ESM322 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects EnergySector Management Assistance Program Report 322/06 World Bank July 2006 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global technical assistance partnership administered by the World Bank and sponsored by bi-lateral official donors, since 1983. ESMAP's mission is to promote the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner. Its work applies to low-income, emerging, and transition economies and contributes to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. ESMAP interventions are knowledge products including free technical assistance, specific studies, advisory services, pilot projects, knowledge generation and dissemination, trainings, workshops and seminars, conferences and roundtables, and publications. ESMAP work is focused on four key thematic programs: energy security, renewable energy, energy-poverty and market efficiency and governance. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (the ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions which benefit from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank, and from the energy and development community at large, to conduct its activities. FUNDING ESMAP is a knowledge partnership supported by the World Bank and official donors from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. ESMAP has also enjoyed the support of private donors as well as in-kind support from a number of partners in the energy and development community. FURTHER INFORMATION For further information on a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report or copies of project reports, please visit the ESMAP website: www.esmap.org. ESMAP can also be reached by email at esmap@worldbank.org or by mail at: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water Department The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Tel.: 202.458.2321 Fax: 202.522.3018 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects: Learning from the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (GASBOL) July 2006 Juan Quintero World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Copyright © 2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 2006 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Papers in the ESMAP Technical Series are discussion documents, not final project reports. They are subject to the same copyrights as other ESMAP publications The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for non-commercial purposes, without asking a fee. Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................vii Abbreviations and Acronyms..............................................................................................................viii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 7 The GASBOL Project in Brief.................................................................................................. 8 Chronology................................................................................................................................ 8 Project Description.................................................................................................................... 8 Unique Project Challenges........................................................................................................ 9 Environmental Management Framework............................................................................................. 11 Project Sponsors...................................................................................................................... 11 The Environmental Committee ............................................................................................... 11 Environmental Management and Supervision...................................................................................... 13 Environmental Supervision Unit............................................................................................. 13 Environmental Inspector Training........................................................................................... 13 Reporting System.................................................................................................................... 14 Quality Control and Assurance ............................................................................................... 14 Environmental Auditor............................................................................................................ 14 Ombudswoman........................................................................................................................ 14 Additional Environmental Supervision................................................................................... 15 The Environmental Management Plan................................................................................................. 17 Environmental Management System....................................................................................... 17 Environmental Protection and Mitigation Measures during Construction.............................. 17 Compensation Programs ......................................................................................................... 17 Indigenous Peoples Compensation Program........................................................................... 17 Non-indigenous Peoples Socio-economic Compensation Program........................................ 18 Best Practices ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Mainstreaming of Environmental Issues into Energy Sector Activities.................................. 21 Planning Benefits and Identifying Upstream Impacts through the Elaboration of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) .................................................................... 21 Stakeholder Consultation and Community Participation ........................................................ 21 Cost-benefit Analysis .............................................................................................................. 22 Ecological Compensation........................................................................................................ 22 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies.................................................... 22 Location of Construction Camps and Worker Conduct .......................................................... 22 Specialized Environmental Construction Practices................................................................. 23 Vegetation Removal and Disposal in the Pipeline ROW........................................................ 23 Wetlands Crossing................................................................................................................... 