Rviewg ELA Report_~ RevWIMlEIA IEIAo EIARRppon ABBREtAIAONS. PO Pqd Oar,, A4oE M-,"odE,t EMP E ror.nlVd Mmg-Ie Plt. OeIA PAM E ,NM,r hv,cl AO.rerMe EM E-r ..WM d lAar. EEA E ,oorr/n - E. APPkI,tOI , AIlP'Main text 4-1 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual For new water supply systems 2 2,000 connections, a concise Environmental Assessment (EA) will have to be prepared by the Project Owner, i.e. MIME/PPWSA or the Contractor (OBA Component). This is consistent with the Cambodian Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process. The Cambodian Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reporting requirements for water supply projects start with 10,000 users. The EIA sub-decree details specific procedures to be followed and lists the nature and size of projects which are required to submit Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) or ElAs reports. 4.2 Reporting Procedures Smaller systems (<2000 Connections) For smaller systems (< 2000 connections), the Project Owner will have to include Environmental Safeguard Guidelines into the Project design and operation arrangements, but will not be required to prepare an IEIA or seek formal permission from the Ministry of Environment. An 'environmental checklist' to be used for the smaller sub- projects, is included in Annex D. The checklist is based on the more elaborate Annex E - Supplementary Technical Guidelines. An EA summary report will have to be prepared per batch of participating towns. MIME and World Bank clearance for the project will be provided if the Environmental Safeguard guidelines are sufficiently incorporated into the project des igns. 4.3 Reporting Procedures Larger Systems (22000 connections) 4.3.1 Process For larger sub-projects, the Project Owner, will seek Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment, who will subsequently notify MIME, being the Approving Agency, that construction of the project can proceed. The first step in the EA process is the preparation of an Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA), to be submitted by the Project Owner to the MoE, supplemented with an Environmental Examination Application (EEA). Based on the review of the IEIA, the Project will either be approved, additional changes to the IEIA will have to be made, or a full scale EIA report will have to be prepared. 4.3.2 EA Report contents The MoE has prepared draft guidelines for the set-up and contents of the EIA reports. Although still in draft form, they have been used as the basis for the IEIA reports. Combined with the World Bank recommendations, a layout of the EA reports is proposed (Table 9). 4i|'Main text 4-2 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 9 - Proposed Table of Contents I PROJECT SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 2.3 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT 3.1 OBJECTIVES 4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4.1 SERVICE AREA 4.2 SUMMARY OF INFRASTRUCTURE 4.3 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 4.4 PROJECT PLANNING AND IMPLEMEN rA TION 5 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 5.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 5.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES 5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMICAL RESOURCES 6 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 CONSULTA TIONS WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 6.3 CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PROSPECTIVE USERS 7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 7.1 METHODOLOGY 7.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIC)NS 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING PROJECT CONSTRUCTION 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING PROJECT OPERATION 7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTAFTER THE PROJECTABANDON OR CLOSURE STAGE 7.6 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 8 ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN 9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 9.4 RESPONSIBILITIES 10 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 11 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 12 PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. Annex I - List of EA preparers Annex II - Accountability statement of project owner Annex III - Accountability statements of key EA report preparers Annex IV - Process documentation Annex V - Proof of social acceptability Annex VI - Applied Water Quality Standards The substantive contents of the EA report should cover all pos sible environmental issues and mitigation measures to be taken, as agreed upon with the PG. As such, it should: Identify all potential environmental issues/ impacts associated with the project type relative to the ECA location; * Identify all significant environmental impacts (SE Is); * Resolve all significant environmental impacts wi thin the scope of the EA report; and * Recommend additional studi es and/or an EIS to resolve outstanding issues/ impacts. Annex E provides supplementary background information of various environmental aspects of water supply and sanitation projects. General steps in the preparation of the substantive (technical) EA reports would refer to: * Inventory of the environmental baseline conditions (see Annex E 1); * Systematic environmental comparison of alternative investments, sites, technologies and designs, including all the significant adverse environmental impacts that are anticipated (see sections Annex E 2 through Annex E 5); 4IPVMain text 4-3 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 4.3.3 Drafting the Environmental Management Plan General The EMP consists in principle of three main components: * An environmental Mitigation PI an (EMiP) * An environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP); * Overview of the implementation arrangements. Both the Environmental Mitigation and the Mlonitoring plans can be presented in the form of a summary matrix. Compliance reports on both the Mitigation and Monitoring plans will be prepared by the water system operator/PG (see section 5.3) and subm itted to the PMO. Environmental Mitigation Plan A project's environmental mitigation plan (MiP) consists of the set of measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. Limited mitigation2 plans alone suffice for many category B projects. The mitigation plan should include, if applicable, the following items: * Identification and summary of all the significant adverse environmental impacts that are anticipated; * Brief description of each possible mitigation measure; * Institutional arrangements and the assignment of the various responsibilities for carrying out the mitigation measures (e.g. responsibilities which involve operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, reporting, and staff training). In Table 10 an example of a proposed Environmental Mitigation Plan is presented. Examples of mitigation measures are given for the main environmental impacts listed in Annex E 2 through Annex E 5. A sub-division in for the pre-construction, construction, and operation phase has to be included. When impacts are considered not significant, no mitigation measures are necessary. The decision to proceed with a project, and the World Bank's decision to support it, will be in part predicated on the expectation that the mitigation plan will be executed effectively. Consequently, it is important to integrate the plan into the project's overall planning, design, budget, and implementation. Such integration should be achieved by establishing the mitigation plan as an essential component of the project. This precaution ensures that the plan will receive funding and supervision along with the other investment components. 2 Full mitigation plans are essential elements for World Bank category A projects. AIl7Main text 4-4 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 10 - Layout and example of an environmental Mitigation Plan (MiP) for a deep well system Phase Mitigation measures Responsibility Schedule Pre- . Lack of control of water source: Acquire land directly MIME, World Bank Prior to DBL construction around the well (or secure a possible purchase); Contracts * Disturbance of land use and economic activities: Usage of public areas; . Provision for proper compensation. Construction . Disturbance of the land use due to drilling and Operator, with Continuous construction activities: Minimize impacts, Restore supervision of MIME during damages. consultant construction * Loss of natural vegetation: Replanting of areas. phase. * Disturbance of stream channels, aquatic plant and animal habitats: * Erosion and sedimentation control during construction. * Soil and water contamination (e.g. spilling of oil products and other construction materials): Control (collection, disposal) of water. * Hindrance (noise, air pollution, traffic, etc) due to drilling construction activities: Minimize hindrance to local population; Engage and provide labor for local population; Usage of main roads when possible. * Soil erosion and compaction: Proper runoff and erosion control through land protection and drainage channels; Heavy traffic restrictions. * Safety hazards: Application of proper safety and waming Measures; * Provision of temporary crossings and Bridges; Public information campaign. Operation . Increase of public health hazards due to increase of Operator, with To be determined wastewater: Secure the construction of proper on-site supervision of MIME during feasibility sanitary facilities (if lacking); Improve storm drainage study. system for sullage; Additional training of government staff. * Contamination of stream channels: Assure that inflow is relatively small compared to receiving river discharge; No routing of sewer lines directly in stream channels. * Water logging and salinization: Improve storm water drainage system. * Contamination of the groundwater source: Acquire and fence a protection zone directly around the well; Regulate potential polluting activities in recharge zone; Monitor water level and groundwater Abstraction. * Lowered groundwater table: Calculate safe yield (abstraction); Assure/proof that other water users are not affected. * Reduction in artesian flow: Locate the well in an area where other water users are not affected. * Increase of noise: Usage of electrical submersible pumps; Construction of proper pumping house. * Land subsidence: Space wells at larger distances; Avoid over-abstraction and consequent lowering of groundwater table. Abandoning . Water availability: keep traditional water sources phase available. Environmental Monitoring Plan iAIPt Main text 4-5 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Monitoring of environmental parameters and compliance to the EMP should be carried out during both the construction and operational phase. A simple monitoring plan, developed according to the example in Table 11, should be discussed and formulated with the PG, including the following elements: * Activities/parameters to be monitored ("monitoring objectives"); * Specific areas to be monitored; * Manner of monitoring; * Frequency and cost of monitoring; and * Institutional responsibilities for monitoring and data management. The frequency and level of sophistication of the sampling depends in part on the size of the system and the nature of its treatment pr ocesses. Monitoring is expensive; it requires laboratory facilities, equipment and technicians. Hence, as a general principle, include in the monitoring plans only what is necessary for protecting the environment, managing the system, and safeguarding its staff and equipment. Implementation arrangements The proposed protection and enhancement measures in the environmental mitigation and monitoring plans should provide enough information on when and how the measures at the various stages of the project should be implemented. However, in certain cases, additional information may be elaborated for the more important impacts or institutional constraints. For example: * Implementation schedule for measures that must be designed as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination wit h overall project implementation plans; * Monitoring and reporting procedures tc (i) ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures, and (ii) provide information on the progress and results of the compliance monitoring; * Integration into the total project cost tables of the cost estimates and sources of funds for both the initial investments and the recurring expenses for implementing the mitigation and monitoring plan. * Programs to strengthen environmental management capability in the PG/Operators may include training/technical assistance programs, staff development, procurement of equipment and suppli es, and/or organizational changes. 