Historlically 351J1 Planned IiEE §iA GUIDE TO THE DATA ction Si lt A0 nt 1 993 edit~f ~eCOfl n'LiS of he for'Tl~Iiner nif j\LI COPY A World Bank Publication Historically Planned Economies A Guide to the Data Historically Planned Economies A Guide to the Data 1993 edition Featuring economies of the former Soviet Union The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1993 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing December 1993 This publication has been compiled by the staff of the Socio-Economic Data Division of the World Bank's International Economics Department. The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of this publication. Any judgments expressed are those of World Bank staff or consultants and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permis- sion promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France. ISBN 0-8213-2647-3 The library of Congress catalogued the first edition of this book as follows: Historically planned economies: a guide to the data / Paul Marer ... [et al.]. p. cm. ISBN 0-8213-2147-1 1. Central planning-Communist countries-Statistical methods. 2. Communist countries-Economic policy-Statistical methods. I. Marer, Paul. II. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. HC704.H48 1992 338.9'009'1717-dc2O 92-17667 CIP Rev. Contents Foreword ................................ ix Acknowledgments ................................ x Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................ xi Introduction ................................ xiii Part 1. Primer on Data Issues ................................ I Chapter 1. The Legacy of Central Planning ................................ 3 Allocation ................................ 3 Prices and Inflation ................................ 4 Profits, Taxes, and Subsidies ................................ 5 Investment ................................ 5 Foreign Trade and Debt ............................................. 6 Fiscal and Monetary Balances ..................... 7 National Accounting Issues ........................................... 8 Social Indicators and Employment ........................... 11 Environment and Energy Indicators ...................................... 11 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition .............................. 12 What Is Transition? ............................................... 12 Transition Data Problems ............................................ 12 Reporting Issues ......................... ........ ......... 13 Measurement Issues ............................................... 13 Inflation, Prices, and Costs ................... 13 Production, Value Added, and Consumption ................................ 15 Foreign Trade ................................................... 16 Foreign Debt ................................................... 16 Monetary and Fiscal Issues ........................................... 18 Employment, Wages, and Social Issues ................................. 20 Part 2. Global Focus ................................ 23 Chapter 3. Framework for Comparing Economies .............................. 25 Data Gaps in Conventional Time Series ................................. 25 World Bank GNP Per Capita Methodology .................................. 26 Chapter 4. Global Tables ........................................... 28 Descriptive Notes ................................................ 28 Tables ..................... 30 Part 3. Country Focus ..................... 43 Chapter 5. National Accounts .. . ........................... . 45 Introduction ..................... 45 Two Systems: MPS and SNA ..................... 45 Surveying Methods ............................................... 48 v Chapter 6. Movingfrom NMP to GDP .................................... 49 Aggregate Levels ... 50 Structure ... 51 Growth ... 52 Alternative Computations ........................................... 53 Chapter 7. Converting National Data to Dollars .56 Exchange Rates During Transition ....................................... 56 Foreign Trade .................................................. 58 Total Trade .58 Post-CMEA Trade ................................................ 59 Country Tables .61 Part 4. Technical Notes .243 Chapter 8. Sources and Methods .245 SNA Accounts (World Bank) .245 MPS Accounts .246 Exchange Rates and Conversion Factors .249 International Trade .251 Trade Unit Values and Terms of Trade .252 Balance of Payments and External Debt .252 Employment .253 Domestic Finance ................................................ 253 Land and Forests .254 Social Indicators .254 General Notes ... 257 Country Notes . 258 Bibliography .268 Boxes 1.1 Input-Output Analogy. 4 1.2 What Is a Transferable Ruble? ................. I .......... I ........ 6 1.3 Foreign Trade Price Equalization. 7 2.1 Surveys and Opinion Polls ....................................... 14 2.2 Statistical Problems in Measuring Trade in the States of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) ... 17 2.3 Interenterprise Credits .......................................... 19 2.4 Currencies in the States of the Former USSR, July 1993 .............. 19 2.5 The Dimensions of Unemployment in the Former GDR ...................... 20 6.1 Components of Net Material Product and Gross Domestic Product on the Basis of Value Added ..................................... 49 6.2 The Adjusted Factor Cost and Building Block Method ....................... 53 6.3 International Comparisons of Military Expenditures ........................ 54 7.1 Problems of Using Exchange Rates as Convertors .......................... 57 vi Text Tables 5.1 SNA concepts, coverage, and measurement ............................. 46 6.1 Comparison of NMP and GDP for the European HPEs for 1980 and 1988 in current national market prices ............................. 50 6.2 Comparison of the differences between NMP, GM?, and GDP (for 1988 in current prices) . .51 6.3 Relative shares of depreciation and nonmaterial services in the GDP-NMP gap (1988) .... 51 6.4 Share of nonmaterial services in employment and GDP ...................... 52 6.5 Share of consumption and investment in NMP and GDP in selected countries at current prices .................................. 52 6.6 Comparison of volume indices for NMP and GDP for 1970-89 .................. 53 6.7 Comparison of official NMP and recomputed GNP volume indices for European HPEs ............................................. 54 8.1 Uniform TR/$ rates .......................................... 251 Global Tables 1 Trends in per capita income ....................................... 30 2 Overall growth and inflation ....................................... 31 3 Size and structure of production ..................................... 32 4 Growth of production ........................................... 34 5 Structure of demand ............................................ 35 6 Growth of demand ............................................ 36 7 Human resources: population ...................................... 37 8 Human resources: labor force ...................................... 38 9 Health services and vital statistics ................................... 40 Country Tables Albania .................................... 62 Armenia ................................... 68 Azerbaijan ................................... 74 Belarus ................................... 80 Bulgaria ................................... 86 Cambodia ................................... 92 China ................................... 98 Cuba ............................ 104 Czech Republic .................................... 110 Estonia ............................ 116 Georgia ............................. 122 Hungary ............................ 128 Kazakhstan ............................ 134 Korea, Democratic People's Republic of.. ............................ 140 Kyrgyz Republic ............................ 146 Lao PDR ............................ 152 Latvia ............................. 158 Lithuania ............................ 164 Moldova ............................ 170 Mongolia ............................ 176 Nicaragua ............................ 182 Poland ............................ 188 Romania ............................ 194 vii Russian Federation ............. 200 Slovak Republic ............. 206 Tajikistan ............. 212 Turkmenistan ............. 218 Ukraine ............. 224 Uzbekistan ............. 230 Viet Nam .................................................... 236 viii Foreword With the unprecedented transition taking place in most historically planned economies, there is a growing need for reliable statistical indicators to monitor economic development and to assess the effects of newly introduced policies on these economies. Traditional methodologies aimed at control- ling plan fulfilment are ill suited to assessing market-oriented developments, and the coexistence of old and new statistical methodologies makes the task of analysts and policymakers even more challenging. This publication aims mainly to help readers understand statistical indicators and related method- ologies for historically planned economies. It updates the 1992 volume of the Historically Planned Economies: A Guide to the Data by presenting more recent data and including 17 additional countries- the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and the 15 new states of the former Soviet Union. It also expands discussion on statistical issues faced by these countries during transition. The data presented on the 15 new states of the former Soviet Union are drawn mainly from a new socio-economic database established by a joint effort of the 15 national statistical offices, the Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the World Bank. We hope to continue these efforts, to improve the quality and comparability of socio-economic data of historically planned economies and facilitate international comparisons among countries. Michael Bruno Vicr President Development Economics and Chief Economist The World Bank ix Acknowleents This publication is an update of Historically Planned Economies: A Guide to the Data, published in 1992. The original edition was written by Paul Marer, Janos Arvay, John C. O'Connor, Daniel Swanson, and Martin Schrenk. For this edition, Martin Schrenk extended the section on "Statistical Implications of Transition." Iris Balvany managed the production with assistance from Olga Ivanova and other staff from the Socio-Economic Data and International Trade Divisions of the International Economics Department. Contributions were also made by Alan Gelb, Policy Research Department, and Misha Belkindas and others from the Europe and Central Asia Department. x Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... . ...... ..... ............. . ... ... .... ......... .. ... ........... ...... . . . .. .. .I. . .. . 4 . ............. . .. . . _.. BIS Bank for International Settlement BLS U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics BoP Balance of payments CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Member countries included. CPE Centrally planned economy CPO Central planning office CSO Central statistical office DAC Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development DM Deutsche mark EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Communities ECE Economic Commission for Europe EEC European Economic Community ECEP Eastern and Central European Program ER Exchange rate ERDI Exchange rate deviation index ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EUROSTAT European Statistical Office FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FSO Federal Statistical Office FTO Foreign Trade Organization GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross domestic product GNFS Goods and nonfactor services GNP Gross national product HDR Human Development Report HPE Historically planned economy IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation (for the former CMEA) IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICP UN International Comparison Program IDA International Development Association IFS IMF International Financial Statistics ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund LCU Local currency unit MPS Material Product System NBER National Bureau of Economic Research (U.S.) NCU National currency unit NMP Net material product NNP Net national product NSO National Statistical Office OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development xi PIT Physical indicator tables PPP Purchasing power parity RB Ruble SNA System of National Accounts SOE State-owned enterprise TR Transferable ruble UN United Nations UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNSTAT United Nations Statistical Division VAT Value added tax WDR World Development Report WHO World Health Organization xii Introduction ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... ........... . . - ........ . ..... :. =: W . = = '- 7 7 = . .' = -.7 = _ . _ Most economies with a legacy of central planning (here called "historically planned economies" or HPEs) are changing in fundamental ways. With the rapid economic, social, and political changes in these economies, an update of the first edition of Historically Planned Economies: A Guide to the Data (the Guide) has become necessary. In addition to presenting data for two additional years, this edition features 17 new countries: the 15 states of the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan) and the Czech and Slovak republics. During the past two years all of these new states became members of the World Bank, and the Bank's data base on this region has been considerably expanded. As a result, this new edition of the Guide contains mainly World Bank data, replacing the former "external sources," "authors' series," and other comparator estimates. While retaining the first edition's discussions on the role of central planning and its legacy on the statistical systems, the present edition gives a greater emphasis to the statistical issues during transition. The Guide is divided into four parts. Part 1 introduces the systemic and statistical issues affecting HPE data in global comparisons. It presents the model of traditional central planning (chapter 1) to give the context for the main statistical issues affecting comparisons of historical and recent data (chapters 2 and 3). Part 2, a global focus, provides, in a standard format, data tables on social and economic topics. The global tables show internationally comparable data by topic for intertemporal (benchmark years only) and cross- country analysis. These data, drawn mostly from published reports of the World Bank and other interna- tional agencies, are presented in tables similar to those in the Bank's annual World Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press). Part 3, a country focus, explains and documents the differences between the national accounts conventions of the SNA and the MPS and draws attention to the problems of conversion of national data from local currencies to dollars. A detailed presentation of time series by country follows in the Country Tables. In Part 4, technical notes cover the basic data presented in Parts 1 to 3 and explain the standard sources and methods for compiling data, focusing on statistical approaches common to most HPEs. Additional country notes cover specific country practices, and footnotes to the tables give detailed information for specific indicators. xiii Part 1. Primer on Data Issues Chapter 1. The Legacy of Central Planning As a starting point for statistical comparisons, a ferred to as "dialogue" or "bargaining," and in- brief overview of the framework of central plan- volved upward flows of microeconomic informa- ning shows the close relationship between the eco- tion and downward flows of microeconomic nomic systems of historically planned economies instructions. Initial macroeconomic objectives were (HPEs) and their statistical conventions and proce- gradually adjusted for feasibility. Incentives had no dures. role in this framework. Central planning cannot be traced back to a theo- Within the model of centrally planned econo- retical blueprint; it exists neither in the writings of mies, macromanagement in the conventional sense Marx nor in the Marxist classics. It evolved from a of the deployment of indirect management tools few general principles by trial and error-and suc- through monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate poli- cessive refinement. This haphazard and empirical cies was redundant. Instead, macroeconomic bal- approach nevertheless resulted in a workable ances were the aggregate of centrally (and directly) framework for achieving specific objectives. But its set microbalances. As a result, if the latter were features differed from country to country, since the correctly planned ex ante and maintained ex post, applicability of the model to actual circurnstances all macrobalances were automatically met. was more problematic than its conceptual validity. The model of the traditional centrally planned Allocation economy is best illustrated by the Soviet Union through the 1960s, before the first schemes for "per- Allocation of raw materials, intermediate products, fecting" planning were introduced. and finished goods was the first function of plan- The main economic objective of the centrally ning. The allocation of producer goods to recipient planned economy was maximum long-term industries and enterprises was made according to growth through the highest politically feasible ac- technical coefficients that described the input-out- cumulation of capital and the full employment of put relations of the production processes (see box resources. Social ownership of assets and central 1.1). For final demand, the central planning office control over the economy were both the overriding set the allocation target (in the aggregate and by ideological prerequisites and the administrative sector and enterprise) for household and collective means to maximize accumulation and concentrate consumption in accord with the plan's feasible ob- resources on leading sectors of the economy. The jectives. The allocations for investment were made major social aims were full employment, narrow according to the investment plan, and net exports wage differentials, and universal availability of so- according to the trade plan. All allocations were cial services, mainly in the form of "collective con- reflected in physical or financial balances. sumption" (financed from public resources). Low For each enterprise, at least for those in priority inflation was partly a political objective, partly a sectors, the final version of the plan determined means of facilitating central planning. The objec- inputs (by quantity, price, and source) and outputs tives were implemented by the leading political (by quantity, price, and recipient). For labor, the party through the organs of the state. aggregate wage sum (a "wage fund") was allocated The starting point for planning was a set of po- to sectors and enterprises. Along with centrally set litically determined economic targets. A central wage scales, this aggregate determined roughly the planning office (CPO) guided and organized plan- actual allocation of labor. Except for housing, con- ning procedures and set the plan's targets. But plan- sumer goods and paid services ("wage goods") ning was, in fact, a joint task of the govermnent were allocated not to the final recipients but to trade agencies (branch ministries and sub-branch associ- organizations. Thus, households did have a mea- ations) and enterprises that had to meet the targets. sure of consumer choice, albeit constrained by their The planning process was iterative, sometimes re- incomes and the amount of goods and services 3 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues involving both quantity and price indicators. This Box 1.1 Input-Output Analogy value dimension also established a continuum from The framework of central planning, its inherent broad macroeconomic balances to the financial bal- logic, and its limitations are analogous to the famil- ances of enterprises. Value measures were thus in- iar input-output table, a double-entry table pre- dispensable even to central planners. Aggregate senting the deliveries from the sectors and values reflected, on the one hand, physical goals industries listed in the left column to those listed in and "norns," such as those for balancing house- the top row and to final demand (household and hold incomes and the supply of consumer goods collective consumption, investment, and net ex- and services (at planned quantities and prices) and, ports). The preparation of the plan is equivalent to on the other, balancing budgetary revenues and computing the vectors of gross output and of pri- expenditures, including total public savings and mary inputs (labor and capital) for a given vector investment. of deliveries to final demand. Although in some Financial balancing was made easier as transac- sectors physical balances were the basis, the input- tions between households and enterprises were output table is, for reasons of aggregation, denom- kept separate from transactions between enter- inated in value terms. This implies that one distinct vector of prices is required for all sectoral inputs prises and state organizabtons; the exchange of and outputs to balance. In market economies the money between the two circuits was strictly con- price vector is generated ex post through the mar- trolled by the central bank. The household money ket mechanism. In the centrally planned economy circuit was restricted to the use of cash in the narrow it has to be determined ex ante in order to "close" sense, and the enterprise circuit to the use of deposit the matrix, a formidable task which can, under the money transactions through accounts with the state best of circumstances, only be approximated. The bank. Segmenting the household money circuit also financial balances of the table, in turn, can serve as helped balance the sums in wage funds with aggre- a basis for ex ante and ex post national accounts and gate supply of wage goods, based on expected for the control of plan implementation. Interindustry deliveries in the cells of the table household savings and administered prices. are on the input side determined by "technical co- Planners had only crude information on future efficients," whereas the deliveries to final demand, consumer preferences, so shortages and surpluses set autonomously, generate "backward" effects of consumer goods existed side by side, with invol- throughout the table. The sums of each row and untary household savings and buildups of "mone- column are the total gross output value of the re- tary overhang" despite excess inventories of some spective industry, measured horizontally on the output side and vertically on the input side. Many goods. Moreover, the reliance on material balances of the models of central planning are applications brought a strong quantitative bias into planning, of the techniques of input-output analysis. The lim- and ultimately into statistical reporting. A very high itations of this framework-such as fixed technical degree of aggregation (lumping together non- coefficients, constant returns to scale, and an overly substituting goods) contributed to simultaneous high degree of aggregation dictated by data and shortages and excess stocks. computational limitations-are the same as those Given that one or a few producers normally for central planning. supplied many customers and had a degree of mo- nopoly power, suppliers typically operated in a sellers' market without competition. Although mo- made available to the retail sector according to the nopoly rent-seeking was excluded due to central output plans, sold at administered retail prices. price setting, many subtle aspects of supply eluded For priority sectors with homogenous output such the rigors of central planning (such as product spec- as energy and steel, an important planning tool was ification, quality, and delivery schedules). This re- "material balances" that compare feasible production inforced the pervasive shortage syndrome in all levels with tentative requirements. Imbalances were markets, induced hoarding, and loosened further met either by changes in capacity (through invest- any connection between prices and scarcity. ment) or output targets of receiving sectors, and/or by altering foreign trade targets. The number and Prices and Inflation coverage of "material balances" varied according to country and plan period. For central planners, prices entered into ex ante Because aggregation in physical terns was an im- target financial balances and created the conditions possibility, except for homogeneous products, plans for ex post control of plan realization by the state on all levels were also formulated in value terms, monobank system. Prices were a means of transfer- 4 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Central Planning ring income among enterprises, state organs, and mally without provisions for capital and land. It households. Conversely, prices did not affect-nor internalized producer taxes and subsidies, so that were they supposed to affect-allocation, which profits and net taxes were inseparable. In some was the function of central planning. Nor were they enterprises, there have been planned profits, which, expected to reflect opportunity costs. For consumer together with prescribed depreciation, were re- goods, by contrast, prices were supposed to clear tained to finance investment (note that the SNA specific product markets by balancing financially regards exceptional public enterprise profits as in- effective demand and the planned output of supply. direct taxation). In others, profits served as stan- Adjusting prices for changing conditions in cen- dards for financial control and, in some cases, as trally planned economies was complex because of centrally set targets or performance indicators. the interdependence of all financial balances. Price Whether or not profit was retained, an excess profit adjustments could be done only through com- tax-which could be negative, implying subsidiza- prehensive price-resetting exercises. Between these tion, and vary by enterprise-"ldosed" any finan- exercises most prices remained fixed. Thus, con- cial imbalance. stant prices were not just a political objective; they Unlike market economies, most of the taxes and were also dictated by the model and by practical subsidies were set separately for each enterprise to constraints. As discussed below, adjusting consis- maintainits planned cashflow on thebasis of planned tent vectors of relative prices was made easier by or unplanned revenues and expenditures. Corre- using specific taxes and subsidies as "wedges" to spondingly, enterprises surrendered "surplus" reve- "close" financial imbalances. nue cash from operations or were reimbursed for For homogenous products-such as cement, "shortfalls." At this point, control over enterprise ac- crude oil, and electricity-prices were set individu- counts through the state bank, acting for the legal ally. For other products, variations made detailed owner, interfaced with the fiscal system. In addition central price-setting impractical beyond the recog- to these discretionary taxes and subsidies, specific nition of average cost of production, sometimes in- excise taxes were levied on basic inputs. cluding a planned profit margin, at given input A fundamental financial balance in planned prices. The central planner could then prescribe economies was the balance between aggregate price indexes for intertemporal changes, assuming household incomes and expenditures. At the same a given or specifically shifted output mix of these time, output prices were to be consistent with the factors. The financial implications throughout the overall price system, and prices of basic commodi- system were computed, and any imbalances were ties kept low for equity considerations. How? taken as the basis for iterative adjustments to spe- Through highly differentiated, product-specific- cific taxes and subsidies. and often producer-specific-turnover taxes The banking system automatically financed (mostly on industrial consumer goods of high price transactions that were included in the plan or oth- elasticity) and subsidies (mainly on basics). These erwise authorized. If input prices rose, the funds taxes and subsidies, at least in principle, cleared the appropriated to the producer were automatically market for the available supply by driving a wedge increased. between producer (wholesale) and retail prices. In Until recently, most statistical offices in HPEs some cases, such as alcohol, the turnover tax was in devoted little attention to computing accurate price effect an excise tax. indexes. Statisticians were required to showcase the advantages of socialism and were discouraged Investment from adjusting for hidden and repressed inflation. Lack of attention was also a reflection of the limited At the macroeconomic level, sociopolitical consider- importance of prices. Prices fixed by government ations determined the feasible investment rate. At the agencies-controlled rigidly and revised infre- sectoral level, investment coefficients, equivalent to quently-required less monitoring than other indi- capital-output ratios, determined the investment re- cators of production and trade. quired to meet capacity expansion targets. Material balances were the principal tool for discovering sup- Profits, Taxes, and Subsidies ply bottlenecks that required investment. Microeco- nomic investment decisions were, with the exception In a centrally planned enterprise, profit was a residual of a few large projects, left to subordinate state organs of revenue and costs. Unlike in a market economy, it and enterprises. Intheabsenceofpricesforinputsand was based on planned prices and transactions, nor- outputs reflecting opportunity costs, planners re- 5 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues sorted to such criteria as comparisons of investment recovery periods at plan prices. Because the financ- ing of programs and projects supported by the plan Box 1.2 What Is a Transferable Ruble? was automatic, interest cost had no systemic func- Between 1964 and 1990, the transferable ruble (TR) tion on macro- or microeconomic investment deci- has been the bookkeeping currency for intra-CMEA sions. Interest rates were normally set at levels far trade-and for bilateral claims settled through the below the marginal product of capital. CMEA's International Bank for Economic Coopera- tion. IBEC acted as aclearinghousefor all intra-CMEA transactions, although no hard cash changed hands. Foreign Trade and Debt Through IBEC-and under the CMEA's "prompt payment" system-the national bank of the exporting Foreign trade was planned to fill gaps in the mate- country was automatically credited with a TR claim rial balances that could not be resolved through on its counterpart in the importing country. These investment, and to obtain critical technology em- claims were neither transferable nor negotiable. bodied in imTnported capital equipment. From this . If trade between two CMEA members was not odiemnd-sin imporspedcapit equipmrtsrenot Fm thsor in balance at the end of an accounting period, the demand-side perspective, exports were not a source claims were settled (at least in principle) by build- of growth but the means to meet import require- ing offsetting imbalances into bilateral trade agree- ments. Trade with market economies could neither ments for thenextaccountingperiod. The IBEC rate be fixed in a framework of enforceable targets, nor for the TR against the dollar was more or less the could it rely on imports in an environment of geo- same as that of the Soviet ruble. But the real (pur- political confrontations. Central planning had, for chasing power) dollar value of the TR is impossible these reasons, a systemic preference for autarky and to establsh because TR prices in intra-CMEA deals were negotiated bilaterally and varied according to for trade with other planned economies. Autarky the traded goods. So, relative values deviate sub- was impossible, however, even for the Soviet stantially (by, say, trading partner, commodity, Union, so the HPEs set up a framework for mutual and year) from relative prices in the world market. trade through the Council for Mutual Economic The CMEA trade system was phased out in Decem- Assistance (CMEA). ber 1990. The CMEA's rules created mutuallybalanced trade in a bilateral clearing framework, combined with multilateral agreements on specialization. Countries roughly in line with international prices. Prices in agreed in bilateral "protocols" on the goods to be CMEA trade were notionally taken from intema- exchanged and their prices, denominated in transfer- tional prices, averaged over a moving five-year able rubles (TRs), the notional currency for the settle- period, with the formula being periodically revised. ment of trade accounts (box 1.2). This allowed The "international prices" so obtained were con- intra-CMEA trade to be integrated into national cen- verted into transferable rubles at the CMEA's ex- tral planning. Furthermore, as bilateral clearing change rate between the transferable ruble and the trade was normally balanced, it did not require cur- intemational currency. Apart from homogenous rency convertibility or currency reserves. Planned products to which this "Bucharest" pricing formula investment and trade credits between CMEA mem- could be applied, CMEA prices were negotiated bers were relatively small and were granted via between the planning offices or the FTOs of the physical deliveries of goods at agreed prices. In the respective countries. The combined effects of inter- absence of both currency and commodity convert- national prices and exchange rates were collected ibility, the domestic prices and balance of payments in the accounts of the FTOs. from these transactions had none of the analytical Even if trading transactions were fully balanced meaning that they do in market economies. by currency zone (convertible currency and trans- For ease of central control, each country had a ferable ruble), they were balanced in domestic cur- handful of foreign trade organizations (FTOs) with rency only by accident. In other words, monopoly/monopsony powers over broad ranges international prices were not passed on to domes- of traded products. To minimize extemal effects tic end users. The resulting imbalances on the ac- from spilling over into the domestic economy, these counts of the FTOs were captured or compensated organizations dealt with domestic suppliers of ex- through the institution of "price equalization," with ports and domestic users of imports in domestic an overall balance between international and do- currency at prescribed domestic prices. mestic values settled with the budget (see box 1.3). Prices in trade with market economies were gen- Unless the effects of different prices were buffered by erally denominated in foreign currency and the application of product-specific coefficients applied 6 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Central Planning to the exchange rates, the disaggregated price equalization flows could become very large, sug- gesting "taxes and subsidies" by currency zone and Box 1.3 Foreign Trade Price Equalization by types of exports as well as imports. In theHPEs, thestatehad a foreign trademonopoly As a result of these peculiarities, determining and alone determined the commodity and country levels of foreign trade was bedeviled by statistical composition of exports and imports. Producing en- problems. Trade with market economies had a mar- terprises had to operate through specialized foreign gin of error because some transactions were settled trade organizations (FTOs), each with a monopoly through trade (i.e., imports for re-export) with un- foyin a group of products. The monopoly was rein- throuh trae (i.., imorts or reexpor) wit IMIforced by the inconvertibility of national currencies specified countries in the CMEA. Estimating East- and by prohibitions on organizations or individuals West trade in dollars was difficult too, due to to hold or deal in foreign currencies. Exchange rates statistical discrepancies revealed in unmatching did not effectively link foreign and domestic prices East and West statistics. And because partner cur- and had merely accounting functions. Imports re- rencies were not convertible, much HPE trade, espe- sold by FrOs to domestic users were priced the cialy with developing countries, was based on same as domestically produced goods and were settled in domestic currency; exports delivered by clearing under bilateral trade and financing ar- domestic enterprises to FTOs were paid for at the rangements where implicit prices often differed fixed domestic price in domestic currency. In ex- from those on the world market. ports, FTOs thus spent domestic currency and Further complication arose in valuing transfer- earned foreign currency. In imports, they spent for- able ruble (TR) trade flows. For aggregate trade, but eign currency and earned local currency. The FTOs not necessarily for all commodity groups and for all cleared directly or through the central bank their ,the official exchange rate overvalued the domestic and TR imbalances. If the bilateral plans years, for balanced transactions-formulated in TR against the dollar. This was evidenced by CMEA terms-were met, all remaining TR balances can- member countries' own valuation of CMEA zone celled out. However, as the relative domestic and trade, which fell far more during 1986-90 than did CMEA prices differed, some positive or negative the International Bank for Economic Cooperation domestic currency imbalances usually remained, (IBEC) valuation, though all countries did not dis- which were subsequently settled with the budget. count this trade equally. Intra-CMEA trade thus had different dollar values depending on the point of departure-the TR or one of the many currencies fill the domestic financing gap. Another reason for of the CMEA member countries. underreporting was governmental exclusion from HPE accounting of external debt, external lend- debt figures of certain transactions, such as swaps ing, and reserves has been poor for several reasons. or movements within IBEC's swing limits. Nonparticipation in international institutions such For convertible currency assets, HPEs had a par- as the IMF and IBRD, which require accurate and ticular problem. Under pressure to improve their regular reporting of external debt, until recently convertible-currency balance-of-payments posi- excluded many HPEs from scrutiny that would tions, exports to developing countries were often have promoted improvement in their statistics. In- promoted by generous export credit. Even so, non- ternational comparisons were also hampered by performing assets remained on the books of some differences in definitions. For example, in market official banks. Some HPEs regarded short-tenn economies, short-term debt is normally for maturi- loans as part of foreign exchange reserves, although ties under one year, but in HPEs it could include technically the reserves should cover only officially maturities of up to three years. In China, anything held, readily marketable foreign exchange denom- under three months was not even classified as debt. inated in a major currency or gold. Gold reserves Information on types of debtors was also sparse. were valued at national prices, which varied greatly In many countries, there were differences be- from country to country-from substantially below tween reported and true foreign debt. Underreport- market price to market price. ing of debt by HPEs has not been unusual, with revisions always being upward, especially for intra- Fiscal and Monetary Balances CMEA loans. There were many incentives to under- report. If fiscal deficits were underreported to The fiscal system of the planned economy was pas- domestic parliaments, so too must external debt sive in the sense that taxation and spending deci- have been underreported, partly to be consistent sions are planned and were not altered to influence with the understated need for foreign savings to the actions of other economic agents. Much house- 7 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues hold consumption took the form of "public con- Administeredprices sumption" financed frorn budgetary resources. The budget was the intermediation device for most en- Payments for production factors in HPEs did not reflect terprise savings and investment. Both producer the relative resource costs of producing goods and ser- and consumer taxes and subsidies had large vices. The difference between producer prices and pur- redistributive roles. Traditionally, moderate budget chaser values (or market prices) was covered by a web surpluses were targeted to provide room for nonin- of discretionary producer subsidies and taxes. More- flationary credit expansion. In general, if the dis- over, because each enterprise was treated uniquely in cipline of central planning was adhered to and the taxes it paid and the grants, loans, and subsidies it gross planning errors avoided, the fiscal balance received, assessing whether a firm was profitable or could be maintained. loss-making was difficult. And reported gross "profit" Finance had two important functions. First, it margins did not reflect actual returns on capital. provided liquidity for enterprises to realize output Administered prices also discouraged product targets. Second, banks were the instruments for the innovation and had subtle but profound effects on continuous monitoring of financial transactions of the range of goods and services produced. These enterprises, to make sure that they were in accord qualitative differences complicated comparisons of with the targets. The financial system thus per- quantities between planned and market economies. formed an auditing function. Auditing was made The implication was that if HPE prices did not easier by the "monobank" state bank system. Enter- reflect underlying costs and buyer preferences, and prises and state organs had to carry out all current if quantities carried different qualitative meanings, transactions through the state bank, which was value in an HPE was not strictly comparable with supported by a few special-purpose banks, such as value in a market economy. those for investment, agriculture, foreign trade, and Measuring inflation only on the basis of admin- private savings. istered prices underestimated price level changes. Official sources reported quantities sold at official National Accounting Issues prices, even if the quality changed, or if an increas- ing share of production was sold in the unofficial Since central planning had a coherent financial economy. dimension, there was no logical distinction be- tween plan and national accounts. The HPEs de- Administered wages veloped their own conventions, codified in the Material Product System (MPS). Unlike the UN Under central planning, wages and prices were System of National Accounts (SNA), the MPS ex- codetermined to ensure that the wages could buy cluded "nonproductive services" (such as admin- the planned supply of goods. Changes in the prices istration, the military, education, and health) and of items in that basket required corresponding depreciation from the measure of aggregate output changes in wages. Central planners often simplified and income, called net material product (NMP). such adjustments by averting price changes Establishing bridges between the MPS and the through higher consumer subsidies for key items. SNA has long been a major issue for comparative Nonwage benefits, such as heavily subsidized statistics. This led to different "blind spots" in the housing, can be important supplements to wages. two frameworks, with the MPS giving more atten- Like nonprice mechanisms and administered tion to stock-flow relationships while overlooking prices, nonwage forms of benefits have to be con- much of the services sector. And for some areas, sidered jointly with administered prices in deter- such as depreciation, each framework generated mining a worker's effective remuneration. numbers of dubious significance by its own method. Output measured atfactor cost versus market prices In central planning the objectives (high growth, no inflation, and no unemployment) drove both In measuring the returns to capital as a component the reporting system for national accounts and its of value added, three distortions emerged. The first results. Low (or no) inflation, for example, was two related to intertemporal enterprise costs- assured by policy instruments, such as adminis- straight-line depreciation of fixed capital at histori- tered prices and wages, which had profound sta- cal costs, and interest for working capital provided tistical repercussions because they determined below opportunity costs of capital. The third was in relative values. operating income-the difference between operat- 8 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Central Planning ing cost and operating revenue plus net changes in costs, not in money supply, triggered inflation at the inventory. Operating income was a residual of all producer and wholesale level. prices including subsidies and taxes. Until recently, the statistical offices in HPEs de- Whether value added was measured before, or voted little attention to accurate price indexes and after, net indirect taxes was critical to estimating the were discouraged from improving measures of hid- relative size and growth of sectors. In both the SNA den and repressed inflation. With market reforms and the MPS, value added at market prices gener- and information openness, the role of price statis- ally referred to the ex-factory value of production tics changed dramatically. less intermediate consumption, including the ef- Because prices in HPEs were frequently below fects of net indirect taxes (producer taxes less sub- market-clearing levels, unmet demand translated sidies). Since HPEs had no "markets" for most into reduced consumer welfare in ways that were goods or services, the equivalent of "market prices" hard to measure statistically. Goods may have been in the SNA was "established prices" in the MPS, "overpriced," given their quality, due to seller's which included net indirect taxes by sector. In mea- market conditions; may have become unavailable; suring value added at factor cost, indirect taxes and or may have been replaced by higher-priced goods subsidies were netted out. This was a way of valu- with merely cosmetic improvements. Official mea- ing production at something closer to resource cost sures of living standards and inflation did not usu- and of eliminating the direct effects of government ally reflect such changes. intervention in production. Estimation of value In HPE statistics, inflation was understated in added at factor cost required, however, details on individual price indices and in the implicit defla- taxes and subsidies-a notoriously difficult task tor, reflecting price changes in aggregate measures when these are discretionary, and essentially a of output. The bias varied greatly among countries means to balance cash flows. Since central planning and across production sectors and demand catego- did not utilize personal income taxation, indirect ries. It tended to be greatest where nonprice mech- taxationinHPEshadamuchlargerrelativeweight, anisms attempted to shore up failures in further complicating comparisons. production and distribution. It occurred least In HPEs, counting value added data at estab- where parallel markets were condoned as safety lished prices was a universal practice. Only Hung- valves to cope with shortages, and where admin- ary claimed to publish such data at "basic prices" istered prices reacted to signals from those mar- (factor costs). The implications were less important kets. But the price levels (and, perhaps, inflation) for measuring total NMP and GNP than for sectoral on the parallel markets were artificially high owing shares of income generation, because some sectors to spillover effects, risks, rent-seeking, and "thin" benefitted from large production subsidies, while markets. others were charged steep sales taxes on outputs and intermediate inputs. Measures of price changes and basic index issues Evidence for retail prices below producer costs became a sticking point in early attempts to in- In market economies the compilation of GDP at cur- clude HPEs in the International Comparison Pro- rent and constant prices provides a measure of overall gram (ICP). Because the state did not determine price changes called the GDP deflator. The deflator prices through consumer taxes and subsidies reflectsthe weighted and combined effectsof changes alone, in most HPEs there were unusually large in production prices modified by the effect of price discrepancies between purchasing power parity changes of intermediate consumption and changes in (PPP), which compares retail prices and the ex- export and import prices. It is meant to be the current- change rate, which is based on the domestic cost, year quantity-weighted average of the price changes at producer prices, of earning a unit of foreign in the economy's producing sectors. currency through exports. Such a GDP deflator would, in HPEs, yield re- sults for GDP and its components that differ from Understated inflation chain-linked indices, of the type often used to eval- uate HPEs. For example, HPEs also used constant Under central planning, the banking system auto- price compilations that were revised every five to matically financed transactions that were author- eight years, so volume indices from the constant ized or included in the national economic plan. If price aggregates corresponded to Laspeyres-type input prices rose, funds made available to the pro- indexes. In most cases Paasche-type price indices ducer automatically increased. Thus, trends in were used for deflating the individual components 9 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues of NMP, or other methods were applied to the level were based on higher than long-term average costs of the details. as the productivity effects of "learning" and econo- The notion of constant prices, which is the un- mies of scale took effect. Second, enterprises were derpinning of conventional growth rates for SNA entitled to a surcharge for quality improvement, national accounts, becomes more ambiguous the about which they bargained with the authorities. If longer the period covered. There is no satisfactory improvement could be exaggerated-which was in way to deal with commodities and services that are the producer's interest, because it raised the price important at one time but not at another. This is and eased the task of plan fulfillment-there was commonly discussed in terms of obsolescence and unmeasured price inflation. innovation but applies equally to issues such as fashion and taste. In addition, shifts in relative Historic versus current valuation of assets prices can alter growth rates even when the goods and services appear to be the same. A simple rebas- In all HPEs, there was a widespread distortion in ing exercise in a World Bank study (Azam and measuring the depreciation of fixed assets and others 1988) showed variance in GDP growth rates changes in stocks (inventory), exaggerating invest- in excess of a percentage point a year for 22 of 73 ment, and overvaluing NMP at current prices. This countries. was not a system-specific problem, since according The deflator was implicit in some HPEs. It was to the MPS principle, the distortion should not derived, for individual products, as the quotient of occur. Indirectly, however, it was closely connected the current and constant price series where the with price increases that were hidden and, there- constant price series had a base year, often the year fore, not measured statistically. of the last major price revision at the aggregate For fixed assets, distortions arose from underes- level. The fundamental question relating to a timating depreciation. Because depreciation deflator's credibility and reliability was whether charges were based on the asset's year of acquisi- the individual price indexes used for the compila- tion or last revaluation, they tended to fall short of tion of the corresponding components of GDP or replacement values. Depreciation was underesti- NMP were accurate and complete. mated, and NMP was overestimated in current Most centrally planned economies (CPEs) mod- prices. This distortion remained in estimating NMP eled cost-of-living indexes on the former Soviet by industrial origin, because the same undervalued "index of state retail prices." This was not a com- depreciation was deducted from gross output when prehensive consumer price index. Nor did it mea- calculating net value added by the material sphere. sure private retail prices or actual transactions. It When GDP was derived from NMP (by adding was based on "list" prices. Moreover, it broadly back the underestimated value of depreciation), the excluded less homogenous, less easily controlled distortion could automatically be corrected for the products. It took little account of changes in pro- GDP figure. But ratios and intertemporal analyses duction quality or mix of the real consumption of current price income data, based on national basket. Products in the price index were unchanged NMP or derived GDP figures, were affected by the between the base and the current years, although original distortions. the mix, and therefore the weights, could change. A similar problem of infrequent and inadequate Some weights were added with the introduction of revaluation of inventory could be found in compil- new goods, and some were deleted as the produc- ing "changes in stocks" within NMP. During strict tion of old goods was discontinued. Thus, new and central planning, enterprises revalued their stocks pseudo-new products absorbed most price according to the official price indices. Because the changes, with little regard to consumer preferences. price level of inputs lagged the price level of out- Since new products could not actually be priced puts, an increase in stocks occured irrespective of in a base year that preceded their existence, the quantity changes. Hidden price increases also had price that was first officially approved was simply the effect of exaggerating changes in stocks. In inserted back to the base year, together with some valuing material costs of production, the FIFO notional weight for the base year, when the goods (first in, first out) principle was followed by enter- did not exist. This dampened recorded inflation, prises; the costs of materials used from stock in since it assigned some weight to an item imputed production reflected the prices of an earlier period. to have no price increase since the base year. At the On the other hand, additions to stocks were always same time, the level of such "comparable" prices shown at the price level of the latest purchases. tended to be overstated, for two reasons. First, they Consequently, the difference between the opening 10 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Central Planning and closing stocks showed not only the physical immobility. Employment data also typically under- changes in materials stored, but also the effect of state the numbers in the irregular economy. price increases during the year. Environment and Energy Indicators Social Indicators and Employment Standardized reporting on basic environmental Not fully developed in the HPEs were social ac- conditions and indicators in HPEs lag behind those counting systems that monitor the gains from de- in developed market economies, where environ- velopment and the vulnerability of certain mental data are gathered mainly through environ- socioeconomic groups and provide baseline infor- mental impact assessments (EIAs), which provide mation on social conditions and regular updates for information about environmental conditions and policymakers. the economic factors that influence them. Although HPEs generally followed international guide- many new investments will include ElAs, the cur- lines and classifications set by the UN and its spe- rent environmental monitoring is similar to that of cialized agencies, but these were adapted by the Western Europe and North America in the 1970s, CMEA secretariat to reflect conditions in the HPEs. before they implemented comprehensive environ- There still are important questions about data qual- mental remediation policies. HPEs thus lack exten- ity and comparability. Little has been done by West- sive and reliable time series of environmental em analysts to compensate for possible biases in quality, and existing time series have many gaps HPE social indicators. Nor do traditional Western and extrapolations from underreported data. indicators capture social conditions valued highly In the mid-1970s, central planners became more in HPEs. For example, social indicators in the open to increasing evidence of declining health, Global Tables cover none of the following: high job such as the high incidence of respiratory ailments security, low crime, low disparity of income and in Polish Silesia, the frequency of birth defects in the wealth, and low wage differentials. Other social central Asian republics of the former USSR, and conditions are more easily measured and com- increased environmental degradation. With public pared, such as access to childcare, to maternity and pressure, this provoked some governments, nota- family assistance, to higher education, and to basic bly in Poland, to improve environmental data col- health and minimum shelter. But the quality of lection and dissemination. services is not easily measured. Because most energy inputs are subsidized in HPE employment data were also less useful. The HPEs, prices do not reflect production or replace- emphasis on quantitative plan fulfillment, the ten- ment costs. Since full energy costs are not internal- dency by planners to set targets that were difficult to ized in the prices of final products, their valuation meet, and soft budget constraints on firms led to the does not capture these costs. Individual and house- hoarding of resources, including labor. As a result, hold consumption of energy and electricity is even labor shortages coexisted with high underemploy- more difficult to measure because of the absence of ment, but little outright unemployment. Moreover, micro measures of energy, such as home meters. there are sectoral and demographic differences in Moreover, statistical responsibility for obtaining labor statistics owing to rent control and the shortage this data has been distributed among different plan- of adequate housing, both of which resulted in labor ning agencies. 11 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition What Is Transition? equately capture data relevant to transition. For instance, the shift from direct management of mac- For HPEs, "transition" represents a shift from cen- roeconomic balances through centrally set micro- tral planning to a market-oriented economy, accom- economic targets to indirect management by fiscal panied, in some cases, by a "political revolution" at and monetary instruments working through incen- some stage. Sometimes the transition starting point tives requires data that were never collected during may be clearly defined, or there may be merely an central planning. ex post agreement among analysts as to when the Moreover, new data requirements cannot be first moves away from central planning occurred. translated instantaneously into new procedures, so The end point of transition may be specific; for the that there is inevitably a time lag between the re- former German Democratic Republic (GDR) it was quirements and the evolution of the statistical sys- the existing West German system. Or it may only be tem. The lack of relevant, up-to-date data, in turn, consensus on the direction of gradual change, for impedes the already difficult task of monitoring example in China. In no instance has transition been transition. Because of the changes in statistical def- completed. Even in the former GDR, where all the initions, concepts, and coverage, it is difficult to final elements were put in place virtually overnight, establish consistent time series across periods of adjustment of the behavior of economic agents has rapid institutional change, and data interpretation only begun. may be a source of major errors. Some changes are Transition is a formidable and complex task. It is evident if they are associated with changes of ter- not just a matter of legislation of new rules and minology. More serious inconsistencies arise from institutions, a straightforward step, but of changing changes in concepts and methods of measurement. the behavior of economic agents and procedures of The same problem arises with cross-country consis- organizations. tency. Moreover, data quality may deteriorate as the During transition, the output mix of the economy suppliers of basic data fail to adjust to new concepts will be altered drastically. Existing public enter- and methods. For instance, NSOs have little expe- prises will not only see a change of governance and rience of adjusting data for nonresponse. And, as ownership; many will die. The survivors will un- the nature and the extent of data problems differ dergo radical changes in activities and organization. from country to country, cross-country comparabil- New private firms will enter the fray, and "winners" ity as well as intertemporal analysis tend to worsen. will emerge gradually. Such restructuring will ex- Fortunately transition is usually accompanied tend over a long period as most existing physical by increased openness, and some improvement can and organizational capital becomes obsolete and its be expected in both availability and quality of pub- replacement absorbs large new capital resources. To lished data. In this process there are broadly three highlight data issues during transition, the follow- overlapping phases. First, HPEs release data pre- ing discussions are focused on recent economic and viously considered sensitive and confidential. Sec- political changes in East and Central Europe and ond, they shiftgradually to international classification the former USSR. and reporting concepts. Third, they engage in efforts to improve the reliability, quality, and international Transition Data Problems comparability of economic aggregates, such as growth rates, structure, and conversion rates for an Under central planning, statistics and control were international numeraire. NSOs will also become inseparable; in a market economy, statistics provide more receptive to outside challenges about the cred- information. Therefore it is not surprising that the ibility of their numbers. Political changes are also information system of the national statistical office often accompanied by revisions of previously pub- (NSO), inherited from central planning, cannot ad- lished figures and time series, either by NSOs or 12 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition other organizations. Since, however, there is often and extended, but linkages with other government no feasible way to estimate past errors, using data agencies have to be intensified. Their mandate to on HPEs will remain a hazardous exercise. collect primary data has to be legally firm. Reporting Issues Measurement Issues The coverage of the existing reporting system dete- Statistical concepts and definitions change during riorates as the number of autonomous economic transition, and respondents need time to adapt to agents obligated to report increases. Coverage de- new standards-for instance, conventions on rates cines also because enterprises diversify into new and basis of depreciation, the concept and substance activities, or because the rights of existing organi- of "profit," or the nature and function of prices. zations to engage in statistically relevant operations Of vital importance is adequate statistical cover- are extended. For instance, foreign trade is quickly age of the emerging private sector. The entry of new extended from a small number of tightly controlled firms causes the most severe problem. As the pri- FTOs to many firms--and ultimately to every firm vate sector takes a growing share of economic ac- in the country. Keeping track of the rapidly growing tivities, aggregates become less accurate unless numbers is complicated because in many instances private sector data is improved. Moreover, the con- agencies responsible for data collection under cen- cept of "private" organization is not always self-ev- tral planning change responsibilities. With these ident. In many HPEs, mixed ownership or leasing changing roles of agents and organizations, the arrangements are common, and new property NSO will have even larger responsibilities for data rights arrangements may emerge, such as China's collection and processing. "township and village enterprises" which are more The NSO may be able to legally enforce reporting important than conventional "private" enterprises. for statistical purposes. Enforcement, however, will Some of the most severe problems of transition not necessarily guarantee reliable data, because there (fiscal deficits due to tax evasion and external im- is a pervasive distrust that government agencies will balances due to illegal capital outflows) are more honor confidentiality. Misreporting to evade tax, for serious in the private than the public sector. example, is rife. Also common (and not unknown in Consistency problems also arise with conversion market economies) is misreporting of trade data to of value data denominated in local currency into an conceal illegal or semi-legal trade or currency opera- international numeraire. During early transition, tions ("capital flight"). A strong incentive exists to the official exchange rates of HPEs are mere ac- avoid all reporting, particularly when (as is common counting devices without economic meaning. Later in transition economies) legal enforcement is weak. in transition, legal market rates (for instance, those The experience of large "gray" market sectors in many established at currency auctions) emerge. In either market economies (with statistical offices and effec- case, rates are established in "thin" markets and tive procedures in place for decades) demonstrates tend to be volatile, with no realistic relationship to that forces of resistance are resilient. the relative purchasing powers or long-term "fun- New data-reporting procedures have to be de- damentals." Using such rates for conversions may veloped from scratch. This implies a complete over- be tempting, but has little economic meaning. If the haul of NSOs, which are poorly staffed and construction of time series valued in international organized, and ill-connected with many suppliers currency is necessary, or if the purpose is interna- of primary information. The shift to reporting tional comparisons, alternative techniques have to based on confidentiality can involve a change in the be employed (see Part 3). inherent "bias" in reporting. Without the trust in An additional source of information during tran- confidentiality, reporting organizations have a sition includes sample surveys. These surveys are strong incentive to report numbers biased in their designed to obtain and process information in a "favor." Under central planning, for instance, firms relatively short period of time on a broad variety of tended to overreport output and underreport in- topics in a cost-effective way (Box 2.1). puts, because they were rewarded for the former and penalized for the latter. With transition, the Inflation, Prices, and Costs rewards and penalties change drastically and, as long as confidentiality is in doubt, the direction of When prices in HPEs are decontrolled, inflation bursts the bias can be reversed to evade legal obligations. into the open. The rate and duration of inflation As a result, NSOs not only have to be reorganized depend on existing macroeconomic imbalances 13 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues (evident in a "monetary overhang") and pervasive ments between suppliers and customers. A dual shortages, together with a sizable fiscal deficit. At price regime is an alternative to gradual price re- one extreme is former Czechoslovakia, where the form. Focusing on individual firms rather than spe- monetary overhang and budget deficit were insig- cific products, this route was adopted by China. nificant at the beginning of transition, and where Starting in the early 1980s, enterprises could sell inflation decontrol was brief. At the other end of the a small (but growing) share of output outside scale is the former USSR, where prices were decon- administered prices. At the same time, enter- trolled in the presence of huge imbalances. prises had to acquire an initially small, but in- Centrally planned economies (CPEs) routinely creasing, share of inputs through direct contracts revised prices. Price reform, however, is a regula- with suppliers outside the administrative price tory exercise and involves three main elements. and delivery assignment regime. Thus, the same First, the abandonment of ex ante consistency of all product was exchanged under two different sets prices. Second, a shift in the function of prices from of rules. financial balancing and control to an instrument of Statistical implications of changing price re- resource allocation. And third, the devolution of gimes are significant. Under central planning, col- price determination from the center to autonomous lecting centrally set (or approved) prices from firms. There are broadly three main approaches to official price lists was sufficient for price statistics. price reform among HPEs-simultaneous decon- With gradual or total price reform, however, price trol of virtually all prices; gradual decontrol statistics become increasingly important and tradi- through parallel price regimes; and gradual decon- tional sources of price data have to be replaced by trol through a dual-price regime. information collected directly from firms or ob- The three price regimes often exist in parallel. For served in markets. In particular, retail prices be- some goods and services (usually those considered come a particularly important indicator the basic for consumption or production, or serving as moment price control is abolished. nominal anchors for inflationary expectations), prices remain centrally or locally controlled. But Costs since overall price consistency is no longer pursued, they can be changed selectively and frequently to The upward drift in costs during transition partly reduce gross partial imbalances. For other commod- mirrors price increases of domestic material inputs. ities, administrative pricing rules apply; these link But costs of imported inputs also tend to rise steep- increases in output prices to increases in input ly-as when the CMEA trade regime was dis- prices, wages, profit mark-ups, and, possibly, mar- banded and firms switched to prices negotiated ket imbalances. These price changes are frequently with foreign suppliers and customers converted at subject to mandatory registration with a supervi- sharply depreciated exchange rates. Labor costs sory authority. For a gradually growing range of also rise, as wage controls