23 iii The Use of Tunneling Techniques for Important River Crossings ......................................... 23 Topographical Challenges and Erosion Control...................................................................... 23 Right of Way Width................................................................................................................ 24 Preservation of Cultural heritage............................................................................................. 26 Innovative Approaches to Integrated Pest Management......................................................... 26 Indigenous People Development Plan (IPDP) ........................................................................ 26 Bolivian Ecological Compensation Plan: Co- Management of the Gran Chaco National Park................................................................................................................................... 27 Brazilian Ecological Compensation Plan................................................................................ 27 Management of the Socio-economic Compensation Plan in Brazil........................................ 28 The Quality Assurance Program's (QAP) Reporting System ................................................. 28 Supervision Costs.................................................................................................................... 28 Communication during Construction...................................................................................... 28 Strategic Alliances with academics, NGOs and the private sector.......................................... 30 Community involvement and participation with the Project................................................... 31 Improved Inter-institutional Coordination .............................................................................. 31 Concerns............................................................................................................................................... 33 Environmentally sustainable practices .................................................................................... 35 Current Environmental Situation............................................................................................. 35 Outstanding Social and Environmental Aspects............................................................................ 35 Critical Sites Monitoring during the Operations Phase........................................................... 35 Co-Management of the Kaa Iya National Park by Indigenous Peoples .................................. 35 Relations with private land owners ......................................................................................... 36 Environmental and social strategies of GTB for 2003............................................................ 36 TBG Social Communication Project....................................................................................... 36 Lessons Learned................................................................................................................................... 39 Strong and effective environmental and social safeguards must be in place before the project begins.................................................................................................................... 39 Environmental impacts assessments must be standardized across regions to facilitate comparison........................................................................................................................ 39 Greater use of impact scoping should be made....................................................................... 39 Environmental Planning should be a continuous process applied throughout the entire project life......................................................................................................................... 39 Tools such as Regional Environmental Assessments, Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) and Analysis of Cumulative Effects can ensure that wider ranging project impacts are considered and addressed early in the project planning phase. ..................... 40 Greater coordination between project engineering and environmental planning activities should have taken place.................................................................................................... 40 Mapping of sensitive areas should be prepared before construction begins. .......................... 40 The environmental management cycle during the operational phase must emphasize identification and monitoring of geographically challenging areas along the ROW........ 40 iv Environmental concerns should not overshadow social health and safety issues. .................. 40 Procedures for updating/improving EMP should be adopted.................................................. 40 Set stronger requirements for all contractors to have their own EMS in place that complies with the project's EMP requirements................................................................ 41 Equipment and personnel must be accounted for at all times ................................................. 41 Timely sequencing of construction activities can minimize the effects from erosion and slope instability................................................................................................................. 41 The role of Environmental Supervisor and Inspector should be clearly defined before construction began............................................................................................................ 41 Environmental non-compliance should be clearly defined ..................................................... 41 The training program the Environmental Management Plan should be comprehensive and delivered early on in project implementation............................................................. 41 Strong industrial health and safety and security measures are needed to prevent accidents for workers and communities alike................................................................................... 41 Construction contracts should contain incentives for compliance with environmental safeguards and penalties for non-compliance................................................................... 42 In addition to penalties and incentives, other mechanisms to achieve environmental compliance should be incorporated into the project ......................................................... 