4.3.4 Conclusions and recommendations The conclusions and recommendations should brief and punctual, s ummarizing: * The list of resolved issues; * The list of partially resolved issues; * The new issues arising from the EA report that have been resolved. * Additional required studies. A4iP'Main text 4-6 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Proiect Operations Manual Table 11 - Layout and example of an Environmental Monitoring Plan (MoP) Phase Monitoring activities Responsibility Implementation Pre- . Land acquisition: Check if the required land MIME, World Bank Prior to DBL Contract construction has been purchased properly, or thal a proper 'Deed of Sale" has been prepared. * Resettlement and Compensation: if applicable, check if proper arrangements are made and documented. Construction . Hindrance to local population Noise, air Operator, with Continuous, through pollution (odor, TSP, fume emissions), supervision of MIME regular construction land damage, traffic. consultant supervision. * EMP compliance of the contractors: Erosion control, vegetation protection, soil and water contamination. * Safety precautions of contractors: Conform professional standards. * Sanitary control: Proper construction of on- site facilities; Proper construction of sullage drainage system. Operation . Quality of distributed water: conform Operator, with Regular, according to official standard procedures (microbiology, supervision of MIME professional standards. standard parameters, arsenic, heavy metals) * Groundwater resources: water level (2 X per month (after pumping recovery period); operation of pumps (abstraction); Abandoning . None. phase 4.4 Submission and Follow-up For the smaller sub-projects, the PMO will submit the EA summary report to the World Bank for its approval. The findings and recommendations of the EA Summary report will be subject to regular project monitoring procedures (see section 5.3). For the larger sub-projects, subject to the Cambodian EIA procedures, he project owner must apply for an examination the EA report and pre-feasibility study by the MoE After finalizing the full IEIA report. The request is formally submitted through an Environmental Examination Application (EEA). The Ministry of Environment will examine and evaluate the IEIA report within 30 working days, in collaborating with other lined Ministry- Institutions. If the IEIA report is considered appropriate for the proposed project, the MoE will give its consent to the project, or request the project owner to make some revisions and/or updates. If the project is considered to have significant negative impacts on natural resources, ecosystem, human health and public welfare, the Project's Owner must apply for an examination the Full EIA Report and feasibility study to the MOE. The Consent of the MoE with the EA report will allow the PO to proceed with the project. The Approval Maker Institutions will advise the PO to implement the Environmental Management Plan of the project as described in EIA report, which has approved by the MoE. Subsequently, the MoE will monitor and have the measure on project's owner to comply the Environmental Management Plan during construction, operation, and closure, the project as it is mentioning in the approved EIA report. lI7Main text 4-7 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual The project owner (and operator) must implement the Environmental Management Plan mentioning in the EA reports within 6 months from the date of announcement of the Provincial-Urban Environmental Department, which has stated that EIA report is application to this sub-decree. 4.5 Public Consultation 4.5.1 Documentation of the EA Process Every EA required project proponent must publicly advertise his proposed project to the public before finalizing the EA report. The EA process of scoping, public hearings and, if applicable, dispute/conflict resolution (see section 4.5.2) has to be documented and annexed to the EA report. The EA process documentation is a brief summary of the applied methodology and act ivities, including: * Representation of partici pants; * The issues, concerns, and interests addressed; * The sequence of significant activities undertaken or issues addressed; * The process by which agreements or resolutions were arrived at; * The stakeholders and key players who most actively participated, those who were present but were quiet, those who w ere not represented; * The outcome of the activity or undertaking. The environmental analysis and participation will be fully integrated into the process of the formulation and evaluation of technical alternatives. Accordingly, public consultations on environmental issues will be conducted during the multiple public hearings organized during the technical assessment, feasibility study and design, and the documented process of the overall public hearings and consultations will be used as the EA Process documentation. Part of the EA process documentation may already have been included in the EA report section on data collection. 4.5.2 Proof of Social Acceptability Social acceptability is the result of a process that is mutually agreed upon by the beneficiaries, the stakeholders and the proponent to ensure that the concerns of stakeholders, including affected communities, are fully considered and/or resolved in the decision-making process for granting or denying the issuance of an operating permit3. Social acceptability compels the consideration of a broad spectrum of environmental factors. It also means the proponent is able to identify the relevant and valid issues and match them with corresponding mitigation/enhancement measures together with the available resources to implement the measures and the corresponding agreements and guarantees for the fulfill ment of such measures. 3Social acceptability can be achieved only if: * the decision is informed; * the process of decision-making is agreed upon through a democratic process; • the stakeholders have been empowered to decide for themselves; and * those who know about the project understand the risks and related responsibilities and accept them .APPMain text 4-8 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Evidence of social acceptability may be manifested, among others, through the following: * Agreements with the affected communities on proposed mitigation and enhancement measures duly recorded during public c onsultations; * Project endorsements/resoluti ons of community leaders/local governments; * Absence of oppositions during consultations; * Assurances/guarantees provided by the proponent addressing specific issues/impacts raised by the s takeholders; and * Proof of public consultation/public participation in the EA report process. Such proofs of social acceptability shall be duly documented and summarized together with the EMP matrix. The project proponent will also facilitate the resolution of possible conflicts that affect environmental quality. Iterative negotiation procedures shall be utilized until a consensus is arrived at in cases where there are outstanding disagreements, conflicts and outright opposition to the project or certain elements of it. If after all measures to resolve conflicts have been exhausted and still no common agreement has been reached, then social acceptability has not been achieved. Examples of proof include: * Memorandum of Understanding between the dis puting or conflicti ng parties; * Negotiated agreements on conflicts should be firmed up through a MOA between the proponent, the Local governm ent, and legitimate stakeholders. * Resettlement and Compensation P Ian, if applicable; Social Development Program (not necessary a full program, but it should contain measures that should address socio-economic i mpacts). 4.6 Miscellaneous 4.6.1 Arsenic Mitigation MIME is aware of the possible risks of higher Arsenic concentrations in wells to be drilled in certain areas. The risk however is considered acceptable if appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated into the project design and preparation process. It should be noted that the 'Arsenic problem' generally applies to private shallow wells, where people have no choice in selection the location of the well, and have no resources to provide proper treatment. The PPUWSP will develop piped water supply systems, where the both the source and the treatment can relatively easily be adjusted according to the local conditions. To deal with possible higher (or uncertain) concentrations of Arsenic in groundwater, the project will apply the following mitigation measures: * Selection of the most suitabl e well locations, based on the findi ngs of a groundwater investigation conducted during the feasibility study (geophysical survey, water quality sampling program); * Anticipation of water treatment facil ities (aeration) in project loc ations where higher Arsenic concentration could be expectecl. * Extensive water quality testing of al I new wells, as included in the D BL/OBA contract. * Allocation of a special budget for possible new well or additional water treatment facilities after water testi ng of the actual completed w ells. .4I7 Main text 4V9 version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 4.6.2 Sanitation Special attention will be given to onsite sanitation in areas with high groundwater tables, e.g. the Mekong Delta. As the regular septic tanks are not working properly in these areas, the option of introducing alternative technologies and/or communal facilities (public toilets) will be discussed and investigated. At present, coverage of onsite sanitation facilities is still very low in Cambodia. JlI"Main text 4-10 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 5.1 Responsibility for Framework Implementation The Client (MIME/PPWSA) will be overall responsible for the proper implementation of the ESF, i.e. the preparation of the Environmental Assessment (section 5.2) and compliance monitoring (section 5.3). The principal linkages and responsibilities of other agencies/players are summarized in Table 12. Project management will be the responsibility of two Project Management Offices (PMO), one in MIME for the provincial and district towns participating in the project, and one in PPWSA for the Phnom Penh peri-urban components. Consultants will be engaged to provide assistance during project preparation, and for supervising design and construction of the systems. The daily supervision of the construction and operation of the MIME s ub-projects will be carried out by the Provincial Project Management Units (PMU). PMU staff will report to the PMO. 5.2 Environmental Assessment The PMOs will be responsible for that proper EAs are being carried out, either by the PMO (DBL sub-projects) or by the Contractor (OBA sub-projects). For the smaller sub- projects a summary report per batch of projects will be prepared (section 4.2), and a 'no- objection' from the World Bank obtained. For the larger sub-projects a separate IEIA report will be prepared and approval from the MoE obtained (section 4.3). A4IP'"Main text 5-1 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 12 - Summary of Institutional Responsibilities for EA activities Agency Principal project linkages Environmental Assessment Compliance Monitoring MIME/PPWSA PMOs Main linkage to MoE and WB-EASUR Prepare IEIA and summary reports for DBL Implements compliance monitoring - sub-projects agreements. Obtain approval from MoE. Prepares compliance monitoring reports for Prepare Summary report on OBA sub- MoE and WB. projects. Provincial PMUs Report to MIME PMO. Support the preparation of IEIA and EA summary reports. Ministry of Reviews and approves IEIA/EIA reports of Implements compliance monitoring Environment (MoE) Project Owners (MIME/PPWSA or OBA procedures: e.g. review of compliance contractors) monitoring reports and field inspections. Provides clearance for operating permits to MIME WB Operations Provides 'No-Objection Letters' to Secures and monitors proper Implements compliance monitoring Department (EASUR) MIME/PPWSA for sub-project implementation of ESF. procedures: e.g. review of compliance implementation, after clearance from monitoring reports and field inspections. EASES WB Environmental Provides Environmental Clearances for Reviews and approves IEIA/EIA and Implements compliance monitoring Department (EASES) (sub)-projects to EASUR Summary reports of Project Owners. procedures: e.g. review of compliance (MIME/PPWSA or OBA contractors) monitoring reports and field inspections. Provides clearance for operating permits to MIME. Supervision Support PMOs and PMUs. Supervises work of DBL and OBA Consultants contractors. Support PMO/PMUs to prepare monitoring reports. DBL Contractors Report directly to MIME-PMO Agreement with EA conditions in DBL Implement EA requirements. Contract. Prepare compliance monitoring reports and submit to MIME. OBA Contractors Report directly to MIME-PMO Integrate ESF conditions into design and Implement EA