are gradually relaxed and products, prices are left to negotiation and agree- former benefits in kind are monetized. Interest charges begin to reflect more realistically the eco- nomic costs of capital. Box 2.1 Surveys and Opinion Polls Costs are increasingly affected by changing Recently, several surveys, including those on accounting methods, as depreciation begins to people's perception of changes in living standards reflect obsolescence and replacement costs and and other socio-political issues, have been con- charges for land use and exhaustible natural re- ducted in selected East European countries. One sources are gradually introduced. Another insti- recent survey has found that the average house- tutional factor affecting cost accounting is the hold in these economies is engaged in both official revision of the relationship between the firm and and "unofficial" economic activities, and thus, the the fiscal system--that is, the shift from confisca- majority of the officially unemployed remain eco- nomically active outside the official economy. Peo- ton of cash surpluses and discretionary producer ple rated political changes more favorably than taxes to statutory taxation of profits. Similarly, economic changes because they can see immediate discretionary producer subsidies are phased out, results, while it takes much longer to build the as output prices are decontrolled. While the direc- institutions of a market economy. tion of cost changes is generally towards a more Source: Rose, Richard. New Democracies Barometer ,Center for the realistic expression of true opportunity costs, that Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scot- land, 1992,1993. may not be true for specific commodities or enter- prises, as each may be affected differently and at 14 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition differenttimesbycostchanges.Thus,theeconomic tractions of output may exaggerate the decline in meaning of measured "costs" becomes vacuous welfare and average living standards. duringtransition. Transition will also require improved accounting for inventories and fixed assets. Excess stocks of Price indices nonbeneficiary goods have to be written down to market value-or written off. Corresponding ad- The construction of price indices (especially cost-of- justments have to be made for mothballed invest- living and aggregate output deflator) is compli- ment projects, which cannot be completed because cated by gradual changes in the quality of output of liquidity problems orbecause they have lost their mix, prices, and costs in response to changing insti- economic justification in the new market environ- tutions, as well as worsening coverage. There is a ment. Coupled with high and rising inflation, these host of other problems--for example, determining revisions raise difficult accounting issues, which proper weights, choice of the base year, and treat- neither firms nor the NSOs are prepared to handle ment of new products. While statistical measure- adequately. These ambiguities cast doubt on the ment tends to lag behind the advance of accuracy of all statistical data that are affected by institutional changes and their effects, price indices changes of inventories or capital stocks. tend to understate current inflation. Some aggregate and sectoral indicators, for in- stance value added and productivity, are calculated Production, Value Added, and Consumption from observed gross output and other primary data. And relative errors in the derived data can Restrictive fiscal and monetary stabilization poli- greatly exceed the relative errors in the observed cies result in a deep "adjustment recession"-that is, data. Such errors are further compounded if the a severe contraction of aggregate output and a derived data are entered into time series for a period worsening of other macroeconomic indicators. during which the errors in the primary data differ Only China eluded this fate. In fact, China is widely from year to year. assumed to have achieved one of the highest sus- These statistical problems not only affect the tained growth rates in the 1980s and 1990s, al- conceptual stability of time series of macroeco- though it had to cope with some of the inflationary nomic or sectoral aggregates necessary for macro- pressures of an overheated economy. In other HPEs, economic management; they also affect the contraction ranged from a "moderate" recession cross-country comparisons. Given the variety of (former Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary) to independent factors with cumulative or compen- deep recessions (Albania and Romania) and there sating effects on the data, it is impossible to make is not much evidence that the bottom has been any general statement on the size and the direction reached and that recovery is under way. An accu- of the bias of most major macroeconomic indicators rate growth measurement in the cycle of adjust- during the critical phase of transition. ment recession and recovery is necessary for Each of the components of value added (gross successful macroeconomic and political manage- output, material inputs, wages, salaries, deprecia- ment. The statistical obstacles to this task are formi- tion, and profits) can be subject to errors even with dable, because systemic and institutional problems a mature statistical system and low and stable infla- are compounded. tion. With transition and high and variable inflation, With stabilization, price reform is often combined the values of the components are likely to involve with devolution of decisions on distribution and considerable margins of error, each of which is output mix to autonomous firms. The upshot is a passed through to value added. Furthermore, with shift from a sellers' to a buyers' market, from short- inflation and institutional instability, deflation rates ages to contained excess supply, and from specula- for each factor can be different, a problem which tive to minimal inventories, as well as adjustment of arises in some market economies as well. Since there relative prices. These changes are likely to mean the is no evidence that errors cancel out in the compu- gradual substitution of market-tested goods and tation of value added, this core indicator of eco- services for those available under central planning. nomic success is a highly uncertain number. A mirror effect of this shift is that some traditional Consumption data are subject to potential errors outputisshown to be "nonbeneficial"-products that similar to those for value added. An additional no longer meet demand and are unsalable without problem is that components of consumption are steep discounts. There is no simple way to adjust for being shifted to different accounting categories. For this effect. Nevertheless, as a result, measured con- instance, in the traditional central planning system, 15 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues some services (such as health care and tertiary ed- between officially encouraged, tolerated, and ucation) were provided as "social consumption," illegal barter trade tend to be blurred, it is unclear financed from the budget. During transition most what percentage of the barter trade is covered. of these services are either eliminated or payment The biggest statistical issues of transition are to is shifted to users. Similarly, remuneration in kind capture statistically all trade transactions, and to (such as low cost housing and child care) is either classify them correctly by supplier and recipient abolished or converted to payment at cost. In aggre- country and by commodity. One problem results gate, this would reduce government spending and from the exploding growth of the number of inde- material input of enterprises without changing pendent economic units involved in trade. Instead monetary household consumption, while con- of a few semigovemmental foreign trade organiza- sumer welfare is conspicuously reduced. Since such tions, in principle every public and private firm can welfare losses arise when political support for tran- now engage in foreign trade. At the same time, sition may be critical for its viability, accurate as- commodity classification is changed from the sessment is crucial for management of social CMEA to the SITC system. policies. Under central planning, foreign trade organiza- tions collected all primary data. Since they Iost their Foreign Trade monopoly under the new rules, a new organiza- tional framework for data collection will now have During the first phase of transition, almost all HPEs to be designed. In market economies, primary data suffer from severe external imbalances, due to the collection falls on the customs agencies; the same collapse of mutual trade, supply bottlenecks for arrangement would seem obvious for HPEs. Since exports to competitive markets, and the existence CMEA trade was not subject to duties, however, of large debt service obligations in convertible cur- such data collection did not exist. Recording prob- rency. lems are compounded for member republics of the Most HPEs had a three-tier trading regime: trade former USSR, because of the lack of border control between HPEs under CMEA rules; bilateral clear- (box 2.2). ing trade with selected market or nonmarket coun- Under such circumstances, effective data collec- tries outside the CMEA; and convertible-currency tion would be daunting even if the responsible trade with market economies. Different pricing agency could count on the cooperation of exporting principles governed each regime, and neither rela- and importing firms. But there are several strong tive prices nor exchange rates played much part in incentives to falsify export and import data, or to determining size and composition of trade. A major avoid reporting altogether. First, a severe foreign- source of statistical problems arises from conver- exchange shortage spurs regulations on mandatory gence of this cumbersome framework with that in submission of export revenues and restrictions on use by open market economies. This change has the acquisition of foreign exchange for imports, become unavoidable after the collapse of the CMEA inducing firms to evade these regulations. Second, inDecember 1990. Itcreatesahostofproblemsuntil export or import duties reward misreporting. a new trade reporting system is implemented. Third, evaded taxes and profits from illegal activi- Given the rapid speed of the changeover and ties are transferred through accounts abroad. lingering after-effects of the CMEA, an analysis of Fourth, as the customs agency is subordinate to a trends of basic trade ratios through the critical specific ministry, confidentiality of data cannot be phase of transition is virtually impossible. assured. And finally, holding foreign currency do- While phase-out of CMEA rules destroyed much mestically or abroad is the obvious way to maintain trade among former members and some of the re- a liquid store of value against high inflation. While mainder moved to fully convertible settlement, it estimates of the amounts involved differ, the seri- also shifted some to bilateral barter to cope with the ousness of the problem is hardly in doubt. Indeed, extreme shortage of convertible currency reserves. in some HPEs, this problem is so serious that it can Firms agree on the exchange of physical deliveries tangibly worsen macroeconomic balances. of goods that they consider equivalent, so that no currency is involved. This creates major statistical Foreign Debt problems. For instance, barter agreements may be on the basis of agreed accounting prices in convert- Negotiations with international and bilateral lending ible currency and reported statistically as part of agencies, including the London and the Paris Club of "convertible currency trade." And since differences official and private lenders, require accurate and up-to- 16 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition Box 2.2 Statistical Problems in Measuring Trade in the States of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) Statistics on developments in foreign trade of the FSU are sketchy, cover a short time span, and remain subject to considerable error. Trade with other former republics and third countries has been separately recorded only from 1992 onward, after interrepublic relations became international trade. But since there were no customs borders in most FSU during their first year of statehood, foreign trade statistics are very unreliable. Goskomstat estimates of interrepublic trade, dating back to 1987 and available in both domestic and world prices, need to be interpreted with caution. They were not based on actual transactions but on information derived from 106 sector input-output tables. Since this procedure assumes an invariant structure of the economy and cannot account for changes in relationships among enterprises located in various republics, estimates derived from it are not reliable. Furthermore, the estimates of trade activities had no relevance for republics; the latter operated under a unified budgetary system and with the same currency. Prices were irrelevant for both producers and republics and their access to resources was determined by political process. As a result, there was no incentive at the republic level to assess the accuracy of Goskomstat estimates. Last but not least, the estimates of interrepublic trade and trade with third countries in world prices tended to overstate the importance of interrepublic transactions. As for estimating the foreign trade of FSU for 1992, statistics on trade both with third countries and other former Soviet republics fell well short of accurately identifying volumes, origins and destinations of trade flows. Export and price controls, pervasive in many FSU, have created strong incentives for "illegal" exporting of raw materials including crude oil, underinvoicing of exports, and overinvoicing of imports. Re-export activity was not recorded at all, and cannot be distinguished from exports of goods and services produced domestically. For instance, OECD statistics on the value of imports from the Baltics in 1992 exceeded national estimates of their total exports to partners outside the FSU. According to this source, the largest item in Latvia's exports to OECD countries was petroleum products, accounting for more than 40 percent of the total. In reality, Latvia has no known oil deposits and no refineries. While trade with third countries can normally be inferred from national statistics, this is not always so in the FSU's trade with each other. Estimates of trade with other FSU republics should be treated with extreme caution because the process of establishing unified trade regimes in the FSU have not been fully completed. While the portion of this trade based on barter agreements among FSU governments can be traced, flows of goods under various barter arrangements between local authorities and enterprises are usually not recorded. These can be only approximated from industrial statistics and from previous levels of imports indispensable for sustaining produc- tion. As discussed above, however, the latter were also subject to error. Source: Bartlomiej Kaminski, "The Terms of Trade Implications of Dissolution of the Common Economic Space of the Soviet Union," University of Maryland, 1993. date data on outstanding debt and repayment obli- national standing of HPEs with the international gations. When all debt was sovereign and the na- agencies or debtor "clubs." In this area, reporting iional bank was the sole servicing agency, reliable has substantially improved, mainly because inter- information should have been available. But slack national agencies insist on rigorous recording stan- procedures, loose concepts, and lack of rigorous dards and provide technical assistance. Moreover, control resulted in deficiencies before transition cross-checking with foreign creditors provides even got under way. In some instances, question- valuable feedback. The amount of "hidden" finan- able conventions were used; for instance, capital- cial assets held abroad by domestic individuals and ized interest payments were sometimes included in firms (technically outstanding credits) is unknown. the principal without any explanation. Whatever Following the breakdown of the CMEA in De- discipline and controlmayhave existed seems to have cember 1990, most HPEs settled some mutual debt. 'weakened with transition when enterprises were able They first agreed on the amounts (denominated in to embark on buying or borrowing sprees with little TR) to be settled, and then separately on a TR/$ rate *regard to payment. Credit relations among CMEA to be used for settlement through transfer of hard .members and with countries with bilateral arrange- currency, or the valuation of deliveries to be ments were particularly murky Unplanned and un- counted as debt settlement. By 1993, remaining un- settled bilateral imbalances in the current accounts, settled debts had become irrelevant for the external for example, were not consistently converted into position of the HPEs. medium- or long-term credits. For decades, HPEs provided aid and strove to Convertible currency debts are of overriding improve their convertible currency balance of pay- importance and they dominate by sheer volume. ments by extending sizable commodity credits to More importantly, they alone determine the inter- less developed countries. As a result, most HPEs 17 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues accumulated large outstanding long-term credits. banking functions. A corollary is that retail banking Repayment was often in physical deliveries; for has to shift from passive implementation of central investment project loans, repayment was often as credit plans to autonomous financial decisions, shares from the output. Some outstanding claims which implies more independence between the from commodity credits seem not to have been central bank and autonomous commercial banks. recorded as credits at all but kept as unreported With financial-sector reform, the central bank "international reserves." As there was no enforce- increasingly concentrates on the core functions of ment, large-scale default on repayment of these managing liquidity through traditional instru- credits was common. Published data are sketchy ments, acting as lender of last resort, carrying out and controversial, and are commonly believed to prudential supervision of banks and other financial understate outstanding credits. Most, however, intermediaries and managing the exchange rate seem to have been written off by now as uncollect- and foreign-exchange reserves. ible or written down drastically. Either way, as no A universal problem for the design of monetary fungible resources are generated from these out- policy instruments in HPEs is that their rudimentary standing credits, they have become irrelevant for financial systems and unpredictable behavior of eco- the external position of the HPEs. nomic agents make the response to policy instru- Given irreconcilable conceptual differences be- ments uncertain. Moreover, it is unlikely that the tween the different trade and debt regimes, western pervasive uncertainty about the direction, strength, analysts often restricted the computation of stan- and time lags of responses to specific instruments can dard indicators of indebtedness (such as the ratio of be overcome by empirically supported hypotheses as debt service payments to exports) to convertible long as the quality of financial and economnic data is currency transactions. Careless practice along these still questionable and institutional responses to pol- lines can lead to a serious misinterpretation of indi- icies are still fluid. cators, particularly in comparisons with other coun- The origin of many data problems impeding the tries for which all trade and debt numbers were design and implementation of effective monetary denominated in convertible currencies. For instance, policy is outside the central bank. First, most gaps a debt service ratio of 50 percent or more computed in financial data are due to deficient reporting by only for convertible currency transactions may be evolving retail banks, making it all but impossible manageable, as long as a large percentage of imports to establish aggregate accounts of financial assets is paid through bilateral clearing, but the same ratio and liabilities, which are the cornerstone of mone- would be crippling for a country that carries out all tary analysis. Without such analysis the definition foreign transactions in convertible currency. Or the of appropriate financial targets remains only a ratio of gross debt (in convertible currency) to GNP hunch. Second, lack of reliable price indices im- looks inordinately low because the coverage of the pedes the conversion of important macroeconomic denominator is much wider than that of the numera- or sectoral data with a reasonable degree of accu- tor. The statistical problems are almost unsurmount- racy into "real" variables. Third, in all HPEs in a able if time-series across the change of trade regimes critical stage of transformation, the problem of are to be computed. interenterprise credits blunts the instruments of monetary policy (see box 2.3). And fourth, if infla- Monetary and Fiscal Issues tion is high and accelerating, foreign exchange takes on the role of a "parallel" currency outside the The shift of HPEs to indirect macroeconomic man- control of the central bank. agement is impeded in two ways. First, institutions Because HPEs conducted most trade under the designing and implementing policies lack the CMEA regime or other bilateral clearing arrange- know-how that market economies have accumu- ments, their currency reserve requirements were, lated over decades. Second, HPEs do not have the until recently, minimal. In early transition, HPEs accurate and up-to-date monetary/financial and are, therefore, extremely short of reserves of con- fiscal data necessary for the design of effective pol- vertible currency. Without additional reserves from icies, because such data were unnecessary under the outside, the only viable options for exchange- central macroeconomic management. rate management are unmanaged floating or a There is a consensus that a monetary/financial dual-rate regime with an administratively set rate system that permits effective monetary policy and for core transactions (for servicing official debts, ensures efficient allocation of financial resources re- for example) and a floating (auction) for the re- quires separation of the central banking from the retail mainder. 18 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition reporting channels to the central bank. New retail Box 2.3 Interenterprise Credits banks start operating outside any reporting frame- work. Creating one is complicated if the number of Perhaps the most intractable problem for monetary e omrilbnspoieae.(nRsi hr policy during transition is the emergence of large interenterprise credits with which public-sector are now more than 1,600 new commercial banks, enterprises tend to evade tightened credit policy. and their number is still growing.) Without aggres- This has been observed in most HPEs-for exam- sive training initiatives by the central bank, useful ple, in former Yugoslavia since the early 1970s, in reporting cannot be expected. Given the lack of China in the 1980s, and, in the 1990s in the former commercial banking skills, retail banks can be ex- USSR. pected to regard an improvement of statistical re- Because arrears tend to cascade from one firm porting as their lowest priority. The disincentive to the other throughout the whole economy, the bertmgh if somest ar e dlinhe aggregate volume of these credits is volatile, and can be high if some transactions are straddling the measurement is practically impossible. The solu- borders of legality, Thus, even under the best of tion may not be stricter monetary policies based on conditions, it would be difficult to close this statis- better data, but institutional incentives to discon- tical gap, short of going through an extended tinue the practice. There is a broad consensus that "learning period" supported by effective prodding the answer is to subject firms to a "hard-budget through the application of regulatory tools and constraint" through tangible financial penalties strong outside support. that might put their existence at risk. Only then Data problems will be compounded in the future would their tolerance of customers' arrears vanish.Dt rbeswl ecmone nteftr would_their_tolerance_of_customers_arrears_vanish. by the introduction of new currencies as well as by the existence of parallel currencies in some HPEs In early transition, retail banking maybe limited to (box 2.4). subsidiaries or branch offices of the monobank, but in The second pillar of indirect macromanage- the course of financial reform new retail banks and ment and stabilization is fiscal policy. Planned otherfinancialintermediariesenterthemarket.Inthis economies carried out elaborate exercises for transition phase, it is difficult to provide accurate and aggregate balancing of state revenues and ex- timely data on the transactions between the retail penditures as part of the annual plan prepara- banks and other economic agents, which are critical tion, and they tended to maintain fairly strict ex inputs for effective monetary policy. post balances without any active fiscal policy Statistical problems fall into famniliar patterns. using indirect instruments. Furthermore, fiscal For retail banks spun out of the monobank system, statistics were commonly regarded as confiden- the new autonomy implies severance of existing tial. Therefore, detailed breakdowns of revenues Box 2.4 Currencies in the States of the Former USSR, July 1993 State Currency Introduction date Exchange rate regime Armenia Ruble Azerbaijan Ruble and Manat Floating Belarus Rubel and Ruble (1 rubel= 10 rubles) Estonia Kroon June 1992 Fixed at 8 kroon = 1 DM Georgia Ruble and coupons Kazakhstan Ruble and Tanga Kyrgyz Republic Ruble and Som June 1993 Floating Latvia Lat March 1993 Lithuania Litas June 1993 Pegged to a basket of four leading curndes, 1 Litas =$45 onopening Moldova Ruble and coupons Russian Federation Ruble Tajikistan Ruble Turkmenistan Ruble Ukraine Karbovanets November 1993 Floating Uzbekistan Ruble and rationing coupons 19 Part 1. Primer on Data Issues and expenditures were rarely published, and, if so, viable (box 2.5). On the other hand, unemployment were frequently obfuscated by using broad aggre- support payments will accelerate the conversion of gation or netting-out revenues and expenditures. pseudo-employment in state-owned enterprises to Fiscal reform is a formidable task, analytically, open unemployment. politically and institutionally. And a dearth of data In the private sector, underreporting (or avoid- impedes the design of efficient revenue instruments ance of any reporting) of employment is wide- and the preparation of revenues and expenditures spread, and for the same reason as tax-dodging, projections. Employment, Wages, and Social Issues Box 2.5 The Dimensions of Unemployment in the Former GDR Full employment was common to centrally Employment in the former GDR started to contract planned economies. All able-bodied adults who rapidly in the last quarter of 1989, the onset of were willing to accept employment were provided transition. This, however, was not simply a shift with a job as a matter of right. The result was, in from employment to open unemployment. An many instances, overstaffing imposed administra- analysis of labor market data shows rather a com- tively on state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Excess plex structural shift. employment in many skills existed side-by-side The numbers show a narrow unemployment employmen in an . rate of only 11.5 percent. Once other categories are with acute labor shortages in others. These were not factored, extended unemployment rises to 34 per- always a reflection of absolute shortages, rather a cent and exceeds 36 percent if the unaccounted result of central planning. Because labor costs were decline of the active population is included. To put not part of performance indicators but were auto- it more starkly, less than one third of "real unem- matically recovered through producer taxes and ployment" is counted as unemployed, and almost subsidies, SOEs had no incentive to cut back their 40 percent of those who held a job in the former payroll. On the other hand, the incidence of irregu- GDR lost their employment. lar iput spplyand o rush"camaigns for eet-Even these numbers present an unrealistically lar input supply and of rush "campaigns" for meet- favorable picture. An unknown but large number ing output targets on tight deadlines made of those employed were reportedly working part- hoarding of labor with critical skills a rational mi- time. Adjustingforthatreductioninworkinghours croeconomic policy. is likely to raise job losses (in full time equivalents) With the onset of transition, this is changing. The to around one half of the pre-transition level. In adjustment recession makes overstaffing more ob- many instances part-time work was the first step vious and reduces the incentive to hoard labor. With towards nonemployment. restructuring of the economy, many industries will t Employment in goods-producing has dropped to less than one half the previous level, and since contract, and the relative (if not the absolute size of) part-time work is concentrated in these activities, employment in the manufacturing, where SOEs effective job losses are much higher than the num- dominate, will decline. At the same time, employ- bers show. ment in services, the main entrance for new private 4th Qtr.1989 4th Qtr. 1992 firms, rises. Costs of carrying excess labor are be- (thous.) (thous.) coming painfully real to both managers and work- Employed (wk. self; excl. ers. Once central remuneration scales are abolished public works) 9,754 5,931 Employed in agric., mining (or can be safely ignored) and producer taxes and and industry 5,226 2,543 subsidies are phased out, wages for excess labor Open unemployment 0 1,097 reduce the scope for wage rises for the rest. More- Public works programs 0 366 over, as monetary policies begin to translate into Commuters to westem hardening budget constraints of firms, excess pay- Germany 0 351 rolls can endanger survival. Emigrants (active only) to western Germany 0 576 Under the pressure of these new forces the deep- Early retirement 0 835 rooted reluctance to dismiss workers begins to Extended unemployment 0 3,225 erode. For a while, the issue can be avoided Unaccounted decline of through shifts to part-time work, makeshift work active population 0 232 or unfocused on-the-job retraining. But these are Total job loss 3,457 costly measures and worsen the measures of pro- Source: Gesamtwirtschaftliche und unternehmerische An- passungsprocesse in Ostdeutschland. D.I.W. Weekly Reports 13/93, ductivity. Sooner or later, budget constraints will Vol. No. 60, April 1,1993, pp. 131-158. so harden that these remedies will no longer be I 20 Chapter 2. Statistical Implications of Transition employers and employees try to avoid paying high Eliminating benefits in kind from budgetary or social security contributions. In addition, the pri- enterprise resources leads to a loss of consumer vate sector is likely to employ many part-timers welfare, even if inflation-adjusted monetary in- with or without a second job, and "moonlighting" comes do not change. But, during transition, the is common. These issues can probably only be ex- spread of monetary income widens (and often by a plored through household surveys, an area in large measure), while aggregate monetary income which the NSOs of HPEs have little experience. contracts because of the adjustment recession. As a For these and other reasons, employment and result, substantial poverty is bound to emerge unemployment statistics for the most critical period along with conspicuous differences in consump- of transition lack the accuracy required for import- tion and wealth. ant decisions on other reform issues. It is widely acknowledged that these changes are For remuneration (wages, salaries, self-em- potentially fatal for the political sustainability of re- ployed incomes) data problems are similar to those form. The coUection of detailed social statistics, with- for output and employment. Since remuneration out which social policy is bound to fail, is another translates into value added, it is widely believed special challenge for HPEs. Unfortunately, the statis- that national account aggregates of restructuring ticalsystems of the HPEs are traditionally weakin this HPEs show a severe downward bias, impeding area, particularly in detailed household surveys. time series, as well as cross-country comparisons. 21 Part 2. Global Focus Chapter 3. Framework for Comparing Economies Comparisons of different economies, particularly on numerous. They typically have large "irregular" their income and growth, are controversial, even economies that are poorly measured. Moreover, where economies share similar features and abide some countries have produced few statistics, and by intemational standards of macroeconomic ac- those that produce seldom meet either SNA or MPS counting. Two fundamental questions of compara- international standards; their data are often simple tive economic theory are how to group countries by extensions of previous benchmarks. The problems significant features, and how to compare the struc- of weak governments assigning low priority to sta- ture and growth of economies with fundamental tistical systems, often compounded by civil strife, differences, such as those between countries where further explain why statistical information is mea- governments attempt to exercise pervasive direct ger and not reliable. control over economic activities and those where The use of data from comparator market econo- market forces largely prevail and governments act mies allows the analyst to consider the effect of sys- mainly through indirect monetary and fiscal means. tem-related, institutional, and statistical features on For countries relying heavily on direct controls, the economic performance of the planned economies. common problems and rigidities might be expected. Even more important, the use of comparators permits But even these countries are quite heterogenous. In an assessment of the effects of system changes on Eastern Europe, the Pacific Basin, Africa, and the economic structure and outcomes. These comparator Caribbean, they face problems dharacteristic of their countries indude a sample of middle-income econo- regions. Their economic problems may also relate to mies and the poor low-income economies. The sam- relative incomes, historical factors, and resource en- ple was selected to include at least one market dowments. The HPEs should be viewed not only for economy that can be approximately matched to each their economic systems but for a variety of other HPE in terms of per capita GNP, country size, and endogenous and exogenous factors. geographic location (see Global Tables). Most historically planned economies that have Framning macroeconomic policies requires statisti- entered the path of transition are ex-members of the cal data, for example, on real output growth, inflation- CMEA. Given the large systemic and historical differ- ary pressures, public finance, money, and the balance ences among HPEs, they are subdivided into HPEs in of payments. These were normally unavailable-or Europe and HPEs elsewhere. not in accordance with SNA standard-in HPEs. Other economies in transition (OET) are those Whether for studies of secular trends or for more that had dirigiste economic policies, including ex- near-term needs, the Global Tables provide a conve- tensive state ownership of production in the mod- nient starting point for a statistical profile of HPEs. em sector, but without the full panoply of central planning. These are: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Data Gaps in Conventional Time Series Ethiopia, Guinea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Somalia, and Tanzania. Typically, they Wleak and missing data result not only from the had not reached the stage of monetization and in- structures and incentives driving HPE reporting formation technology where economywide Soviet- systems, but also from the financial resources spent style central planning and administration was on statistics, human capital endowments and ad- feasible, even if their political leaders desired to ministrative experience, and the relatively short move their countries in that direction. Today many length of time these statistical systems were operat- of these countries are abandoning the limited cen- ing in some of the countries. Wealthier HPEs could tral planning they had practiced and are moving be expected to gather and disseminate more reliable toward predominantly market systems. data. Poorer countries have larger informal sectors, The problems of accurately measuring economic fewer resources for statistics, and often other prior- activity in these other economies in transition are ities. But measuring an "income effect" on statistics 25 Part 2. Global Focus is difficult because the effect of income cannot be may be very different from hypothetical market- easily isolated from the effects of differences in clearing rates that would prevail in the absence of economic and political systems. restrictions, and second, abrupt devaluations or re- To improve data coverage in the Global Tables, valuations shift countries' relative incomes in a gap-filling is necessary. Gap-filling in this instance manner inconsistent with any reasonable view of generally involves replacing one data series with relative changes in real incomes. Nevertheless, another where data are judged to be unreliable, use of the official exchange rates has clear advan- rather than substituting single year estimates. De- tages, notably in terms of the comprehensiveness ciding which alternative series are to be used for of country coverage and timeliness. And the ef- this purpose is inextricably linked to the definitions fects of abrupt exchange rate changes can be les- and concepts that have been found practical in sened, as they are in the World Bank's broad international comparisons. Most studies of methodology, by such smoothing techniques as HPEs by specialists on those countries tend to com- employing trade-weighted averaging of multiple pare European HPEs with high-income OECD exchange rates, etc. economies. But World Bank statistical publications When conditions are substantially different from must keep a global perspective. Comparing Euro- those prevailing under free trade and currency con- pean HPEs with the OECD countries avoids many vertibility, the World Bank resorts to alternative con- methodological complications-but at a price, version factors to reflect the conditions under which namely, the loss of a global perspective in making foreign transactions take place. These estimates seek intercountry comparisons. The price is particularly to take into account, among other things, the nature high during transition, because in many respects and restrictiveness of the trading regime, informa- the most appropriate comparisons for HPEs in tran- tion on relative prices, and the evolution of real sition are with middle-income economies that have exchange rates. This is difficult and in part judg- been moving up the development scale in recent mental, and its use has been kept to a minimum. decades. For reducing numbers to a common base, the In gap-filling, comparability with World Bank World Bank has little choice at present but to use data is sought along two planes. First, preference is exchange-rate-based measures for international com- given to estimates that use methods and converters parisons of per capita GNP and other macroeconomic similar to those used by the World Bank, and are indicators. But the concept of a market-determined roughly comparable across countries and consis- exchange rate for foreign currency is not applicable in tent through time. Generally, these follow the rec- HPEs before they entered transition because transac- ommendations of the United Nations on national tions abroad were handled by centrally guided for- accounting methodology. Second, preference is eign trading organizations. Nor is it applicable where given to data for which the underlying assumptions complex systems of foreign trade "coefficients" or and coverage are not in conflict with those of the "price equalization" schemes are being used in the dominant series. absence of market prices and exchange rates. Such Next, priority is given to data from official mechanisms, developed to keep the domestic econ- sources, using the closest possible definition to the omy isolated from external influences, in effect sup- desired indicator. In some cases, this means substi- press signals that could guide trade choices toward tuting MPS measures for SNA measures, such as mutual advantage. NMP for GNP, and signalling this with a footnote. One cause of nonmarket trade pricing for trad- ables is that the structure of relative domestic World Bank GNP Per Capita Methodology prices deviates unusually widely from that of rela- tive prices in market economies. So, even if a con- The main issue about international comparisons version factor seems economically meaningful in focuses, not surprisingly, on the most widely recog- an HPE for the whole economy or for a large basket nized measure of development-GNP in U.S. dol- of goods traded, it may not be a meaningful con- lars-as the common denominator. The World verter for single products, product groups, or eco- Bank uses exchange rates as the basis for converting nomic activities. GNP numbers to a common currency. Moreover, the composition of GNP cannot but be All methods of transforming GNP denominated affected by systematic differences in relative prices. in national currencies to a common basis suffer What would appear as normal responses to price from conceptual difficulties. The problem of using elasticities in market economies may appear in official exchange rates is twofold: first, the rates HPEs as distortions in quantities, and hence 26 Chapter 3. Frameworkfor Comparing Economies weights for items priced in the converter basket. nomic disruptions and political uncertainties often This is generally true but particularly significant in increase their demand for foreign currency, which both the composition and level of international is one of the few assets in which they can invest in transactions relative to GNP. an attempt to hedge against the large economic As comprehensive econonic reforms progress, the and political uncertainties they face. The resulting exchange rates of HPEs begin to assume some of the depreciation of the real exchange rate may well be functions that exchange rates perform inmarketecon- much greater in the short run than it will be in the omies. They thus become more suited to measuring long run. Such a depreciation causes a large drop relative prices between traded and nontraded goods in total dollar and per capita GNP, if the exchange and services and to converting GNP into dollars. rate is used as the converter. To avoid this problem, It is important to note that the early stage of an alternative method was developed to convert transition toward a market system may bring GNP figures of the former Soviet republics into U.S. about an unusually large real devaluation of the dollars. This method involved the use of purchas- currency of an HPE, for any or all of the following ing power parity (PPP) of ruble, vis-a-vis compara- reasons. In most cases, trade can be rapidly reori- ble market economy currencies, which was ented from the CMEA to the world market only by adjusted for the systematic differences between accepting very low prices for HPE manufactures. PPP and market exchange rate in market econo- HPEs compete mainly by varying their prices, mies. whereas market economies rely also on such vari- In sum, estimating dollar per capita incomes of ables as service, packaging, advertising, and credit. HPEs is fraught with conceptual difficulties and The fact that many enterprises in the HPEs pro- statistical problems, especially those of conversion. duce goods that do not compete readily with im- This underscores the importance of carefully docu- ports from market economies, while there is a menting and examining any dollar data before rely- pent-up demand for Western imports, may cause ing on them for analysis and cross-country or policymakers in some HPEs to protect their indus- intertemporal comparisons. For a more detailed dis- tries via very large depreciations of their currency. cussion of exchange rates and conversion factors, Also, the citizens of countries facing severe eco- see chapter 7. 27 Chapter 4. Global Tables Descriptive Notes factor" or SACF has been used. This method is explained in chapter 7. This section explains the selection and presentation of indicators in the Global Tables; many of them Size, structure, and growth of production and demand also appear for HPEs later in this book in the Coun- try Tables. Gross domestic product (GDP), investment, con- The Global Tables cover per capita income, sumption, and savings monitor broad trends in size, structure and growth of output and de- economic performance. The data provide aggregate mand, inflation, human resources, and social and sectoral information on production (value indicators. added in agriculture, industry, and services) in- Many of the indicators are from data files devel- come, expenditure, and international transactions. oped by the World Bank through information ob- All income is spent on consumption or saved tained directly from national sources. For other (invested), and each is shown as a share of GDP. data-fiscal, monetary, labor, human resources, Gross domestic investment measures additions to world and social indicators-a few of the series fixed assets of an economy, whether an increment made available to the World Bank by other intema- to the stock of capital or replenishing depreciated tional agencies are recast. Specifics on sources and capital stock, plus net changes in the level of inven- methods are in the Technical Notes. tories. It is financed through either domestic or Every effort has been made to provide informa- foreign savings. tion according to internationally agreed guidelines. The rates of growth of production and demand But care and caution should be exercised in any comprise important indicators of economic prog- comparative analysis. Much is still not known ress and are widely monitored. These growth rates, about the methodologies underlying the data, and calculated from national data, embody system-spe- much remains to be done to improve the compara- cific and country-specific peculiarities. Some may bility of HPE historical data. The classifications- change over time in a given country as a result, say, "HPEs," "Other Economies in Transition," and of changes in the economic system. Thus, cross- "Comparator Countries"-are considered analyti- country comparisons and trend analyses for indi- cally useful concepts in this context. Aggregating vidual countries must be made cautiously. data for HPEs using the same techniques as for Moreover, aggregate values and trends reflect the market economies was not possible due to still choice of base year. considerable gaps in time series for some countries. A single base year raises problems when there are significant changes in structure-such as in the Per capita income composition of output-and in relative prices. For instance, values expressed in constant U.S. dollars Per capita income measures are especially sensitive to reflect the exchange rates prevailing during the methodological choice. The results have important base year. And a single base year may be the peak, implications because per capita income is a widely or trough, of a cycle. Where subsequent exchange used and recognized indicator of performance. rate changes have been substantial, as in many Per capita income for most countries has been HPEs since the late 1980s, comparisons between calculated by using the World Bank Atlas method countries and aggregate trends will be affected. In (see chapter 8). For the 15 new republics of the HPEs the value of the U.S. dollar in domestic cur- former Soviet Union, the Global Tables show per rency at official rates was, historically, relatively capita income for 1990-92. To convert ruble GNPs low in the 1970s and early 1980s. When national to dollar GNPs, a "synthetic Atlas-Type conversion economies perform differently, alternative base 28 Chapter 4. Global Tables years or aggregation methods give different, but armed forces and the unemployed, but excluding not necessarily better or worse, results. housewives, students, and other economically in- The GDP deflator in national currency data active groups. The application of the ILO activity shows changes in domestic prices. Overall inflation rates to the World Bank population estimates may in GDP, as measured by the implicit deflator, in- be inappropriate for some economies in which cludes all goods and services. The consumer price there are important changes in unemployment and index measures the change in prices of a unique underemployment, in international and internal mi- bundle of consumer goods for each economy. gration, or both. For more detailed information on human re- Human resources sources estimnates, refer to the World Bank's Social Indicators of Development. Human resources are an important part of the real In the long term, changes in the level and distri- capital of a country, along with its land and physical bution of income, shifts in nutritional status and assets. The tables include estimates of population access to health and education, and trends in em- and labor force totals and structures and their ployment will indicate the success or failure of changes over time. these policies. Population estimates are made by the World GNP as a broad measure mainly describes pro- Bank from data provided by the UN Population duction less intermediate consumption and its Division, the UN Statistical Division, and country uses. Per capita GNP does not constitute a complete statistical offices. Estimates take into account the measure of welfare or success in development. It results of the latest population censuses. Note that needs to be complemented by other indicators, refugees not permanently settled in the country of such as the quality of life (environment, congestion, asylum are generally considered to be a part of the infrastructure), the share of GNP that is devoted to population of their country of origin. Population consumption versus other final uses, and income growth rates are period averages calculated from distribution. GNP remains, however, the best single midyear populations. indicator of economic capacity and progress. Since urban population estimates are based on Relative levels of development may be difficult different national definitions of what is urban, to link on the basis of relative standards of living. cross-country comparisons should be made with For some countries, the level of development mea- caution. sured by GNP overstates the standard of living for Labor force estimates are from the International periods of high levels of capital formation. The Labour Organisation (ILO), based on UN popula- same bias predominates if resource allocation is less tion data. The labor force comprises economically efficient, because more investment is needed per active persons aged 16 years and over, including the unit of GNP growth. 29 Table 1. Trends in per capita income 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 Notes HIPEs In Europe Albania Bulgaria 2.060 2,320 1,840 1,330 Czech Republic .. .. .. .. 2,460 Hungary .. 1.930 1,940 2,790 2,770 3,000 Poland .. .. 2,100 1,680 1,790 1,960 Romania .. .. .. 1,680 1.400 1.080 Slovak Republic 1,930 HPEs of the forner USSR a/ Armenia .. .. 2,160 1,930 780 f Azerbaijan .. . 1,220 1,240 870 f BelauLs .. .. 3,230 3,280 2.910 f Estonia .. .. .. 4,360 3,970 2,750 f Georgia .. .. 2,290 1.780 850 f Kazakhstan .. 2,160 2,030 1,680 f Kyrgyz Republic .. .. 1,220 1,160 810 f Latvia .. .. 4,130 3,920 1,930 f Lithuania .. .. .. 2,780 2,420 1,310 f Moldova .. .. 2,090 1,700 1,260 f Russian Federation 3,780 3,470 2,680 f Tajikistan .. .. 780 690 480 f Turkmenistan .. 1,360 1,440 1,270 f Ukraine .. 2,410 2,190 1,670 f Uzbekistan .. .. 980 980 860 f 4, -X -:-. . . . . . . . . . . .::::-: - . :.-.:::- .--: : : :::- : --- ::: :: : : '': . .' . ' . '. .'.:i .:- E:'i EOPEs elsewhere Cambodia .. .. .. 170 200 China 130 300 330 370 370 380 Cuba .. .. Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 272 739 Lao PDR .. .. 200 220 250 Mongolia .. Nicragua 370 660 850 450 400 410 Viet Nam .. .. Other economles in transiton Afghanistan .. .. Algeria 360 1,950 2,630 2,360 1,990 1,830 Angola .. 700 Ethiopia 60 120 110 120 120 110 Guinea .. .. .. 480 500 510 Madagascar 170 430 310 230 210 230 Mozambique .. .. 180 80 80 60 Myanmar .. .. .. Somalia 80 110 120 120 Tanzania 100 290 290 110 100 ....... :. r X'-RE:-: -::-: .:ES- . :':-- . .E : '': .E . . . ': .: :. . . . . . ::::: ::: .:: Other middle-Income economles Argentina 1,440 2,700 3,150 3,270 3,970 6,050 Brazil 450 2,070 1,640 2,720 2,920 2,770 Korea, Rep. 270 1,620 2,340 5,450 6,350 6,790 Malaysia 390 1,690 1,980 2,360 2,520 2,800 Portugal 700 2,380 1,980 5,200 5,950 7.250 :,#E:ERE iE:ER i~~~.,-.... . .:,,-E,E. : ,,,,:-- : .............. .: .: XX ... , : Other low-Income economies Bangladesh 100 150 150 210 220 220 India 110 240 290 360 330 310 Indonesia 80 470 550 560 610 660 Kenya 130 420 310 370 340 330 Nepal 80 130 170 IS0 180 170 Sri Lanka 180 260 390 470 500 540 Note: Abbreviations in notes column are expiained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. a. Based on Synthetic Atlas-type Conversion Factor (SACF). See chapter 7. 30 Table 2. Overall growth and inflation Average annual gro wtk (percent) Aveage annual inflation (percent) GDPl Overall (GDP ddflwor) Consumer piicay 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes 1970.80 1980.90 1990092 NOW.e 1970-80 1980-90 1990.92 Notes [IPEs In Europe Albania .. .5 -19.2 Q.1 . -0.4 110.2 Q .. -0. I Builgaria .. 3.4 -9.7 . . 1.8 145.9 .1.7 1.8 .. Cf Czech Rep. . . . .. .. .. Hungary 5.3 1.3 -7.4 .2.7 8.9 24.9 .4.9 9.6 28.8 Poland .. 1.8 -3.2 . . 54.2 49.2 .4.6 51.7 56.1 Romania .. 1.2 -14.3 . . 1.8 196.6 .. Slovak Rep. HPEs of the former USSR a Armenia .. 3.1 -30.9 . . 0.4 291.4 . . 1.2 290.8 Azerbaijan .. 1.9 -17.8 . . -0.2 374.9 . . 1.4 350.3 Belar-us .. 4.2 -6.3 . . 0.3 448.9 . . 1.4 420.1 FEstonia .. 0.4 .. . 4.3 .. . 2.1 Georgia .. 1.9 .27.8 . . 0.0 282.5 - . 1.8 202.4 KazakbLstan .. 1.6 -14.6 . . 2.6 560.0 . . 1.5 Kyrgyz Republic .. 4.0 .. . 0.2 ... 1.8 Latvia .. 3.5 .. . 1.4 . . Lithuania .. 4.2 .. . 1.1 553.5 .. Moldova .. 3.0 -19.7 . . 0.2 .. . 0.9 Russian Federation .. 2.8 .. . 1.7 ... 1.8 Tajikistan .. 2.6 .. .. . . . 1.4 Turkmenistan .. 2.8 .. . 1.3 ... 1.1 Ukraine .. 2.9 .. . 0.6 .. . 1.1 Uzbekistan 3.1 -9.2 -1.4 331.9 .1.8 cambodia ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ..... . .. ........... . Cuba ~~~~~~~~~~.. ..... 3 .. 7. . .... Q. - .4 . ......... Korea. Dem. Peoples Rep. .. .. ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... .. . ... ....... . .... ... .... Lao PDR .. 3.8 5.2 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~. ..... . . 3.9.. 1.7-.. ......32.1. Nhinaaga 1.12 -1.7 0.2 01.8 43.1 52.37 14.7 23.1 Cietbam. 5. 71 . 3.7206.5 525 f. Korher. DenmIeopes ItRaest.o ALganiPan 3.7 5.3 37.9 117 240 Aongolia .. .1 . ..8-3.6 14.5 .0.2 ENiopiaga 2.4 1. 8 -3.9 0 .24.4 2.231.1 521114.2 43.01 2. Guinea .. .. 2.9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ... ....... ... 180... Moghanimbiu . -. . 3.7 .3 36747..0 MAlgerar 4.6 0.6 4. 1.5 1 2 .2 17.76 12.9 911. 27.0 Snomlia 4. 9.1 .. 1.8 4.76. 38 4. Etaniania 3.3 3.5 0. -3 14.0 25.82 4. 13.1.3 3.0. 22.2 Madagentina 2.4 -0 3 8 8913.39 8 17 66. 13134.5 390.6 8425 Morambiqu8.1 2.7 0.0 3687 8.5 637.25 38 28. 7. Konmre,Rp 94 9.6.6 0.20.4 8.3 .5 12.16.07 4.9 1. 27.9 Smalayia 7.83 . . 7.4 1.68 3.8716.3 25.60. Portugal 4.4 2.7 ... 16~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.7 ..8..2...195.7..1. Other lowdi-Income economInes Argnglnads 2.6 40.3 3.7 1320.5 39.5 66.7 1320.4 190.5 54.7 Bdoneia 7.7 5.5 6.2 382.0 284.4 73.2 3318. 287.3 87.4 Koena,Rp 6.7 4.2 0.3 2 0.2 9.2 18.4 13.0 11.0 . Nealayi 2.7 493 406 8.5 906 15.0 7.8 126 164 SrugiLak 4. 4 .17 . 12.5 180 9 79.7 1091 101. Note: Abbreviatio .. in . note coum a. e e. lie i h eerlNt..Frsu.e.n.etos.eth ehicNts a! Baned on et Material roduct (NM. account... ...... . Other low-lncome economies3 Table 3. Size and structure of production Digr*ia6on of GDP (pwyen) GDP (mifllons of LIS dollars) d! Agricul tuare 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 Notes 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 Nag"s HIPEs In Europe Albania 28 28 25 37 Q Bulgaria 20,040 20,726 12,687 11,951 .. 14 18 15 16 Czech Rep. 29123 31,599 24.310 26.187.. . Hungay 5.543 22,163 32.900 31,593 35,218 .18 17 13 10 7 Poland .. 56.792 62,265 78,031 90,553 -. 8 7 7 Romaniaa.. . 37.625 27.619 22.259 .. 13 18 19 20 Slovak Rep. .. 12.027 13.569 9,879 9.958 .. . . HIPEsof the former USSR hi Armenia .. 7,169 6.190 2,149 .. 16 17 28 40 Azerbaijan . .. 8,696 8,644 4,740 . . 28 38 41 31 Belarus ... 32,761 32,711 28,082 . . 18 28 25 24 E-stonia ..6.943 5,830 3,700 .17 20 17 Georgia . .. 12.502 8.837 3.736 . . 30 37 34 47 Kazatkhstan . 36.136 29,949 24,635 - . 26 42 34 48 Kyrgyz Republic . .. 5,186 4.893 3,242 . . 30 43 s0 Latvia . .. 11,091 9.902 4,049 .. 12 '22 16 Lithuania . .. 10,401 8,142 3,911 . . 19 33 24 Moldova . .. 8.994 6,699 4,820 . 30 42 42 4) Russian Federation ... 561 .201 488,759 355.133 . . 10 20 16 Tajikistan ... 4.319 3,746 2,577 . . 34 37 44 Turkmnenistan ..4.978 5,347 4,652 . .. 48 46 Ukraine .. 124.914 107.729 87.538 is1 30 30 23 Uzbekistann. 20,043 19,734 17,297 .. 34 44 45 41 EUPEs elsewhere Cambodia 718 .. 1,461 1.965 .. .49 44 China 93,244 298,118 370,024 371,454 434,053 .34 30 28 27 24 Cuba .. . . . . . 6 .. . . Q,f Korea. Dem. People's Rep. 3,980 13,500 . . ... . Lao PDR . . 868 1,033 1.195 .. . Mongolia . .. 2.241 756 1,292 .. .. 17 16 30 Nicaragua 785 2,144 1,540 1,736 1,847 .25 23 31 30 30 Viet Nam ..39 41 35 Q.f Other economies In tmrksItIon Afghanistan 1,749 3,639 . .. . . Algeria 4,876 42,347 59,868 42.933 45,196 I 11 10 14 14 IS Angola -. . 10,876 .. . . . 18 . Ethiopia 1.784 4.109 6,005 6,592 6,723 56 51 42 47 48 Guinea . .. 2,999 3,180 3.233 . .. 32 33 33 Madagascar 1,112 4,042 3,080 2,673 2.977 .24 30 32 33 33 Mozambique I.. 2.414 1,443 1.328 1,052 54 65 Myanmar 2,155 5,780 24,415 '28,278 37,749 .38 47 57 58 59 Somalia 323 604 917 . ..59 68 66 Tanzania 1,307 5,238 2.590 3,183 2,776 41 44 57 61 62 Other middle-Income economIies Argentina 31,311 76,962 141,353 189,720 228,779 10 6 8 7 6 Brazil 42,303 '234,908 479,214 405,771 395,289 . 12 1 1 10 I11 Korean, Rep. 8,887 62.626 244,042 282,970 296.136 .26 15 9 8 Malaysia 4,200 24.488 42.726 47,104 57.626 29 22 -. Portugal 6,219 24,034 60.032 68,758 84.022 . . 10 . Other low-income economIes Bangladesb 6,664 12,950 22,397 23,394 23,699 55 50 37 36 35 India 57,556 172.308 295.760 248,248 241,848 .45 38 32 32 32 Indonesia 9,657 78,013 106,859 116,462 125.665 .45 24 21 20 19 Kenya 1.603 7.265 8,675 8,261 8.706 33 33 29 27 26 Nepal 866 1,946 3,185 3,372 3.041 67 62 58 57 54 Sri La-nka 2,296 4.024 8.136 9,054 9.799 28 28 26 27 26 Note: Abbreviations in notes column ame explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods. swe the Technical Notes. a/ Based on single year convertor. b/ Data on the former USSR are subject to more than the usual margin of erTor. 32 Table 3. Size and structure of production (continued) Distribution of GDP (percent) dindstry Services 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 Notes 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 Notes fIPEs In Europe Albania .. 37 33 23 18 Q .. 35 39 52 46 B!lgaria .. 54 51 48 43 . . 32 31 37 42 Czech Rep. . . . . . .. Hungary 45 41 32 33 30 .37 42 55 57 63 Poland .. .. 54 50 52 .. .. 37 43 42 Romania .. 60 54 49 48 .. 27 28 33 32 Slovak Rep. HIPEs of the former USSR h/ Armenia .. 70 71 61 52 . . 14 12 11 9 Azerbaijan .. 54 47 46 60 . . 18 16 13 9 Belarus .. 60 54 60 66 . . 21 18 15 10 Estonia .. 59 61 70 .. . 24 19 14 Georgia .. 50 46 51 42 . . 20 17 16 11 Kazakhstann. 47 37 51 47 .. 27 21 15 6 Kyrgyzstan .. 48 44 40 .. . 22 13 10 Latvia .. 63 59 70 .. . 24 19 13 Lithuania .. 57 47 59 .. . 24 19 17 Moldova .. 50 43 44 43 . . 20 15 14 17 Russia .. 66 55 60 .. . 24 25 25 Tajikistan .. 46 41 43 .. 20 22 13 Turknenistan . .. 34 39 . .. .. 19 15 Ukraine .. 59 51 53 65 . . 23 19 16 12 Uzbelistan 44 39 42 421 17 13 10 HIPEs elsewhere Cambodia . .. 12 13 . .. .. 39 43 China 38 45 39 41 42 .28 25 33 33 34 Cuba .. 47 .. . . Q.f . . Korea, Dera. People's Rep... . .. . .. .. .. . Lao PDR . . . . . .. Mongolia -. . 34 29 38 .. .. 50 55 32 Nicaragua 26 31 20 20 19 .49 45 49 50 50 Viet Nam . .. 24 24 27 Q,f . .. 38 36 39 Qf Other ecokomnies In transition Afghanistan . . . .. . . . Algeria 41 54 46 50 47 .48 36 40 36 38 Angola .. 43 . .. . ... 39 . Ethiopia 14 16 17 13 13 30 33 41 40 39 Guinea . .. 33 32 .. .. . 35 35 Madagascar 16 16 14 14 14 .59 54 54 53 54 Mozambiqute .. 27 15 .. . . 19 21 Myanmar 14 13 11 10 10 .48 41 32 32 31 Somalia 16 8 9 . ..25 24 26 Tanzania 17 17 13 10 11 42 39 30 28 27 Other mIddle-income economies Argentina 44 41 36 33 31 .47 52 56 61 63 Brazil 38 44 39 37 .. .49 45 51 52 Korea,Rep. 29 41 45 45 .. .45 44 46 47 Malaysia 25 38 . ..46 40 Portugal ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~... 39...... 5 Other low-income econornle Bangladesh 9 16 16 16 17 37 34 47 48 48 inkdia 22 26 29 28 28 .33 36 40 40 40 Indonesia 19 42 39 41 41 .36 34 39 39 41 Kenya 20 21 21 22 23 .47 47 51 51 51 Nepal 12 12 14 16 18 .21 26 28 28 28 Sri Lanka 24 30 26 25 25 .48 43 48 48 49 33 Table 4. Growth of production Average aninual growth rate (percentt) Agriculture Industry Services 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes HPE~s In Europe Albania .. 1.2 -7.4 Q .. 1.6 -40.5 Q . 1.6 -13.1 Bulgaria .. -2.1 -8.8 . . 5.2 -14.9 . . 4.5 -2.3 Czech Rep. .. 0.1 .... . . . H ungary 2.8 1.9 -14.5 .6.3 -0.5 -12.6 .5.3 2.7 -2.4 Poland .. 0.4 -8.3 . . -0.3 -4.6 . . 3.6 0.3 Romania .. 0.0 -9.6 . . 0.9 -19.2 . . 2.3 -8.4 Slovak Rep. HPEs of the former USSR a/ Armenia .. -5.2 -0.6 . . 4.2 -43.6 . . 5.3 -35.6 Azerbaijan .. -0.8 -13.3 . . 2.7 -18.6 . . 6.4 -23.2 Belarus .. 0.9 -6.6 . . 5.9 -4.2 .. 3.0 -14.2 Fstonia . -2.0 .. . 2.3 .. . -2.3 Georgia .. -1. 1 -20.0 . . 2.7 -35.1 . . 2.7 -42.3 Kazakhstan . . . .. . . .. Kyrgyz Reptiblic .. 9.8 .. . 2.9 ... -1.1I Latvia .. 1.1 .. . 4.1 ... 4.4 Lithuania .. 1.4 .. . 5.8 ... 2.5 Moldova .. 0.7 -19.9 . . 3.9 -22.1 . . 6.5 -8.5 Russian Federation .. 1.1 .. 2.8 Tajildistan. -1.7 .. 6.2 .. . 3.2 Turkesenismnin 1.2 .. 1.7 . . Ukratine .. 1.1 .. 3.8 .. . 4.3 Uzbekistan .. -0.2 .4.14.8 -12.6 .... -15.4 EHPFs elsewhere Cambodia . .. .. .. .. China 2.6 5.9 3.0 .7.8 11.1 16.5 .4.8 12.1 4.3 Cuba .. -1.7.. Q,..... Korea, Dem. People's Rep. . .. .. .. .. Lao PDR .. 3.6 .. . 5.9 ... 3.1 Mongolia .. 3.0 -5.6 . . 5.7 -13.8 . . 6.8 -6.6 Nicaragua 1.9 -2.2 -0.5 .1.1 -2.8 0.3 .0.5 -0. 8 0.5 Viet Nam .. 3.9 4.2 . . 5.1 9.9 . . 7.4 8.5 Other economies In transition Afghanistan 3.2 .. . .5.3 .. . .6.0 Algeria 7.5 4.6 13.5 .3.8 1.8 0.8 .6.7 4.0 0.1 Angola .. -0.5 .. . 12.6 .. . 3.6 Ethiopia 0.7 -0.2 1.8 1.6 2.9 -10.3 .4.1 3.5 -7.9 Guinea . 3.8 .. .. 2.8 .... 2.2 Madagascar 0.4 2.5 0.8 0.6 0.9 -1.4 .0.6 0.3 -2.9 Mozambique .. 1.3 -2.4 . . -4.2 -4.4 . . -2.7 15.2 Myanmar 4.3 0.5 5.3 .4.7 0.5 5.8 .4.9 0.8 3.8 Somalia 6.5 3.3 1.-. .0 . . 3.7 0.9 Tanzania 0.7 2.9 20.8 .2.6 1.0 3.6 .6.3 2.8 -10.2 Other middle-income economies, Argentina 2.5 0.9 1.9 .1.9 -0.9 10.2 .2.8 0.0 8.9 Brazil 4.2 2.8 ..9.4 2.1 ..8.0 3.3 Korea, Rep. 2.7 2.6 2.2 .15.2 12.3 6.0 .8.8 9.2 7.9 Malaysia 5.0 3.8 068.7 72 11.1 9.1 4.3 9.4 Portugal Bangladesh 0.6 2.7 1.8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ... 5.2. 4.9. 5.7. .. 4.3 5.8.4.5 India 1~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~.8 .. 3.2. 1.0 ...... .... .... . 4.5 ..9.. 2... .1 . . . Kenya 4.8 3.3 -0.4 ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~.....8. ..6. ....- 3.9.33..3..9.. Nepal 0.5 . . ....4.8.... 1.2.. . ... ... ...... . Srdi Lna 2.8 2.2 .0. 4 .4 4.6 5.6 4 .3 4.7 5.8 Note: Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Noles. a. Based on Net Material Product (NMP) accounts. 34 Table 5. Structure of demand Dishtbution of GDP (perceat) Total Consu,nptio,s a Gross domestic investment Exp,os,S of GNFS Resource balance 1970 1980 1990 Notes 1970 1980 1990 Notea 1970 1980 1990 Note" 1970 1980 1990 Notes UPEs in Europe Albania . 6-5 75 Q .. 35 33 Q .. 23 15 L .. 0 -8 Q,f Bulgaria .. 61 74 .. 34 30 36 31. 5 - Czech Rep. . .. ... H-ungaxy 69 72 72 . 34 31 24 30 39 32 -2 -2 4 Poland .. 77 64 - . 26 28 .. 28 27 .. -3 9 Romania .. 65 75 . . 40 34 35 17 . . -5 -9 Slovak Rep. HIPEs of the, former USSR hi Armenia .. 67 79 -21 32 -- ... 11 -16 Q,f Azerbaijan .. 55 75 .. 21 21 .. - 23 1 Q,f Belarus *. 69 72 .. 17 25 - . 14 2 Q,f Estonia .. 83 88 -. 21 25 -.. . -3 -12 Q,f Georgia .. 71 87 - - 25 16 . - . . . 3 -4 Q,f Kazakhstan .. 85 85 . - 30 35 - . - . . -16 -20 Q,f Kyrgyz Republic .. 89 99 . . 24 22 -. ... -14 -23 Q,f Ustvia .. 78 79 . . 13 20 . , . . 3 -12 Q.f Lithuania .. 88 84 . . 20 24 - - . . -9 -8 Q,f Moldova .. 75 82 . - 19 20 . - . - . 5 -4 Q,f Russian Federation .. 74 75 . - 25 21 .. ... 0 2 Q,f Tajikistan .. 80 94 . . 26 16 - - - .8 .. Q.f Tuarkesenisian 72 81 - - 22 22 - - - .-18 Qjf Ukraine .. 78 82 . . 17 18 - 4 2 Q,f Ilzbekistan .. 76 102 - . 30 30 - 35 Q.f IIFEs elsewbere Cambodia 90 .. . .13 --6 -- . .-2 -- . China 71 68 60 - 29 32 37 -3 7 18 -0 0 3 Cuba . 85 -- Qsf . 21 -. Q,f -- - . -6 .. Q. Korea, Dem. People's Rep. . . . .. .. . . Lao PDR . . 101 .. -- 12 .. -- 11 .. -13 - Mongolia .. 73 85 . . 46 42 - - 19 22 - - -20 -27 Nicaragua 84 102 99 - 18 17 19 .27 24 25 .-2 -19 -19 - 'Viet Nam . .. 93 Q.f . - 14 -- -- 29 a . -8 Q.s Other economies in transitioni Afghanistan 97 .. ..6 . -10 - . -2 . - Algeria 71 57 72 . 36 39 29 -22 34 24 --7 4 -2 Angola -. -- 72 - . 8 - 48 . . 20 Ethiopia 89 95 94 . 12 10 12 11 14 11 0 -5 -7 Guinea . - 83 -- -. 17 -- -- 28 - - - 1 Madagascar 93 101 94 -10 15 17 19 13 16 .-2 -16 -11 Mozamsbique -- 10 112 - - 19 38 -- 17 16 -- -18 -SO Myanmar 89 82 88 . 14 22 13 -5 9 2 --4 -4 -2 Somalia 94 113 113 - 12 42 16 12 33 10 -5 -55 -28 Tanzania 80 90 107 . 23 23 25 26 13 19 -2 -13 -32 Other nmlddle-incomne economies Argentina 77 76 80 . 25 25 14 .7 5 10 0 -1 6 Brazil 80 79 77 . 21 23 22 -7 9 7 -0 -2 2 - Kora, Rep. 85 76 64 - 25 32 37 .14 34 31 --10 -7 -l Malaysia 73 67 67 . 22 30 32 - 42 58 77 -4 3 1 Portugal 80 81 79 . 26 34 32 -24 29 35 --7 -15 -10 Other low-income economies Bangladesh 93 98 98 1 1 15 12 8 6 9 -4 -13 -10 India 84 83 76 - 17 21 27 .4 7 8 --1 -4 -2 Indonesia 86 63 63 - 16 24 35 -13 33 28 --2 13 2 Kenya 76 82 81 . 24 29 24 -30 28 26 .-1 -1I -5 Nepal 97 89 92 6 18 18 5 12 12 -3 -7 -10 Sri Lanka 84 89 86 . 19 34 22 -26 32 30 --3 -23 -8 Note: Abbrevtations mn notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technica Notes. a. Includes statistical discrepancy h. Based on Net Mtaterial Product (NMW) accounts. 35 Table 6. Growth of demand Average annual gro%th rate(ere) Total consumption Gross domestic investment Export of GNFPS 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes 1970-80 1980-90 1990-92 Notes H1'Es In Europe Albania .. 2.7 21.5 Q .. 0.2 -54.4 Q,f. -2.6 -28.6 Bulgaria .. 7.8 -12.0 . . 3.2 -12.9 .. -2.4 -23.1 Czech Rep. . . . .. . . .. Huangary 3.6 1.1 -5.5 .7.5 -0.7 -15.6 9.4 4.0 -4.4 Poland .. 1.4 2.3 . . 1.0 -11,0 . . 5.1 -4.2 Romania .. 2.5 -17.4 . . -1.9 -14.6 . . -0.5 Slovak Rep. HIFEs of the former USSR at Armenia .. 2.9 -24.9 . . 0.4 -57.8 .. Azerbaijan .. 3.2 -33.1 . . -5.3 -69.8 .. Belarus .. 3.1 -8.2 . . 2.0 10.0 .. Estonia .. 3.1 .. . 3.7 . . Georgia .. 2.3 -10.3 . . -3.7 . .. Kazakhstann. 2.9 .. . 1.0 Kyrgyz Republic .. 3.7 .. . 0.6 Larvia . 2.3 .. . 4.2 . .. Lithuania .. 3.2 .. . 2.9 . . Moldova .. 3.9 .. 0.3 . .. Russian Federation .. 2.8 .. . 2.0 . . Tajikistan 4.3 .. . -1.8 . .. Turkmenistan .. 3.7 .. . -2.6 . . Ukraine .. 3.0 .. . -0.4 . . Vzbelisian. 3.1 .. . -2.7 . .. Cambodia .. ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... ...... ..... ..... Cuba ~~~~~~~~~.. ...... 2.6.............. . .-2.1 ............ Korea, 13cm. People' Rep. ...... . ............ ...... ..... LaoPDR .. 5.1 ... ..........-2.7... . 1.3.15.8 Moingla 4.4 7.5 -3.5 7.9 13.5 -4.3 5.6 41.5 -14.7 Nicaragua 2.6 -1.5 3.7 .-4.8 0.3 .3.3 -3.8 -1.8 Viet Nam . .. 5.1 Q . 7.9 .... 17.2 Other economies In transition Afghanistan 3.8 .. ..12.4 .. . .20.1 Algeria 10.2 1.6 2.4 .13.6 -2.4 -7.9 .2.2 4.1 0.8 Ethiopia 3.1 1.6 ..-0.8 2.0 ..3.7 0.2 Guinea . .. 5.3 - . - 0.1 - .. -3.1 Madagasca 0.1 -0.5 -0.8 .0.4 4.9 -31.0 .1.0 -2.0 6.2 Mozambique .. 0.0 0.4 . . 2.0 -0.9 . . -8.4 13.6 Myanmar 4.0 0.6 2.4 .8.0 -4.1 9.0 .2.4 1.9 16.6 Somalia 6.7 1.8 ..18.1 -2.6 ..8.2 -12.2 Tanzania 4.3 .. . .3.1 ..-.4.6 Other middle-income economies Argentina 2.3 -0.3 11.7 .3.1 -4.7 28.0 .7.3 3.7 -3.9 Brazil 7.7 2.4 -0.4 .8.9 0.2 -3.3 .8.5 7.5 7.7 Korea, Rep. 7.4 7.9 8.0 .14.2 12.4 4.8 .21.3 12.0 9.8 Malaysia 7.8 3.6 7.4 .10.8 2.8 15.7 .8.4 10.9 13.5 Portugal 5.0 4.0 ..3.1 -2.6 ..0.4 9.5- Other low-Income economies Bangladesh 2.5 4.8 2.0 .4.8 -0.6 -2.6 .6.9 6.4 15.1 India 3.0 5.5 5.5 .4.5 6.2 -7.7 .7.0 5.9 6.8 Indonesia 7.9 4.7 5.4 .14.1 6.7 -0.4 8.8 3.1 13.~5 Kenya 6.6 4.4 0.1 .2.4 0.8 -8.8 .0.9 4.2 0.8 Nepal Sri Lanka 3.7 4.4 3.0 .13.8 0.4 15.6 .1.2 4.8 12.3 Note: Abbreviations in notes column wre explained in the General Notes. For souroex and methods, see the- Technical Notes. a. Based on Net Material Product (NWP) accoants. 36 Table 7. Human resources: population Total popula&in Urt6an pop elaton (Thousands) Ayerage annual growth 0-rcnt (pwerentage of total population) 1970 1980 1990 1991 Notes 1970-80 1980-91 Notes 1970 1980 1990 1991 Nowe H]PEA in Europe Albania 2.136 2.671 3.250 3.301 .2.3 2.0 .32 34 36 36 Bulgaria 8.490 8.862 8.991 8.975 .0.4 0.1 .52 61 68 68 Czech Repuiblic 14.334 .. 10,360 10.310 ... . . Hungay 10.337 10.710 10.553 10.344 .0.4 -0.2 .46 54 61 62 Poland 32,526 35.578 38,119 38,245 .0.9 0.7 .52 58 62 62 Romania 20,253 22,201 23.200 22,974 .0.9 0.4 .42 49 53 53 Slovak Rep. 5,298 5,277 HPE0 of the former USSR Armenia .. 3.068 3.325 3.418 f . 0.9 f .. 66 69 .. f Azerbaijan .. 6.176 7.153 7,121 f .. 1.4 I,. 53 54 .. f Belars .. 9.643 10,278 10,316 f .. 0.6 f . 56 66 Esloniia 1.365 1,480 1,571 1.562 f 0.8 0.6 f . 70 71f Georgia 5.083 5,464 5.478 f . 0.7 f . 52 56 .. f Kazakhstan .. 14.905 16.742 16.844 f . 1.2 f . 55 58 .. f Kyrgyz Repub;lic .. 3.632 4,394 4.453 f . 1.9 f .. 38 38 .. Latvia .. 2,544 2,683 2.641 f . 0.5 f . 67 69 .. f Lithuania .. 3,434 3,722 3,741 f . 0.8 f . 61 68f Moldova .. 4,002 4,368 4,363 f . 0.9 f .. 40 47f Russian Federation ..139.010 148.263 148.700 f . 0.6 f . 70 74 Tajikistan .. 3.966 5.303 5.465 f .. 3.0 f . 34 32 .. f Turkrnenistann. 2.863 3.670 3,758 f .. 2.5 f.. . 45 ,. f Ukraine .. 50.043 51.857 52.031 f . 0.4 f . 62 68 Uzbekistan .. 15.970 20.531 20.886 f 2.6 f.. . 40 .. f HEPEs elsewhere Cambodia 6,938 6.498 8,570 8,790 .