RP775 v2 Socio-Economic Assessment of Resettlement Project Affected Persons in Lalibela Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project Vol II (Final Report) Submitted by Submitted to: WUB Consult Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Architectural & Development Planning Project-ESTDP Consultant P.O.Box 100953 Addis Ababa P.O.Box 19974, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel.25115 509540; Fax: Tel. E-mail: moctestdp@yahoo.com E-mail: wubconsult@ethionet.et January 2011 Addis Ababa Socio-Economic Assessment Page 2 of 50 Table of Contents I Background .........................................................................................................................................4 II Data Collection and Analysis.............................................................................................................5 III Population and Housing Characteristics PAPs ...............................................................................7 3.1 Population Characteristics of the Three Localities to Be Resettled ..................................................7 3.1.1 Distribution of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) by Sex...........................................................7 3.1.2 Distribution by Broad Age-Group............................................................................................8 3.1.3 Distribution by Religion and Ethnicity.....................................................................................8 3.1.4 Distribution by Number of Years Continuously Lived in Town................................................9 3.1.5 Distribution by Educational Status...........................................................................................9 3.1.6 Students Currently Attending School .....................................................................................10 3.1.7 Disability Status and Vulnerable Groups................................................................................10 3.1.8 Access to Social Services ......................................................................................................12 3.2 Housing Characteristics of the Three Localities to Be Resettled....................................................14 3.2.1 Distribution of Housing Units by Tenure ...............................................................................14 3.2.2 Purpose and Age of Housing Units ........................................................................................15 3.2.3 Source of Drinking Water......................................................................................................16 3.2.4 Type of Lighting....................................................................................................................16 3.2.6 Availability of Consumer Durables........................................................................................17 3.3 Population Characteristics of Persons Relocated in 2009 ..............................................................18 3.3.1 Distribution by Sex and Tenure Status ...................................................................................18 3.3.2 Distribution by Educational Status.........................................................................................19 3.3.3 Distribution by Broad Age-Group..........................................................................................20 3.3.4 Disability and vulnerability....................................................................................................20 3.4 The Host Community ...................................................................................................................21 3.4.1 Host Community PAPs by Broad Age Group.........................................................................22 3.5 The Monastery and Church Schools .............................................................................................23 IV Economic Characteristics of Project Affected People ...................................................................24 4.1. Economic Characteristics of Project Affected People ...................................................................24 4.1.1 Working Status ......................................................................................................................24 4.1.2 Occupational Profile of Project Affected Working People..........................................................25 4.1.3 Income Profile of Project Affected People..............................................................................26 Distribution of Households by Annual Income Category.................................................................26 Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 3 of 50 4.2. Economic Characteristics of Project Affected Persons by Subgroups and localities ......................27 4.2.1. Economic Characteristics of Persons to be relocated...........................................................27 4.2.1.2 Occupational Profile of People to be relocated ....................................................................28 4.2.1.3 Distribution of Households in People to be relocated by Income Level................................28 4.2.2. Economic Characteristics of People relocated in 2009 ..........................................................29 4.2.2.2 Occupational Profile of the People relocated in 2009 .........................................................30 4.2.2.3 Distribution of Households by Income Level for People Relocated In 2009 .........................31 4.2.3. Economic Characteristics of the Host Community.................................................................31 4.2.3.1 Working Status of the host community.................................................................................32 4.2.3.2 Occupational Profiles of the host community ......................................................................33 4.2.3.3 Distribution of Households in the host community by Income Level.....................................35 4.2.4 Working Status and Occupational Profiles of Vulnerable Group............................................36 4.2.4.1 Working Status of Persons with Disability...........................................................................36 4.2.4.3 Working Status of Elderly Persons......................................................................................39 4.2.5 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................................38 References:...........................................................................................................................................40 ANNEXES............................................................................................................................................41 Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 4 of 50 I Background Lalibella, a small Town in northern Ethiopia, is a leading tourist destination in the country. About 26,000 international tourists visit the Town annually, not to mention the estimated over 100,000 domestic pilgrims travelling to the area during the Ethiopian Christmas. The main tourist attractions are the eleven rock-hewn churches found in three groups, constructed in the 12th century A.D by King Lalibela and recognized by UNESCO as the World Heritage Site in the 1970s (ANRS, 2009:35). However, the growth of the Town, and gradual encroachment of inhabitants not only to the immediate surroundings, but even into the church compound, posed an immediate danger to the heritage site and threatened the sanctity of the church. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its followers, sites around a church compound should be clean and free from worldly activities like night clubs, liqueur houses, musical activities that incites sexual desires and even leading a normal married life within the compound, which are all incompatible with religious edicts and practices (FMCT, 2009). Moreover, underground leakage of salty water from septic tanks and the flow of washed up dirty water, including human excreta, from the congested settlements above the church compound, have all taken their toll on the ancient churches (ibid). Taking the opportunity of the preparation of the Structure Plan of Lalibela Town in 2oo9 and after conducting two study workshops, the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, defined the boundaries of what is called the ‘Core Zone’. This is in keeping with the workings of UNESCO, where a World Heritage Site is supposed to have at least two zones; the ‘Core Zone’ and the ‘Buffer Zone’. In the Core Zone intervention is almost prohibited (ANRS, 2010:35). A decision was eventually made to clear the area and relocate inhabitants from the Core Zone. This is thus the raison d’être for the current resettlement project. The inhabitants who had been living in the church compound were already relocated in the first round of the program in 2009. The second edition of the program will affect residents in the three localities of Addishadie, Chifrgoch and Gebriel sefer, all of which are located in the ‘Core Zone,’ but outside the church compound. Consequently to facilitate the resettlement of residents in a manner acceptable to concerned parties, and in accordance with national and international laws and procedures, the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) was necessary. The RAP was also recommended in an earlier Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) study. One component of the RAP is to undertake a baseline socio-economic study of the project affected persons (PAPs) based mainly on a census about the same. Therefore, the following socio-economic assessment report is based on the analysis of the census results as well as data from other sources. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 5 of 50 The report has four sections. While the second section is about data collection activities, the main sections three and four deal with population, housing and economic characteristics of the project affected persons (PAPs). The annex, at the end of the report, provides some salient features of the consultative process. II Data Collection and Analysis Both primary and secondary data on affected persons were collected including a series of consultations with different groups. As part of the primary data collection effort, a census was undertaken using pre-prepared structured questionnaires with two parts. The first part dealt with detailed socio-economic conditions aimed at assessing the living conditions of the respondents before the relocation and includes household and personal details. Information was sought on the following: • At individual level, each members of a household was asked about his/her sex, age, religion, ethnic group, number of years continuously lived in Lalibella Town and disability status. • Any member of a household in the relevant age was also asked about her/his marital status, grade enrolled if currently attending school, highest grade completed if education is terminated, current employment status and main occupation the person is engaged in. • Moreover at household level, information includes average monthly household income, preference of other income generating activities, form of business organization preferred and membership in social support organizations • A section on housing includes categorical variable on purpose of the building, age of the house, type of tenure, amount of rent (if occupied by tenants), source of drinking water, types of kitchen, toilet, lighting, fuel used for cooking and whether or not each household had a fixed telephone connection, a radio and a TV set. The second part was concerned with measurement and registration of areas of plots and built structures as well as other immovable assets on the plots. In addition, types of materials used in the construction of the different parts of the houses were also registered. This part would serve as a basis for the subsequent asset valuation and compensation. Although the number of business establishments with licenses is small, nevertheless, a census was also undertaken using a separate instrument. The information is believed to help allocate plots for establishments at appropriate places, taking their special needs into account. For the conduct of the socio-economic census, initially, five preparatory school (grades 11-12) teachers in Lalibella Town were recruited as enumerators and given training. One of the teachers had participated in the Population and Housing Census of 2007. Later, after regular and strict supervision, one of the enumerators was suspended and the data collection activity was carried out by the rest four between August 17 and 25. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 6 of 50 In addition, another three-man team, with proper skill on architecture/engineering and surveying, was also deployed to measure and register the occupied plots and assets/properties on the plots. Regular on-site supervision and checking of questionnaires was conducted by the investigators who also provided the training. A series of consultations were also undertaken with each of the different sections of the affected communities. At each stage, all the affected community household heads were invited to participate in the consultations and, in most cases, the turn up was high. The separately consulted groups include: • Those yet to be resettled under the second edition of the program which is composed of the residents of the three localities of Addishadie, Chifrigoch and Gebries Sefer. • Structure owners relocated in 2009 from Mikael Gibi to Kurakur, some of whom are now living in the site and the rest of them are at different stages of constructing houses in the same area. • Tenant households, numbering 40, who moved from the same area to houses built by some humanitarian organization, around the Bus Station. • The host community. Both the first resettlement in 2009 and the envisaged second round were and would be relocated to the same host community of farmers at a place called Kurakur. • Some farmers who lived in the town proper, but were farming plots in the settlement site until they were paid compensation. Moreover, a focus group discussion was also held with officials from different town and Kebele administration offices, one way or the other, related to or were believed to contribute to the settlement program. The list of participants and the objective of the discussion are provided in annex one, as part of the consultation process. Extensive discussions were also held with City Agricultural Development Office and City Micro and Small Enterprise Development Office to identify income generating activities and business enterprises for a livelihood restoration plan. As far as secondary data were concerned, in addition to document review, relevant data were also collected from different Kebele and Town Administration offices as well as the Church Administration, ESTDP, parastatals and NGO offices. SPSS was used both for data entry and analysis. A complete record of each individual and household, including the name of each member of the affected household and his/her relationship to the head of the household was registered using the program. This arrangement would serve as a data base on which any future actions or decisions will depend. The program is so versatile that it provides the opportunity to identify or select any case or cases required for analysis or action, with all the associated details. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 7 of 50 One- and two-way classifications and tables (frequency tables and cross tabulations) were utilized to analyze the data. Hence SPSS was used both to analyze the census data and at the same time served to create a data base for future decisions. III Population and Housing Characteristics PAPs 3.1 Population Characteristics of the Three Localities to Be Resettled 3.1.1 Distribution of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) by Sex The three localities within the core area, that are yet to be resettled in the second edition of the resettlement program are Addishadie, by far with the biggest number of PAPs, Chifrgoch and Gebriel Sefer, with the smallest. The distribution of the population living in these three localities is provided in Table 3.1, below. Of the three localities (Sefer) yet to be resettled, Addishadie, accounting for about 61 percent of the total population, had the largest population and Gebriel Sefer with 13 percent had the smallest population. The total population in the three localities, affected by the second round of the resettlement program, was counted to be 2038 at the time of the Census in mid August 2010 and was estimated to make up over 10 percent of the total population of Lalibella town Table 3.1: Distribution of Population to be Resettled by Sex and Locality (Sefer) Name of Locality Sex Total (Sefer) Male Female Number Percent Addishadie 537 696 1233 60.5 Chifrgoch 244 288 532 26.1 Gebriel Sefer 140 133 273 13.4 Total 921 1117 2038 100.0 Source: A RAP census, undertaken by Wub Consult On aggregate, it can be observed that the number females far exceeds those of males and consequently the sex ratio was found to be 82, which means that there were 82 males for every 100 females. The corresponding ratio, from the 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, for Lalibella Town was about 88, implying that the number of women compared to men was more in these localities than in Lalibella Town as a whole. In Addishadie, by far the biggest of the three localities, the sex ratio was even more pronounced and was only 77. Although, in Gebriel Sefer, males were slightly higher, it can be regarded as an outlier. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 8 of 50 3.1.2 Distribution by Broad Age-Group When the population of the three localities is classified by broad age-groups, children under the age of 14 constituted a little over 25 percent with adults or productive age category comprising more than 66 percent and the elderly age group claiming about 9 percent (Table 3.2). Table 3.2: Distribution of the Population of the Three Affected Localities (Sefers) by Broad Age-Group and Sex, August 2010 Broad Male Female Total Age-Group Number Percent 0-14 258 255 513 25.2 15-64 602 745 1347 66.1 65 and over 60 117 177 8.7 Not Stated 1 0.0 Total 912 1112 2038 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 Therefore, a low Total Dependency Ratio (a ratio of the young+ old age categories to that of the adult age group) of 51.3 shows a significant percentage of the population is in the productive age category. With 8.7 percent of the total population, the old age category seems to be slightly higher than is usually expected in Ethiopia. 3.1.3 Distribution by Religion and Ethnicity Analysis of the Census further revealed that all of the affected households/persons in the three localities belong to the Amara ethnic group and 99.9 percent profess Orthodox Christianity as shown in Table 3.3. The dominance of one religion to such an extent in urban areas of Ethiopia is not common. In the case of Lalibela, however, it might not be that strange, given the foundation of the Town in the 12th century with the carving of the eleven churches from rock formations and its consequent role as a place of pilgrimage which has continued to this day. In a survey undertaken in February 2009 for the whole Town of Lalibela by Wub Consult, about 96 percent reported to be followers of the Orthodox faith. Table 3.3: Numerical and Percentage Distribution by Religious Affliation Religious Affliation Number Percentage Orthodox 2036 99.9 Christians Moslems 2 0.1 Total 2038 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 9 of 50 3.1.4 Distribution by Number of Years Continuously Lived in Town A question about the number of years each member of the household continuously lived in Lalibela Town was asked. Results of the analysis show that 63 percent of the residents of the localities were born in Lalibella Town and no doubt many of them in their respective localities. These three areas are among the earliest settlements in the town. Only 6.4 percent reported to have lived in these areas for less than three years (Table 3.4). Table 3.4: Distribution of Residents of the Three Localities By Number of Years Continuously Lived Number of Years Number Percent Continuously lived Less than one year 40 1.9 1-2 years 92 4.5 3-5 years 103 5.1 15-10 years 144 7.1 More than 10 years 369 18.1 Since birth 1280 62.8 Not Stated 10 0.5 Total 2038 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 3.1.5 Distribution by Educational Status The RAP Census also sought information on the educational status or the highest grade completed of all persons, ten years and over who were not attending school at the time of the census. The distribution of the respondents’ answers is contained in Table 3.5. Table 3.5. Educational Status by Sex Educational Sex Total Status Male Female Number Percent Illiterate 128 375 503 44.7 Grades 1-4 27 42 69 6.1 Grades 5-8 68 68 136 12.1 Grades 9-12 135 83 218 19.3 Diploma 79 66 145 12.9 Degree 15 2 17 1.5 Religious Educ. 35 3 38 3.4 Total 487 639 1126 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 On aggregate, about 45 percent of the residents of the three localities were illiterate. When educational status was further cross classified by locality, the illiterates in Chifrgoch and in Gebriel Sefer constituted more than 48 and 39 percent respectively. In a similar survey for the Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 10 of 50 town, conducted during the preparation of the Structure Plan, in 2009, the illiteracy rate was found to be only 28 percent. The wide gap is a further indication of a lower welfare level for residents of the three localities when compared to the Town as a whole. More than 62 percent were below the high school level and 3.4 percent had religious/traditional education (in a priest school). Only 1.5 percent had college degrees, most of whom are probably teachers from elsewhere, but living in the Town. 3.1.6 Students Currently Attending School In the three localities of Addishadie, Chifrgoch and Gebriel Sefer , 732 students were identified as attending schools at the time of the census. Their distribution by level of education and sex is shown in Table 3.6. There were 159 students at primary first cycle level, 257 at primary second cycle and 205 at secondary level. A total of 34 students did not state their grade level. It is also interesting to note that females outnumber males at all levels of primary and secondary education. It can be assumed that most or perhaps many of the students attending above the grade 12 level were likely to be outside of Lalibella Town. At any rate, it can also be assumed that the resettlement is not likely to affect the attendance of students at higher levels. Any likely impact on attendance of the rest of the student population, arising out of the relocation, would be discussed in a subsequent section. Table 3.6 : Distribution of Students by Level of Education and Sex Level of Education Male Female Total Grade 1-4 71 88 159 Grade 5-8 125 132 257 Grade 9-12 87 118 205 Above grade 12 41 36 77 Not Stated 16 18 34 Total 340 392 732 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 3.1.7 Disability Status and Vulnerable Groups According to a UN definition, and adopted by various Ethiopian censuses, a disabled person is one who, due to physical or mental injuries, cannot fully perform what other healthy persons can do and hence results in a decrease or loss of ability to discharge various social and/or economic functions ( OPHCC, 1991 ). In concordance with that, therefore, information on disability status was sough under seven categories and a total of 32 persons were reported as disabled, as observed in Table 3.7. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 11 of 50 Table 3.7: Disability Status by Sex Disability Sex Total Male Female Blind 3 5 7 Sight problem 0 4 4 Deafness 0 3 3 Limb amputated 4 0 4 Leg amputated 2 1 3 Retarded 3 1 4 Mental Disorder 6 1 7 Total 18 15 33 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 As far as aggregate number goes, disability seems to be divided equally between the sexes. However, more women were affected by blindness and sight problems while more men by amputation and mental disorder. Resettlement is a traumatic and difficult experience to any one involved. Even more so for the already disadvantaged/vulnerable people, including disabled persons. One other dimension of vulnerability is age. Many elderly people, because of reasons like lack of health or loss of income, have difficulties fending for themselves. Their plight is likely to get even worse during the resettlement program. It is, therefore, important to take some measures to mitigate the likely additional hardship befalling them. In this regard, in addition to the disabled persons identified earlier, elderly people of both sexes, over 65 years of age would need some special assistance. Some 144 persons (55 males and 89 females) older than 65 years of age were identified. Six of those identified as over 65 years were also disabled. Therefore, taking both age and disability into account, 171 vulnerable persons were identified, to be targeted for some additional assistance. Although in many similar situations, households headed by females or widowed women are regarded as vulnerable groups and therefore candidates for special assistance, in a situation where women-headed households by far outnumber those headed by men, most people would be entitled to benefits meant to help only a fraction of the population. This is because of resource limitations. Under the circumstances therefore, it would seem fair to consider only the disabled and the elderly for the envisaged additional benefits. However, by far most of the households selected for livelihood restoration plan are those headed by women. Idir and Equib These are very important social support and saving organizations formed by the free will of households and are mostly found in urban areas. Idir is a mutual help association of households established primarily for the purpose of helping a member during mournings. Besides comforting the bereaved, the Idir itself provide monetary assistance for the funeral and other expenses. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 12 of 50 Moreover, it avails articles necessary for the occasion like benches, tents and utensil. Nowadays, some Idirs are even engaged in developmental activities and assist members in times of distress Equib on the other hand is a form of saving whereby each member of the Equib contributes some fixed amount of money within a specified period, usually a week or a month; after which someone is chosen by a lot. The process continues until every member gets his/her turn. From Table 3.8, about 59 percent of the households belong to Idir only. However, many people belong to both the Idir and Equib. Taking this into account, therefore, 94 percent of the households in the three localities belonged to at least one Idir and about 38 percent were members of Equib. Table 3.8: Percentage Distribution of Households in Social Support Organizations Saving and Social Organization Percent Idir 58.8 Cooperative 1.8 Saving and Credit Association 0.8 Equib 2.6 Idir and Equib 35.2 Others 0.8 Total 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.1 From the foregoing, it can be realized that Idir has become such a useful social support mechanism that very few households in urban areas do not belong to at least one. In fact, many belong to more than one. That was why during the various consultation meetings, one of the main issues raised during the discussions was about the Idirs. People were literally pleading to be relocated together, to the same neighborhood so that they would not be disconnected from their respective Idirs which they jointly belong and own. Most of the Idirs own properties like tents, kitchen utensils, and other articles, in many cases, accumulated over several years. Often, the items are rented for weddings and other ceremonies from which the Idirs augment their income from periodic contributions. 3.1.8 Access to Social Services Education At the new resettlement site, there is one new Full Primary School (Meskel Kibra Full Primary) which started operation in the current academic year. The new school is just a stone’s throw away from the new resettlement site, in fact, much closer than the schools in the settlements to be Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 13 of 50 vacated. A big number of students come from neighboring settlements of Work Dingay, the Bus Station etc. The distance of the High School from the new settlement is not any further either. However, the distance of the Preparatory to the new settlement would be longer, but still much less than the recommended limit of five kms. The same can be said of the Technical and Vocational School. Therefore, all said and done, the resettlement is not likely to have a disruptive effect on the education of the children to be resettled. However, a place would be reserved for a KG. Health Service One Hospital, one Health Center and six clinics of different levels were found in the town proper. At present, there is no any health institution in the new resettlement site, except a Mother and Child Health (MCH) clinic which is under construction. Hopefully, this clinic would be completed sooner and provide its badly needed services. Just recently a female health extension worker has been assigned in Work Dingay, part of the Town adjacent to the resettlement site. Therefore, in consultation with Health Office of Lalibla Town, a place has been reserved in the Neighborhood Plan for one Health Post at the site. Until then, people may use the existing Health Post in Neakutoleab for primary health services. For more serious cases, it is inevitable to go to the Health Center or the Hospital. However, in a town where there is no public transport facility, it would be difficult to travel that distance even for many people let alone a patient. According to the standard, one Health Center is required to serve 25,000 people and another cannot be built at such close proximity. After all, the resettlement site is located adjacent to the expansion area of the Town. Church Service All the churches in Lalibella are congregated, more or less, in one area. Moreover, all religious services are provided by these same historical churches that were constructed centuries ago. For a long time now, the church administration has banned the construction of any new worship place, including a church in the vicinity of the Town. The new resettlement site can be considered far from the churches for many people, especially the elderly who frequently visit the church, especially during the fasting seasons, when they need to attend the services daily. One major concern raised by the elderly, during the various consultations, was that they feared the resettlement program would detach them from the church as they could no longer be able to walk all the way and attend the services, especially as they get even older. To compound the problem further, there is no any form of public transport system in Lalibella, unlike most urban centers in Ethiopia. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 14 of 50 This has remained a knotty issue in the case of Lalibella. If the Church Administration had not disallowed the construction of worship places in the town and its vicinity, providing worship places in the new settlement area would have gone a long way in addressing the concern of many or perhaps most PAPs. The General Market The general market, which stands once a week, every Saturday, is near the church area. Not only is it in close proximity to the old villages that have been and would be evacuated, but many households had been winning their livelihood from activities related to the market, like petty trading. In this regard, the new resettlement location is too far from the general market to continue their previous activities and this has been considered in the livelihood restoration plan. For other consumers though, it may not be difficult to go once a week because others come to the weekly market from even further away. 3.2 Housing Characteristics of the Three Localities to Be Resettled 3.2.1 Distribution of Housing Units by Tenure A housing unit is usually defined as a separate and independent place of living, either intended for habitation or not, but was occupied as a living quarter by a household at the time of the census. However, in this report a little deviation in the definition was necessary because of the property and asset valuation involved. Therefore some of the housing units rented to households by private owners were regarded as part of the house/property of the owner. In any case, this does not pose much problem in analysis In accordance with the definition adopted in the forgoing, the total number of housing units in the three localities of Addishade, Chidrgoch and Gebriel Sefer was found to be 433 within which 578 households live. This is because some of the housing units either had more than one structure or more rooms which were rented to other households as a source of additional income to structure owners. In effect, therefore, the number of dwelling structures was higher than indicated. According to earlier studies during the preparation of the Structure Plan for Lalibella, most of the houses in these localities were reported to be in bad conditions as a result of mainly two reinforcing factors. The primary reason was that they were old and the second reason being that for a long time, renovation and maintenance had been prohibited because of the impending relocation. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 15 of 50 When we look at the tenure structure, it is observed in Table 3.9 that about 59 percent of the housing units were occupied by owner households, 42 percent by tenants and the rest less than 2 percent were occupied free of rent. Table 3.9: Percentage Distribution of Housing Units by Tenure, August 2010 Tenure Percentage Owner occupied 55.8 Rented from Kebele 29.2 Rented from private 13.0 Free of rent 1.7 Total 100.0 Source: A RAP census, undertaken by Wub Consult A related analysis also revealed that female-headed households constituted 54 percent of all the households while male-headed households comprise the balance of 46 percent. According to the 2007 national census, in urban areas of the Amara Region, for example, female-headed households made up just 38 percent. In a patriarchal society like the northern part of Ethiopia, the dominance of female-headed households in the three localities is another indication of the vulnerability of these families. 