requirements. construction. Prepare compliance monitoring reports and Prepare and submit EIAI report to MoE (> submit to MoE and MIME. 2000 HH) Obtain approval from MoE. .MltMain text 5*&/ersion 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 5.3 Compliance Monitoring General requirements All projects are subject to periodic compliance monitoring by the World Bank and the MoE (larger projects). The primary purpose of compliance monitoring is to ensure the implementation of sound and standard environmental procedures as defined during the project preparation. Specifically, it aims to: * Monitor project compliance with the conditions set in the operating permit; Monitor compliance with the EMP and applicable laws, rules and regulations; and Provide a basis for timely decision-making and effective planning and management of environmental measures through the monitoring of actual project impacts vis-a-vis the predicted impacts i n the EA. The need for compliance monitoring is established at the time the Consent of the MoE and/or World Bank is issued, which will allow MIME to issue an operating permit. The permit sets the conditions for monitoring the activities to be monitored and the monitoring schedule. As a minimum requirement in compliance monitoring, the activities to be monitored by the PO should correspond to the conditions in the operating permit and EMP. In addition, the operating permit conditions may also require the proponent to undertake industry self-monitoring and submit the required reports. General aspects to be covered in the Compliance Monitoring, as detailed in the EMP, includes: * Coverage of Monitoring; * Frequency of Monitoring; * Standard procedures/methods of monitoring (e.g. labeling, transport and handling of samples) and laboratory analysis; * Selection of sampling stations; * Manpower requirements; and * Logistics. The MoE letter of Consent issued pursuant to an IEIA/EIA report review also implies the permission of the MoE to monitor proponent's compliance. Internal implementation and monitoring of the EMP The water supply system operator and the PG, with the assistance of PMO and consultants, will monitor compliance with the operating permit and carry out the requisite data collection during both the construction and operational phases. Monitoring reports to be submitted to the MoE and the PMO wi 11 include: * Presentation of the collected data; * Discussion on the compliance or non-compliance to the E MP and operating permit; * Conclusions and recommendations. The PMO is requested to summarize the finding of the quarterly monitoring reports and submit an annual compli ance report to the World Bank. AlIPMain text 5-1 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 6 MAIN REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND DOCUMENTATION Cambodia Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ES CAP Region, Volume 10, Cambodia, 1993. DILG/DBP - DBL Lease contract 'LGU Urban Water Supply and Sanitation project, The Philippines. MIME/WB, 2001 - Regulatory Reform of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector; Cambodia Urban Water Supply. Draft final report, prepared by Fraser Thomas Partners and Sarin and Associates. MIME/WHO, 2001 - Cambodia Drinking Water Quality Assessment. Prepared by Peter R. Feldman and Jan- Willem Rosenboom. MOE - List of the Projects Require an IEIA or EIA; Annex of Sub-Decree No 72 ANRK. BK. Date 11 August, 1999. MRD/JICA, 2001 - The study on Groundwater Development in Central Cambodia. Interim Report, prepared by Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. Parsons - DRAFT technical specifications for the OBA component of the 'Urban and Peri-Urban water supply project'. Royal Government of Cambodia (1 996) - Law on Envi ronmental Protection and Natural Resource Management Royal Government of Cambodia (1997) - Sub-decree of Construction License (No. 86) Royal Government of Cambodia (1 999) - Sub-decree on Water Pollution (No: 27.ANRK.BK) Royal Government of Cambodia (2 001) - Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment process. No: 72.ANRK.BK Royal Government of Cambodia (-) - Guideline for conducting E nvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. Draft only. Ministry of Environment. World Bank Guidelines World Bank, 1991. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook; Volume l: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-sectoral Issues. WB Technical Paper 139. World Bank, 1991. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook; Volume I: Sectoral Guidelines. WB Technical Paper 140. World Bank, 1999. Operational Policy 4.01: Environmental Assessment. World Bank, 1999. Bank Procedures 4.01: Environmental Assessment. World Bank, 2001. Operational Directive 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement. World Bank, 2001. Bank Procedures 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement. World Bank, 2001. Operational Policy 7.50: Projects on International Waterways. Internet Sites Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Law: http://sunsite.nus.edu.sq/apcel/dbase/asean.html .4lP-Main text 6-1 Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex A - Cambodian Environmental Regulations (available on attached CD-Rom) General General Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1993) Law the Country planning. Urbanization and Construction (1994) Ministry of Environment Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (1997) Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment process. No: 72.ANRK.BK (HTML or PDF file), including a list of Projects subject to the EIA procedures (HTML or PDF file) Guideline for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. N° 49 BST.SSR Dated 9th March 2000. Draft only. (HTML or PDF file) Flowcharts for the EA process: EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Royal Government of CDC EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Proiect's Owner as Ministry and Institution EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Provincial-Urban Authorities Sub-decree on Water Pollution (No: 27.ANRK.BK) (HTML or PDF file) Prakas (Declaration) on the Protection of Natural Areas (Ministry of Environment Declaration No. 1033) Creation and Designation of Protected areas, 1993 (Kret No. Ministry of Public Works and Transport General specifications for construction activities: Section 1: General Specification Section 2: Earthworks and Allied Activities Section 3: Subbase and Basecourse Section 4: Bituminous Works Section 5: Structures Section 6: Drainage and Protection Works Section 7: Ancillary Works Section 8: Unexploded Ordnance Section 9: Miscellaneous Section 10: Day work Annexes Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Miscellaneous Preliminary Assessment of Cambodia's Environmental Law, prepared by Alan K.J. Tan, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore (1998). Including: Cambodian Primary Legislation Cambodian Implementing Regulations Country and regional perspectives on resource management in the Mekong River Basin Annexes II Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex B - World Bank Environmental Guidelines (available on attached CD-Rom) Environmental Assessment (from WB Operations manual) Operational Policy OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) Annex A (Definitions) Annex B (Content of an EA report for a Category A project) Annex C (Environmental Management Plan) Bank Procedures BP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) Annex A (Environmental Data Sheet for Projects in the IBRD/IDA Lending Program) Annex B (Application of EA to Dam and Reservoir Projects) Annex C (Application of EA to Projects Involving Pest Management) Involuntary resettlement OP 4.12 Operational Policy + OP 4.12 Annexes BP 4.12 Bank Procedures Other safeguard policies The World Bank's Safeguard Policies primary objective is to ensure that Bank operations do not cause adverse impacts and that they "do no harm." The ten safeguard policies are: Environment OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats + Annex A BP 4.04 - Natural Habitats Bank Procedures Rural Development OP 4.09 - Pest Management OP 4.36 - Forestrv + Annex A OP 4.37 - Safety of Dams BP 4.37 - Safety of Dams Bank Procedures + Annex A Social Development OP 4.11 - Management of Cultural Property OD 4.20 - Indigenous Peoples International Law OP 7.50 - Proiects on International Waterways + Bank Procedures OP 7.60 - Proiects in Disputed Areas + Bank Procedures Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Below is the 1991 version of the EA sourcebook which is currently being revised and updated. The Sourcebook consists of three Volumes: Volume I - Policies, Procedures & Cross Sectoral Issues (Chapters 1-7) Volume II - Sectoral Guidelines (Chapters 8-9) Annexes ill Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Volume III - Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry Projects (Chapters 10) Chapters: 1. The Environmental Review Process 2. Global and Cross-Sectoral Issues in Environmental Review 3. Social and Cultural Issues in Environmental Review 4. Economic Analysis of Proiects and Policies with Consideration of Environmental Costs and Benefits 5. Strengthening Local Capabilities and Institutions 6. Sector and Financial Intermediary Lending and Environmental Review 7. Community Involvement and the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Environmental Review 8. Agriculture and Rural Development 9. Population. Health and Nutrition: Transportation: Urban Development: Water Supply and Sewerage 10. Energy and Industrv Selected scanned parts: Dams and Reservoirs Irrigation and Drainage Solid waste collection and disposal systems Wastewater collection, treatment, reuse, and disposal systems Updates Chapter 1 Environmental Assessment: Process and components Update No. 1: The World Bank and Environmental Assessment: An Overview Update No. 2: Environmental Screening Update No. 4: Sectoral Environmental Assessment Update No. 14: Environmental Performance Monitoring and Supervision Undate No. 15: Regional Environmental Assessment Update No. 16: Challenges of Managing the EA Process Update No. 17: Analysis of Alternatives in Environmental Assessment Update No. 25: Environmental Management Plans Chapter 2 Global and cross-sectoral issues in Environmental Assessment Update No. 20: Biodiversity and Environmental Assessment Update No. 7: Coastal Zone Management and Environmental Assessment Update No. 10: International Agreements on Environment and Natural Resources Annexes IV Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Per-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Chapter 3 Social and Cultural Issues in EA Update No. 8: Cultural Heritage in Environmental Assessment Update No. 18: Health Aspects of Environmental Assessment Update No. 19: Assessing the Environmental Impact of Urban Development Chapter 4 Economic Analysis of projects and policies with consideration of environmental costs and benefits Update No. 23: Economic Analysis and Environmental Assessment Chapter 5 Strengthening local capacities and Institutions Not yet available Chapter 6 Sector investment, financial intermediaty and private sector operations Update No. 6: Privatization and Environmental Assessment: Issues and Approaches Update No. 24: Environmental Assessment of Social Fund Proiects Chapter 7 Community involvement and the role of non-governmental organizations in EA Update No. 5: Public Involvement in Environmental Assessment: Requirements, Opportunities and Issues Chapter 8 Agriculture and rural development Not yet available Chapter 9 Population, Health and nutrition; Transportation; Urban development; Water supply and sewerage Update No. 13: Guidelines for Marine Outfalls ancl Alternative Disposal and Reuse Options Chapter 10 Energy and Industry Update No. 12: Elimination of Ozone Depleting Substances Update No. 22: Environmental Assessment of Mining Proiects Chapter 11 Instruments and technologies in support of EA Update No. 3: Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Assessment and Review Update No. 9: Implementing Geographic Information Systems in Environmental Assessment Update No. 11: Environmental Auditing Update No. 21: Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment Other Off-line References Principle Publications The IMF/WB Pollution and Abatement Handbook (PDF version, DOC version) Sourcebook on Participation (PDF files) Electronic Learning Guidebook on Participatory Irrigation Management (not complete) Annexes \/ Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual GEF Operational progrHandbookams International Waters 8. Waterbody-based Operational Program (Word97/ PDF) 9. Integrated Land and Water Multiple Focal Area Operational Program (Word97/ PDF) 10. Contaminant-Based Operational Program (_ord97/ PDF) Publications of the Water And Sanitation Program (WSP) Learning What