-0.8 2.9 .12 10 12 12 China 818,315 981.235 1.133,683 1.149,523 .1.8 1.5 .18 19 56 60 CUbsL 8,551 9.724 10.625 10.736 .1.4 1.0 .60 68 75 76 Korea. Denm. People's Rep. 14.619 18.260 21.771 22.191 .2.2 1.8 .53 57 60 60 Lno PDR 2.713 3.205 4.140 4.261 .1.6 2.7 .10 13 19 19 Mongolia 1.256 1,663 2,190 2,250 .2.8 2.8 -45 51 52 53 Nicaragua 2,063 2,802 3,676 3,794 -3.1 2.7 -47 53 60 60 Viet Nam 42.729 53,700 66,233 67,679 -2.3 2.2 .18 19 22 22 Other economnies In transition Afghannistan 12.457 15.950 20.445 20,979 -2.5 2.5 I 11 16 18 18 Algeria 13,746 18,669 25.003 25,680 -3.1 3.0 -40 43 52 53 Angola 5,588 6,993 9,194 9,461 .2.4 2.8 .15 21 28 29 Ethiopia 28,937 37,717 51,180 52,79M 2.7 3.1 -9 1 1 13 13 Guinea 3,851 4,461 5,717 5,880 .1.4 2.6 -14 19 26 26 - Madagascar 6,752 8.714 11.673 12.032 -2.6 3.0 -14 18 25 25 Mozambique 9,390 12.103 15.707 16.128 -2.6 2.6 -6 13 27 28 Mysamar 27,102 33,821 41,825 42,758 .2.2 2.2 -23 24 25 25 Somalia 4,311 5.746 7,805 8,051 -2.9 3.1 -23 29 36 37 Tiazania 13,513 18,098 24,470 25,201 -3.0 3.0 -7 17 33 34 Other milddle-income economiles Argentina 23.962 28,237 32,322 32,713 .1.7 1.3 -78 83 86 87 Brazil 95.847 121,286 149,042 151,428 .2.4 2.0 .56 66 75 76 Korea, Rep. 31,923 38,124 42,869 43,268 - 1.8 1.1 . 41 57 72 73 Malaysia 10,853 13,164 17,763 18.178 .2.4 2.6 -27 35 43 44 Portugal 9.044 9.766 9.868 9.852 -1.3 0.1 -26 29 34 34 Other low-income economies Bangladesh 66,671 86,700 108,275 110.564 -2.7 2.2 .8 11 16 17 India 547.569 687,332 849,515 866.499 -2.3 2.1 .20 23 27 27 - Indonesia 117,537 148,303 178,232 181.305 .2.4 1.8 .17 22 31 31 Kenya 11,498 16.632 24,160 25,006 .3.8 3.8 10 16 24 24 Nepal 11.350 14.640 18.916 19,401 -2.6 2.6 .4 6 10 10 Sri Lankca 12,516 14.738 16,993 17.190 . 1.7 1.4 22 22 21 22 Note: Abbreviations in not-s ooiumn ame explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods. see the Technical Notes. 37 Table 8. Human resources: labor force Laborforce Total (thousands) As a percentage of total popultion Annual average growth (percent) 1970 1980 1990 1991 Notes 1970 1980 1990 1991 Notes 1970-80 1980-90 Notes RPEs In Europe Albania 901 1,211 1.591 1.629 42 45 49 49 . 3.0 2.7 Bulgaria 4.414 4,480 4,475 4,483 52 51 50 50 0.1 0.0 Czech Rep. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... Hungary 5.495 5,220 5,276 5,302 . 53 49 50 51 . -0.5 0.2 Poland 17.336 18,520 19,704 19,846 . 53 52 52 52 . 0.7 0.6 Romania 11,037 11,039 11,825 11.912 . 55 50 51 52 . 0.0 0.7 Slovak Rep. Slovak Rep. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... . ... .. .. . .. ........ HiPEs of the former USSR Armenia 1378 1630 1,672 f .. 45 49 50 f .. 1.7 Azerbaijan 2300 2789 2,901 f 38 39 40 f .. 1.9 Belarus 4959 5149 5,020 f .. 51 50 49 f .. 0.4 Estonia 788 796 812 f .. 53 51 52 f .. 0.1 Georgia 2502 2763 2.519 f .. 49 51 46 f .. 1.0 Kazakhstan .. .. 7563 7.494 f .. .. 45 44 f Kyrgyz Republic .. 1425 1748 1.754 f .. 39 40 39 f .. 2.1 Latvia 1364 1409 1,397 f .. 54 53 53 f .. 0.3 Lithuania .. 1779 1853 1,860 f .. 52 50 50 f .. 0.4 Moldova .. 2034 2071 2,070 f .. 51 47 47 f .. 0.2 Russian Federation .. 73275 75286 73,809 f .. 53 51 50 f .. 0.3 Tajikistan 1443 1934 1,969 f 36 36 36 f .. 3.0 Turkmenistan .. .. 1542 1,571 f .. .. 42 42 f Ukraie . 25335 25401 24,997 f .. 51 49 48 f .. 0.0 Uzbekstan .. 5752 7941 8,255 f .. 36 39 39 f .. 3.3 IlPEs elsewhere Cambodia 3,069 3,299 3,758 3,779 . 44 50 44 43 0.7 1.2 China 428,309 547,060 679,900 689,213 . 52 56 60 60 . 2.5 2.1 Cuba 2,636 3,567 4,461 4,542 . 31 37 42 42 . 3.1 2.2 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 5,908 7,838 10,470 10,789 . 40 43 48 49 . 2.9 2.9 Lao PDR 1,610 1,839 2,239 2,290 . 59 57 54 54 . 1.3 2.0 Mongolia 582 772 1,029 1,060 . 46 46 47 47 . 2.9 2.9 Nicaragua 619 825 1,204 1,256 . 30 29 33 33 . 2.9 3.9 Viet Nam 20,272 24,930 32,916 33,870 . 47 46 50 50 . 2.1 2.8 Other economies In transition Afghanistan 4,122 4,797 6,229 6,369 . 33 30 31 30 . 1.5 2.7 Algeria 2,945 4,051 5,819 6,056 . 21 22 23 24 . 3.2 3.7 Angola 2.599 3,414 4,081 4,171 . 47 49 44 44 . 2.8 1.8 Ethiopia 14,403 17.593 21,225 21,708 . 50 47 42 41 * 2.0 1.9 Guinea 2,196 2,626 3,097 3,156 . 57 59 54 54 . 1.8 1.7 Madagascar 3,303 4,098 5,004 5,123 . 49 47 43 43 . 2.2 2.0 Mozambique 4,742 6,904 8,437 8,614 . 51 57 54 53 . 3.9 2.0 Myanmar 12,150 15,170 18,324 18,668 . 45 45 44 44 . 2.2 1.9 Somalia 1,252 1,808 2,143 2,181 . 29 32 28 27 . 3.7 1.7 Tanzania 7,176 9,508 12,597 13,001 . 53 53 52 52 . 2.9 2.9 Other middle-Income economies Argentina 9,339 10,304 11,548 11,729 . 39 37 36 36 . 1.0 1.1 Brazil 31,544 44,240 55,026 56,276 . 33 37 37 37 . 3.4 2.2 Korea, Rep. 11,407 14,729 18,664 19,043 . 36 39 44 44 . 2.6 2.4 Malaysia 3,694 5,337 7,071 7,270 . 34 39 40 40 . 3.7 2.8 Portugal 3,387 4,347 4,740 4,780 . 37 45 48 49 . 2.5 0.9 Other low-income economies Bangladesh 20,507 25,133 33,398 34,465 . 31 29 31 31 . 2.1 2.9 lndia 223,925 265,320 322,944 329,233 . 41 39 38 38 . 1.7 2.0 Indonesia 45,646 56,253 71,314 72,954 . 39 38 40 40 . 2.1 .. Kenya 4.950 7,072 10,011 10,409 . 43 43 41 42 3.6 3.5 Nepal 5,141 6,139 7,725 7,911 . 45 42 41 41 . 1.8 2.3 Sri Lanka 4,347 5,457 6,367 6,471 . 35 37 38 38 . 2.3 1.6 Note: Abbreviations in notes colunm are explained in the Generul Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technicai Notes. 38 Table 8. Human resources: labor force (continued) ~~~~~~~~~~..... . .. . ......-., Percentage of total laberforce in Agrricuure Indusry Services 1970 1980 1990 Notes 1970 1980 1990 Notes 1970 1980 1990 Notes HPEs In Europe Albania 66.2 55.9 .. . 21.2 25.7 .. . 12.6 18.4 Buigaria 34.8 18.1 .. . 37.8 45.4 .. . 27.4 36.5 Czech Rep. .. .. .. . .. .. Hungary 25.1 18.2 .. . 44.8 43.6 .. . 30.1 38.2 Poland 38.9 28.5 .. . 34.2 38.9 .. . 26.8 32.6 Romania 48.7 30.5 .. . 31.1 43.5 .. . 20.2 26.0 Slovak Rep. ' ' " " "' "" ' " " "" " '" ' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' " ' ' '' - :: S:: .: :: :? i; : :: :,: : . :, ............ i:PEs of the former USSR Armnenia .. 22.0 17.7 . .. 37.7 41.7 . .. 40.3 40.6 Azerbaijan .. 33.1 32.2 . .. 26.1 25.9 . .. 40.8 41.9 Belarus .. 26.4 19.6 . .. 37.2 42.0 . .. 36.4 38.4 Estonia .. 14.0 12.7 . .. 43.0 42.5 . .. 43.0 44.8 Georgia .. 30.6 25.6 . .. 26.8 30.4 . .. 42.6 44.0 Kazakhstan .. .. 22.8 . .. .. 32.4 . .. .. 44.8 Kyrgyz Republic .. 32.0 32.7 . .. 27.9 27.9 . .. 40.1 39.4 Latvia .. 16.1 16.0 . .. 40.8 40.5 . .. 43.1 43.4 Lithuania .. 22.5 18.9 . .. 39.1 41.2 . .. 38.4 39.9 Moldova .. 39.6 32.7 . .. 26.6 30.3 . .. 33.8 36.9 Russian Federation .. 15.0 13.2 . .. 42.1 42.3 . .. 42.9 44.5 Tajikistan .. 42.8 43.1 . .. 21.6 21.8 . .. 35.6 35.1 Tnrkmenistan .. .. 42.0 . .. .. 20.8 . .. .. 37.2 Ukraine .. 22.9 19.8 . .. 38.7 40.4 . .. 38.4 39.9 Uzbekistan 38.5 39.3 231 24.1 .. 38.5 36.6 HPEs elsewhere Cambodia 78.3 74.4 .. . 4.2 6.7 .. . 17.5 19.0 China 78.3 74.2 .. . 10.1 14.0 .. . 11.5 11.8 Cuba 30.2 23.8 .. . 26.7 28.5 .. . 43.1 47.7 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 52.8 42.8 .. . 25.7 30.3 .. . 21.5 26.9 Lao PDR 78.9 75.7 .. . 5.2 7.1 .. . 15.9 17.2 Mongolia 47.9 39.8 .. . 21.0 21.0 .. . 31.1 39.2 Nicaragua 51.5 46.6 .. . 15.5 15.8 .. . 33.0 37.6 VietNam 76.6 67.5 .. . 6.5 11.8 .. . 16.9 20.7 :::-:::: s-::::::::: : :::- ::S: Es rss:s:s:.::: :. % :. : :: B i .. ss . s. :s:: ::.:: Other economies In transtlion Afghanistan 66.1 61.0 .. 12.1 14.0 21.8 25.0 Algeria 47.3 31.1 .. . 21.3 26.9 .. . 31.4 42.0 Angola 77.7 73.8 .. . 8.4 9.6 .. . 13.8 16.7 Ethiopia 85.0 79.8 .. . 5.9 7.9 .. . 9.1 12.3 Guinea 85.2 80.7 .. . 7.0 9.0 .. . 7.8 10.3 Madagascar 83.7 80.9 .. . 4.9 6.0 .. . 11.4 13.2 Mozambique 86.4 84.5 .. . 6.1 7.4 .. . 7.4 8.1 Myanmar 59.1 53.0 .. . 15.6 18.6 .. . 25.3 28.4 Somalia 79.4 75.5 .. . 7.0 8.4 .. . 13.6 16.0 Tanzania 90.4 85.6 .. . 3.1 4.5 .. . 6.6 9.9 Other middle-income economies Argentina 16.0 13.0 .. . 34.3 33.8 .. . 49.7 53.1 Brazil 44.9 31.2 .. . 21.8 26.6 .. . 33.3 42.2 Korea, Rep. 49.1 36.4 .. . 19.8 26.8 .. . 31.0 36.8 Malaysia 53.8 41.6 .. . 14.3 19.1 .. . 32.0 39.3 Portugal 31.8 25.8 .. . 31.8 36.7 .. . 36.4 37.6 s - -¢:-. -s - .- s.:: s ss :: . .s ...... ss . ......... . ..S . s_: . .. ..... . .:g-:: ss ... ......::..... Other low-income economies Banngadesh 81.4 74.8 .. . 4.9 6.0 .. . 13.7 19.2 india 71.7 69.7 .. . 12.6 13.2 .. . 15.7 17.0 Indonesia 66.3 57.2 .. . 10.3 13.1 .. . 23.4 29.7 Kenya 84.8 81.0 .. . 5.6 6.8 .. . 9.6 12.1 Nepal 93.6 93.0 .. . 1.3 0.6 .. . 5.1 6.5 Sri Lanka 55.3 53.4 .. . 14.4 13.9 .. . 30.3 32.7 39 Table 9. Health services and vital statistics Population per Physician Nursing person Hospital bed 1970 1980 a 1990 Notes 1970 1980 a 1990 Notes 1970 1980 a 1990 Notev HPE-s In Europe Albania 1,068 141 246 Bulgaria 537 407 . 129 90 104 Czech Rep. . .. HungaTy 507 400 .. . 123 110 99 Poland 700 131 . 153 Romania 844 678 121 107 113 Slovak Rep. HlPEsi of the former USSR Armenia 348 283 234 . 143 122 97 117 119 111 Azerbaijan 400 299 254 132 119 101 107 103 98 Belarus 388 296 247 124 103 87 . 96 80 76 Estonia 302 239 219 107 95 104 91 80 83 Georgia 275 209 169 109 90 85 . 109 94 90 Kazakhstan 459 313 243 125 100 81 84 77 73 Kyrgyz Republic 481 344 272 138 116 95 94 84 83 Lastvia 279 227 202 107 86 85 . 84 73 68 Lithuania 364 256 217 128 92 78 98 83 80 Moldova 488 322 250 130 106 84 . 101 84 76 Russian Federation 345 248 213 108 88 82 89 77 73 Tajikistans 629 424 369 195 154 125 102 101 95 Turkmenistan 469 352 28 139 127 95 98 96 88 Ukraine 361 274 227 115 97 85 93 80 74 Uzbekistan 498 351 279 155 120 90 98 88 81 ;PEs elsewhere Cambodia 16,248 . 925 476 China .. 1,100 2,100 .. 500 388 Cuba 1,222 . 275 82 217 207 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. . . . .. Lao PDR 15,156 4,381 .. 486 1,078 400 Mongolia 578 . . 105 89 Nicaragua 2,147 2.308 1,492 598 426 538 Viet Nam 4,151 2,854 . . . 399 286 261 'ti~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. ..t .. .'.'. .':'.'-S: ......... ................ ......}.::::. ...i:: .........:-:'. ': Other economies In transItion Afghanistan 15,417 . . . 5,025 . 4,003 Algeria 8,095 .. .. 352 . 400 Angola 8,597 . . . 368 771 Ethiopia 86,122 88,124 .. 4,998 3,506 3,384 4,141 Guinea 50,013 . . 562 .. 1,804 Madagascar 10,123 . ... 353 1,140 Mozambique 18,855 39,168 . 4,632 . 851 918 1,280 Myanmar 8,819 .. 12,901 . . 1,241 . 1,176 1,171 1,591 Somalia 32,659 19,217 . 2.404 .. 883 .. 1,333 Tanzania 22.597 . . 697 938 Other middle-Income economies Argentina 529 ... 179 216 Brazil 2,029 . . .. 271 . 301 Korea, Rep. 2,216 1,690 . 1,930 586 339 Malaysia 4,310 3,638 2,701 . 376 288 430 Portugal 1,109 . 166 226 .:: E E ., - i-.S.:.,i.,.,--::--- -:. i- i l- . , . ..: .-E . -....................: 'w. ...,:..:.::::.-..-.- : -- -:.:::-.......E Other low-income economies Bangladesh 8,447 8,424 . 6.467 4,702 3,113 India 4,889 2,694 . .. 1,654 1,299 1,371 Indonesia 26,817 .. . 1,528 .. 1,503 Kenya 8,001 . ... . 791 623 Nepal 51,358 30,062 16,829 7,783 2,755 . 7,063 5,728 4,010 Sri Lanka 5,904 7,172 . 332 340 365 Note: Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. a. Data refer to 1980 or 1981. 40 Table 9. Health services and vital statistics (continued) Infant mofalty rate (per 1,000 live births) lafe expedancy at birfh (years) 1970 1980 1990 Notes 1970 1980 1990 Notes HPEs in Europe Albania 66 47 28 . 67 70 72 Bulgaria 27 20 15 . 71 71 71 Czech Rep. .. .. .. . .. Hungary 36 23 15 . 70 70 70 Poland 33 21 16 . 70 71 71 Romania 49 29 27 . 69 70 70 Slovak Rep. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , , ,,, ., . , .,, , ., ...., , . ., .., . .,......., .., ... . . .. .. . -.. HPEs of the former USSR Armenia .. 28 24 . .. 73 72 Azerbaijan .. 45 31 . .. 68 71 Belarus .. 15 15 . 72 71 71 Estonia 20 18 13 . 70 69 70 Georgia .. 28 19 . .. 71 73 Kazakhstan .. 37 31 .. 67 69 Kyrgyz Republic .. 48 41 .. 66 66 Latvia 23 20 18 69 69 Lithuania .. 13 71 70 71 Moldova .. 36 23 . .. 66 69 Russian Federation 27 21 . .. 67 69 Tajikistan .. 77 51 .. 66 70 Turkmenistlan .. 60 54 . .. 64 66 Ukraine .. 20 17 . 70 69 70 Uzbekistan 56 42 67 69 .... ................ .. . .. - .-., . - ,...... . - --. - . -.-. --.-.- .- .. .. . ....... ...... . .... ..... ....... HPEs elsewhere Cambodia 161 201 122 42 39 50 China 69 42 38 . 62 67 62 Cuba 39 20 11 70 74 76 Korea. Dem. People's Rep. 51 32 26 60 67 70 Lao PDR 146 127 103 . 40 45 50 Mongolia 102 82 63 53 58 63 Nicaragua 106 90 60 54 59 65 Viet Nam 104 57 40 55 63 67 : : -- -: : : :: : - ~~. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . ... . . .. . .. . . .. .. Other economies in transltion Afghanistan 198 183 166 37 40 43 Algeria 139 98 66 . 53 59 65 Angola 178 153 130 . 37 41 46 Ethiopia 158 155 132 . 43 44 48 Guinea 181 161 138 . 36 40 43 Madagascar 181 138 116 . 45 50 51 Mozambique 171 156 150 40 44 47 Myanmar 121 94 74 51 55 59 Somalia 158 145 129 40 44 48 Tanzania 132 122 115 46 50 51 ::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~.... -': : -': ' :: : -. .. ... ....-... ......gS iE Other middle-income economies Argentina 52 38 30 67 69 71 Brazil 95 74 59 59 63 66 Korea, Rep. 51 32 13 . 60 67 70 Malaysia 45 30 15 . 62 67 70 Portugal 56 24 11 . 67 71 74 -:::-:-..::.:.:::-. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. :.-.-. :. .. ::: . ..:: : .. . Other low-income economies Bangladesh 140 132 105 45 48 52 India 137 116 91 4 9 54 59 Indonesia 118 99 76 . 47 55 59 Kenya 102 84 68 50 55 59 Nepal 157 142 103 42 47 53 Sri Lanka 53 34 19 65 68 71 41 Part 3. Country Focus Chapter 5. National Accounts Introduction as health, education, administration, business, and personal services are not included in productive This section covers basic statistical issues involved activities. Thus, the central indicator-national in- in comparing national accounts for market econo- come-encompasses only the total income gener- mies and HPEs and looks at various ways to make ated in the material branches. And although both HPE data comparable to international standards. SNA and MPS recognize depreciation, the two sys- Since World War TI, most countries have introduced tems make different recommendations on the inclu- comprehensive statistical systems for measuring sions in national income. the level, structure, and development of their econ- omies. To ensure international comparability, the Two Systems: MPS and SNA United Nations Statistical Commission issued a rec- ommendation on the System of National Accounts To avoid confusion with the "national income" of the (SNA), which most market economies adopted. SNA, international comparisons call the MPS's "na- The central indicator of the SNA is gross domestic tional income" net material product. In both account- product (GDP), which is a basic measure of a ing systems the main aggregates are calculated by country's overall economic performance. A differ- sector of origin and by type of income and expendi- ent approach to national accounts, based on a sys- ture. Since they all supposedly measure the same tem introduced in the former USSR in the 1920s, feature but from different perspectives, they should was adopted by centrally planned economies. It, yield identical estimates. This is rarely the case, owing too, was harmonized in 1969, by the Statistical to differences in data sources and methods. Commission of the CMEA in Basic Principles of the Both the SNA and the MPS distinguish between System of Balances of the National Economy (MPS). "intermediate" and "final" products and between The traditional national accounting framework consumption and accumulation. of HPEs is the material product system; that of West- The three basic accounting identities of the SNA em economies is the system of national accounts, are production, income, and expenditure (table 5.1). which the HPEs are adopting. The World Bank also makes a terms-of-trade adjust- National data, compiled by central statistical ment to arrive at gross national income (GNY), offices in local currency on sources and use of which represents the volume of goods and services resources, are provided in national and foreign- that is, or could be, purchased with the total na- trade accounts. To use national data in an intema- tional product. Some economic activities, like tional context, they should be comparable with small-scale and informal activities, are included in standard definitions, methods, and units of ac- the SNA but are difficult to measure accurately, counts. But SNA standards are not easily retrofit- even through surveys. ted to the MPS, especially for periods when central Under both the SNA and the MPS, national in- planning, or features of it, prevailed. come excludes intermediate consumption. Under There are practical and conceptual issues in com- the SNA, the main focus, perhaps for the sake of paring MPS accounts and SNA estimates of market convenience, is on GDP, which makes no deduction economies. In the SNA, all sectors of the economy for the "consumption" of productive capital depre- are considered productive; in the MPS, only those ciation. "Net national product" or NNP is arrived that yield "material" goods. This includes "material at when such a deduction is made. Similarly, both services" that bring material consumer goods from the MPS and the SNA distinguish between incomes producers to consumers (transport and trade) and currently earned by productive activity and in- those that maintain the capital stock (maintenance comes originating from secondary redistribution. and repairs). En the MPS "nonmaterial services" such The latter, including grants (called "transfers" 45 Part 3. Country Focus Table 5.1 SNA concepts, coverage, and measurement I. SNA Concepts Production =Income = Expenditure (A) (B) (C) Value added in: Agriculture Compensation of employees Private consumption + Mining + General government consumption + Manufacturing + Operating surplus of enterprises + Construction + Utilities + Depreciation + Gross capital formation + Trade and transport + Exports of goods and non- factor services + Other services + Government services - Imports of goods and non- factor services GDP at factor cost + Indirect taxes less subsidies + Indirect taxes less subsidies GDP at market prices GDP at market prices GDP at market prices + Cross-border factor income + Cross-border factor income receipts less payments receipts less payments - GNP at market prices = GNP at market prices - Depreciation N Net national product (NNP), or national income n1. World Bank Extension Additionally, in constant prices, the World Bank measures: + Terms of trade adjustment = Gross national income (GNY) III. Included in SNA, but difficult to measure in HPEs or MEs or in both: Production Income Expenditure o Formal private sector (in HPEs) o Corresponding factor incomes o Purchases from private sector o Small-scale activities o Wages and salaries from infor- o Own consumption (subsistence, mal activities etc.) o Informal private sector (moon- o Major repairs and maintenance lighting activities) o Corresponding factor incomes o Gratuities for legal, personal services o Tips as a component of compen- o Addition of tips to consumer sation of employees prices 46 Chapter 5. National Accounts under the SNA), are omitted from national income, closer to the "national" than to the "domestic" con- which includes only income earned by productive cept of income. activity of national factors of production. In some HPEs, there are significant differences The treatment of services, sometimes with the between GDP and GNP. For the severely indebted confusing labels of "material" and "nonmaterial," countries, such as Poland, Bulgaria, and Hungary, originates from a theoretical proposition of Marx. interest payments on outstanding debt are large, Marx, in the classical tradition of Adam Smith, reducing GNP below the level of GDP. considered as productive only activities that yield Both systems expect to show macroeconomic tangible, material goods. flows in the production process-gross and net of The value of nonmaterial services, such as ad- intermediate consumption and, in the MPS, net of vertising purchased by the material sector, is depreciation-in the primary incomes generated in treated differently by the SNA and the MPS. In the production and in the composition of final uses SNA, for example, costs of advertising services are according to main purposes. Owing to the differ- deducted from the value added of the food pro- ence in the global value and the difference in clas- cessing sector as intermediate consumption, but sification of the subcategories of GDP and NMP, count as value added in the business service sector. there may be large discrepancies between the com- In the MPS, however, these services would count ponents of each breakdown. as value added in food processing, on the logic of Among the components of income in the MPS, the contribution to the production of material wages and salaries paid in the nonmaterial services goods there. sectors are considered as secondary incomes and Market economies generally use gross measures are excluded from NMP, but in the SNA they are of value added that include depreciation, while part of GDP. This distinction is often overlooked HPEs prefer net measures. Both indicators are avail- when reference is made to the "blind eye" central able in both systems since depreciation is an im- planners turned to irregular or private market ac- portant cost component in the MPS and the SNA tivities; so long as they were nonmaterial they and is shown separately. Certain countries, such as would not be considered in NMP in any event. Poland, published NMP as well as gross material In the MPS the primary income of enterprises product (GMP), which covers the final results of the comprises social security contributions paid by en- material branches without deducting depreciation terprises, with taxes paid into the state budget and of fixed assets. profits retained by the enterprises. Final use of Apart from depreciation, many incidental differ- NMP consists of material goods only, since pur- ences exist between GDP and NMP, including the chases of nonmaterial services are considered treatment of business travel expenses, which are redistributive outlays and not final consumption. intermediate consumption in the SNA but labor In NMP, the total value of final consumption covers compensation, and therefore part of sectoral NMP, all material goods used in nonmaterial services. The in the MPS. Cultural and welfare services provided NMP value of investment is net of depreciation of by enterprises to employees are also intermediate all fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets used in consumption in the SNA but final consumption in nonmaterial services is included in final consump- the MPS. Some losses on fixed capital, the border- tion of material goods. The weakest component of line between current and capital repair, and other the MPS, both on the production and the use side, relatively small items are treated differently. is the measurement of foreign trade transactions- Another SNA-MPS distinction is in accounting the national value of exports and imports and value for national versus domestic aggregates. Gross na- added from foreign trade. tional product differs from GDP by factor income Presentational differences exist in the main cate- from abroad, mainly workers' remittances, interest gories of the SNA and the MPS. Published MPS received, and returns on foreign securities, net of indicators are typically more aggregated and less similar incomes paid to nonresidents. In the MPS transparent basic data. The MPS gives more empha- there is no "net factor income modified" NMP. sis to the flows of material goods than to income When the MPS was adopted in 1969, it was as- and financial flows. While the standard "T-ac- sumed that factor incomes received from or paid count" form will be used in the 1992 version of the abroad were negligible, so no additional income SNA, the matrix form is preferred for presenting the concept was necessary. Where there were such in- economic flows in MPS, with double-entry record- come flows, it could be stated that the NMP was ing of the components in interrelated accounts. 47 Part 3. Country Focus The MPS was adopted by the CMEA Statistical comparable-size market economies. In the HPEs, Commission. But individual countries deviate from CSOs require detailed information from all firms on the recommendations (see Country Notes). In most their input and output. countries, more detailed and additional data are The practice of calculating gross output and compiled for national purposes than are reported, value added from firm-level data in HPEs with or proposed, by the common MPS system. There is universal coverage and compulsory reporting had one exception: On financial flows, only limited data three major drawbacks: are available and even those are not published in * The time and expense needed to gather and com- full. pile data were great. Definitions and methodological descriptions of * Because enterprise reports were also used for MPS indicators are very general, so that operation- ally important rules or clarifications are sometimes roi statistica reportsnd as sucssandia- absent. That makes it difficult to know how similar t f or dissimilar "nationally defined" indicators are to * Enterprise accounting mainly followed concepts one another or to the original MPS (see Country of accounting that sometimes were not appropri- Notes). The importance of these vagaries comes to ate for national accounting (as with inventory light in international comparisons of GNP to NMP- revaluation, and the depreciation of fixed assets). type ratios, since in most HPEs these SNA-type Whereas in the past national statistical offices in accounts are constructed from MPS aggregates. HPEs were able to collect data routinely through For a summary presentation of SNA and MPS comprehensive report forms, during transition, definitions, see the sources and methods in the privatization, the breakup of large enterprises and Technical Notes. For a comparison of the SNA and the growth of small private enterprises, coupled the MPS, see UN: Comparison of the System of Na- with the breakdown of reporting arrangements, tional Accounts and the System of Balances of the Na- requires changes in ways in which data are gath- tional Economy, Parts 1 and 2; Series F No. 20; New ered and reported. Sample surveys of enterprises York 1977 and 1981. Part 1 describes three conver- will need to be launched and this will tax the capac- sion tables for deriving NMP from GDP according ities of CSOs. Two great challenges will need to be to the production, income, and use components and met: preparing and maintaining registers of busi- vice versa; Part 2 illustrates these conversions with nesses and obtaining the cooperation of enterprises actual data for 10 countries. in reporting. In market economies, output is measured regu- Surveying Methods larly by CSOs as part of a broad survey, with a sample of firms volunteering information on in- Gathering data from enterprises in HPEs differs puts/costs and output values that are used to make from the method in most market economies. The estimates of value added. These are extrapolated MPS has universal coverage, because the planners for other firms with similar characteristics to derive need "full" information for control purposes and sectoral value added. This is complemented by de- because the total number of firms is much smaller, tailed censuses of enterprise activities, preferably and the average size of firms much larger, than in every five years. 48 Chapter 6. Moving from NMP to GDP GDP and NMP are the most highly aggregated Table 6.1 compares the magnitude of GDP and -indicators used for measuring the economic perfor- NMP and their ratio between countries and 1980 mance in market economies and HPEs, respec- and 1988 in current prices. tively. Any comparison that aims to measure the different levels, structures, and growth in a market economy and an HPE needs to first identify and then to try to eliminate the definitional differences Box 6.1 Components of Net Material Product between these global indicators. These two syn- and Gross Domestic Product on the Basis of thetic aggregates are generally built up from com- Value Added ponents, using three different ways to arrive at the total: production, income, and expenditure. A. MPS concept In most European HPEs, estimates of GDP have been compiled, though not always published, for at A. Net material product (Al + A2) least a decade. In most HPEs, however, these statis- Al. Primary Income of the Population tics are available only in current prices. Constant- + a. Wages and salaries of employees in price estimates of GDP, using reliable measures of the nonmaterial sphere inflation, are available for only a few. - b. Income from personal and subsidiary While most European HPEs are introducing the plots of the population SNA, some will retain MPS accounting for several + c. Employers' contributions to social ears. hI most cases, the GDP of HPEs is derived security years. In most cases, ~~~~~~~~Material sphere from official NMP estimates by the following adjust- Nonmaterial sphere ments: - d. Business travel expenses Material sphere Starting: NMP = B1. Compensation of Employees Add the total value of depreciation of all fixed (Al + a - b + c - d) A2. Primary income of enterprises assets on material production. + a. Operating surplus and taxes of non- Equals: GMP budgetary units in the nonmaterial * Add the gross value added of nonmaterial ser- + b. sphere + .Income from personal and subsidiary vices. plots of the population * Deduct the nonmaterial inputs used for material - c. Employers' contributions to social se- production. curity in the material sphere - d. Purchase of nonmaterial services in * Adjust for certain minor differences between the the material sphere SNA and the MPS (such as travel costs and wel- - e. Expenditure in connection with fare costs). the provision of cultural facilities Equals: GDP Facilities of industries in the material WhenacountryisintroducingSNAprinciples,basic sphere f.Losses in stocks adjustments should be made to NMP to arrive at GDP, B2. Operating surplus including net as shown in box 6.1. For a further discussion of the indirect taxes conceptual and practical problems of moving from (A2+a+b-c-d--e-f) NMP to GNP, see the World Bank publication Dollar B3. Consumption of fixed capital, including GNPs of the USSR and Eastern Europe (Marer 1985). underpreciated value of scrapped While some countries issued adjustment items fixed assets separately, others published only the final results. B. Gross domestic product (Bi + B2 + B3) 49 Part 3. Country Focus Aggregate Levels capital formation, and their cost is not deducted from gross output. In most other HPEs, they are In the European HPEs, except Hungary, the value included in intermediate consumption, reducing of GDP has been derived by adding to-or, for a few the level of GDP. Depreciation rates appear low in items, deducting from-NMP. Therefore, any dis- HPEs generally, due to insufficient allowance for tortions in NMP are maintained in the newly pub- technological development. There also are concep- lished GDP. For example, the classifications of tual differences in valuing the capital stock, since branches and end-use categories are practically the the established prices of producer durables are same in both aggregates. often distorted. In some countries they are valued The ratios of GDP to NMP show significant dif- net of taxes, and in others they are taxed. Imported ferences among countries and through time; some durables are also valued differently, depending on seem to suggest underlying statistical problems. In the country and the origin of the durables. general, the GDP/NMP ratios might be expected to Interest and insurance payments are treated dif- be higher in countries with higher per capita in- ferently by the countries that recently made GDP comes than in lower income countries, owing to estimates. Their treatment probably deviates from higher depreciation on a larger capital stock and a SNA methods. larger service sector. But these ratios do not appear Valuing housing services is another problem. Sub- closely related to income rankings. A breakdown of sidies in most HPEs are large. Thus, in countries GDP and NMP by main components allows more where rented apartments are valued at rents actually detailed accounting of material and nonmaterial paid, such as was the case in the past in Bulgaria and services and depreciation (table 6.2). Hungary, the value added was much lower than that In scaling up from NMP to GDP, two main ad- in countries where they are valued at factor costs. justments are addition of depreciation and nonma- Approaches to inputing rent of owner-occupied terial services. However, most of the difference dwellings are also different. between GDP and NMP (about two-thirds on aver- There is also a lack of reliable data on military age) is accounted for by depreciation (table 6.3). production and expenditure, in both content and The main problems of scaling up NMP to GDP valuation. There may be differences, too, in the are as follows: treatment of some items, such as food and clothing, The "adding back" of depreciation to NMP, how- consumed by military personnel. ever distorted its original value may be, results in a Clearly there is a need for more standardization, truer estimated GDP than NMP. NMP is greatly familiarization, and application of the SNAin many influenced by the arbitrariness of depreciation, HPEs. But where institutional arrangements in which then is reflected in the ratio of GDP to NMP these countries differ from those in market econo- and in their growth. Moreover, the presumably mies, the present SNA does not give appropriate large differences in the treatment of capital repairs guidelines for adjusting to these special situations. have a direct effect on the level of GDP. For example, Work is under way to include additional guidelines in the former USSR, capital repairs are part of fixed in the 1993 version of the SNA for the treatment of Table 6.1 Comparison of NMP and GDP for the European HPEs for 1980 and 1988 in current national market prices (billions of national currency units) Ratio of GDP to NMP NMP GDP (percentage) 1980 1988 1980 1988 1980 1988 Bulgaria 20.5 29.4 25.8 38.3 125.9 130.3 Hungary 582.9 1,152.0 721.0 1,452.2 123.7 126.0 Poland 1,992.0 24,995.0 2,511.0 29,628.0 126.1 118.5 Romania 513.6 697.4 616.9 857.0 120.1 122.9 Sources: These data are official and are either published in the statistical yearbooks of the countries or submitted officially to the World Bank or the IMF. See the Technical Notes. 50 Chapter 6. Movingfrom NMP to GDP Table 6.2 Comparison of the differences between NMP, GMP, and GDP (for 1988 in current prices) (billions of national currency units) Purchases Percent share of of Gross nonmaterial Gross value Depr. value added services for added of in in the non- material nonmaterial material material and other Depr. in services in NMP sphere GMP sphere adjustments GDP GMP GDP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Bulgaria 29.4 4.9 34.3 5.0 1.0 38.3 14.3 13.0 Hungary 1,152.7 107.5 1,260.2 255.7 63.7 1,452.2 8.5 17.6a Poland 24,995.0 1,597.0 26,592.0 3,797.0 760.0 29,628.0 6.0 12.8 Romania 697.4 .. .. 87.6 .. 857.0 .. 10.1 a. This share is calculated from market price values which are lower than basic values in the case of nonmaterial services. Sources: For Poland GMP was officially published in national statistical yearbooks. For the other countries depreciation was published separately for assets used in the material and nonmaterial sphere. In the case of Bulgaria, the total depreciation and that of the nonmaterial sphere are shown in a separate report sent to the World Bank. Note: Columns (1) plus (2) equals (3); (3) plus (4) minus (5) equals (6). special flows in HPEs. Meanwhile, publication of Measuring services in HPEs is particularly diffi- detailed adjustments made in GDP estimates, to- cult. For example, the relative importance of labor gether with the methodology applied, would help and capital, especially in health services, differs unravel the differences in the measures and statis- across the countries. In the health sector low fixed- tical systems of market economies and HPEs. fee services were typically undervalued, but infor- mal fees and payments in kind were also Structure unrecorded. Owing to undervalued output mea- sured at prevailing prices and the lack of profit in The introduction of GDP in HPEs implies import- government institutions, or subsidies in some ser- ant modifications to statistical measures on the vices, the share of nonmaterial services in GDP at structure of the economy. Since capital intensity current prices is probably understated (table 6.4). and the use of material services differ substantially, An accurate measurement of the major end-use however, the material sectors' shares in GDP do not aggregates of the final product, consumption, and change proportionally in scaling up from NMP to investment is essential for macroeconomic analysis GDP. (table 6.5). Table 6.3 Relative shares of depreciation and nonmaterial services in the GDP-NMP gap (1988) (expressed as a share of GDP less NMP) Gross value added in the nonmaterial sphere less purchase of nonmaterial Depreciation in the servicesfor material material sphere productiona Share of depreciationb Nonmaterial servicesb (1) (2) (3) (4) Bulgaria 55 45 66 34 Hungary 42 58 56 44 Poland 34 66 50 50 a. Includes some other minor adjustments. b. Adjusted by 25 percent to reapportion the depreciation component of column 2 to column 1. Adjustment based on actual data for Bulgaria (World Bank). Source: Basic data from Table 2 (same footnotes apply). 51 Part 3. Country Focus Table 6.4 Share of nonmaterial services in em- * Moving losses to investment. ployment and GDP * Accounting for inventory changes, strategic re- Employment GDP serves, and military procurement. 1980 1988 1980 1988 Since the weight of depreciation is high, the rel- Bulgaria 16.9 18.3 10.6 13.0 ative adjustment for investment is higher than that Hungary 19.0 21.6 15.0 21.8 in final consumption; therefore, as the ratio of con- Poland 16.4 19.3 .. 12.8 sumption decreases, that of investment increases Romania 12.4 .. 11.2 10.1 within GDP as compared with ratios in NMR. Net accumulation and changes in stocks tend to Source: Foremployment:CMEAStatisticalYearbookl988, be overstated in the MPS, owing to historical valu- pp. 566-75. ation and inadequate accounting for replacement at current prices. Another difference stems from the Consumption in NMP covers only material treatment of capital repairs in HPEs; in the NMW it goods consumed and goods, plus a depreciated is counted as depreciation and in SNA as part of part of fixed assets, used for providing nonmaterial gross domestic fixed capital formation. sert Fofrfixed assets, fullsNA value of consumptione The SNA concept of investment, by avoiding the services. Forthe full SNAvalue ofconsumption, the estimation of depreciation, alleviates only part of net value adde of nosuateia the distortion in investment rates and growth. Sev- included.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~h Thisrho wil resulten ine nrot.Sv eral remaining problems hamper the comparability * A more comparable concept of total final con- of gross capital formation. These problems are com- sumption and, within it, of private final con- pounded when estimating the constant price value sumption, with the similar aggregates of market of net or gross investment, since for most invest- economies. ments the "true" changes of prices are almost im- * An internationally more comparable structure of possible to measure. So, generally, investment, final consumption over time, for example, in- gross or net, is the least reliable component of NMP creasing the relative weights of housing, educa- or GDP in HPEs. tion, health, and general government administration at the expense of food, clothing, Growth and so on. For internal and international comparisons, the There are no big differences in the growth rates of investment component of NMP should also be GDP and NMP in constant prices except during scaled up to gross capital formation to conform periods of exceptionally high growth. This is hardly with the GDP concept by: surprising. The material sphere overwhelmingly * Reallocating depreciation from consumption to m- determines the development of the entire economy. vestment. The price indexes used for the deflation of the two current values, whether accurate or not, are basi- * Adding depreciation in material sectors. cally the same. And the two additional components of GDP-value added by nonmaterial services and Table 6.5 Share of consumption and dep-usually have different growth in NMP and GDP' in selected countries at current trends from that of NMP, possibly offsetting one prices another's effects. More specifically, the constant price value of de- 1988 percentage share in preciation has increased much faster than NMP in Final consumption Investment all HPEs because the forced pace of investment has NMP GDP NMP GDP resulted in a fast increase of capital stock and rapid Bulgaria 75 66 25 34 depreciation. Although depreciation may still be Hungary 80 73 20 25 understated in HPEs, the growth of depreciation Poland 68 65 32 33 continued to increase despite falling levels of in- Romania 77 62 23 28 vestment during the 1980s. This growth may reflect an increase in accounting for the deterioration of Source: See the Country Tables. Shares may not sum to fixed assets. 100 because of the resource balance. Consumption in GDP For value added of nonmaterial services in real includes statistical discrepancy. terns, it is assumed that growth is determined by 52 Chapter 6. Moving from NMP to GDP Table 6.6 Comparison of volume indices for NMP and GDP for 1970-89 (in percentage) NMP (official) GDP (Oicial or estimated) 1980/70 1989/80 1989170 1980/70 1989/80 1989/70 Bulgaria 196 135 262 193 148 286 Hungary 156 110 171 161 116 187 Poland 169 107 182 167 112 186 Romania 245 109 266 239 112 268 Source: Official published data. changes in the number of employees, without ac- other weights for aggregations and other deflators counting for increases in productivity, since the were used for calculating growth rates. majority of these services are not marketed. Only a relatively small part of services-which can be The results called "modem" services and are marketed-show rapid growth: computer services, banking, insur- Generally, in the building-block approach, individ- ance, and advertising. But these remained far be- ual volume indexes, based on a sample data of hind the development of similar services in market physical outputs-or "constant value" indexes- economies. were combined with these adjusted sectoral In periods of fast NMP growth, the growth rate weights, often producing a significantly different of GDP is nearly the same as NMP, or sometimes aggregate growth rate. lower. In periods of stagnation or slow growth of The production volume indices of many sectors NMP, the GDP growth rate exceeds that of NMP and branches, especially those for industry, were (table 6.6). recomputed, based on sample data on physical out- puts or some proxy. This required data on physical Altemative Computations quantities. Where such data were not available or where the products were so diverse that data in Because HPEs produced incomparable data using physical units did not represent the production the NMP concept and officially published growth ____ __ rates were biased by such problems as inadequate adjustment for hidden inflation, Western experts Box 6.2 The Adjusted Factor Cost and and government agencies have constructed inde- Building Block Method pendent estimates of the growth and structure of the GNPs of the former USSR and 7 countries of Eastern To reconstruct GNP and value added at established EuoeSeCmaao Tbe,> H. Gude Th prices by sectors oforigin and by end use, peculiar- Europe. (See Comparator Tables, HPE Guide, lThe ities of price setting in HPEs, such as large subsidies World Bank, 1992.) Comparable estimates have also and taxes on many consumer goods and services been made for some non-European HPEs. and arbitrary profit markups in branches, are cor- rected. This is done by adding subsidies, subtract- The methodology ing turnover taxes, and imposing an economywide uniform rate of return on fixed and working capi- These recomputations relied on the pioneering work tal. The AFC valuations of output reveal a different of Abram Bergson, who devised the adjusted factor GNP structure, which provides the base-year weights for computing growth of the various cost (AFC) and building block method (see box 6.2). branches and sectors. This method developed a detailed set of GNP ac- In the building-block approach, the indices of counts for a base year, using each country's official growth in the individual producing sectors as well data and then moving the components over time as end-use aggregates are based on sample data in with indexes that reflect changes in real output. physical units, adjusted whenpossible for changes hi many cases, the estimates were based on offi- in product mix and quality. Where output mea- cial data relating to the quantities of goods and sures in physical units are unavailable or not appli- cial data relating to the quantities Of goods and cable, officially published and supposedly services produced or consumed, to wages, taxes, constant-value indices are used. The base year, and capital stock, and so on. But instead of using estab- hence the weights, are periodically revised. lished prices for products as a basis for weighting, 53 Part 3. Country Focus volume (as in the case of computers, for example), Differences in the rate of growth between the offi- official production series, denominated in "compa- cial and recomputed indices resulted from differences rable" prices, or an index number based on constant in coverage (the coverage gap), in weights (the prices, were used. weighting gap), and in the component indices (the In some sectors, notably services, employment index gap). indices adjusted for hours worked, were used as production volume indices. In the defense sector, Box 6.3 Intemational Comparisons of military expenditure was used as a proxy for value Military Expenditures added (box 6.3). The building-block approach relied extensively International comparisons of military expendi- on official constant price indices, which tended to tures-whether the goal is assessment of relative be upward-biased, especially for countries where efforts or of military strength-often lack credibil- official data on physical quantity series were ity and produce distorted results. Activities cov- ered by military expenditures vary widely among scant-one reason why no a priori judgment could countries; many countries do not provide full ac- be made about these alternative indices. They had counting of military expenditures, and the index to be evaluated for each country and period. This number problem is inherent in all international required detailed and transparent documentation economic comparisons. Moreover, exchange rate on how these indices were constructed, which was conversions of official statistics from one monetary not available for all countries and all periods. system to another create distortions, especially for The differences between official and altematively countries with different levels of development or whose currencies are not convertible. estimated growth rates were significant. For 1950-88, In market economies, the defense sector's por- for example, the GNP volume indices estimated by tion of GNP or GDP is calculated on the basis of Western experts showed only a half to a third as rapid government purchases of goods and services for a rate of growth as the official volume indices for the military. In addition, defense budget break- NMP. Comparing the two kinds of volume indices for downs are published, permitting cross-checking the 1970s and 1980s showed significant differences between planned and actual military expenditures. but.te deiatio wassmaller than in the two previ' HPEs typically provide little such information, if but the deviation was smauer tnn m tne to prevl- any. For example, until 1989 the former USSR r e- ous decades. Comparisons of end-point years are ported only a single annual figure for military ex- shown only to give an order of magnitude (table 6.7). penditures, which clearly understated actual A recent World Bank study also showed that official amounts. Prior to the collapse of the former USSR, data before the start of the 1990/91 transition over- the official figure was greatly increased but was stated the economic growth rates for Bulgaria, former still believed to be seriously understated. Militarry Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The expenditures reported by the Russian government overstatemen was relatively moreforBuland the other former Soviet republics are consid- overstatement was relatively more for Bulgaria and ered equally unreliable. Romania than for the other countries. Least-squares Even with comparable coverage for military ex- growth rates are calculated for GDP and components penditures, full accounting, budgets, and adjust- in the Global Tables (chapter 4) for selected time ments for the index number problem and exchange periods during 1970-90; they can also be calculated for rate conversions, the valuation of military goods and GDP and NWP from time series shown in the Country services would remain problematic for HPEs. If prices Tables. do not cover opportunity costs, military expenditure data will be generally understated. Valuation prob- lems also occur where inflation is "hidden" through Table 6.7 Comparison of official NMP and recom- subsidies to defense suppliers. puted GNP volume indices for European HPEs Western governnments used a building block ap- proach to estimate military expenditures in the 1988 in percentage of 1970 former USSR. The costs of annual production of NivP official GNP recomputed weapons, operations and maintenance, military pay, military construction, and research and devel- Bulgaria 276 146 opment wvere estimated on the basis of information Hungary 173 140 collected through intelligence services. This is a Poland 183 151 labor-intensive and expensive process which has Romania 351 168 not been applied to other HPEs. Source: Richard F. Kaufman, "Problem of Downsizing and Disso- Sources: Historically Planned Economies-A Guide to the lution: Russian Defense Policy after the Breakup," in Joint Eco- nomiic Conmuittee, The Former Soviet Union in Transition, Vol. 2, Data. World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1992. Washington, D.C., 1993. 54 Chapter 6. Movingfrom NMP to GDP As a result, growth rates calculated for GNP re- Another deficiency of the building-block ap- computed through the building-block method have proach was its lack of accounting for changes in been questioned by some experts. They argued that production technologies, especially after the energy output indexes measured in physical units, even, crises of 1973-75 and 1979-81, which altered the say, in Germany or in the U.S., understated real input-output relationships. This change was not growth rates by accounting insufficiently for im- reflected in the building-block type index, which provements in the quality of the goods produced or tended to be a gross output measure. When individ- in changes in product assortment. Some studies sug- ual volume indices of physical output quantities gested that using this building-block approach sig- were weighted with actual value added or adjusted nificantly lowered growth rate estimates. A counter factor costs of a single year, it was not clear that the argument was that technical progress embodying resulting global index correctly expressed the quality improvements had been slower in HPEs change in volume of value added. In some indus- than in market economies, so that the resulting bias tries, where the trend between gross output and for HPEs was less than that of market economies intermediate consumption diverged considerably, which tended to understate inflation. Furthermore, as in agriculture, the double-deflation method-a for many of the component indices, the official deflation of the gross value of output and inputs- "constant price" indices were used as a default was, theoretically, able to provide more plausible option even in the building-block approach, which results than the building-block approach with fixed caused an overstatement of real growth. weights. 55 Chapter 7. Converting National Data to Dollars Estimating the size of a country's economy and cies and compare the resulting values with similar income for comparative purposes requires a com- data from other countries, a distinction must be mon definition, such as per capita GNP or GDP, made between the rates governing transactions of expressed in a common currency or unit of account. specific goods and services and the average, or Because no single method is perfect, the methods are unified rate. Owing to the large differences between often subject to controversy, especially when the HPEs and market economies in the structure of comparisons involve countries at widely different relative prices, and the systematic undervaluation levels of per capita income. Estimates for the HPEs of basic goods in HPEs, the average exchange rates are more questionable than those for other countries, that could be meaningful for converting national partly because analysts face serious difficulties in income aggregates to dollars may be inappropriate interpreting statistics and obtaining evaluations of for converting partial or microeconomic data. product quality and availability and partly because Until 1990 the currencies of HPEs were not con- their "convertors" (e.g., exchange rates) have more vertible because these countries maintained de than the usual degree of uncertainty. facto multiple exchange-rate systems. Exchange- Exchange rates are almost always available, for rate-based estimates of dollar per capita GNPs were almost all countries of the world, but comparability usually based on commercial exchange rates or does not rest on whether the prevailing exchange their equivalents. rate of a country is at or close to the level to ensure Because commercial rates approximate the aver- the balance of payments equilibrium. It rests on age, rather than the marginal, cost of earning a unit whether the exchange rate links the domestic prices of foreign currency through exports, the rates may of tradables to their world prices. When domestic be overvalued relative to the hypothetical values that prices are set with little heed to market forces, as in would prevail if rates were determined by market the HPEs, no prevailing exchange rate can be con- forces. Black-market rates substantially lower than sidered an appropriate conversion factor. What is commercial exchange rates suggest that most HFE needed, in such cases, is a price for foreign currency currencies are overvalued. Evidence for this is implied that is consistent with the domestic prices for goods by large export subsidies in HPEs. Even the "market" and services whose national currency values are to for foreign currency is likely to incorporate large spill- be converted (see box 7.1). over effects from controlled markets for goods or services. Thus, the meaning of a "market-deter- Exchange Rates During Transition mined" exchange rate is at best ambiguous. As economic reforms occur in HPEs, the ex- Under central planning, there is no sanctioned mar- change rates become more suited to converting ket for foreign currency and international transac- GNP into dollars. In several Eastern European tions are tightly controlled; exchange rates are not HPEs where market reforms have progressed to the determined by the market. The authorities establish stage where official exchange rates reasonably re- a set of exchange rates for the inconvertible local flect the rate effectively applied to international currency that does not directly link domestic and transactions, the World Bank Atlas method based foreign prices. A system of price equalization aims on the official exchange rates is used in converting to insulate the domestic economy from the rest of national currency GNP to U.S. dollars. the world, even if the HPE has a significant volume Estimating per capita incomes of the economies of exports and imports. of the former Soviet Union that are reasonably com- To determine whether exchange rates can be em- parable to other countries presents special difficul- ployed to convert statistics in local currency (such ties. Most domestic prices of tradables before 1992 as those for trade flows, debt, wage rates, incomes, were administratively determined independently and GNP) into values expressed in foreign curren- of their foreign prices. Thus, the official exchange 56 Chapter 7. Converting National Data to Dollars Box 7.1 Problems of Using Exchange Rates as Convertors Using a country's official exchange rate as the sole conversion factor to express its international transactions in dollars or convert its GNP or GDP from local currency to dollars is not applicable to countries that: * Have dual or multiple exchange rates. * Have active parallel or black markets. * Maintain extensive price controls and trade-related restrictions. Countries that show large deviations between official exchange rates and the actual transaction rates include HPEs as well as many other countries (see the mFs Annual Report on Exchange Arrangernents and Exchange Restrictions). Multiple exchange rates are manifested directly when certain intemational transactions are conducted at different exchange rates and indirectly when, say, taxes, subsidies, and surcharges are applied to international transactions. A preferential rate for essential imports, and in some cases, for debt service payments, is a common feature of multiple currency regimes. Separate exchange rates for important current invisible payments is another. For countries that have multiple (includingblack market) rates, weighted average effective exchange rates serve as useful converters. Although many countries have illegal or black markets that operate as important and integral parts of their trade and exchange systems, it is rarely possible to assign or agree on a weight for the parallel markets because their very nature makes them difficult to assess. Therefore, computing and using a weighted average effective exchange rate converter is particularly difficult. rate did not link foreign currency prices of tradables converted at exchange rates vary systematically by to their domestic prices. Further, foreign prices of level of income for market economies, an adjust- products traded with former CMEA countries were ment was made to the ruble-dollar PPP for the negotiated between trading parties and included exchange rate-PPP differences in the comparator substantial implicit subsidy and tax elements. They countries. Finally, the 1990 ruble per capita GNP diverge significantly from the international prices. estimates for the 15 republics were converted into For products "traded" between republics, their for- dollars using a single synthetic Atlas-type conver- eign prices need to be imputed. All these suggest sion factor (SACF) derived for the whole former that the official ruble-dollar exchange rate cannot Soviet Union. be used to derive dollar GNPs, which would be The SACF method is thus designed to derive an internationally comparable. alternative set of exchange rates per U.S. dollar for External trade data for the former Soviet Union these HPEs, based on the PPP relationship between suggest that official exchange rates deviated, by an an individual HPE and a group of comparable mar- exceptionally large margin, from the implicit ex- ket-oriented economies and the PPP-exchange rate change rates linking the domestic prices of tradable relationship for the latter group of economies. Five goods and the corresponding international prices. market-oriented economies (Greece, Portugal, Further, because of the seriously distorted domestic Korea, Hungary and former Yugoslavia) were cho- price structures, particularly highly subsidized ser- sen as "linkage countries" since they were consid- vice prices, the ratio of the average price of nontraded ered most comparable to the former Soviet Union, goods to those of traded goods may be downward- and they also participated in the 1985 International biased considerably. Comparison Programme (ICP). In view of these difficulties, an alternative meth- The former Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria, odology was developed to estimate per capita GNP former Czechoslovakia and Mongolia are among in US$ for the economies of the former Soviet the countries included in the 1988 CMEA price Union. (See Working Paper #1057, Measuring the comparison. Poland, Hungary, Romania, former Incomes of Economies of the Former Soviet Union, De- Yugoslavia as well as Greece, Portugal, and Korea cember 1992.) A ruble-dollar conversion factor was are among those included in the 1985 European constructed relying first on a comparison of the ICP. Poland is included in both CMEA compari- purchasing power parity (PPP) of the ruble against son and European ICP. It thus serves as the "link- currencies of five "comparable" upper middle-in- age country" between economies included in the come economies. Since the difference between in- CMEA comparison and those in the European come estimates converted at PPPs and those ICP. 57 Part 3. Country Focus These 1990 estimates were extended into 1991 the dependent variable and PPP-converted per figures by accounting for changes in real GNP and capita income and the independent variable; population of each republic multiplied by the US * Ruble-dollar conversion factors (SACFs) for each inflation over that year. republic in each year are then derived as the Subsequently, the SACF method was refined be- product of PPP and ERDI; cause the differences among republics have wid- oducofpPP anderDi; ened considerably in 1992 as budgetary ransfers * Finally, a composite conversion factor for 1992 is from the Union (most significant for poorer repub- computed by averaging the 1990, 1991 and 1992 \ . . ~~~~~~~~~~~SACFs in a precisely parallel manner to the Atlas lics) were terminated and the terms of trade imnacts method for averaging exchange rates. This is of price adjustments and changes in trading part- then used to convert ruble GNP per capita in ners varied greatly across the economies of the into dollars. former Soviet Union. Inflation also varied signifi- cantly among states. Moreover, massive move- ments of the real exchange rate between 1990 and Foreign Trade 1992 have occurred. To correct these difficulties, a refined SACF Monitoring HPE's trade flows and direction of their method includes three changes to the original trade and settlements is particularly challenging. methodology used for the 1990-91 GNP conversion HPEs conducted their foreign trade partly in dollars to US dollars. They are the following: or other convertible currencies, and partly in trans- . A single PPP estimate for the former Soviet econ- ferable rubles (a fictive accounting unit used in omies is replaced by country-specific PPP esti- intra-CMEA trade). All trade with the West was mates for the 15 republics. This change is made conducted in convertible currencies, but not all possible by previously unavailable data on a trade between CMEA members was in transferable 39-product expenditure basket for each former rubles. A significant share of intra-CMEA trade Soviet economy in the late 1980s; (such as food products, and other quality goods) • Country-specific SACFs are derived for each re- was also settled in convertible currencies. This sys- * Country-specific SACFs are derived for each re- public based on estimated exchange rate-PPP tem was maintained until the collapse of the CMEA relationships for a much greater number of de- (and the end of the transferable ruble accounting) in veloping economies (with per capita incomes December1990. While only total trade is comparable that cover the full range of per capita incomes of in coverage to the trade data of market economies, the former Soviet Union) rather than just the five the range of estimates for this total is wide because upper mdlicmeooeuof complexities involved in estimating each subset. republics in the 1990 estimate; To the extent that trade and balance-of-payments items were initially denominated in dollars or other * The annual SACFs are averaged over three years convertible currencies, they can be reconverted into in the same way as exchange rates are in the Atlas their original currencies at the accounting rate ini- methodology. This is to recognize that the struc- tially used to convert them into local currency, pro- tural changes, which are reflected in the ex- vided one can identify this accounting rate. That, change rate-PPP relationship, can be expected to however, is difficult, given the role of foreign trade materialize only after some years. organizations, price equalization funds, etc. With Thus, the new method involves the following regard to types of accounting rates, HPEs have not specific steps for estimating 1992 GNP per capita in followed uniform procedures, and for any given U.S. dollars: country, there will have been changes over time in the types of accounting rates used. * PPP-converted GNP per capita in U.S. dollars is For transferable ruble trade and for barter ar- derived from ruble GNP per capita data for each rangements, assessing values in local currency and economy for 1990, 1991 and 1992; converting these series to dollars is even more com- * A hypothetical "exchange rate deviation index" plex and the range of estimates, even larger. (ERDI), which is the ratio of the nominal ex- change rate to PPP, is estimated for 1990, 1991 Total Trade and 1992; the ERDI for each year is then derived from an estimated inverse relationship in 68 de- Socialist trade with market economies was originally veloping marketeconomiesbetween the ERDI as conducted at world market prices and settled in con- 58 Chapter 7. Converting National Data to Dollars vertible currencies. Most intrasocialist trade was goods and thus understated the resulting dollar conducted at negotiated or lagged world prices and values, although the opposite may be true for accounted for in transferable rubles. Most UN doc- energy and raw materials. uments publish trade data from national sources, * Converting each country's TR trade to dollars at with the ECE filling gaps from mirror statistics of its own TR-dollar cross rate. This conversion is trade partner countries, and convert these series more realistic, especially for the exports of coun- into dollars via the nationally reported local cur- tries that have carried out exchange rate reforms. rency/dollar exchange rates used to convert the It has two drawbacks, however. For "reforming" initial convertible transactions. ECE also publishes countries, the rate is based on the average local- an alternative dollar series using a uniform currency cost of earning a dollar and a TR in ruble/dollar cross rate. exports; the coefficient that would link the local- currency and TR values in imports may differ Alternative dollar estimates of intra-CMEA trade because the composition and relative prices of exports and imports are different. More import- Before the collapse of the CMEA trade system, differ- ant, the commercial rates introduce a break in ences in the official, the implicit, and the implied TR/$ data consistency. ratios by year, for exports and imports, for total trade Converting each country's TR trade to dollars at and by commodity categories, show that an econom- a uniform composite TR-dollar cross rate, com- ically correct revaluation of trade flows published in uted for each ear. This method uses an un- TRs into dollars would require the repricing of all yuted forach cross rates an un- intra-HPE trade at world market prices. countries immediately after these commercial Four main approaches could be considered for cuntriesim ede after t commral estimating the dollar value of intra-CMEA trade exchange rates were introduced. A uniform rate (stimathroug the do1990):lue of intra-CMEAtrade is then applied to all countries, following the example of the ECE, which made similar compu- * Revaluing trade flows at hypothetical dollar tations for one year. (See Economic Bulletin for prices. Attempts to do this have been made by Europe, November1990.) Bilateral TR price levels Marrese and Vanous (1983), Marrese and of the countries are not identical but depend, Wittenberg (1990), and Kenen (1991), for exam- among other variables, on the commodity com- ple. The general applicability of their common position of bilateral trade; this detracts from the method-assigning hypothetical dollar prices or validity of this approach. values to intra-CMEA trade by commodities or commodity groups-is constrained. There is a Post-CMEA Trade scarcity of published commodity data in intra- CMEA trade and, more importantly, the degree With the collapse of the CMEA system, trade among of uncertainty with which hypothetical dollar former members has shrunk sharply. While a part of values can be estimated is high, given varying this trade is now settled in convertible currencies, assumptions about world market prices and dol- other parts are shifted to bilateral barter. The num- lar-based assessments of the quality and utility ber of independent economic units involved in trade of the goods being traded. is increasing rapidly. National statistical agencies * Converting TR trade to dollars at the official have not developed appropriate procedures to col- IBEC TR-dollar exchange rate. This conversion lect information from these independent units. Fur- assumes, on average for each country and for thermore, these units may have several strong each year, that prices in intra-CMEA trade were incentives to falsify their reports. Thus, one of the identical to world market (West-West) prices, main statistical issues now is how to ensure the full from which traders in the CMEA obtained TR coverage of foreign trade transactions. values by using the IBEC rate. This approach is HPEs' statistical agencies are also changing com- simple, and a uniform converter is employed for modity classification from the CMEA to the SITC every country. But price assumptions are un- system. This creates another transitional statistical likely to be accurate. For most years, the IBEC problem of presenting trade data by commodities rate overvalued the TR for most manufactured consistently over time. 59 Country Tables Albania Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Albanian leks) GNP at market prices .. Net factor income .. GDP at market prices .. 15,538 16,073 16,544 16,724 16,510 16,863 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost .. .. Agriculture 4,319 4,292 4,314 4,665 4,399 4,703 Industry .. 5,782 5,704 5,968 5,928 5,848 5,886 Services 5,437 6,077 6,262 6,131 6,263 6,274 Resource balance 63 236 -745 -437 -324 -373 Exports GNFS 3,592 3,694 3,205 3,043 2,875 2,738 Imports GNFS .. .. 3,529 3,458 3,950 3,480 3,199 3,111 Domestic absorption .. 15,475 15,837 17,289 17,161 16,834 17,236 Total consumption .. 10,107 10,192 11,016 11,128 11,587 11,713 Private consumption .. 8,711 8,820 9,595 9,660 10,033 10,144 General government consumption .. .. 1,396 1,372 1,421 1,468 1,554 1,569 Gross domestic investment . 5,368 5,645 6,273 6,033 5,247 5,523 Fixed domestic investment .. 