42 Legal agreements for Bank loans should be comprehensive and incorporate environmental and social safeguards for all aspects of the project................................... 42 Clear characterization of the Project to the communities is critical for building up mutual understanding with the project sponsors........................................................................... 42 The code of good practice for public consultation is to consult early and consult often ­ there should have been a greater attempt at early consultation......................................... 42 The respective role of the Auditor and Ombudswoman must be clearly defined ................... 43 Rotating work schedules should be adopted in most socially sensitive areas......................... 43 Environmental information should be consolidated to allow a "before and after" analysis of construction impacts..................................................................................................... 43 Financial management of all project funds must adhere to internationally accepted accounting and budgeting standards................................................................................. 43 Final Remarks ...................................................................................................................................... 45 References ............................................................................................................................................ 47 Annex 1: Main World Bank Operational Policies Complied with By GASBOL ............................... 49 Annex 2: Parks, Conservation and Protected Areas Supported by the Project in Brazil and Bolivia .............................................................................................................................. 51 Annex 3: Further Reading.................................................................................................................... 55 List of Boxes BOX 1: The World Bank's Environmental and Social Safeguards ........................................................ 9 BOX 2: Bolivian Indigenous People role in the administration of the Kaa-Iya "Gran Chaco" National Park (NP) and its Integrated Management Area (IMA) ........................................................ 18 v Box 3: The Worker's Code of Conduct: "Environmentally Friendly Commandments" as adapted from the Consortium CAMARGO CORREA (Campo Grande, November 11, 1997) ...................................................................................................................... 22 Box 4: Archaeological Discovery and Preservation............................................................................ 26 Box 5: Indigenous Peoples Development Plan (IPDP) In Brazil........................................................ 27 BOX 6: Brazilian Socio-economic Compensation Plan ...................................................................... 30 Box 7: The El Carmen Camp violated the 5 kilometer rule................................................................. 33 Box 8: The Auditor and the Ombudswoman: overlapping roles.......................................................... 43 Chart Chart 1: Environmental and Social Management System of the GASBOL Project............................. 13 List of Tables Table 1: Compensation Plan in Brazil.................................................................................................. 29 Table 2: Socio-Economic Plan in Brazil .............................................................................................. 30 Table 3: Inspection Plan...................................................................................................................... 36 List of Figures Figure 1: The project area with inset area of detail................................................................................ 5 Figure 2: ROW within the Kaa-Iya Park. Source: WES 2003 ............................................................. 19 Figure 3: Special Construction Methods............................................................................................. 24 Figure 4: Protected Area in Brazil........................................................................................................ 29 Figure 5: Community Outreach in Brazil............................................................................................ 37 vi Acknowledgements Bank peer reviewers included: Nelson de Franco, Lead Power Engineer, FPSI; George Ledec, Lead Ecologist, LCSEN; Estanislao The project was initiated as part of the ESMAP Gacitua-Mario, Senior Social Scientist, SDV; business line on sustainable energy in the 200- and, Eleodoro Mayorga-Alba, Lead 2004 Business Plan. This business line aimed Economist, COCPO. Dominique Lallement, at analyzing policies and experiences in Energy Adviser, ESMAP provided the final building up the environmental and social review of the report. sustainability of energy investments. Pictures and other graphic materials were This activity was led by Juan D. Quintero, Sr. provided by multiple sources. Special thanks Environmental Specialist LCSEN, with the to Oliver C.W. Taft for the report editing, and assistance of a team of consultants, including to Nyra Wallace-Crawford and Marjorie K. Fernando de Francesco (Argentina), Alexandre Araya for the coordination of the final Fortes (Brazil) and Carmen Elisa Saldia publication. (Bolivia). Juan Schnack (Argentina) coordinated the consulting team, which carried out the field work and prepared the draft reports. Juan Quintero was responsible for the final report. The report benefited from the inputs of technical staff from several institutions and agencies that worked in the construction and supervision of the Brazil Gas Pipeline, or are currently involved in the operation of the project. These institutions included: Petrobras and Transportadora Gasoduto Bolivia Brazil, in Brazil, El Paso Energy (Brazilian Office), Gas TransBoliviano in Bolivia, Dames and Moore (Bolivia Office), and Prime Engenheria and Biodinâmica in Brazil. The pipeline's environmental auditor and ombudswoman also participated in workshops and provided inputs. The draft reports were discussed in two separate workshops held in Campo Grande Brazil and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, with the participation of NGOs, community and indigenous organizations, and representatives of governmental organizations. These stakeholders provided recommendations on the draft at the workshops or written comments to the authors. Among these groups were: CABI-CIDOB, IPHAN, IBAMA, PROBIOMA, Camara Boliviana de Hidrocarburos, the municipality of El Carmen in Bolivia. vii Abbreviations and Acronyms