Works A 20 Year Retrospective View on International Water and Sanitation Cooperation 1978 1998 Effective Solid Waste Management With The Participation Of Waste Producers' Urban Sewer Planning in Developing Countries and "The Neighborhood Deal": A Case Study of Semarang. Indonesia New Initiatives in Pollution Control (NIPC) Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia Program-Based Pollution Control Management: T he Indonesian PROKASIH Program (or a PDF file) Controllinq Industrial Pollution: A new paradigm (or a DOC file) Formal and informal regulation of Industrial Pollution: Comparative Evidence from Indonesia and the US (or a PDF files) Environmental news in Argentina. Chile. Mexico and the Philippines Impact of Financial Crisis on Industrial Growth and Environmental Performance in Indonesia Pollution from Industrial Sources Regulation in the Information age: Indonesian Public Information Program for Environmental Management Going public on polluters in Indonesia: Bapedal's proper Prokasih Program What is PROPER? Reoutational incentives for Pollution incentives for pollution contro. in Indonesia (or a PDF file) Regulatory inspection, informal pressure and water pollution: A survey of Industrial plants in India On-line WWW links Environmental Department of the WB World Bank homepage Annexes VI Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Pen-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex C - OBA Instructions for compliance with Environmental Safeguards Introduction The Contractor will be responsible for complying with Environmental and Social safeguards, as defined by the Government of Cambodia and the World Bank. Possible environmental concerns will have to be addressed and mitigation measures to be incorporated into the formulation and evaluation process of technical alternatives, and hence into the project design, construction, and operation. Necessary environmental mitigation measures will have to be included in the cost of the water to be provided. The Project approach for securing compliance with Environmental Safeguards is based on the following documentation: Royal Government of * Sub-decree on Water Pollution (1999, No: 27.ANRK.BK) Cambodia * Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment process (2001, No: 72.ANRK.BK) * Guideline for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. Draft only. Ministry of Environment. * Draft Drinking Water Quality Standards (WHO) World Bank Guidelines * Guidelines on Environmental Assessment (OP and BP 4.01); * Guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement (OP and BP 4.12); * Guidelines on Indigenous People (OD 4.20); * Guidelines on Natural Habitats (OP and BP 4.04). Project Methodology Environmental Project instructions and guidelines have been developed by MIME combining both the Cambodian regulations and WB guidelines. The methodology has been elaborated in an "Environmental Safeguard Framework", as part of the Project Operations Manual' (ESF-OM), which is being applied for similar projects in Cambodia. A copy of the ESF-OM (hardcopy or CD-Rom, together with sample IEIAs, can be obtained from MIME. MIME has agreed with the World Bank that for water supply systems > 2,000 connections, a concise Environmental Assessment (EA) for each of the participating towns in the OBA Component will be prepared. This is consistent with the Cambodian Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, which was issued in December 1999. The Cambodian Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reporting requirements for water supply projects start with 10,000 users. The sub-decree details specific procedures to be followed and lists the nature and size of projects which are required to submit Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) or ElAs reports. Larger WS system (> 2,000 connections) The Contractor, being the Project Owner, will seek Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment, who will subsequently notify MIME, being the Approving Agency, that construction of the project can proceed. The first step in the EA process is the preparation of an IEIA, to be submitted by the Project Owner to the MoE and MIME, supplemented with an Environmental Examination Annexes VII Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Application (EEA). The preparation of the IEIAs should be carried out parallel to the feasibility study and preliminary design. The IEIA will include an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which will be an integrated part of the project design, appraisal and implementation. The findings and conclusions on the mitigation/monitoring actions to be taken will be summarized in an Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMiP), an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) and an overview of the implementation arrangements, defining the responsibi lities and timing. Based on the review of the IEIA by MoE, the Project will either be approved, additional changes to the IEIA will have to be made, or a full scale EIA report will have to be prepared. Construction activities can only start after approval of the IEIA or EIA report by the Ministry of Environment and MIME/WB. Smaller WS systems (<2,000 con nections) For smaller systems (<2000 connections), the Contractor will have to include Environmental Safeguard Guidelines into the Project design and operation arrangements, but will not be required to prepare an IEIA or seek formal permission from the Ministry of Environment. MIME and World Bank clearance for the project will be provided if the Environmental Safeguard gulidelines are sufficiently incorporated into the project designs. Monitoring Arrangements The Contractor will have the overall responsibility for the proper implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and/or Environmental Instructions. Upon the signing of the OBA contract, the Contractor will proceed with the necessary steps for the environmentally sound construction and operation of the water supply system, as defined in Contract. Project supervision by MIME and World Bank staff will be carried out to ensure compliance with Environmental and Social safeguards. During the construction and Operation phase, the Contractor will be responsible for securing that proper measures are taken. The monitoring data will be well documented and be available with the Contractor and MIME for consultation and inspection. The Contractor will inform MIME if violations occur, and appropriate actions will be taken. Moreover, MIME and World Bank staff will carry out control inspection during their regular visits to the Provinces. Brief monitoring reports will be submitted by the Contractor to MIME as part of the regular monitoring requirements, including: presentation of the collected data; discussion of the compliance and non-compliance to the EMP; and conclusions and recommendations. Regular monitoring reports will be submitted by MIME to the World Bank during the operation phase. The environmental data will be available with the MIME and the Contractor for consultation and inspection. Annexes VilI Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Proiect Operations Manual Annex D - Environmental Safeguard Guidelines for Smaller WS System Introduction The following Environmental Safeguard guidelines apply to the development of smaller piped water supply systems with less then 2,000 connections. As many of the potential Environmental Impacts are relatively standard for most of the smaller systems, simplified reporting procedures are applied to lower the transactions costs of project preparation. This is consistent with the Cambodian Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, which was issued in December 1999. The Cambodian Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reporting requirements for water supply projects start with 10,000 users. Possible environmental concerns will have to be addressed and mitigation measures to be incorporated into the formulation and evaluation process of technical alternatives, and hence into the project design, construction, and operation. Necessary environmental mitigation measures will have to be included in the cost of the water to be provided. The Project approach for securing compliance with Environmental Safeguards is based on the following documentation: Royal Government of * Sub-decree on Water Pollution (1999, No: 27.ANRK.BK) Cambodia * Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment process (2001, No: 72.ANRK.BK) * Guideline for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. Draft only. Ministry of Environment. * Draft Drinking Water Quality Standards (WHO) World Bank Guidelines * Guidelines on Environmental Assessment (OP and BP 4.01); o Guidelines on Involuntary Resettlement (OP and BP 4.12); * Guidelines on Indigenous People (OD 4.20); * Guidelines on Natural Habitats (OP and BP 4.04). Monitoring Arrangements All Sub-projects will be subject to regular monitoring procedures, as s pecified in the Project Operations Manual. Annexes IX Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Overview of general potential impacts and mitigation measures Potential Negative Impact Possible Mitigation measures Pre-construction Phase Lack of control of water source . Acquire land directly around the water source Conflicting interests of water users * Check sufficient availability of water * Secure proper compensation arrangements Land acquisition and resettlement . Usage of public grounds (e.g. roads, etc.) (see also below) . Provision of proper compensation Disturbance of land use and * Usage of public owned areas economic activities (see also below) * Provision of proper compensation Construction Phase Disturbance of the land use * Minimize impacts and provide proper compensation for economic losses * Restore Los of natural vegetation * Replantinc of areas Disturbance of stream channels, * Erosion/sedimentation control during construction aquatic plant and animal habitats Soil and water contamination * Control (collection, disposal) of waste Hindrance (noise, air pollution, * Minimize hindrance to local population traffic, etc) due to construction * Engage and Provide labor for local population activities . Usage of main roads where possible. Soil erosion and compaction . Proper runoff and erosion control through land protection and drainage channels * Heavy traffic restrictions Safety hazards . Application of proper safety and waming measures * Provision of temporary crossings and bridges * Public information campaign Operation Phase Increase of public health hazards * Secure the construction of proper on-site sanitary facilities if still due to increase of wastewater (see lacking; also below) e Construct on-site soakaways for waste water and sullage * Maintain and/or improve storm water drainage system for sullage Contamination of stream channels * Assure that inflow is relatively small compared to receiving river discharge * No routinc of sewer lines directly in stream channels Water logging and salinization * Maintain and/or improve storm water drainage system Soil erosion o Proper runoff and erosion control through land protection and drainage channels Annexes X Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the intake of surface water Potential Negative Impact Possible Mitigation measures Pre-construction Phase Sustainability of surface water * Analyze feasibility of acquiring land for intake and treatment plant; * Assure that no people are negative affected by land acquisition, i.e. provide proper compensation for losses of land and income; * Analyze feasibility of controlling upstream watershed (check current ancl planned development projects on logging, mining, agricultural development, road construction, etc.) * Assure that no polluters are discharging upstream in the river. * Assure that no increase of potential polluters can be reasonably expected. Feasibility of treatment and sludge * Assure that treatment of surface water will provide safe drinking disposal. water quality; * Assure that proper sludge disposal can be arranged. Existing river contaminated * Assure quality of surface water can be properly treated for bacteriological quality, organic and inorganic components, pesticides, metals Violation of minimum acceptable a Measure and analyze surface water discharge flow Construction Phase Disturbance of stream channels, . Erosion/sedimentation control during construction aquatic plant and animal habitats Soil and water contamination by * Control (collection, disposal) of spillage spilling of construction products Hindrance (noise, traffic, etc) due * Minimize hindrance to local population to construction activities * Provide labor and engage local population in construction activities. Operation Phase Reduced surface water flow due to . Assure that intake is small compared to river discharge surface water intake * Control for compliance to minimum