5,269 4,987 5,508 5,923 6,111 5,445 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (ntillions of constant 1987 Albanian leks) Gross national product (GNP) .. GDP at market prices .. .. 14,878 15,723 16,190 16,379 16,174 16,462 GDP at factor cost Agriculture .. 4,091 4,292 4,314 4,665 4,399 4,645 Industry .. 5,224 5,463 5,715 5,677 5,600 5,637 Services .. 5,563 5,968 6,161 6,037 6,175 6,180 Resource balance 63 236 -745 -437 -324 -373 Exports GNFS .. 3,592 3,694 3,205 3,043 2,875 2,738 Imports GNFS .. .. 3,529 3,458 3,950 3,480 3,199 3,111 Domestic absorption .. 14,815 15,487 16,935 16,816 16,498 16,835 Total consumption .. 10,010 10,083 10,946 11,121 11,575 11,701 Private consumption 8,625 8,723 9,539 9,666 10,039 10,150 General government consumption 1,385 1,360 1,407 1,455 1,536 1,551 Gross domestic investment .. 4,805 5,404 5,989 5,695 4,923 5,134 Fixed domestic investment .. .. 4,712 4,778 5,261 5,590 5,746 5,060 Depreciation MEPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (midlions of current Albanian leks) NMP produced: 6,830 .. 12,862 13,265 13,625 13,696 13,300 13,602 Agriculture and forestry 2,356 4,319 4,292 4,314 4,665 4,399 4,703 Industry excluding construction 2,896 .. 5,782 5,704 5,968 5,928 5,848 5,886 Construction 697 891 939 1,041 1,070 1,065 979 Transport and communication .. 372 375 446 457 461 446 Trade 881 .. Other services - 1,498 1,954 1,856 1,577 1,527 1,5S8 Resource balance .. 14 74 -204 -301 -130 -116 NMP used: domestic market 9,230 12,848 13,191 13,829 13,997 13,430 13,718 Final consumption, material goods 6,340 9,034 9,212 9,262 9,772 10,023 10,095 Personal consumption 7,721 7,863 7,887 8,351 8,563 8,629 Collective consumption 1,313 1,349 1,375 1,422 1,460 1,466 Net capital formation 2,890 3,814 3,979 4,567 4,225 3,407 3,623 Net fixed capital formation 2,120 3,175 3,173 3,628 3,741 3,754 3,248 Changes in stocks 770 639 806 939 484 -347 375 Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (nillions of constant Albanian leks) NMP produced: .. .. 12,199 12,929 13,281 13,351 12,964 13,200 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 4,091 4,292 4,314 4,665 4,399 4,645 Industry and construction .. .. 6,038 6,375 6,726 6,716 6,635 6,588 Services .. .. 2,070 2,262 2,241 1,970 1,930 1,967 Resource balance .. .. 15 75 -204 -300 -130 -116 NMP used: domestic market .. .. 12,184 12,854 13,485 13,651 13,094 13,316 Final consumption, material goods .. .. 8,944 9,122 9,210 9,772 10,023 10,095 PersonIal consumption .. .. 7,631 7,773 7,835 8,351 8,563 8,629 Collective consumption .. .. 1,313 1,349 1,375 1,422 1,460 1,466 Net capital formation .. .. 3,240 3,732 4,275 3,879 3,071 3,221 Net fixed capital formation .. .. 2,972 2,716 3,257 3,338 3,328 2,864 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 62 Albania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) (mitlilios of currenit Albaniant leks) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 17,390 17,253 17,008 18,681 16,813 16,841 48,484 GDP at market pricea Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost 4,768 4,550 4,296 4,919 4,705 4,224 17,831 . Agriculture 6,196 6,276 6,310 6,822 5,486 3,850 8,566 Industry 6,426 6.427 6,402 6,940 6,622 8,767 22,087 Services -71 -17 -482 -483 -1,303 -3,388 -39,039 . Resource balance 2~619 2,668 2.786 3,351 2,541 1,202 5,727 Exports GNFS 2,690 2,685 3,269 3,835 3,844 4,590 44,766 Imports GNFS 17,461 17,270 17,490 19.164 18,116 20.229 87,523 . Domestic absorption 12,086 12,367 12,574 13,238 12,639 19,222 82,482 Total consumption 10,473 10.703 10,965 11.592 10,987 ...Private consumption 1,613 1,664 1,609 1,646 1,653 ...General government consumption 5,375 4,903 4,916 5,926 5,477 1,007 5,041 Gross domestic investment 5,385 5,588 5.3 63 5,854 5,810 .. . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (mnillions of contstantt 1987 Albanian leks) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 17,390 17,253 17,008 18,681 16.813 12, 156 10,974 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost 4,768 4,550 4.296 4,919 4,705 3,720 4,037 Agriculture 6.196 6,276 6,310 6,822 5,486 3,463 1,939 Industry 6.426 6,427 6,402 6,940 6,622 4,973 4,998 Services -71 -17 -482 -483 -1,303 -2,498 -8,837 Resource balance 2,619 2,668 2,786 3,35 1 2,541 887 1,297 Exports GNFS 2,690 2,685 3,269 3,835 3,844 3,385 10,134 Imports GNFS 17,461 17,270 17.490 19,164 18,116 14,654 19,811 Domestic absorption 12,086 12,367 12,574 13,238 12,639 13,911 18,670 . Total consumption 10,473 10,703 10,965 1 1,592 10,987 .. . Private consumption 1,613 1.664 1,609 1,646 1,653 ..General government consumption 5,375 4,903 4,916 5,926 5,477 743 1.141 Gross domestic investment 5,385 5,588 5,363 5,854 5,810 ..Fixed domestic investment -. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation (mtillions of current Albanian lek.s) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 14,013 13,699 13,631 15,223 13,229 . .NMP produced: 4,768 4,550 4,296 4,919 4,289 ... . Agriculture and forestry 6,196 6,276 6,310 6,822 6,087 ... Industry excluding construction 936 879 891 989 859 ... Construction 480 479 498 517 449 ... . Tranisport and communication Trade 1,633 1,515 1,636 1.976 1.545 ..f Other services 51 -106 -287 -289 -1,280 ... f Resource balance 13,962 13,805 13,918 15,512 14,509 ..NMP used: domestic market 10,497 10,853 10,928 11.614 11,822 ... . Final consumption, material goods 9,025 9,335 9,436 10,089 10,291 ... Personal consumption 1,472 1,517 1,492 1,525 1,531 ... Collective consumption 3,465 2,952 2,990 3,898 2,687 f Net capital formation 3,062 3,218 3,314 3,677 2,616 ...Net fixed capital formation 403 -266 -324 221 71 ..Changes in stocks * .. .. .. . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation (mtillionis of constant Albaniani leks) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 14,013 13,699 13,631 15,223 13,229 ... . NMP produced: 4,768 4,550 4,296 4,919 4,289 . . . Agriculture and forestry 7,132 7,155 7,201 7,811 6,946 ... . Industry and construction 2,113 1,994 2,134 2,493 1,994 ... . Services 51 -106 -287 -289 -1,280 ... f Resource balance 13,962 13,805 13,918 15,512 14,509 ... . NMP used: domestic market 10,497 10,853 10,928 11,614 11,822 . . . Final consumption, material goods 9.025 9,335 9,436 10,089 10,291 ..Personal consumption 1,472 1,517 1,492 1,525 1,531 ...Collective consumption 3,465 2,952 2.990 3,898 2.687 .. f Net capital formation 3,062 3,218 3,314 3,677 ..* Net fixed capital formation - ** .* *. * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation 63 Albania Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 = 100) NMP produced: .. .. 100.0 106.0 108.9 109.4 106.3 108.2 Agriculture and forestry .. 100.0 104.9 105.5 114.0 107.5 113.5 Industry .. 100.0 104.6 109.4 108.7 107.2 107.9 Construction .. 100.0 112.0 124.2 127.6 127.1 116.8 Transport and communication .. 100.0 98.1 116.7 119.6 120.7 116.7 Trade NMP used: material goods .. 100.0 105.5 110.7 112.0 107.5 109.3 Final consumption .. 100.0 102.0 103.0 109.3 112.1 112.9 Net capital formation .. 100.0 115.2 131.9 119.7 94.8 99.4 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official Commercial .. 3.922 3.300 3.300 3.300 Noncommercial/tourist .. .. 7.000 7.000 7.000 Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TRi$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1985 100) .. 101.3 101.3 100.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDPdeflator(1987 = 100) .. .. 104.4 102.2 102.2 102.1 102.1 102.4 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Albanian leks) Value of exports (fob) .. 2,058 3,573 3,513 3,156 2,992 2,800 2,665 Value of imports (cif) .. 3,729 3,617 3,391 4,026 3,528 3,257 3,176 Trade balance .. -1,671 -44 122 -870 -536 -457 -511 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. 99 151 136 114 108 91 Imports, convertible currency .. .. 105 173 202 157 142 120 Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. -6 -23 -65 -43 -34 -29 Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. -6 -10 -11 -4 -3 -I Current balance, convertible currency .. .. 0 -12 -55 -39 -31 -28 External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 16 51 73 99 85 44 32 14 Gold holdings at market price 7,059 27,938 134,170 92,816 108,742 92,972 76,582 82,764 DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current Albanian leks) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. 2,670 2,704 2,688 2,980 3,045 3,173 Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money .. .. 1,967 1,946 1,888 2,069 2,101 2,206 Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2 2 2 2 2 2 Central government expenditures .. .. 7,950 8,150 8,500 8,750 9,150 9,200 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods. see the Technical Notes. 64 Albania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 =100) NIPS ACCOUNTS, index 114.9 112.3 111.7 124.8 108.4 1 NMP produced: 116.5 111.2 105.0 120.2 104.8 ... . Agriculture and forestry 118.6 120.1 120.8 130.6 116.5 ... . Industry excluding construction 115.0 108.0 109.5 121.5 105.5 ... . Construction 127.3 127.1 132.1 137.1 119.1 ... . Transport and communication Trade 114.6 113.3 114.2 127.3 94.3 ... I NMP used: material goods 117.4 121.3 122.2 129.9 132.2 ... . Final consumption 106.9 91.1 92.3 120.3 -10.3 ... f Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES Single-year converter 6.660 6.220 5.410 6.480 6.000 ... . Devisa/official f Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commnercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . . . Consumer price index (1985 100) Wholesale price index 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 138.5 441.8 G (DP deflator (1 987 100) (millions of current Albanian leks) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2,490 2,490 2,549 3,029 2,289 ... f Value of exports (fob) 2,666 2,650 3,217 3,792 3,797 ... f Value of imports (cif) -176 -160 -668 -763 -1,508 ... f Trade balance (mnillions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE Exports Imports Trade balance (Index, 1980 =100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMIENTS 96 100 107 133 123 ... f Exports, convertible currency 96 99 141 219 228 ... f Imports, convertible currency -1 1 -35 -87 -105 ... f Trade balance, convertible currency -1 -7 -11 -21 -15 ... f Invisibles, convertible currency 8 -24 -66 -91 ... f Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency 12 24 157 423 222 . . . Total reserves less gold (IMvF, IFS) 99,914 125,285 82,621 58,753 14,553 . . . Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Albanian leks) DOMESTIC FINANCE 3,403 3,647 3,931 4,514 5,464 . . . Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks 2,368 2,485 2,697 3,273 3,769 ... . Quasi-money 2 2 2 2 2 ... . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 8,870 8,695 ... .. . . Central government expenditures Defense 65 Albania Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services Labor force, total 901 1,043 1,211 1,249 1,286 1,323 1,361 1,398 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 2136 2402 2671 2725 2783 2841 2901 2962 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 78.0 87.7 97.5 99.5 101.6 103.7 105.9 108.1 School enrollment ratio, primary 106 .. 113 . .. .. 104 103 secondary 35 .. 67 .. .. .. 65 72 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 551.6 672.1 1,055.0 1,016.5 1,102.7 1,123.5 1,161.3 1,169.8 Daily calorie supply per capita 2577 2557 2755 2780 2815 2874 2818 2772 Food production (1979-81 = 100) 86.2 86.4 98.1 100.4 101.7 106.6 97.4 93.5 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 77.4 77.9 85.9 86.7 88.4 90.3 88.5 87.1 Population per hospital bed 140.9 .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. per physician 1,068.0 .. .. .. .. 1,075.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) 34.2 35.1 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.4 37.7 38.1 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 65.6 53.2 47.0 46.0 45.0 41.6 38.3 34.9 Life expectancy (years) 67.1 68.5 69.8 70.1 70.4 70.7 70.9 71.2 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.2 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 Urban population (percent of total population) 31.8 32.8 33.8 34.0 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 173.7 222.4 238.9 244.2 249.8 255.9 261.4 266.8 Deforestation rate (net) -0.3 -16.8 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.2 Forest (thousands sq. km) 12.3 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 66 Albania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 1,437 1,475 1,514 1,552 1,591 1,629 1,668 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 3022 3083 3143 3199 3250 3301 3344 . Population (thousads) 110.3 112.5 114.7 116.8 118.6 120.5 122.0 . Populationdensity:totalland(pop.persq.km) 101 100 99 99 98 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 73 76 77 80 80 .. .. . secondary 1,180.1 1,181.2 1,181.8 1,137.8 1,152.0 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2764 2767 2697 2761 .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita 89.8 92.9 91.0 98.0 96.8 73.8 .. . Food production (1979-81 = 100) 85.2 85.5 83.9 82.9 73.7 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 245.7 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person per physician 38.3 38.5 38.7 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.5 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 31.6 28.2 25.2 30.8 28.3 28.0 28.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 71.4 71.7 71.9 72.1 72.3 72.6 72.8 . Life expectancy (years) 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 . Total fertility (births per woman) 35.0 35.2 35.4 35.6 35.8 36.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 272.0 277.5 281.4 288.2 .. ., .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.3 0.4 0.0 -0.1 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 Forest (thousands sq. km) 67 Armenia Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (miltlions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices - Net factor income GDP at market prices 6,501 8,101 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption- --.- Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices 9,550 GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 2,323 3,289 4,922 5,442 5,672 5,668 5,975 6,144 Agriculture and forestry 782 886 986 966 1,183 1,123 Industry excluding construction 2,954 3,276 3,332 3,190 3,268 3,356 Construction 515 545 572 554 681 769 Transport and communiication 120 124 148 164 158 177 Trade 207 221 213 220 220 228 Other services 344 391 421 575 465 491 Resource balance 556 404 NMP used: domestic market 2,447 3,168 4,347 4,998 5,115 5,127 5,437 5,711 Finial consumption, material goods 1,637 2,285 3,312 3,582 3,651 3,761 3,964 4,075 Personal consumption 1,475 2,937 3,179 3,218 3,307 3,485 3,571 Collective consumption 162 375 403 433 454 479 504 Net capital formation 810 883 1,035 1,416 1,464 1,367 1,473 1,636 Net fixed capital formation 464 527 873 624 680 699 837 Changes in stocks 346 508 543 839 687 775 799 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (miliLons of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: 4,585 5,986 Agriculture and forestry 871 917 Industry and construction 3,169 4,165 Services 545 -904 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 4,455 5,577 Final consumption, material goods 3,429 3,978 Personal consumption 3,048 3,475 Collective consumption 378 503 Net capital formation 1,026 1,599 Net fixed capital formation 659 861 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the. General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Techinical Notes. 68 Armenia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,160 1,930 790 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 8,199 8,291 8,053 9,489 9,693 15,920 59,068 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 9,741 9,789 9,672 10,447 9,693 8,840 4,214 f GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 6,081 6,065 5,779 6,915 6,977 11,516 51,049 NMP produced: 1,106 1,116 1,079 1,000 1,212 3,218 20,360 Agriculture and forestry 3,386 3,365 3,157 3,473 3,165 5,291 23,620 Industry excluding construction 686 682 622 1,463 1,773 1,760 2,700 Construction 185 199 239 243 287 313 841 Transport and communication 241 243 207 300 315 612 2,081 Trade 477 459 475 436 225 322 1,447 Other services 342 200 -797 -962 -1,084 -3,213 -10,162 Resource balance 5,696 5,827 5,044 7,521 7,755 14,392 60,623 NMP used: domestic market 4,242 4,334 4,470 4,813 5,495 10,918 47,462 Final consumption, material goods 3,708 3,798 3,908 4,243 4,862 10,167 44,244 Personal consumption 530 535 562 570 633 745 3,218 Collective consumption 1,458 1,494 575 2,708 2,260 3,678 13,161 Net capital formation I,272 934 -324 1,082 772 476 -5,768 Net fixed capital formation 186 560 899 1,626 1,488 3,202 18,929 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 6,087 6,052 5,902 6,736 6,166 6,176 6,213 f NMP produced: 939 852 791 574 871 1,310 2,943 f Agriculture and forestry 4,267 4,316 4,172 5,093 4,575 4,138 2,677 f Industry and construction 882 884 939 1,069 721 719 594 f Services .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Resource balance 5,564 5,693 4,805 7,326 6,809 6,598 8,177 f NMP used: domestic market 4,126 4,199 4,297 4,716 4,766 4,548 7,457 f Final consumption, material goods 3,590 3,660 3,732 4,155 4,160 3,889 6,752 f Personal consumption 536 539 565 562 606 659 705 f Collective consumption 1,438 1,494 509 2,610 2,043 2,050 720 f Net capital formation 1,265 896 -342 1,076 710 10 -870 f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 69 Armenia 7- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .... ... . .... Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 36.5 53.2 76.6 S3.2 85.8 88.9 94.4 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 95.0 112.5 108.0 94.9 105.6 100.0 Industry .. .. 76.1 81.5 84.3 87.8 93.3 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 60.3 62.5 72.1 89.7 92.5 100.0 NMP used: material goods 48.9 .. 79.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 Final consumption 46.3 .. 86.2 91.1 89.7 92.5 96.9 100.0 Net capital formation 54.6 .. 64.2 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisalofficial .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercialltourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index l985=100 .. .. 94.3 96.5 99.9 99.8 100.4 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator 1985= 100 103.7 100.5 104.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. . .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US doUlars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (1MF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. 1,663 .. .. .. .. 2,110 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 70 Armenia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Votes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) NIPS ACCOUNTS, index 101.7 101.1 98.6 112.5 100.4 88.7 47.9 . NMP produced: 102.4 92.9 86.3 62.5 54.4 58.8 53.8 . Agriculture and forestry 102.4 103.6 100.2 122.3 113.4 95.0 36.1 f Industry excluding construction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Construction Transport and communication 97.6 97.8 103.9 118.3 89.2 77.6 36.9 f Trade 99.8 102.1 86.2 125.1 113.3 96.4 54.6 . NMP used: material goods 103.7 105.6 108.0 114.0 112.8 93.4 63.6 . Final consumption 89.9 93.4 31.8 144.5 109.0 98.9 19.4 . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annmal average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.352 2.572 27.488 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 100.4 100.8 101.5 99.6 114.9 275.8 1,755.1 f Consumer price index 1985=100 Wholesale price index 97.3 97.6 95.4 100.0 113.1 211.2 1,734.0 f GDPdeflator 1985=100 (minions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 66 83 93 95 120 1,864 f Value of exports (fob) 789 869 1,056 1,154 1.382 .. f Value of imports (cif) -722 -785 -963 -1,059 -1,262 .. f Tradebalance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 109.0 70.0 40.0 f Exports 855.0 830.0 95.0 f Imports -746.0 -760.0 -55.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 2,240 2,372 2,482 4,728 3,578 4,371 33,131 f Central government expenditures Defense 71 Armenia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 1,378 1. 1,547 Agriculture .. 303 .. 313 Industry .. . 520 .. .. .. .. 597 Services .. .. 555 637 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 3,068.0 3,092.0 3,117.0 3,143.0 3,170.0 3,198.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 103.0 103.8 104.6 105.5 106.4 107.3 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary . .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 - 100) .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Populationperhospitalbed 116.8 117.4 119.0 119.2 118.6 .. 119.9 115.5 pernursingperson 143.1 130.4 121.8 118.1 115.7 .. 111.1 105.6 per physician 348.4 281.7 283.3 287.4 278.6 276.2 269.5 253.8 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. . .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 28.0 29.5 31.0 30.1 29.2 28.3 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 72.5 71.7 70.8 71.6 72.3 73.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 66.0 .. .. .. .. 67.5 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.2 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.0 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 3.1 Abbreviations in notes columux are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 72 Armenia ... . ;.....N:--. . S.. ... .. . . .......... W............- 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 1,569 1,583 1,614 1,592 1,630 1,672 1,550 Employment, total 318 308 296 279 289 389 404 Agriculture 602 615 634 653 679 635 510 . Industry 649 660 684 660 662 648 636 . Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 3,225.0 3,251.0 3,227.0 3,291.0 3,325.0 3,418.0 3,477.0 . Population (thousands) 108.2 109.1 110.0 110.4 111.6 114.7 116.7 . Populationdensity: total land (pop. persq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 111.5 115.6 108.6 110.9 111.4 111.9 .. f Population per hospital bed 102.8 98.9 98.4 97.9 97.1 100.7 .. f per nursing person 249.4 244.5 239.2 234.2 233.6 233.6 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 27.4 26.5 26.3 26.0 24.3 22.0 ... Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 73.3 73.6 62.0 71.8 71.7 71.7 ... Life expectancy (years) 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 ... Total fertility (births per woman) 67.8 68.0 68.4 69.1 69.5 68.9 .. f Urban population (percent of total population) 16.7 15.9 14.9 14.1 14.1 12.9 .. f Populationperpassengercar 5.7 5.4 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.7 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 3.3 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 73 Azerbaijan Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 11,805 14,09S Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, culrrent prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 3,809 5,286 9,065 10,524 Agriculture and forestry 2,542 3,448 Industry excluding construction 4,060 4,503 Construction 825 1,280 Transport and communication 277 354 Trade 336 379 Other services 1,025 560 Resource balance 2,080 1,301 NMP used: domestic market 3,782 4,859 6,835 9,010 Final consumption, material goods 4,964 6,184 Personal consumption 4,445 5,508 Collective consumption 519 676 Net capital formation 1,871 2,826 Net fixed capital formation 820 1,442 Changes in stocks 1,051 1,384 Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1983 USSR rubles) NMP produced: 8,471 10,520 Agriculture and forestry 2,886 3,126 Industry and construction 4,735 6,110 Services 851 1,285 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 7,367 8,782 Final consumption, material goods 5,051 6,021 Personal consumption 4,529 5,344 Collective consumption 522 677 Net capital formation 2,316 2,761 Net fixed capital formation 1,047 1,478 Depreciationr Abbreviations in notes coluinn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 74 Azerbaijan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... .... . ... .. . .... . . .. , . .-. .... PER CAPITA INCOME 1,220 1,240 750 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 13,734 14,656 14,604 15,484 14,697 26,676 183,186 GDP at market prices 2,217 Net indirect taxes 12,480 GDP at factor cost 4,145 Agriculture 4,406 Industry 3,930 Services 1,132 3,626 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS 13,565 23,050 Domestic absorption 10,301 17,810 Total consumption 9,911 17,089 Private consumption 389 721 General government consumption .. .. .. .. 3,264 5,240 Gross domestic investment 2,336 3,847 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 16,645 14,697 14,595 9,464 f GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 10,162 10,774 11,113 10,919 10,712 20,370 163,114 NMPproduced: 3,231 3,278 3,304 3,356 4,021 8,386 50,726 Agriculture and forestry 4,217 4,685 4,597 4,722 3,727 7,567 83,518 Industry excluding construction 1,405 1,470 1,457 1,277 1,255 1,705 13,980 Construction 384 360 356 331 555 663 2,355 . Transport and communication 395 399 422 437 429 822 3,847 Trade 530 582 977 796 726 1,227 8,688 Other services 1,406 1,486 1,781 2,329 99 3,102 730 Resource balance 8,625 9,130 9,214 8,390 10,295 17,193 102,384 NMP used: domestic market 6,377 6,691 7,049 7,283 8.026 14,915 71,744 Final consumption, material goods 5,680 5,934 6,252 6,488 7,184 13,640 66,083 Personal consumption 698 757 797 795 843 1,275 5,661 Collective consumption 2,241 2,439 2,165 1,107 2,268 2,278 30,640 Net capital formation 1,231 1,728 1,163 932 563 718 17,919 Net fixed capital formation 1,017 711 1,002 175 1,705 1,560 12,721 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant 1983 USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 10,719 11,190 11,664 10,631 9,405 9,228 6,349 NMPproduced: 2,912 3,008 2,904 2,645 2,703 2,633 2,031 AgricuLture and forestry 6,502 6,875 7,054 6,624 5,092 4,759 3,370 Industry and construction 1,305 1,306 1,705 1,362 1,610 1,836 949 . Services .. .. .. ..Resource balance 8,461 8,812 8,757 7,891 8,630 6,683 3,224 NMP used: domestic market 6,161 6,470 6,700 6,851 6,835 6,430 3,060 Final consumption, material goods 5,464 5,710 5,902 6,035 6,008 5,586 2,726 Personal consumption 698 760 798 817 827 843 334 Collective consumption 2,300 2,342 2,057 1,040 1,795 253 164 . Net capital formation 1,242 1,603 1,104 852 413 71 59 . Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 75 Azerbaijan Countiy tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 NPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 =100) NMP produced: 39.4 .. 80.5 87.0 89.4 92.1 97.0 100.0 ArcuIture and forestry ... 92.3 ...... 100.0 Industry ... 77.5 ...... 100.0 Construction Transport and communication . .. .. Trade . . 66.2 ...... 100.0 NMP used: material goods 48.0 .. 83.9 88.7 92.1 93.7 100.4 100.0 Final consumption 51.3 .. 83.9 88.8 89.9 93.7 97.6 100.0 Net capital formation 40.8 .. 83.9 88.5 97.1 93.8 106.8 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter . .. .. Devisa/official ... 0.650 ...... 0.835 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist . .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . ,. .. Uniform TRI$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985 I 00 ... 95.2 . .... 100.0 Wholesale price index . .. .. GDP deflator 1985 =100 91.9 .. 107.0 . .... 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (mIllions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cif) . .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency . .. .. Imports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, cotivertible currenicy . .. .. Current balance, convertible currency . .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) . .. .. Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined . .. .. Money, means of payment . .. .. Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) . . 2.0 2.0 2.0O 2.0 2.0O 2.0O Central government expenditures ... .. .. . 2,969 Defense AbbrevistioLas in notes column ar explsined in the General Notes. For sources and.methods, see the Technical Notes. 76 Azerbaijan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) NIPS ACCOUNTS, index 101.9 106.4 110.9 101.1 89.4 87.7 60.4 . NMPproduced: 93.2 96.2 92.9 84.6 86.5 84.2 65.0 . Agriculture and forestry 106.4 112.5 115.5 108.4 83.3 77.9 55.2 f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 101.6 101.6 132.7 106.0 125.3 142.9 73.9 f Trade 96.3 100.3 99.7 89.9 98.2 76.1 36.7 . NMP used: material goods 102.3 107.5 111.3 113.8 113.5 106.8 50.8 . Final consumption 83.3 84.8 74.5 37.7 65.0 9.2 5.9 Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.690 3.086 38.648 f Single-year converter 0.695 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 100.9 100.8 102.8 104.3 116.0 236.9 2,352.0 f Consumer price index 1985=100 100.0 238.4 .. f Wholesale price index 94.8 96.2 95.2 102.7 113.9 220.7 2,568.2 f GDP deflator 1985= 100 (willions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 472 424 450 325 748 105,581 f Value of exports (fob) 1,304 1,415 1,395 1,504 2,174 46,554 f Value of imports (cif) -832 -991 -945 -1,179 -1,426 59,027 f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 723.0 487.0 738.0 f Exports 1,413.0 1,248.0 329.0 f Imports -690.0 -761.0 409.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millionis of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 3,100 3,210 3,379 3,771 4,686 8,127 68,851 f Central government expenditures Defense 77 Azerbaijan Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ENIPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 2,300 .. 2,619 Agriculture .. .. 761 .. .. .. .. 870 Industry .. .. 600 .. .. .. .. 685 Services .. .. 939 .. .. .. .. 1,064 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 6,166.0 6,265.0 6,362.0 6,461.0 6,563.0 6,669.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 71.2 72.3 73.5 74.6 75.8 77.0 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. . .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81=100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 107.1 104.6 103.4 103.0 102.9 .. 102.2 101.7 per nursing person 131.6 123.3 118.8 117.1 113.9 .. 110.3 108.1 per physician 400.0 348.4 299.4 295.0 285.7 281.7 271.0 264.6 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 45.0 44.0 43.0 41.8 40.6 39.4 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 67.9 68.6 69.4 69.4 69.4 69.5 Total fertility (births per woman) 4.7 3.9 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 52.7 .. .. .. .. 53.3 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. 33.3 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.5 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 9.8 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 78 Azerbaijan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) ::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . : ::. -:: (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 2,671 2,750 2,761 2,796 2,789 2,901 .. Employment, total 885 925 904 910 899 978 Agriculture 698 713 716 727 721 705 ... Industry 1,088 1,112 1,141 1,159 1.169 1,218 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 6,779.0 6,893.0 7,004.0 7,084.0 7,153.0 7,121.0 7,229.7 . Population (thousands) 78.3 79.6 80.9 81.8 82.6 82.2 83.5 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 102.4 102.0 101.0 100.1 97.8 100.6 .. f Population per hospital bed 107.0 105.6 102.6 101.0 101.1 103.4 .. f per nursing person 260.4 257.7 253.8 256.4 253.8 257.1 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 38.2 37.0 36.0 35.0 31.0 33.0 32.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 69.5 69.5 69.5 70.3 70.8 70.8 70.9 . Life expectancy (years) 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.2 . Total fertility (births per woman) 53.5 53.7 54.0 54.2 54.2 53.8 53.3 f Urban population (percent of total population) 31.3 31.3 29.4 29.4 28.6 29.4 ... Population per passenger car 12.7 11.9 11.2 11.1 10.5 11.0 ... per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 9.9 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 79 Belarus Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1955 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (nedhons of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices .. Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes .. GDP at factor cost .. Agriculture Industry Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption .. .. .. .. Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (mMlions of current USSR Rubles) NMP produced: 9,900 15,142 18,385 23,180 Agriculture and forestry 3,200 3,384 .. 7,006 Industry excluding construction 4,200 9,528 .. .. . . 9,353 Construction 900 1,576 .. .. .. .. 2,124 Transport and communication 400 649 .. .. 857 Trade 1,200 877 1,008 Other services 2,370 .. 2.832 Resource balance .. 2,513 .. 3,291 NMP used: domestic market 9,830 12,390 15,739 17,307 17,429 18,864 20,814 19,699 Final consumption, material goods 6,937 12,607 13,236 13.593 14,232 14,753 15,444 Personal consumption 6,394 11,357 11,932 12,191 12,735 13,154 13,755 Collective consumption 543 1,250 1,304 1,402 1,497 1,599 1,689 Net capital formation 2,893 3,132 4,071 3,836 4,632 6,061 4,255 Net fixed capital formation 1,803 1,814 1,602 1,935 1,792 3,265 2,444 Changes in stocks 1,090 1,318 2,469 1,901 2,840 2,796 1,811 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: 21,932 Agriculture and forestry .. 5,570 Industry and construction . .. 11,674 Services .. 4,689 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. .. 19,471 Final consumption, material goods .. 15,421 Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation .. 4,050 Net fixed capital formation .. 2,468 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Note-s. For sources and methods. see the Technical Notes. 80 Belarus 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 3,230 3,240 2,880 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 40,100 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services -800 Resource balance 19,000 Exports GNFS 19,800 Imports GNFS 39,300 Domestic absorption 25,800 Total consumption 20,800 Private consumption 5,000 General government consumption 13,500 Gross domestic investment 11,200 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR Rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 23,992 25,229 26,192 28,271 29,510 62,633 780,048 NMP produced: 6,816 6,892 7,355 7,467 8,261 15,690 186,579 Agriculture and forestry 10,101 11,067 11,228 12,559 12,683 31,551 418,100 f Industry excluding construction 2,371 2,580 2,745 3,059 3,293 6,270 93,753 Construction 952 1,002 1,132 1,196 1,423 2,647 28,940 Transport and communication 1,079 1,104 1,206 1,332 1,552 3,357 28,335 Trade 2,674 2,584 2,526 2,659 2,358 3,118 24,341 Other services 2,512 3,075 3,808 2,806 722 2,895 -12,686 Resource balance 21,279 21,941 22,122 25,226 28,529 59,438 790,034 NMP used: domestic market 15,719 16,475 17,029 18,144 21,287 39,043 485,000 Final consumption, material goods 13,946 14,552 15,062 16,000 18,807 Personal consumption 1,773 1,924 1,967 2,144 2,480 Collective consumption 5,560 5,465 5,093 7,081 7,242 20,395 305,034 Net capital formation 2,461 3,346 3,123 3,381 3,810 5,118 67,943 Net fixed capital formation 3,099 2,119 1,970 3,700 3,432 15,277 237,091 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 22,884 23,683 24,205 28,268 27,357 28,952 55,992 f NMP produced: 6,044 5,748 4,887 8,202 6,122 8,069 14,017 f Agriculture and forestry 12,205 13,271 14,558 14,914 16,606 16,005 34,638 f Industry and construction 4,635 4,663 4,760 5,152 4,630 4,878 7,337 f Services Resource balance 20,969 21,384 20,940 24,515 25,285 29,424 54,009 f NMP used: domestic market 15,601 16,103 16,545 17,922 19,160 20,122 34,784 f Final consumption, material goods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ^ Personal consumption Collective consumption 5,368 5,281 4,395 6,593 6,125 9,302 19,225 f Net capital formation 2,419 3,206 2,876 3,061 3,522 2,768 4,009 f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 81 Belarus Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 40.2 .. 77.1 84.0 86.9 92.8 97.4 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 70.5 95.2 83.7 100.5 107.5 100.0 Industry .. .. 78.9 83.6 88.2 92.7 96.2 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 78.4 74.4 86.3 85.4 91.0 100.0 NMP used: material goods 57.8 .. 87.3 95.6 92.1 99.3 107.4 100.0 Final consumption 51.6 .. 86.1 89.8 89.3 92.5 96.3 100.0 Net capital formation 85.7 .. 91.9 117.6 102.8 125.3 149.4 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisalofficial .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCLUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=100 87.0 .. 94.9 95.4 98.5 99.6 99.2 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. 97.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 GDP deflator 1985=100 106.2 .. 102.9 .. .. .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR Rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (tnillions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures Defense Abbmviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 82 Belarus -... .--.....-. .. ..-,,. . . . .. ........... ............ . . ............... .. 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 104.3 108.0 110.4 119.1 115.2 113.1 101.1 . NMPproduced: 108.5 103.2 87.7 97.8 80.2 78.3 70.0 . Agriculture and forestry 104.5 113.7 124.7 133.2 141.6 141.8 129.9 f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 98.9 99.5 101.5 106.2 94.8 86.8 69.8 f Trade 107.7 109.8 107.5 119.2 119.5 123.2 112.0 . NMP used: material goods 101.2 104.4 107.3 112.9 119.2 112.7 100.4 . Final consumption 132.5 130.4 108.5 140.5 121.5 156.1 147.1 . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.224 2.195 33.082 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 152.000 . Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 100.6 102.2 102.8 104.0 115.6 224.3 3,127.2 f Consumer price index 1985=100 100.0 99.7 99.7 99.9 101.9 255.0 6,286.3 f Wholesale price index 99.2 100.8 102.4 102.4 110.5 239.0 3,329.6 f GDP deflator 1985=100 (millions of current USSR Rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1,636 1,696 1,991 1,770 2,160 68,422 f Value of exports (fob) 3,624 3,672 4,513 4,925 3,978 54,528 f Value of imports (cif) -1,988 -1,976 -2,522 -3,155 -1,818 13,894 f Tradebalance (millions of current US doUars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 3,438.0 1,661.0 1,061.0 f Exports 5,256.0 1,957.0 751.0 f Imports -1,818.0 -296.0 310.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.5 . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 13,900 29,100 314,495 f Central government expenditures Defense 83 Belarus Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 4,959 .. 5,112 Agriculture .. 1,308 1,208 Industry .. .. 1,846 .. .. .. .. 1,985 Services .. .. 1,805 .. .. .. .. 1,919 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. 9,643.0 9,710.0 9,776.0 9,843.0 9,910.0 9,975.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 46.4 46.8 47.1 47.4 47.7 48.0 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. . .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. Food production (1 979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 96.1 87.5 S0.0 79.3 78.7 .. 77.7 76.7 per nursing person 123.8 109.9 102.7 100.6 97.6 .. 94.0 92.0 per physician 387.6 331.1 295.9 289.9 283.3 278.6 272.5 264.6 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. 16.4 15.2 14.9 14.7 14.5 14.2 14.0 Life expectancy (years) 71.9 71.3 70.6 70.8 70.9 70.9 71.0 71.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 Urban population (percent of total population) 43.0 .. 55.9 .. .. .. .. 61.2 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.6 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.5 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. . 99.2 .. .. .. .. 102.6 Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. . 71.9 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 84 Belarus 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countiy tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 5,136 5,144 5,172 5,197 5,149 5,020 4,887 Employment, total 1,173 1,135 1,096 1,064 1,007 959 1,012 Agriculture 2,017 2,041 2,108 2,165 2,163 2,084 1,951 . Industry 1,946 1,969 1,967 1,969 1,978 1,977 1,924 . Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 10,043.0 10,111.0 10,170.0 10,229.0 10,278.0 10,316.0 10,334.9 . Population (thousands) 48.4 48.7 49.0 49.3 49.5 49.7 49.8 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 75.6 74.5 73.9 73.9 75.6 75.6 f Population per hospital bed 91.0 89.8 88.2 87.4 86.5 90.7 .. f per nursing person 260.4 255.1 250.6 246.3 246.9 245.7 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 13.7 13.5 16.6 15.2 15.1 15.0 15.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 71.5 71.4 71.3 71.5 71.0 71.1 71.1 . Life expectancy (years) 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 . Total fertility (births per woman) 62.2 63.2 64.3 65.4 66.2 67.0 67.6 f Urban population (percent of total population) 23.3 21.7 20.4 19.2 17.5 16.1 .. f Population per passenger car 7.9 7.2 6.7 6.2 5.8 5.6 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 104.6 105.4 106.0 108.5 109.2 .. ... Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 70.3 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 85 Bulgaria Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ; X q PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) .. 2,450 2,260 2,160 2,060 SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Bulgarian leva) GNP at market prices .. 25,383 27,541 28,781 29,672 31,601 32,476 Net factor income -408 -277 -232 -143 -70 -119 GDP at market prices 25,791 27,818 29,013 29,815 31,671 32,595 Net indirect taxes 339 677 -22 31 51 151 GDP at factor cost .. 25,452 27,141 29,035 29,783 31,620 32,445 Agriculture .. 3,719 4,625 4,984 4,317 5,008 3,869 Industry 13,869 14,448 16,802 17,984 18,988 20,382 Services .. 8,204 8,745 7,228 7,514 7,675 8,344 Resource balance 1,295 310 309 62 597 -133 Exports GNFS 9,209 9,914 9,947 11,076 12,710 13,949 Imports GNFS .. .. 7,915 9,604 9,637 11,013 12,113 14,082 Domestic absorption .. 24,497 27,508 28,704 29,753 31,074 32,728 Total consumption .. .. 15,729 17,636 18,973 19,947 20,558 22,233 Private consumption 11,526 13,041 13,976 14,940 15,522 16,509 General government consumption 4,202 4,595 4,997 5,006 5,036 5,725 Gross domestic investment .. .. 8,768 9,872 9,731 9,806 10,516 10,495 Fixed domestic investment 7,289 7,690 7,973 7,974 8,112 8,613 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 Bulgarian leva) Gross national product (GNP) 26,259 27,736 28,430 30,431 31,573 32,849 GDP at marketprices .. 26,687 28,021 28,666 30,580 31,644 32,970 GDP at factor cost 26,335 27,339 28,686 30,547 31,592 32,817 Agriculture .. 5,046 5,271 5,577 4,666 5,211 4,136 Industry 14,630 15,430 16,872 18,161 19,275 20,257 Services .. 7,011 7,320 6,217 7,753 7,158 8,577 Resource balance .. 2,045 1,107 1,517 1,828 2,813 2,017 Exports GNFS 12,658 12,992 12,959 13,784 15,402 16,677 Imports GNFS 10,613 11,885 11,443 11,955 12,589 14,660 Domestic absorption .. .. 24,642 26,914 27,149 28,751 28,831 30,953 Total consumption .. 15,109 16,476 17,054 18,511 18,142 20,310 Private consumption .. .. 10,541 11,618 11,869 13,284 13,024 14,505 General government consumption .. 4,569 4,858 5,185 5,228 5,118 5,805 Gross domestic investment 9,533 10,439 10,095 10,240 10,689 10,643 Fixed domestic investment 7,925 8,131 8,272 8,327 8,245 8,734 Depreciation MiPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Bulgarian leva) NMP produced: 10,527 14,289 20,509 21,933 22,850 23,479 24,907 25,451 Agriculture and forestry 2,310 3,063 3,384 4,186 4,520 3,864 4,512 3,425 Industry excluding construction 5,168 7,291 9,939 10,441 12,238 13,265 14,091 15,170 Construction 917 1,257 1,905 2,063 2,208 2,270 2,367 2,490 Transport and communication .. Trade 1,040 1,120 2,821 2,767 1,384 1,529 1,328 1,801 Other services 1,093 1,558 2,461 2,476 2,501 2,550 2,610 2,565 Resource balance 51 -1,392 -405 -924 -785 -616 -396 -642 NMP used: domestic market 10,476 15,681 20,914 22,857 23,634 24,095 25,303 26,093 Final consumption, material goods 7,416 10,586 15,705 16,718 17,532 18,299 19,148 20,063 Personal consumption 6,655 9,075 13,717 14,575 15,141 15,768 16,484 17,054 Collective consumption 762 1,512 1,988 2,144 2,392 2,530 2,663 3,008 Net capital formation 3,060 5,094 5,209 6,139 6,102 5,796 6,155 6,030 Net fixed capital formation 1,948 2,799 3,111 3,143 3,937 3,633 3,096 3,011 Changes in stocks .. .. .. Depreciation .. .. 3,559 3,733 3,799 4,011 4,361 4,465 MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant Bulgarian leva) NMPproduced: 10,616 15,404 20,816 21,856 22,770 23,453 24,525 24,973 Agriculture and forestry .. 5,087 3,921 4,109 4,347 3,637 4,062 3,224 Industry and construction .. 9,116 12,591 13,280 14,521 15,630 16,589 17,434 Services .. 1,200 4,304 4,468 3,902 4,186 3,875 4,315 Resource balance -1,789 -3,204 -572 -1,165 -678 -287 -450 -292 NMP used: domestic market 12,405 18,607 21,388 23,022 23,448 23,740 24,975 25,265 Final consumption, material goods 9,381 13,133 16,041 16,886 17,517 18,024 18,903 19,242 Personal consumption .. .. 13,909 14,599 15,125 15,505 16,221 16,267 Collective consumption .. .. 2,132 2,286 2,392 2,519 2,681 2,976 Net capital formation 2,906 5,318 5,347 6,136 5,931 5,716 6,072 6,022 Net fixed capital formation .. .. 3,111 3,143 3,937 3,633 3,096 3,011 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes columnn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 86 Bulgaria 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,170 2,570 2,910 2,780 2,320 1,840 1,330 (World Bank) (millions of current Bulgarian leva) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 34,200 36,123 37,629 38,400 41,290 115,994 205,198 GNP atmarket prices -224 -409 -716 -1,179 -4,100 -15,064 -18,402 Net factor income 34,424 36,531 38,345 39,579 45,390 131,058 223,600 GDPatmarketprices 585 -1,212 -1,881 -1,217 -1,917 6,117 12,911 Net indirecttaxes 33,838 37,743 40,226 40,797 47,307 124,941 210,689 H GDP at factor cost 4,447 4,309 4,394 4,331 8,055 20,139 35,776 H Agriculture 22,035 22,454 23,379 23,507 23,274 62,843 95,030 H Industry 7,942 9,769 10,572 11,742 14,062 48,076 92,794 H Services -1,183 -671 -127 -608 -2,167 14,477 1,772 Resource balance 13,781 14,899 17,472 17,989 13,953 68,845 100,033 Exports GNFS 14,964 15,571 17,599 18,597 16,120 54,368 98,261 Imports GNFS 35,607 37,203 38,472 40,187 47,557 116,581 221,828 Domestic absorption 23,257 25,182 25,274 27,083 33,757 99,805 188,288 Total consumption 17,015 18,686 18,687 20,014 26,331 82,447 162,321 Private consumption 6,242 6,497 6,587 7,069 7,426 17,359 25,968 General government consumption 12,350 12,020 13,197 13,104 13,800 16,775 33,540 Gross domestic investment 9,291 9,817 10,260 10,328 9,652 12,916 22,360 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 Bulgarian leva) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 33,976 36,123 39,750 38,318 32,364 27,367 26,044 Gross national product (GNP) 34,200 36,531 40,507 39,486 35,582 30,982 28,433 GDP at market prices 33,614 37,743 42,495 40,691 37,086 29,514 26,757 H GDP at factor cost 5,048 4,309 4,639 4,408 4,245 3,828 3,534 H Agriculture 21,309 22,454 24,680 24,918 21,793 17,741 15,791 H Industry 7,843 9,769 11,188 10,160 9,544 9,413 9,108 H Services -84 -671 -1,396 -2,890 -3,725 245 -1,003 Resource balance 13,509 14,899 13,000 11,470 8,062 4,320 4,765 Exports GNFS 13,594 15,571 14,396 14,360 11,786 4,075 5,768 Imports GNFS 34,284 37,203 41,903 42,376 39,306 30,738 29,436 Domestic absorption 21,926 25,182 27,492 27,912 28,476 21,602 21,211 Total consumption 15,680 18,686 21,052 21,297 22,648 17,837 17,635 Private consumption 6,246 6,497 6,439 6,615 5,828 3,765 3,575 General government consumption 12,358 12,020 14,411 14,464 10,830 9,136 8,226 Gross domestic investment 9,297 9,817 11,204 11,400 7,575 7,034 5,484 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current Bulgarian leva) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 26,851 28,338 29,423 30,840 NMP produced: 3,957 3,712 3,712 3,798 Agriculture and forestry 16,677 16,650 17,088 17,625 Industry excluding construction 2,564 2,675 2,780 2,859 Construction Transport and communication 1,227 2,500 2,471 2,910 Trade 2,426 2,802 3,371 3,648 Other services -2,088 -778 -979 0 Resource balance 28,940 29,166 30,402 30,840 NMP used: domestic market 21,351 22,401 23,096 24,809 Final consumption, material goods 18,030 18,823 19,473 21,024 Personal consumption 3,320 3,578 3,623 3,785 Collective consumption 7,589 6,766 7,306 6,031 Net capital formation 2,816 4,946 2,843 2,525 Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks 4,761 5,255 5,892 Depreciation (millions of constant Bulgarian leva) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 26,307 27,543 28,194 28,122 f NMP produced: 3,935 3,359 3,301 3,142 Agriculture and forestry 18,339 19,324 19,795 19,343 Industry and construction 4,033 4,859 5,098 5,638 f Services -1,074 46 -314 0 f Resource balance 27,381 27,497 28,508 28,122 f NMP used: domestic market 19,928 20,841 21,296 21,919 Final consumption, material goods 16,692 17,362 17,783 18,288 Personal consumption 3,236 3,479 3,514 3,631 Collective consumption 7,453 6,656 7,212 6,203 Net capital formation 2,816 4,946 2,843 2,525 Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 87 Bulgaria Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index,1980 = 100) NMP produced: 51.0 74.0 100.0 105.0 109.0 113.0 118.0 120.0 Agriculture and forestry 119.1 129.8 100.0 104.0 111.0 93.0 103.0 82.0 Industry 46.7 71.0 100.0 106.0 116.0 125.0 133.0 140.0 Construction 58.5 80.1 100.0 108.0 116.0 119.0 124.0 130.0 Transport and communication 45.3 76.9 100.0 110.0 115.0 118.0 123.0 122.0 Trade 18.8 38.6 100.0 98.0 68.0 80.0 64.0 83.0 NMP used: material goods 58.0 87.0 100.0 108.0 110.0 111.0 117.0 119.0 Final consumption 58.5 81.9 100.0 105.0 109.0 112.0 118.0 122.0 Net capital formation 54.4 99.5 100.0 115.0 111.0 107.0 114.0 113.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. 1.287 1.387 1.465 1.758 1.819 1.856 Devisa/official 1.170 0.969 0.857 0.922 0.951 0.974 1.010 1.030 Commercial .. 1.650 0.990 .. .. .. .. 1.190 Noncommercial/tourist .. 1.200 1.290 .. .. .. .. 1.860 Informal market 3.420 2.333 2.357 2.669 2.989 3.297 3.773 4.756 ICP (ruble per US doflar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. 1.660 0.990 .. .. .. .. 1.190 Uniform TR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) - Commercial 1.000 1.000 1.000 .. .. .. .. 1.000 PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1980 = 100) 78.7 80.2 100.0 100.5 100.8 102.3 102.9 105.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1987 = 100) .. .. 96.6 99.3 101.2 97.5 100.1 98.9 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Bulgarian leva) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (ci) .. .. .. .. . Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index,1980 = 100) Terms of trade 124 104 100 97 '92 88 86 83 Exports 62 104 100 102 97 86 81 80 Imports 50 101 100 105 105 98 94 96 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US doUlars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) 0 20 272 852 1,297 2,046 3,159 4,014 Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (mnilions of current Bulgarian leva) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. . .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. .. . . .. . 2 Central government expenditures .. 9,076 12,882 14,830 15,856 16,008 16,449 18,002 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 88 Bulgaria 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (lndex,1980 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 126.0 133.0 136.0 135.0 .. .. .. . NMP produced: 100.5 86.0 84.0 82.0 .. .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 147.0 156.0 159.0 157.0 .. .. .. . Industry excluding construction 133.0 139.0 144.0 145.0 .. .. .. . Construction 127.0 133.0 148.0 154.0 .. .. .. . Transport and communication 67.0 103.0 102.0 108.0 .. .. .. . Trade 130.0 130.0 135.0 127.0 .. .. .. . NMP used: material goods 126.0 132.0 135.0 137.0 .. .. .. . Final consumption 140.0 125.0 135.0 99.0 .. .. .. . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.699 1.285 1.667 1.820 2.110 17.500 22.404 . Single-year converter 0.940 0.870 0.830 0.840 .. .. .. f Devisa/official 1.420 1.300 1.670 1.820 .. .. .. f Commercial 1.700 1.280 1.670 1.820 .. .. .. f Noncommercial/tourist 4.219 4.000 5.419 7.729 .. .. .. . Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) 1.350 1.240 1.590 1.730 .. .. .. . Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 .. .. . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) 1.050 1.050 1.050 1.050 .. .. .. f Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 109.4 109.4 110.9 119.6 .. .. .. . Consumer price index (1980= 100) f Wholesale price index 100.7 100.0 94.7 100.2 127.6 423.0 786.4 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (miflions of current Bulgarian leva) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 12,447.4 13,393.3 15,494.8 15,619.3 12,234.7 60,708.8 81,643.3 f Value of exports (fob) 14,084.8 14,710.2 16,505.0 17,096.9 14,808.8 44,704.7 80,616.4 f Value of imports (cif) -1.637.4 -1,316.9 -1,010.2 -1,477.6 -2,574.1 16,004.1 1,026.9 f Trade balance (billions of current US doUars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 9.1 10.3 9.3 7.8 5.7 3.3 3.5 . Exports 10.3 11.3 9.9 8.5 6.9 2.5 3.5 . Imports -1.2 -1 -0.6 40.7 -1.2 0.8 0 . Trade balance (Index,1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES 79 83 80 .. .. .. .. f Terms of trade 86 85 79 .. .. .. .. f Exports 109 103 99 .. .. .. .. f Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 2,656 3,277 3,539 3,138 2,615 1,415 2,395 S Exports, convertible currency 3,488 4,232 4,511 4,337 3,372 1,414 2,351 S Imports, convertible currency -832 -955 -972 -1,199 -757 1 44 . Trade balance, convertible currency -129 234 570 424 -743 234 -854 . Invisibles, convertible currency -961 -721 -402 -775 -1,500 235 -810 . Current balance, convertible currency 5,264 7,088 9,128 10213 10927 11924 ... External debt, total (World Bank) f Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ~~CMEA 2,871 2,974 2,843 2,581 1,877 1,901 4,676 f External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency 1,182 850 1,462 1,013 125 749 1,537 f Total reserves less gold (lMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Bulgarian leva) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined 13,787 16,715 18,475 21,329 26,842 26,890 37,833 . Money, means of payment 10,409 12,701 13,744 15,360 19,176 15,024 19,565 . Demand deposits 3,378 4,014 4,731 5,969 7,666 11,866 18,268 . Currency outside banks 18,955 19,632 22,119 24,454 27,902 .. .. . Quasi-money 2 2 2 2 3 50 55 . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 21,143 21,545 22,392 23,137 28,126 75,456 91,036 . Central government expenditures 1,914 1,883 1,929 1,944 2,190 5,333 8,375 . Defense 89 Bulgaria -:. .,:.. .....: . ... -. . : ... ... .. Country tables (contnued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... ..... . EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 4,151 I. 4,364 .. .. 4,460 Agriculture 1,462 .. 1,039 .. 910 Industry 1,608 .. 1,892 .. .. .. .. 2,037 Services 1,081 .. 1,433 1.. .. .. .. ,513 Labor force, total 4,414 4,496 4,480 4,481 4,481 4,482 4,483 4,483 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 8490 8721 8862 8878 8894 8909 8925 8941 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 76.8 78.9 80.2 80.3 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.9 School enrollment ratio, primary 101 99 98 .. 102 102 102 102 secondary 79 89 84 .. 82 86 92 102 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2,656.7 3,352.9 4,181.7 4,218.6 4,380.8 4,446.9 4,489.6 4,558.6 Daily calorie supply per capita 3471 3523 3608 3682 3670 3639 3640 3615 Food production (1979-81-100) 88.4 88.4 95.4 103.6 111.3 97.3 106.0 86.6 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 95.6 101.6 104.7 106.8 107.4 107.6 108.0 107.8 Population per hospital bed 129.4 .. 90.3 89.8 .. per nursing person .. . . 189.7 187.8 .. 155.2. per physician 536.7 .. 406.6 399.5 385.3 .. 275.8 Female participation in labor force (percent) 45.9 47.0 46.6 46.4 46.1 45.9 45.7, 45.4 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 27.3 23.1 20.2 19.5 18.2 16.8 16.2 15.4 Life expectancy (years) 71.1 71.3 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 Urban population (percent of total population) 51.8 57.5 61.2 61.9 62.5 63.2 63.A 64.5 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.7 per telephone .. 11.2 7.1 5.9 5.0 .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 141.3 146.4 143.4 143.7 143.9 144.2 144.6 144.9 Deforestation rate (net) 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 Forest (thousands sq. km) 37.1 38.0 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.7 Abbreviations in notes column sre explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 90 Bulgaria 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 4,473 4,487 4,468 4,327 .. Employment, total 890 859 834 786 .. Agriculture 2,057 2,083 2,069 1,985 .. .. .. . Industry 1,526 1,545 1,565 1,557 .. .. .. . Services 4,481 4,480 4,478 4,476 4,475 4,483 4,492 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 8957 8971 8981 8989 8991 8975 8958 . Population (thousands) 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.3 81.1 81.0 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 104 104 104 97 96 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 75 76 75 75 74 .. .. . secondary 4,681.1 4,797.6 4,869.2 4,801.0 4,945.0 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 3654 3674 3672 3707 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 102.2 93.4 94.9 102.4 96.0 84.0 .- . Food production (1979-81 = 100) 108.5 110.4 109.7 110.2 110.7 .. . . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 104.1 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person 318.6 .. .. .. . per physician 45.3 45.1 44.9 44.7 44.6 44.6 44.5 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 14.5 14.7 13.6 14.4 14.8 17.0 17.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 . Life expectancy (years) 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 . Total fertility (births per woman) 65.1 65.8 66.4 67.1 67.7 68.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) 8.3 7.9 7.6 7.3 .. .. .. . Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 145.3 145.5 145.7 145.7 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 91 Cambodia Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Cambodian rkis) GNP at market prices 39,876 Net factor income -24 GDP at market prices 39,900 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance -800 Exports GNFS 2,300 Imports GNFS 3,100 Domestic absorption 40,700 Total consumption 35,700 Private consumption 26,700 General government consumption 9,000 Gross domestic investment 5,000 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (milions of constant 1987 Cambodian riels) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Cambodian rkis) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade Other services Resource balance, NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (mlaons of constant Cambodian riels) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 92 Cambodia . . . ;: : : : . . :: . ..:: :: q : ::: 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countiry tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 170 200 (World Bank) (millions of current Cambodian riels) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 98,890 195,560 247,300 594,790 1,396,770 GNP at market prices 0 0 0 0 5 Net factor income 98,890 195,560 247,300 594,790 1,396,765 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . GDP at factor cost 42,707 109,548 113,200 291,080 618,448 f Agriculture 20,619 30,132 41,300 73,881 177,260 f Industry 35,564 55,880 92,800 229,829 601,057 f Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 Cambodian riels) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 98,890 117,488 119,701 119,531 134,891 Gross national product (GNP) 98,890 117,488 119,701 119,531 134,891 GDP at market prices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . GDP at factor cost 42,707 42,450 45,264 44,858 52,593 f Agriculture 20,619 26,597 26,840 26,185 28,427 f Industry 35,564 48,441 47,597 48,489 53,871 f Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current Cambodian nids) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade Other services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant Cambodian rids) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation .. .. ..*.. .. .. .. . Depreciation 93 Cambodia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUJNTS, index (Index, 1980 =100) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry Construction Transport and communication . Trade NMP used: material goods . Final consumption . Net capital formation... EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter 55.540..... Devisa/official Commnercial Noncommercial/tourist . .......7.000 Informal market 90.070 5,921.109 IS 1.270 19.060 36.250 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TRJ$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index . .. .. Wholesale price index . .. .. GDP deflator (1987 100) . .. INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Cambodian Riels) Value of exports (fob) . .. *. Value of imports (cif) . .* Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports ... . 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 Imports ... . 73.0 47.0 51.0 49.0 27.0 Trade balance ... . -71.0 -44.0 -47.0 -44.0 -22.0 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 =100) Terms of traide Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency . .. .. Imports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current balance, convertible currency . .. .. Extemnal debt, total (World Bank) . .... 390 293 285 318 Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA ...... 128 246 243 269 External debt service (World Bank) .... .3 3 1 14 Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) . .. .. Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current Cambodian riels) Money supply, broadly defined . .. .. Money, means of payment . .. .. Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percerit) . .. .. Central govemnment expenditures . .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technsicul Notws. 94 Cambodia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 = 100) NIPS ACCOUNTS, index NMP produced: .. ..... . .. .. .. . Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Industry excluding construction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Construction Transport and communication Trade NMP used: material goods Final consumption Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 100.000 142.000 194.000 407.000 711.000 .. f Single-year converter 100.000 142.000 194.000 407.000 711.000 ... Devisa/official Commercial 30.000 100.000 110.000 159.000 .. .. .. . Noncommercial/tourist f Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR,'$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index 100.0 166.5 206.6 497.6 1,035.S . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (millions of current Cambodian Riels) INTERNATIONAL TRADE f Value of exports (fob) f Value of imports (cif) f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 14.0 19.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 .. .. f Exports 12.0 10.0 13.0 29.0 18.0 .. .. f Imports 2.0 9.0 -6.0 -23.0 -12.0 .. .. f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency 441 595 717 .. .. .. .. 0 External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency 377 520 649 .. .. .. .. . CMEA 14 11 13 .. .. .. . 0, f External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Cambodian riels) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense 95 Cambodia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 3,296 .. .. .. 3,606 Agriculture .. 2,452 .. .. 2,607 Industry Services Labor force, total 3,069 3,205 3,299 3,360 3,420 3,481 3,542 3,602 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 6938 7098 6400 6568 6740 6917 7098 7284 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 39.3 40.2 36.8 37.3 38.3 39.6 41.0 42.3 School enrollment ratio, primary 30 .. .. .. .. secondary 8 .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 54.8 53.5 59.9 58.4 58.4 58.4 57.0 56.9 Daily calorie supply per capita 2332 1684 1746 1714 1766 1911 2070 2170 Food production (1979-81 = 100) 229.4 110.9 119.5 110.6 130.9 136.8 100.7 125.2 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 52.2 41.3 41.0 42.0 42.6 45.4 48.8 51.2 Population per hospital bed 925.1 .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. per physician 16,248.2 .. . .. .. 16,372.4 Female participation in labor force (percent) 36.8 37.5 43.0 42.3 41.7 41.1 40.5 39.9 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 160.6 230.2 201.2 180.6 160.0 154.0 148.0 142.0 Life expectancy (years) 42.4 34.9 38.5 41.0 43.4 44.4 45.4 46.4 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.8 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 Urban population (percent of total population) 11.7 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Population per passenger car 267.9 .. .. . .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 191.3 195.8 179.2 181.7 186.5 192.8 199.5 205.2 Deforestation rate (net) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Forest (thousands sq. km) 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 Abbreviations in notes column are exptained in the General Notes. For souros and etthods, wne the Techncal Noca. 96 Cambodia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 3,633 3,664 3,696 3,727 3,758 3,779 3,800 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 7472 7662 7854 8360 8570 8790 9012 . Population (thousands) 43.6 45.1 46.2 47.4 .. .. .. Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary 58.1 58.0 57.6 58.3 59.2 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2131 2133 2165 2166 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 136.9 123.8 146.1 151.6 133.8 146.9 .. . Food production (1979-81=100) 50.3 50.6 50.8 50.9 50.8 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 475.7 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person per physician 38.8 37.8 36.8 35.8 34.8 34.0 33.1 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 136.0 130.0 127.2 124.4 121.6 119.0 116.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 47.4 48.4 48.9 49.4 49.9 50.4 50.9 . Life expectancy (years) 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 . Total fertility (births per woman) 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 12.0 12.1 . Urbanpopulation (percent oftotal population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 211.6 218.9 224.4 229.9 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 133.7 133.7 133.7 133.7 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 97 China Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) 130 180 300 320 320 320 330 330 SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Chinese yuan) GNP at market prices 230 298 447 477 519 581 696 856 Net factor income 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 GDP at market prices 230 298 447 477 519 580 694 855 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture 78 95 136 155 176 196 229 254 Industry 88 128 200 205 216 237 278 345 Services 63 75 111 118 127 147 18? 257 Resource balance I 1 0 4 10 6 2 -36 Exports GNFS 6 16 30 42 46 49 66 88 Imports GNFS 6 15 30 38 37 42 64 124 Domestic absorption 229 297 447 473 509 573 691 891 Total consumption 164 207 303 334 355 397 467 545 Private consumption 146 184 266 295 313 350 406 473 General government consumption 18 23 37 39 43 47 61 71 Gross domestic investment 65 90 144 139 154 176 224 347 Fixed domestic investment 107 96 123 143 183 254 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant 1987 Chinese yuan) Gross national product (GNP) 335 442 587 614 667 736 843 944 GDP at market prices 335 442 587 613 667 734 840 943 GDP at factor cost Agriculture 158 184 200 214 239 259 292 298 Industry 102 152 231 235 249 273 313 370 Services 75 106 156 164 179 203 234 275 Resource balance 4 10 -13 -8 5 -I -12 -68 Exports GNFS 31 55 73 89 94 97 113 124 Imports GNFS 27 44 86 97 89 98 125 192 Domestic absorption 331 431 599 621 662 735 852 1,011 Total consumption 241 304 413 443 466 515 583 634 Private consumption 215 271 364 393 410 454 509 557 General government consumption 26 33 49 50 56 60 75 78 Gross domestic investment 89 127 187 177 196 221 269 377 Fixed domestic investment 140 122 156 179 220 279 Depreciation MOPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Chinese yuan) NMP produced: 193 250 369 394 426 474 565 702 Agriculture and forestry 78 95 133 151 172 192 225 249 Industry excluding construction 79 115 180 184 195 214 252 316 Construction 8 11 19 19 21 26 30 41 Transport and communication 7 10 13 13 15 17 21 26 Trade 21 20 25 27 23 25 38 70 Other services Resource balance 5 5 -1 4 -3 -4 -5 -49 NMP used: domestic market 188 245 370 391 429 478 570 751 Final consumption, material goods 126 162 253 280 305 336 391 488 Personal consumption 115 145 222 247 269 296 340 424 Collective consumption 11 17 31 33 37 40 51 64 Net capital formation 62 83 117 111 124 142 180 263 Net fixed capital formation 42 65 89 78 97 113 145 188 Changes in stocks 20 18 27 33 27 30 34 75 Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant 1980 Chinese yuan) NMP produced: 210 275 369 387 418 460 523 593 Agriculture and forestry 110 128 133 142 159 172 195 200 Industry and construction 88 130 199 202 214 237 271 326 Services 13 18 37 43 46 51 57 68 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods 144 182 253 273 293 319 364 421 Personal consumption 132 164 222 241 257 278 313 359 Collective consumption 12 18 31 32 37 40 51 62 Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are cxplained in the General Notes. For sources and mnethods, see the Technical Notes. 