BBGP Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline BG British Gas Americas, Inc., a subsidiary of a UK company BHP Broken Hill Proprietory, a subsidiary of an Australian company BIC Bank Information Center BNDES Brazilian National Development Bank BTB Group British Gas + Tenneco Energy + BHP CABI Capitanía del Alto y Bajo Izozog CAF Corporación Andina de Fomento CIDOB Corporación Indígena del Oriente Boliviano CONAMA Comisión Nacional de Medio Ambiente EC Environmental Committee EDC Environmental Document Control EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIR Environmental Impact Report EIs Environmental Inspectors EIT Environmental Inspection Team ES Environmental Supervisión ESp Environmental Specialists EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management System EMU Environmental Management Unit ESP Environmental Specialists ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program FUNAI Indigenous Brazilian National Organization FATMA Fundación de Medio Ambiente GASBOL Proyecto de Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil GO Governmental Organization GTB Gas Transboliviano S.A. , the gas transport company on the Bolivian side IAIA International Association of Impact Assessment IBAMA Instituto Brasilero do Meio Ambiente IDB Inter-American Development Bank IFIS International Lending Institutions IPDP Indigenous People Development Plan IPHAN Instituto de Patrimônio Histórico y Artístico Nacional JEXIM Japanese Export and Investment Bank NGO Non Governmental Organization PAD Project Appraisal Document Petrobrás Petróleo Brasilero S.A., the Brazilian Petroleum Company Ops World Bank Operational Policies QAP Quality Assurance Program viii RIDA Registro de Información Diaria Ambiental ROW Right of Way RS Reporting System SCP Social Communication Program SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SEC Social and Environmental Committee SEGEN Engineering Department of Petrobrás, responsible for the pipeline construction SERNAP Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas TBG Transportadora Brasileira Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil S.A. TCO Tierras Comunitarias de Origen TORs Terms of Reference Transredes Transporte de Hidrocarburos S.A., a Bolivian gas transport company forms as a result of the capitalization process and inheritor of YPFB interests in the pipeline WB World Bank WCS World Conservation Society YPFB Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos ix Executive Summary areas were mostly avoided, despite some additional cost. This paper presents the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline In terms of the World Bank (WB) Project (GASBOL) as a case study for Environmental Policies, GASBOL was environmental and social safeguards analysis. classified as a "Category A" project, i.e.- The activities carried out during the having likely significant environmental construction and operation phases of the impacts that are sensitive, diverse or project accomplished the main objectives of unprecedented. In part, this rating was due to the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP)1. It is hoped that the the fact that the `Right of Way' (ROW) contained numerous environmentally sensitive lessons learned from GASBOL will inform ecosystems and protected areas including "El task team leaders, environmental and social Gran Chaco" National Park, "El Pantanal", and specialists, the private sector, government the "Mata Atlântica". In order to minimize agencies and Non Governmental Organizations negative impacts on these ecological sensitive (NGOs) in order to improve the planning and sites, the project team identified alternate implementation of similar projects within the routes and used special construction methods. tropical, subtropical and temperate zones The Project faced significant environmental, The primary purpose of the GASBOL project social and institutional complexities stemming was to supply the Brazilian market with in part from its bi-national scope, it size and Bolivian gas. The pipeline runs from Rio scale, and the fact that it had to deal with two Grande, Bolivia, to Porto Alegre, Brazil, a legislative frameworks, inequalities in distance of 3,150 kilometers. The Bolivian infrastructure, complex institutional section, owned by Gas Transboliviano (GTB), agreements, Indigenous communities and is 557 kilometers long and runs from Rio sensitive ecological areas. Despite these Grande to Puerto Suárez. The Brazilian considerable challenges, the design, section - owned by Transportadora Brasileira construction, implementation, and operational do Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil S.A. (TBG) - phases of the project were well managed and crosses the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Sao as a result GASBOL has established itself as a Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande benchmark for the management of large do Sul and is nearly 2,600 kilometers in length. infrastructure projects. Eighteen compression stations and 35 city gates are included, the latter in Brazil. The Environmental management of the project was pipeline capacity is 30 MMm3/d with an a responsibility shared by the Project agreed delivery of 16 MMm3/d. Despite the Sponsors-- including Petrobrás, YPFB, Enron, geographical scope of the project, Shell, El Paso Energy, British Gas (BG), BHP- environmental issues were key components in - and an Environmental Committee (EC) each phase of the project. For this reason, consisting of Petrobrás, YPFB, Enron, ecologically sensitive and densely populated representing Shell, and El Paso, representing BG and BHP (BTB). The EC selected a 1 The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program consortium consisting of Dames & Moore, (ESMAP) is a global Technical Program managed Prime Engenharia and Biodinâmica to carry by the World Bank which promotes the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth out the Environmental Supervision.) with redistribution in an environmentally responsible manner. Its work applies to low-income, Feedback from representatives of civil society emerging, and transition economies and directly was actively solicited. An Ombudswoman contributes to achieving the Millennium Development Goals facilitated the Social and Environmental 1 2 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Committee (SEC) interaction with the project social inspection activities. Field inspectors sponsors and other stakeholders and acted as a assigned to specific geographic regions liaison between the Project, local communities reported to and were supported by lead and NGOs. Like the Auditor, she reported on Environmental Inspectors assigned to the same her activities bimonthly to both the multilateral region. They and interacted regularly on site agencies involved and to the Environmental with the Environmental Specialist. A spread Committee (EC). She held regular meetings inspector and his assistants supervised the with local communities and NGOs and contractors and were responsible for established communication mechanisms guaranteeing that construction activities including a claims reception procedure. Claims adhered to EMP guidelines. An Environmental about social impacts during construction were Auditor (EA) guaranteed compliance with investigated with serious problems or regulatory requirements, environmental deficiencies reported to the Environmental management plans, the IPDP, and the WB and Committee (EC). Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)'s environmental and social policies. The EC coordinated and monitored Environmental Specialists and Social Impact implementation of the Environmental Inspectors visited communities along the Management Program (EMP), periodically pipeline's route and administered the EMP meeting with the various stakeholders Socioeconomic Compensation and the Social including governmental regulatory institutions Communication Programs. In terms of and multilateral lending institutions. It qualifications, the inspectors chosen by the coordinated implementation of the Environmental Committee had at minimum a Compensation and Communication Strategy, bachelor's degree in either Engineering or monitored all environment-related activities as Science. Based on the EMP an intensive well as providing oversight for the tasks training program was implemented. performed by the EMP. An Environmental Environmental Inspectors were also trained in Inspection Team (EIT) monitored construction health, safety, Quality Assurance Program activities in the field. Non-construction Program (QAP), Reporting Systems (RS), and activities were monitored by the communication strategies. Environmental Management Unit (EMU), a subcomponent of the EIT, which was Precise and up-to-date information which responsible for implementation of the Socio- gauged the EMP's progress was documented economic and Ecological Compensation and disseminated. A computerized Report Programs, the Indigenous People Development System allowed Environmental Inspectors to Program (IPDP), and the Social track daily environmental compliance along Communication Program (SCP). the pipeline and to identify and correct potential challenges quickly and thereby The Environmental Committee (EC) selected a ensure compliance. The system facilitated the consortium consisting of Dames & Moore, production of daily and weekly reports for the Prime Engenharia and Biodinâmica to entire pipeline that were stored in a central implement Environmental Inspection. To database. Weekly field meetings ensured the accomplish this task the EC convened an adoption of necessary corrective measures. An Environmental Supervisory Unit consisting of Environmental Document Control (EDC) Assistant Environmental Inspection system assured prompt approval of the large Supervisors, the Environmental Field number of documents produced. The system Inspectors, an Environmental Management also fulfilled document control procedures Unit (EMU) Supervisor, and a team of required by ISO 9000 rules. A Quality Environmental Specialists. The Environmental Assurance Program (QAP) was designed to Specialist, reporting directly to the guarantee the efficient functioning of the Environmental Committee (EC), supervised Report System, by assuring the production of the Compensation Programs, the IPDP and rigorous and high quality reports. All Executive Summary 3 environmental staff was trained in the Quality the Bolivian portion of the project in 19963. Assurance Program (QAP) and a procedural Petrobrás4 delivered a consolidated report in handbook was created for easy reference. 1996 which met the multilateral lending institutions' (WB and IBD) requirements for a The EA, while under the jurisdiction of the more integrated approach in light of the Environmental Committee, reported directly to project's geographical scope. the WB and IDB. He had broad authority to investigate all facets of compliance and to The project's innovative approach as determine whether the environmental and concerned environmental protection and social social agreements, the mitigations plans, the support resulted in a number of good practices, EMP, and the IPDP were properly of or relating to: implemented. He evaluated construction and inspection activities as well as the Mainstreaming environmental issues communication and compensation programs. into energy sector activities; Bimonthly audit reports were submitted to the Protection of native flora and fauna multilateral organizations as well as to the species; Environmental Committee. Executive Planning benefits downstream and summaries from these reports were submitted identifying potential upstream impacts to NGOs and other interested parties. through the Elaboration of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA); Based upon the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the EMP was designed to Stakeholder Consultation and identify and qualify potential environmental Community Participation; impacts and to provide either for their Cost-benefit Analysis; mitigation or compensation through the Sustainable Financial Management of adoption of improved management procedures. Protected Areas; The EMP is composed of the following Camp Management; programs: (i) Environmental Management Relationship with Property Owners; System; (ii) Environmental Protection and Mitigation Measures during Construction; (iii) Critical Sites Monitoring; Environmental Operation; (iv) Compensation Vegetation Removal and Disposal; Programs (Ecological Compensation Wetlands and River Crossing; Programs, Indigenous Peoples Compensation Topographical challenges and erosion Program, Non-indigenous peoples' Socio control; Economic Compensation Program). Right of Way Delineation; The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Cultural Heritage; identified the main positive and negative Indigenous People Development Plan effects that the project might have. Firstly, the (IPDP); Bolivian and Brazilian Gas Pipeline routes Bolivian Ecological Compensation were evaluated separately. In 1994, Petrobrás Plan: Co- Management of the Parque & Engevix produced an Environmental Impact Nacional El Gran Chaco; Report (EIR) for the Brazilian portion of the project which covered the implementation, construction, assembly and operation phases.2 3 Dames & More. 1996. Environmental Impact Dames & Moore produced a similar report for Study for Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion). Final Report. Prepared for: YPFB, Enron Corp., Petrobrás and BTB, August 30, 1996. 