acceptable flow Reduction in or change of regime * Monitor and regulate development projects in the upstream of surface water flow watershed (logging, mining, agricultural development, road construction, etc.) Temporary river pollution * Arrange for basic water quality monitoring upstream as an 'early warning' system Production of sludge * Arrange for proper disposal facilities for sludge residue Annexes Xl Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the development of springs Potential Negative Impact Possible Mitigation measures Pre-Construction phase Spring sustainability and protection * Acquire and fence land directly around the spring; (see also below!) * Assure that no people are negative affected by land acquisition, i.e. provide proper compensation for losses of land and income; * Analyze feasibility of controlling upstream watershed a Assure that no potential pollution sources are present in upstream watershed * Assurance/proof that other water users are not affected * Assess spring discharge and seasonal fluctuations Conflicting interests of water users . Check current usage of spring water * Check sufficient availability of water * Secure proper compensation arrangements Existing spring contaminated . Assure water quality on bacteriological quality, organic and inorganic components, pesticides, metals. Construction phase Los of natural vegetation * Replanting of areas Soil and water contamination by * Control (collection, disposal) of spillage spilling of construction products Hindrance (noise, traffic, etc) due * Minimize hindrance to local population to construction activities . Provide labor and engage local population in construction activities Operation Phase Reduced surface water flow due to * Assure that spring discharge is relatively small compared to the captation of springs receiving stream flow Annexes XII Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Per-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME I PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Potential impacts and mitigation measures for the development of groundwater Potential Negative Impact Possible Mitigation measures Pre-construction Phase Sustainability and protection of * Analyze feasibility of acquiring land directly around the well; groundwater resources * Assure that no people are negative affected by land acquisition, i.e. provide proper compensation for losses of land and income; Assure that no potential pollution sources are present in the recharge area Conflicting interests of water users * Prediction of insignificant draw-down in surrounding wells (see below) Existing groundwater contaminated * Check groundwater on organic and inorganic components, metals (Arsenic, Iron, Manganese!) Construction Phase Disturbance of the land surface . Minimize impacts and provide proper compensation for economic due to drilling activities losses Soil and water contamination by * Control (collection, disposal) of oil spillage spilling of oil products Hindrance (noise, traffic, etc) due * Minimize hindrance to local population to drilling activities * Provide labor and engage local population in drilling activities Operation Phase Contamination of the groundwater * Acquire and fence a protection zone directly around the well; source . Regulate potential polluting activities in recharge zone; * Monitor water quality (Arsenic), water level and groundwater abstraction; Lowered groundwater table * Calculate safe yield (abstraction) * Apply sufficient spacing between deep wells * Assure/proof that other water users are not affected Reduction in artesian flow . Locate the well in an area where other water users are not (see also below) affected Intrusion of saline water . Locate the well at sufficient distance from the sea * Determine and monitor draw-down and safe yield Decreasing discharge of surface * Assure that quantity pumped is relatively limited compared to water streams stream discharge Increase of noise * Usage of electrical submersible pumps * Construction of proper pumping house Annexes XIII Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Guidelines for the minimum land acquisition for water sources protection Water Minimum land Minimum land Remarks Source acquisition requirements acquisition requirements outside residential areas within residential areas Spring 20-50 m around the spring Not aclvisable Additional protection of the box watershed is mandatory) Deep well 10-20 m around the well 30-50m around the well Additional protection measures for the recharge area is recommended (see section 0) Surface water Size of the intake and Size of the intake and Extensive upstream water intake treatment plant treatment plant quality monitoring will be necessary to allow for control of polluters Sludge 1000 - 2000 m2 Not acceptable disposal Example for guidelines for groundwater protection zones Direct catchment area Protection area Remaining recharge area Delay time or distance 60 days and greater then 10 and 25 years or 2 to well field 30 meter kilometer Protection measures Protection against Protection against hardly Rules and act on soil pathogenic bacteria and degradable chemicals and groundwater viruses, chemical protection pollution sources Admissible activities Only activities in relation Not admissible as a rule: to water supply . Transport and storage of dangerous goods * Industries * Waste-sites * Building * Military activities * Intensive agricultural and cattle breeding * Ground-sand or limestone pits * Wastewater Note: applies to porous permeable aquifers Annexes XIV Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex E - Supplementary Technical Guidelines Annex E I - Assessm ent of Environmental Baseline Conditions Data should be collected during field visits and desk studies. Because the required EA report is not a full-scale assessment, information may come primarily from existing reports/studies supplemented by some field data and consultations with affected stakeholders. A checklist of the most relevant issues is given in Table 13. A listing of consulted documents and reports should be included as an Annex. Table 13 - Checklist for assessment of environmental baseline conditions Environmental Conditions To be checked Condition of watershed / catchment / * Check for adequacy of management and protection groundwater (GW) aquifer recharge * Identify existing or potential threats to quality and quantity area (=sustainability) of source of supply * Gather available data on past trend of water quality and yield Levels and quality of shallow GW * Take samples and check for Fecal Coliform (FC), Nitrates, Iron and salinity * Gather available data on trends of GW quality and yield Surface drainage system including * Assess adequacy and proper functioning water courses * Identify deficiencies, such as lack of drains, stagnant I ponding water, clogged drains, undersized culverts and bridges * Take water samples and check for FC and BOD * Assess demand for drainage improvements (through consultation) On-site sanitation systems * Determine percentage of coverage by type / category * Estimate percentage of systems functioning adequately * Estimate percentage of households without adequate systems * Assess demand for individual or community systems, affordability and willingness-to-pay (through consultation) Solid Waste Management . Assess general cleanliness of urban area * Check existing arrangements for garbage * Check availability of adequate disposal site, and disposal procedures * Assess demand for improved garbage collection Gather available public health statistics * Check for history of waterborne diseases * Outbreak of epidemics * Morbidity and mortality rates * Historic water quality data of existing water supply system (if any) Field visits should mainly focus on an initial field inspection of the concerned area and consultations with the PG administration. Initial environmental concerns of both the PG administration and the EA report preparer should be discussed and possible mitigation requirements should be identi fied. Annexes XV Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Pen-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual During the EA report preparation, a close cooperation with the Engineering Consultant will be required. As the Engineering Consultant will carry out an extensive survey in the towns, information will be obtained among others on socioeconomic conditions, public health, water resources, and sanitary conditions. These data should be incorporated in the Environmental Assessment. Also, environmental issues and concerns will have to be included in the public consultations (see section 1.4.2), in the selection of alternatives (see Annex E 2), and discussed and agreed upon with the PGs (see 0). An important step during the data collection is a (or multiple) 'Scoping' visit(s) to the Ministry of Environment. It is strongly advised to introduce the project to the government officials at an early stage and discuss the range of actions to be undertaken and alternative and impacts to be examined. Annexes XVI Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Pen-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex E 2 - General analysis and comparison of potential environmental impacts Prediction of general environmental impacts In the WB Environmental Assessment Sourcebook no separate detailed section on environmental impacts of water supply development is included. As a reference on environmental impacts, the reader is referred to the Chapters on Land and Water Resources Management, Wastewater collection, Treatment, Reuse and Disposal system, and Oil and Gas pipelines. A distinction is made between general environmental impacts, independent from the selected water source, and water source specific impacts. General impacts are described in the current section. Impacts that are specifically related to the selection and usage of groundwater, springs, and surface water are elaborated in Annex E 3. However, it should be noted that the overviews may not be complete and additional issues and impacts could be considered relevant. Annex D summarizes in random order possible general impacts, including an overview of possible mitigation measures. Selected issues on wastewater, land acquisition and compensation are elaborated below. More detailed technical guidelines for the various project components are described in A nnex E 3 through Annex E 5. Land acquisition, compensation and resettlement Land acquisition will be required for the protection of the immediate surroundings of the water source, allowing only activities related to water supply. No official guidelines on the size of protected areas around water sources exist yet in the Cambodia. Therefore, based on international experience, an estimate is made on the area to be acquired, both for location within and outside residential zones (Table 14). These estimates should provide enough immediate protection against contamination of the drinking water source due to accidents and improper land use. Specific additional protection requirements for groundwater and spring sources are elaborated below . Table 14 - Guidelines for the minimum land acquisition for water sources protection Water Source Minimum land acquisition Minimum land acquisition Remarks requirements outside requirements within residential areas residential areas Spring 20-50 m around the spring Not advisable Additional protection of the box watershed is mandatory) Deep well 10-20 m around the well 30-50m around the well Additional protection measures for the recharge area is recommended (see section 0) Surface water Size of the intake and Size of the intake and Extensive upstream water intake treatment plant treatment plant quality monitoring will be necessary to allow for control of polluters Sludge 1000 - 2000 m2 Not acceptable disposal Annexes XViI Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual The content and level of details for plans on land acquisition, compensation and resettlement to be incorporated into the EMPs will vary with circumstances and the magnitude of resettlement. If minor impacts or measures will be required, the purpose and size of the required land acquisition should be indicated. If major impacts or measures will be required, separate resettlements plans will be required according to the WB OD 4.30. Implementation of these requirements is further elaborated in the separate chapter of the Operations manual on Compensation and Resettl ement. Comparison and selection of alternatives A first comparison of the main identified and feasible alternatives can be carried out in the form of a summary matrix of alternatives (see Table 15). Such analysis briefly indicates the main environmental issues and possible impacts of all the alternatives. A sub-division for the pre-construction, construction, and operation phase has to be included. To provide a complete comparison of possible environmental degradation and/or improvements, the "no-project" alternative should be included. This enables to include and highlight also positive impacts brought by the project. Rating of impacts in the summary matrix will be generally qualitative only, as quantitative analyses will in most cases be beyond the scope of the EA report preparation. However, available quantitative/numerical data could be included in the matrix or further elaborated in the mitigation and monitoring plans. Annexes XVIII Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Pen-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME t PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 15 - Example of a summary matrix of Environmental Issues/lmpacts Phase Environmental Parameter 'No 'With Project' Project' Pre- Reliability of water availability + Construction Reliability of water quality - + Land acquisition and resettlement 0 0 Disturbance of land use and economic activities. 