3.2.2 Purpose and Age of Housing Units 68.3 percent of the housing units were used for residence only while 31.7 percent were used for both residential and commercial purposes at the time of the census. When we look at the age of Table 3.10 Distribution of Housing Units in the Three Localities by Age, 2010 Age of houses Number Percent Less than 5 years 9 2.2 5-9 years 13 2.9 10-14 years 9 2.2 15-19 years 22 5.0 More than 20 years 374 86.3 Not stated 6 1.4 Total 433 100.0 Source: As in Table 3.9 the housing units in Table 3.10, more than 86 percent of the houses were older than 20 years. In an earlier survey for the whole town of Lalibela, the corresponding figure was only 36 percent showing that these three localities were among the oldest settlements. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 16 of 50 3.2.3 Source of Drinking Water Data in Table 3.11 indicate that households living in 34.4 percent of the housing units got their drinking water from outside the compound they live in, which means from water vendors. Under such condition water is not easily accessible at least for two reasons-first it is more expensive and also one has to travel longer distances which is additional hardship to women and children. No household, however, reported protected or unprotected well as a source of drinking water. Table 3.11: Distribution of Housing Units in theThree Localities by Source of Drinking Water, 2010 Source of Drinking Water Number Percent Tap inside compound-private 148 34.2 Tap inside compound-shared 135 31.3 Tap outside compound 149 34.4 Not stated 1 0.1 Total 433 100.0 Source: As in Table 3.9 3.2.4 Type of Lighting It is good that 88 percent of the housing units (Table 3.12) have electric line installed in them. However, households in a significant percentage of about 10 percent (9.8%) of the houses still use kerosene lamps which are dangerous to health, not to mention of the fire hazard. Table 3.12: Distribution of Housing Units in the Three Localities By Type of Lighting Facility, 2010 Type of Lighting Number Percent Private Electric Meter 176 42.3 Shared Electric Meter 190 45.7 Lantern 6 1.5 Kerosene 41 9.8 Not Stated 3 0.7 Total 433 100.0 Source: As in Table 3.9 3.2.5 Toilet, Kitchen and Bathing Facilities Table 3.13 reveals that more than 61 percent of the housing units did not have any kind of toilet. Only one housing unit had a flush toilet. In an earlier sample survey for the whole town in 2009, the corresponding figure was 53.4. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 17 of 50 Table 3.13 Percentage Distribution of Toilet, Kitchen and Bathing Facilities in the Three Localities Ammenity Type of Facility Percentage None 61.3 Pit Private 26.9 Pit Shared 11.1 Toilet Flush Toilet 0.2 Not Stated 0.5 Total 100.0 No Kitchen 41.8 Traditional Private 51.0 Kitchen Traditional Shared 7.0 Not Stated 0.2 Total 100.0 None 97.6 Shower Private 0.7 Shower Shared 0.3 Bathing Facility Bath Tub 0.2 Not Stated 1.2 Total 100.0 Source: As in Table 3.9 About 42 percent of the housing units had no kitchen of any kind which is also much higher than for the town as a whole which was found to be 27.2 percent in an earlier survey. If we exclude many of those who reported improvised plastic structures as private kitchens, the number would go up even further. Table 3.13 also shows that almost all or 97.6 percent of the houses did not have any bathing facility. Only one housing unit was reported to have a bath tub. In general, the housing conditions in the three localities were extremely bad, worse than the state of housing in the Town, which in itself was very low. 3.2.6 Availability of Consumer Durables The availability radio, TV and telephone apparatuses are shown in Table 3.14. Only 16.3 percent of the housing units had fixed telephone lines and only 22.4 had TV sets. In conclusion, it can be said that the deplorable housing situations and the low level of distribution of consumer durables together with the low level of social and economic conditions are clear Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 18 of 50 indications of the low level of welfare and a broader marginalization of the population in the three localities. Table 3.14. Availability of Radio, TV and Telephone in the Three Localities Apparatus Availability Number Percent Radio 222 51.2 TV 97 22.4 Telephone 71 16.3 Source: As in Table 3.9 3.3 Population Characteristics of Persons Relocated in 2009 Persons affected by the first round settlement in 2009 were living in what is called Mikael Ghibi, located within the Church compound. They were of two types; structure owners and tenants. According to the RAP census, the number of owner households removed from the Church compound, was 98. At the time of the Census, however, it was difficult to trace each of the owner households as they had already been displaced from their earlier settlement. Some had already started settling at the new site, some were still at different stages of construction. Therefore, messages were sent to structure owners, through the Kebeles, to assemble at the new site for a consultative meeting. After the meeting had been over, a census questionnaire was filled for each of the 98 households. On the other hand, 40 tenant households, who were living in rented houses, from the same area, were relocated to an area near the new bus station. They were accommodated in forty (4 meters by 6 meters) uniform housing units, built by some humanitarian organization. Each household was required to pay a rent of 10 Birr. There was no problem of locating these tenant households as all of them had been living in the same neighborhood. Hence information regarding them was promptly obtained, both from the questionnaires filled about each household and its members as well as from the consultations held with them. 3.3.1 Distribution by Sex and Tenure Status The distribution of the relocated persons by sex and tenure is shown in Table 2.1. The total number of people affected in 2009 was 611 out of which 477 (78.1 percent) were members of owner households while 134 (constituting 21.9 percent) were that of tenant households. Table 3.15: Distribution of 2009 PAPs by Tenure Status Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 19 of 50 Tenure Status Number of people Percent Male Female Total Tenants 51 83 134 21.9 Owners* 211 266 477 78.1 Total 262 349 611 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.9 It may be observed that females far outnumber males and consequently the overall Sex Ratio was found to be 75 which means that there were 75 males for every 100 females. The Ratio for the tenant households was, in fact, only 61. This is much lower than for Lalibella Town as a whole, which according to the Population and Housing Census of 2007 was 88, which itself is low. Another striking feature of the 2009 PAPs was the extent of dominance of female-headed households, which was even more pronounced than we had already seen for the population that would be affected in the second round. Table 3.16: Percentage Distribution of Household Heads by Tenure and Sex Tenure Status Male Female Total Household Household Heads Heads Owners 50.0 50.0 100.0 Tenants 14.6 85.4 100.0 Total 40.1 59.9 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.9 When both owners and tenant of 2009 PAPs are taken together, as observed in Table 3.16, about 60 percent of the households were female-headed. For the tenants only, the corresponding figure was more than 85 percent. As pointed out earlier, according to the 2007 national census, in urban areas of the Amara Region, female-headed households made up just 38 percent. In a male dominated society, this is incredibly high. Moreover, the average household size for the tenant households was found to be 3.3 while for the owners it was 5.3. 3.3.2 Distribution by Educational Status In the Census instrument, a question about the educational status or the highest grade completed was asked from each person 10 years and over who was not attending school at the time of the survey. Table 3.17 reveals that about 48 percent of the 2009 PAPs could not read or write Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 20 of 50 (illiterates) and over 4 percent had a religious education. Moreover, about 11 percent had a primary level and about 28 percent had reached a broad category of secondary education. Table 3.17: Percentage Distribution of 2009 PAPs by Educational Status Educational Level Percent Illiterate 47.9 Religious Education 4.2 Primary 10.8 Secondary 27.7 Diplome 8.9 Degree 0.5 Total 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.9 3.3.3 Distribution by Broad Age-Group When the population was categorized into broad age groups, as in Table 3.18, it can be observed that the preponderant majority was adult population in the productive age bracket. Children under the age of 14 comprised about 22 percent and the elderly a little over 10 percent. Table 3.18: Distribution of 2009 PAPs by Broad Age Group Broad Age Group Number Percent 0-14 years 134 21.9 15-64 years 416 68.0 65 years and over 62 10.1 Total 612 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.9 3.3.4 Disability and vulnerability In accordance with the definition of disability adopted earlier, eight disabled persons were identified from the 2009 PAPs; one blind, two deaf, one whose leg amputated, three retarded, one blind and one with mental disorder. In terms of gender, five are females and three males. Except one, who reported as having basic education, the rest were illiterate. Age can be regarded as one dimension of vulnerability. Often, the elderly, especially those without support and care from immediate family members, are likely to face difficulties. During relocation, the plight of the elderly would likely be exacerbated. This makes them candidates for special assistance. Some 54 persons, more than 65 years of age, were identified, of whom only Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 21 of 50 nine were males. All of them reported their educational status as illiterate and two were reported as disabled. It is often the case that households headed by women are usually identified as vulnerable. However, among the displaced 40 tenant households, only six (14.6 percent) were male-headed while the rest 34 (85.4 percent) were headed by females. If all women households were to be entitled for special assistance, this poses the danger that it would be beyond the limited budget slotted for the support of only a fraction of the PAPs. Therefore, eight disabled persons and 52 elderly or a total of 60 people were identified for special assistance. However, by far most of the households selected for livelihood restoration plan were those headed by women. 3.4 The Host Community The host community at Kurakur is a small community. The number of farming households who actually live in the village were 75. On the other hand, a total of 43 households, in two separate places, were required to cede their plots for the resettlement. Another 8 households might similarly be affected. Many of the other farmers who accepted the compensations were regular dwellers of the town proper and they were not living, but had plots at the settlement site. They number 33. Both the first and second round PAPs have been and would be relocated to the same community of small number of farmer that would inevitably be inundated by the settlers. Although it is still a farmland, the site at Kurakur is not far from the outskirt of the Town. According to the recently prepared Structural Plan, it was, in fact, slotted for the immediate expansion area. It is also located in between the Lalibella Town and another satellite town, Neakuto Leab, which is also part of the Lalibella Town administration. A consultation meeting, with household heads of the host community, was arranged through village elders. The meeting took place at a hilly open area, near the village and the salient features of the meeting are dealt with elsewhere in this report. However, here we only make a passing remark. Many of the farmers at Kurakur expressed their displeasure about the amount of compensation paid to them and the way it was computed, which they believed was not uniform. Moreover, some claimed that the Municipality prevented them from building additional houses with the compensation money in the remaining plots. To redress for what happened, they asked to be given additional plots along commercial areas where they and their children could engage in petty trade and sustain their livelihood. The census questionnaire was filled for all the affected farming households in the village. The distribution of the reported population by sex is provided in Table 3.19. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 22 of 50 Table 3.19: Distribution PAPs in the Host Community by Sex Sex Number Percent Male 139 47.4 Female 152 51.9 Not Stated 2 0.7 Total 293 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.9 Although the number of females exceeds that of males, the degree of dominance of the fair sex is not as pronounced as we saw earlier. The sex ratio was 91, which means that there were 91 males for every 100 females. Moreover, analysis also revealed that 75 percent of the households were headed by males and female-headed households constituted only 25 percent. This is in keeping with rural character of the settlement and is in sharp contrast to what we saw for the earlier two communities, where female-headed households dominated. 3.4.1 Host Community PAPs by Broad Age Group When the affected community of farmers was categorized by broad age groups, about 65 percent belonged to the adult or productive age group and 31 percent were children, below the age of 14 years. Old people above the age of 65 years constituted only 3.4 percent as indicated in Table 3.20. Table 3.20: Distribution of the Affected Population in the Host Community by Broad Age Group Broad Age Group Number Percent 0-14 years 91 31.1 15-64 years 189 64.5 65 years and over 10 3.4 Not Stated 3 1.0 Total 293 100.0 Source: Same as in Table 3.9 Furthermore, when asked about the number of years continuously lived in the locality by each member of the household, out of those who responded, about 96 percent stated that they lived in the area since they were born. Ten persons were reported to be older than 65 years of age and two persons were also reported to be disabled (one leg amputated and another with a sight problem). The personal details of the individuals in question are available for any special assistance. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 23 of 50 3.5 The Monastery and Church Schools There is one monastery within the church compound and is called Bete Amanuel Women’s Monastry. It mainly consists of eleven caves hewn from rocks, just like the churches. Some 16 nuns dwell in these caves mainly living off proceeds from activities like weaving, embroidery, handicrafts, traditional paintings etc. Although the place is called women’s monastery, seven monks also live in the compound, but in a separately built huts. Only three of them are active, engaged in traditional painting, weaving and the like. One of the four conducts prayers and the rest three are frail and are cared for by the younger nuns. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC), only men conduct most of the religious services including daily prayers. That is why monks live in monasteries for women. Two of the huts are owned by monks and the third is owned by a nun. Apart from the Amanuel Monastry, other five monks called Bahtawians (means those who dedicated their lives only to praying for humanity) live in dilapidated huts on another part of the compound, near the Bete Medhanialem Church. There is a plan to relocate the five monks this year. On the other hand, according to information obtained from church officials, there were about 500 children receiving religious education scattered in small groups in the built-up area of the Town. The children come from the surrounding areas and education was given in the compound of the residence of each instructor called Merigeta. The instructions mainly consist of rote learning by repeating after the instructor and are given day as well as mainly during the night. After a compulsory course on Zema, which is a form of hymn, all other religious courses are elective. This is the kind of process most of the clergy in the EOC went through. The system consists of a series of modules like Digua, Kine, Akuakuam, Kidase, Zimare and lessons in New and Old Testaments. However, since recent times, problems have been cropping up regarding the religious education. There has been growing complaints from some residents in town about the loud chanting from the children during the night. In addition, partly because of their sheer size, the students are facing difficulties in obtaining food from the public. The traditional practice was that since students came from far off places, they were required to get their food from the public which was regarded as a religious duty and hence willingly provided. Currently nine of the vacated Lasta huts, within the church compound, are used for religious instructions during the day time only. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 24 of 50 The church administration as well as the clergy are in favor of keeping both the monastery and church schools within the church compound as they are considered part of the heritage. IV Economic Characteristics of Project Affected People This section presents and discusses the census result pertaining to economic characteristics of project affected communities, households and the population particularly from the economic perspectives of working status, occupational and income profiles aggregately for the whole project affected people and dis-aggregately across affected subgroups and localities. Further a gender based analysis is adopted to examine the patterns and proportion of men and women in terms of the stated economic variables. In this first part the economic situation of the whole project affected persons is assessed. 4.1. Economic Characteristics of Project Affected People 4.1.1 Working Status People aged 10 years and over, except students, were asked whether or not they have been engaged in some productive or economic activities. The result is presented and discussed below. The census result shows that, out of a total of 1616 people, who are considered as economically active, 1120 people (69 %), are reported to have engaged in some kind of productive or economic activities. Table 4.1 presents the summary of the working people of project affected community, the proportion of employed and unemployed and the rate of unemployment. Table4 .1: Working status of project affected people Working Status Total Male Female Number Percent Economically active 689 927 1616 100 Employed 541 579 1120 69 148 348 496 31 Unemployed 21 38 - 31 Unemployment rate (%) The unemployment rate for the whole project affected people is found to be 31 % that is much higher compared with the average unemployment rate of Lalibela town, which was estimated to be Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 25 of 50 1 11 % in 2008 and average unemployment rate of the towns and cities of the country that is around 2 16.7 % in 2009/10. Although, females constitute the largest proportion of economically active as well as employed group, the unemployment rate for females appears to be relatively larger (38 %) than the male counterparts (21%) and 70 % of the total unemployed are females. This shows that unemployment is one of the pressing socioeconomic problems of the project affected persons particularly for project affected women. 4.1.2 Occupational Profile of Project Affected Working People The occupational backgrounds of the project affected groups and individuals should indicate , in addition to, the extent to which project affected people are engaged in different economic activities, how many of affected persons would lose their job, income and farmland as a result of relocation which is associated with loss of customers , markets and production resources. Data on occupational type was collected for persons who have reported to have been engaged in some productive activities or employed, in both formal and informal sectors, during the census. Response to the occupational profile was mainly categorized as civil servant, petty trading (includes local brewery, informal local markets (Gullit), Kiosks, etc), laborer, handcrafting, holding small commercial activities (general merchandise shops, small catering services, cafes, Tea houses , Tej houses, Hotels, Bars, and other trading activities), and farming. The occupation classification, with intent, was adapted to be fit with the prevailing economic activities of the local economy. The occupational profiles, hence, likewise the working status, are presented and analyzed aggregately for the whole project affected people and separately across the affected subgroups and localities. Similarly, a gender based analysis was adopted to observe the pattern and proportion of men and women engaged in certain types of economic activities. The census result shows, out of the total employed persons, 22 % are civil servants, near to 18 % are laborers, around 17 % are engaged primarily in farming and as high as 16 % are petty traders. Apart from stated economic activities, as much as 15 % of the people also reported that they are involved in other unstated economic activities which mainly encompass seasonal private and government employed, Priesthood, Tourist Guides, employed in family businesses, etc. Table 4.2 presents the major occupational categories of the project affected persons. Table 4. 2 Main occupational profiles of project affected people 1 Master Plan Revision study undertaken by WUB CONSULT (2008) indicates the unemployment rate for Lalibela town was about 11 % in the 2008. 2 Strategic plan document, 2003 E.C, of Ministry of Works and Urban Development indicates that the average unemployment rate of towns and cities of the country is around 16.7 % in 2009/10. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 26 of 50 It is also worth mentioning that, suppose all farming activity is considered as a formal activity, Occupational Category Occupational proportion Male Female Total out of total working people (%) 144 105 249 22 Civil servant 115 76 191 18 Laborer 80 108 188 17 Agriculture 12 173 185 16 Petty trading Formal Commercial 42 69 111 10 activities Handcrafts 20 3 23 2 Other unstated activities 117 56 173 15 Total 530 590 1120 100 along with government employed and formal commercial activities, still the majority of project affected people are engaged in informal economic activities which are characterized by unreliable income sources. Occupations from Gender Perspective On the other hand, the pattern of occupation by gender perspective shows significant variation. As would be expected, larger proportion of females (29 %) appears to be engaged in petty trading, closely followed by agricultural activities (18 %) that makeup a total of 94 % of petty traders and 57 % of farmers of the affected people. On the contrary, larger proportions of males are reported as government employed (27 %) and laborer (22 %). In conclusion, petty trading is the main source of livelihood for the majority of women and such activities could be interrupted as alike as loss of farmland affects farmers, since petty trading activities are directly dependent on local customers and markets. Generally this indicates that there is high extent of vulnerability of project affected women due to relocation. 