98 China 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 300 300 330 360 370 370 380 (World Bank) (billions of current Chinese yuan) SNA ACCOUNTS, current pnces 970 1,130 1,407 1,599 1,770 1,986 2,388 GNPatmarketprices 0 -3 -3 -5 0 8 -6 Net factor income 970 1,133 1,409 1,604 1,770 1,977 2,394 f GDPatmarketprices Net indirect taxes H, f GDP at factor cost 276 322 383 424 503 526 579 H Agriculture 397 460 579 650 687 805 1,013 H Industry 297 351 447 531 581 647 802 H Services -26 3 -13 -13 56 58 43 Resource balance 122 164 193 210 312 398 487 Exports GNFS 148 161 206 223 255 340 445 Imports GNFS 996 1,130 1,423 1,617 1.714 1,919 2,351 Domestic absorption 601 685 864 996 1,057 1,216 1,537 Total consumption 517 590 752 859 897 1,030 1,302 Private consumption 84 95 112 138 160 186 235 General government consumption 396 445 559 621 657 703 814 Gross domestic investment 302 364 450 414 445 551 758 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of constant 1987 Chinese yuan) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 1,021 1,130 1,253 1,307 1,362 1,460 1,623 Gross national product (GNP) 1,021 1,133 1,255 1,310 1,362 1,454 1,628 f GDP at market prices H, f GDP at factor cost 307 322 330 340 365 373 387 H Agriculture 406 460 530 557 576 647 782 H Industry 307 351 395 414 421 433 458 H Services -24 3 -10 -21 27 25 9 Resource balance 146 164 183 193 209 239 274 Exports GNFS 170 161 193 213 182 215 265 Imports GNFS 1,045 1,130 1,265 1,331 1,335 1,429 1,619 Domestic absorption 634 685 766 822 828 908 1,056 . Total consumption 547 590 666 709 700 766 890 Private consumption 86 95 99 113 128 142 166 General government consumption 411 445 499 509 507 521 562 Gross domestic investment 317 364 402 340 344 409 524 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current Chinese yuan) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 786 931 1,174 1,313 f NMPproduced: 272 315 382 421 .. Agriculture and forestry 357 426 542 624 .. .. Industry excluding construction 51 64 78 77 . Construction 32 38 46 51 Transport and communication 73 88 126 139 . Trade Other services -64 -37 -53 -45 Resource balance 850 968 1,227 1,358 NMP used: domestic market 555 639 804 890 .. Final consumption, material goods 477 550 700 773 .. f Personal consumption 78 88 104 117 Collective consumption 294 330 423 467 .. Net capital formation 220 272 336 295 Net fixed capital formation 75 58 87 172 .. .. Changes in stocks Depreciation (billions of constant 1980 Chinese yuan) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 639 704 782 810 .. .. f NMP produced: 206 215 220 227 .. .. Agriculture and forestry 359 406 473 495 .. Industry and construction 74 83 89 88 .. f Services f Resource balance f NMP used: domestic market 454 487 526 527 .. Final consumption, material goods 380 405 439 440 .. f Personal consumption 74 82 88 87 Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 99 China Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 = 100) NMPproduced: 57.1 74.5 100.0 104.9 113.5 124.8 141.8 160.9 Agriculture and forestry 83.0 96.4 100.0 107.1 119.7 129.9 146.7 150.6 Industry 42.9 64.5 100.0 101.7 107.8 118.4 136.1 162.7 Construction 55.6 71.5 100.0 101.6 106.5 125.9 139.5 173.0 Transport and communication 58.7 76.2 100.0 104.0 116.7 129.4 146.0 175.4 Trade 62.5 69.2 100.0 119.0 124.7 140.9 156.7 186.2 NMP used: material goods .. .. .. .. .. Final consumption 56.7 72.0 100.0 107.9 115.9 125.8 143.8 166.4 Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter 2.462 1.860 1.498 1.705 1.893 1.976 2.320 2.937 Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market 3.380 2.460 1.973 2.038 2.251 2.195 3.048 3.250 ICP (ruble per US doUlar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1985 100) 70.9 71.8 81.5 83.6 85.3 87.0 89.4 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1987 = 100) 68.5 67.5 76.1 77.8 77.9 79.0 82.6 90.6 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (ECE) (billions of current Chinese yuan) Value of exports (fob) .. .. 27 37 41 44 58 80 Value of imports (cif) .. .. 29 37 36 42 60 125 Trade balance .. .. -2 0 6 2 -3 -45 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports .. .. 16926 16846 14893 16708 22863 35873 Imports .. .. .. 22237 21976 21785 25391 28561 Trade balance .. .. .. -5392 -7084 -5077 -2528 7312 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. 18,188 22,010 22,330 22,120 26,129 27,350 Imports, convertible currency .. .. 17,808 19,649 17,210 18,758 24,727 37,657 Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. 380 2,361 5,120 3,362 1,402 -10,307 Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. 520 770 703 1,125 1,108 -1,503 Current balance, convertible currency .. .. 900 3,131 5,823 4,487 2,510 -11,810 External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. 4,504 5,797 8,358 9,609 12,082 16,722 Convertible currency .. .. 4,504 5,797 8,358 9,609 12,082 16,722 CMEA External debt service (World Bank) . 930 1,744 2,125 2,691 2,285 2,478 Convertible currency .. .. 930 1,744 2,125 2,691 2,285 2,478 Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. 2,545 5,058 11,349 14,987 17,366 12,728 Gold holdings at market price .. .. 7,546 5,048 5,803 4,845 3,915 4,153 DOMESTIC FINANCE (billions of current Chinese yuan) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. 167 198 227 271 360 488 Money, means of payment .. .. 115 135 149 175 245 302 Demand deposits .. .. 80 95 105 122 166 203 Currency outside banks .. . 35 40 44 53 79 99 Quasi-money .. .. 52 63 78 96 115 186 Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 5 5 6 6 6 7 Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 100 China 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 173.3 190.9 212.1 219.5 .. .. .. f NMP produced: 155.2 162.2 165.9 171.2 .. .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 178.4 201.7 236.8 251.0 .. .. .. . Industry excluding construction 203.3 230.3 248.6 227.5 .. .. .. . Construction 195.2 217.4 242.1 253.9 .. .. .. . Transport and communication 199.6 224.3 238.6 226.2 .. .. .. . Trade NMP used: material goods 179.3 193.7 209.7 209.9 .. .. .. . Final consumption Net capital formation (LCUs per US dolar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 3.453 3.722 3.722 3.765 4.783 5.323 5.515 . Single-year converter Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist 3.250 .. .. .. .. .. .. . Informal market ICP (ruble per US dolar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 107.0 116.4 140.5 163.4 165.5 .. .. . Consumerpriceindex(1985 100) Wholesale price index 95.0 100.0 112.3 122.4 130.0 136.0 147.1 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (billions of current Chinese yuan) INTERNATIONAL TRADE (ECE) 108 147 177 199 332 .. .. f Value of exports (fob) 149 161 206 223 280 .. .. f Value of imports (cif) -41 -14 -29 -23 52 .. .. f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 33330 36799 48388 48889 46779 .. .. W Exports 32502 44090 56730 69610 84383 .. .. W Imports 828 -7290 -8342 -20721 -37603 .. .. W Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US doUars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 30,942 39,437 47,518 52,537 62,063 71,911 84,998 f Exports, convertible currency 34,488 36,247 46,367 49427.9 43020.6 51157.3 64,645 f Imports, convertible currency -3,546 3,190 1,151 3,109 19,042 20,754 20,353 f Trade balance, convertible currency -3,788 -2,890 -4,953 -7,426 -7,045 -7,482 -12,673 f Invisibles, convertible currency -7,334 300 -3,802 -4,317 11,997 13,272 7,680 f Current balance, convertible currency 23,746 35,296 42,362 44,791 52,519 60,802 .. f External debt, total (World Bank) 23,746 35,296 42,362 44,791 52,519 60,802 .. f Convertible currency 28 35 30 29 32 .. .. . CMEA 2,973 3,812 4,627 5,683 7,006 .. .. . External debt service (World Bank) 2,973 3,812 4,627 5,683 7,006 .. .. . Convertible currency 11,453 16,305 18,541 17,960 29,586 43,674 47,900 . Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 4,964 6,148 5,210 5,093 4,890 4,491 4,232 . Gold holdings at market price (billions of cwrrent Chinese yuan) DOMESTIC FINANCE 635 796 960 1,139 1,468 1,860 2,433 . Money supply, broadly defined 386 457 549 583 701 899 1,171 . Money, means of payment 264 312 336 349 437 581 739 . Demand deposits 122 146 213 234 264 317 433 . Currency outside banks 249 338 412 556 767 961 1,261 . Quasi-money 7 7 9 .. .. .. .. . Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense 101 China ...~ ~ ~~~~ -. i:. ......E E Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services Labor force, total 428,309 481,759 547,060 561,229 575,398 589,567 603,737 617,906 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (millions) 818 916 981 994 1009 1023 1037 1051 Populationdensity:totalland(pop.persq.km) 88.1 98.6 105.6 107.0 108.6 110.1 111.6 113.1 School enrollmentratio, primary 89 126 112 .. 112 113 118 124 secondary 24 47 46 .. 36 35 37 39 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 258.2 351.2 427.6 417.9 433.5 457.3 490.0 523.4 Daily calorie supply per capita 1982 2070 2331 2370 2472 2555 2604 2623 Food production (1979-81 = 100) 86.8 90.2 99.2 101.4 107.8 113.2 120.3 120.9 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 48.5 48.9 54.6 55.6 57.4 59.1 60.4 61.6 Population per hospital bed .. 600 500 500 500 502 503 505 pernursingperson .. 2400 2100 .. 1801 1705 1712 1617 per physician .. 1400 1100 .. 1001 1003 1007 1011 Female participation in labor force (percent) 44.3 45.4 48.9 49.5 50.2 50.8 51 4 52.0 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 69.0 48.0 42.0 41.0 39.0 41.0 38 0 37.0 Life expectancy (years) 61.7 64.8 66.9 67.4 67.8 68.0 68.2 68.3 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.8 3.4 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 Urbanpopulation (percent oftotal population) 17.5 17.3 19.2 19.4 20.2 23.5 31.9 36.6 Populationperpassengercar .. 8,124.1 4,126.3 . .. .. . 4,345.3 per telephone .. 268.6 225.3 210.9 198.9 .. 187.2 167.9 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 194.5 218.8 234.4 237.2 240.7 245.1 248.7 252.4 Deforestation rate (net) -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 Forest (thousands sq. km) 1444 1389 1334 1323 1312 1301 1290 1279 Abbreviations in nowe column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 102 China : : :: : ~~~~~.::..... .... : 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousaads) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 630,305 642,704 655,102 667,501 679,900 689,213 698,525 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 1067 1084 1102 1119 1134 1150 1167 . Population (millions) 114.8 116.7 118.6 120.4 121.9 123.6 125.5 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 129 132 134 135 135 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 42 43 44 44 48 .. .. secondary 546.7 567.8 570.1 592.8 597.7 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2610 2632 2636 2639 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 124.3 127.4 127.9 129.9 138.6 139.2 .. . Food production (1979-81 = I00) 61.8 62.6 63.1 63.7 66.0 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 506 .. .. .. 388 .. .. . Population per hospital bed 1405 .. .. .. .. .. .. . per nursing person 1012 .. .. .. .. .. .. . per physician 52.4 52.8 53.1 53.5 53.9 54.0 54.1 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 37.5 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 68.5 68.7 66.4 64.2 61.9 70.4 70.6 . Life expectancy (years) 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 . Total fertility (births per woman) 41.4 46.6 49.6 52.8 56.2 60.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car 151.1 134.5 .. .. .. .. .. . per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 256.5 261.0 265.6 270.0 .. .. . . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 0.0 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 1268 1257 1247 1246 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 103 Cuba Country tables 1970a 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME, (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Cuban pesos) GNP at market prices Net factor income- GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumnption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 Cuban pesos) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor coat Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domiestic investment Depreciation MIPS ACCOLUNTS, current prices (millons of/current Cuban pesos) NMP produced: 8,113 9,854 11,504 12,176 12,926 13,695 13,952 Agriculture and forestry 546 617 1,474 1,397 1,342 130 1,362 Industry excluding construction 3,551 3,817 3,568 3,921 4,135 4,734 5,072 Construction 612 785 934 942 1,079 1,321 1,313 Transport and communication 553 782 893 909 958 1,051 1,040 Trade 2,851 3,854 4,635 5,008 5,413 5,219 5,166 Other services e Resource balance -195 -588 -870 -529 -909 -1,660 -2,175 NMP used: domestic market 8,308 10,442 12,374 12,705 13,835 15,355 16,127 Final consumption, mate'rial goods 6,226 8,336 9,416 10,291 11,040 11,870 12,366 Personal consumption 5,408 6,692 7,406 8,172 8,667 9,277 9,683 Collective consumption 818 1,644 2,010 2,119 2,373 2,593 2,683 Net capital formation 2,082 2,106 2,958 2,414 2,795 3,485 3,761 Net fixed capital formation 1,348 1,529 2,247 1,812 2,243 2,895 3,098 Changes in stocks 734 577 711 602 553 590 663 Depreciation MIPS ACCOLUNTS, constanit prices (millions of constant Cuban pesos) NMP produced: 8,204 9,523 11,504 12,087 12,745 13,696 14,261 Agriculture And forestry 1,208 1,241 1,474 1,408 1,306 1,335 1,269 Industry and construction 3,109 3,495 4,502 4,734 5,138 5,907 6,378 Services 3,888 4,787 5,528 5,945 6,302 6,454 6,614 Resource balance -1,176 -1,531 -870 13 18- -196 -143 NMP used: -domestic market 9,380 11,054 12,374 12,074 12,727 13,892 14,404 Final consumption, material ~goods 7,150 8,817 9,416 9,689 9,948 10,437 10,690 Personal consumption 6,297 7,132 7,406 7,630 7,683 7,961 8,144 Collective consumption 853 1,685 2,010 2,059 2,265 2,476 2,546 Net capital formation 2,230 2,237 2,958 2,385 2,779 3,455 3,714 Net fixed capital formation 1,439 1,615 2,247 1,812 2,243 2,895 3,098 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 104 Cuba 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCONIE (World Bank) (millions of current Cuban pesos) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption .. ..*.. .. .. .. .. . General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 Cuban pesos) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption, General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current Cuban pesos) NPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 12,857 12,202 12,654 f NMP produced: 1,429 1,404 .. Agriculture and forestry 4,806 4,499 .. .. Industry excluding construction 1,199 1,018 Construction 986 1,051 .. Transport and communication 4,437 4,231 .. .. Trade Other services -2,434 -2,201 -2,272 Resource balance 15,291 14,403 14,926 .. NMP used: domestic market 12,809 12,683 12,944 .. Final consumption, material goods 10,047 10,136 10,328 .. f Personal consumption 2,762 2,547 2,616 .. Collective consumption 2,482 1,720 1,982 Net capital formation 2,729 1,980 2,104 . . .. .. Net fixed capital formation -247 -260 -122 .. Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant Cuban pesos) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 13,943 13,174 13,4?5 .. .. f NMP produced: 1,236 1,201 .. . Agriculture and forestry 6,029 5,687 .. .. . Industry and construction 6,678 6,286 .. .. Services 399 649 534 .. .. Resource balance 13,544 12,525 12,941 . . .. NMP used: domestic market 10,952 10,684 10,875 . . .. Final consumption, material goods 8,334 8,280 8,406 .. .. .. f Personal consumption 2,618 2,404 2,469 .. . Collective consumption 2,592 1,841 2,066 .. .. .. .. . Net capital formation 2,771 2,028 2,154 .. .. .. .. . Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 105 Cuba Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, iindex (Index, 1980 100) NMP produced: .. 86.1 100.0 120.8 126.9 133.8 143.8 149.8 Agriculture and forestry .. 97.3 100.0 118.8 113.4 105.2 107.5 102.2 Industry Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade NMP used: material goods .. 84.9 100.0 111.9 109.2 115.1 125.7 130.3 Final consumption .. 81.1 100.0 106.8 109.9 112.8 118.4 121.2 Net capital formation .. 99.7 100.0 132.2 106.6 124.2 154.4 166.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converteT .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market 6.690 9.150 14.879 19.417 20.916 17.542 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. UniformTR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index .. .. .. .. .. Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1981 = 100) .. 98.9 103.5 100.0 100.7 101.4 100.0 '97.8 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Cuban pesos) Value of exports (fob) .. 2,953 3,961 4,235 4,923 5,549 5,471 5,985 Value of imports (cif) .. 3,108 4,630 5,122 5,524 6,206 7,217 8,033 Trade balance .. -155 -669 -887 -601 -657 -1,746 -2,049 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports .. .. .. .. .. 1,644.0 2,217,0 2,711.0 Imports .. .. .. .. .. 1,138.0 924 0 932.0 Trade balance .. .. .. .. .. 506.0 1,293 0 1,779.0 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade .. .. .. Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. 5,888 6,689 5,9C4 7,055 Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA .. .. .. .. 3,800 4,902 4,285 4,730 External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. 552 568 483 495 Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current Cuban pesos) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 106 Cuba 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 146.4 138.3 141.5 .. I NMP produced: 99.6 96.8 ... .. . I Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade 122.5 113.3 117.1. . .. I NMP used: material goods 124.2 121.2 123.3 ...... I Final consumption 115.9 82.3 92.4A . .. I Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES Single-year converter Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 ... . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index 92.2 92.6 93.9 . .... Q,f GDP deflator (1 981 = 100) (millions of current Cuban pesos) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 5,330 5,392 5,509 ...... f Value of exports (fob) 7,584 7,590 7,582 ...... f Value of imports (cif) -2,254 -2,198 -2,073 ...... f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2,294.0 1,489.0 2,218.0 2,465.0 ... . W Exports 938.0 1,012.0 1,419.0 1,434.0 ... . W Imports 1,356.0 477.0 799.0 1,031.0 ... . W Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMEENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency 9,509 10,862 11,009 . .... 0 External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency 6,000 7,000 7,666 ...... . CMEA 602 605 519 ......0, f External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Cuban pesos) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense I07 Cuba Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ENPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services Labor force, total 2,636 3,047 3,567 3,651 3,735 3,819 3,903 3,987 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 8551 9292 9724 9724 9801 9897 9994 10098 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 77.1 83.8 87.7 87.7 88.4 89.3 90.1 91.1 School enrollment ratio, primary 121 124 106 .. 109 108 106 104 secondary 22 42 81 .. 80 82 83 82 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 721.6 952.6 1,032.0 1,079.7 1,134.0 1,010.0 1,027.9 1,051.1 Daily calorie supply per capita 2688 2736 2984 3009 3100 3146 3164 3158 Food production (1979-81 100) 125.4 79.4 93.7 99.8 102.7 101.0 106.3 98.7 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 69.2 65.9 72.6 74.3 74.1 74.6 74.3 75.8 Population per hospital bed 216.7 .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. .. 285.0 per physician 1,221.6 .. .. 720.5 .. .. 530.2 Female participation in labor force (percent) 11.7 16.4 22.4 22.9 23.4 23.9 24.4 24.9 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 38.7 24.9 19.6 18.5 17.2 16.8 15.0 16.5 Life expectancy (years) 70.0 72.2 73.7 73.9 74.2 74.4 74.6 74.8 Total fertility (births per woman) 3.8 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 Urban population (percent of total population) 60.2 64.2 68.1 68.8 69.6 70.3 71.1 71.8 Population per passenger car 118.8 65.3 61.0 56.7 53.8 52.0 49.9 48.9 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. 20.3 19.6 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 170.3 161.6 167.5 167.7 166.2 166.5 169.3 170.2 Deforestation rate (net) 0.9 0.8 0.8 4.4 3.3 -2.2 1.6 1.9 Forest (thousands sq. km) 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.1 26.9 26.4 26.8 27.3 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 108 Cuba 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 4,082 4,177 4,271 4,366 4,461 4,542 4,623 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 10199 10288 10410 10522 10626 10736 10829 . Population (thousands) 92.0 92.8 93.9 94.9 95.8 96.8 97.6 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 105 105. 104 103 .. .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 87 85 88 89 .. .. .. . secondary 1,086.9 1,110.4 1,131.0 1,157.7 1,192.1 .. .. . Energyconsumptionpercapita(kg.ofoileq.) 3148 3153 3164 3141 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 99.5 96.4 98.0 101.7 96.4 94.0 .. . Food production (1979-81 = 100) 74.8 73.8 75.4 73.5 71.6 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 206.6 .. .. . Population per hospital bed 81.8 .. .. . per nursing person 274.6 .. .. . per physician 25.4 25.9 26.3 26.8 27.3 27.6 27.9 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 13.6 13.3 11.9 11.1 10.7 11.0 11.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 75.0 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 75.7 . Life expectancy (years) 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 . Total fertility (births per woman) 72.4 73.0 73.7 74.3 74.9 76.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) 47.0 44.8 .. .. .. .. .. . Population per passenger car 18.8 18.2 .. .. .. .. .. . per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 166.4 162.6 164.1 167.0 ., , .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 27.4 27.4 27.5 27.5 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 109 Czech Republic Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current koruny) GNP at market prices 410,900 408,000 426,400 434,600 460,300 471,700 Net factor income -4,400 -5,500 -3,600 -2,300 -2,500 -2,000 GDP at market prices 415,300 413,500 430,000 436,900 462,800 473,700 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost -- Agriculture 30,000 24,500 30,600 32,100 33,300 32,800 Industry 260,400 246,900 258,200 263,200 273,400 284,100 Services 124,900 142,100 141,200 141,600 156,100 156,800 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General govemment consumption Gross domestic investment 128,900 109,600 116,100 118,300 126,800 130,800 Fixed domestic investment 102,600 100,800 107,600 108,100 117,200 121,200 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 koruny) Gross national product (GNP) 476,856 480,356 GDP at market prices 479,356 482,256 GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment 124,314 128,529 Fixed domestic investment 114,724 118,737 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current koruny) NMP produced: 345,388 338,923 354,458 360,269 383,720 393,064 Agriculture and forestry 23,549 19,252 25,874 27,287 28,048 26,942 Industry excluding construction 221,646 206,544 217,370 221,637 225,484 234,296 Construction 34,480 33,930 34,464 35,865 40,472 40,249 Transport and communication Trade 35,940 48,703 44,890 42,648 54,551 54,815 Other services 29,773 30,494 31,860 32,832 35,165 36,762 Resource balance 13,283 23,283 24,689 22,655 27,188 27,168 NMP used: domestic market 328,630 312,229 325,523 333,598 352,284 361,534 Final consumption, material goods 247,531 254,416 263,700 272,759 285,644 295,094 Personal consumption 178,502 181,485 187,515 193,007 197,536 204,256 Collective consumption 69,029 72,931 76,185 79,752 88,108 90,838 Net capital formation 81,099 57,813 61,823 60,839 66,640 66,440 Net fixed capital formation 54,839 49,022 53,369 50,623 57,040 56,826 Changes in stocks 26,260 8,791 8,454 10,216 9,600 9,614 Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (milions of constant 1984 koruny) NMP produced: 381,215 Agriculture and forestry 26,067 Industry and construction 262,594 Services 92,554 Resource balance 29,658 NMP used: domestic market 347,116 Final consumption, material goods 293,045 Personal consumption 198,749 Collective consumption 94,296 Net capital formation 54,071 Net fixed capital formation 44,260 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes colunin are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 110 Czech Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. . .. ..-.-.. . ... ... . . PER CAPITA INCOME 2,460 (World Bank) (millions of current koruny) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 481,700 493,800 511,700 523,700 564,200 717,000 740,700 GNP at market prices -1,300 -1,300 -1,700 -900 -3,100 400 400 Net factor income 483,000 495,100 513,400 524,600 567,300 716,600 740,300 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost 33,600 32,900 32,500 44,800 40,600 40,000 Agriculture 290,000 296,600 307,600 314,000 330,800 445,500 Industry 159,400 165,600 173,300 165,800 195,900 231,100 Services 9,900 21,300 19,900 7,400 49,800 29,700 Resource balance 413,300 429,200 Exports GNFS 363,500 399,500 Imports GNFS 485,200 492,100 504,700 559,900 666,800 710,600 Domestic absorption 340,200 351,200 364,200 397,400 453,600 524,300 Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption 143,000 145,000 140,900 140,500 162,500 213,200 186,300 Gross domestic investment 130,300 125,100 136,200 136,400 149,300 165,300 215,600 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (milions of constant 1987 koruny) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 491,003 493,800 503,651 527,241 518,919 447,858 415,963 Gross national product (GNP) 492,303 495,100 505,251 528,141 521,719 447,558 415,863 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption 140,294 145,000 137,843 140,784 145,980 126,667 126,961 Gross domestic investment 127,449 125,100 133,127 136,847 133,910 110,221 127,449 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current koruny) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 400,554 408,888 423,849 429,815 473,356 624,095 NMP produced: 27,362 26,532 26,287 38,134 36,941 33,312 Agriculture and forestry 239,183 244,316 253,136 249,918 273,709 399,323 Industry excluding construction 41,121 41,372 43,545 43,273 49,191 50,177 Construction Transport and communication 55,328 59,960 65,428 61,780 75,229 82,828 Trade 37,560 36,708 35,444 36,710 38,286 58,455 Other services 15,137 12,056 22,026 18,678 6,480 41,416 Resource balance 381,073 391,051 396,131 405,109 459,688 569,540 NMP used: domestic market 305,080 316,504 329,958 342,157 377,120 443,023 Final consumption, material goods 209,256 215,335 225,764 233,907 261,761 291,815 Personal consumption 95,824 101,169 104,194 108,250 115,359 151,208 Collective consumption 75,993 74,547 66,173 62,952 82,568 126,517 Net capital formation 63,254 54,639 61,479 58,873 69,333 70,115 Net fixed capital formation 12,739 19,908 4,694 4,079 13,235 56,402 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant 1984 koruny) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 388,935 394,802 402,539 405,770 403,278 NMP produced: 25,947 24,946 23,941 25,622 27,324 Agriculture and forestry 269,064 277,587 286,181 293,485 292,487 Industry and construction 93,924 92,269 92,417 86,663 83,467 Services 19,197 12,194 19,229 10,263 -5,270 Resource balance 365,377 377,585 378,585 390,481 401,559 NMP used: domestic market 301,823 312,467 324,972 336,404 344,568 Final consumption, material goods 202,609 208,243 218,108 221,651 228,768 Personal consumption 99,214 104,224 106,864 114,753 115,800 Collective consumption 63,554 65,118 53,613 54,077 56,991 Net capital formation 50,664 45,015 49,024 50,278 44,895 Net fixed capital formation Depreciation .~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Czech Republic Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1989 = 100) NMP produced: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Industry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Construction .. 100.0 Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 100.0 NMP used: material goods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Final consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: a*nual average) Single-year converter 27.000 .. 14.260 13.250 13.730 14.150 16.600 17.1S0 Devisa/official 7.200 5.580 5.380 5.890 6.100 6.290 6.640 6.850 Commercial 27.000 20.980 14.260 13.250 13.730 14.150 16.600 17.180 Noncommercial/tourist 16.200 9.770 9.420 10.310 10.680 11.010 11.620 11.990 Informal market 42.700 23.279 25.688 27.096 28.925 31.154 33.863 41.170 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annal average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1977=100) .. .. 109.3 110.2 115.7 116.8 118.0 120.7 Wholesale price index (1977=100) .. .. 102.5 107.6 115.9 115.1 124.6 126.8 GDP deflator (1987 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. .. 96.5 98.2 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current koruny) Valueof exports (fob) .. *- 131,526 121,402 130,131 134,740 151,989 147,904 Value of imports (cif) .. .. 131,931 116,471 125,709 131,443 149,832 154,278 Trade balance .. .. -405 4,931 4,422 3,297 2,157 -6,374 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (miUions of current koruny) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. . .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explauned in the General Notes. For soures and methods, see the Teclusica Notes. 112 Czech Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) .. .. , - . . .. .. . . .. - - -- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ................. (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 102.0 103.6 105.6 106.4 105.8 .. .. . NMP produced: 99.5 95.7 91.8 98.3 104.8 .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 102.6 106.2 109.7 113.2 111.5 .. .. . Industry excluding construction 101.7 103.0 105.3 104.1 110.5 .. .. . Construction Transport and communication 101.5 99.7 99.9 93.6 90.2 .. .. . Trade 105.3 108.8 109.1 112.5 115.7 .. .. . NMPused: materialgoods 103.0 106.6 110.9 114.8 117.6 .. .. . Final consumption 117.5 120.4 99.2 100.0 105.4 .. .. . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 15.000 13.680- 14.360 15.050 17.950 29.480 28.270 . Single-year converter 6.000 5.470 5.320 . .. .. .. f Devisa/official 15.000 13.680 14.360 15.050 .. .. .. . Commercial 10.500 9.570 9.310 9.750 .. .. .. . Noncommercial/tourist 31.718 29.596 34.290 40.854 .. .. .. f Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 121.3 121.4 121.7 123.4 135.3 211.9 .. f Consumer price index (1977= 100) 126.8 126.9 127.0 127.1 132.6 226.0 .. f Wholesale price index (1977=100) 98.1 100.0 101.6 99.3 108.7 160.1 178.0 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (millions of current koruny) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 149,704 152,516 160,644 163,411 164,436 233,594 f Value of exports (fob) 162,212 164,639 163,844 165,618 180,498 208,781 f Value of imports (cif) -12,508 -12,123 -3,200 -2,207 -16,062 24,813 .. f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE f Exports f Imports f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current koruny) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense 113 Czech Republic ,,,,,~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..... .... .... i, ....... Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 4,976 5,014 5,148 5,171 5,184 5,191 5,225 5,267 Agriculture 720 610 560 560 553 539 539 537 Industry 2,407 2,458 2,468 2,463 2,463 2,472 2,478 2,489 Services 1,849 1,946 2,120 2,148 2,168 2,180 2,208 2,241 Labor force, total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,375 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 9,775 10,060 10,264 10,289 10,308 10,322 10,330 10,335 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed .. .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. per physician .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 275.0 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48.8 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. .. .. 15.2 .. Life expectancy (years) .. .. 70.3 70.5 70.7 70.8 70.9 71.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 1.9 2.4 2.1 .. 2.0 .. Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. .. .. .. .. Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Abbreviations in aotes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 114 Czech Republic .- ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ .. . .. .-. . ......... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 5,323 5,346 5,371 5,402 5,351 5,059 .. f Employment, total 533 528 520 507 491 416 Agriculture 2,526 2,540 2,548 2,560 2,491 2,418 .. . Industry 2,264 2,278 2,303 2,335 2,369 2,225 .. . Services 5,391 5,408 5,421 5,428 5,254 5,266 .. . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 10,339 10,348 10,356 10,362 10,364 10,310 10,310 . Population (thousands) Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 100.0 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 88.5 .. .. . secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 3,299.0 .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) 105.2 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 123.0 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person 272.0 272.0 270.0 264.0 265.0 270.0 .. . per physician 48.9 49.0 49.1 49.0 49.3 47.9 .. . Female participation in labor force (percent) 11.7 11.0 10.0 10.9 .. 9.7 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 71.2 71.4 71.6 71.7 71.9 72.2 72.4 . Life expectancy (years) 1.9 1.9 1.9 .. .. 1.9 . Total fertility (births per woman) Urban population (percent of total population) 5.0 .. . Population per passenger car 3.0 .. . per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) Forest (thousands sq. km) 115 Estonia country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 4,480 4,652 4,756 5,099 5,219 4,951 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture 639 6 17' 714' 991I 1,056 1,023 Industry 2,180 2,252 2,229 2,213 2,245 2,326 Services 1,661 1,783 1,813 1,896 1,918 1,603 Resource balance -111 -99 -163 -143 -262 -638 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 4,641 5,610 Total consumption 3,364 3,979 Private consumption 2,809 3,175 General government consumption 555 804 Gross domestic investment 1,277 1,631 Fixed domestic investment 1,198 1,503 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1980 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices 4,480 4,545 GDP at factor cost Agriculture 639 502 Industry 2,180 2,467 Services 1,661 1,576 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General goverrnment consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (milions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 2,165 2,618 3,222 3,334 3,398 3,679 3,761 3,462 Agriculture and forestry 528 537 511 608 888 949 913 Industry excluding construction 1,092 1,605 1,690 1,623 1,573 1,529 1,592 Construction 192 302 286 310 318 368 389 Transport and commuinication 106 159 169 180 192 198 210 Trade 248 619 678 677 708 717 359 Other services Resource balance -111 -638 NMP used: domestic market 2,184 2,624 3,359 3,499 3,587 3,825 3,986~ 4,084 Final consumption, material goods 1,606 2,686 2,852 2,894 2,982 3,074 3,188 Personal consumption 1,438 2,362 2,503 2,523 2,591 2,663 2,749 Collective consumption 167 325 349 371 391 411 439 Net capital formation 578 672 646 693 844 912 896 Net fixed capital formation 348 509 311 314 358 336 415 Changes in stocks 231 163 335 379 486 576 481 Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) NMP produced: 3,242 5,408 5,323 5,664 5,861 5,977 5,224 Agriculture and forestry 1,542 1,274 1,394 1,453 1,443 1,136 Industry and construction 2,785 2,888 3,049 3,13 8 3,203 3,269 Services 1,080 1,161 1,220 1,270 1,331 818 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 2,971 4,377 4,554 4,474 4,736 4,875 5,010 Final consumption, material goods 2,192 3,463 3,626 3,569 3,677 3,799 3,914 Personal consumption 3,113 3,247 3,166 3,246 3,346 3,431 Collective consumption 369 396 416 440 463 488 Net capital formation 801 915 928 905 1,059 1,077 1,097 Net fixed capital formation 897 559 553 616 481 572 Depreciation Abbreviationg in notes coluisim are expIlained in the General Notes. For sources and 7nethods, see the Trehnical Notea. 116 Estonia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11... X . X ...sU.......N PER CAPITA INCOME 4,360 3,970 2,750 f (World Bank) (midions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 5,159 5,438 5,759 6,422 7,977 17,815 .. GDP at market prices 2,110 ... Net indirect taxes 15,705 GDP at factor cost 1,095 1,071 1,121 1,272 1,246 2,684 Agriculture 2,449 2,552 2,631 2,819 3,732 7,784 ... Industry 1,615 1,815 2,007 2,332 3,000 7,347 .. f Services -658 -637 -544 -437 -629 888 Resource balance 5,789 Exports GNFS 5,671 ... Imports GNFS 5,823 6,075 6,304 6,860 8,606 16,080 Domestic absorption 4,142 4,414 4,410 4,760 6,195 11,602 Total consumption 3,287 3,509 3,517 3,869 5,141 9,170 ... Private consumption 855 905 893 892 1,054 2,432 ... General government consumption 1,681 1,661 1,894 2,099 2,411 4,478 ... Gross domestic investment 1,614 1,635 1,690 1,853 1,895 3,573 ... Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1980 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 4,578 4,805 5,047 5,455 5,102 .. ... GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost 553 542 529 581 480 .. ... Agriculture 2,453 2,568 2,691 2,696 2,486 .. ... Industry 1,573 1,695 1,827 2,179 2,136 .. ... Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption .. .. .. .. ..Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 3,671 3,735 3,931 4,342 5,456 10,508 ... NMP produced: 984 943 998 1,143 1,107 1,771 ... Agriculture and forestry 1,702 1,751 1,794 1,898 2,755 6,454 ... Industry excluding construction 401 413 447 515 571 849 ... Construction 215 219 265 284 393 457 ... Transport and communication 369 410 427 502 630 976 .. f Trade Other services -658 -637 -544 -437 -629 737 ... Resource balance 4,297 4,333 4,625 4,960 6,170 9,776 ... NMP used: domestic market 3,357 3,502 3,645 3,843 4,801 7,822 ... Final consumption, material goods 2,886 2,999 3,123 3,312 4,119 6,870 ... Personal consumption 471 502 522 531 682 953 ... Collective consumption 940 832 979 1,117 1,369 1,954 ... Net capital formation 691 501 472 325 489 364 ... Net fixed capital formation 249 331 507 792 880 1,590 ... Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 5,379 5,494 5,762 6,112 5,456 .. ... NMP produced: 1,287 1,234 1,213 1,379 1,107 .. ... Agriculture and forestry 3,257 3,390 3,605 3,651 3,327 .. ... Industry and construction 835 870 944 1,083 1,023 .. .. f Services Resource balance 5,272 5,212 5,515 5,669 6,170 .. ... NMP used: domestic market 4,048 4,164 4,350 4,446 4,801 .. ... Final consumption, material goods 3,529 3,607 3,773 3,866 4,119 .. ... Personal consumption 524 560 580 581 682 .. ... Collective consumption 1,224 1,048 1,165 1,223 1,369 .. ... Net capital formation 927 654 592 369 489 .. ... Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 117 Estonia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 62.1 .. 103.5 101.9 108.4 112.2 114.4 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 135.7 112.1 122.7 127.9 - 127.0 100.0 Industry .. .. 85.2 88.3 93.3 96.0 98.0 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 132.0 141.9 149.1 155.3 162.7 100.0 NMP used: material goods 59.3 .. 87.4 90.9 89.3 94.5 97.3 100.0 Final consumption 56.0 .. 88.5 92.6 91.2 93.9 97.1 100.0 Net capital formation 73.0 .. 83.4 84.6 82.5 96.5 98.2 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official .. .. 0.650 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator 1985= 100 .. .. 91.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,395 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 118 Estonia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 103.0 105.2 110.3 117.0 104.4 .. ... NMPproduced: 113.3 108.6 106.8 121.4 97.4 .. ... Agriculture and forestry 99.6 103.7 110.3 111.7 101.8 .. .. f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 102.1 106.4- 115.4 132.4 125.1 .. .. f Trade 105.2 104.0 110.1 113.2 123.2 .. ... NMP used: material goods 103.4 106.4 111.1 113.6 122.7 .. ... Final consumption 111.6 95.5 106.2 111.5 124.8 .. ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.149 3.056 31.103 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.590 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial 6.270 5.810 31.750 ... Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index 103.4 103.9 104.8 108.1 143.5 395.7 ... GDP deflator 1985=100 (millions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 214 246 220 198 269 .. f Value of exports (fob) 661 661 587 741 679 .. f Value of imports (cif) -447 -416 -367 -543 -410 .. f Trade balance (mfilions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 198.0 50.0 242.0 f Exports 592.0 204.0 230.0 f Imports -394.0 -154.0 12.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (milions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 457 . Exports, convertible currency 446 . Imports, convertible currency 11 . Trade balance, convertible currency 50 . Invisibles, convertible currency 150 . Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 2,551 2,460 2,465 2,732 2,660 5,807 .. f Central government expenditures Defense 119 Estonia ,.,.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... . ....,.. ,C 2 Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 788 793 799 802 807 811 Agriculture .. .. 110 108 108 107 108 108 Industry .. .. 339 339 340 341 343 344 Services .. .. 339 346 351 354 356 359 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 1,480.0 1,491.0 1,502.0 1,514.0 1,525.0 1,536.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 32.8 33.1 33.3 33.6 33.8 34.1 School enrollment ratio, primary -.. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. 6.6 Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 90.7 89.6 80.2 79.5 79.1 .. 80.3 79.8 per nursing person 106.6 98.6 94.8 92.5 89.8 .. 88.5 86.6 per physician 302.1 271.0 239.2 235.8 229.4 225.2 219.8 213.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 19.5 18.5 17.8 17.6 17.4 1-7.2 17.0 16.8 Life expectancy (years) 70.0 69.6 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.5 69.8 70.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 70.1 .. .. .. .. 71.3 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 17.7 Abbreviations in notes column are expiained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 120 Estonia , ,:: --: --: :................... . .. . .. ..... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 820 818 818 812 796 812 Employment, total 109 107 104 105 101 101 .. Agriculture 347 346 348 344 338 356 Industry 364 365 366 363 357 356 Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 1,546.0 1,557.0 1,568.0 1,578.0 1,571.0 1,562.0 1,562.0 . Population (thousands) 34.3 34.5 34.8 35.0 34.8 34.6 34.6 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 80.8 81.6 82.2 82.2 82.6 .. .. f Population per hospital bed 86.6 86.0 86.4 86.1 104.0 .. .. f per nursing person 208.8 208.3 207.0 218.8 .. .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 16.6 16.4 13.5 16.0 13.4 14.0 13.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 70.4 70.7 70.7 70.3 69.8 69.8 69.9 . Life expectancy (years) 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 . Total fertility (births per woman) 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.4 71.3 71.0 f Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 18.1 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 121 Georgia Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUTNTS, current prices (mifllons of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 10,181 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance- Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Pr-ivate consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant price (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MEPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 4,099 5,375 8,052 8,948 9,457 9,510 10,234 10,090 Agriculture and forestry 1,339 2,414 3,154 Industry excluding construction 1,666 3,302 4,371 Construction 475 743 1,136 Transport and communication 140 241 348 Trade 480 375 431 Other services 977 650 Resource balance 227 -451 NMP used: domestic market 4,351 5,535 7,769 7,968 8,322 9,007 9,756 10,401 Final consumption, material goods 3,305 5,721 6,200 6,300 6,400 6,800 7,331 Personal consumption 5,000 5,400 5,600 5,600 6,000 6,400 Collective consumption 721 800 700 800 800 931 Net capital formation 1,046 2,042 1,800 2,000 2,600 3,000 3,070 Net fixed capital formation 951 900 800 1,000 1,300 1,527 Changes in stocks 1,091 900 1,200 1,600 1,700 1,543 Depreciation MI'S ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation Abbreviations in notes coltwnn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 122 Georgia 1986 1,987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,290 1,780 850 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubies) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 14,217 14,672 14,355 14,900 20,766 134,396 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services -592 -385 -856 Resource balance 6,235 6,084 5,983 Exports GNFS 6,827 6,469 6,839 Imports GNFS 15,264 14,740 15,756 Domestic absorption 12,928 13,050 14,490 Total consumption 9,117 9,726 8,856 Private consumption 3,812 3,324 5,634 General government consumption 2,336 1 ,690 1,266 Gross domestic investment 1,360 969 589 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant -1987 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 9,573 9,690 9,900 9,989 10,866 14,737 82,755 f NMP produced: 3,208 2,970 3,095 2,850 4,066 4,952 38,909 f Agriculture and forestry 3,892 4,111 4,032 4,009 3,800 6,148 28,201 f Industry excluding construction 1,075 1,186 1,319 1,383 1,194 1,318 6,453 f Construction 318 312 399 429 532 553 2,457 f Transport and communication 452 376 455 520 613 819 1,909 f Trade 628 735 600 798 661 947 4,825 f Other services -12 156 -256 116 -474 -89 -5,550 f Resource balance 9,459 9,400 10,014 9,692 11,204 14,489 68,024 f NMP used: domestic market 7,200 7,404 7,655 7,982 9,456 12,866 69,586 f Final consumption, material goods 6,300 6,438 6,650 6,909 8,263 11,028 61,472 f Personal consumption 900 966 1,005 1,073 1,193 1,838 8,114 f Collective consumption 2,259 1,998 2,359 1,710 1,748 1,623 -1,562 f Net capital formation 1,333 1,361 1,360 969 589 908 -2,037 f Net fixed capital formation 926 637 999 741 1,159 715 475 f Changes in stocks Depreciation (mfllon of onsan USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formnation * ** ~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation 123 Georgia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 100) NMP produced: 42.2 55.2 79.2 84.6 86.1 89.9 95.6 100.0 Agriculture and forestry ... 94.5 102.4 94.1 98.2 106.8 100.0 Industry ... 76.3 81.2 84.5 87.7 92.0 100.0 Construction Transport and communication . .. .. Trade ... 75.3 80.2 84.7 90.0 97.4 100.0 NMP used: material goods 47.5 60.3 81.2 79.8 81.6 88.8 92.8 100.0 Final consumption 48.4A 83.1 84.3 86.2 88.5 92.3 100.0 Net capital formation 46.3 .. 76.3 68.0 69.7 89.5 96.1 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter . .. .. Devisa/official ... 0.650 .. ... 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist . .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=100 93.2 .. 93.9 100.3 99.7 98.6 100.5 100.0 Wholesale price index . .. .. GDP deflator 1985 =1I00 96.4 .. 100.7 104.8 108.8 104.8 106.1 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cif) . .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 =100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millioms of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current balance, convertible currency . .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMIESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined . .. .. Money, means of payment . .. .. Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) . . 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures . .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column ame explained in the General Notes. Por souircs and methods, seethe Technical Notes. 124 Georgia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes . Cout tables (continued) (Index, 1985 100) MnPS ACCOUNTS, index 9S.8 97.0 103.7 101.2 90.0 71.5 46.8 . NMP produced: 105.0 95.-' 102.1 81.0 87.2 78.3 55.9 . Agriculture and forestry 96.5 98.2 104.6 109.9 89.4 65.2 37.7 f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 98.7 96.0 102.2 110.8 90.8 67.6 30.2 f Trade 91.0 88.5 95.3 88.0 87.6 64.5 41.5 . NMP used: material goods 96.6 95.6 99.9 101.4 104.9 86.9 84.4 . Final consumption 76.3 69.8 83.2 52.3 42.3 10.2 -19.8 . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.298 2.350 35.974 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 227.460 . Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR1$ cross Uniform TRI$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 101.7 105.6 104.5 107.4 123.0 201.9 1,124.1 f Consumer price index 1985=100 Wholesale price index 96.0 99.0 94.6 97.8 119.7 204.3 1,750.8 f GDP deflator 1985=100 (millions of current USSR r4bles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 413 393 365 -259 50 .. f Value of exports (fob) 1,421 1,274 1,581 1,891 831 .. f Value of imports (cif) -1,008 -881 -1,216 -1,632 -781 .. f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 515.0 30.0 .. f Exports 1,543.0 480.0 .. f Imports -1,028.0 -450.0 .. f Trade balance (Index, 1980 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (m0ions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency . . Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. .. . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 4,399 4,786 6,879 .. f Central government expenditures Defense 125 Georgia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 2,502 2,667 Agriculture 765 .. 744 Industry .. .. 671 .. .. .. 766 Services .. .. 1,066 .. .. .. .. 1,157 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 5,083.0 5,129.0 5,173.0 5,216.0 5,258.0 5,299.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 72.9 73.6 74.2 74.8 75.4 76.0 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 109.3 102.0 93.6 93.5 93.0 .. 93.8 95.2 per nursing person 109.1 98.0 89.7 87.7 87.1 .. 86.3 86.1 per physician 274.7 240.4 208.8 201.6 196.5 189.0 190.5 186.9 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 28.1 27.1 26.2 26.2 26.1 26.1 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 70.9 70.9 70.9 71.0 71.1 71.2 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 51.7 .. .. .. .. 53.7 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 27.7 .. Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sourcs and methods, see the Technical Notes. 126 Georgia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countity tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 2,703 2,728 2,731 2,700 2,763 2,519 . Employment, total 746 731 699 668 707 677 ... Agriculture 765 799 822 803 840 723 ... Industry 1,192 1,198 1,211 1,229 1,216 1,119 ... Services .. .. .. .. .. .. . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 5,341.0 5,382.0 5,421.0 5,448.0 5,464.0 5,478.0 5,494.4 . Population (thousands) 76.6 77.2 77.8 78.2 78.4 78.6 78.8 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 93.5 92.5 90.4 90.9 90.3 .. .. f Population per hospital bed 83.8 81.8 80.1 80.2 84.5 .. .. f per nursing person 176.4 172.4 170.9 168.9 .. .. f perphysician Female participation in labor force (percent) 26.0 26.0 25.8 23.1 18.8 16.0 17.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 71.5 71.9 71.8 71.8 72.6 73.0 73.4 . Life expectancy (years) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 . Total fertility (births per woman) 54.1 54.7 55.4 55.7 55.9 55.8 f Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 27.6 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 127 Hungary Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) 1,930 2,160 2,220 2,120 2,040 1,940 SNA ACCOUNTS, current pFices (billions of current Hungarian forint) GNP at market prices 475 708 752 807 863 938 990 Net factor income -8 -13 -28 -41 -33 -41 -44 GDP at market prices 333 483 721 780 848 896 978 1,034 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture 61 86 124 137 149 153 166 167 Industry 151 248 297 324 350 369 401 426 Services 122 149 301 319 349 374 412 441 Resource balance -8 -36 -16 -8 7 17 31 21 Exports GNFS 100 200 282 308 322 361 402 436 Imports GNFS 108 236 297 316 315 344 371 415 Domestic absorption 340 519 737 788 841 879 948 1,012 Total consumption 229 336 515 557 599 642 696 754 Private consumption 194 286 441 478 515 551 601 649 General government consumption 34 50 74 79 84 91 95 105 Gross domestic investment 112 182 221 231 242 237 252 258 Fixed domestic investment 100 161 208 207 214 220 225 232 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (bilions of constant 1987 Hungarianforint) Gross national product (GNP) 882 1,037 1,057 1,064 1,085 1,108 1,107 GDPat market prices 655 898 1,057 1,098 1,119 1,127 1,157 1,156 GDP at factor cost Agriculture 121 146 163 169 188 188 197 189 Industry 251 357 438 469 475 484 490 478 Services 284 395 457 461 457 456 470 490 Resource balance -90 -120 -69 -57 -28 -5 19 8 Exports GNFS 139 235 341 360 373 400 429 452 Imports GNFS 229 355 410 417 402 405 410 444 Domestic absorption 746 1,018 1,127 1,155 1,147 1,132 1,138 1,148 Total consumption 565 718 790 826 829 825 838 858 Private consumption 481 623 683 714 716 711 723 738 General government consumption 83 96 107 112 113 114 115 120 Gross domestic investment 181 300 337 329 318 308 300 290 Fixed domestic investment 169 264 301 288 284 274 264 257 Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Hungarian forint) NMP produced: 276 394 583 635 696 738 804 842 Agriculture and forestry 49 66 85 94 97 98 106 100 Industry excluding construction 113 190 212 237 260 277 302 330 Construction 31 48 60 63 71 78 85 86 Transport and communication 21 30 45 51 57 58 59 61 Trade 36 60 69 73 76 81 93 101 Other services Resource balance -8 -36 -16 -8 7 17 31 21 NMP used: domestic market 283 430 599 643 690 721 773 821 Final consumption, material goods 208 303 470 508 549 587 631 677 Personal consumption 180 262 407 439 475 508 549 586 Collective consumption 28 40 63 69 74 79 82 91 Net capital formation 75 127 129 135 141 134 142 144 Net fixed capital formation 55 101 110 101 96 121 123 105 Changes in stocks 20 26 19 34 45 14 19 39 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant Hungarian forint) NMP produced: 385 521 598 613 630 631 647 638 Agriculture and forestry 80 90 91 90 99 96 101 94 Industry and construction 157 225 274 286 299 308 309 301 Services 73 102 120 126 126 125 128 128 Resource balance -50 -49 -19 -8 15 33 53 47 NMP used: domestic market 434 569 617 622 615 598 594 590 Final consumption, material goods 340 429 496 511 518 521 526 532 Personal consumption 301 378 429 442 448 450 454 458 Collective consumption 40 51 67 69 70 71 71 75 Net capital formation 93 136 121 111 97 77 69 58 Net fixed capital formation 75 115 106 89 75 87 79 50 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 128 Hungary 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,020 2,250 2,490 2,630 2,790 2,770 3,000 (World Bank) (billions of current Hungarianforint) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 1,043 1,178 1,397 1,648 1,990 2,305 2,683 GNP at market prices -45 -48 -55 -82 -89 -56 -99 Net factor income 1,089 1,226 1,452 1,730 2,080 2,361 2,782 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes H, f GDP at factor cost 183 189 210 236 261 233 197 H, f Agriculture 440 495 527 630 674 782 822 H, f Industry 466 543 715 865 1,144 1,347 1,763 H, f Services -15 -6 39 57 76 -67 -23 Resource balance 432 464 530 621 669 835 925 Exports GNFS 447 470 492 564 593 902 948 Imports GNFS 1,104 1,232 1,414 1,673 2,004 2,428 2,805 Domestic absorption 812 905 1,055 1,228 1,504 1,895 2,277 Total consumption 696 779 887 1,050 1,283 1,606 1,938 Private consumption 116 126 169 178 222 289 339 General govemment consumption 293 328 358 445 499 533 529 Gross domestic investment 261 304 296 348 370 494 548 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of constant 1987 Hungarian forint) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 1,125 1,178 1,174 1,163 1,123 1,004 963 Gross national product (GNP) 1,174 1,226 1,221 1,222 1,174 1,052 998 GDP at market prices H, f GDP at factor cost 195 189 204 204 194 173 142 H, f Agriculture 476 495 457 451 408 339 311 H, f Industry 502 543 559 567 572 540 545 H, f Services -14 -6 24 21 30 10 36 Resource balance 442 464 496 502 489 438 447 Exports GNFS 457 470 472 481 459 428 411 Imports GNFS 1,188 1,232 1,197 1,201 1,145 1,041 962 Domestic absorption 871 905 880 886 855 781 756 Total consumption 745 779 746 760 721 650 623 Private consumption 126 126 134 126 134 130 133 General government consumption 317 328 317 315 290 261 206 Gross domestic investment 275 304 278 291 267 293 266 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current Hungarian forint) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 881 1,000 1,152 1,414 f NMPproduced: 111 113 127 Agriculture and forestry 336 402 405 Industry excluding construction 94 105 106 Construction 68 75 80 Transport and communication 114 115 158 Trade Other services -15 -6 38 Resource balance 897 1,006 1,114 NMP used: domestic market 726 807 887 Final consumption, material goods 627 700 771 Personal consumption 99 107 131 Collective consumption 171 199 227 Net capital formation 154 199 186 Net fixed capital formation 17 -1 41 Changes in stocks Depreciation (billions of constant Hungarian forint) MEPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 643 670 666 659 f NMP produced: 98 93 Agriculture and forestry 298 308 .Idustry and construction 131 139 Services 30 38 56 Resource balance 614 632 611 NMP used: domestic market 543 560 540 Final consumption, material goods 467 483 461 Personal consumption 77 77 79 Collective consumption 71 73 71 Net capital formation 82 66 51 Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 129 Hungary Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 = 100) NMP produced: 64.0 87.0 100.0 103.0 105.0 106.0 108.0 107.0 Agriculture and forestry 89.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 109.0 106.0 112.0 104.0 Industry 56.8 82.4 100.0 105.0 111.0 115.0 117.0 115.0 Construction 59.5 81.5 100.0 103.0 105.0 105.0 99.0 90.0 Transport and communication 68.5 89.7 100.0 105.0 106.0 105.0 108.0 104.0 Trade 62.9 92.5 100.0 105.0 106.0 101.0 103.0 103.0 NMP used: material goods 70.0 92.0 100.0 101.0 99.0 97.0 96.0 96.0 Final consumption 68.5 86.3 100.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 Net capital formation 78.7 115.7 100.0 91.0 80.0 64.0 57.0 48.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter 60.000 43.971 32.532 34.314 36.631 42.671 48.042 50.119 Devisalofficial 11.740 8.604 .. .. .. Commercial 60.000 43.971 32.532 34.314 36.631 42.671 48.042 50.119 Noncommercial/tourist 30.000 20.666 22.139 34.314 36.631 42.671 48.042 50.119 Informal market 49.530 31.896 31.075 36.250 42.150 51.260 56.827 84.010 ICP 27.252 20.649 16.669 16.086 16.370 17.150 18.189 18.760 (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross 1.500 1.099 1.171 1.279 1.409 1.641 1.848 1.881 Uniform TR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial 40.000 40.000 27.790 26.840 26.000 26.000 26.000 26.650 PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index .. 53.0 72.3 75.5 80.8 86.0 93.5 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1970 = 100) 50.7 53.8 68.2 71.0 75.8 79.5 84.6 89.4 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current Hungarian forint) Value of exports (fob) 27 52 281 299 325 374 414 425 Valueofimports (cif) 29 62 300 314 325 365 391 410 Trade balance -2 -9 -19 -15 0 9 23 15 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (milions of current US doUars) Exports 2.3 6.1 8.6 8.7 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.5 Imports 2.5 7.2 9.2 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.1 8.2 Trade balance -0.2 -1.1 -0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade 125 108 100 97 97 96 94 91 Exports 61 104 100 98 95 87 80 77 Imports 49 96 100 101 98 91 86 85 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency 609 2,209 4,863 4,879 4,831 4,832 4,916 4,188 Imports, convertible currency 686 2,500 4,587 4,432 4,163 4,059 4,025 4,060 Trade balance, convertible currency -77 -291 276 447 668 772 891 127 Invisibles, convertible currency -47 -240 -647 -1,176 -967 -702 -825 -974 Current balance, convertible currency -124 -531 -371 -729 -299 70 66 -847 External debt, total (World Bank) .. 0 9,757 9,781 10,216 10,745 10,983 13,955 Convertible currency .. 0 9,757 9,781 10,216 10,745 10,983 13,955 CMEA .. .. 70 71 64 57 47 40 External debt service (World Bank) .. .. 1,922 2,362 2,432 2,351 2,705 3,689 Convertible currency .. .. 1,922 2,362 2,432 2,351 2,705 3,689 Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. 1,231 1,560 2,153 Gold holdings at market price .. 133 1,220 670 295 584 636 761 DOMESTIC FINANCE (billions of current Hungarian forint) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. 418 427 449 498 Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. 188 192 201 240 Demand deposits .. .. .. .. 103 97 95 123 Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. 85 95 105 117 Quasi-money .. .. .. .. 230 235 248 259 Interest: deposit rate (percent) 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Central government expenditures .. .. .. 438 454 492 520 550 Defense .. .. .. 19 20 22 23 38 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 130 Hungary 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Intdex, 1980 =100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 108.0 112.0 111.0 110.0 ... . . NMP produced: 108.0 103.0 112.0 ...... . Agriculture and forestry 114.0 118.0 114.0 ...... . Industry excluding construction 91.0 93.0 80.0 . .... . Construction 108.0 113.0 113.0 ...... . Transport and communication 104.0 111.0 96.0 ...... . Trade 99.0 102.0 97.0 97.0... . NMP used: material goods 109.0 113.0 109.0 109.0 ... . . Final consumption 59.0 60.0 48.0 47.0... . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 45.832 46.971 50.413 59.066 63.206 74.735 78.988 . Single-year converter Devisalofficial 45.832 46.971 50.413 59.066 63.206 74.735 78.9988 Commercial 45.832 46.971 50.413 59.066 63.206 74.735 78.988 . Noncommercial/tourist 70.850 68.510 72.271 92.048 ... . . Informal market 18.892 19.925 22.464 . .... . ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) 1.637 1.727 1.939 2.091 ... . . Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 ... . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble:- annual average) 28.000 27.200 26.000 28.250 ... . . Commercial (index) PRICE INDICES 105.3 113.9 132.5 154.8 199.5 279.5 331.2 . Consumer price index Wholesale price index 92.8 100.0 118.9 141.6 177.1 224.6 278.8 . GDP deflator (1 970 1 I00) (billions of current Hungarian formnt) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 420 450 S04 571 604 764 844 f Value of exports (fob) 440 463 473 524 545 856 879 f Value of imports (cif) -19 -13 32 48 59 -91 -35 f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 9.2 9.6 10.0 9.7 9.6 10.2 .. t Exports 9.6 9.9 9.4 8.9 8.6 11.5 .. t Imports -0.4 -0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 -1.2 .. t Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES 88 90 93 ...... . Terms of trade 86 87 85 ...... . Exports 98 97 92 . .... . Imports (miUllons of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 4,186 5,050 5,505 6,446 6,349 ... f Exports, convertible currency 4,668 5,014 5,016 5,910 5,998 ... f Imports, convertible currency -482 36 489 537 348 ... f Trade balance, convertible currency -1,013 -913 -1,297 -1,974 -221 ... . Invisibles, convertible currency -1,495 -877 -808 -1,437 127 ... f Current balance, convertible currency 16,907 19,584 19,602 20,390 21,316 ... . External debt, total (World Bank) 16,907 19,584 19,602 20,390 21,316 ... . Convertible currency 33 3 1 30 3 1 26 .. CMEA 4,182 3,746 3,512 3,569 4,283 ... f External debt service (World Bank) 4,182 3,746 3,512 3,569 4,283 ... . Convertible currency 2,302 1,634 1,467 1,246 1,070 3,936 .. . Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 917 794 654 600 116 91 .. . Gold holdings at market price (billions of current Hungarian forint) DOMESTIC FINANCE 542 594 613 706 913 1,171 .. . Money supply, broadly defined 266 307 302 355 449 549 .. . Money, means of payment 136 153 138 174 239 289 .. . Demand deposits 131 154 164 181 210 260 .. . Currency outside banks 276 288 311 351 464 621 .. . Quasi-money 4 4 9 14 23 23 .. . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 637 700 792 958 1,089 ... . Central govemnment expenditures 26 28 38 35 39 . . Defense 131 Hungary :i i - - -.ii. . ..-. .. E -........E.E:... -- - 1- i E. ii. -i. ...- Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 4,980 .. . .. .. Agriculture 1,313 .. .. .. .. Industry 2,151 .. .. .. .. Services 1,516 .. .. .. .. Laborforce, total 5,495 5,445 5,219 5,219 5,218 5,217 5,216 5,215 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 10337 10532 10710 10713 10711 10700 10670 10657 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 111.9 114.1 116.0 116.0 116.0 115.9 115.6 115.4 School enrollment ratio, primary 97 99 96 .. 99 99 99 98 secondary 63 63 69 .. 73 73 73 72 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2,053.0 2,391.4 2,766.7 2,796.3 2,861.0 2,839.5 2,887.0 3,037.5 Daily calorie supply per capita 3335 3453 3484 3462 3517 3520 3491 3533 Food production (1979-81 =100) 70.7 93.4 104.4 100.6 112.8 106.1 113.2 109.0 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 93.5 98.6 99.0 100.2 101.2 101.8 101.0 102.1 Population per hospital bed 123.4 .. 110.3 109.0 .. per nursing person .. .. .. 156.8 .. .. . 173.5 per physician 507.4 .. 400.1 390.5 381.3 .. .. 306.6 Female participation in labor force (percent) 41.0 42.2 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.9 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 35.9 32.8 23.1 20.6 19.7 19.0 20.2 20.4 Life expectancy (years) 69.8 69.9 69.7 69.6 69.6 69.6 69.6 69.6 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.0 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 Urban population (percent of total population) 45.6 49.6 53.6 54.4 55.2 55.9 56.7 57.5 Population per passenger car 43.0 18.2 10.6 9.7 9.1 8.5 7.9 7.4 per telephone .. 10.0 8.5 8.0 7.7 .. 7.5 7.2 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 150.4 155.6 161.6 162.3 162.7 162.8 162.9 163.0 Deforestation rate (net) 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 Forest (thousands sq. km) 14.7 15.4 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.5 Abbreviatins in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 132 Hungary . . m. .. . ... .. . . ......... ............ .,,: ..''':. .. ..... .. 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 4,845 Employment, total 991 .. .. Agriculture 1,843 .. .. Industry 2,011 .. .. Services 5,227 5,239 5,252 5,264 5,276 5,302 5,328 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 10640 10621 10596 10576 10553 10344 10297 Population (thousands) 115.2 115.0 114.7 114.5 114.3 112.0 111.4 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 98 97 96 94 94 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 70 70 71 76 79 .. .. . secondary 3,056.8 3,063.3 3,143.1 3,114.0 3,211.4 .. .. . Energy consumptionper capita (kg. ofoil eq.) 3537 3699 3587 3644 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 109.9 110.2 117.1 114.7 107.1 119.1 .. . Foodproduction(1979-81=100) 102.7 104.5 103.8 101.0 100.6 .. ... Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 99.0 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person 335.4 .. .. .. . per physician 42.1 42.4 42.6 42.8 43.0 43.3 43.6 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 19.0 17.0 15.8 15.7 14.8 16.0 16.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 livebirths) 69.6 69.6 69.7 69.8 69.9 70.1 70.2 . Life expectancy (years) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 . Total fertility (births per woman) 58.3 59.0 59.8 60.5 61.3 62.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) 6.9 6.4 5.9 .. .. .. .. . Population per passenger car 6.9 6.6 .. .. .. .. .. . per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 163.1 163.1 163.1 163.1 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 133 Kazakhstan Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (milions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption . General government consumption Gross domestic investment . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MEPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 12,800 15,100 20,572 23,153 Agriculture and forestry 5,338 6,818 Industry excluding constructionr 6,672 7,627 Construction 3,087 3,727 Transport and communication 1,774 2,316 Trade 1,069 1,211 Other services 2,632 1,454 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 14,900 18,800 23,800 31,500 Final consumption, material goods 17,500 21,600 Personal consumptionr 15,100 18,500 Collective consumption 2,400 3,100 Net capital formation 6,200 9,900 Net fixed capital formation 4,200 5,300 Changes in stocks 2,000 4,600 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction , Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption, Net capital formation Net fixed capital formatign Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 134 Kazakhstan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,160 1,900 1,580 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 37,722 39,165 40,891 46,363 80,983 1,119,600 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services -8,223 -7,864 -8,451 -7,351 -6,696 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS 45,946 47,028 49,342 53,714 87,679 Domestic absorption 34,622 35,945 37,488 42,552 74,326 Total consumption 22,877 24,995 27,770 32,303 60,709 Private consumption 11,745 10,950 9,718 10,249 13,617 General government consumption 11,324 11,083 11,854 11,162 13,353 Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant price-s Gross national product (GNP) 46,737 46,363 40,893 35,576 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General govemnment consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 24,270 24,197 26,719 27,997 33,358 66,833 1,059,605 NMP produced: 8,283 8,066 9,214 10,461 13,962 22,862 505,487 Agriculture and forestry 6,680 6,915 6,762 5,659 7,003 24,764 430,360 Industry excluding construction 4,192 4,345 4,843 5,618 5,338 9,022 62,402 Construction 2,349 2,436 2,605 2,634 3,257 5,666 14,150 Transport and commnunication 1,296 1,122 1,339 1,481 1,602 2,682 Trade 1,470 1,313 1,956 2,144 2,196 1,837 Other services Resource balance 30,900 3 0, 7 87 32,400 34,56'1 40,14'6 85,57'8 1,350,386 NMP used: domestic market 21,800 22,480 23,900 25,833 28,453 63,097 963,881 Final consumption, material goods 18,700 19,113 20,400 22,185 24,442 47,633 640,096 Personal consumption 3,100 3,367 3,500 3,648 4,011 15,464 323,785 Collective consumption 9,100 8,307 8,500 8,728 11,693 22,481 386,505 Net capital formation 5,700 6,035 5,100 5,326 5,594 5,139 32,322 Net fixed capital formation 3,400 2,272 3,400 3,402 6,099 17,342 354,183 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant price 33,358 28,388 24,328 NMP produced: 13,962 10,510 Agriculture and forestry 12,341 10,717 Industry and construction 7,055 7,161 Services Resource balance 40,146 39,738 NMP used: domestic market 28,453 31,298 Final consumption, material goods 24,442 24,315 Personal consumption 4,011 6,982 Collective consumption 11,693 8,437 Net capital formation 55,594 2,238 Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 135 Kazakhstan Country tables ('continued~) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 NIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 63.3 .. 95,8 96.5 94.0, 98.9 98.7 100.0 Agriculture and forestry Industry. ..... Construction . .. .. Transport and communicationi . .. Trade . .. .. NMP used: material goods 53.1 .. 84.0 86.9 89.4 95.3 93.0 100.0 Final consumption 49.5 .. 