2 Petrobrás & Engevix. 1994. Environmental 4 Petrobrás. 1996. Environmental Impact Study. Impact Report; Petrobrás & Engevix. 1994. 1996. Consolidated Report. Bolivia-Brazil Gas EIS. Volumes I, II, III, and IV. Pipeline. 4 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Brazilian Ecological Compensation The environmental management cycle Plan; during the operational phase must Management of the Socio-economic emphasize identification and Compensation Plan in Brazil; monitoring of geographically challenging areas along the ROW. Social Programs; Social and security considerations The Quality Assurance Program's must receive equal attention as (QAP) Reporting System; environmental concerns. Supervision Costs; The Project must be accurately Communication During Construction; characterized to local communities. Strategic Alliances with academics, Continuous documentary information NGOs and the private sector; (films/ photos) of existing conditions Community involvement and along the ROW is indispensable to participation in the Project; and monitor and evaluate impacts. Improved Inter-institutional Coordination. It is auspicious that three years into its operation, GASBOL has met world-class The following are representative of some of environmental standards, such as the World the lessons learned from both the successes Bank's environmental and social safeguards5 and shortcomings of the project: by using both conventional and innovative practices. While by no means without its Environmental impacts assessments challenges, the Project's current status has must be standardized across regions to been achieved through flexible and adaptive facilitate comparison. methods, the results of which have been recognized by its having received the World Planning must be a continuous process Bank's Green Award6, the International applied in all project stages. Association of Impact Assessment's Mapping of sensitive areas should be Environmental Award (IAIA)7 in 2001, and the prepared before construction begins. ISO 14002 and 90018. Timely sequencing of construction activities can minimize the effects It is hoped that the lessons learned from this from erosion and slope instability. exercise will serve to improve the planning and The training program is a key element implementation of similar projects within the of the EMP and requires adequate tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. resources. Construction contracts should contain incentives for compliance with environmental safeguards as well as penalties for non-compliance. The role of Environmental Supervisor and Inspector should be clearly defined before construction begins. 5 OP 4.01- Environmental Management Plan, OP 4.02- Environmental Action Plans, OP 4.04- Natural The publication of Public consultation Habitats, and OD 4.2 ­ Indigenous People. reports must remain a priority. 6 The First Annual World Bank Green Award was The law of consultation: consult early granted on June 5, 2001, World Environment Day. 7 Corporative Award IAIA´01 in honor of excellent and consult often. environmental and social management including the The role of the Auditor and use of impact assessments design and construction Ombudswoman should be clearly of the pipeline. 8 GTB is currently negotiating the OHSAS 18001 defined. (Health and security management). Executive Summary 5 Figure 1: The project area with inset area of detail 1 1.2 The Bolivia-Brazil pipeline project (GASBOL) is analyzed as a good practice case study for the mainstreaming of environmental Introduction and social issues-- such as socially sustainable development, biodiversity and natural habitats 1.1 The mainstreaming9 of social and conservation-- into project design and environmental issues into energy sector implementation of large infrastructure projects. activities, an important achievement of the Considerable attention was given to Bolivia-Brazil pipeline project (GASBOL), is operational and analytical procedures adopted one of the World Bank Group's (WB) core to coordinate field operations, information environmental strategies. This strategy, management, and communication between the recently documented in Fuel for Thought , 10 project's main stakeholders. The ultimate aim has a number of concrete objectives, of this paper is to improve the evolution of summarized as follows11: similar projects within the tropical, subtropical and temperate zones in terms of planning, Facilitate more efficient use of construction, operation and abandonment traditional fuels and/or their stages. This project fully supported the main substitution by modern fuels in rural objectives of the Energy Sector Management and peri-urban areas; Assistance Program (ESMAP)12to promote the Protect human health of urban sustainability of energy investments. residents from air pollution attributed to fuel combustion in the residential, 1.3 The GASBOL project is, at 3,150 km transport, industrial and power sectors; in length and with a capital budget of US$2.1 Promote environmentally sustainable billion, the largest gas pipeline to date in South development of energy sources; America. A brief description of the project is provided in the next section. Execution of the Mitigate the potential impact of energy GASBOL project involved the application of use on climate change; World Bank environmental and social policies, Develop capacity for environmental a comprehensive Environmental Management regulation, monitoring and Plan (EMP) and a dynamic and flexible enforcement across all levels of approach to problem solving. This paper governance; and provides an analysis of the innovative best -Make the Bank more responsive to practices implemented during the course of the addressing environmental impacts project in order to mitigate and/ or resolve from the energy sector. adverse environmental and social impacts. 1.4 It is hoped that the lessons learned from GASBOL can be adapted to other major 9 Merriam Webster Dictionary defines mainstream as pipeline projects in Latin America and a prevailing current or direction of activity or elsewhere, and in so doing serve as a useful influence. 