4.1.3 Income Profile of Project Affected People Distribution of Households by Annual Income Category The annual income level of the project affected persons was also examined based on the information on household’s monthly income estimates obtained from the census. The income profile assessment basis on broad income categories is supposed to be provides supportive information about the economic status and livelihood situation of the project affected community. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 27 of 50 Unlike employment and occupational profile, the data and analysis on income profile of project affected people are limited to households who are occupants of the house and head of households during the census, who are owner occupier or tenant. In other words the assessment does not include family members and subtenants. The result shows the majority (63 %) of the households fall under the annual income category less than Birr 4800 (near to 300 USD) that is less than one dollar per day. The situation is worse when we look that 37 % of the households fall under the annual income less than Birr 2400 (near to 150 USD) that is below half a dollar per day. Tables 4.3 depict the summary of household distribution by income categories. Table 4. 3: Distribution of Project Affected Households by annual income category Annual Income Category (Birr) No of Households Percent Less than 2400 238 37 2400-4800 165 26 4800-7200 93 15 7200-12000 84 13 Over 12000 55 9 Total 635 100 A further observable situation is that the parentages of households who are above two dollar per day are only 55 households that represent only 9 % of the total households. To conclude, near to three-fifth of the project affected households are found to be below the standard poverty threshold level or income poverty line. That also supports the prevalence of high rate of incidence of poverty among project affected peoples along with unemployment and engagement in informal employment. 4.2. Economic Characteristics of Project Affected Persons by Subgroups and localities Having in mind the facts above regarding the general economic situations of the whole project affected people; attempts have also been made to examine the situation dis - aggregately across the subgroups and localities. The project affected persons are basically grouped in to three main subgroups: people to be relocated from Addishadde, Chiferigoch and Gabriel sefer (locality): people relocated in 2009 from the Michael Ghibi and resettled in Kurakur and around bus station (called Menaheriya); and persons who already gave up their farm land for resettlement and those who should give up their farmland. 4.2.1. Economic Characteristics of Persons to be relocated 4.2.1.1 Working status of People to be relocated Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 28 of 50 The average rate of unemployment in people to be relocated from Addishadde, Chifergoch and Gabriel sefer, is 28 % that is a bit lower than the average for the whole affected people that are near to 31 %. Whereas, slightly higher around Gabriel sefer with 34 %. As presented on Table 4.4 below, on the other hand, the same patterns with the average for the whole, largest number of unemployed females is observed than the male counterparts, and the proportion is relatively larger in Addishadde locality where 70 % of the unemployed are women. 4.2.1.2 Occupational Profile of People to be relocated The trends for major economic activities are almost similar with the pattern for the whole project affected people. Accordingly, in the subgroup relatively larger proportion of working population are reported as laborer (20 %), closely followed by civil servants and petty trading (each comprises 18 %). Table 4.4 Working Status of Persons to be relocated On the other hand, there are slight variations of engagement across the localities. Larger proportion of persons in Addishadde reported to be laborers and petty traders, while petty trading and government employment are the most important activities in Chifergoch. Government employment and labor are the main employment absorbers around Gabriel. Economically Unemployment Locality Active Employed Unemployed Rate Male Female Total Addishadde 657 472 56 129 185 28 Chifergoch 277 210 22 45 67 24 Gabriel 155 102 24 29 53 34 Subgroup total 1089 784 102 203 305 28 As depicted on Table 4.5, one special feature among the localities is that almost half of the small business activities in the subgroup are located in Chifergoch. This could partly be explained by the fact that the location of Chifergoch adjacent to the main market. Prepared by WUB Consult Socio-Economic Assessment Page 27 of 50 Occupational Addishadde Chifergoch Gabriel Total Category Number Percent 84 40 24 148 18 Civil servant Petty trade 98 42 7 147 18 Laborer 106 29 23 158 20 Handicraft 10 3 4 17 2 Formal Commercial 32 38 11 81 10 activities Agriculture 66 24 13 103 13 Others 98 35 21 154 19 Table 4.5: Occupational profiles of People to be relocated Prepared by WUB Consult 27 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 28 of 50 Total 494 211 103 808 100 From gender point of view, a significant occupational difference is observed. In all of the localities under the subgroup nearly all petty trading and larger proportion of small business activities are operated by females. While the male counter parts operate the largest proportion of government employment and casual works. 4.2.1.3 Distribution of Households in People to be relocated by Income Level The income profile was also examined across subgroups and localities. The income distribution in this subgroup is relatively more worse since near to three-fourths of households are under the annual income category “below one dollar per day�. Further as shown in Table 4.6 the distribution of households by income categories exhibited significant variations across the localities. Addishadde is relatively worse off since it consists larger proportion (78 %) of households who earn below one dollar per day. Whereas households around Gabriel found to be moderately better off since only near to half of the households fall below the minimum income threshold. Prepared by WUB Consult 28 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 29 of 50 Table4.6: Distribution of Households by annual income category in People to be relocated Annual Income Category(Birr) Addishadde Chiferigoch Gabriela Total Number Percent Less than 2400 135 39 12 186 44 2400-4800 72 27 13 112 27 4800-7200 15 19 12 46 11 7200-12000 25 10 9 44 11 Over 12000 16 11 3 30 7 Total 263 106 49 418 100 In the subgroup, generally, almost half of the households earn below one dollar per day. This shows again high intensity of poverty among the people to be relocated. 4.2.2. Economic Characteristics of People relocated in 2009 4.2.2.1 Working Status of People relocated in 2009 Relatively higher unemployment rate is reported in this subgroup (34 %) compared to the people to be relocated and the average for the whole localities. The rate for people restelled in Kurakur is 37 % that is the biggest of all localities. On the contrary, smaller rate of unemployment is also reported in this sub group, 24 %, by people resettled around Menahriya that is the lowest from all localities of affected persons. Summary Table 4.7 presents working status of persons in the subgroup by localities and unemployment by sex. Occupational proportion Occupational Menahriya Kurakur Total out of total working people Category of the sub group (%) M F T M F T Civil servant 3 5 8 30 29 59 67 29 Petty trade 0 15 15 0 21 21 36 16 Laborer 3 6 9 9 6 15 24 10 Handicraft 1 0 1 4 0 4 5 2 Formal Commercial 1 4 5 6 13 19 24 10 activities Agriculture 2 9 11 12 8 20 31 14 Others 2 1 3 25 15 40 43 19 Total 12 40 52 86 92 178 230 100 Table 4.7: Working status of People relocated in 2009 Prepared by WUB Consult 29 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 30 of 50 The proportion of unemployment as disaggregated by gender for the subgroup revealed the presence of the same pattern with the average for the whole affected person. 4.2.2.2 Occupational Profile of the People relocated in 2009 As mentioned in earlier parts, patterns of engagement in productive activities are also almost similar across the project affected persons except slight differences in major occupational trends. Hence the main employment sector which absorbed relatively larger numbers of affected persons in the subgroup is the government sector that employed 29 % of persons, and petty trading is the second absorbing 16 % of the persons. Occupation across the localities in the subgroup shows variation; relatively larger proportion (33 %) of people in Kurakur is civil servants while petty trading, absorbed 29 % of the people, appeared to be the main source of livelihood for people around Menahriya. Tables 4.8 summarize the occupation types by localities and gender distribution in the sub group. Table 4.8: Occupational profile of People relocated in 2009 Economically Unemployment Locality Active Employed Unemployed Rate Male Female Total Menaheriya 70 53 6 11 17 24 Kurakur 251 158 19 74 93 37 Subgroup total 321 211 25 85 110 34 Prepared by WUB Consult 30 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 31 of 50 As usual, occupational variation from gender perspective is also substantial in the subgroup particularly in Menahriya where 75 % of people are females, thus, except handcraft works all stated employment sectors are remarkably dominated by females. 4.2.2.3 Distribution of Households by Income Level for People Relocated In 2009 The income situation was also examined for people relocated in 2009 and the finding revealed that almost half of the households in the subgroup fall under the annual income category “below one dollar per day�, which indicates that the subgroup is relatively better off when compared to households to be relocated, where more than 70 % of households are below the poverty line thresholds. Moreover, as the data on Table 4.9 shows less than one third of households are reported to earn less than half a dollar per day. Table 4.9: Distribution of Households by annual income category of people relocated in 2009 Annual Income Category (Birr) Menahriya Kurakur Total Number Percent Less than 2400 23 18 41 30 2400-4800 12 19 31 23 4800-7200 3 21 24 18 7200-12000 1 23 24 18 Over 12000 - 16 16 11 Total 39 97 136 100 As can be seen from Table 4.9 above, the income profile across the localities shows that households around Menaheriya are comparatively worse off since the overwhelming majority (near to 90 %) of the households earn bellow one dollar per day. Households around Kurakur are comparatively better off since less than 40 % of households fall under the income level� below one dollar per day� and 15 % of the households are earning above two dollar per day. 4.2.3. Economic Characteristics of the Host Community As noted in the earlier part, the host people are those farmers who already gave up and those should give-up their farmland for resettlement purposes. The assessment with respect to economic characteristics, and the possibility to be embraced in the livelihood restoration plan with the so Prepared by WUB Consult 31 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 32 of 50 called the “host community� centered on only those who gave up and should give up their farmland for resettlement regardless of where they are residing. Some persons who own land in the resettlement area but do not live there, however, here after the subgroup is generally refereed to as farmers, although some of them are still primarily engaged in non farm activities. It is also worth to note that the census was undertaken separately for each specific locality based on the location where the farmland is located and the holder is residing (namely; farmers in Kurakur, urban farmers who possess farmland in Kurakur, farmers in Derq Wenz, etc) but the analysis is done aggregately as the host community or farmers interchangeably. Having this in mind, the economic situations of the subgroup is assessed similar to the other affected subgroups. 