86.6 90.1 92.2 94.3 98.2 100.0 Net capital formation 63.8 . 77.2 78.5 82.2 97.6 79.9 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter... ... Devisa/official 0.650 0.840 Commercial.. .... Noncommercial/tourist . .. .. informal miarket (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial . .. .. PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=100 .. 93.6 ...... 100.0 Wholesale price index . .. .. GDP deflator 1985 = I00 87.3 .. 92.7 . .... 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cif) . .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (mnillions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 =100) Terms of trade . .. .. Exports . .. .. Imports . .. .. BALANCE OF PAVNENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency . .. .. imports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible, currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current bialance, convertible cur-rency . .. .. External -debt, total (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. ,. - CMEA External debt service (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) . .. .. Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Moniey supply, broadly defined . .. .. Money, meabns of payment... .. . 'Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) ... 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures ... .. .. . 11,391 Defense Abbreviations in noses column are explained in the General Noies. For sources unit methods, see the Technical Notes. 136 Kazakhstan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) ..,,,.,,,,,,. .........,.,-,,,,...........,,-,,-,........... . .. ........ .... (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 101.7 101.5 110.2 110.1 109.1 92.9 79.6 . NMPproduced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade 100.1 98.4 101.4 104.6 108.2 107.1 ... NMP used: material goods 100.3 103.0 109.4 114.5 116.0 127.6 ... Final consumption 99.3 87.3 92.4 79.5 88.7 64.0 ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.283 2.704 45.447 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 100.6 101.0 101.1 104.5 113.6 228.9 .. f Consumer price index 1985= 100 Wholesale price index 103.1 103.0 104.7 109.8 132.1 310.7 5,748.4 f GDPdeflator 1985=100 (millions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 893 907 1,620 .. f Value of exports (fob) 2,998 3,517 1,019 .. f Value of imports (cif) -2,105 -2,610 601 .. f Trade balance (millions of current US doUlars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1,777.0 1,183.0 1,546.0 f Exports 3,250.0 2,546.0 1,608.0 f Imports -1,473.0 -1,363.0 -62.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 11,629 11,873 12,984 14,898 16,060 30,958 f Central government expenditures Defense 137 Kazakhstan i ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~ . . .. ..................... E.E..-...i. E.E.E. Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. .. 7,136 Agriculture Industry, Services Labor force; total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 14,905.0 15,085.0 15,250.0 15,418.0 15,630.0 15,852.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Populationperhospitalbed 84.5 79.6 76.6 76.5 76.1 .. 75.i 74.0 per nursing person 124.7 108.7 99.8 98.0 96.1 .. 90.3 87.6 per physician 458.7 362.3 313.5 305.8 297.6 290.7 275.5 266.0 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 37.3 36.5 35.8 35.1 34.3 33.6 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 66.6 66.7 66.8 67.4 68.0 68.5 Total fertility (births per woman) 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 Urban population (percent of total population) 50.3 52.8 54.9 .. .. .. .. 56.2 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.3 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.9 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 93.6 . Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources md methods, see the Technical Notes. 138 Kazakhstan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 7,209 7,295 7,400 7,467 7,563 7,494 Employment, total 1,726 .. ... Agriculture 2,447 .. Industry 3,390 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 16,055.0 16,250.0 16,437.0 16,586.0 16,742.0 16,844.0 16,964.2 . Population (thousands) 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 74.2 74.2 74.2 73.7 73.4 73.3 ... Population per hospital bed 85.7 84.4 83.5 82.2 80.7 86.1 .. f per nursing person 259.7 255.1 250.0 244.5 242.7 248.1 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 32.8 32.1 34.4 30.7 31.2 32.0 31.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 68.9 69.3 69.3 68.4 68.5 68.5 68.5 . Life expectancy (years) 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 . Total fertility (births per woman) 56.5 56.8 57.1 57.3 57.5 57.6 .. f Urban population (percent of total population) 25.0 23.8 22.7 21.7 21.3 20.8 .. f Population per passenger car 10.3 9.7 9.1 8.5 7.9 7.7 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 96.4 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 139 Democratic People's Republic of Korea Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCONE (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption . . Private consumption .. General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) Gross national product (GNP) .. GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade Other services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption .. Collective consumption .. Net capital formation .. Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks .. Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction .. Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. Final consumption, material goods .. Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation .. Depreciation Abbreviations in notes columnn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 140 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) * X 7 ;, -,; ,,; ,. ,, - --. -: PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) SNA ACCOTNTS, current prices .. ... ... .GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Serv,ices .. .,.... Resource balance .. .. .. .. . .. .. Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption .. . ... .. .. . . Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment .. .. .. .. .. . .. . Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture .. .. . ... ... . Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Other services .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation .. .. . ... .. .. . Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices NMP produced: .. .. . ... ... . Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Personal consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .Collective consumption Net capital formation .. ... ... .Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 141 Democratic People's Republic of Korea Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 100) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry ConstructAoio.. .......... Transport and communication .. Trade NMP used: material goods .. Final consumption .. .. Net capital formation . .. .. .. .. EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. . .. .. Devisa/official .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.070 0.940 Commercial 2.570 2.050 1.700 1.770 2.120 2.180 2.210 Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. . Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index .. .. .. .. .. Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (mi/lions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,100 1,100 Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. ,. 1,100 1,500 Trade balance, convertible currency .. ., .. .. ., .. 0 -400 Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. 1,108 895 865 1,171 Convertible currency .. .. CMEA .. .. .. .. 160 145 168 121 External debt service (World Bank) .. .. ., .. 122 122 71 98 Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 142 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding corstruction ... .. .. .. - .. .. .. . Construction Transport and communication Trade NMP used: material goods Final consumption Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES Single-year converter 0.940 0.940 0.940 0.940 .. ... Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) ... ... . Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index GDP deflator (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) INTERNATIONAL TRADE f Value of exports (fob) f Value of imports (cif) f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE Exports Imports Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 1,300 1,500 2,000 .. .. .. .. . Exports, convertible currency 1,800 3,000 3,200 .. .. .. .. . Imports, convertible currency -500 -1,500 -1,200 .. .. .. .. . Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency 1,520 1,356 1,208 .. .. .. .. 0 External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency 100 120 141 .. .. .. .. . CMEA 75 118 102 .. .. .. .. 0, f External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IIMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Korean Dem. People's Rep. won) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined. Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense 143 Democratic People's Republic of Korea ~~~~~~~~~~~~.... ... ....,,,,,,,.., .. ...... .. .. ...... .. ......... Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1915 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services Labor force, total 5,908 6,812 7,838 8,087 8,336 8,586 8,835 9,084 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 14619 15030 18260 18586 18911 19236 19561 19888 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 121.4 137.5 151.6 154.4 157.1 159.8 162.5 165.2 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumptionper capita (kg. of oil eq.) 1,472.6 1,888.8 2,075.1 2,052.5 2,081.8 2,186.9 2,181.0 2,234.8 Daily calorie supply per capita 2110 2383 2696 2627 2664 2697 2736 2758 Food production (1979-81=100) 69.9 88.2 99.3 101.1 101.8 104.1 106.7 108.6 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 63.3 71.1 75.6 74.3 74.5 75.8 77 .3 78.4 Population per hospital bed .. .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. per physician .. .. .. .. 419.0 426.2 Female participation in labor force (percent) 37.8 38.5 39.4 39.7 39.9 40.1 40.4 40.6 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 51.4 39.8 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.6 29.2 28.8 Life expectancy (years) 60.0 63.9 66.8 67.3 67.7 68.1 68.4 68.7 Total fertility (births per woman) 6.2 4.4 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 Urban population (percent of total population) 53.3 56.5 56.9 57.3 57.7 58.0 58.4 58.8 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 794.5 874.0 936.4 948.1 957.2 968.7 980.2 991.9 Deforestation rate (net) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Forest (thousands sq. km) 89.7 89.7 89.7 89.7 89.7 89.7 89.7 89.7 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 144 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 - 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 9,361 9,638 9,915 10,193 10,470 10,789 11,107 . Laborforce, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 20217 20550 20887 21229 21576 21857 22213 . 'Population (thousands) 167.9 170.7 173.5 176.3 179.2 181.5 184.5 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 106 .. .. .. .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary secondary 2,243.9 2,227.5 2,228.6 2,297.2 2,369.9 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2743 2778 2791 2823 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 109.9 110.8 111.6 109.9 110.1 112.1 .. . Foodproduction(1979-81=100) 78.1 79.6 80.5 81.4 82.0 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) Population per hospital bed per nursing person per physician 40.8 41.0 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.9 42.2 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 28.4 28.0 27.2 26.4 25.6 25.0 24.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 69.0 69.4 69.6 69.9 70.2 70.5 70.7 . Life expectancy (years) 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 . Total fertility (births per woman) 59.0 59.2 59.4 59.6 59.8 60.0 60.4 . Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 1,001.5 1,014.1 1,027.5 1,041.6 .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 89.7 89.7 89.7 89.7 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 145 Kyrgyz Republic Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 4,900 5,942 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture 1,776 Industry 2,468 Services 1,697 Resource balance -580 -1,075 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 5,480 Total consumption 3,812 4,854 Private consumption 2,774 3,539 General government consumption 1,038 1,315 Gross domestic investment 1,668 2,163 Fixed domestic investment 1,338 1,782 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1983 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices 5,846 GDP at factor cost . Agriculture 1,644 Industry 1,924 Services 2,278 Resource balance -1,051 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 6,897 Total consumption 4,967 Private consumption 4,023 General government consumption 944 Gross domestic investment 1,930 Fixed domestic investment 1 ,500 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 2,339 2,519 3,725 4,438 Agriculture and forestry 1,132 1,654 Industry excluding construction 1,425 1,612 Construction 366 568 Transport and communication 116 155 Trade 223 248 Other services 463 201 Resource balance -511 -989 NMP used: domestic market 2,573 2,691 4,187 5,351 Final consumption, material goods 3,299 4,220 Personal consumption 2,895 3,678 Collective consumption 404 542 Net capital formation 888 1,131 Net fixed capital formation 541 708 Changes in stocks 348 423 Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: 4,319 Agriculture and forestry 1,494 Industry and construction 2,234 Services 592 Resource balance -1,651 NMP used: domestic market 5,295 Final consumption, material goods 4,265 Personal consumption 3,723 Collective consumption 542 Net capital formation 1,030 Net fixed capital formation 659 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes columnn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 146 Kyrgyz Republic .. . . . .- . ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~........... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 1,220 1,140 800 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 5,934 6,134 6,815 7,498 8,126 15,446 180,500 GDPatmarketprices Net indirect taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . GDP at factor cost 1,854 1,956 2,121 2,469 2,739 4,393 Agriculture 2,333 2,465 2,789 2,986 3,113 6,909 Industry 1,747 1,713 1,905 2,042 2,273 4,144 Services -1,121 -1,259 -1,221 -1,748 -1,524 -304 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 4,855 5,091 5,543 6,231 6,863 10,691 Total consumption 3,513 3,654 4,012 4,669 5,106 7,552 Private consumption 1,342 1,437 1,531 1,562 1,757 3,139 General government consumption 2,200 2,302 2,493 3,015 2,786 5,059 Gross domestic investment 1,872 1,968 2,030 2,475 2,452 2,664 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1983 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 6,045 6,076 6,869 7,133 7,361 7,094 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost 1,749 1,788 1,966 2,047 2,160 1,988 Agriculture 1,897 1,933 2,292 2,404 2,381 2,388 Industry 2,399 2,355 2,611 2,682 2,820 2,718 Services -1,024 -1,064 -965 -1,720 -768 -30 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS 7,069 7,139 7,834 8,853 8,129 7,124 Domestic absorption 4,956 5,083 5,509 6,078 5,947 4,990 Total consumption 4,010 4,049 4,408 4,846 4,637 3,722 Private consumption 946 1,034 1,101 1,232 1,310 1,268 General government consumption 2,113 2,056 2,325 2,775 2,182 2,134 Gross domestic investment 1,732 1,720 1,783 2,138 1,973 1,717 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MOPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 4,368 4,510 4,946 5,554 6,027 13,468 NMP produced: 1,722 1,811 1,965 2,320 2,605 6,766 Agriculture and forestry 1,449 1,569 1,708 1,849 1,919 4,273 Industry excluding construction 567 587 647 671 720 1,067 Construction 169 169 188 200 231 307 Transport and communication 268 237 292 324 386 764 Trade 193 137 147 190 166 292 Other services -1,014 -1,166 -1,147 -1,681 -1,407 -237 Resource balance 5,306 5,590 6,007 7,151 7,319 13,612 NMP used: domestic market 4,200 4,389 4,799 5,473 5,973 9,924 Final consumption, material goods 3,671 3,824 4,200 4,855 5,316 8,733 Personal consumption 529 565 599 618 657 1,191 Collective consumption 1,106 1,201 1,208 1,677 1,346 3,688 Net capital formation 651 897 769 966 708 541 Net fixed capital formation 455 304 439 711 638 3,147 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 4,356 4,418 4,979 5,171 5,820 5,765 f NMP produced: 1,573 1,614 1,787 2,075 2,389 2,052 f Agriculture and forestry 2,173 2,250 2,586 2,419 2,694 3,053 f Industry and construction 610 554 606 678 737 659 f Services -1,024 -1,064 -965 -1,720 -744 -1,612 f Resource balance 5,302 5,403 5,864 6,812 6,455 7,284 f NMP used: domestic market 4,195 4,353 4,719 5,237 5,501 5,089 f Final consumption, material goods 3,665 3,786 4,119 4,628 4,873 4,447 f Personal consumption 530 567 600 609 628 642 f Collective consumption 1,108 1,050 1,146 1,575 954 2,195 f Net capital formation 629 825 720 858 576 f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 147 Kyrgyz Republic Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MOPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 53.6 .. 82.6 86.6 88.3 96.6 100.4 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 51.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 Industry .. .. 92.4 .. .. .. .. 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 123.5 .. .. .. .. 100.0 NMP used: material goods 56.6 .. 85.3 91.0 92.4 105.6 101.5 100.0 Final consumption 48.2 .. 83.5 87.8 89.6 92.8 98.0 100.0 Net capital formation 99.2 .. 92.7 104.6 104.9 108.8 116.7 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985= 100 .. .. 94.2 .. .. .. .. 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. GDP deflator 1985= 100 98.4 .. 101.6 .. .. .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (milions of current US doUlars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the Generl Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 148 Kyrgyz Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 100.9 102.3 115.3 120.5 126.3 120.8 .. . NMP produced: 105.3 108.0 119.6 126.3 130.1 102.5 .. . Agriculture and forestry 97.3 100.7 115.8 118.9 127.1 147.1 .. f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 103.0 93.6 102.4 110.9 114.4 96.2 .. f Trade 100.1 102.0 110.7 125.6 113.4 112.8 ... NMPused: materialgoods 98.4 102.1 110.6 120.8 121.4 103.4 .. . Final consumption 107.6 101.9 111.3 145.1 82.5 134.6 ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.567 3.157 55.667 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 .. . Devisa/official 1.740 .. . Commercial Noncommercialltourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annul average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 101.4 102.2 103.2 108.3 118.1 232.0 .. f Consumerpriceindex 1985=100 ..' .. .. .. .. .. .. . VWholesale price index 97.6 99.3 96.7 103.8 107.5 251.2 .. f GDP deflator 1985=100 (millions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 55 59 51 53 41 6,461 f Value of exports (fob) 723 773 934 1,063 1,374 3,165 f Value of imports (cif) -668 -714 -883 -1,010 -1,333 3,297 f Trade balance (millions of current US doiars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 89.0 23.0 33.0 f Exports 1,298.0 785.0 25.0 f Imports -1,209.0 -762.0 8.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (minllons of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency -1,686 -463 -240 . Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2 2.0 2.0 .. .. . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 2,230 2,510 2,730 3,180 4,730 .. f Central government expenditures Defense 149 -Kyrgyz Republic i- .R . . . . . . .- Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. .. 1,425 .. .. .. .. 1,614 Agriculture .. .. 456 .. .. .. .. 529 Industry .. .. 398 .. .. .. .. 441 Services .. .. 571 .. .. .. .. 644 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 3,632.0 3,701.0 3,771.0 3,843.0 3,918.0 3,996.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 18.3 18.6 19.0 19.4 19.7 20.1 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1 979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 93.7 88.7 83.6 82.9 83.1 .. 84.2 83.5 per nursing person 138.1 122.9 116.0 113.8 111.1 .. 106.8 102.7 per physician 480.8 404.9 343.6 333.3 323.6 315.5 308.6 298.5 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 48.1 47.3 46.4 45.5 44.6 43.8 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 65.5 65.5 65.5 65.4 65.4 65.4 Total fertility (births per woman) 4.9 4.9 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 38.0 .. .. .. .. 37.8 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.6 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16.4 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 7.4 Abbreviations in noses column we explained in the General Notes. For sources aud methods, see the Technicad Nows. 150 -Kvrgyz Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables ('continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 1,651 1,703 1,716 1,739 1,748 1,754 .. Employment, total 539 577 577 577 572 623 ..Agriculture 451 457 462 486 487 -466 I. ndustry 661 669 677 675 689 666 ..Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 4,076.0 4,161.0 4,245.0 4,328.0 4,394.0 4,453.0 4,510.1 . Population (thousands) 20.5 21.0 21.4 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.7 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. kmn) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (I1979-81 = 1 00) Daily protein supply (.gm. per capita) 83.6 83.3 84.0 83.8 83.5 82.0 .. f Population per hospital bed 101.1 98.3 96.7 97.6 95.3 94.3 .. f per nursing person 289.9 281.7 276.2 273.2 272.5 268.1 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 42.9 42.0 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.0 40.0 . Infant mortaity (per 1,000 live births) 65.5 65.5 65.6 65.7 65.8 65.8 65.9 . Life expectancy (years) 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 . Total fertility (births per woman) 37.8 37.8 37.9 38.1 38.0 38.0 37.8 f Urban population (percent of total population) 27.0 26.3 24.4 23.8 23.3 21.7 .. f Population per passenger car 15.4 14.5 13.9 13.3 12.7 13.2 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq kin) Deforestation rate (net) 7.3 ... ... f Forest (thousands sq. kin) 151 Lao PDR --.::::::a:: ......-..;. v.. ::a::.::.:: Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices ('mllos of current Lao k4p) GNP at market prices 61,360 106,436 Net factor income -112 -105 GDP at market prices 61,472 106,541 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance -2,193 -6,064 Exports GNFS 1,745 4,319 Imports GNFS 3,938 10,383 Domestic absorption 63,665 112,605 Total consumption 59,823 105,110 Private consumption 55,824 95,781 General government consumption 3,999 9,329. Gross domestic investment 3,842 7,495 Fixed domestic investment 3,842 7,495 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (mllions of constnt 1987 Lao kip) Gross national product (GNP) 174,424 183,395 GDP at market prices .. 175,545 184,420 GDP at factor cost .. Agriculture Industry Resource balance .. -12,403 -16,600 Exports GNFS .. .. 8,824 11,492 Imports GNFS .. .. 21,227 28,092 Domestic absorption .. 187,948 201,020 Total consumption 166,219 180,814 Private consumption 150,632 163,333 General government consumption 15,587 17,481 Gross domestic investment .. 21,729 20,206 Fixed domestic investment .. 21,729 20,206 Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millxs of current Lao IdpJ NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction .. Construction Transport and communication . Trade Other services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption .. .. Collective consumption .. .. Net capital formation .. Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. Changes in stocks Depreciation MIYS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant Lao Aip) NMP produced: . 37,493 39,838 40,629 42,531 45,579 49,825 Agriculture and forestry 29,430 31,442 31,324 32,292 34,638 37,292 Industry and construction .. 3,600 3,800 4,463 4,947 5,398 6,730 Services 4,463 4,596 4,842 5,292 5,543 5,803 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption .. .. Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation Abbrevintions in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 152 Lao PDR 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 210 200 220 250 (World Bank) (miflions of current Lao 4,) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 168,472 190,322 231,000 424,000 613,020 724,000 830,200 GNP at market prices -285 -95 -741 -1,936 -2,000 -1,569 -24,016 Net factor income 168,757 190,417 231,741 425,936 615,020 725,569 854,216 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services -6,893 -15,046 -33,128 -79,192 -80,743 -83,191 -132,703 Resource balance 6,098 11,606 25,676 49,421 69,411 73,359 Exports GNFS 12,991 26,652 58,804 128,613 150,154 156,550 Imports GNFS 175,650 205,463 264,869 505,128 695,763 808,760 Domestic absorption 163,941 186,046 233,197 449,568 620,191 717,325 Total consumption 149,306 170,271 207,709 414,639 558,437 647,826 Private consumption 14,635 15,775 25,488 34,929 61,754 69,499 General government consumption 11,709 19,417 31,672 55,560 75,572 91,435 Gross domestic investment 11,709 19,417 31,672 55,560 75,572 91,435 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 Lao kip) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 192,148 190,322 186,271 211,616 225,673 234,018 249,196 Gross national product (GNP) 193,361 190,417 186,971 213,769 228,105 137,098 254,270 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services -14,454 -15,046 -15,804 -23,189 -15,405 -14,526 -11,126 Resource balance 11,648 11,606 11,689 15,346 18,126 18,082 24,288 Exports GNFS 26,102 26,652 27,493 38,534 33,531 32,608 35,414 Imports GNFS 207,815 205,463 202,775 236,958 243,510 251,625 265,396 Domestic absorption 187,623 186,046 186,096 218,420 224,513 230,587 Total consumption 170,028 170,271 172,062 206,986 212,604 217,972 Private consumption 17,595 15,775 14,034 11,435 11,910 12,615 General government consumption 20,192 19,417 16,678 18,538 18,997 21,037 Gross domestic investment 20,192 19,417 16,679 18,538 18,997 21,037 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current Lao kip) MOPS ACCOUNTS, current prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade Other services Resource balance ..MP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks Depreciation (milions of constant Lao kip) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 53,479 54,139 NMP produced: 40,026 39,965 Agriculture and forestry 7,348 7,795 Industry and construction 6,105 6,379 Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 153 Lao PDR Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 NIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 =100) NMP produced: ... 100.0 106.3 108.4 113.4 121.6 132.9 Agriculture and fore-stry ... 100.0 106.8 106.4 109.7 117.7 126.7 Industry Construction Transport and communication . .. .. Trade NMP used: material goods . .. .. Final consumption . .. .. Net capital formation . .. .. EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter 0.120 0.360 10.218 20.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 45.000 Devisa/official ... 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 Commercial .. 0.350 10.000 20.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 95.000 Noncommercial/tourist . .. .. Informal market 0.292 1.266 17.938 33.917 51.063 113.166 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Comimercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index . .. .. Wholesale price index ..... GDP deflator (1 987 =100) ... .. .. 35.0 57.8 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Lao kip) Value of exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cif) . .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (mdlwins of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Termns of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (mflions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible cur-rency . .. .. Imnports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current balance, convertible currency . .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) 8 64 295 323 392 434 478 599 Convertible currency 8 44 112 110 1.12 113 115 135 CMEA .. 20 181 212 243 278 319 342 External debt service (World Bank) 2 6 2 2 4 3 6 9 Convertible currency 2 6 2 2 2 3 4 5 Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 6 .. 13 13 8 19 1 1 25 Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current Lao kip) Money supply, broadly defined ... .. .. . 2,280 Money, means of payment ... . 785 1,205 1,668 1,655 2,226 Demand deposits ... . 616 969 1,348 1,205 1,591 Currency ouLtside banks ... . 169 236 320 450 635 Quasi-money ... .. .. .54 Interest: deposit rate (percent) . 7 7 7 7 7 10 Central govemnment expenditures .. 22 1,777 1,956 5,475 6,696 8,385 20,806 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods. see the Technical Notes. 154 Lao PDR 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (index, 1980 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 142.6 144.4 .. .. .. .. .. I NMP produced: 136.0 135.8 .. .. .. .. .. I Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade NMP used: material goods Final consumption Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 95.000 175.117 392.012 583.015 708.570 702.500 715.000 . Single-year converter 10.000 10.000 .. .. .. . Devisa/official 95.000 350.000 450.000 689.000 .. .. . Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TRI$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index 87.3 100.0 123.9 199.3 269.6 529.2 335.9 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (millions of current Lao kip) INTERNATIONAL TRADE f Value of exports (fob) f Value of imports (cif) f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 57.8 63.3 78.7 96.6 132.7 f Exports 162.4 210.7 201.6 227.9 265.6 f Imports -104.6 -147.4 -122.9 -131.3 -132.9 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 37 47 58 94 133 . Exports, convertible currency 90 136 131 223 266 . Imports, convertible currency -54 -89 -73 -129 -133 . Trade balance, convertible currency 96 162 121 240 237 . Invisibles, convertible currency 43 74 48 111 104 . Current balance, convertible currency 729 823 947 1,073 1,120 1,160 .. . External debt, total (World Bank) 165 190 193 252 334 .. .. . Convertible currency 432 536 631 695 726 .. .. . CMEA 10 13 13 13 11 .. .. f External debt service (World Bank) 9 11 12 12 10 .. .. . Convertible currency 32 21 16 16 61 .. .. . Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Lao kip) DOMESTIC FINANCE 3,876 15,842 21,715 41,114 44,341 51,314 68,123 f Money supply, broadly defined 3,881 6,904 12,102 25,127 .. .. .. f Money, means of payment 2,834 4,797 8,616 8,285 .. .. .. f Demand deposits 1,047 2,107 3,486 16,842 .. .. .. f Currency outside banks 95 8,954 10,119 15,987 . .. .. f Quasi-money 10 10 14 .. .. . .. f Interest: deposit rate (percent) 27,615 28,675 79,350 123,021 .. .. .. f Central government expenditures Defense 155 Lao PDR '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.' .-.' .-.'. - '--...- . U2..... ;. f......... Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. .. Agriculture Industry .. .. Services .. .. Labor force, total 1,610 1,760 1,839 1,874 1,909 1,944 1,979 2,014 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 2713 3024 3205 3262 3330 3408 3496 3594 Populationdensity: totalland (pop. persq. km) 11.8 13.1 13.9 14.1 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.6 School enrollment ratio, primary 53 58 113 .. 109 107 107 111 secondary 3 7 21 .. 22 23 23 23 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 73.4 44.3 33.3 44.2 47.2 44.0 36.6 39.8 Daily calorie supply per capita 2256 2048 2418 2376 2316 2451 2462 2460 Food production (1979-81 = 100) 89.7 78.5 101.9 109.0 105.9 106.5 116.8 121.3 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 60.8 54.2 65.2 64.1 63.1 66.4 66.8 67.0 Population per hospital bed 1,078.3 .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 532.2 per physician 15,156.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,361.9 Female participation in labor force (percent) 50.1 48.0 46.5 46.1 45.8 45.4 45.0 44.7 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 145.8 139.0 127.2 124.6 122.0 119.6 117.2 114.8 Life expectancy (years) 40.4 42.3 45.0 45.5 46.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 Total fertility (births per woman) 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 Urban population (percent of total population) 9.6 11.4 13.4 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.4 15.9 Population per passenger car 246.6 .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 438.3 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 165.2 183.5 190.8 193.6 197.0 201.7 206.9 211.4 Deforestation rate (net) -0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -1.0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.8 Forest (thousands sq. km) 147.0 142.0 137.3 136.0 135.0 134.0 133.0 132.0 Abbreviations in notws column are explained in the General Notes. For owrces and methods. wee tbe Tedchical Notes. 156 Lao PDR ,.......... .... h. ....... . *.i A.. . .. s:,_u--. . . .. ...... ...................... ...7 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Counhy tables (continued) (thousaids) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 2,059 2,104 2,149 2,194 2,239 2,290 2,340 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 3695 3800 3909 4023 4140 4261 4384 . Population (thousands) 16.0 16.5 16.9 17.4 17.9 18.4 19.0 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 111 .. 104 .. .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 27 26 26 .. .. .. . secondary 36.8 36.8 36.6 38.3 39.2 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2411 2532 2580 2630 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 120.7 108.3 96.7 113.9 115.3 103.4 .. . Food production (1979-81 = 100) 66.5 69.0 69.8 67.1 66.8 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 399.5 .. .. . Population per hospital bed 486.2 .. .. . per nursing person 4,381.0 .. .. . per physician 44.3 44.0 43.6 43.3 43.0 42.7 42.5 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 112.4 110.0 107.4 104.8 102.2 100.0 97.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 48.0 48.5 49.0 49.5 50.0 50.5 51.0 . Life expectancy (years) 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 . Total fertility (births per woman) 16.4 17.0 17.5 18.1 18.6 19.0 19.8 . Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 217.4 223.4 229.8 236.5 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 131.0 130.0 129.0 128.0 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 157 Latvia Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOMIE (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices . Net factor income GDP at market prices 7,094 ... . 9,030 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture 892 . 1,882 Industry ..4,077 3,961 Services 2,935 . .3,187 Resource balance 553 -3 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 7,352 9,033 Total consumption .. 5,323 ..5,839 Private consumption 4,540 4,811 General government consumption ..783 . .1,028 Gross domestic investment ..2,029 ..3,194 Fixed domestic investment 2,004 2,910 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices ..8,986 ...10,611 GDP at factor cost . Agriculture 2,034 2,542 Industry 3,878 ..4,508 Services 3,075 ..3,562 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption.. . Total consumption .. Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investmnent Fixed domestic investment . Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millons of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 3,738 4,752 5,790 6,300 6,544 6,455 6,744 6,350 Agriculture and forestry 706 .. 1,649 Industry excluding construction 1,976 2,593 3,254 3,409 3,306 2,887 2,796 2,855 Construction 281 429 412 440 449 463 526 548 Transport and communication 166 260 321 343 373 410 447 459 Trade 441 657 335 1,205 1,286 1,325 1,354 349 Other services 761 510 Resource balance 152 -422 NMP used: domestic market 3,655 4,4 6`4 5,272 5,933 6,138 6,195 6,511 6,743 Final consumption, material goods 2,762 3,507 4,540 4,761 4,857 4,911 5,041 5,222 Personal consumption 2,497 3,105 4,045 4,245 4,308 4,333 4,434 4,572 Collective consumption 265 402 495 516 549 578 607 650 Net capital formation 893 957 732 1,172 1,281 1,284 1,470 1,521 Net fixed capital formation 425 575 492 529 622 582 690 864 Changes in stocks 468 382 240 643 659 702 780 657 Depreciation MOPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millons of constant 1990 USSR rubles) NMP produced: ... 6,293 6,627 6,833 7,099 7,433 7,418 Agriculture and forestry 1,840 ..2,266 Industry and construction .. 3,431 3,580 3,655 3,738 3,847 3,855 Services 1,141 1,379 Resource balance NMP used: domestic mnarket .. 6,670 7,444 7,392 7,432 7,729 8,041 Final consumption, material goods 5,598 5,787 5,654 5,740 5,956 6,151 Personal consumption ..5,048 5,214 5,052 5,103 5,287 5,446 Collective consumption .. 550 573 602 637 669 705 Net capital formation 1,072 1,657 1,738 1,692 1,773 1,890 Net fixed capital formation ... 695 757 867 791 799 965 Depreciation Abbreviation.q in notes colunin are explained in thle General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 158 Latvia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 4,120 3,920 1,940 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 9,325 9,462 9,956 10,928 12,488 28,665 182,004 GDP at market prices * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost 1,823 1,649 2,086 2,098 2,257 5,403 43,633 f Agriculture 4,193 4,410 4,383 4,876 5,924 14,243 96,196 Industry 3,309 3,403 3,487 3,954 4,307 9,019 42,175 Services -43 -191 130 247 -165 2,798 Resource balance 5,957 10,104 .. Exports GNFS 6,122 7,306 Imports GNFS 9,368 9,653 9,826 10,681 12,653 25,867 Domestic absorption 5,972 6,148 6,210 6,789 7,647 16,198 Total consumption 4,892 4,991 5,010 5,546 6,578 13,250 Private consumption 1,080 1,158 1,200 1,243 1,069 2,948 General government consumption 3,396 3,505 3,616 3,892 5,006 9,669 Gross domestic investment 3,193 3,286 3,420 3,493 2,872 1,768 Fixed domiestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices, Gross national product (GNP) 11,113 11,381 11,958 12,637 12,488 11,455 6,424 f GDPat market prices -- ~~~~GDP at factor cost 2,698 2,554 2,554 2,675 2,257 2,211 1,599 f Agricul ture 4,753 5,025 5,395 5,745 5,924 5,455 2,759 Industry 3,662 3,802 4,009 4,217 4,307 3,789 2,066 Ser-vices -165 608 Resource balance 5,957 4,040 *. Exports GNFS 6,122 3,432 Imports GNFS 12,654 10,405 .. Domestic absorption 7,648 5,885 Total consumption 6,578 4,868 .. Private consumption 1,070 1,017 General government consumption 5,006 4,520 *. Gross domestic investment 2,872 703 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) NIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 6,545 6,543 7,021 7,630 8,849 17,283 NMP produced: 1,579 1,392 1,822 1,826 1,955 2,835 Agriculture and forestry 3,109 3,241 3,099 3,437 4,534 10,565 Industry excluding construction 513 559 640 744 717 1,585 .. Construction 466 475 527 551 668 680 Transport and communication 365 372 410 480 558 1,618 f Trade 533 524 544 614 441 .. Other services -491 -900 -695 -617 -1,045 1,396 Resource balance 7,015 7,162 7,453 7,936 8,764 15,727 NMP used: domestic market 5,367 5,511 5,803 6,109 6,990 15,221 Final consumption, material goods 4,684 4,779 5,044 5,323 5,996 13,391 Personal consumption 683 732 759 786 994 1,830 Collective consumption 1,648 1,651 1,650 1,827 1,774 506 Net capital formnation 933 1,007 800 803 799 -965 Net fixed capital formation 715 644 850 1,024 975 1,471 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) M IPS ACCOUNTS, conLstant prices 7,759 7,875 8,364 8,983 8,849 8,513 NMP produced: 2,405 2,240 2,235 2,351 1,955 1,861 *. Agriculture and forestry 4,076 4,290 4,627 4,925 5,251 5,233 *. Industry and construction 1,405 1,424 1,561 1,754 1,644 1,416 *. f Services Resource balance 8,353 8,468 8,73'2 8,80'8 8, 7 6'4' NMP used: domestic market 6,214 6,323 6,626 6,788 6,990 5,631 Final consumption, material goods 5,473 5,528 5,804 5,948 5,996 4,959 Personal consumption 741 795 822 840 994 672 Collective consumption 2,139 2,145 2,106 2,020 1,774 *. Net capital formation 1,032 1,067 821 653 799 -**.Net fixed capital formation Depreciation '59 Latvia Country tables (continued) 1970 197S 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 53.6 .. 84.8 89.3 92.1 95.7 100.2 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 81.1 88.6 90.4 98.0 110.8 100.0 Industry .. .. 89.0 92.9 94.8 97.0 99.8 100.0 Construction .. .. .. .. .. Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 76.4 81.0 85.2 91.8 98.6 100.0 NMP used: material goods 60.2 .. 82.9 92.6 91.9 92.4 96.1 100.0 Final consumption 58.0 .. 91.0 94.1 91.9 93.3 96.8 100.0 Net capital formation 69.7 .. 56.7 87.7 92.0 89.5 93.8 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market .. .. .. .. .. ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TRI$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1987= 100 .. .. .. .. .. Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator 1985 = 100 .. .. 92.8 .. .. .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (bWlions of current USSR Rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (miglions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMEENTS (millions of current US dolars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (mUlions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. 1,736 .. .. .. .. 2,618 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and ketbods, se the Technical Notes. 160 Latvia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countrytables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 104.6 106.2 112.8 121.1 119.3 114.8 ... NMP produced: 106.2 98.8 98.6 103.7 85.7 81.6 ... Agriculture and forestry 105.7 111.3 120.0 127.8 136.2 135.7 .. f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 101.0 102.0 109.8 121.9 116.2 98.7 .. f Trade 103.9 105.3 108.6 109.5 109.0 .. ... NMP used: material goods 101.0 102.8 107.7 110.4 113.6 91.5 ... Final consumption 113.2 113.5 111.4 106.9 93.9 .. .. . Net capital formation (LCUs per US dolar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.126 2.895 44.952 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa /official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 100.0 103.6 108.5 119.9 326.4 ... Consumer price index 1987=100 Wholesale price index 98.6 97.7 97.8 101.6 117.5 294.1 ... GDPdeflator 1985=100 (billions of current USSR Rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 381 381 389 255 246 57,089 f Value of exports (fob) 967 958 1,511 1,616 809 49,977 f Value of imports (cif) -586 -578 -1,122 -1,362 -603 7,112 f Tradebalance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 304.0 125.0 429.0 f Exports 1,642.0 478.0 423.0 f Imports -1,338.0 -353.0 6.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of cufrent US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 2,751 2,715 3,055 3,255 4,376 6,254 .. f Central government expenditures Defense 161 Latvia Counfrytables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 1,364 1,368 1,372 1,383 1,390 1,395 Agriculture .. .. 219 .. .. .. .. 211 Industry .. .. 557 .. .. .. .. 570 Services .. .. 588 .. .. .. .. 614 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 2,544.0 2,559.0 2,574.0 2,590.0 2,605.0 2,621.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 39.4 39.7 39.9 40.2 40.4 40.6 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 84.1 77.8 72.9 72.6 72.5 .. 71.8 71.0 per nursing person 107.1 96.7 86.1 85.0 83.4 .. 80.6 78.7 per physician 278.6 251.9 227.3 222.7 218.8 214.1 208.3 205.3 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 23.0 24.0 20.4 19.7 19.0 18.2 17.4 16.6 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 68.6 68.4 68.1 68.7 69.3 69.9 Total fertility (births per woman) 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 67.3 68.1 68.4 68.6 68.9 68.7 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq kmn) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 26.6 Abhcviations in notes column ae explained in the General Notes. For souroeg and methods, see the Technical Notes. 162 Latvia 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 1,404 1,413 1,413 1,407 1,409 1,397 1,350 . Employment, total 213 220 204 212 226 228 ... Agriculture 571 569 567 555 571 563 ... Industry 620 624 642 640 612 606 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 2,636.0 2,652.0 2,668.0 2,684.0 2,683.0 2,641.0 2,639.2 . Population (thousands) 40.9 41.1 41.4 41.6 41.6 40.9 40.9 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 71.2 71.2 71.7 71.1 67.5 .. .. f Population per hospital bed 78.7 78.9 79.7 84.0 85.2 .. .. f per nursing person 202.8 200.4 200.0 201.6 .. .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 15.8 15.0 14.3 14.4 17.8 16.0 16.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 70.2 70.5 70.6 70.1 69.3 69.3 69.4 . Lifeexpectancy (years) 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 . Total fertility (births per woman) 68.9 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.2 69.1 68.8 f Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 26.5 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 163 Lithuania Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 7,066 . . 9,190 Net indirect taxes -. GDP at factor cost . . .. .. Agriculture 1,319 . 2,544 Industry 3,711 . . 4,004 Services 2,036 . . 2,632 Resource balance -1,063 -1,252 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 8,129 . 10,442 Total consumption 5,923 . . . 7,292 Private consumption 4,535 .. 5,232 General government consumption 1,388 . 2,060 Gross domestic investment ,. 2,206 .. . 3,150 Fixed domestic investment 2,126 . 2,968 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) . .. GDP at market prices . 7,425 . . 9,101 GDP at factor cost . . .. Agriculture 1,889 . . 2,337 Industry -. 3,336 . 4,140 Services 2,201 . - 2,625 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment .. Fixed domestic investment Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (milions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 4,205 5,369 5,867 6,464 7,011 7,241 7,424 7,513 Agriculture and forestry 1,619 1,132 1,410 1,657 2,158 2,391 2,333 Industry excluding construction 1,514 . 2,673 2,832 3,001 2,656 2,393 2,447 Construction 432 676 689 750 790 911 1,026 Transport and communication 165 279 . 295 329 344 342 367 Trade 181 . 353 370 362 371 389 401 Other services 295 . 754 868 913 954 998 939 Resource balance . -500 -516 -375 -163 -450 -621 NMP used: domestic market 2,980 4,052 6,315 6,917 7,317 7,315 7,821 8,018 Final consumption, material goods . 5,166 5,374 5,492 5,632 5,868 6,189 Personal consumption . . 4,563 4,752 4,817 4,903 5,102 5,349 Collective consumption 603 62.1 676 729 767 840 Net capital formation . I ,149 1,543 1,825 .1,683 1,953 1,829 Net fixed capital formation 8. . 62 793 808 914 985 1,100 Changes in stocks .. 288 750 1,017 768 968 729 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) NMP produced: . . 6,885 7,422 7,890 8,189 8,525 8,491 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 2,783 3,446 3,490 3,548 4,110 3,294 Industry and construction .. . 2,802 2,903 3,129 3,263 3,295 3,412 Services . 1,640 1,738 1,757 1,849 1,915 1,977 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market - . .. 8,173 8,868 8,942 8,893 9,473 9,596 Final consumption, material goods ., ,, 6,317 6,507 6,418 6,570 6,905 7,189 Personal consumption . 5,719 . . . 6,343 Collective consumption . . 638 , ., . 858 Net capital formation . 1,875 2,499 2,696 2,439 2,726 2,498 Net fixed capital formation . 1,635 . ,, , . 1,650 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 164 Lithuania ...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ... .. ...... .. .... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countyy tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME .. .. .. .. 2,780 2,360 1,280 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current pnces GNP at market prices Net factor income 10,430 10,376 11,280 12,258 12,897 38,187 325,569 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost 2,703 2,680 3,093 3,353 3,571 8,100 Agriculture 4,964 4,848 5,039 5,502 5,583 20,060 .. Industry 2,762 2,848 3,148 3,402 3,743 10,011 .. Services -733 -1,498 -1,530 -1,026 -1,136 3,587 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS 11,163 11,874 12,811 13,291 14,033 34,600 Domestic absorption 7,535 7,869 8,361 9,105 9,608 26,127 .. Total consumption 5,367 5,547 6,032 6,609 7,087 19,704 Private consumption 2,168 2,322 2,328 2,496 2,522 6,423 General government consumption 3,628 4,005 4,450 4,186 4,425 8,473 Gross domestic investment 3,388 3,548 4,004 3,886 3,705 7,178 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 9,807 10,376 11,569 11,668 11,509 9,790 6,803 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost 2,661 2,680 2,742 2,440 2,423 2,199 9.. Agriculture 4,384 4,848 5,633 5,747 5,745 5,148 Industry 2,762 2,848 3,194 3,481 3,341 2,443 Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (milions of current USSR rubles) NIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 7,922 8,280 8,913 9,550 10,000 32,438 f NMP produced: 2,433 2,390 2,823 3,042 3,343 7,803 Agriculture and forestry 2,780 3,059 3,073 3,481 3,407 17,308 Industry excluding construction 1,015 1,173 1,225 1,251 1,338 1,901 Construction 403 384 435 461 586 1,877 .. Transport and communication 419 412 471 530 599 1,983 Trade 873 861 886 785 728 1,567 f Other services -752 -55 -1,017 -626 -831 Resource balance 8,568 8,717 9,816 10,061 10,711 NMP used: domestic market 6,379 6,652 7,174 7,760 8,360 Final consumption, material goods 5,494 5,704 6,188 6,739 7,305 Personal consumption 885 948 986 1,021 1,055 Collective consumption 2,189 2,065 2,642 2,301 2,351 Net capital formation 1,274 1,772 1,325 1,209 803 Net fixed capital formation 915 293 1,317 1,092 1,548 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millons of constant 1990 USSR rubles) NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 9,026 9,459 10,471 10,639 10,000 8,491 . NMP produced: 3,741 3,742 3,833 3,777 3,343 .. .. Agriculture and forestry 3,599 4,008 4,613 4,701 4,745 Industry and construction 1,999 1,950 2,207 2,297 1,912 f Services Resource balance 10,258 10,282 11,338 11,322 10,711 ... NMP used: domestic market 7,260 7,449 8,031 8,504 8,360 *. Final consumption, material goods 6,362 6,477 7,027 7,470 7,305 .. .. Personal consumption 904 971 1,008 1,028 1,055 .. Collective consumption 3,208 3,006 3,553 2,917 2,351 .. * Net capital formation 1,877 2,541 1,745 1,468 803 .. Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 165 Lithuania Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 55.1 .. S1.1 87.4 92.9 96.4 100.4 100.0 Agriculture-and forestry .. .. 84.5 104.6 106.0 107.7 124.8 100.0 Industry .. .. 82.1 85.1 91.7 95.6 96.6 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 83.0 87.9 88.9 93.5 96.9 100.0 NMP used: material goods 58.2 .. 85.2 92.4 93.2 92.7 98.7 100.0 Final consumption 53.3 .. 87.9 90.5 89.3 91.4 96.0 100.0 Net capital formation 63.1 .. 75.1 100.0 107.9 97.6 109.1 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter . .. .. .. .. Devisa /official .. .. 0.649 .. .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=100 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. GDP deflator 1985= 100 .. .. 94.2 .. .. .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. 5 Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. 6 Trade balance .. .. .. .. -1 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US doUlars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES . (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. lnvisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) - .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. 3,289 .. .. .. .. 4,422 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 166 Lithuania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) Z ^ Sa; , ~~~~~~~~~.. - . -. . -.-.--. .-.-.. ..... ..... I........I...... . -. (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 106.3 111.4 123.3 125.3 117.8 100.0 ... NMP produced: 113.6 113.6 116.4 114.7 101.5 93.2 ... Agriculture and forestry 105.5 117.5 135.2 137.8 139.1 126.6 .. f Industry excluding construction Construction 116.. .. .2 96.. . .. . Transport and communication 101.1 98.6 111.6 116.2 96.7 f Trade 106.9 107.1 118.2 118.0 111.6 .. ... NMP used: material goods 10f.0 103.6 111.7 118.3 116.3 .. ... Final consumption 128.4 120.3 142.2 116.8 94.1 .. ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US doUlar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.240 4.690 83.238 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial 16.270 98.030 ... Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (index) PRICE INDICES 104.5 109.4 112.0 114.4 124.0 402.6 ... Consumer price index 1985=100 Wholesale price index 105.3 99.0 96.6 104.0 111.0 386.3 4,739.3 . GDPdeflator1985=100 (billions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 476 415 624 30,668 f Value of exports (fob) 1,564 1,616 840 13,896 f Value of imports (cif) -1,088 -1,201 -216 16,772 f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 679.0 345.0 560.0 f Exports 1,543.0 475.0 340.0 f Imports -864.0 -130.0 220.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (milions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 4,758 4,684 5,131 5,818 5,429 15,020 98,992 f Central government expenditures Defense 167 Lithuania Countrytables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 1,574 1,779 1,796 1,807 1,825 1,842 1,860 Agriculture .. . 401 367 Industry .. .. 695 .. .. .. .. 751 Services . .. 683 .. .. .. .. 742 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 3,434.0 3,462.0 3,491.0 3,520.0 3,549.0 3,578.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 52.7 53.1 53.5 54.0 54.4 54.9 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. . .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) . .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 97.7 89.9 83.1 82.8 82.4 .. 80.8 78.6 per nursing person 128.0 108.5 91.9 90.3 87.8 .. 83.5 81.4 per physician 363.6 292.4 255.8 251.3 245.7 242.1 235.8 230.9 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. .. .. 15.0 14.9 14.7 14.6 Life expectancy (years) 70.8 70.5 70.3 69.8 69.4 69.9 70.5 71.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 60.9 .. .. . .. 65.1 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 18.2 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For soarces and methods, see the Technical Notes. 168 Lithuania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countrytables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 1,875 1,893 1,899 1,903 1,853 1,860 1,835 . Employment, total 360 340 333 341 350 340 340 . Agriculture 756 778 810 800 764 750 705 . Industry 759 775 756 762 739 770 790 . Services 1,870 ... Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 3,608.0 3,636.0 3,668.0 3,698.0 3,722.0 3,741.0 3,745.7 . Population (thousands) 55.3 55.8 56.3 56.7 57.1 57.4 57.4 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 79.6 79.4 79.3 79.5 80.4 .. .. f Population per hospital bed 81.0 79.6 78.9 79.8 78.5 .. .. f per nursing person 225.7 223.2 218.8 216.9 .. .. f perphysician Female participation in labor force (percent) 14.4 14.3 15.0 13.9 13.4 14.0 14.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 71.6 72.1 72.0 71.5 71.3 70.6 70.4 . Life expectancy (years) 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 . Total fertility (births per woman) 65.8 66.4 64.5 67.7 68.1 68.5 68.5 f Urban population (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 18.2 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 169 Moldova Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubies) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 7,526 8,560 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture 2,086 2,538 Industry 3,211 3,640 Services 2,229 -.2,382 Resource balance 1,146 353 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 6,380 8,207 Total consujmption 3,984 5,599 Private consumption 3,488 4,966 General government consumption 496 633 Gross domestic investment 2,396 2,608 Fixed domestic investment 2,034 2,249 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubies) Grosa national product (GNP) GDP at market prices 7,622 8,638 GDP at factor cost Agriculture 2,948 2,679 Industry 3,382 3,849 Services 1,292 2,110 Resource balance 612 615 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption 7,010 8,023 Total consumption 4,315 5,333 Private conisumption 3,747 4,693 General government consumnption 568 640 Gross domestic investment 2,695 2,690 Fixed domestic investment 2,726 2,467 Depreciation MEPS ACCOUNTS, currenat prices (millions of current USSR rubies) NMP produced: 3,483 4,504 5,910 6,160 7,105 7,653 7,698- 6,537 Agriculture and forestry 1,328 1,630 1,778 1,763 2,315 2,705 2,710 2,162 Industry excluding construction 1,419 1,757 2,504 2,682 2,993 3,015 2,925 2,750 Construction 275 431 434 423 466 490 57)9 577 Transport and communicationl 94 137 163 164 194 204 206 218 Trade 140 187 293 307 313 316 332 331 Other ser-vices 227 302 738 821 824 923 946 499 Resource balance 176 293 -5 -275 NMP used: domestic market 3,292 4,709 5,562 6,096 6,903 6,831 7,204 6,739 Final consumption, material goods 2,343 3,294 4,450 4,749 4,893 5,055 5,266 5,419 Personal consumption 2,143 2,967 4,004 4,269 4,370 4,506 4,680 4,808 Collective -consumption 200 327 446 480 522 549 586 611 Net capital formation 949 1,415 1,111 1,346 2,011 1,776 1,938 1,320 Net fixed capital formation 640 819 738 626 684 762 952 960 Changes in stocks 309 597 373 720 1,327 1,014 987 360 .Depreciation MIPS ACCOUTNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1983 USSR rubles) NMP produced: 6,075 6,962 Agriculture and forestry 2,696 2,487 Industry and construction 2,843 3,429 Services 536 1,046 Resource balance - NMP used: domestic market 6,012 -. 6,800 Final consumption, material goods 4,7S6 -. 5,569 Consumption of population -- 5,466 Social consumption -. 103 Net capital formation 1,274 1,231 Net fixed capital formation 953 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see, the Technical Notes. 170 Moldova 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,090 1,680 1,250 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 9,143 9,433 9,829 11,218 12,681 24,800 226,700 GDP at market prices 2,028 8,177 Net indirect taxes 22,772 218,523 GDP at factor cost 3.099 2,976 3,106 3,177 3,899 7,753 Agriculture 3,390 3,757 3,762 4,461 5,002 10,188 Industry 2,654 2,700 2,962 3,580 3,780 4,831 Services 157 -288 -956 -1,111 -284 6 -28,152 Resource balance 5,386 5,246 6,177 8,114 65,190 Exports GNFS 5,674 6,357 6,461 8,108 93,342 Imports GNFS 8,986 9,721 10,785 12,330 12,965 24,794 Domestic absorption 5,823 6,828 7,187 8,835 9,715 18,103 Total consumption 5,172 6,118 6,436 6,974 7,471 15,547 . .Private consumption 651 710 751 1,860 2,244 2,556 General government consumption 3,163 2,893 3,598 3,495 3,250 6,691 Gross domestic investment 2,139 2,623 2.843 2,479 2,426 3,029 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 9.321 9,433 9,593 10,438 10,281 8,430 6,660 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost 3.249 2,976 3,085 3,242 2,582 Agriculture 3,694 3,757 3,904 4,233 4,862 Industry 2,378 2,700 2,604 2,963 2,837 Services 881 -288 -486 -551 -448 Resource balance 5,386 . . Exports GNFS 5,674 Imports GNFS 8,440 9,721 10,079 10,989 10,729 Domestic absorption 5,407 6,828 6,843 7,218 7,365 Total consumption 4,735 6,118 6,092 6,385 6,570 Private consumption 672 710 751 833 795 General government consumption 3,033 2,893 3,236 3,771 3,364 Gross domestic investment 2,163 2,623 2,678 3,057 2,914 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 6,969 7,190 7,361 8,272 9,443 18,753 192,520 NMP produced: 2,708 2,638 2,738 3,321 3,943 7,836 76,833 Agriculture and forestry 2,572 2,918 2,872 2,913 3,245 7,048 69,290 Industry excluding construction 608 654 687 826 852 1,296 13,551 Construction 231 221 292 316 452 711 Transport and communication 343 360 403 438 499 988 . . Trade 507 399 369 458 452 874 Other services -519 -89 -875 -992 -364 -1,555 Resource balance 7,413 7,169 8,153 9,212 9,666 20,082 NMP used: domestic market 5,551 5,751 6,168 6,860 7,777 15,140 . . Final consumption, material goods 4,905 5,077 5,473 6,102 6,907 13,862 Personal consumption 646 674 696 758 870 1,279 Collective consumption 1,862 1,418 1,985 2,352 1,889 4,942 Net capital formation 838 1,148 1,230 1.295 1,065 1,280 Net fixed capital formation 1,024 270 755 1,057 824 3,662 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant 1983 USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 7,513 7,606 7,735 8,416 8,292 6,801 5,352 NMP produced: 3,084 2,980 2,997 3,215 2,579 1,856 1,655 Agriculture and forestry 3,367 3,612 3,641 4,030 4,705 3,916 2,853 Industry and construction 1,062 1,014 1,097 1,171 1,008 1,029 844 f Services Resource balance 7,637 7,402 8,129 8,867 8,394 8,913 NMP used: domestic market 5,713 5,930 6,281 6,835 7,018 6,952 Final consumption, material goods 5,614 5,827 6,169 6,706 6,836 6,809 ..Personal consumption 99 103 112 129 182 143 Collective consumption 1,924 1,472 1,848 2,032 1,376 1,961 . . Net capital formation 843 1,138 1,158 1,149 821 489 Net fixed capital formation * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation 171 Moldova Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 54.7 69.2 87.3 87.3 100.4 105.9 109.4 100.0 Agriculture and forestry 90.7 107.0 108.4 95.3 125.8 123.3 127.8 100.0 Industry 43.5 62.9 82.9 85.8 92.7 102.0 103.8 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade .. .. 51.2 73.0 65.3 77.6 84.1 100.0 NMP used: material goods 55.4 .. 88.4 95.4 105.2 103.7 106.7 100.0 Final consumption 48.2 .. 85.4 89.1 89.8 92.9 97.8 100.0 Net capital formation 90.9 .. 103.5 126.6 183.0 158.0 151.9 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TRJ$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=100 89.8 .. 96.2 98.4 100.6 100.4 99.4 100.0 Wholesale price index 1989 = 100 .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator 1985=100 97.5 99.6 103.6 107.9 108.3 110.5 107.6 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. 2,333 .. .. .. .. 2,655 Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 172 Moldova 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 107.9 109.3 111.1 120.9 119.1 97.7 76.9 . NMP produced: 124.0 119.8 120.5 129.3 103.7 74.6 66.5 . Agriculture and forestry 98.2 105.3 106.2 117.5 137.2 114.2 83.2 f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 101.5 96.9 104.9 112.0 96.4 98.4 80.7 f Trade 112.3 108.9 119.5 130.4 123.4 131.1.. NMP used: material goods 102.6 106.5 112.8 122.7 126.0 124.8 .. Final consumption 156.3 119.6 150.1 165.1 111.8 159.3 .. Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar:- annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.410 3.702 47.038 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 94.000 . Devisa /official 1.740 .. Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 99.9 99.7 100.9 103.1 113.9 223.8 .. f Consumer price indexl1985 =100 100.0 107.3 246.5 3,231.0 f Wholesale price index 1989 = 100 98.8 100.7 101.4 104.7 121.3 293.7 .. f GDP deflator 19S = 100 (millions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 228 257 270 32Z3 ~ 332 . f Value of exports (fob) 1,067 1,094 1,420 1,470 1,207 .. f Value of imports (cif) -839 -837 -1,150 -1.146 -875 .. f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 405.0 180.0 185.0 f Exports 1,432.0 656.0 205.0 f Imports -1,027.0 -476.0 -20.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 =100) TRADE PRICE INICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMIENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, tota (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millionis of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 2,679 2,902 3,137 3,777 4,110 6,401 91,894 f Central government expenditures Defense 173 Moldova Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 1,807 1,944 2,034 .. 2,080 Agriculture 901 S57 805 .. .. .. 757 Industry 410 484 542 .. .. .. .. 579 Services 496 603 695 .. .. .. .. 749 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 4,002.0 4,038.0 4,076.0 4,116.0 4,155.0 4,192.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq.kin) .. 118.8 119.8 120.9 122.1 123.3 124.4 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 101.0 91.8 84.1 82.2 82.1 .. 81A1 2.2 per nursing person 129.5 116.3 105.9 101.7 99.4 .. 93.5 92.7 per physician 487.8 383.1 321.5 306.7 294.1 284.1 275.5 271.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 35.6 33.9 32.2 30.5 28.8 27.2 Life expectancy (years) .. . 65.5 65.6 65.7 65.8 66.0 66.2 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 -2.8 2.8 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 39.6 .. .. .. . 43.1 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29.4 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.6 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. . 3.0 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 174 Moldova ... . .... . . .... ....... ,........ ...... . .,,,.. .,. ....... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 2,082 2,085 2,067 2,091 2,071 2,070 Employment, total 750 730 705 717 678 743 Agriculture 576 585 582 611 628 577 ... Industry 761 775 785 768 770 750 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 4,231.0 4,273.0 4,314.0 4,350.0 4,368.0 4,363.0 4,360.0 . Population (thousands) 125.5 126.8 128.0 129.1 129.6 129.5 129.4 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 81.0 79.2 78.7 78.8 76.1 76.5 .. f Populationperhospitalbed 89.6 87.7 86.2 84.7 84.3 90.3 .. f per nursing person 272.5 259.1 253.8 249.4 250.0 255.1 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 25.5 23.8 27.3 24.6 22.6 23.0 23.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 67.0 67.8 67.7 68.8 68.5 68.5 68.4 . Life expectancy (years) 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 . Total fertility (births per woman) 43.9 44.9 46.1 46.8 47.1 46.9 46.6 f Urban population (percent of total population) 27.0 25.6 23.8 23.3 21.7 20.8 .. f Population per passenger car 10.9 10.1 9.3 8.8 8.1 7.6 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 3.2 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 175 Mongolia r~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..s. .. .a......... .. Countiy tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (milions of current Mongolian tughriks) GNP at market prices 5,718 7,391 8,139 8,660 8,858 9,205 Net factor income -1,037 -35 -66 -102 -138 -167 GDP at market prices 6,755 7,426 8,205 8,762 8,996 9,372 Net indirect taxes 2,277 2,465 2,633 2,700 2,736 GDP at factor cost 5,149 5,740 6,129 6,296 6,636 Agriculture 1,039 1,249 1,351 1,306 1,307 Industry 2,136 2,471 2,728 2,822 2,969 Services 4,251 4,485 4,683 4,868 5,096 Resource balance -1,324 -2,540 -2,676 -2,619 -2,481 -2,851 Exports GNFS 1,285 1,520 1,840 2,023 2,300 2,369 Imports GNFS 2,609 4,059 4,516 4,642 4,781 5,219 Domestic absorption 8,079 9,965 10,881 11,381 11,477 12,222 Total consumption 4,956 5,360 5,688 6,883 6,915 6,749 Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment 3,123 4,606 5,193 4,499 4,562 5,474 Fixed domestic investment 3,104 4,289 4,646 3,924 4,282 4,634 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 Mongolian tughriks) Gross national product (GNP) 7,587 7,996 8,444 GDP at market prices 7,679 8,124 8,600 GDP at factor cost 5,378 5,690 6,095 Agriculture 1,442 1,388 1,518 Industry 2,608 2,825 2,988 Services 3,629 3,912 4,095 Resource balance -2,289 -2,237 -2,609 Exports GNFS 1,767 2,074 2,169 Imports GNFS 4,056 4,311 4,779 Domestic absorption 9,967 10,361 11,210 Total consumption 6,037 6,249 6,198 Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment 3,930 4,113 5,012 Fixed domestic investment 3,428 3,860 4,243 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current Mongolian tughriks) NMP produced: 5,577 6,151 6,826 7,325 7,378 7,637 Agriculture and forestry 838 1,008 1,220 1,320 1,250 1,238 Industry excluding construction 1,635 1,807 2,111 2,358 2,384 2,493 Construction 342 342 346 353 368 382 Transport and communication 624 669 718 767 813 880 Trade 2,025 2,211 2,308 2,400 2,436 2,516 Other services 113 114 124 127 127 127 Resource balance -1,830 -2,648 -2,318 -2,304 -2,351 -2,890 NMP used: domestic market 7,407 8,798 9,144 9,630 9,729 10,526 Final consumption, material goods 4,629 5,036 5,302 5,611 5,895 6,169 Personal consumption 3,501 3,647 3,856 4,068 4,263 4,430 Collective consumption 1,129 1,389 1,446 1,543 1,632 1,740 Net capital formation 2,778 3,763 3,841 4,018 3,834 4,357 Net fixed capital formation 2,883 2,358 2,643 2,544 4,299 4,759 Changes in stocks -105 1,404 i,199 1,474 -464 -402 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant Mongolian tughriks) NMP produced: 5,006 5,427 5,886 6,242 6,516 6,866 Agriculture and forestry 1,071 1,186 1,353 1,365 1,314 1,437 Industry and construction 1,917 2,057 2,244 2,438 2,635 2,772 Services 2,018 2,185 2,289 2,439 2,566 2,657 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation Abbreviations in notes coluinn are explained in Lhe General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 176 Mongolia .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. ... . ... .