10 tool for the international community. World Bank.1999. Fuel for Thought: An Environmental Strategy for the Energy Sector Washington, D.C., World Bank. Fuel for Thought was firstly presented to the World Bank Executive 12 The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Board on July 20, 1999, after extensive consultation (ESMAP) is a global Technical Program managed with the Bank Group, as well as with external by the World Bank which promotes the role of stakeholders (i.e., client and donor governments, energy in poverty reduction and economic growth nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and private with redistribution in an environmentally sector entities). responsible manner. Its work applies to low-income, 11 World Bank. 2002. Energy and the Environment. emerging, and transition economies and directly Energy and Development Report 2001. ESMAP, contributes to achieving the Millennium World Bank, Part One. Development Goals 7 8 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Specifically, these best practice tools will be Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)14. useful for task team leaders, environmental and Similarly, in 1992, an EIA of Corumbá- social specialists, the private sector, Curitiba and Curitiba - Porto Alegre sections government agencies, Non Governmental of the project was completed in Brazil. These Organizations (NGOs) and others dealing with EIAs were approved by the official agencies in complex social and environmental issues in their respective countries and the Brazilian energy sector projects. government granted a provisional license. In 1997, the Bolivian and Brazilian governments, The GASBOL Project in Brief along with YPFB and Petrobrás in consultation with their private partners, decided to formally 1.5 The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline launch the project. Construction was Project (GASBOL), South America's largest officially initiated in August 1996 and gas pipeline project to date, has matched concluded in December 2001. Brazilian demand for energy with Bolivia's abundant gas supply. The total project budget Project Description was approximately US$ 2.1 billion with $436 million allocated to Bolivia, $1.42 billion 1.7 The pipeline runs from Rio Grande, a allocated to Brazil, and $229 million allocated locality close to Santa Cruz de la Sierra, for recurrent costs, such as operation and Bolivia to Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, maintenance among others. More than $30 Brazil, a distance of 3,150 kilometers. The million dollars was allocated to address social Bolivian section, owned by Gas and environmental issues13. Transboliviano (GTB), is 557 kilometers long and runs from Rio Grande to Puerto Suárez. Chronology Within Brazil, where the gas transport company is Transportadora Brasileira 1.6 In the years between the signing of the Gasoducto Bolivia-Brasil S.A.(TBG) the Treaty for Integration of Energy in 1988 and pipeline crosses five states - Mato Grosso do the signing of the Gas Sales Agreement Sul, Sao Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and between Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Rio Grande do Sul - and is approximately Bolivianos (YPFB) and Petrobrás in 1993, a 2,600 kilometers in length. The pipeline number of activities designed to facilitate the includes 18 compression stations and 35 city sale of Bolivian gas to Brazil were completed. gates, the latter in Brazil. The pipeline varies Private sector partners were found to in diameter from 32" to 16". It has a capacity participate in the project: Petrobras enlisted the of 30 MMm3/d with an agreed delivery of 16 BTB Group, a consortium consisting of British MMm3/d. Gas, Tenneco Energy (later replaced by El Paso Energy) and Broken Hill Proprietory 1.8 Although the primary purpose of the (BHP); YPFB partnered with the Enron project was to supply the Brazilian market with Corporation. In 1990, YPFB commissioned an Bolivian gas supplies, environmental issues were a key component in all phases of the project. The pipeline route was chosen on the 13 Primary financial support was provided by: the basis of avoiding environmentally sensitive World Bank (WB), which provided US$ 130 million and densely populated areas despite the for the Brazilian side; the Inter-American additional cost. Development Bank (IDB), which provided US$ 220 million; the Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) which provided US$ 50 million; the European Investment Bank (EIB) which provided US$ 60 million; the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social do Brasil (BNDES) which provided US$ 177 million and; the Japanese Export and Investment Bank (JEXIM), which provided US$ 234 million. The Brazilian government was the loan guarantor. 14 This assessment was updated in 1996. Introduction 9 Unique Project Challenges groups'interests with those of the other stakeholders was a considerable 1.9 The social, environmental and achievement. institutional complexities facing the GASBOL Project presented a number of remarkable and Multi-stakeholder involvement: the unique challenges: project had a variety of stakeholders with divergent interests in both Bolivia Bi-national nature: the project is and Brazil. Representation included shared by two countries which adds the private sector, federal, state and the challenge of sometimes having to municipal government organizations, reconcile divergent interests and international lending institutions development strategies. (IFIs), indigenous organizations and non-government organizations (See Size and scale of the project: at 3150 Table 1). km in length and a budget of US$2.1 BN billion, GASBOL represented one Sensitive ecological areas: this project of the largest and most complex crossed fragile ecological areas in both energy projects in South America. Bolivia and Brazil, including the Wet and Dry Chaco forest, wetlands such Different legislation: as the project as the Izozog marshes in Bolivia, and crossed national jurisdictions, two sets the Pantanal and the endangered Mata of laws, and in particular laws relating Atlântica forest of Brazil. to environmental issues, indigenous communities, and the hydrocarbon sector, had to be adhered to. BOX 1: The World Bank's Environmental and Inequalities in infrastructure: the Social Safeguards infrastructure available for the Project Projects receiving Bank funding must comply with in Brazil was not as developed in World Bank Operational Policies comprised of the Bolivia. following environmental and social safeguards: Complex institutional agreements: Environmental Assessment (O.P. 4.01), Natural project development was governed by Habitats (O.P. 4.04.), Pest Management (4.09), country-specific agreements where the Involuntary Resettlements (4.12), Indigenous Peoples (O.P. 4.20), Forestry (4.36), Safety of policies differed according to the Dams (OP/BP 4.37), Projects in International arrangements made with the Waterways (OP/BP 7.50), Projects in Disputed