4.2.3.1 Working Status of the host community Naturally persons who are dispossessed of their farmland are understood to be farmers. However the family members of those farmland holders/owners may not necessarily be engaged in farming alone and beyond this, some of those farmland holders are even engaged in off-farm activities and for them farming is a complementary means of living. Accordingly, as summary Table 4.10 illustrates, among the population considered as the host community who gave up and should give up their farmland, 205 persons are reported economically active, of which 124 persons (60 %) are employed, either engaged in farming or other off-farm activities , and the rest 81 persons (40 %) are found to be unemployed. Prepared by WUB Consult 32 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 33 of 50 Economically Unemploy Locality Employed Unemployed active ment rate Male Female Total People live in Kurakur, Derq Wenz and 205 124 21 60 81 40 elsewhere in the City Table 4.10: Employment status of the Host community A further special feature observed in the host community against the other subgroup is that higher unemployment rate (40 %) and greater proportion of female unemployment (74 %) over the male counterpart. 4.2.3.2 Occupational Profiles of the host community As mentioned earlier, as one expected, the main occupational type of the host community or farmers is distinctly farming, however, some significant proportions of the subgroup were found to be engaged in non farm activities. The census result shows that only 40 % of the host people are engaged fully in agricultural activities. Unexpectedly, as the summary Table 4.11 reveals, one-forth of the people in the host communities are civil servants. The rest, one thirds, are reported laborers, small business holders and petty traders as well as engaged in other unstated activities. On the other hand, occupational pattern by gender shows that there is almost proportionate gender distribution in farming engagement. Prepared by WUB Consult 33 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 34 of 50 Occupational Category Total Number Percent Agriculture 53 40 Civil servant 34 26 Table 4.11 Main occupational types of the host community Prepared by WUB Consult 34 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 35 of 50 Laborer 9 7 Small business 6 5 Petty trade 6 5 Handicraft 1 1 Others 22 16 Total 131 100 . In general, despite the expectation that most persons in the host communities should have been primarily engaged in agriculture, surprisingly more than half of the persons in the subgroup are mainly involved in nonfarm activities. 4.2.3.3 Distribution of Households in the host community by Income Level Households in the host communities are relatively better off in terms of income level compared to the other subgroups. The proportion of households falling under the minimum annual income category (i.e. is bellow half a dollar per day) is relatively low, 13 %. Moreover, one thirds of the households earn above one dollar per day. This situation is perhaps due to the fact that more than half of the households in the subgroup, as mentioned above, are engaged in both farming and other activities. Summary Table 4.12 presents the distribution of households in the host community by income category. Table 4.12: Distribution of Households in the Host community by annual income category Annual income Total category(Birr) Number Percent Less than 2400 11 13 2400-4800 22 28 Prepared by WUB Consult 35 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 36 of 50 4800-7200 22 28 7200-12000 16 20 Over 12000 9 11 Total 80 100 4.2.4 Working Status and Occupational Profiles of Vulnerable Group As stated in the demographic characteristics of the project affected people, persons living with disability and elderly persons who are aged 65 years above are identified as vulnerable groups. This part deals with some economic situations of these vulnerable persons. 4.2.4.1 Working Status of Persons with Disability Out of a total of 44 persons reported as having disability, 32 persons were asked whether they are engaged in some economic activities or not. As the result shows, 16 persons (50 %) are employed in different productive activities and the rest 50 % are found to be unemployed. Furthermore educational attainment of persons with disability was also assessed. The result shows the greater proportion (66 %) of unemployed persons with disability is illiterate and even among the employed 28 % is also illiterate. Table 4.13 summarizes the employment status of the persons with disability against educational attainment. . Prepared by WUB Consult 36 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 37 of 50 Educational Status Employed Unemployed Total Table 4.13 : Working Illiterate 9 12 21 status of 5-8 persons 2 2 4 lives with 9-12 disability by 2 1 3 educational Religious education 1 1 2 attainment Not stated 2 - 2 Total 16 16 32 4.2.4.2 Main occupation Total Occupational Number Percent Profiles of Persons with Disability With regard to occupational profiles the result shows that except 15 % of persons with disability who are engaged in formal businesses and agriculture, the rest are reported as out of formal employment sector and rely on unreliable informal incomes. Summary Table 4.14 illustrates occupational profiles of persons with disability. Table 4. 14: Occupational profiles of persons with disability Prepared by WUB Consult 37 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 38 of 50 Laborer 5 25 Petty trade 2 10 Handicraft 1 5 Formal commercial activities 1 5 Agriculture 2 10 Others 9 45 Total 20 100 Prepared by WUB Consult 38 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 39 of 50 The observation in their means of living above indicates that persons with disability are destitute and they will be worse off when relocated. On the other hand it suggests some of them could be engaged in some productive activities to improve their lives if trained and retrained and financially and technically supported. 4.2.4.3 Working Status of Elderly Persons The other group of vulnerable persons identified is the elderly people who are aged 65 years above. Although, this category of age is considered as outside working forces, some of them are being employed to win their subsistence. According to the census, out of the total of 218 elderly persons, 193 were asked whether they were employed or not and 112 persons (58 %) are reported to be employed in some economic activities and the rest 81 persons (42 %) are unemployed. On the other hand, larger proportions of elderly persons are females that makeup 62 % of the group; the proportion again appears to be greater for females when looking that 79 % of the unemployed elderly persons are females. Table 4.15 depicts working status of elderly people by sex. Description Male Female Total Number Percent Employed 56 56 112 58 Unemployed 17 64 81 42 Total 73 120 193 100 Table 4. 5: Elderly persons by Working status and sex Further, main areas of economic activities which elderly people are involved in were assessed with the intention that it will give an overview of potential employment sector the elderly persons could participate. The data revealed that near to 40 % of the employed elderly persons appear to be engaged in agricultural activities. As illustrated in Table 4.16, the rest are engaged in petty trading, small business activities and as laborer and one third of elderly employed are engaged in different unstated activities which are most likely private employed as gardener, guards and as priest. Prepared by WUB Consult 39 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 38 of 50 Table 4.16 Occupational profile of Elderly persons Main occupation Total Number Percent Agriculture 52 41 Petty trade 15 12 Laborer 12 10 Formal Commercial 8 6 activities Others 39 31 Total 126 100 When looking the elderly persons occupational trend across the gender showed that almost proportionate number of males and females are engaged in agricultural activities and, as predictable , petty trading are fully occupied by elderly females as casual labor did for elderly males. To conclude, elderly persons are also at risk of being more exposed for destitute situations due to relocation since most of those being employed are earning their lives from farming and petty trading and some considerable portion of them are unemployed and might not be capable of being engaged in productive activities due to their age. On the other hand, the finding also suggests that there is a possibility of involving few of the elderly persons in productive activities based on their preferences 4.2.5 Concluding Remarks The following points should be drawn as concluding remarks from the situational analysis of economic characteristics of project affected persons and communities. Ø Unemployment is the pressing problem of project affected people and women constitute the largest proportion of unemployed group Ø Most employed women are engaged in petty trading activities that made the sub sector the main source of livelihoods for the majority of affected female households. The sector is thus the most exposed due to loss of customers as result of displacement. Prepared by WUB Consult 38 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 39 of 50 Ø The farming community also faces complete loss of livelihood due to the take over of farmland for resettlement. Ø Near to three-fourth of project affected households are found to be below the standard poverty threshold level or income poverty line. Ø There are significant number of elderly persons and persons with disability who will be at risk due to relocation and in need of special supports In general, the economy of the affected communities are characterized by high incidence of poverty reflected by the prevalence of high rate of unemployment, dominancy of informal sector engagement, lower level of income and large number of vulnerable persons; that all entail the need of development of intervention to restore and improve the livelihood of the project affected persons and the communities in general parallel with any property related and displacement compensations. Prepared by WUB Consult 39 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 40 of 50 References: Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism (FMCT) (2009). Resettlement Policy Framework (Final Draft), Addis Abeba. Office of the Population and Housing Census Commission (OPHCC) (1991). The 1984 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia Analytical Report at National Level, Central Statistics Office, Addis Abeba. Prepared by WUB Consult 40 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 41 of 50 ANNEXES Prepared by WUB Consult 41 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 42 of 50 Annex One Some Salient Features of the Consultative Process 1 Two consultative meetings were held with household heads from the three localities of Addishadie, Chifrgoch and Gabriel Sefer who would be relocated in the second edition of the resettlement program. The first meeting was conducted on the morning of August 18, 2010 with 149 household heads from Addishadie, which is the biggest of the three settlements, constituting more than 60 percent of project affected persons (PAPs). The second meeting, with the remaining two neighborhoods, was held in the afternoon of the same day with 83 household heads participating. The two meetings were chaired by Ato Zelalem from the Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Program (ESTDP). The aim of the meetings was made abundantly clear by