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) (millions of current Mongolian tughriks) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 9,210 9,677 10,200 10,585 10,261 18,860 50,583 GNP at market prices -6 -33 -101 -146 -204 -50 -1,080 Net factor income 9,216 9,710 10,301 10,731 10,465 18,910 51,663 GDP at market prices 1,780 479 534 475 929 4,116 4,565 Net indirect taxes 7,436 9,231 9,767 10,256 9,536 14,794 47,098 H GDP at factor cost 1,509 1,504 1,616 1,759 1,736 3,002 15,641 H Agriculture 3,012 3,139 3,305 3,469 3,509 5,487 19,606 H Industry 4,695 5,067 5,380 5,503 5,220 10,421 16,416 H, f Services -3,367 -2,836 -2,776 -3,539 -2,839 -3,160 -1,704 Resource balance 2,623 2,623 2,685 2,489 2,301 7,402 15,632 Exports GNFS 5,990 5,459 5,461 6,028 5,140 10,562 17,336 Imports GNFS 12,583 12,546 13,077 14,270 13,304 22,070 53,367 Domestic absorption 6,400 8,109 8,742 9,329 8,877 16,605 45,875 Totalconsumption 4,127 5,725 6,267 6,837 6,087 12,194 38,707 Privyate consumption 2,273 2,384 2,475 2,492 2,790 4,411 7,168 General government consumption 6,184 4,437 4,335 4,941 4,427 5,465 7,492 Gross domestic investment 4,763 4,552 4,538 4,807 3,384 4,033 7,326 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant-1987 Mongolian tughriks) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 9,298 9,677 10,128 10,838 10,555 9,677 8,771 Gross national product (GNP) 9,305 9,710 10,229 10,991 10,770 9,703 8,963 GDP at market prices 7,510 9,231 9,698 10,505 9,814 7,593 8,171 H GDP at factor cost 1,606 1,504 1,539 1,752 1,718 1,631 1,530 H Agriculture 3,054 3,139 3,256 3,628 3,616 3,156 2,689 H Industry 4,645 5,067 5,434 5,611 5,436 4,916 4,745 H, f Services -3,395 -2,836 -2,757 -3,622 -2,045 -493 -23 Resource balance 2,644 2,623 2,667 2,547 1,559 1,356 1,505 Exports GNFS 6,039 5,459 5,42s 6,170 3,603 1,849 1,528 Imports GNFS 12,699 12,546 12,986 14,613 12,814 10,196 8,986 Domestic absorption 6,466 8,109 8,680 9,556 8,262 7,395 7,688 Total consumption 4,175 5,725 6,222 7,006 5,393 5,135 6,445 Private consumption 2,291 2,384 2,458 2,550 2,869 2,261 1,243 General government consumption 6,234 4,437 4,306 5,057 4,552 2,800 1,298 Gross domestic investment 4,801 4,552 4,508 4,920 3,480 2,066 1,270 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current Mongolian tughriks) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 7,248 7,479 7,890 8,646 8,320 f NMP produced: 1,521 1,406 1,510 1,723 1,687 Agriculture and forestry 2,443 2,520 2,639 2,920 2,915 Industry excluding construction 423 504 563 617 454 Construction 845 861 906 904 841 Transport and communication 1,865 2,036 2,130 2,327 2,281 f Trade 151 153 142 155 141 Other services -3,570 -2,957 -2,838 -2,591 Resource balance 10,817 10,436 10,728 11,231 .NMP used: domestic market 6,547 6,841 7,215 7,523 Final consumption, material goods 4,619 4,844 5,067 5,348 Personal consumption 1,929 1,997 2,148 2,175 Collective consumption 4,270 3,595 3,513 3,714 Net capital formation 2,506 3,213 2,825 3,196 Net fixed capital formation 1,764 381 688 519 . Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant Mongolian tughriks) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 7,248 7,489 7,802 8,565 NMP produced: 1,521 1,424 1,457 1,659 Agriculture and forestry 2,866 3,015 3,168 3,520 Industry and construction 2,861 3,050 3,178 3,386 Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 177. Mongolia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 = 100) NMP produced: .. .. 100.0 108.0 118.0 125.0 130.0 137.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 100.0 118.0 134.0 134.0 123.0 134.0 Industry .. 100.0 109.0 121.0 132.0 144.0 152.0 Construction .. 100.0 100.0 101.0 103.0 107.0 112.0 Transport and communication .. . 100.0 107.0 115.0 123.0 130.0 141.0 Trade .. .. 100.0 107.0 112.0 117.0 122.0 125.0 NMP used: material goods .. . 100.0 120.0 125.0 131.0 132.0 143.0 Final consumption . .. 100.0 109.0 116.0 122.0 128.0 134.0 Net capital formation .. 100.0 139.0 139.0 148.0 138.0 158.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter Devisa/official 4.000 . 3.190 3.240 3.300 3.540 3.710 Commercial 4.000 3.190 2.900 3.190 3.240 3.300 3.540 3.710 Noncommercial/tourist .. . . .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. 0.719 0.653 0.719 0.730 0.743 0.797 0.836 UniformTR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial 4.440 4.440 4.440 4.440 4.440 4.440 4.440 4.440 PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index .. .. .. .. .. Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1987 - 100) .. .. .. .. .. 114.1 110.7 109.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (nmllions of current Mongolian tughriks) Value of exports (fob) .. .. 1,198 1,394 1,671 1,814 2,015 2,050 Value of imports (cif) .. .. 1,630 2,094 2,353 2,761 2,901 3,259 Trade balance .. .. -431 -699 -682 -947 -886 -1,209 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. 438 519 557 596 567 741 Imports, convertible currency .. .. 1,240 1,353 1,362 1,309 1,366 1,839 Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. -802 -834 -806 -713 -799 -1,098 Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. -5 -13 -19 -28 -15 38 Current balance, convertible currency .. .. -807 -846 -825 -740 -813 -1,061 External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA .. .. 973 1,233 1,652 2,007 2,343 2,779 External debt service (World Bank) .. .. 10 11 16 21 25 30 Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. . .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current Mongolian tughriks) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. . .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. .. .. Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 178 Mongolia * . ..-.--,.... ..... . .. ... .. .... ........- . ........... .......... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes County tables (continued) (Index, 1980 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 145.0 150.0 156.0 171.0 .. .. .. V NMP produced: 142.0 133.0 136.0 155.0 .. .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 155.0 159.0 162.0 184.0 .. .. .. . Industry excluding construction 124.0 147.0 180.0 180.0 .. .. .. . Construction 159.0 162.0 170.0 170.0 .. .. .. . Transport and communication 132.0 144.0 156.0 171.0 .. .. .. . Trade 150.0 146.0 147.0 153.0 .. .. .. V NMP used: material goods 146.0 150.0 157.0 163.0 .. .. .. V Final consumption 157.0 138.0 130.0 137.0 .. .. .. V Net capital formation (LCUs per US doUar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES f Single-year converter 3.180 2.890 2.950 2.990 4.670 20.000 40.000 . Devisa/official 3.180 2.890 2.890 3.000 5.630 .. .. f Commercial 20.000 20.000 .. .. .. f Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) 0.716 0.651 0.651 0.676 .. .. f Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 .. .. . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) 4.440 4.440 4.440 4.440 .. .. .. f Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index 99.0 100.0 100.7 97.6 97.2 194.9 576.4 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (millions of current Mongolian tughriks) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2,130 2,136 2,199 2,148 .. .. .. f Value of exports (fob) 3,390 3,286 3,313 2,868 .. .. .. f Value of imports (cif) -1,260 -1,150 -1,114 -720 .. .. .. f Tradebalance (millions of current US dolars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE Exports Imports Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US doUlars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 819 816 796 445 347 356 .. . Exports, convertible currency 1,832 1,779 1,912 1,024 501 400 .. . Imports, convertible currency -1,013 -963 -1,116 -579 -155 -44 .. . Trade balance, convertible currency 20 -13 -113 -65 38 13 .. . Invisibles, convertible currency -993 -976 -1,229 -644 -117 -31 .. . Current balance, convertible currency f External debt, total (World Bank) f Convertible currency 4,044 4,103 4,576 5,169 .. .. .. f CMEA 7 10 18 26 .. .. .. f External debt service (World Bank) f Convertible currency f Total reserves less gold ([MF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current Mongolian tughriks) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central govemnment expenditures Defense 179 Mongolia Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total . .. 511 518 532 543 550 562 Agriculture .. .. 203 195 196 196 190 187 Industry .. .. 112 117 124 129 134 139 Services .. .. 196 206 212 218 227 236 Labor force, total 582 668 772 797 821 845 869 894 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 1256 1447 1663 1710 1758 1807 1857 1909 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 School enrollment ratio,- primary 113 108 108 106 107 104 103 secondary 87 81 91 88 87 90 90 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 608.7 771.0 1,200.2 1,162.7 1,289.9 1,273.1 1,281.2 1,245.2 Daily calorie supply per capita 2337 2436 2475 2474 2489 2465 2454 2422 Food production (1979-81 = 100) 110.4 122.6 97.6 96.4 97.4 99.1 92.5 92.7 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 95.4 97.8 92.3 91.9 90.4 89.4 89.3 88.1 Population per hospital bed 105.3 .. 89.3 90.5 .. per nursing person .. .. .. 211.6 217.5 per physician 578.3 .. . 101.7 104.5 Female participation in labor force (percent) 41.8 41.8 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 42.8 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 102.0 92.0 82.0 80.0 78.0 76.0 74.0 72.0 Life expectancy (years) 52.7 55.2 57.7 58.2 58.7 59.2 59.7 60.2 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 Urbanpopulation (percent of total population) 45.1 48.7 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.7 51.8 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 Deforestation rate (net) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Forest (thousands sq. km) 150.0 152.2 151.8 151.8 151.8 151.8 151.8 151.8 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 180 Mongolia -a-Su 1 . --. . >jR Z Es1s -:............ . .. ....W 1986 1987 1988 1989 199) 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousaxds) EMPLOYMENT 581 598 616 633 .. Employment, total 186 185 184 186 Agriculture 145 153 158 161 .. Industry 250 261 274 286 .. .. Services 921 948 975 1,002 1,029 1,060 1,092 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 1962 2017 2073 2131 2190 2250 2309 . Population (thousands) 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 100 .. .. .. 98 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 92 .. .. .. .. .. .. . secondary 1,214.7 1,218.7 1,215.6 1,268.2 1,276.5 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2539 2427 2446 2479 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 96.9 89.4 84.4 84.7 84.2 75.6 .. . Food production (1979-81=100) 92.4 88.5 87.3 87.5 85.1 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) Population per hospital bed per nursing person 378.8 .. .. .. . per physician 42.8 42.8 42.9 42.9 42.9 43.0 43.1 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 70.0 68.0 66.4 64.8 63.2 62.0 60.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 60.7 61.2 61.7 62.2 62.7 63.1 63.6 . Life expectancy (years) 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 . Total fertility (births per woman) 51.9 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 53.0 52.7 . Urban populaeion (percent of total population) Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.0 -8.3 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 151.8 139.1 139.1 139.1 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 181 Nicaragua Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) 370 620 660 770 830 850 870 850 SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) GNP at market prices l .IE-3 2.1E-3 4.1E-3 4.6E-3 5.4E-3 6.OE-3 8.8E-3 2.3E-2 Net factor income -3.5E-5 -9.5E-5 -3.4E-5 -2.7E-4 -2.8E-4 -5.8E-4 -2.1E-4 -3.6E-4 GDP at market prices 1. IE-3 2.2E-3 4.2E-3 4.9E-3 5.7E-3 6.6E-3 9.OE-3 2.3E-2 Net indirect taxes 8.8E-5 2.1E-4 2.7E-4 6.8E-4 8.9E-4 1.3E-3 2.1E-3 4.9E-3 GDP at factor cost 1.OE-3 2.0E-3 3.9E-3 4.2E-3 4.8E-3 5.3E-3 6.9E-3 1.8E-2 Agriculture 2.8E-4 4.9E-4 9.7E-4 9.9E-4 1.2E-3 1.5E-3 2.2E-3 5.SE-3 Industry 2.8E-4 6.6E-4 1.3E-3 1.6E-3 1.8E-3 2.OE-3 2.9E-3 8. 1E-3 Services 5.4E-4 1.IE-3 1.9E-3 2.3E-3 2.6E-3 3.OE-3 3.9E-3 - 9.5E-3 Resource balance -2.6E-5 -2.OE-4 -7.9E-4 -9.5E-4 -5.7E-4 -7.OE-4 -1.2E-3 -1.6E-3 Exports GNFS 2.9E-4 6.2E-4 L.OE-3 L.IE-3 9.1E-4 1.3E-3 I.5E-3 3AE-3 Imports GNFS 3.2E-4 8.2E-4 1.8E-3 2.OE-3 1.5E-3 2.OE-3 2.7E-3 5.OE-3 Domestic absorption l.lE-3 2.4E-3 5.OE-3 5.8E-3 6.2E-3 7.3E-3 1.OE-2 2.5E-2 Total consumption 9.2E-4 1.9E-3 4.3E-3 4.7E-3 5.2E-3 5.8E-3 8.2E-3 1.9E-2 Private consumption 8.2E-4 1.7E-3 3.4E-3 3.6E-3 3.8E-3 3.7E-3 5.OE-3 .IE-2 General government consumption 1.0E-4 2.OE-4 8.2E-4 1.IE-3 1.3E-3 2.1E-3 3.2E-3 8.2E-3 Gross domestic investment 2.OE-4 4.8E-4 7.OE-4 1.2E-3 I.IE-3 1.5E-3 2.OE-3 5.3E-3 Fixed domestic investment 1.8E-4 5.0E-4 6.1E-4 1.OE-3 9.4E-4 1.3E-3 1.7E-3 4.8E-3 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (thousands of constant 1987 Nicaraguan gold cordobas) Gross national product (GNP) 0.5231 0.6603 0.5228 0.5501 0.5465 0.5780 0.5700 0.5454 GDP at market prices 0.5223 0.6690 0.5289 0.5589 0.5543 0.5810 0.5683 0.5433 GDP at factor cost 0.4811 0.6063 .0.4934 0.4812 0.4664 0.4645 0.4331 0.4248 Agriculture 0.1645 0.2086 0.1642 0.1798 0.1849 0.1957 0.1851 0.1763 Industry 0.1107 0.1481 0.1136 0.1180 0.1144 0.1218 0.1225 0.1182 Services 0.2471 0.3124 0.2512 0.2611 0.2550 0.2635 0.2607 0.2489 Resource balance 0.0378 0.0640 -0.0054 0.0138 0.0316 0.0268 0.0050 -0.0059 Exports GNFS 0.0895 0.1314 0.0984 0.1131 0.1040 0.1113 0.0882 0.0778 Imports GNFS 0.0518 0.0674 0.1038 0.0993 0.0724 0.0845 0.0832 0.0837 Domestic absorption 0.4845 0.6050 0.5344 0.5451 0.5227 0.5542 0.5633 0.5492 Total consumption 0.4221 0.5315 0.4706 0.4477 0.4423 0.4669 0.4752 0.4617 Private consumption 0.3965 0.4960 0.3965 0.3636 0.3441 0.3322 0.3172 0.2926 General government consumption 0.0256 0.0355 0.0741 0.0841 0.0983 0.1347 0.1580 0.1690 Gross domestic investment 0.0625 0.0735 0.0637 0.0974 0.0803 0.0873 0.0881 0.0876 Fixed domestic investment 0.0525 0.0786 0.0535 0.0857 0.0692 0.0725 0.0741 0.0749 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. .. Industry excluding construction .. .. .. .. .. Construction Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. Trade Other services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. .. .. .. .. Final consumption, material goods .. .. .. .. .. Personal consumption .. .. .. .. .. Collective consumption .. .. .. .. .. Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. .. .. Changes in stocks .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices- (thousands of constant Nicaraguan gold cordobas) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction .. .. .. .. .. Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. .. .. .. .. Final consumption, material goods .. .. .. .. .. Personal consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. Collective consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. .. Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 182 Nicaragua - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . . . . -. . - . . . . 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countiy tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 860 920 830 570 450 400 410 (World Bank) (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 8.7E-2 5.4E-1 6.5E+ I 3.6E+3 2.4E+5 7.3E+6 8.7E+6 GNP at market prices -6.2E-4 -2.0E-3 -1.8E-1 5.3E+2 8.0E+0 -1.3E+5 -5.0E+5 Net factor income 8.7E-2 5.4E-1 6.5E+ I 3.1E+3 2.4E+5 7.4E+6 9.2E+6 GDP at market prices 1.8E-2 1.0E-1 .. .. .. .. . Net indirect taxes 6.9E-2 4.4E-I .. .. .. .. H, f GDP at factor cost 1.8E-2 1.6E-1 1.9E+1 9.8E+2 7.4E+4 2.2E+6 2.8E+6 H, f Agriculture 2.9E-2 1.2E-1 1.4E+1 6.5E+2 4.8E+4 1.5E+6 1.8E+6 H, f Industry 4.OE-2 2.6E-1 3.2E+1 1.4E+3 1.2E+5 3.7E+6 4.6E+6 H, f Services -7.0E-3 -l.lE-2 -2.6E+ I -I.OE+3 -4.4E+4 -2.2E+6 -2.9E+6 . Resource balance 1.IE-2 6.3E-2 1.2E+ 1.01E+3 6.0E+4 1.6E+6 l.SE+6 . ExportsGNFS 1.8E-2 7.4E-2 3.8E+ I 2.OE+3 I.OE+5 3.8E+6 4.5E+6 . Imports GNFS 9.4E-2 5.5E-1 9.IE+1 4.1E+3 2.8E+5 9.6E+6 1.2E+7 . Domesticabsorption 7.9E-2 4.6E-1 7.3E+ 1 3.2E+3 2.4E+5 8.2E+6 I.IE+7 . Total consumption 4.9E-2 2.8E-1 5.3E+ 1 2.4E+3 1.6E+5 6.7E+6 8.8E+6 . Private consumption 3.1E-2 1.8E-1 2.1E+1 8.2E+2 7.8E+4 1.5E+6 1.8E+6 . General government consumption 1.5E-2 8.5E-2 1.7E+ I 8.4E+2 4.6E+4 1.5E+6 1.6E+6 . Gross domestic investment 1.2E-2 7.1E-2 1.8E+ I 8.6E+2 4.8E+4 1.3E+6 1.6E+6 . Fixed domestic investment . Depreciation (thousands of constant 1987 Nicaraguan gold cordobas) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 0.5400 0.5372 0.4765 0.4735 0.4662 0.4775 0.4292 Gross national product (GNP) 0.5316 0.5392 0.4779 0.4738 0.4737 0.4691 0.4749 . GDP at market prices 0.4201 0.4383 .. .. .. .. .. H, f GDP at factor cost 0.1608 0.1557 0.1398 0.1526 0.1524 0.1465 0.1509 H, f Agriculture 0.1208 0.1198 0.0924 0.0897 0.0869 0.0907 0.0874 H, f Industry 0.2501 0.2637 0.2456 0.2314 0.2343 0.2319 0.2366 H, f Services -0.0075 -0.0107 -0.0248 0.0140 0.0319 0.0069 0.0170 . Resource balance 0.0642 0.0635 0.0638 0.0821 0.0971 0.0828 0.0936 . Exports GNFS 0.0717 0.0742 0.0886 0.0681 0.0652 0.0759 0.0767 . Imports GNFS 0.5391 0.5499 0.5027 0.4598 0.4418 0.4622 0.4580 . Domestic absorption 0.4527 0.4647 0.4427 0.4086 0.3978 0.4135 0.4137 . Total consumption 0.2769 0.2801 0.3306 0.3202 0.2887 0.3423 0.3454 . Private consumption 0.1758 0.1846 0.1121 0.0885 0.1091 0.0712 0.0683 . General government consumption 0.0865 0.0852 0.0601 0.0511 0.0440 0.0487 0.0443 . Gross domestic investment 0.0704 0.0711 0.0625 0.0511 0.0454 0.0413 0.0433 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade Other services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks Depreciation (thousands of constant Nicaraguan gold cordobas) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market Final consumption, material goods I .. .. .. .. .. . Personal consumption Collective consumption Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. .. . Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 183 Nicaragua Country tables (continued) 1970 175 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (index, 1980 100) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry . Industry Construction Transport and communication Trade NMP used: material goods... Final consumption Net capita formation... EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter 1 .4E3-9 1 .4E1-9 1 .9E1-9 2.OE-9 2.3E-9 2.41E-9 2.9E-9 8.6E-9 Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist... Informal market 0.008 0.003 0.017 0.026 0.036 0.081 0.104 0.603 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1985S 100) .. 4.8 11.4 14.1 17.6 23.1 3 1.3 100.0 Wholesale price index . .. .. 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.6 4.2 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) Value of exports (fob) .. 6.2E-4 l.O1E-3 1.1E3-3 9.I1E-4 1.31E3 I.E- 3.4E-3 Value of imports (cif) .. 8.21E-4 I1.81E-3 2.01E-3 1 .5E-3 2.01E-3 2.7E-3 5.0OE-3 Trade balance .. -2.OE-4 -7.9E-4 -9.51E-4 -5.7E-4 -7.01E-4 -1.2E-3 -1.6E-3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports ... .. . 671.0 590.0 477.0 Imports ... .. . 464.0 462.0 309.0 Trade balance ... .. . 207.0 128.0 168.0 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency 213 447 495 553 447 498 461 344 Imports, convertible currency 229 588 906 1,031 826 870 884 924 Trade balance, convertible currency -15 -142 -411 -478 -379 -372 -424 -579 Invisibles, convertible currency ..........- Current balance, convertible currency -40 -185 -411 -592 -514 -507 -597 -726 External debt, total (World Bank) 155 611 2,170 2,439 2,913 4,058 4,751 5,736 Convertible currency 155 611 2,170 2,439 2,913 4,058 4,751 5,736 CMEA ... 3 1 112 222 399 1,014 External debt service (World Bank) 36 64 115 223 201 107 86 64 Convertible currency 36 64 115 223 201 107 86 64 Total reserves less gold (RAF, IFS) 49 122 65 III 171 175 Gold holdings at market price 1 3 1 1 7 8 46 DOMEESTIC FINANCE (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) Money supply, broadly defined 1.71E-4 4.I1E-4 l. IE-3 1.61E-3 2.OE-3 3.5E-3 6.I1E-3 l.S1E-2 Money, means of payment 1.2E-4 2.5E-4 8.2E1-4 L.OE-3 1.3E-3 2.3 E-3 4.21E-3 l.IE-2 Demand deposits 6.5E-5 1.61-4 4.3 E-4 5.7E-4 6.9E-4 1.213-3 1.91E-3 5.2E-3 Currency outside banks 5.OE-5 8.911-5 3.9E-4 4.8E-4 6.2E-4 I .l1E-3 2.3 E-3 5.7E-3 Quasi-money 5.OE-5 1.5E-4 3.3 E-4 5A4E-4 6.7E-4 1.31E-3 2.OE-3 3.9E-3 Interest: deposit rate (percent) . . 7.5 8.625 . Central government expenditures 1A4E-4 3.8E-4 1.3E-3 1.9E-3 2.8E-3 4.5E-3 5.811-3 1A4E-2 Defense 1.7E-5 3.8E.-5 1.411-4 . Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technica Notes. 184 Nicaragua ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . .... . ......... . .. .. . ... -.s 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication Trade NMP used: material goods Final consumption Net capital formation (LCUs per US doUar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 3.0E-8 1.4E-7 2.5E-5 3.0E-3 1.5E-1 4.27 5 . Single-year converter Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist 1.235 1.965 2.190 .. .. .. .. . Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 781.4 7,907.4 814,860.0 .. .. .. .. . Consumer price index (1985 100) Wholesale price index 16.4 100.0 1.4E+4 6.5E+5 5.OE+7 1.6E+9 1.9E+9 . GDP deflator (1983 - 100) (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) INTERNATIONAL TRADE l.IE-2 6.3E-2 12 996 59662 1575900 1517500 f Value of exports (fob) 1.8E-2 7.4E-2 38 1995 103763 3791000 4463501 f Value of imports (cif -7.OE-3 -I.IE-2 -26 -999 -44,101 -2,215,100 -2,946,001 f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 392.0 416.0 466.0 435.0 .. .. .. W, f Exports 305.0 240.0 299.0 297.0 .. W, f Imports 87.0 176.0 167.0 138.0 .. W, f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 287 325 273 340 375 .. .. f Exports, convertible currency 836 895 856 666 719 .. .. f Imports, convertible currency -549 -570 -583 -325 -345 .. .. f Trade balance, convertible currency f Invisibles, convertible currency -688 -688 -715 -326 -369 .. .. f Current balance, convertible currency 6,730 7,864 8,587 9,568 10,497 .. .. . External debt, total (World Bank) 6,730 7,864 8,587 9,568 10,497 .. .. . Convertible currency 1,675 2,061 2,413 2,954 3,360 .. .. . CMEA 40 40 26 14 16 .. .. f External debt service (World Bank) 40 40 26 14 16 .. .. . Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (thousands of current Nicaraguan gold cordobas) DOMESTIC FINANCE 5.OE-2 3.2E-I .. .. .. .. .. . Money supply, broadly defined 3.9E-2 2.8E-1 .. .. .. .. .. . Money, means of payment I.9E-2 1.4E-1 .. .. .. .. .. . Demand deposits 2.OE-2 I .SE-I .. .. .. .. .. . Currency outside banks 1. I E-2 4.OE-2 .. .. .. .. .. . Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) 4.6E-2 .. 31.02 973.8 80,460 .. . Central government expenditures Defense 185 Nicaragua .- - -- , . . ... ... .................................. - - - . - . . . - .......... ... - , ....... . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. ... ... , . . ., . . .. . . .. Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services Labor force, total 619 722 825 859 892 926 960 993 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 2053 2426 2802 2884 2969 3056 3143 3229 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. kim) 17.4 20.4 . 23.6 24.3 25.0 25.7 26.5 27.2 School enrollment ratio, primary 80 82 99 .. 100 103 99 101 secondary 18 24 43 .. 39 44 43 39 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 254.2 293.4 272.9 278.3 257.2 264.5 244.0 267.4 Daily calorie supply per capita 2355 2307 2210 2209 2211 2181 2225 2186 Food production (1979-81=100) 109.6 112.8 87.5 82.3 85.1 82.1 79.9 70.2 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 71.3 65.8 56.3 55.6 55.7 55.4 56.6 53.0 Population per hospital bed 426.2 402.7 .. .. .. .. . 394.3 per nursing person .. 597.8 595.0 .. .. 531.2 per physician 2,146.7 2,113.9 2,308.1 2,247.9 .. .. 1,489.6 Female participation in labor force (percent) 11.9 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.2 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 106.0 98.2 90.4 88.2 86.0 83.0 80.0 77.0 Life expectancy (years) 53.9 56.6 58.6 59.0 59.3 59.9 60.6 61.2 Total fertility (births per woman) 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 Urban population (percent of total population) 47.0 50.3 53.4 54.0 54.7 55.3 56.0 56.6 Population per passenger car 60.0 66.5 74.1 .. .. .. .. 82.5 per telephone._ .. 67.4 .. .. .. .. 62.9 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 37.1 41.6 45.7 46.5 47.4 48.4 49.4 50.3 Deforestation rate (net) -1.9 -2.1 -1.8 -3.1 -2.5 -2.6 -2.7 -2.7 Forest (thousands sq. km) 56.2 50.5 45.1 43.7 42.6 41.5 40.4 39.3 AbWevialions in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 186 Nicaragua ...... , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .......... .. ...... .. ,,................- 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 1,035 1,078 1,120 1,162 1,204 1,256 1,308 . Laborforce, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 3314 3401 3489 3580 3676 3794 3916 . Population (thousands) 27.9 28.6 29.4 30.1 .. .. .. . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 98 99 99 95 98 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 42 38 38 37 38 .. .. . secondary 260.0 256.5 256.8 257.4 .. .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2166 2208 2244 2265 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 64.6 60.8 55.9 60.3 60.8 62.1 .. . Food production (1979-81=100) 50.9 52.6 54.1 52.3 53.3 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 524.2 538.2 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person 1,454.7 1,491.9 .. .. . per physician 14.5 14.8 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.5 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 74.0 71.0 67.3 63.6 59.9 56.0 53.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 61.8 62.4 63.3 64.1 64.9 65.8 66.6 . Life expectancy (years) 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 . Total fertility (births per woman) 57.2 57.9 58.5 59.2 59.8 60.0 . Urban population (percent of total population) 71.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. . Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 51.2 52.2 53.1 54.1 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) -2.8 -2.9 -3.0 -3.1 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 38.2 37.1 36.0 34.9 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 187 Poland Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) 1,580 1,790 2,080 2,100 SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Polish zlotys) GNP at market prices 2,407 2,588 5,289 6,668 8,277 10,069 Net factor income -104 -165 -258 -256 -299 -376 GDP at market prices 2,511 2,753 5,546 6,924 8,576 10,445 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost .. Agriculture . . .. 1,236 1,519 Industry .. .. 4,510 5,328 Services .. .. 2,830 3,598 Resource balance -74 -58 116 122 169 139 Exports GNFS 707 638 1,078 1,192 1,516 1,901 Imports GNFS 780 697 962 1,070 1,346 1,761 Domestic absorption 2,585 2,811 5,430 6,802 8,407 10,306 Total consumption .. 1,923 2,303 3,880 5,068 6,150 7,417 Private consumption 1,692 2,042 3,425 4,458 5,349 6,456 General government consumption 231 260 455 610 801 962 Gross domestic investment 662 508 1,551 1,734 2,257 2,888 Fixed domestic investment 621 514 1,117 1,395 1,781 2,211 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant 1987 Polish zlotys) Gross national product (GNP) 15,247 13,417 12,788 13,614 14,444 15,243 GDPat market prices 15,840 14,260 13,580 14,334 15,145 15,921 GDP at factor cost . Agriculture 1,954 2,077 Industry .. 8,107 8,237 Services .. .. 5,084 5,607 Resource balance -275 -174 349 459 575 394 Exports GNFS .. 3,114 2,547 2,705 2,953 3,303 3,313 Imports GNFS 3,389 2,721 2,356 2,494 2,729 2,920 Domestic absorption .. 16,115 14,433 13,231 13,875 14,570 15,527 Total consumption 10,767 10,276 9,216 9,642 10,069 10,859 Private consumption 9,462 9,030 7,940 8,327 8,655 9,358 General government consumption 1,305 1,245 1,276 1,315 1,414 1,500 Gross domestic investment 5,348 4,158 4,016 4,232 4,501 4,669 Fixed domestic investment 4,003 3,240 2,797 3,043 3,341 3,513 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Polish zlotys) NMP produced: 767 1,388 1,992 2,160 4,753 5,924 7,182 8,658 Agriculture and forestry 136 215 315 638 925 1,089 1,256 1,399 Industry excluding construction 400 785 1,039 910 2,388 2,968 3,562 4,117 Construction 83 171 202 158 510 644 833 1,064 Transport and communication 51 92 143 141 207 318 420 563 Trade 92 93 254 270 656 802 982 1,344 Other services 9 22 39 43 68 103 128 171 Resource balance 11 -66 -61 -57 65 94 90 157 NMP used: domestic market 736 1,468 2,053 2,217 4,688 5,831 7,092 8,501 Final consumption, material goods 553 955 1,664 1,998 3,455 4,438 5,341 6,290 Personal consumption 470 808 1,409 1,721 2,929 3,750 4,456 5,206 Collective consumption 83 147 255 276 526 688 885 1,084 Net capital formation 262 691 388 220 1,233 1,393 1,751 2,211 Net fixed capital formation 133 391 348 225 800 1,054 1,275 1,534 Changes in stocks 129 299 41 -6 433 339 476 678 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant Polish zlotys) NMP produced: 4,320 6,883 7,323 6,444 6,078 6,444 6,810 7,030 Agriculture and forestry 1,019 1,070 938 947 994 1,050 1,107 1,107 Industry and construction 2,636 4,490 4,616 3,822 3,653 3,848 4,089 4,263 Services 665 1,323 1,769 1,675 1,431 1,546 1,615 1,660 Resource balance -18 -672 -158 -214 94 86 153 148 NMP used: domestic market 4,339 7,555 7,480 6,657 5,984 6,358 6,657 6,882 Final consumption, material goods 3,032 4,550 5,886 5,510 4,900 5,226 5,446 5,575 Personal consumption .. .. 4,624 Collective consumption 951 Net capital formation 1,307 3,005 1,594 1,148 1,084 1,132 1,212 1,307 Net fixed capital formation 838 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Note. 188 Poland 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,030 1,860 1,860 1,890 1,680 1,790 1,960 (World Bank) (billions of current Polish zlotys) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 12,486 16,170 28,369 113,720 559,636 810,275 1,214,783 . GNP at market prices -467 -770 -1,259 -4,599 -31,882 -14,990 -19,540 Net factor income 12,953 16,940 29,628 118,319 591,518 825,265 1,234,323 GDPatmarketprices .. .. .. .. .. . Net indirect taxes H GDP at factor cost 1,797 2,050 3,892 15,290 49,785 56,495 80,200 H Agriculture 6,632 8,838 15,530 61,980 320,308 415,708 641,800 H Industry 4,524 6,052 10,206 41,048 221,426 353,062 512,323 H Services 184 407 81] 4,963 50,009 3,401 22,587 . Resource balance 2,358 3,625 6,745 22,570 160,509 167,726 239,326 . Exports GNFS 2,174 3,218 5,934 17,608 110,500 164,325 216,739 Imports GNFS 12,769 16,533 28,817 113,357 541,509 821,864 1,211,736 Domestic absorption 9,029 11,649 19,160 67,824 378,622 644,580 938,597 Total consumption 7,851 10,133 16,731 60,757 269,722 476,607 837,623 Private consumption 1,178 1,516 2,429 7,067 108,900 167,973 100,974 General government consumption 3,740 4,884 9,657 45,533 162,887 177,284 273,139 . Gross domestic investment 2,836 3,821 6,663 19,351 116,066 155,026 243,831 . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of constant 1987 Polish zlotys) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 15,885 16,170 16,849 16,827 14,644 14,141 14,412 Gross national product (GNP) 16,591 16,940 17,624 17,674 15,533 14,329 14,597 . GDP at market prices H GDP at factor cost 2,185 2,050 2,083 2,093 2,052 2,078 1,727 H Agriculture 8,584 8,838 9,266 9,100 7,224 6,297 6,578 H Industry 5,822 6,052 6,275 6,482 6,258 5,953 6,291 H Services 376 407 458 386 1,378 210 544 Resource balance 3,453 3,625 3,966 4,070 4,685 4,047 4,303 Exports GNFS 3,076 3,218 3,508 3,684 3,307 3,836 3,759 . Imports GNFS 16,214 16,533 17,166 17,288 14,155 14,119 14,052 . Domestic absorption 11,335 11,649 11,888 11,714 9,963 10,521 10,730 Total consumption 9,834 10,133 10,369 10,409 8,656 9,315 9,572 . Private consumption 1,501 1,516 1,519 1,305 1,307 1,206 1,158 . General government consumption 4,879 4,884 5,278 5,574 4,192 3,598 3,322 . Gross domestic investment 3,671 3,821 4,031 3,967 3,547 3,388 3,422 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current Polish zlotys) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 10,697 14,013 24,995 104,952 506,253 .. .. f NMP produced: 1,650 1,849 3,543 15,089 45,515 .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 5,061 6,804 12,031 52,672 273,900 .. Industry excluding construction 1,379 1,801 3,207 10,055 54,091 .. .. . Construction 667 851 1,462 5,184 26,075 .. . Transport and communication 1,708 2,385 4,111 19,502 90,452 .. .. Trade 232 323 641 2,450 16,221 .. .. . Other services 28 383 627 4,503 50,034 .. .. . Resource balance 10,579 13,631 24,368 100,450 456,219 .. . NMP used: domestic market 7,725 9,956 16,588 57,573 310,651 .. .. . Final consumption, material goods 6,403 8,255 13,822 50,071 249,588 .. .. . Personal consumption 1,321 1,701 2,766 7,502 61,063 .. .. . Collective consumption 2,855 3,675 7,780 42,877 145,568 .. .. . Net capital formation 1,950 2,612 4,785 16,695 76,922 .. .. . Net fixed capital formation 905 1,063 2,994 26,182 68,646 .. .. . Changes in stocks Depreciation (billions of constant Polish zlotys) NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 7,376 7,520 7,885 7,869 6,695 .. .. f NMP produced: 1,176 1,084 1,098 1,107 1,080 .. .. f Agriculture and forestry 4,452 4,589 4,822 4,720 3,658 .. .. . Industry and construction 1,748 1,847 1,965 2,042 1,957 .. .. f Services 153 164 181 161 .. Resource balance 7,223 7,356 7,704 7,708 6,184 .. .. . NMP used: domestic market 5,845 6,011 6,187 6,084 5,291 .. .. f Final consumption, material goods 4,855 5,000 5,164 5,206 4,383 .. . Personal consumption 990 1,011 1,024 878 908 .. .. . Collective consumption 1,378 1,345 1,517 1,624 892 .. .. . Net capital formation 888 933 1,019 944 682 .. .. . Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 189 Poland Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 - 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 100) NMP produced: 59.0 94.0 100.0 88.0 83.0 88.0 93.0 96.0 Agriculture and forestry 108.7 114.1 100.0 101.0 106.0 112.0 118.0 118.0 Industry 52.9 88.4 100.0 85.0 82.0 86.0 91.0 95.0 Construction 71.9 128.8 100.0 75.0 69.0 74.0 80.0 83.0 Transport and communication 45.2 81.9 100.0 91.0 79.0 87.0 95.0 99.0 Trade 50.5 85.9 100.0 93.0 81.0 84.0 87.0 91.0 NMP used: material goods 58.0 101.0 100.0 89.0 80.0 85.0 89.0 92.0 Final consumption 53.2 80.9 100.0 95.0 84.0 89.0 93.0 96.0 Net capital formation 82.0 188.5 100.0 72.0 68.0 71.0 76.0 82.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter . .. 44.217 51.152 84.824 91.550 113.240 147.142 Devisa/official 4.000 3.320 3.049 3.350 .. Commercial .. 49.800 44.220 51.150 84.820 91.550 113.240 147.140 Noncommercial/tourist 40.000 33.200 30.490 33.500 84.820 91.550 113.240 147.140 Informal market 132.540 101.625 119.833 272.417 479.167 587.917 507.333 707.354 ICP .. .. 20.741 23.857 48.432 56.633 65.464 73.555 (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. 1.245 1.106 1.279 1.247 1.346 1.588 1.764 Uniform TR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 68.000 68.000 71.330 83.420 PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1985 100) 16.2 18.3 25.4 30.8 61.9 75.5 86.9 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1987 = 100) .. .. 15.9 19.3 40.8 48.3 56.6 65.6 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current Polish zlotys) Value of exports (fobX 14 34 52 45 951 1,060 1,336 1,691 Value of imports (cif) -. 14 42 58 52 869 970 1,210 1,595 Trade balance 0 -8 -6 -8 82 90 126 96 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current US dolfars) Exports 3.6 11.1 13.1 10.1 10.5 10.4 10.9 11.1 Imports 3.6 13.3 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.5 Trade balance -0. 1 -2.2 7.2 4.4 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.6 TRADE PRICE INDICES ( (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade 107 108 100 100 97 95 95 93 Exports 52 98 100 96 89 82 76 75 Imports 49 91 100 96 92 86 81 81 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency 1,064 4,109 7,174 5,482 4,974 5,402 5,828 5,768 Imports, convertible currency 991 6,949 8,108 6,233 4,616 4,317 4,372 4,594 Trade balance, convertible currency 73 -2,840 -934 -751 358 1,085 1,456 1,174 Invisibles, convertible currency 71 -173 -1,720 -2,390 -2,575 -2,271 -2,153 -1,697 Current balance, convertible currency .144 -3,013 -2,654 -3,141 -2,217 -1,186 -697 -523 External debt, total (World Bank) 24 698 8,894 13,065 18,767 20,177 21,161 33,336 Convertible currency 24 698 8,678 12,525 17,583 18,642 19,479 31,389 CMEA .. .. 224 577 1,333 1,713 1,879 2,153 External debt service (World Bank) 6 190 2,899 1,296 755 981 1,186 2,045 Convertible currency 6 190 2,844 1,293 706 912 1,083 1,929 Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) . .. 128 278 647 765 1,106 870 Gold holdings at market price .. .. 447 187 215 180 146 154 DOMESTIC FINANCE (billions of current Polish zlotys) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. 1,546 1,907 2,643 3,039 3,576 4,366 Money, means of payment .. .. 910 1,105 1,573 1,747 2,001 2,449 Demand deposits .. .. 618 703 968 1,029 1,177 1,435 Currency outside banks .. .. 293 402 605 718 824 1,014 Quasi-money .. .. 636 802 1,070 1,292 1,575 1,917 Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 3 4 6 6 6 6 Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,795 4,719 Defense .. .. .. .. .. Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 190 Poland 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 =100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 101.0 103.0 108.0 108.0 ... . V NMP produced: 125.0 114.0 116.0 118.0 ... . . Agriculture and forestry 99.0 102.0 107.0 ¶05.0 ... . . Industry excluding construction 87.0 89.0 94.0 94.0 ... . . Construction 104.0 110.0 115.0 ...... . Transport and communication 96.0 101.0 10.0... . . Trade 97.0 99.0 103.0 104.0 ... . . NMP used: material goods 101.0 103.0 107.0 106.0 ... . . Final consumption 86.0 .. 84.0 95.0 99.5 ... . . Net capital formnation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 175.287 265.082 430.546 1,439.180 9,500.000 10,576.100 13,631.000 . Single-year converter L, f Devisa/official 175.290 265.080 430.550 1,439.200 ... . f Commercial 175.290 265.080 430.550 1,439.180 ... . f Noncommercialftourist 745.548 900.895 1,763.958 5,196.457 ... . . Informal market 85.910 107.570 ... .. . . ICP - ~~~~(ruble per US dollar: annual average) 1.904 2.277 2.212 2.964 ... . . Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 ... . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) 92.080 116.420 194.670 485.640 ... . f Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 117.7 147.4 236.1 828.9 5,684.3 9,680.2 13,846.8 . Consumer price index ( 1985 100) -- -- ~~~Wholesale price index 78.1 100.0 168.1 669.4 3,808.1 5,759.4 8,456.3 . GDP deflator (1 987 = 1 00) - ~~~~(billions of current Polish zlotys) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 2,116 3,237 6,012 19,476 134,847 ... f Value of exports (fob) 1,964 2,876 - 5,272 14,864 88,865 ... f Value of imports (cif) 152 361 739 4,612 45,982 ... f Trade balance (bifllons of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 13.1 14.1 14.6 14.7 18.3 14.9 .. . Exports 7.1 6.5 5.6 4.9 4.3 3.0 Ir . Iports 6.1 7.6 9.0 9.8 14.0 12.0 .. Trade balance (Index,- 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES 92 93 92 ...... . Terms of trade 84 83 80 .... . . Exports 90 89 88 . .... . Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMIENTS 6,226 6,920 7,911 8,113 10,863 . . . Exports, convertible currency 5,108 5,878 6,991 7,987 8,649 . . . Imports, convertible currency 1,118 1,042 920 126 2,214 . . . Trade balance, convertible currency -1,692 -1,434 -1,483 -2,048 -1,546 . . . Invisibles, convertible currency -574 -392 -563 -1,922 668 ... . Current balance, convertible currency 36,670 42,620 42,146 43,029 49,386 . . . External debt, total (World Bank) 34,104 40,070 39,491 41,668 48,155 ... Convertible currency 2,781 2,772 2,868 1,539 1,516 . . CMEA 1,816 2,060 ~1,763 1,542 953 . . f Extemnal debt service (World Bank) 1,731 1,832 1,522 1,415 754 ... . Convertible currency 698 1,495 2,055 2,314 4,492 3,633 4,099 . Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 185 228 194 189 182 .167 158 . Gold holdings at market price (billions of current Polish zlotys) DOMESTIC FINANCE 5,532 7,416 12,110 74,433 198,004 287,180 .. . Money supply, broadly defined 2,998 3,786 5,748 19,975 101,670 127,005 .. . Money, means of payment 1,832 2,474 3,225 10,095 62,334 70,634 .. . Demand deposits 1,166 1,312 2,523 9,880 39,336 56,371 .. . Currency outside banks 2,534 3,631 6,362 54,458 96,334 160,174 .. . Quasi-mnoney 6 6 21 21 28 14 6 . Interest: deposit rate (percent) 5,417 6,751 11,458 ...... . Central government expenditures Defense 191 Poland Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 i9U 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services Labor force, total 17,336 18,120 18,520 18,660 18,800 18,940 19,080 19,221 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 32526 34022 35578 35902 36227 36571 36914 37203 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 106.8 111.7 116.8 117.9 119.0 120.1 121.2 122.2 School enrollment ratio, primary 101 100 100 .. 100 101 101 101 secondary 62 73 77 .. 75 75 78 78 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2,511.8 2,970.9 3,456.4 3,151.6 3,217.0 3,198.1 3,166.0 3,230.8 Daily calorie supply per capita 3402 3518 3583 3367 3284 3364 3353 3353 Food production (1979-81=100) 100.3 107.3 95.4 94.2 96.1 101.1 104.6 106.3 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 100.5 109.5 110.6 106.0 97.3 98.4 96.8 99.4 Population per hospital bed 130.8 .. .. .. .. per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 187.0 per physician 700.0 .. .. 550.0 540.6 .. .. 486.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) 46.8 47.0 46.0 46.0 45.9 45.9 45.9 45.9 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 33.2 24.8 21.2 20.6 20.2 19.2 19.2 18.4 Life expectancy (years) 70.2 70.7 70.8 70.8 70.8 70.8 70.8 70.9 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 Urban population (percent of total population) 52.3 55.4 58.1 58.5 58.9 59.2 59.6 60.0 Populationperpassengercar 67.8 31.6 14.9 13.6 12.6 11.5 10.8 10.1 per telephone .. 13.2 10.5 9.8 9.4 .. 9.2 8.8 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 166.4 177.0 187.2 189.9 191.8 193.7 194.9 196.7 Deforestation rate (net) 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Forest (thousands sq. km) 85.5 86.1 86.8 86.9 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Abbrvmauoes in notes column ar explained in the Geneml Nots. For surs and methods, we the Tedmield Notes. 192 Poland 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 19,317 19,414 19,510 19,607 19,704 19,846 19,987 . Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 37396 37591 37786 37983 38180 38378 38577 . Population (thousands) 123.0 123.7 124.4 124.7 .. .. .. . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 101 101 100 99 98 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 80 80 81 81 82 .. .. . secondary 3,325.1 3,426.3 3,425.3 3,325.6 3,416.5 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 3403 3401 3479 3505 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 111.6 104.7 107.2 111.3 116.6 108.5 .. . Food production (1979-81 = 100) 101.7 98.5 102.6 102.6 100.2 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 152.5 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person 486.0 .. .. .. .. .. . per physician 45.8 45.8 45.7 45.7 45.6 45.7 45.9 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 17.5 17.5 16.2 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 70.9 70.9 70.9 71.0 71.0 71.0 71.0 . Life expectancy (years) 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 . Total fertility (births per woman) 60.4 60.7 61.1 61.4 61.8 62.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) 9.4 8.9 8.4 7.8 .. .. .. . Population per passenger car 8.5 8.2 .. .. .. .. .. . per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 198.4 199.6 201.2 201.9 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 87.3 87.3 87.3 87.5 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. km) 193 Romania Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Romanian lei) GNP at market prices 437 603 608 715 757 802 807 Net factor income 0 -14 -15 -13 -12 -14 -10 GDP at market prices 437 617 624 727 769 816 818 Net indirect taxes 92 GDP at factor cost 726 Agriculture 64 78 92 126 108 111 114 Industry 266 373 356 413 464 499 491 Services 107 166 176 189 197 207 212 Resource balance -30 3 28 32 51 34 Exports GNFS 218 202 186 210 287 187 Imports GNFS 247 199 157 178 236 153 Domestic absorption 441 647 621 699 737 766 783 Total consumption 264 401 395 454 475 487 513 Private consumption 370 363 424 444 456 481 General government consumption 31 32 30 31 31 32 Gross domestic investment 177 246 226 245 262 279 270 Fixed domestic investment 146 213 209 216 231 245 246 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (bilions of constant 1987 Romanian lei) Gross national product (GNP) 493 687 687 719 763 808 813 GDP at market prices 494 705 705 733 777 824 823 GDP at factor cost 732 Agriculture 110 109 113 112 122 123 Industry 420 412 433 476 500 492 Services 175 184 187 189 202 208 Resource balance -245 -183 -98 -9 -47 19 Exports GNFS 209 194 159 149 218 166 Imports GNFS 454 376 257 158 264 147 Domestic absorption 950 888 831 786 871 804 Total consumption 660 637 576 523 596 535 Private consumption .. 503 General government consumption 32 Gross domestic investment 210 290 251 255 263 275 269 Fixed domestic investment 250 232 223 229 243 246 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Romanian lei) NMP produced: 212 362 514 512 610. 640 684 672 Agriculture and forestry 39 59 71 83 117 98 104 104 Industry excluding construction 123 216 306 290 341 385 416 396 Construction 22 28 44 418 45 50 53 55 Transport and communication 13 21 31 31 32 32 33 33 Trade 15 38 62 66 75 76 79 83 Other services Resource balance -17 -12 16 37 43 54 NMP used: domestic market 530 524 594 603 641 618 Final consumption, material goods 341 361 417 415 441 432 Personal consumption 327 349 406 402 427 419 Collective consumption 13 12 11 13 14 13 Net capital formation 190 163 177 188 200 186 Net fixed capital formation 157 146 148 158 166 162 Changes in stocks 33 17 29 31 34 24 Depreciation 63 68 73 79 84 MNPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant Romanian lei) NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry . Industry and construction Services Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 560 524 517 517 644 619 Final consumption, material goods 354 361 355 352 449 430 Personal consumption 341 349 344 340 436 417 Collective consumption 13 12 10 12 13 13 Net capital formation 207 163 162 165 195 189 Net fixed capital formation 169 146 133 133 166 165 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 194 Romania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countyy tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 1,730 1,680 1,400 1,080 (World Bank) (billions of current Romanian lei) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 830 839 854 799 848 2,111 5,421 GNP at market prices -9 -6 -3 1 4 1 -28 Net factor income 839 845 857 798 844 2,110 5,449 GDP at market prices 96 52 121 157 67 99 170 Net indirect taxes 743 794 736 641 777 2,011 5,279 H GDP at factor cost 107 103 116 111 152 391 1,090 H Agriculture 520 523 520 473 455 1,024 2,616 H Industry 212 219 221 215 237 694 1,743 H Services 31 35 59 36 -79 -101 -441 Resource balance 169 164 175 169 143 364 1,504 Exports GNFS 137 129 116 133 222 465 1,945 Imports GNFS 807 810 798 762 923 2,211 5,890 Domestic absorption 519 541 555 549 634 1,503 4,363 Total consumption 489 513 524 516 594 1,210 3,239 Private consumption 30 28 31 33 40 293 1,124 General government consumption 288 269 243 213 289 708 1,527 Gross domestic investment 249 246 240 236 168 314 704 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (bigions of constant 1987 Romanian lei) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 832 839 840 795 741 639 542 Gross national product (GNP) 841 845 843 793 737 638 542 GDP at market prices 745 794 724 637 679 608 525 H GDP at factor cost 115 103 113 106 117 115 96 H Agriculture . 519 523 508 474 399 319 260 H Industry 207 219 222 213 221 204 186 H Services 30 35 -37 -125 -155 Resource balance 153 164 198 189 117 Exports GNFS 123 129 235 314 272 Imports GNFS 811 810 879 918 696 Domestic absorption 523 541 636 705 537 Total consumption 492 513 605 672 492 Private consumption 30 28 31 33 40 35 45 General government consumption 288 269 244 214 218 218 159 Gross domestic investment 249 246 240 237 146 104 85 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current Romanian lei) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 694 697 697 633 672 f NMP produced: 100 96 103 96 139 Agriculture and forestry 417 417 411 368 359 Industry excluding construction 57 58 57 45 46 Construction 35 35 36 36 32 Transport and communication 85 91 90 88 96 f Trade Other services 48 62 81 45 -99 f Resource balance 647 635 616 588 770 f NMP used: domestic market 440 458 472 478 581 Final consumption, material goods 427 446 460 466 565 Personal consumption 13 12 12 12 16 Collective consumption 207 178 144 110 189 Net capital formation 167 154 141 133 70 Net fixed capital formation 39 23 3 -23 121 Changes in stocks 82 91 99 104 101 Depreciation (billions of constant Romanian lei) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices NMP produced: Agriculture and forestry Industry and construction Services Resource balance 644 633 613 586 653 NMP used: domestic market 437 455 469 476 536 Final consumption, material goods 424 443 457 464 520 Personal consumption 13 12 12 12 16 Collective consumption 207 178 144 110 118 Net capital formation 167 154 141 133 45 Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 195 Romania Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 = 100) NMPproduced: 40.8 69.8 100.0 99.6 103.7 109.8 117.1 115.9 Agriculture and forestry 64.9 83.8 100.0 99.4 101.9 100.0 112.3 111.0 Industry 35.8 66.7 100.0 99.6 104.3 112.5 119.0 114.7 Construction 56.2 80.9 100.0 92.7 97.8 107.3 114.6 119.1 Transport and communication 34.7 58.7 100.0 104.2 106.3 114.6 119.4 120.5 Trade 30.4 68.1 100.0 99.7 100.6 99.1 103.3 109.4 NMP used: material goods .. .. 100.0 93.5 92.3 92.3 115.0 110.4 Final consumption .. .. 100.0 102.0 100.3 99.6 127.0 121.6 Net capital formation .. .. 100.0 78.9 78.6 79.8 94.4 91.2 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official 6.000 4.970 4.470 .. .. Commercial 24.000 20.000 18.000 15.000 15.000 17.179 21.280 17.141 Noncommercial/tourist 18.000 12.000 12.000 11.125 11.012 13.120 14.013 12.241 Informal market 39.025 29.713 29.429 39.838 4S.104 58.246 64 840 74.390 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross 1.200 1.111 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.011 1.239 1.106 Uniform TR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial 20.000 18.000 18.000 15.000 15.000 17.000 17.170 15.500 PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index .. .. .. .. .. Wholesale price index .. .. .. .. .. GDP deflator (1987 = 100) .. 88.4 87.6 88.5 99.3 99.0 99.1 99.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (bi6lions of current Romanian lei) Value of exports (fob) 11 27 51 168 152 173 228 178 Value of imports (cif) 12 27 59 165 125 130 161 147 Trade balance -1 0 -8 3 27 43 67 31 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current US dollars) Exports 1.9 5.7 9.2 10.3 9.0 8.6 9.5 8.4 Imports 2.0 5.7 11.1 10.1 7.3 6.2 6.4 6.7 Trade balance -0.1 0.0 -1.8 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.0 1.7 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms oftrade 103 105 100 102 104 110 111 102 Exports 39 82 100 100 95 89 84 74 Imports 38 79 100 98 91 80 76 73 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency 708 2,839 6,503 7,216 6,235 6,246 6,892 6,280 Imports, convertible currency 819 2,950 8,037 7,012 4,710 4,558 4,706 4,835 Trade balance, convertible currency -I1 -111 -1,534 204 1,525 1,688 2,186 1,445 Invisibles, convertible currency -110 -149 -865 -1,022 -870 -766 -650 -530 Current balance, convertible currency -221 -260 -2,399 -818 655 922 1,536 915 External debt, total (World Bank) .. 122 9,762 10,447 10,003 9,128 7,758 7,008 Convertible currency .. 122 9,762 10,447 10,003 9,128 7,758 7,008 CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. 1 1,529 2,057 2,910 1,874 2,116 2,064 Convertible currency .. 1 1,529 2,057 2,910 1,874 2,116 2,064 Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. 539 323 404 450 525 709 199 Gold holdings at market price .. 364 2,188 1,427 1,623 1,381 1,150 1,248 DOMESTIC FINANCE (billions of current Ronmanian lei) Money supply, broadly defined .. 113 218 253 289 287 305 323 Money, means of payment .. 66 115 136 167 156 162 166 Demand deposits .. 45 75 94 122 Ill 113 111 Currency outside banks .. 21 39 41 45 45 49 55 Quasi-money .. 48 104 1IS 122 131 143 157 Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Central government expenditures 115 216 276 250 234 212 236 340 Defense 7 10 10 11 11 12 12 27 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the Generat Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 196 Romania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (index, 1980 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 119.2 120.4 118.0 108.6 .. .. .. . NMP produced: 107.1 99.4 104.5 95.5 .. .. .. Agriculture and forestry 120.4 122.2 117.2 108.2 .. .. .. . Industry excluding construction 124.2 125.3 122.5 97.2 .. .. .. . Construction 124.3 126.0 133.3 130.6 .. .. .. . Transport and communication 107.0 118.5 121.0 118.2 .. .. .. . Trade 114.9 112.9 109.4 104.6 116.6 .. .. I NMPused: materialgoods 123.6 128.6 132.5 134.6 151.5 .. .. I Final consumption 100.1 86.1 69.9 53.1 56.9 .. .. I Net capital formation (LCUs per US doflar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 22.200 21.200 19.300 22.432 76.387 307.953 Single-year converter L, f Devisa/official 16.153 14.557 14.277 14.922 22.083 .. .. f Commercial 11.337 9.759 8.747 8.992 .. .. .. f Noncommercial/tourist 81.176 82.914 91.708 131.125 .. .. .. . Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) 1.042 0.939 0.921 0.963 .. .. . Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 .. .. . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) 15.500 15.500 15.500 15.500 17.000 .. .. . Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 274.4 854.1 . Consumer price index Wholesale price index 99.7 100.0 101.7 100.6 114.5 330.6 1,006.3 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (billions of current Romanian lei) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 164 168 182 168 135 .. .. f Value of exports (fob) 136 133 122 135 210 .. .. f Value of imports (cifl 28 35 60 33 -75 .. .. f Trade balance (bigions of current US dolars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 8.2 8.6 8.9 8.1 4.6 4.3 .. . Exports 6.4 6.4 5.4 5.8 6.9 5.7 .. . Imports 1.8 2.2 3.5 2.3 -2.3 -1.4 .. . Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES 122 122 130 .. .. .. .. . Terms of trade 72 79 80 .. .. .. .. . Exports 59 65 61 .. .. .. .. . Imports (milions of current US dolars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 5,127 5,864 6,511 5,990 3,467 .. .. . Exports, convertible currency 3,238 3,428 2,903 3,471 5,100 .. .. . Imports, convertible currency 1,889 2,436 3,608 2,600 -1,600 .. .. . Trade balance, convertible currency -391 -200 .. 338 100 .. .. . Invisibles, convertible currency 1,498 2,236 3,608 2,938 -1,500 .. .. . Current balance, convertible currency 6,983 6,580 2,524 500 369 .. .. . External debt, total (World Bank) 6,983 6,580 2,524 500 369 .. .. . Convertible currency CMEA 1,981 2,493 4,274 1,946 30 .. .. . External debt service (World Bank) 1,981 2,493 4,274 1,946 30 .. .. . Convertible currency 582 1,402 780 1,859 373 424 826 . Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 1,269 660 594 872 850 795 769 . Gold holdings at market price (billions of current Romanian lel) DOMESTIC FINANCE 341 353 390 410 513 1,031 1,790 . Money supply, broadly defined 170 171 199 205 233 731 1,012 . Money,meansofpayment 110 111 134 130 141 555 600 . Demand deposits 60 61 65 75 92 177 412 . Currency outside banks 172 182 190 206 280 300 778 . Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) 356 344 314 321 290 780 .. . Central government expenditures 29 25 28 29 30 S0 .. . Defense 197 Romania Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. .. .. Agriculture ... .. .. .. .. Industry .. .. .. .. .. Services .. .......... Laborforce,total 11,037 11,107 11,039 11,115 11,190 11,266 11,342 11,418 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 20253 21245 22201 22353 22478 22553 22625 22725 Populatiin density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 87.9 92.2 96.4 97.0 97.6 97.9 98.2 98.7 School enrollment ratio, primary 112 107 102 .. .. 99 98 98 secondary 44 65 71 .. .. 72 73 75 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 2,136.4 2,725.5 3,367.2 3,343.3 3,308.9 3,284.6 3,325.5 3,411.3 Daily calorie supply per capita 3027 3275 3418 3301 3341 3364 3442 3391 Food production (1979-81 = 100) 66.9 68.2 98.4 96.5 104.9 104.6 115.9 102.5 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 92.9 97.9 105.3 102.9 102.2 104.0 105.8 102.6 Population per hospital bed 120.5 .. 106.6 114.0 .. per nursing person .. .. .. 280.0 277.4 per physician 843.9 .. 677.6 700.0 611.7 .. .. 567.4 Female participation in labor force (percent) 46.5 46.1 45.2 45.2 45.2 45.3 45.3 45.3 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 49.4 34.6 29.3 28.5 28.0 23.9 23.4 25.6 Life expectancy (years) 68.8 69.5 69.7 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.5 69.4 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 Urban population (percent of total population) 41.8 46.2 48.7 49.1 49.4 49.8 50.1 50.5 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.9 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 135.7 142.1 148.4 149.5 150.2 150.5 150.9 151.3 Deforestation rate (net) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Forest (thousands sq. km) 63.1 63.2 63.4 63.4 63.4 63.4 63.4 63.4 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For soarces and methods, see the Technical Notes. 198 Romania 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Countiy tables (continued) (thousands) EMIPLOYMENT Employment, total Agriculture Industry Services 11,499 11,581 11,662 11,744 11,825 11,911 11,998 Laborforce, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 22824 22940 23054 23152 23200 22974 23039 . Population (thousands) 99.1 99.6 100.1 100.5 100.7 99.8 100.0 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 97 97 96 95 91 .. .. . School enrollment ratio, primary 74 99 106 110 92 .. .. . secondary 3,417.5 3,518.7 3,565.7 3,525.8 3,623.3 .. .. . Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 3398 3341 3255 3155 .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita 101.9 90.7 95.5 87.7 76.5 77.2 .. . Food production (1979-81 = 100) 103.3 100.8 98.4 93.3 92.9 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 112.5 .. .. . Population per hospital bed per nursing person 558.7 .. .. .. .. .. . per physician 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.6 45.7 45.7 . Female participation in labor force (percent) 25.6 25.0 25.9 26.9 26.9 27.0 27.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 69.3 69.2 69.4 69.6 69.8 70.0 70.2 . Life expectancy (years) 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 . Total fertility (births per woman) 50.9 51.4 51.8 52.3 52.7 53.0 .. . Urban population (percent of total population) 22.8 22.0 21.2 19.0 .. .. .. . Population per passenger car per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) 151.8 152.0 152.6 156.9 .. .. .. . Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 .. .. .. . Deforestation rate (net) 63.4 63.4 63.5 63.7 .. .. .. . Forest (thousands sq. kmn) 199 Russian Federation County tabe 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA NIC1CO11t/ (World BsnX) SNA ACCOUINTS, csirreatp onzrs (billions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices .. Net factor income .. .. GDP at market prices .. .. Net indirect taxes .. GDP at factor cost .. .. Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption .. Total consumption .. .. Private consumption .. .. .. .. General government consumption .. Gross domestic investment .. Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) .. .. GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost .. .. Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption . .. .. Total consumption . .. .. .. .. Private consumption .. .. .. .. .. General government consumption .. .. .. .. .. Gross domestic investment .. .. . .. .. Fixed domestic investment .. .. .. Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 173.7 218.2 274.1 285.7 312.1 324.4 339.0 352.7 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 27.1 .. .. .. .. 48.3 Industry excluding construction .. .. 153.5 159.5 173.3 163.6 171.3 171.3 Construction .. .. 28.7 29.4 31.2 31.8 35.1 36.9 Transport and communication .. .. 17.7 18.5 20.9 21.9 22.2 22.8 Trade .. .. 14.6 15.3 15.4 15.8 16.1 16.7 Other services .. .. 32.5 .. .. .. .. 56.7 Resource balance .. .. 0.5 .. .. .. .. 11.8 NMP used: domestic market 158.8 207.2 271.1 282.7 305.0 317.6 329.8 337.1 Final consumption, material goods .. .. 201.7 213.4 221.4 230.3 238.0 243.4 Personal consumption .. .. 170.3 180.5 186.2 192.8 199.1 203.1 Collective consumption .. .. 31.3 32.9 35.2 37.4 38.9 40.3 Net capital formation .. .. 69.4 69.3 83.6 87.3 91.8 93.6 Net fixed capital formation .. .. 45.3 43.5 46.3 48.4 51.1 50.4 Changes in stocks .. .. 24.1 25.8 37.3 38.8 40.7 43.2 Depreciation MfDPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 332.8 Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42.1 Industry and construction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 206.6 Services .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84.1 Resource balance, NMP used: domestic m'arket .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 330.1 Final consu-motior, rsterisl .. .. .. .. .. . .. 242.2 Person . l.. .. .. . . .. .. 201.7 ol)5..W^> S <; . -.;A, - t c . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.5 Net ca.i- 1-:: n.. . .. .. . %7.9 .'4 i .ic.;a o .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52.0 Dep reciitc.. .......... Abbrrv;ntiBr.s .a .s cGilr. ale rxo:aiico in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 200 Russian Federation 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 3,780 3,470 2,680 f (World Bank) (billions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 573.0 626.3 1300.1 15552.0 . GDP at market prices 41.3 40.2 51.1 .. Net indirect taxes 531.7 586.1 1249.0 .. GDP atfactor cost 89.4 100.2 160.5S. Agriculture 266.9 285.4 620.8 .. Industry 175.4 200.5 467.7 . Services -5.0 -0.5 -34.9 .. f Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS 578.0 626.8 1335.0 .. Domestic absorption 384.1 432.7 826.3 .. Total consumption 306.2 339.8 737.8 ..Private consumption 77.9 92.9 88.5 ..General government consumption 193.9 194.1 508.7 .. Gross domestic investment 182.0 184.9 326.9 ..Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumnption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 359.0 364.7 385.4 412.7 444.6 942.0 .. NMP produced: 55.9 56.5 72.4 78.0 89.0 147.0 .. Agriculture and forestry 167.6 172.2 171.6 183.6 187.7 451.1 .. Industry excluding construction 43.2 46.6 50.4 53.5 56.6 112.1 .. Construction 24.1 24.2 25.4 24.1 30.6 52.6 .. Transport and communication 17.1 16.5 18.3 20.0 22.6 60.9 .. Trade 51.2 48.7 47.3 53.4 58.0 118.2 .. Other services 13.7 12.7 5.6 8.9 8.6 36.5 .. Resource balance 341.1 347.0 374.9 397.8 428.4 1006.5 .. NMP used: domestic market 248.9 258.1 272.6 296.2 333.5 620.2 .. Final consumption, material goods 206.8 212.9 223.8 244.1 276.2 510.4 ..Personal consumption 42.1 45.1 48.6 52.1 57.2 109.7 ..Collective consumption 92.2 88.9 102.3 101.5 94.9 386.3 .. Net capital formation 55.3 58.3 58.0 53.9 50.8 90.3 ..Net fixed capital formation 36.9 30.6 44.3 47.7 44.1 296.1 ..Changes in stocks Depreciation (billions of constant USSR rubles) NIPS ACCOUNTS, conistant prices 3508 353.4 368.8 392.9 397.8 381.0 .. f NMP produced: 46.4 45.0 46.8 74.4 73.2 82.8 .. f Agriculture and forestry 213.2 219.3 232.8 225.9 230.7 210.9 .. f Industry and construction 91.1 89.2 89.2 92.5 93.9 87.2 .. f Services Resource balance 335.8 337.6 360.6 383.4 378.4 347.2 .. f NMP used: domestic market 244.7 251.4 261.5 287.3 299.6 241.2 .. f Final consumption, material goods 202.2 205.4 212.2 236.1 247.6 197.2 .. f Personal consumption 42.5 46.1 49.4 51.2 52.0 44.0 .. f Collective consumption 91.1 86.2 99.1 96.1 78.7 106.0 .. f Net capital formation 55.0 56.9 55.3 52.0 44.2 27.2 .. f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 201 Russian Federation Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 =100) NMP produced: 52.4 .. 86.1 88.6 92.0 9S.3 98.1 100.0 Agriculture and forestry ... ... .100.0 Industry .........100.0 Construction Transport and communication . .. Trade ... .. .. . 100.0 NMP used: material goods 56.2 72.6 87.5 89.6 93.1 95.8 97 5 100.0 Final consumption 53.6 70.5 87.2 ...... 100.0 Net capital formation 63.9 78.4 88.3 86.7 98.3 99.8 95.3 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter . .. .. Devisa /official ... 0.650 ...... 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist . .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=1 00 ... 95.7 ...... 100.0 Wholesale price index 1988 =100 . .. .. GDP deflator 1985 =1I00 94.0 .. 90.2 91.4 96.2 96.5 98.0 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cit) . .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (index, 1980 =100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMIENTS (billions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency . .. .. Imports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current balance, convertible currency . .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (RIF, IFS) . .. .. Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMIESTIC FINANCE (billions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined . .. .. Money, means of payment... ... - Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (.percent) ... 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures . .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column wre explained in the General Notes. For~ sources and melhods, see she Technical Notes. 202 Russian Federation 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 105.4 106.2 110.8 113.0 108.9 93.3 NMP produced: 110.2 106.9 111.1 114.3 107.3 99.8 .. Agriculture and forestry 103.2 106.1 112.7 114.7 111.6 96.3 .. f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 108.3 106.1 106.0 107.8 103.8 81.4 .. f Trade 101.7 102.3 109.2 111.7 107.0 86.7 .. NMP used: material goods 101.0 103.8 108.0 113.8 115.1 83.3 . Final consumption 103.6 98.1 112.7 105.9 82.1 91.7 .. Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.116 2.660 43.792 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 .. Devisa/official 1.740 268.980 f Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 101.6 102.9 104.8 108.3 120.8 312.7 .. f Consumer price indexl1985 =1I00 100.0 104.0 247.5 5,071.7 5,274.6 f Wholesale price index 1988 =1I00 96.6 97.4 98.6 103.6 115.8 286.2 .. f GDP deflator-1I98S5=lI00 Obilions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 35 32 ... f Value of exports (fob) 74 75 ... f Value of imports (cif) -39 -43 ... f Trade balance (billions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 80.9 53.1 40.0 f Exports 82.9 45.1 36.9 f Imports -2.0 8.0 3.1 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (billions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYNMENTS 53.2 41.1 . Exports, convertible currency 45.1 36.9 . Imports, convertible currency .. .. ~~~8.1 4.2 . Trade balance, convertible currency -0.2 -0.3 . Invisibles, convertible currency 3.5 -4.3 . Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (LMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (billions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 ..... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 7,884 f Central government expenditures Defense 203 Russian Federation Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 73,275 .. .. 74,937 Agriculture 1.. 1,003 .. 10,687 Industry .. .. 30,821 .. .. .. .. 31,258 Services .. .. 31,452 .. .. .. .. 32,993 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 139,010.0 139,941.0 140,823.0 141,668.0 142,745.0 143,858.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4 School enrollment ratio, primary .. . .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 88.9 81.6 77.0 76.5 75.7 .. 74.7 74.1 per nursing person 107.8 95.0 87.6 64.3 84.9 .. 83.5 82.9 per physician 344.8 287.4 247.5 241.0 235.3 229.4 226.8 221.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 26.5 26.0 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.7 Life expectancy (years) .. * 67.1 67.6 68.0 68.3 68.5 68.8 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 70.1 .. .. .. .. 72.2 Population per passenger car .. .. 33.3 .. .. .. .. 22.7 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.2 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. 7. 7,666.4 Abbreviations in notas column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 204 Russian Federation 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 75,210 75,156 74,980 75,167 75,286 73,809 ... Employment, total 10,529 10,361 10,148 10,043 9,965 9,970 ... Agriculture 4,401 31,455 31,962 32,351 31,829 30,895 ... Industry 60,279 33,340 32,871 32,774 33,492 32,944 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 144,894.0 145,908.0 146,857.0 147,621.0 148,263.0 148,700.0 148,594.1 . Population (thousands) 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary ..-.. .. .. .. .. .. . secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita .Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 73.8 73.4 73.0 72.1 72.7 74.2 .. f Population per hospital bed 82.5 82.3 81.6 81.6 81.6 87.6 .. f per nursing person 218.3 215.5 213.7 211.4 213.2 225.7 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percert) 23.2 22.6 22.7 21.7 20.9 20.0 20.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 69.2 69.7 69.5 69.2 69.0 69.1 69.1 . Life expectancy (years) 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 . Total fertility (births per woman) 72.7 73.1 73.4 73.7 73.8 73.6 *- f Urban population (percent of total populationr) 21.3 20.0 19.2 18.2 16.9 15.9 f Population per passenger car 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.1 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 7,711.1 .. .. .. . f Forest (thousands sq. knm) 205 Slovak Republic Count,y tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 19498 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, currenit prices (millions of current koruny) GNP at market prices .. 169,300 162,700 172,000 181,000 191,800 202,300 Net factor income -2,200 -2,700 41,800 -1,100 -1,300 -1,000 GDP at market prices .. 171,500 165,400 173,800 182,100 193,100 203,300 Net indirect taxes . GDP at factor cost -- -- Agriculture ... 11,600 10,100 12,200 13,000 13,800 13,100 Industry ..108,700 98,500 103,400 110,200 115,400 125,100 Ser-vices 51,200 56,800 58,200 58,900 63,900 65,100 Resource balance ..-11,000 -11,600 -9,800 -7,000 -5,400 -2,200 Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption ... 182,500 177,000 183,600 189,100 198,500 205,500 Total consumption ..118,500 120,100 125,400 130,000 136,800 141,200 Private consumption . General government consumption - -. Gross domestic investment ..64,000 56,900 58,200 59,100 61,700 64,300 Fixed domestic investment . . 54,300 53,100 52,500 53,800 58,600 59,700 Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 koruny) Gross national product (GNP) .. ... 194,214 202,159 GDP at market prices ... . 195,513 203,159 GDP at factor cost . .. .. Agriculture,. .. . .. 15,682 13,977 Industr-y .* 118,551 122,146 Services ......... 6i,281 67,035 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption . .. .. Total consumption . .. .. Private consumption.. * General government consumption . .. .. Gross domestic investment ......... 59,807 62,134 Fixed domestic investment ..... 56,599 57,468 Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current koruny) NMP produced: . . 140.1 134.6 141.4 147.4 158.2 164.1 Agriculture and forestry ... 