0 0 Construction Disturbance of the land use 0 0 Loss of natural vegetation 0 Disturbance of stream channels, aquatic plant and animal 0 0 habitats Soil and water contamination 0 Hindrance (noise, air pollution, traffic, etc) due to 0 construction activities Soil erosion and compaction 0 Employment 0 + Operation Public Health + Contamination of stream channels 0 Water logging and salinization 0 0 Soil erosion 0 0 Land subsidence 0 0 Increase Land Value Enhance Economic Activity Leaend:- Significant negative environmental impact - Moderate negative environmental impact 0 None or insignificant environmental impact + Beneficial environmental impact n.a. Not applicable Close cooperation with the other consultants should be maintained during the selection process to obtain an acceptable compromise between social, economic/financial, technical and environmental criteria's. The goal of thi s "multi-criteria" selection process is to balance development and environmental protection, not to consider them as conflicting problems only (i.e. 'trade-offs'). However, although environmental considerations are not the only decisive factors for the selection, negative environmental impacts should receive ample attention and proper mitigation measures should be secured. Annexes XIX Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex E 3 - Water Source Considerations Development of groundwater Deep groundwater wells are used in selected larger towns for piped water supply in the Cambodia. In general, advantages of groundwater compared to springs and surface water include: * The reservoir character of groundwater enables better water resources management and control; Lower vulnerability to water pollution (i.e. better protection of the water resources) Greaterflexibility in the selection of the well location. Disadvantages of groundwater compared to springs include the pumping requirements, increasing the O&M cost, and reported problems with natural water quality. Especially in volcanic areas (or volcanic sediments) the groundwater may have high iron and/or manganese contents, requiring additional treatment. In Annex D an overview is given of potential environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures specifically related to the development of deeper groundwater. The listing, which may not be fully complete, is additional to and has to be combined with the described general environme ntal impacts (see Annex E 2). Well Licensing The only current licensing requirement for groundwater abstraction has to be obtained from the DPWS/MIME, linked to the operation of a water supply company. New legislation is being prepared by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MWRAM/SMEC, 2001). This new legislation would require obtaining a license also from the MWRAM. There will also be a fee charge for the amount of water abstracted, but from the present proposal the amount and rnechanisms are not yet clear. The establishment of 'protection zones' for groundwater abstraction for drinking water supply would be advisable for securing the quality of the groundwater. However, the establishment and regulation of official groundwater protection zones is beyond the capability of the PGs. Therefore, an adapted approach should be applied in the selection of the location of a deep well: 1. A first step in the selection process should be the determination of the groundwater flow pattern. If clear indications of a dominant groundwater flow direction can be determined or suspected (e.g. on or near a mountain slope), the well should be located upstream of the residenti al or other potential contamination sources. 2. If no prominent flow direction can be determined, general guidelines and common sense should be applied in the selection of the location of the well(s). As an example of sound practices, Table 16 shows a system of guidelines as adapted from the guidelines in Germany and The Netherlands. The system applies to porous permeable aquifers. The introduction of groundwater protection zones could include the design of a proper simple monitoring network for existing and potential pollution sources, especially in vulnerable areas. As it will be impossible to fully control or restrict potential pollution activities in the recharge area, monitoring can detect possible problems in advance and appropriate protection and/or rehabilitati on actions can be taken. Annexes XX Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 16 - Example for guidelines for groundwater protection zones Direct catchment area Protection area Remaining recharge area Delay time or distance 60 days and greater then 10 and 25 years or 2 to well field 30 meter kilometer Protection measures Protection against Protection against hardly Rules and act on soil pathogenic bacteria and degradable chemicals and groundwater viruses, chemical protection pollution sources Admissible activities Only activities in relation Not admissible as a rule: to water supply . Transport and storage of dangerous goods * Industries * Waste-sites * Building * Military activities * Intensive agricultural and cattle breeding * Ground-sand or limestone pits * Wastewater Note: applies to porous permeable aquifers In areas where artesian wells for local water supply purposes are present, pumping of deep groundwater may reduce the discharge of the artesian wells. Therefore, the location of the well should be selected so that minimum effects are expected. If possible negative effects cannot be avoided, the issue should be addressed and clearly explained during the public consultations. Intake of surface water It is expected that surface water may be Ei necessary water source for selected towns participating in the project. Although surface water sources need extensive treatment and high investment costs, and water availability may be subject to large seasonal fluctuations, surface water options may have to be cons idered if no other alternatives are available. An overview of potential environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures specifically related to the construction of surface water intakes is given in Annex D. The listing, which may not be fully complete, is additional to and has to be combined with the described general environme ntal impacts (see Annex E 2). Water supply from the border river is not an appropriate water source for the current project. The World Bank 0 perational Policy (OP7.50) on International Waterways4 would require an extensive agreement between Ca mbodia and Thailand, whi ch seems to be too uncertain for the present project: 4 Amongst others, this policy applies to any river, canal, lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through, two or more states. Annexes XXI Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Per-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual 'Projects on intemational waterways may affect relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and goodwill of riparians is essential for the efficient use and protection of the w aterway. Therefore, it attaches great importance to riparians 'making appropriate agreem ents or arrangem ents for these purposes for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Development of springs Spring development is often used for water supply because of their easy management and low operational costs. In many cases water can be provided by gravity and only limited treatment (chlorination) is required5. However, a big disadvantage of the use of springs is the lack of control of the water flow and quality, unlike for surface water and groundwater. Discharge fluctuations, directly dependant on watershed conditions, become critical external factors in the reliability and sustainability of the water supply system (e.g. watershed protection, see below). Water exceeding the reservoir capacity overflows and cannot be conserved. Therefore, an assessment of the discharge and seasonal variation in flow is needed to confirm that the concerned spring is not directly influenced by climatological changes (i.e. a "deep system"). An overview of potential environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures specifically related to the development of springs is given in Annex D. The listing, which may not be fully complete, is additional to and has to be combined with the described general environmental impacts (see Annex E 2). Protection of springs is a very critical issue. If the spring discharge diminishes, for example due to upstream cutting of vegetation, water availability may become insufficient and new water sources have to be developed. As often large investments are required for tapping of springs (transmission pipelines), risks in developing and exploitation of springs are relatively high. It is therefore of utmost importance to implement and secure a very strict protec tion framework of the upstrea m watershed. For securing the sustainability of the water source, it is not considered necessary that the spring itself is directly located in the protected area. However, it should be confirmed and demonstrated in the EA report (e.g. by a map) that the main part of the recharge area of the spring is located in the protected area, and no other potential pollution source will have any effect on the quality of the spring. 5As a rule of thumb, if differences in water temperature occur during the day and night, the water quality is suspect. Annexes XXII Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex E 4 - Sanitation and wastewater collection disposal Introduction Improving water supply requires addressing problems of increased amounts of wastewater. As a rule of thumb, an estimated 80 to 90% of the delivered water supply will has to be disposed of as wastewater6. The provision of sanitary facilities to collect and dispose of human excreta poses a serious challenge to urban poor communities and to environmental sanitation planners of the government. Most urban centers in the Cambodia rely on individual septic tank systems for the treatment and disposal of wastewater from domestic and commercial buildings. However, the design for such systems is often inadequate. Facilities for land disposal of effluents from the septic tanks are generally absent. Hence the partially treated septic tank effluents flow directly into storm drainage systems and other receiving bodies of water, thereby exacerbating an already grave pollution situation. Where water quality problems are severe, as is the case in many densely populated urban areas, individual wastewater projects may be executed as increments of long-term pollution control programs whose ultimate objectives realistically may take 10 to 20 years or more to achieve. Water pollution control programs often include significant institution building and national water pollution control pol icy formulation components. This section describes the relevant environmental aspects to consider for project components and mitigation/rehabil itation activities involving: * A general summary of potential environmental impacts; * A variety of small-scale on-site sanitation systems for rural and urban areas; * Although unlikely to be included, conduits for collection and conveyance of wastewater, pumping stations, conventional and innovative treatment works, wastewater reclamation and reuse projects, ocean outfalls, wastewater treatment, and sludge management facil ities; and * Urban storm water drainage projects (Annex E 5). The overcrowding and lack of space in many urban poor communities pose a severe constraint in improving toilet facilities, whether individual or public. The EA process should ascertain the demand among residents for the facility, present to them the relevant technological options with their respective price tags. The selection between on-site and off-site facilities should be made by the communities based on feasible choices. General overview of potential environmental impacts The pollutants in municipal