Dr. Wubshet Birhanu, coordinator of the RAP, after which discussions continued for extended periods. The main issues raised by the participants in the two meetings were similar and can be summarized as follows: • For a long time now PAPs had been repeatedly told that, some day, they would move out of the area they currently occupy. Since then all kinds of renovation or maintenance and even transfer of property had been prohibited, contributing to the deteriorated living conditions they had. Because of this the quality of housing was low eventually contributing to the low amounts of compensation; • They said they never had any opposition to the program as long as their resettlement contributed to preservation of the church and promotion of tourism and as long as they were treated fairly. In fact, they have always supported it, but only wanted appropriate/reasonable treatment; • In addition to the compensation and other assistance, they wanted to move to the same location so that their Idirs, social support organizations, and their common properties remain intact; • They asked for the provision of a playing field in the new resettlement site for their children which they lacked earlier. • At least running water and electricity lines need to be installed before they move into the site so that they would not face the problems encountered by the settlers in the first round. Especially water is not only vital for drinking, but in the case of the resettlement, it is essential for the construction of houses. Additional communal taps are also required ; • The fact that maintenance was prohibited for a long time should be taken into account when compensation is computed; • In a town where there is no any form of public transport facility, it is difficult for the elderly to regularly go to the churches from the settlement site. It was, therefore, suggested to allocate land for the infirm in the open spaces, not far from the churches. Prepared by WUB Consult 42 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 43 of 50 • The fact that they are required to move from a prime location to a far of place must be taken into account in compensation payment • Because of the social support system, households living in the same housing unit need be considered for separate accommodation, but in the same area. • The inflation must be taken into account in the next round of compensation payment. The mayor of the town, Ato Mulugeta, then interjected to allay some of their concerns by touching upon many of the points raised by the participants. He said that • All efforts would be exerted regarding infrastructure provision. The problem with the delay in installing electricity lines was attributed to shortage of transformers at national level; • With regards to pocket/open areas within the built-up area, considerations could be made for some disabled/ impaired person. • The minimum plot that would be allocated is 150 sq.m, even if the land holding of an affected household is smaller than that. For any amount above that, the equivalent would be allotted. • Surely, something need be done about the tenant households living in Kebele houses. They could not simply be shooed away and their situations would largely depend on resources at the disposal of the Municipality. • The PAPs would be relocated together to the same site and that they need not worry about the disintegration of their Idirs. • Regarding the envisaged training, for livelihood restoration, it would include those resettled earlier. • He promised that the valuation and compensation process would be transparent this time around and a committee, comprising all stakeholders, would be formed to that effect. • A separate committee would be required for the Kebele owned houses. 2 A consultation meeting was also arranged with the 2009 PAPs who were structure owners living in Mikael Ghibe. One main problem encountered when it was tried to arrange the consultation meeting was where to locate these people in the first place, as they had already been displaced. Hence, with the cooperation of the Kebele offices, a message was sent to structure owners, wherever they were, to assemble at the new site for the meeting. The meeting was called at short notice, but still a sizable number of people, representing 53 households, turned up at the time of the appointment. Ato Zelalem, a resettlement expert in ESTDPO, outlined the objective of the meeting, after which opinions were expressed one by one; some of which include the following: Prepared by WUB Consult 43 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 44 of 50 • Without the provision of any infrastructure, including running water, in the settlement area, eviction was suddenly and unnecessarily hustled. Early on the next day of the Ethiopian Christmas some houses were already surrounded by demolishing brigades and promptly demolished even before taking out belongings. On the other hand, allegedly many other houses stayed intact afterwards. • The damages sustained by the community were allegedly due to the maladministration of the Municipality. It was also suggested the inside workings would be a good research agenda. Among many others, its actions were not uniform and that what applied to some did not apply to others • The training aspect of the proposed livelihood restoration plan does not seem to apply to the elderly, especially pensioners. It could apply to other segments, specially to the youth. Therefore, a kind of support must be crafted that would benefit all members of the community equally. • Some community members, specially the youth believed that if some seed capital was to be provided, they could be engaged in productive activities and that some of them had experiences in that regard. • The livelihood of some was based on selling cultural items like fabrics, but now they are idle. They believed that if they were provided with a working place they could resume their earlier activities once more. • In the new settlement area, except an 8 meter width access road, no open area for communal use was left and is already congested. For example, there was no place for Demera ceremony, which is a form of bonfire, commemorating the jubilation of finding of the Cross from where it was buried for centuries. • A promise/commitment was initially made by the Municipality to Tkul house owners, whose structures were not demolished, to the effect that partial or full cost of the installation of piped water would be borne by the municipality. But the promise/commitment was not kept. These traditional houses were preserved as part of the heritage conservation. • Many of the children used to get money by selling artifacts, like crucifixes. It would be more appropriate if some of the traditional houses that are now being preserved could be used for selling such items. After all the traditional artifacts are part of the heritage • In their earlier locations, all kinds of services were available in the immediate neighborhood, but in contrast, nothing was found in the new settlement. Therefore, efforts need be made to restore some of the needed services. Prepared by WUB Consult 44 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 45 of 50 3 As pointed out in the preceding sections, the tenant households, relocated from Mikael Ghibi, were 40 in number and were accommodated in 40 housing units, built earlier by a humanitarian organization. A consultative meeting was held on the morning of August 24, 2010 in which all of the affected tenant household heads attended. Their main concerns include: • They were told by municipal authorities that they could be dislodged from the houses without any advance notice/warning when it is ‘required by the government.’ This they believed left them without any secured existence. • No action was taken to restore their livelihood which was destroyed after they were evicted. They reported that many of them were involved in petty trade. On the other hand, as these people live near the new bus station, they could engage in trade if they were provided with working places like the containers built by the Municipality. • In their new settlement area, no open space for communal use or a playing field for their children were provided. 4. Consultation with the Host Community: The host community of farmers living in the new resettlement site was small in number, 75 households. The farmers living in the town proper who had plots in the settlement site and had been paid compensation, were consulted separately. The consultation meeting with the host community living in the settlement site was held on the afternoon of August 24. The outstanding issues of the discussion were: • Many of the small number of farmers at Kurakur stated their displeasure of the amount of compensation paid to them and the way it was computed. They believed that they were paid only a fraction of the money the plots could fetch if usufruct were transferred. • They actually supported the expansion of the town and preservation of the heritage site, but also wanted to benefit from it. They said that the only thing they could bequeath their children was land, but what would become of their children once the money was gone very soon? Ato Zelalem, a resettlement expert in ESTDPO, realizing the deep concern the farmers had for the future of their children, interrupted the discussion and assured them that the livelihood restoration plan included their children as well. • Some also expressed their dissatisfaction that the Municipality allegedly prevented them from building additional houses with the compensation money in the remaining plots. This would have helped them earn income by letting the houses once they were part of the town. Prepared by WUB Consult 45 Socio-Economic Assessment Page 46 of 50 • To redress for what happened, they asked to be given additional plots along commercial areas where they and their children could engage in some form of petty trade and sustain their livelihood. • Most expressed opinion that they did not support the idea of working in a cooperative. They preferred to operate as individual households because they would rather work with their children, many of whom were idle in any case. • The other sad story was the case of many households who acquired plots from the farmers in exchange for money and built dwelling units. They were left in limbo as purchasing land was illegal in the Ethiopian law. They could not claim entitlement for the land they were occupying. Many of these people actually originated in the area, but have been living elsewhere at the time of land redistribution. 5. As part of the participation process, a focus group discussion was also held with officials from different town and kebele administration offices, one way or the other, related to or were believed to contribute to the settlement program. The list includes the following: o Manager of the Municipality--Ato Kassa Belete o Capacity Building Office —Ato Leul Teka o Culture and Tourism Office—Ato Belete Welde o Municipal Service Land Administration-Ato Betsha Welde o Municipal Service Design and Construction- Ato Getahun Zewdu o ESTDP Resettlement Expert--Ato Zelalem o Agriculture and Rural Development Office-Ato Melaku Asferi o Kebele 01 Administration- Ato Tadesse Werash o Kebele 01 Manager --Ato Kidane Haile Amlak o Kebele 02 Administration--Ato Ababu Kasse o Kebele 02 Manager—Ato Habtamnesh Tsegaye The discussions, among many other things, dwelt on: • How to get information regarding persons relocated in 2009 from kebele 02 • How to facilitate the various consultation meetings with the different communities affected by the resettlement • How to allocate tasks among different agencies in providing the required support to the RAP team. Prepared by WUB Consult 46