11.3 9.4 11.5 12.3 12.8 10.2 Industry excluding construction ... 7.4 78.6 83.2 89.4 92.5 98.4 Construction ... 16.5 16.5 17.2 16.8 19.0 20.3 Transport and communication... ..* Trade ... 13.2 17.8 16.7 16.4 20.8 26.6 Other services .. 11.8 12.4 12.8 12.6 13.0 8.6 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market ... 149.3 144.0 148.8 152.0 160.3 166.3 Final consumiption, material goods ... 106.2 110.0 114.0 118.4 125.4 130.4 Personal consumption ... 78.7 81.0 83.6 86.6 89.7 93.3 Collective consumption ... 27.5 29.0 30.4 31.8 35.7 37.1 Net capital formation ... 43.1 34.0 34.8 33.6 34.9 35.9 Net fixed capital formation ... 33.4 30.2 29.1 28.4 31.8 31.3 Changes in stocks ... 9.7 3.8 5.7 5.2 3.1 4.6 Depreciation NIPFS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (bifllons of constant 1984 koruny) NMP produced: ... .. . 135.0 Agriculture and forestry ... .. . 10.9 Industry and construction . .. .. .. 0. Services .., .. .. . 19.7 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market ... .. .. . 159.2 Final consumption, material goods .... ...... 129.1 Personal consumption ... .. .. . 90.6 Collective consumption ... .. .. . 38.5 Net capital formation ... .. .. . 30.1 Net fixed capital formation ... .. .. . 25.5 Depreciation Abbreviationsq in nsotes column are, explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 206 Slovak Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 1,930 (World Bank) (mililons of current kcoruny) SNA ACCOUNTS, cuirrent prices 211,000 216,200 223,000 233,800 242,000 291,400 282,300 . GN4P at market prices - -700 -700 -2,000 -400 -1,600 200 800 Net factor income ,211,700 216,900 225,000 234,200 243,600 291,200 281,500 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxeS GDP at factor coat 15,200 15,000 15,100 21,900 18,000 19,100 15,700 Agriculture 129,500 131,700 135,300 136,900 144,000 167,400 152,900 Industry 67,000 70,200 7.4,600 75,400 81,600 104,700 112,900 Services -3,300 -600 -700 -2,800 -22,600 -22,500 -27,900 Resource balance 77,700 75,800 72,500 64,000 81,800 Exports GNFS 78,300 76,500 75,300 86,600 104,300 .Imports GNFS 215,000 217,500 225,700 237,000 266,200 313,700 309,400 Domestic absorption 148,300 154,300 158,700 167,400 184,700 212,300 238,800 Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption 66,700 63,200 67,000 69,600 81,500 101,400 70,600 . Gross domestic investment 61,300 59,400 61,100 64,500 76,200 81,700 78,600 . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1987 koruny) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 210,763 216,200 219,106 223,121 216,334 182,567 171,514 . Gross national product (GNP) 211,463 216,900 221,106 223,521 217,734 182,467 171,014 . GDP at market prices GDP at factor coat 15',227 15,000 15,795 16,477 14,773 13,523 10,000 Agriculture 127,283 131,700 135,398 136,939 133,241 97,594 89,375 . Industry 68,953 70,200 69,912 70,104 69,720 71,351 -71,639 Services -600 -5,326 -12,669 -31,720 . Resource balance 77,700 74,867 70,213 55,645 . Exports GNFS 78,300 80,193 82,882 87,365 - - . Imports GNFS 217,500 226,432 236,190 249,455 .. - Domestic absorption 154,300 159,548 167,659 173,L69 . Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption 64,460 63,200 66,883 68,531 76,286 58,838 42,844 . Gross domestic investment 59,110 59,400 61,139 63,553 70;-990 47,037 47,037 . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current koruniy) MOPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 170.4. 174.4 182.5 188.2 196.6 ... . NMP produced: 12.1 12.2 12.4 18.1 15.4 ... . Agriculture and forestry 1,01.8 104.9 108.0 108.9 115.6 ... . Industry excluding construction 19.9 21-0 21.5 22.1 22.3 ... . Construction Transport and commuunication 27.5 22.5 26.3 24.1 27.3 ... . Trade 9.1 13.8 14.3 14.9 16.0 ... . Other services Resource balance 173.5 174.2 190.9 190.9 214.4 NMP used: donmestic market 136.9 142.5 156.1I 156.1 169.5 Final con.sumption,'material goods 96.8 99.9 109.1 109.1 121.3 Personal consumption 40.1 42.6 47.0 47.0 48.2 Collective con'sumnption 36.6 31.7 34.8 *34.8 44.9 U .-Net capital formation 31.1 27.9 29.7 29.7 391.6. Net fixed capital formation 5.5 3.8 5. 1 5.1 5.3 Changes in stocks -. .. ~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation (billions of constant 1984 koruny) MIPS ACCOUNTS9, constant prices 152.0 167.0 171.3 170.5 164.6 .. -. . NMP produced:- 10.9 10.9 11.7 12.3 11.5 ... . Agriculture and forestry 116.6 122.5 126.3 127.7 124.2 ... . Industry and constrvction 24.5 33.6 33.3 30.5 28.9 ...Services Resource balance 165.8 168 .2 177.9 183.6 191.9 .. NMP used: domestic market 134.9 139.9 147.7 153.1 155.2 . . . Final consumptioni, material goods 93.5 96.1 . 101.2 103.4 106.0 . Personal consuimpti-nn 41.4 43.8. 46.4 49.7 49.2 ... . -Collective consurmption 30.9 28.3 30.3 30.5 36.7 ... . Net capital formiationi 25.5 24.5 24.6 23.3 20.8 . . Net fixed capi'tal formation Depre,ciation 207 Slovak Republic Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. 100.0 Industry .. .. .. .. 100.0 Construction 100.0 Transport and communication .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Trade .. .. .. .. 100.0 NMP used: material goods .. .. .. .. . . 100.0 Final consumption .. .. 100.0 Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter 27.000 .. 14.260 13.250 13.730 14.150 16.600 17.180 Devisa/official 7.200 5.580 5.380 5.890 6.100 6.290 6.640 6.S50 Commercial 27.000 20.980 14.260 13.250 13.730 14.150 16.600 17.1S0 Noncommercial/tourist 16.200 9.770 9.420 10.310 10.680 11.010 11.620 11.990 Informal market 42.700 23.279 25.688 27.096 28.925 31.154 33.863 41.170 ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross 1.500 1.166 0.964 1.104 1.144 1.263 1.482 1.534 Uniform TR/$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCVs per ruble: annual average) Commercial 18.000 18.000 14.800 12.000 12.000 11.200 11.200 11.200 PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index (1980 = 100) .. .. 100.0 100.8 106.1 107.1 108.1 110.4 Wholesale price index (1980 = 100) .. .. 100.0 105.8 113.6 114.7 124.1 126.3 GDP deflator (1987 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. .. 98.8 100.1 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (mnalons of current koruny) Value of exports (fob) . .. 40,554 32,447 35,226 36,890 43,553 56,063 Value of imports (cif) .. .. 44,866 36,558 37,010 36,004 39,871 46,346 Trade balance .. .. -4,313 -4,111 -1,784 886 3,681 9,717 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US doUlars) Exports to non-CMEA (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Imports from non-CMEA (fob) .. .. .. Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (IMF) (millions of current koruny) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. . . .. Central government expenditures .. . . .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For soures aDd methods. see the Technical Notes. 208 Slovak Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 112.6 123.7 126.9 126.3 121.9 .. . NMP produced: 100.0 99.6 106.7 112.4 105.5 .. . Agriculture and forestry 111.2 116.5 120.7 123.1 119.7 .. Industry excluding construction 114.2 121.4 122.2 118.7 115.8 .. . Construction 116.9 216.4 212.9 183.7 170.8 .. . Transport and communication 130.7 128.4 129.5 128.7 123.9 .. . Trade 104.1 105.7 111.8 115.4 120.5 .. .. . NMPused: materialgoods 104.4 108.4 114.3 118.6 120.2 .. .. . Final consumption 102.7 94.0 100.7 101.6 122.2 .. .. . Net capital formation (LCUs per US do7lar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 15.000 13.680 14.360 15.050 17.950 29.480 28.270 . Single-year converter 6.000 5.470 5.320 .. .. .. .. f Devisalofficial 15.000 13.680 14.360 15.050 .. .. .. . Commercial 10.500 9.570 9.310 9.750 .. .. .. . Noncommercial/tourist 31.718 29.596 34.290 40.854 .. .. .. f Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) 1.339 1.221 1.381 1.505 .. .. . Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 .. .. . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) 11.200 11.200 10.400 10.000 .. .. .. f Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 111.0 111.2 111.4 112.8 124.5 200.7 .. . Consumer price index (1980 = 100) 126.3 126.4 126.4 122.7 128.6 217.2 .. f Wholesale price index (1980 = 100) 100.1 100.0 101.8 104.8 111.9 159.6 164.6 . GDPdeflator (1987 = 100) (milions of current koruny) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 57,007 59,185 59,502 54,790 52,032 96,801 .. f Value of exports (fob) 49,569 50,563 53,540 51,642 61,258 110,864 .. f Value of imports (cif) 7,438 8,621 5,963 3,148 -9,226 -14,064 .. f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE Exports to non-CMEA (cif) Imports from non-CMEA (fob) Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (miflions of current US doUlars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current koruny) DOMESTIC FINANCE (IMF) Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense 209 Slovak Republic Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 1,958 2,111 2,277 2,303 2,318 2,343 2,377 2,408 Agriculture 459 368 336 334 330 327 327 328 Industry 788 917 999 1,012 1,020 1,030 1,044 1,055 Services 711 826 942 957 968 986 1.006 1,025 Labor force, total .. .. .. .. .. 2,514 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 4559 4742 4998 5025 5058 5093 5129 5165 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. School enrollment ratio, primary (thousands) .. .. .. .. .. secondary (thQusands) .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. ofoil eq.) .. .. .. .. . Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. Food production (1 979-81 = 100) .. .. .. . .. . Daily protein supply (gin per capita/day) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95.1 Population per hospital bed .. 7.4 per nursing person .. .. .. .. .. per physician .. .. .. .. . .. 283.0 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. .. .. 18.6 .. Life expectancy (years) .. .. 70.5 70.5 70.6 70.6 70.7 70.7 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.4 2.6 2.3 .. .. Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. .. .. .. Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 per telephone .. 5 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq ki) Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. kmn) .. .. .. . .. .. Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. Por sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 210 Slovak Republic 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 2,452 2,478 2,503 2,498 2,478 2,280 .. f Employment, total 327 324 319 304 301 243 Agriculture 1,081 1,096 1,102 1,095 1,070 982 .. Industry 1,044 1,058 1,082 1,099 1,107 1,055 .. . Services 2,543 2,566 2,580 2,567 2,509 2,548 .. f Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 5195 5225 5251 5276 5298 5321 5346 Population (thousands) Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary (thousands) secondary (thousands) Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 =100) 97.6 99.1 101.0 104.1 105.0 .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita/day) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.6 .. . Population per hospital bed .pe: nursing person 279.0 277.0 282.0 282.0 274.0 282.0 .. . per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 14.4 13.3 13.5 12.0 .. 12.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 70.9 71.1 71.2 70.6 .. . 71.9 . Life expectancy (years) 2.1 2.1 2.8 .. .. 2.0 . Totalfertility(birthsperwoman) Urban population (percent of total population) 7 7 7 6 6 6 .. . Population per passenger car 5 5 5 4 4 4 .. . per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) Forest (thoubands sq. km) 211 Tajikistan Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 :::: :::::::: :::::::::::::::: :::: :: ::: : ::: : :: :::: ~::::: :: :: ::: :: :::: :: ::: :: :::: :: ::: :: ::: :: ::::;.::. .:.:::.:... -.... .... ..:: PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices 4,834 5,910 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1987 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 1,977 3,874 4,435 Agriculture and forestry 697 1,335 1,628 Industry excluding construction 736 1,334 1,555 Construction 240 440 544 Transport and communication 60 90 151 Trade 245 197 228 Other services 478 329 Resource balance -298 -855 NMP used: domestic market 4,121 5,215 Final consumption, material goods 3,109 3,903 Personal consumption 2,791 3,479 Collective consumption 319 424 Net capital formation 1,012 1,312 Net fixed capital formation 527 547 Changes in stocks 485 765 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1983USSR rubles) NMP produced: 4,605 Agriculture and forestry 1,777 Industry and construction 2,132 Services .. 696 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 5,152 Final consumption, material good3 . 3,828 Personal consumption .. . . 3,403 Collective consumption .. 424 Net capital formation 1 ,324 Net fixed capital formation .. 552 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column atre explained in the General Notex. For sourc-s and inethods. see the Technical Notes. 212 Tajikistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes County tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 780 730 510 f (World Bank) (millions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 5,863 6,027 6,716 6,639 7,347 13,407 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes .GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (mi/lions of constad 1987 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (miflions of current USSR rubles) MOPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 4,295 4,355 4,878 4,817 5,490 10,540 NMP produced: 1,607 1,544 1,798 1,797 2,018 4,628 Agriculture and forestry 1,340 1,501 1,509 1,284 1,503 3,228 Industry excluding construction 609 641 711 738 772 1,353 Construction 167 161 183 185 221 266 Transport and communication 246 174 279 314 356 656 Trade 326 334 398 499 620 409 Other services -947 -1,005 -877 -1,064 -41 Resource balance 5,151 5,234 5,637 5,704 6,027 10,408 NMP used: domestic market 4,042 4,135 4,355 4,638 5,148 8,783 Final consumption, material goods 3,598 3,663 3,872 4,115 4,591 7,903 Personal consumption 444 472 483 523 557 880 Collective consumption 1,109 1,099 1,282 1,066 879 1,625 Net capital formation 553 769 759 748 502 705 Net fixed c.pital formation 556 330 523 318 377 920 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of consant 1983USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 4,764 4,700 5,268 5,115 5,031 NMP produced: 1,848 1,729 1,918 1,667 1,516 Agriculture and forestry 2,197 2,260 2,598 2,647 2,698 Industry and construction 720 711 752 801 818 Services Resource balance 5,148 5,193 5,525 5,616 5,410... NMP used: domestic market 4,066 4,151 4,345 4,514 4,679 Final consumption, material goods 3,621 3,678 3,860 3,999 4,147 Personal consumption 445 474 485 515 532 Collective consumption 1,082 1,042 1,180 1,102 731 Net capital formation 539 698 671 728 388 Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 213 Tajikistan Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MPS ACCOUNTS, index (index, 1985 = 100) NMP produced: 100.0 Agriculture and forestry 100.0 Industry . .. .. 100.0 Construction Transport and communication Trade .. .. 100.0 NMP used: material goods .. .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 Final consumption .. 100.0 Net capital formation .. .. .. .. .. 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. .. .. Devisa/official .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. .. 0.S40 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985=100 .. .. .. .. .. .. . 100.0 Wholesale price index .. .. .. GDPdeflator 1985 = I00 .. .. ,. ., .. .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif) .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US doUlars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current halance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) .. .. .. . .. Convertible currency .. .. .. . .. Total reserves less gold (EIF, IFS) .. .. .. .. . Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (millions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. 1,321 .. .. .. .. 1,675 Defense Abbreviations ia notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods. see the Technical Notes. 214 Tajikistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 103.5 102.1 114.4 111.1 109.3 . NMPproduced: 104.0 97.3 107.9 93.8 85.3 .. ... Agriculture and forestry 103.0 106.0 121.9 124.2 126.5 .. .. f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 103.4 102.2 108.0 115.1 117.5 .. .. f Trade 99.9 100.8 107.2 109.0 105.0 .. ... NMP used: material goods 106.2 108.4 113.5 117.9 122.2 .. ... Final consumption 81.7 78.7 89.1 83.2 55.2 .. ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.701 3.579 33.218 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 106.9 104.5 105.9 110.3 134.0 ..f Consumer price index 1985= 100 Wholesale price index 93.6 96.2 96.1 97.8 113.3 .. .. f GDP deflator 1985=100 (millions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 334 350 308 500 20,213 f Value of exports (fob) 470 681 768 601 7,047 f Value of imports (cif) -136 -331 -460 -101 13,166 f Tradebalance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 609.0 424.0 .. f Exports 655.0 706.0 .. f Imports -46.0 -282.0 .. f Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisiblesa convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 1,875 2,108 2,266 2,534 3,234 4,432 .. f Central government expenditures Defense 215 Tajikistan Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 1,443 1.. .. ,675 Agriculture 618 724 Industry .. .. 311 .. .. .. .. 359 Services .. .. 514 .. .. *. .. 592 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 3,966.0 4,081.0 4,199.0 4,325.0 4,451.0 4,580.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. kmn) .. .. 27.7 28.5 29.3 30.2 31.1 32.0 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 102.4 104.5 101.0 98.7 99.1 .. 95.8 95.4 per nursing person 194.6 164.5 153.6 152.7 149.5 .. 141.0 138.9 per physician 628.9 485.4 423.7 413.2 398.4 389.1 384.6 374.5 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 76.7 74.3 72.0 69.4 66.8 64.2 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 66.1 67.1 68.2 68.6 69.0 69.4 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. 34.2 .. .. .. .. 33.0 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.6 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23.8 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 4.1 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sourees and methods, see the Technicel Noses. 216 Tajikistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 1,709 1,769 1,814 1,873 1,934 1,969 Employment, total 723 745 765 792 833 881 ... Agriculture 373 382 383 415 422 404 .. . Industry 613 642 666 666 679 684 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 4,717.0 4,867.0 5,021.0 5,178.0 5,303.0 5,465.0 5,637.2 . Population (thousands) 33.0 34.0 35.1 36.2 37.1 38.2 39.4 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1 979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 95.5 95.3 95.1 95.2 94.5 93.3 .. f Population per hospital bed 136.4 132.3 127.7 126.3 124.5 129.9 .. f per nursing person 369.0 365.0 349.7 350.9 369.0 392.2 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 61.6 59.0 61.0 54.0 51.0 50.0 49.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 69.6 69.8 69.4 69.2 69.5 69.3 69.2 . Life expectancy (years) 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 . Total fertility (births per woman) 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.5 32.0 31.2 30.4 f Urban population (percent of total population) 27.8 25.6 24.4 23.8 23.8 25.0 .. f Population per passenger car 22.7 21.3 20.0 19.6 18.5 18.2 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 4.1 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 217 Turkmenistan Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 - ~ X .. . .. .-. PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumptionr General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (tillions of current USSR rubles) NMPproduced: 1,944 3,009 3,500 3,995 Agriculture and forestry 1,641 Industry excluding construction 1,128 Construction 673 Transport and communication 189 Trade Other services 364 Resource balance ,. .734 NMP used: domestic market 1,883 2,695 3,265 4,602 Final consumption, material goods 1,295 2,504 3,131 Personal consumption 2,740 Collective consumption 391 Net capital formation 588 760 1,471 Net fixed capital formation 814 Changes in stocks 657 Depreciation NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: 4,116 Agriculture and forestry 1,687 Industry and construction 1,892 Services .. 537 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 4,638 Final consumption, material goo)ds 3,149 Personal consumption 2,758 Collective consumption 391 Net capital formation 1,489 Net fixed capital formation 841 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes colurmn arc explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods. see the Technical Notes. 218 Turkmenistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 1,360 1,440 1,270 f (World Bank) (mtillions of currenit USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, cuirreut prices GNP at market prices Net factor income 6,326 6,710 7,117 7,582 14,666 GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumptioni General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) * ~~~~~~ ~~~~~7,582 7,991 GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumptioni Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment -. *.. ~~~~~~Depreciation (milliions of current USSR rubles) NMPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 4,198 4,470 4,718 4,828 5,321 12,299 NMP produced: 1,565 1,786 1,840 2,095 2,549 5,680 Agriculture and forestry 1,255 1,274 1,231 1,101 835 2,514 Industry excluding construction 831 846 967 874 952 2,225 Construction 192 235 297 309 452 815 Transport and communication * ~~~~~~~~Trade 355 329 382 454 537 1,065 Other services -781 -460 -250 -644 -972 -1,549 .. Resource balance 4,834 4,731 4,809 5,273 5,505 13,848 NMP used: domestic market 3,357 3,454 3,599 3,914 4,317 7,154 .. Final consumption, material goods 2,947 3,015 3,149 3,426 3,764 6,370 ..Personal consumption 411 439 450 488 554 784 Collective consumption 1,477 1,277 1,210 1,360 1,188 6,694 Net capital formation 988 781 824 743 685 *.Net fixed capital formation 489 496 386 617 503 Changes in stocks Depreciation (moillions of constant USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 4,300 4,472 4,947 4,389 4,913 5,071 f NMP produced: 1,620 1,707 1,885 1,846 2,244 2,109 f Agriculture and forestry 2,140 2,175 2,339 1,837 1,738 1,858 f Industry and construction 538 590 724 824 890 1,005 *. f Services Resource balance 4,888 4,706 4,556 5,057 4,734 5,692 f NMP used: domestic market 3,399 3,462 3,553 3,825 3,856 4,455 f Final consumption, material goods 2,988 3,022 3,102 3,345 3,328 3,712 f Personal consumption 411 440 451 480 528 743 f Collective consumption 1,488 1,244 1,003 1,232 878 1,237 f Net capital formation 959 741 760 698 518 550 f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 219 Turkmenistan Country tables (continued,) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 NIPS ACCOUNTS, index (index, 1985 =100) NMP produced: 63.6 .. 89.8 90.7 95.0 98.1 98.4 100.0 Agriculture and forestry ... .100.0 Industry .........100.0 Construction Transport and communication . Trade 1.* . .. . 0.0 NMP used: material goods 45.2 .. 77.7 81.7 88.1 99.6 95.4 100.0 Final consumption 44.9 .. 83.2 88.4 90.5 95.2 98.2 100.0 Net capital formation 45.6 .. 65.2 66.3 83.1 109.9 88.9 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter... ... Devisa /official .. 0.650 *..... 0.840 Commercial Noncommercialhjourjst . .. .. Informnal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross ...... Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 19851I00 91.1 .. 85.3 ... .100.0 Wholesale price index . .. GDP deflator 1985 =1I00 76.5 .. 97.6 ... .100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (billions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) Value of imports (cif) Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Export Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 =100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency ...... Imports, convertible currency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current balance, convertible currency . .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) . .. .. Gold holdings at market price DOMIESTIC FINANCE (mdlions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined. ..... Money, means of payment . .. .. Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) . . 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures ... .. .. . 1,542 Defense Abbreviations in note., column are explaiined in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 220 Turkmenistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... -..... .... .-.. .. - -. .. -..... . ..... ..-.,.. ....----. (index, 1985 = 100) MPS ACCOtNTS, index 104.5 108.6 120.2 111.8 113.8 108.4 ... NMP produced: 96.0 101.2 111.7 112.1 120.1 99.5 ... Agricultureandforestry 113.1 115.0 123.6 103.2 90.8 94.7 .. f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 100.2 109.9 134.8 140.6 172.4 192.2 .. f Trade 105.4 101.5 98.2 103.3 92.7 95.9 ... NMP used: material goods 107.9 109.9 112.8 119.9 118.1 121.9 ... Final consumption 99.9 83.5 67.4 68.6 44.3 46.2 ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.523 2.743 44.494 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 97.3 93.5 92.6 95.6 101.3 246.8 .. f Consumer price index 1985=100 100.0 310.9 ... Wholesale price index 100.6 103.0 98.3 108.1 117.1 283.9 .. f GDPdeflator 1985=100 (billions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 120 245 241 172 1,121 .. f Value of exports (fob) 328 432 590 685 889 f Value of imports (cif) -208 -187 -349 -513 232 .. f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 195.0 146.0 1,083.0 f Exports 523.0 618.0 545.0 f Imports .328.0 -472.0 538.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (millions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (millions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2 2.0 2.0 .. ... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 1,703 1,767 2,052 2,222 3,114 5,896 94,882 f Central govemment expenditures Defense 221 Turkmenistan Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. 1,338 Agriculture .. .. .. .. 541 Industry . . .. .. .. .. 280 Services .. .. .. .. 517 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 2,863.0 2,937.0 3,011.0 3,086.0 3,164.0 3,244.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.6 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. . secondary .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 98.3 89.6 95.5 94.3 79.1 .. 96.6 95.0 per nursing person 138.5 127.6 127.4 126.4 122.4 .. 115.3 112.4 per physician 469.5 386.1 352.1 349.7 343.6 339.0 321.5 30.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 60.4 60.8 61.2 61.8 62.3 62.9 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 64.4 64.3 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 Total fertility (births per woman) 6.0 5.7 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45.9 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22.7 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16.9 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 51.2 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For soures and methods, see the Technical Notes. 222 Turkmenistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 1,368 1,407 1,445 1,492 1,542 1,571 Employment, total 554 574 594 622 647 666 Agriculture 286 293 289 309 321 327 Industry 528 540 562 561 574 578 ... Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 3,327.0 3,409.0 3,493.0 3,578.0 3,670.0 3,758.0 3,856.8 . Population (thousands) 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.9 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 90.7 91.0 90.9 90.4 88.3 87.6 .. f Population per hospital bed 107.3 103.4 101.9 100.4 95.2 93.5 .. f per nursing person 29.5 28.7 28.5 28.2 28.0 27.6 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 63.4 64.0 63.4 65.2 53.8 56.0 55.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 65.0 65.4 65.7 65.0 66.2 65.9 65.7 . Life expectancy (years) 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 . Total fertility (births per woman) 45.9 45.7 45.4 45.2 45.4 45.1 .. f Urban population (percent of total population) 21.7 20.8 20.4 20.0 20.0 21.7 .. f Population per passenger car 16.4 15.9 15.2 13.7 13.7 13.3 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq kin) Deforestation rate (net) 41.3 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 223 Ukraine Country tables 1970 1975 1980f 198) 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (bWions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices .. .. .. .. Net factor income .. .. .. GDP at market prices .. .. 105.7 .. .. .. .. 128.3 Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost .. .. .. .. .. Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption .. .. .. .. . Total consumption .. .. .. .. .. Private consumption .. .. .. .. .. General government consumption .. .. .. .. .. Gross domestic investment .. . Fixed domestic investment .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of consat I991 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) .. .. .. GDP at market prices .. .. .. .. .. GDP at factor cost .. .. .. .. .. Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption .. .. .. .. .. Total consumption Private consumption .. .. .. .. .. General government consumption .. .. .. .. .. Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation MIPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (bilions of cwrent USSR rubles) NMP produced: 54.8 .. 77.5 82.6 87.5 92.3 96.2 94.0 Agriculture and forestry 14.0 .. 14.2 16.5 18.1 21.7 23.4 22.7 Industry excluding construction 27.4 .. 38.7 39.9 41.6 41.5 42.4 41.6 Construction 5.0 .. 6.9 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.2 9.4 Transport and communication 2.6 .. 4.2 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.7 5.4 Trade .. .. 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.2 Other services .. .. 7.9 9.2 9.6 10.3 10.6 8.7 Resource balance .. .. -2.8 .. .. .. .. -1.7 NMP used: domestic market 50.0 .. 74.1 79.0 84.2 87.0 91.3 91.8 Final consumption, material goods 36.6 .. 60.7 63.2 65.3 67.5 70.0 72.0 Personal consumption 33.0 .. 53.8 56.0 57.7 59.7 61.8 63.8 Collective consumption 3.6 .. 6.9 7.2 7.6 7.8 8.2 8.2 Net capital formation 13.4 .. 13.4 15.8 19.1 19.5 21.3 19.7 Net fixed capital formation 8.4 .. 7.9 7.3 8.3 8.3 9.6 9.4 Changes in stocks 5.0 .. 5.5 8.5 10.8 11.2 11.7 10.3 Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (bllions of constant USSR rubles) NMP produced: .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 96.2 Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24.6 Industry and construction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51.2 Services .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20.3 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. 91.7 Final consumption, material goods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72.7 Personal consumption .. .. .. .. .. . . 64.4 Collective consumption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.3 Net capital formation ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.0 Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.6 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 224 Ukraine 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 2,410 2,190 1,830 f (World Bank) (billions of current USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices GNP at market prices .. .. .. .. .. .. . Net factor income 130.6 136.3 142.2 154.1 164.8 295.4 ... GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of constant 1991 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 295.4 254.9 ... GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General govemment consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (billions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current pxices 95.0 98.7 102.5 108.9 118.0 224.3 ... NMP produced: 24.0 25.5 25.7 30.7 35.9 68.0 ... Agriculture and forestry 41.1 44.0 46.4 46.4 48.7 95.0 ... Industry excluding construction 10.1 10.3 10.8 11.4 11.5 24.4 ... Construction 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.6 7.1 11.0 ... Transport and communication 6.3 6.1 6.9 7.5 8.0 16.6 ... Trade 8.1 7.7 7.3 7.4 6.8 9.3 ... Other services 0.9 -0.8 -3.6 0.1 1.8 -6.6 ... Resource balance 93.8 96.1 97.1 108.0 118.4 215.8 ... NMP used: domestic market 73.8 75.7 79.0 85.7 97.3 167.5 ... Final consumption, material goods 64.9 66.4 69.5 75.4 85.9 145.3 ... Personal consumption 8.9 9.3 9.5 10.4 11.3 22.2 ... Collective consumption 20.0 20.4 18.1 22.2 21.1 48.3 ... Net capital formation 9.9 11.4 11.1 12.1 9.7 13.2 ... Net fixed capita! formation 10.0 8.9 7.0 10.1 11.4 35.1 ... Changes in stocks Depreciation (billions of constant USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 97.7 102.9 105.3 106.6 105.2 102 .. f NMP produced: 25.3 26.4 26.3 27.5 28.5 29 .. f Agriculture and forestry 52.8 57.4 59.8 58.7 57.4 55.3 .. f Industry and construction 19.7 19.2 19.3 20.4 19.3 17.8 .. f Services Resource balance 93.5 95.4 94.9 103.0 109.4 77.6 .. f NMP used: domestic market 73.8 74.7 77.5 83.1 92.0 63.0 .. f Final consumption, material goods 64.8 65.3 67.9 72.9 82.0 55.3 .. f Personal consumption 9.0 9.4 9.6 10.2 10.0 7.7 .. f Collective consumption 19.7 20.7 17.4 19.9 17.4 13.7 .. f Net capital formation 8.5 9.3 7.8 8.1 5.7 5.7 .. f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 225 Ukraine Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 MIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 =100) NMP produced& 57.1 .. 4.4 86.7 91.6 96.5 99.7 100.0 Agriculture and forestry ... 96.1 96.7 104.8 106.3 107.1 100.0 Industry ... 85.2 86.6 90.5 96.2 99.2 100.0 Constniction Transport and commiunication ........ Trade ... 63.3 69.6 72.1 79.6 86.7 100.0 NMP used: m-aterial goods 60.8 .. 87.1 90.1 92.8 96.0 99.0 100.0 Final coinsumption 56.5 .. 87.1 89.5 90.7 93.6 97.4 100.0 Net capital formation 77.0 .. 88.1 92.6 101.1 105.6 104.8 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar. annual average) Single-year converter . .. .. Devisa/official ... 0.650 ...... 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist . .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross . .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commnercial PRICE INDICES (index) Consumer price index 1985= 100 ... 96.7 98.0 100.0 100.1 99.8 100.0 Wholesale price index . .. .. GDP deflator 1985 =1I00 ... 97.6 101.4 101.6 101.8 102.6 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Valuie oif exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cif) . .. .. Trade balance . .. .. INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Exports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 =100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMIENTS (millions of current US dollars) Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible cur-rency . .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency . .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency . .. .. Current balance, convertiblte c,.!rrency . .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) . .. .. Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Rank) . .. .. Convertible currency... ... .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) . .. .. Gold holdings at market price . .. .. DOMESTIC FI1NANCE (billions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined ........ Money, means of payment . .. .. Demand deposits . .. .. Currency outside banks . .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) . . 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures ... 24.2 . .... 3 1.8 Defense Abbreviations in note-s column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methodLs, see the Technical Notes. 226 Ukraine 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued (Index, 1985 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index ]01.6 107.0 109.5 114.0 110.1 95.4 .. NMP produced: 102.6 107.1 106.7 11t4.1 106.2 86.2 .. Agriculture and forestry 103.0 112.0 116.7 119.8 119.1 109.3 .. f Industry excluding construction * *. .. .. .. ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Construction Transport and communication 96.9 94.5 94.9 99.0 93.1 75.6 .. f Trade 102.0 104.] 103.5 109.8 111.3 95.3 .. . NMP used: material goods 101.5 102.8 106.6 112.1 120.4 107.1 .. Final consumption 103.7 108.9 91.6 100.7 78.9 55.0 .. Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.319 2.742 54.886 . Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 .. Devisa/official 1.740 .. Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market 1CP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TI&/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 101.0 102.3 102.9 106.1 112.2 252.1 .. f Consumer price indexl1985 100 Wholesale price index 99.4 98.1 99.5 101.7 114.0 250.2 .. f GDP deflator 1985 =1I00 (mtillions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 7,596 7,289 . . f Value of exporta (fob) 14,569 15,069 .. Value of imports (elf) -6,973 -7,780 f.. Trade balance (millions of current US doffars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 13,390.0 8,500.0 8,100.0 f Exports 15,907.0 11,300.0 8,900.0 f Imports -2.517.0 -2,800.0 -800.0 f Trade balance (Index, 1980 =100) TRADE PRICE INICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (mnillions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (billions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of paymnent Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 .... Interest: deposit rate (percent) 35.6 35.3 34.4 39.6 43.8 97.9 f. Central government expenditures Defense 227 Ukraine Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMItENT (thousands) Employment, total 23,000 25,335 .. .. 25,587 Agriculture 7,038 .. 5,807 .. 5,422 Industry 8,326 .. 9,806 .. .. .. . 10,009 Services 7,636 .. 9,722 .. .. .. .. 10,156 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 50,043.0 50,221.0 50,384.0 50,564.0 50,754.0 50,917.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 82.9 83.2 83.5 83.8 84.1 84.3 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) .. .. .. .. .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. . Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 92.7 84.7 79.9 78.8 78.1 .. 76.7 76.2 per nursing person 115.1 101.1 97.1 95.5 93.7 .. 91.5 90.0 per physician 361.0 311.5 274.0 264.6 257.1 251.9 246.9 242.1 Female participation in labor force (percent) .. .. .. .. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. 19.3 19.8 19.9 20.0 19.8 19.6 19.4 Life expectancy (years) 70.4 69.8 69.2 69.3 69.5 69.7 69.9 70.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 Urban population (percent of total population) 55.0 .. 62.3 63.0 63.6 65.0 65.7 65.3 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21.7 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8.8 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 85.5 .. Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For souroes and methods, see the Technical Notes. 228 Ukraine 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Noles Country tables (continued) (fthowuads) EMPLOYMENT 25,559 25,512 25,406 25,420 25,401 24,977 23,985 Employment, total 5,282 5,192 5,007 4,866 5,023 4,828 4,989 . Agriculture 10,059 10,074 10,155 10,378 10,252 10,036 9,310 Industry 10,218 10,246 10,244 10,176 10,126 10,113 9,686 Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 51,097.0 51,293.0 51,521.0 51,750.0 51,857.0 52,031.0 51,986.4 . Population (thousands) 84.6 85.0 85.3 85.7 85.9 86.2 86.1 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 75.7 75.3 74.9 74.2 73.8 74.0 .. f Population per hospital bed 88.6 87.3 86.7 86.4 85.1 84.3 .. f per nursing person 239.2 234.7 232.0 227.8 227.3 226.2 .. f per physician Female participation in labor force (percent) 19.2 19.0 18.5 16.9 16.8 18.0 18.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 70.3 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.2 70.2 70.1 . Life expectancy (years) 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 . Total fertility (births per woman) 65.8 66.4 66.9 67.3 67.5 67.8 f Urban population (percent of total population) 20.0 18.9 17.5 16.7 15.9 14.5 .. f Population per passenger car 8.3 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.6 .. .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 86.2 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 229 Uzbekistan Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) GNP at market prices Net factor income GDP at market prices Net indirect taxes GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) Gross national product (GNP) GDP at market prices .. .. GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment . Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (millions of current USSR rubles) NMP produced: 8,703 12,483 17,465 18,822 20,407 21,621 19,875 Agriculture and forestry 5,953 7,143 Industry excluding construction 5,549 6,981 Construction 2,219 2,588 Transport and communication 679 1,074 Trade 832 832 Other services 2,233 1,257 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market 9,444 12,712 18,431 19,405 21,357 22,896. 22,838 Final consumption, material goods 6,412 9,237 13,241 14,286 15,041 15,897 17,026 Personal consumption 12,982 16,500 Collective consumption 260 526 Net capital formation 3,029 3,475 5,190 5,119 6,316 6,999 .. 5,812 Net fixed capital formation 3,641 3,425 Changes in stocks 1,550 2,387 Depreciation MNPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (millions of constm USSR mbles) NMP produced: .. 19,780 Agriculture and forestry 7,109 Industry and construction .. 9,707 Services 2,964 Resource balance -3,159 NMP used: domestic market 23,054 Final consumption, material goods 17,118 Personal consumption . 16,591 Collective consumption .. 527 Net capital formation . .. 5,936 Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. .. 3,491 Depreciation Abbreviations in notes columnn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 230 Uzbekistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME 980 980 850 f (World Bank) (rnillions of cuzrrent USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . GNP at market prices Net factor income 27,269 29,372 30,698 32,430 61,549 416,892 GDP at market prices 353 365 507 388 423 575 Net indirect taxes 26,917 29,007 30,191 32,043 61,126 416,317 GDP at factor cost 6,955 8,234 9,558 10,800 22,905 149,541 Agriculture 10,736 10,696 9,996 10,098 22,015 173,398 Industry 10,952 10,945 10,136 10,412 15,589 109,188 Services -4,000 -2,263 -1,825 -4.056 -6,150 -3,250 Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS 29,533 31,212 34,687 37,740 58,134 Domestic absorption 21,747 23,195 25,034 28,148 48,939 Total consumption 21,372 22,546 23,976 26,258 37,263 ... Private consumption 375 649 1,058 1,890 11,676 General government consumption 7,786 8,002 9,721 10,433 15,860 Gross domestic investment 8,127 8,815 9,567 9,946 15,812 Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of constant 1990 USSR rubles) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices Gross national product (GNP) 32,430 32,278 29,188 f GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (millions of current USSR rubles) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 19,498 19,354 20,744 21.558 23,402 49,636 359,863 NMP produced: 6,771 6,521 7,823 9,128 10,370 22,356 146,081 Agriculture and forestry 6,834 6,969 6,521 5,610 5,565 14,738 122,675 Industry excluding construction 2,778 2,755 3,052 3,062 3,477 6,093 53,848 . Construction 1,011 990 1,049 1,101 1,340 1,950 19,415 Transport and communication 1,007 1,069 1,034 1,166 1,294 1,329 2,354 Trade 1,097 1,050 1,265 1,491 1,356 3,170 15,490 Other services . .. .-8,171 -1,954 -34,481 Resource balance 22,522 23,711 22,701 24,690 31,044 51,454 390,114 NMPused: domestic market 17,350 18,367 18,541 19,596 23,973 36,442 217,421 Final consumption, material goods 16,977 17,993 18,109 19,145 21,234 32,826 182,670 f Personal consumption 372 373 431 451 2,739 3,616 34,751 f Collective consumption 5,172 5,344 4,160 5,094 7,071 15,012 172,693 Net capital formation 3,876 4,115 3,766 4,699 4,650 5,877 Net fixed capital formation 1,296 1,229 394 395 2,421 9,135 Changes in stocks Depreciation (millions of constant USSR rubles) MIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 20,059 19,849 21,717 21,395 24,001 22,534 42,495 f NMPproduced: 6,834 6,906 7,638 7,589 9,771 10,330 20,729 f Agriculture and forestry 10,286 9,996 10,936 10,246 10,489 8,742 16,443 f Industry and construction 2,939 2,947 3,144 3,559 3,741 3,462 5,322 f Services -2,685 -2,952 -1,016 .. .. Resource balance 22,492 22,508 22,465 23,862 25,895 26,744 f NMP used: domestic market 17,255 17,145 18,255 19,322 19,687 19,618 .. f Final consumption, material goods 16,880 16,764 17,784 18,877 19,257 19,305 29,843 f Personal consumption 375 381 441 445 430 312 f Collective consumption 5,237 5,363 4,210 4,540 6,208 7,126 f Net capital formation 3,957 4,103 3,556 4,376 4,270 3,577 14,045 f Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 231 Uzbekistan ....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... 77=..... ..... ........,- Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 NIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1985 100) NMP produced: 100.0 Agriculture and forestry .. .. .. .. 100.0 Industry .. .. .. 100.0 Construction Transport and communication .. .. Trade .. .. 100.0 NMP used: material goods 46.4 .. 87.0 89.7 96.7 102.2 102.3 100.0 Final consumption 42.1 .. 81.0 86.7 89.9 93.8 97.3 100.0 Net capital formation 48.3 .. 106.0 99.6 118.2 129.1 118.2 100.0 EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter .. .. .. Devisa/official .. .. 0.650 .. .. .. .. 0.840 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist .. .. .. .. .. Informal market ICP (ruble per US dolar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. Uniform TR/$ cross .. .. .. .. .. (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index 1985= 100 89.5 .. 96.0 96.8 98.3 99.6 .. 100.0 Wholesale price index 1985= 100 .. .. .. .. ..100.0 GDP deflator 19S5 = 100 .. .. .. .. . .. 100.0 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current USSR rubles) Value of exports (fob) .. .. .. .. .. Value of imports (cif .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current US dollars) Ex ports Imports Trade balance TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millions of current US doUars) Exports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Imports, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Trade balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Invisibles, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Current balance, convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. External debt, total (World Bank) .. .. .. .. .. Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency .. .. .. .. .. Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) .. .. .. .. .. Gold holdings at market price .. .. .. .. .. DOMESTIC FINANCE (billions of current USSR rubles) Money supply, broadly defined .. .. .. .. .. Money, means of payment .. .. .. .. .. Demand deposits .. .. .. .. .. Currency outside banks .. .. .. .. .. Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) .. .. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Central government expenditures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.2 Defense Abbreviations in noses column are explained in the General Notes. For sourws and meibods. see the Technica Noues. 232 Uzbekistan - -- . i - .-.- - - . - .. . - . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ....... -. . ....... -.... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1985 = 100) MIPS ACCOUNTS, index 101.4 100.3 109.8 113.2 126.1 121.4 103.9 . NMPproduced: 96.1 97.1 107.4 104.2 111.6 111.1 103.1 . Agricultureandforestry 106.0 103.0 112.7 120.6 145.8 141.0 111.3 f Industry excluding construction Construction Transport and communication 99.2 99.4 106.1 112.8 112.2 97.4 80.4 f Trade 97.6 97.6 97.4 102.4 107.4 92.5 ... NMP used: material goods 100.8 100.2 106.6 111.1 111.7 91.4 ... Final consumption 88.2 90.3 70.9 77.4 94.3 95.1 ... Net capital formation (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES 1.618 3.119 24.102 f Single-year converter 0.700 0.630 0.610 0.630 0.590 0.580 ... Devisa/official 1.740 ... Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (Index) PRICE INDICES 101.1 107.7 102.1 103.6 126.1 234.3 .. f Consumer price index 1985=100 100.3 100.4 100.4 102.5 110.0 272.4 3,804.8 f Wholesalepriceindex 1985=100 96.7 97.0 95.1 95.8 93.4 205.7 1,742.2 f GDPdeflator 1985=100 (milions of current USSR rubles) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1,516 1,529 1,628 1,182 2,196 27,382 f Value of exports (fob) 1,613 1,699 2,112 2,798 3,709 29,639 f Value of imports (cif -97 -170 -485 -1,616 -1,514 -2,257 f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 1,390.0 1,257.0 869.0 f Exports 2,217.0 2,048.0 929.0 f Imports -827.0 -791.0 -60.0 f Trade balance (index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (milions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Exports, convertible currency Imports, convertible currency Trade balance, convertible currency Invisibles, convertible currency Current balance, convertible currency External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency CMEA External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) Gold holdings at market price (billions of current USSR rubles) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks ., .. ~~~~~.. . .. . -...-Quas money - 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 . Interest: deposit rate p*ceni)' 10.1 11.0 14.9 31.1 .. .. .. f Central government expenditures Defense 233 Uzbekistan Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 . f .... .. [ . i . ....... .- .. .. .. .. ........- E - i : i E .f E..S E EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total 5,752 .. 6,619 Agriculture 2,212 .. 2,511 Industry .. .. 1,328 .. .. .. .. 1,532 Services .. .. 2,212 .. .. .. .. 2,576 Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) .. .. 15,970.0 16,356.0 16,757.0 17,176.0 17,622.0 18,090.0 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) .. .. 35.7 36.6 37.5 38.4 39.4 40.4 School enrollment ratio, primary .. .. .. .. .. secondary .. .. .. .. .. Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) . .. .. . .. Daily calorie supply per capita .. .. .. .. .. Food production (1979-81 = 100) .. .. .. .. .. Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) .. .. .. .. .. Population per hospital bed 98.3 97.4 88.2 86.8 85.2 84.5 83.8 82.1 per nursing person 154.6 130.5 119.6 118.2 115.3 111.5 107.9 104.1 per physician 497.5 400.0 350.9 336.7 325.7 314.5 305.8 296.7 Female participation in labor force (percent) Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) .. .. 55.7 55.3 55.0 54.6 54.2 53.8 Life expectancy (years) .. .. 67.3 67.3 67.4 67.6 67.8 68.0 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.7 5.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 Urban population (percent of total population) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.5 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.6 per telephone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17.9 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) .. .. .. .. .. .. Deforestation rate (net) .. .. .. .. .. .. Forest (thousands sq. km) .. .. .. .. .. 23.0 Abbreviations in notes column are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 234 Uzbekistan 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (thousands) EMPLOYMENT 6,781 7,108 7,312 7,627 7,941 8,255 8,334 Employment, total 2,522 2,708 2,810 2,941 3,120 3,456 3,577 Agriculture 1,634 1,703 1,719 1,873 1,911 1,855 1,757 Industry 2,625 2,696 2,783 2,813 2,909 2,943 3,001 Services Labor force, total SOCIAL INDICATORS 18,587.0 19,107.0 19,623.0 20,108.0 20,531.0 20,886.0 21,392.5 . Population (thousands) 41.5 42.7 43.9 44.9 45.9 46.7 47.8 . Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) School enrollment ratio, primary secondary Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) Daily calorie supply per capita Food production (1979-81 = 100) Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 82.2 82.2 81.7 81.2 80.8 81.3 .. f Population per hospital bed 100.6 97.8 94.5 91.9 90.3 87.2 .. f per nursing person 290.7 284.9 281.7 279.3 279.3 281.7 .. f perphysician Female participation in labor force (percent) 53.4 53.0 52.8 46.5 42.2 44.0 44.0 . Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 68.2 68.4 68.4 69.0 69.3 69.2 69.2 . Life expectancy (years) 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 . Total fertility (births per woman) 40.4 40.7 40.7 40.8 40.3 40.0 .. f Urban population (percent of total population) 27.8 27.0 25.0 23.3 24.4 22.7 .. f Population per passenger car 16.7 15.6 14.7 13.5 13.2 14.5 .. f per telephone LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) Deforestation rate (net) 19.1 .. .. .. .. f Forest (thousands sq. km) 235 Viet Nam Country tables 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Vietnamese dong) GNP at market prices .. .. .. 65 130.5 Net factor income . .. 0 -0.6 GDPat market prices .. .. .. .. .. .. 65 131.1 Net indirect taxes .. .. .. .. .. GDP at factor cost .. .. . .. .. .. 65 131.1 Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption .. .. .. .. .. Total consumption .. .. .. .. Private consumption .. .. .. General government consumption .. .. .. Gross domestic investment .. .. .. .. .. Fixed domestic investment .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant 1987 Vietnamese dong) Gross national product (GNP) .. .. .. .. .. .. 2222.3 2302.4 GDP at market prices .. .. .. .. .. 2225.0 2313.1 GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption .. .. .. .. Total consumption .. .. .. .. Private consumption .. .. .. .. .. General government consumption .. .. .. .. .. Gross domestic investment .. .. .. Fixed domestic investment .. Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices (billions of current Vietnamese dong) NMP produced: .. 2.6 .. .. Agriculture and forestry .. .. 1.3 .. .. Industry excluding construction .. 0.5 .. .. Construction .. .. 0.1 Transport and communication .. 0.1 .. .. Trade .. 0.5 Other services .. 0.1 .. .. Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. .. 3.0 .. .. Final consumption, material goods .. .. 2.7 .. .. Personal consumption .. .. 2.4 .. .. Collective consumption .. .. 0.3 .. .. Net capital formation .. .. 0.3 .. .. Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. .. .. Changes in stocks .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation MPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices (billions of constant Vietnamese dong) NMP produced: .. .. 120.1 .. 133.8 143.4 155.3 164.1 Agriculture and forestry .. .. 61.5 .. 71.0 76.7 79.8 83.4 Industry and construction .. 35.7 .. 38.1 40.9 45.8 51.3 Services .. 22.9 .. 24.7 25.8 29.7 29.4 Resource balance NMP used: domestic market .. 146.4 .. .. Final consumption, material goods .. .. 132.2 .. .. Personal consumption .. 124.6 .. .. Collective consumption . .. 7.6 .. Net capital formation 14.2 .. .. Net fixed capital formation .. .. .. .. .. Depreciation Abbreviations in notes colunmn are explained in the General Notes. For sources and methods, see the Technical Notes. 236 Viet Nam 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) PER CAPITA INCOME (World Bank) (billions of current Vietnamese dong) SNA ACCOUNTS, current prices 510.8 2463.1 13266.3 23573.0 36946.0 68124.0 99311.0 . GNP at market prices -1.7 -5.8 0.0 -734.6 -1220.6 -1835.0 -2559.0 . Net factor income 512.5 2468.9 13266.3 24307.6 38166.6 69959.0 101870.0 . GDPat market prices Net indirect taxes 512.5 2468.9 13266.3 24307.6 38166.6 69959.0 101870.0 . GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services -59.7 -252.4 -1705.4 -2867.1 -2935.0 -3925.0 -4516.0 . Resource balance 39.7 172.2 608.4 6700.0 11084.0 22701.0 35310.0 . Exports GNFS 99.4 424.7 2313.8 9567.1 14019.0 26626.0 39826.0 . Imports GNFS 572.2 2721.3 14971.7 27174.7 41101.6 73884.0 .. . Domestic absorption 485.8 2332.1 12220.1 23064.5 35658.3 63989.0 90993.0 . Total consumption 20860.1 32494.3 59131.0 83663.0 . Private consumption 2204.4 3164.0 4858.0 7330.0 . General government consumption 86.4 389.2 2751.6 4110.2 5443.3 9895.0 15393.0 . Gross domestic investment 3699.0 4528.3 7959.0 13414.0 . Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (bilions of constant 1987 Vietnamese dong) SNA ACCOUNTS, constant prices 2361.6 2463.1 2594.9 2713.2 3011.7 3213.2 3486.6 . Gross national product (GNP) 2369.4 2468.9 2594.9 2797.4 3109.3 3298.8 3574.7 . GDP at market prices GDP at factor cost Agriculture Industry Services Resource balance Exports GNFS Imports GNFS Domestic absorption Total consumption Private consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Fixed domestic investment Depreciation (bilions of current Vietnamese dong) MPS ACCOUNTS, current prices 378.2 1807.3 9400.0 15995.4 .. .. .. f NMP produced: 163.9 853.4 5269.1 8269.7 .. .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 111.0 525.3 2012.1 3842.4 .. .. .. . Industry excluding construction 13.3 58.2 343.8 729.0 .. .. .. . Construction 3.8 17.3 138.3 267.5 .. .. .. . Transport and communication 75.8 317.0 1421.7 2536.9 .. .. .. . Trade 10.5 36.1 214.9 349.4 .. .. .. . Other services -39.2 -185.4 -1450.0 7939.8 .. .. .. . Resource balance 417.5 1992.8 10850.0 8055.6 .. .. .. . NMP used: domestic market 382.6 1833.6 9732.0 6420.6 .. .. .. . Final consumption, material goods 371.5 1750.4 9412.0 5892.6 .. .. .. . Personal consumption 11.1 83.2 320.0 528.0 .. .. .. . Collective consumption 34.9 159.1 1118.0 1635.0 .. .. .. . Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Changes in stocks Depreciation (bilions of constant Vietnamese dong) NIPS ACCOUNTS, constant prices 169.6 173.9 183.9 188.3 . .. .. . NMP produced: 86.0 83.1 87.6 94.5 .. .. .. . Agriculture and forestry 53.4 59.2 61.1 59.0 .. .. .. . Industry and construction 30.2 31.5 33.2 34.8 .. .. .. . Services -30.3 -31.6 -34.9 -22.7 .. .. .. . Resource balance 199.8 205.4 218.8 211.0 .. .. .. . NMP used: domestic market 169.9 174.7 184.9 190.1 .. .. .. . Final consumption, material goods 162.1 165.5 176.4 181.6 .. . .. . Personal consumption 7.8 9.1 0.8 8.5 . .. .. . Collective consumption 30.0 30.8 33.9 20.9 .. .. .. . Net capital formation Net fixed capital formation Depreciation 237 Viet Nam Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 NIPS ACCOUNTS, index (Index, 1980 =100) NMP produced: .. 100.0 .. 111.4 119.4 129.3 136.6 Agricultiure and forestry ... 100.0 .. 115.4 124.7 129.7 135.5 Industry ... 100.0 .. 110.3 117.7 131.8 148.1 Construction . . 100.0 .. 81.3 92.6 103.8 112.9 Tranisport anid communication . .. Trade .... .. . 120.0 NMP uised: material goods ..100.0... Final consumption ... 100.0... Net capital formation ... 100.0... EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES (LCUs per US dollar: annual average) Single-year converter . .. .. Devisa/official .. 0.164 0.205 0.578 0.943 1.002 1.030 6.698 Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross . .. .. Uniform TRI$ cross 1.072 1.167 0.980 1.076 1.105 1.201 1.395 1.433 (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial PRICE INDICES (Index) Consumer price index . .. .. Wbolesale price index . .. .. GDP deflator (1 987 = 100) . ...... 2.9 5.7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of current Vietnamese dong) Value of exports (fob) . .. .. Value of imports (cif) . .. Trade balance INTERNATIONAL TRADE (millions of currenit US dollars) Exports ... .. . 206.0 238.0 296.0 Impor-ts ... .. . 413.0 509.0 554.0 Trade balance ... .. . -207.0 -271.0 -258.0 TRADE PRICE INDICES (Index, 1980 = 100) Terms of trade Exports Imports BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (millfions of current US dollars) Exports, conver-tible currency ... . 149 210 224 276 336 Imports, convertible currency ... . 310 335 330 468 459 Trade balance, convertible currency ... . -161 -125 -106 -192 -123 Invisibles, convertible currency ... . -54 56 -8 -31 -47 Current balance, convertible currency ... . -215 -69 -114 -223 -170 External debt, total (World Bank) ...... 3,572 4,776 4,899 5.428 Convertible currency . .. .. CMEA ...... 2,500 3,870 4,000 4,300 External debt service (World Bank) ...... 295 66 47 169 Convertible currency . .. .. Total reserves less gold (IAMF, IFS) 22 41..I. Gold boldings at market price 26 . . 274 3 15 263 212 225 DOMESTIC FINANCE (minlions of current Vietnatnese donzg) Money supply, broadly defined 400...... Money, means of payment 328... . Demand deposits 76...... Currency outside banks 252 .. -.- Quasi-money 72 .....- Interest: deposit rate (percent) . .. .. Central government expenditures . .. .. Defense Abbreviations in notes column are explained in tlie General Notes. For sources and methods. see the Technical Notes~. 238 Viet Nam -. ... .. ... ...... 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Notes Country tables (continued) (Index, 1980 = 100) MPS ACCOUNTS, index 141.1 144.7 153.1 156.7 .. .. .. I NMPproduced: 139.7 135.1 142.3 153.6 .. .. .. I Agriculture and forestry 154.8 172.5 179.2 172.8 .. .. .. I Industry excluding construction 113.1 119.4 115.2 111.4 .. .. .. I Construction 120.0 122.0 124.0 126.0 .. .. .. I Transport and communication 127.2 132.2 140.2 147.9 .. .. .. I Trade 136.5 140.3 149.5 144.1 .. .. .. I NMP used: material goods 128.5 132.1 139.9 143.8 .. .. .. I Final consumption 211.4 217.3 239.1 147.4 .. .. .. I Net capital formation (LCUs per VS dollar: annual average) EXCHANGE AND CONVERSION RATES Single-year converter 18.000 61.960 480.000 3,532.780 .. .. ... Devisa/official Commercial Noncommercial/tourist Informal market ICP (ruble per US dollar: annual average) Commercial TR/$ cross 1.388 1.397 1.484 1.660 1.980 .. .. . Uniform TR/$ cross (LCUs per ruble: annual average) Commercial (index) PRICE INDICES Consumer price index Wholesale price index 21.6 100.0 511.2 868.9 1,227.5 2,120.7 2,849.8 . GDP deflator (1987 = 100) (nillions of current Vietnamese dong) INTERNATIONAL TRADE f Value of exports (fob) f Value of imports (cif) f Trade balance (millions of current US dollars) INTERNATIONAL TRADE 291.0 366.0 458.0 740.0 .. .. .. W Exports 533.0 541.0 462.0 741.0 .. .. .. W Imports -243.0 -175.0 -4.0 -1.0 .. .. .. W Trade balance (Index, 1980 = 100) TRADE PRICE INDICES Terms of trade Exports Imports (mttillions of current US dollars) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 307 430 465 977 .. .. .. . Exports, convertible currency 453 465 603 985 .. .. .. . Imports, convertible currency -146 -35 -138 -8 .. .. .. . Trade balance, convertible currency -28 -50 -70 -210 .. .. .. . Invisibles, convertible currency -174 -85 -208 -218 .. .. .. . Current balance, convertible currency 7,894 10,076 11,597 .. .. . . 0 External debt, total (World Bank) Convertible currency 6,500 8,500 9,997 .. .. .. .. . CMEA 262 371 236 .. .. .. .. 0, f External debt service (World Bank) Convertible currency Total reserves less gold (IMF, IFS) 269 .. .. .. .. .. .. . Gold holdings at market price (mililons of current Vietnamese dong) DOMESTIC FINANCE Money supply, broadly defined Money, means of payment Demand deposits Currency outside banks Quasi-money Interest: deposit rate (percent) Central government expenditures Defense 239 Viet Nam ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~................. ........ , , . .. . . ............. ....................",,. . .;....... Country tables (continued) 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 EMPLOYMENT (thousands) Employment, total .. .. 24,400 25,100 26,025 Agriculture .. .. .. .. 18,979 Industry .. .. .. 3,632 Services .. .. .. 3,414 Labor force, total 20,272 22,316 24,930 25,695 26,460 27,225 27,990 28,755 SOCIAL INDICATORS Population (thousands) 42729 48030 53700 54722 55687 56655 57692 58868 Population density: total land (pop. per sq. km) 131.3 147.6 165.0 168.1 171.1 174.1 177.2 180.9 School enrollment ratio, primary .. 119 109 .. .. .. 104 102 secondary .. 46 42 .. . .. 40 42 Energy consumption per capita (kg. of oil eq.) 205.3 131.8 91.5 95.3 95.2 96.6 85.7 89.9 Daily calorie supply per capita 2167 1979 2045 2137 2128 2140 2167 2196 Food production (1979-81=100) 95.7 87.1 100.2 103.1 111.5 113.8 117.6 116.4 Daily protein supply (gm. per capita) 50.7 46.0 45.5 48.3 47.7 48.0 48.5 49.2 Population per hospital bed .. .. 285.9 270.6 .. per nursing person .. .. .. 1,241.4 .. per physician .. .. 4,151.2 4,048.4 .. Female participation in labor force (percent) 44.1 43.2 42.5 42.9 43.2 43.6 43.9 44.2 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 104.0 73.2 56.5 54.7 52.9 51.7 50.5 49.4 Life expectancy (years) 55.3 60.4 63.2 63.6 64.1 64.4 64.8 65.1 Total fertility (births per woman) 5.9 5.7 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 Urban population (percent of total population) 18.3 18.8 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 Population per passenger car .. .. .. .. .. per telephone .. .. .. .. 540.7 .. 544.3 540.1 LAND AND FORESTS (FAO) Agric. land density (ag/sq km) 674.3 747.3 801.5 814.7 826.0 837.2 849.4 864.2 Deforestation rate (net) -0.4 -0.4 -5.5 -5.8 -6.2 -6.5 -7.0 -7.5 Forest (thousands sq. km) 138.0 135.5 119.5 112.6 105.6 98.7 91.8 84.9 Abbreviations in nc 453/465 P.O. Box 45245 Southern Africa 1333 Buenos Aires FINLAND Nairobi P.O. Box 1141 Akatseminen Grjakauppa Cape Town 8000 AUSTRALIA, PAPUA NEW CUINEA, P.O. Box 128 KOREA, REPUULIC OF FIJI, SOLOMON ISLANDS, SF40101 HeLsinid 10 Pan Korea Book Corportion For sutecrit rie VANUATU, AND WESTERN SAMOA P.O. Box 101, Kwangwhamun International Subseripdon Seovie D-A. Information Servkcs FRANCE Seoul P.O. Box 41095 64S Whitehorse Road World Bank Publkations Craighall Mitcham 3132 66, avenue dl6na MALAYSIA johanneiurg 2024 Victoria 75116 Paris University of Malaya Cooperative Bookahop, Limited SPAIN AUSTRIA GERMANY P.O. Box 1127, aan Pantsi Baru Mundi-Pre Libroa, S.A. Gerold and Co. UNO-Verlag 59700 Kuala Lutzpur Casello37 Graben 31 Poppelsdorfer AUle55 28001 Madrid A-1011 Wien D-5300 Bonn 1 MEICO INYFO1EC Librerta Intanaconrl AEDOS BANGLADESH HONG KONG, MACAO Apartado Postel 22-860 Cornel de Cent, 391 Micro Industries Development Asia 2000 Ltd. 14060 lalpan Mexico D.F. 08009 Bamelona A Csiac Society IDAS) 46648 Wyndham Street House5, Road 16 Wining Centre NETHERLANDS SRI LANKA AND THE MALDIm Dhanmondi R/Area 2nd Floor De Undeboom/InOr-Publikaties Lake Houm Bookshop Dhaka 1209 Cental Hong Kong P.O. Box 202 P.O. Box 244 7480 AE Hasksbegan 100. Sir Chittampalam A. Bresuh ckew INDIA Cardiner Mawaths Pine View, 1st Floor Allied Publishers Private LtdL NEW ZEALAND Colornbo 2 100 Agb Co rcl Are 751 Mount Road EBSCO NZ Ltd. Chittagong 4100 Madras- 600002 Privabe Mail Bag 99914 SWEDEN New Market For siangl tiki 76, KDA Avenue Beeh offci : Auckland Fritzes Fackboksforetsget Kulna 9100 15J.N.HerediaMarg Regeringaatn 12, Box 16356 Ballard Esite NIGERIA S-103 27 Sckholm BELGIUM Bombay-400038 University PeU Limited Jean De Lannoy Three Crowns Building Jerkho Forsuicr orrde,: Av. du Roi 202 13/14 Asaf Ali Road Private Mail Bag 5095 Wennergrein-Wlliams AS 1060 Brussels New Delhi- 110 002 Ibdan P. O Box 1305 S-171 25 Sola CANADA 17Chittaranlan Avenue NORWAY Le Diffuseur Calcutta - 700 072 Narvesen Information Center SWITZERLAND C.P. 85, IIB rue Amphre Book Depaitment For single t1611 Bouchervile, Quebec Jayadeva Hostel Building P.O. Box 6U5 Etterstad Librairie Payot J4B 5E6 Sth Main Road, Gandhinar N-0602 Oslo 6 Case postele 3212 Bangalore - 560 009 CH 1002 Laussne CHILE PAKISTAN InverteclCTS.A. 3-S-1129 Kachlguda Mimza Book Ageny Forsactie oxrard: Armerico Vespucio Norte 1165 Crm Road 65, Shahrah-eQuaid-e-Azam Libririe Payot Sntiago Hyderabed -5C0 027 P.O. Box No, 729 Service des Abonnezents Lahore 54000 Cae postale 3312 CHINA Prarthana Fl 2nd Floor CH 1002 Lausane ainA Financial & Economir Near Thlkors Baug, Navrnspura PERU Publisling House Ahmedabad - 380 009 Editorisl Desarralo SA THAILAND 8, Da FoS! Dongjie Aparbdo3824 Central DepartnentStore Beijing Patlals House Lima 1 306 Silom Road 16-A AshokM rg Bangkok COLOMBIA Lucknow- 226 001 PHIUPPINES Infoenlace Lida. International Book Center TRNIDAD & TOBAGO, ANTICUA ApartadoAaero34270 Central Bazaar Road Suite 1703, tyland 10 BARBUDA, BARBADOS, Bogota D.E. 60 Bajaj Ngr Condominium Tower I DOMINICA, GRENADA, GUYANA, Nagpur 440 010 Ayala Avenue, H.V. dea JAMAICA, MONTSERRAT, ST. COTE D'TVOIRE Coste Extenlon K17TS & NEVIS, ST. LUCIA, Centr d'Edition et de Dffuslon INDONESIA MakatL Metzo Manila ST. VINCENT & GRENADNES Africaines (CEDA) Pt. Indira Limited Systenatics Studies Unit 04 B.P. 541 Jalan Borobudur 20 POLAND #9 Watts Street Abidjan 04 Plateau P.O. Box 181 Intenmationsl Publhing Service Curepe Jakarta10320 UL Plekna 31/37 Trinidad. West Indies CYPRUS 00.677 Warzawa Center of Applied Rearch IRELAND TURKEY Cyprus College - GovsrnmentSupplies Agency Forsn'Mcrstioftfears: Infotel 6, Diogenes Street Engomi 4S Harcourt Road IPS Jouneh Narlabahge Sok. No. 15 P.O. Box 2006 Dublin 2 Ul Okrezn 3 CAgaloSlu Nicosia 02-916 Warszawa tanbul ISRAEL DENMARK Yozmot Literature Ltd. PORTUGAL UNITED KINGDOM SarnfundsULteratur P.O. Boox560S Uvraia Portugal Microinfo Ltd. Rosenoer Allt It Tel Aviv 6560 Rua Do Camo 70-74 P.O. Box 3 DK-1970 FredribergC 1200 Lsbon Alton, Hanmphire CU34 2P ITALY Englad DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Licos Commisuionana Suani SPA SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR Editora Taller, C. por A. Via Duca Di Calabria, 1/1 Jarir Book Store VENEZUELA Restauracion a Isbella Catilie 309 Casela Postael 552 P.O. Box 3196 Libreria del Este Apatdode Correo 2190 Z-1 50125 Firenze Riyadh 11471 Aptdo. 60337 Santo Dooningo Caraas 1060-A JAPAN SINCAPORE, TAIWAN, ECYPT, ARAB REPUBUC OF Eastern Book Service MYANMAR,BRUNEI Al Ahram Hongo3-Chome. Bunkyo-ku 113 Information Publicatons Al Calaa Street Tokyo Privabe, Ltd. Cairo Colden Whee Building 41, Kallang Pudding, 04-03 Singapore 1334 The World Bank W ith the rapid economic, social, and political changes in historically planned 'A economies, more statistical information becomes available every day. However, the problems of data interpretation remain and in many cases are compounded by the coexistence of old and new statistical rules and regulations. The 1993 edition of Historically Planned Economies: A Guide to the Data provides insight to the statistical techniques and methodologies used in historically planned economies, emphasizing the effects of the changing statistical systems of these countries during transition. This edition features seventeen new countries: the fifteen states of the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) and the Czech and Slovak Republics. In addition to individual country tables, comprehensive topical tables compare these economies with other historically planned economies and with low- and middle-income country groups. Technical notes provide in-depth information on sources and methodology. Cover design by Zoe Pantelides ISBN 0-8213-2647-3