wastewater are suspended and dissolved solids consisting of inorganic and organic matter, nutrients, oil and grease, toxic substances, and pathogeni c microorganisms. Urban storm water can contain the same pollutants, sometimes in surprisingly high concentrations. Human wastes that are not properly treated and are disposed of at the point of origin or are collected and carried away pose risks of parasitic infections (through direct contact with fecal material) and hepatitis and various 6 A distinction should be made between wastewater and waste from toilets (excreta faeces and urine) and sullage, the non-toilet wastewater generated by a household (i.e. the wastewater from kitchen, bath and laundry, not containing excreta). Annexes XXiII Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual gastrointestinal diseases including cholera and typhoid (through contamination of water supplies and food). When wastewater is collected but not treated properly before disposal or reuse, the same public health hazards exist at the point of discharge. If such discharge is to receiving water, additional harmful effects will occur. For example, accumulated solids may impair habitat for aquatic and marine life; oxygen is depleted by decomposition of organic material; and aquatic and marine organisms may be further harmed by toxic substances, which may spread to higher organisms through bioaccumulation in food chains. If the discharge enters confined waters such as a lake or bay, its nutrient content can cause eutrophication, with nuisance plant growth, which can disrupt fisheries and recreation. Solid waste generated in wastewater treatment (grit, screenings and primary and secondary sludge) can poll ute soil and groundwater if not properly handled. Wastewater projects are executed in order to prevent or alleviate the effects of the pollutants described above on the human and natural environments7. When properly carried out, their overall environmental impact is positive. Direct impacts include abatement of nuisances and public health hazards in the serviced area, improvement in receiving water quality, and increases in the beneficial uses of receiving waters. In addition, installation of a wastewater collection and treatment system provides an opportunity for more effective control of industrial wastewater through pretreatment and connection to public sewers and offers the potential for beneficial reuse of treated effluent and sludge. Indirect impacts include the provision of serviced sites for development, increased fishery productivity and revenues, increased tourist and recreational activity and revenues, increased agricultural and silvicultural productivity and/or reduced chemical fertilizer requirements if treated effluent and sludge are reused, and reduced demands on other water sources as a result of effl uent reuse. A number of these potential positive impacts lend themselves to measurement and thus can be incorporated quantitatively into analyses of the costs and benefits of various alternatives when planning wastewater projects. Human health benefits can be measured, for example, by estimating avoided costs in the form of health care expenditures and lost workdays, which would result from poor sanitation. Reduced drinking and industrial water treatment costs and increased fishery, tourism and recreation revenues can serve as partial measures of the benefits of improved receiving water quality. In a region where demand for housing is high, the benefits of providing serviced lots may be reflected in part by the cost differential between installing -the infrastructure in advance or retrofitting unplanned communities. Systems in which treated wastewater or sludge are reused may be more expensive to construct and operate than those in which the sludge is disposed of as a waste product. In evaluating alternatives involving reuse, however, it is important to include such benefits as increased water availability to support development in the region, the opportunity to diminish irrigation demands on potential public water supply sources, reduced need for chemical fertilizers, incremental improvements in crop and timber production, and low-cost means to re-vegetate marginal soils or reclaim them for agriculture or silvi-culture. These too can often be measured, most of them by calculating avoided costs. 7Sub-decree on Water Pollution (No: 27.ANRK.BK) contains ambient water quality criteria categorized to protect specific uses. Annexes XXIV Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME I PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Unless they are correctly planned, sited, designed, constructed, operated and maintained, waste-water projects are likely to have a negative impact overall, failing to yield the full benefits for which the investment was made and adversely affecting other aspects of the environment besides. The individual items listed are self-explanatory, for the most part, and will not be discussed in detail in the text. However, there are several characteristics common to many of the potential impacts and mitigating measures, which should be emphasized as special issues throughout project preparation, assessment and implementation. These are: * The importance of sound and comprehensive was tewater system planning; . The fundamental dependence of wastewater projects on proper operation and maintenance (and thus on strong insti tutional support for both); * Selection of appropriate technology; * The necessity for an effective industrial wastewater pretreatment program in any municipal system serving industrial customers; and . The need to consider a number of potential socio-cultural impacts, which are sometimes ignored in project preparation. On-site sanitation Poor construction practices and disposal of the effluent and sludge of the septic tanks are main environmental concerns. Contamination of the surface (drainage) water poses a serious risk for public health. As the size and economic capacity of most target PGs may not allow for an extensive sewerage system with treatment facilities, the selection of low-cost on-site sanitary solutions is preferred. Appropriate technology options are available, whether water for flushing is available or not. There are several possible options for addressing this problem, including improving the design of the septic tank system with the installation of soil absorption systems. Households discharging septic tank effluent (or other human wastewater effluent) directly into the storm drainage system may be required by the PG to add a proper leaching field, leaching well or soak-away pit, preferably twin pits / fields to allow regular switching and regeneration. Therefore, priority must be given by the PGs to address the problem of discharge of partially treated effluent from septic tanks into the drainage system. Some of these technologies were developed in the last two decades starting with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade of the 1980s. The well-tried sanitation alternatives that exist (e.g. pour-flush toilets) are not only cheaper than conventional sewerage, but may also be able to deliver the same health benefits if properly installed and operated and offer the opportunity for community participation and reduce costs. However, it may be possible to modify these rural sanitation technologies and try their appropriateness for the urban poor communities. Off-site sanitation A summary of potential impacts and mitigation measures for the construction and operation of off-site sewerage and drainage systems is provided in Table 17. Although the Table focuses on sewerage and drainage systems, parts are general and can be applied for on-site sanitation as well. Annexes Xxv Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Table 17 - Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the construction of sewerage and drainage infrastructure PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACT & RISKS POSSIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES Pre- Dislocation of residents by * Assist with resettlement construction plant siting Unplanned development * Coordinate installation of sewerage with land use planning induced or facilitated by * Strengthen land use control regulation and institutions infrastructure * Integrate planning for infrastructure in urban development projects Regional solid waste * Incorporate sludge, excreta and septage in regional solid waste management problems management planning and in wastewater system feasibility exacerbated by sludge studies and technology selection * Implement industrial waste pretreatment program Loss of fisheries productivity * Evaluate importance of receiving water in local and regional fisheries * Implement mitigating measures for direct impacts Reduction of tourist or * Give special attention to real or perceived nuisances and recreational activity aesthetic impacts in selecting site and technology * Implement mitigating measures for direct impacts Construction Disturbance of stream * Do not route sewer lines in stream channels channels, aquatic plant and * Require erosion/sedimentation controls during construction animal habitat, and spawning and nursing areas during construction Worker accidents during * Enforce adherence to safety procedures construction and operation, especially in deep trenching operations. Accidental destruction of * Include notification and protection procedures for cultural archaeological sites during properties in construction contract documents excavation Operation Alterations in watershed * Consider sub-regional and small community systems in water- hydrologic balance when short areas. wastewater is exported by * Take full advantage of opportunities for wastewater collection in large upstream reclamation/reuse, especially in water-short areas. areas and discharge downstream Degradation of neighborhoods * Phase construction of collector systems and treatment works to or receiving water quality from avoid raw wastewater discharges. sewer overflows, treatment * Select appropriate technology. works bypasses, or treatment * Design for reliability, ease of maintenance. process failure. * Implement management and training recommendations, monitoring program, and industrial waste pre-treatment program Annexes XXVI Version 1.2, January,2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACT & RISKS POSSIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES Degradation of receiving * Site and design treatment works and disposal or reuse systems water quality despite normal on the basis of adequate data on the characteristics of the system operation wastewater and the assimilative capacity of the receiving water body. * Use mathematical models for siting surface water discharges and determining required level of treatment, and for siting and designing ocean outfalls. * Take full advantage of appropriate land application alternatives, especially in water-short areas. * Implement monitoring program and industrial waste pre- treatment program Public health hazards in * Select appropriate technology. vicinity of discharges or reuse * Ensure pre-application treatment and operating guidelines for sites during normal operation land application and other water reuse systems are adequate to of system. safeguard health of humans and livestock. * Restrict access to wastewater or sludge disposal sites where health hazards are unavoidable. Contamination at land * Site and design treatment works and disposal or reuse systems application sites: on the basis of adequate data on the characteristics of the * soil and crops by toxic wastewater and land application site. substances and * Implement monitoring program and effective industrial waste pathogens pre-treatment program (see text for guidelines). * groundwater by toxic * Ensure pre-application treatment and operating guidelines for substances and nitrogen land application and other wastewater reuse systems are adequate. Failure to achieve desired * Establish realistic use objective and select water quality criteria beneficial uses of receiving consistent with desired uses. waters despite normal system * Establish system performance standards by modeling or other operation. means which will result in meeting criteria. Odors and noise from * Site treatment works only near compatible land uses. treatment process or sludge * Select appropriate technology. disposal operations. * Include odor control and low-noise equipment in design. * Implement management and training recommendations Emissions of volatile organic * Establish effective industrial waste pre-treatment program. compounds from treatment process. Soil, crop or groundwater * Incorporate sludge management in system feasibility studies, contamination and disease technology selection, design, staffing, training, budgeting and vector breeding or feeding at startup plan. sludge storage, reuse or * Implement effective industnal waste pretreatment program. disposal sites. * Ensure pre-application treatment and operating guidelines for land application and other reuse or disposal systems are adequate to safeguard health of humans and livestock. * Inspect for compliance with operating guidelines. Worker accidents caused by * Emphasize safety education and training for system staff. gas accumulation in sewers * Implement effective industrial waste pretreatment program. and other confined spaces or . Provide appropriate safety equipment and monitoring by hazardous materials instruments. discharged into sewers. * Enforce adherence to safety procedures. Serious public and worker * Incorporate safety provisions in design, operating procedures, health hazard from chlorine and training. accidents * Prepare contingency plan for accident response. Nuisance and public health * Routinely insect sewers for illegal connections and obstructions. hazard from sewer overflows Clean sewers as necessary. and backups. * Provide monitoring system with alarms for pump station failure. * Provide alternate power supply at critical pump stations. * Educate public to prevent disposal of solid waste in sewers. Annexes XXVII Version 1.2, January2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACT & RISKS POSSIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES Failure to achieve public . Conduct sanitation and hygiene education program health improvement in serviced area Perceived or actual nuisances . Iincorporate neighborhood improvements and useful public and adverse aesthetic impacts facilities in project in neighborhood of treatment plant Sewerage collection General off-site sewerage collection technologies, which could be considered, include: * individual holding tanks with truck collection * small-diameter gravity, pressure or vacuum sewers * shallow sewers * flat sewers * simplified sewerage systems * conventional gravity sewers and force mains * regional collection systems * community or sub-regional systems The most environmentally sound alternative for the problem of discharging effluent of septic tanks that may be cost-effective and captures economies of scale is to connect individual properties directly to a sewerage system for the collection, treatment and disposal of the urban wastes. Especially if the center of a PG is relatively urbanized (i.e. higher population densities), the construction of a simplified sewerage system may be required. Wastewater treatment, disposal and manaaement A variety of siting and technological alternatives exists for wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, and sludge management. Several will be applicable in every situation. A general summary of technologies is presented in Table 18. Table 18 - General listing of wastewater treatment, disposal and sludge management technology (after WB EA Sourcebook) WASTEWATER TREATM ENT WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT community on-site systems . reuse in agriculture, silviculture, . composting oxidation ditches aquaculture, landscaping * co-composting with municipal * stabilization ponds . reuse for groundwater recharge refuse * aerated lagoons . rapid infiltration * reuse in agriculture or silviculture * artificial wetlands (or constructed * underground injection * reclamation of marginal land for wetlands) . reuse in industrial applications reforestation, cultivation l land treatment . ocean outfall . energy recovery (methanization) * conventional biological treatment . surface water discharge . incineration physical-chemical treatment . night soil treatment plants . landfill preliminary or primary treatment . ocean disposal with ocean disposal The concept of appropriate technology in wastewater systems has technical, institutional, social and economic dimensions. From a technical and institutional Annexes XXVI I I Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual standpoint, selection of inappropriate technology has already been named as a primary cause of system failure. The wastewater environment is a hostile one for electronic, electrical and mechanical eqUipment. Maintenance is a never-ending process, and it requires support - spare parts, laboratories, trained technicians, specialized technical assistance, and adequate budgets. Even in developed countries, it is the simpler systems, selected and designed with maintenance in mind, which provide more reliable service. In developing countries, where some of the ingredients for a successful maintenance program may be lacking, this should be the first consideration in choosing treatment plant and pum ping station technology. Level of treatment - the magnitude of pollutant removal a treatment process must achieve -depends on the performance standards, which apply to the system. These are usually expressed as limitations on the concentrations of regulated substanc es permitted in the treated effluent. In the case of effluents, which are to be applied to crops or otherwise used on land, the standards are set to prevent crop and groundwater contamination. National standards for effluent reuse may already exist; if they do not, they can be based on World Health Organization or World Bank guidelines or derived from the standards of other countries in whi ch land application practiced. Wastewater disDosal For discharges to surface waters, the process of setting standards often begins with classification of receiving waters based on the i ntended or desired uses. Receiving water quality standards can then be established on the basis of the scientific literature to provide for the uses in each classification. Classification of waters should be done with consideration for what is economically and technically realistic; requiring drinking water quality in a busy harbor, for instance, is not a sound use of pol lution control resources. Ideally, effluent limitations for wastewater discharges should be determined by a mathematical modeling process, which takes into account the existing quality and flow characteristics of the receiving water body. The maximum load of each pollutant which can be assimilated in each segment or zone under a specified statistical condition of dry- season stream flow (e.g., the minimum monthly flow in a five-year period) without causing the standards to be violated can be calculated, and the load among all discharges allocated. Such models require seasonal data on receiving water quality, volume and concentration of all discharges, and a long enough record of hydrologic data to show seasonal flow averages and permit calc ulation of the dry-season flow. In practice, national effluent limitations are often established to correspond to the various receiving water classes, to simplify the process of preparing discharge permits or establishing base/minimum levels of treatment. Modeling is reserved for situations in which adherence to those limits will not result in attainment of water quality standards and more stringent requirements must be applied (or where projects are being planned in countries without water quality or discharge regulations). Limitations on discharges to marine waters are usually simpler; they focus on preventing discoloration of the water and pollution by oil and grease, floating debris, and bacteria (in shellfish harvesting and recreational waters). The major planning task is to identify an acceptable location for the submerged outfall, where the effluent will not degrade significant water areas or contaminate shell lish beds and beaches. Sludge management Annexes XXIX Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Wastewater treatment generates sludge and other solid waste, such as grit, and grease screenings. Finding locations for waste dump or incineration, or outlets for recycling, is often difficult. However, if solutions are not found, a portion of the pollutants removed from the wastewater will become pollutants of the land. Sludge management should be part of wastewater system planning. Planninq In many cases, it is cost-effective to construct treatment works in a modular fashion, adding additional capacity as the collector system is extended and new connections are made. Phasing wastewater investments may be the only realistic way to make progress toward ultimate water quality objectives in densely populated, highly polluted areas, where a single project would exhaust all resources available for public works and physically disrupt the region. The level of treatment can be phased in a single project or as part of sector strategy. This approach is helpful when environmental improvement is urgently needed but local financial resources are limited or the scientific data to determine exactly the extent of pollutant removal required has not been collected. It is important in any phased approach to reserve space for future expansion when acquiring sites and designing facilities. Treatment facilities require land; siting them can lead to involuntary resettlement. Moreover, treatment and disposal works can cause nuisances in the immediate vicinity, at least occasionally. Often, the lands and neighborhoods selected are those of "vulnerable groups" who can least afford the costs of dislocation and whose living environment is already impaired. Care should be taken to site treatment and disposal facilities where odors or noise will not disturb residents or other users of the area, to manage resettlement with sensitivity, and to include in the project mitigation plan provisions to mitigate or offset adverse impacts on the human environment. If these considerations are not included in project planning, there is substantial risk of solving one community's environmental problem by transferring it to another. Monitoring The frequency and level of sophistication of sampling depends in part on the size of the system and the nature of its treatment processes. Monitoring is expensive; it requires laboratory facilities, equipment, and technicians. As a general principle, measure only parameters necessary for managing the system, safeguarding its staff and equipment, and protecting the environment (see also section 4.3.3: Environmental Monitoring Plan). Annexes XXX Version 1.2, January 2003 Provincial and Peri-Urban Water and Sanitation Project Environmental Safeguard Framework Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Project Operations Manual Annex E 5 - Improvement of storm drainage and wastewater disposal A problem in many slums and squatter settlements is the presence of stagnant water that becomes the breeding place of mosquitoes. Most of these areas are undeveloped lands, hence, the absence of internal drainage canals leading to the drainage mains along most city streets. The unplanned and uncontrolled construction of houses usually results in difficulties in properly constructing drainage canals along straight lines with proper slopes. During the rainy season, many of these areas are flooded after heavy rains. The absence of proper drainage results in very slow removal of trapped rainwater in low-lying areas. In addition to rainwater, sullage and currently also the effluent from toilets and septic tanks are household wastes that need to be conveyed out of the community to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes, flies and rats in the community. In many communities (particularly in low-income areas) secondary and tertiary drains are the responsibility of local residents. The unplanned nature of most slum and squatter settlements, in particular, has often affected the natural drainage of storm water and wastewater. The construction of neighborhood drains will be included in this sub- component. Disposal of sullage could be implemented through a hydraulically well-designed storm water drain or an on-site sullage soakaway8 (simple 1-2m deep pit filled with rocks). The storm water drains should be able to carry the sullage flow also in dry weather periods. Especially in flat areas where natural drainage problems and water logging occur, emphasis should be given to regular cleaning and maintenance of the drainage system 9. Discharge of sullage to marine environments is usually simpler then to surface waters. Main requirements include the discoloration of the water, and absence of pollution by oil and grease, floating debris, and bacteria (in shellfish and recreational waters). As the environmental impacts are comparable or less then the impacts of the construction and operation of a sew erage system, the reader is referred to Table 17. 8Wherever possible, on-site solutions for sullage discharge are recommended, but the feasibility of this approach still has to be tested. 9 Drainage improvements within the project, if requested or considered necessary, are restricted to the storm water drainage system in the town. Flood protection is the responsibility of other Agencies, and should be addressed through other appropriate channels. Annexes XXXI Version 1.2, January 2003