government, private sector, Areas (7.60), Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) and multilateral lending and financial Disclosure of Information (BP 17.50). The main organizations (WB, IDB, CAF), public policies triggered by the Bolivia-Brazil Gas and private banks, and NGOs. Pipeline Project are provided in Annex 1. Adherence to World Bank Safeguard Policies: although loans from the WB formed a small percentage of project financing, the Project had to conform to the WB's environmental and social safeguards (see Box 1). Indigenous communities: the project had to interact with different indigenous communities affected by the pipeline, directly (Bolivia) and indirectly (Brazil). In both countries, indigenous communities played an active role in each phase of the project. Harmonization of these 2 environmental requirements and solving those issues related to the construction process. Additionally, it coordinated implementation of Environmental Management the Compensation and Communication Framework Programs. 2.1 The institutional structure created15 for the management of the environmental and social aspects of the GASBOL Project's (Chart 1) various activities and to address the aforementioned challenges is described in the following sections. Project Sponsors 2.2 The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project had four primary sponsors: Petrobras, YPFB, Enron (Representing Shell), and El Paso Energy (Representing British Gas and BHP). El Paso Energy (Brazil) and YPFB (Bolivia) acted as coordinators for the Environmental Committee. The sponsors monitored the Project's environmental progress and reported directly to the international lending institutions. The Environmental Committee 2.3 An Executive Environmental Committee (EC) with decision-making authority carried out environmental coordination of the Project and monitored the status and achievements of the Environmental Program. The Committee acted in concert with the Bolivian and Brazilian governments' regulatory institutions as well as the multilateral lending organizations. The Committee periodically met with the following stakeholders: the Construction Organization and Management teams, Environmental Inspectors (EIs), Socioeconomic Programs Management, the auditor, and the ombudsman. It was responsible for fulfilling the Project's 15 Further information on the Environnmental Management System is provided by Beasley, K.P. 2000. Environmental Management System of the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project. SPE, El Paso Energy Corporation, 8 pp, and Bustamante, N. 1999. The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. A Case Study on Environmental Supervision and Management of a Large Linear Project. Dames & Moore 11 3 Environmental Supervision Unit 3.2 The Environmental Committee Environmental Management selected a consortium consisting of Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia and Biodinâmica to and Supervision carry out the Environmental Supervision (ES). The Environmental Supervision (ES) included 3.1 Environmental management and an environmental supervisor, the supervision consisted of monitoring the environmental inspection assistant supervisors, Project's environmentally related activities and the field environmental inspectors, an implementing the Environmental Management Environmental Management Unit (EMU) Plan (EMP). The environmental requirements Coordinator, and a team of environmental and broadly fell into two categories: social specialists, responsible for the Social and Environmental Programs. A spread Construction Activities: an inspector and his assistants supervised the Environmental Inspection Team contractors and were responsible for monitored construction activities in the guaranteeing that construction activities field; the creation of an environmental adhered to EMP guidelines. Environmental structure within Petrobras as well as Specialists and Social Impact Inspectors the participation of contractors played visited communities in the pipeline's area of a key role in the success of these influence and administered the EMP activities. Socioeconomic and Environmental Compensation and the SCPs. Non-construction activities: monitored by a subteam of the Environmental Inspector Training Environmental Inspection Team, known as the Environmental 3.3 The inspectors chosen by the Management Unit (EMU) which was Environmental Committee (EC) had to possess responsible for the implementation of at minimum a bachelor's degree in either the Socioeconomic and Ecological Engineering or Science. Based on the Compensation Programs, the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) an Indigenous Peoples Development intensive training program was carried out Program (IPDP), and the Social which included theoretical and field work. Communication Program (SCP). Environmental Inspectors (EIs) were also trained Chart 1: Environmental and Social Management System of the GASBOL Project Environmental Committee Multilateral Lending Institutions Ombudsman Environmental Supervisor Auditor Environmental Inspection Coordinator Environmental Management Unit Spread Inspectors Social Communications Programs Ecological Compensation Programs Indigenous Peoples Development Plan Socioeconomic Compensation Plan Social Impact Inspection Program 13 14 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects trained in health and safety, quality assurance and a procedural handbook was created for procedures, the "Registro de Información easy reference. Diaria Ambiental" (RIDA) tracking systems, and communication strategies. Environmental Auditor 3.7 A full-time Environmental Auditor Reporting System guaranteed compliance with regulatory 3.4 Precise and up-to-date information requirements, environmental management which gauged the EMP's progress was plans, the IPDP, and the WB and IDB's regularly documented and disseminated via a environmental and social policies. The computerized reporting system called (RIDA) Auditor, while under the jurisdiction of the ("Registro de Información Diaria Ambiental). Environmental Committee (EC), reported Daily environmental reporting allowed the directly to the Multilateral Lending environmental inspectors (EIs) to track Institutions. He had broad authority to environmental compliance along the pipeline investigate all facets of compliance and to in near real-time. This information allowed determine whether the environmental and them to identify areas of concern and quickly social agreements, the mitigations plans, the implement measures to guarantee compliance. EMP, and the IPDP were properly The system proved to be an efficient tool for implemented. He revised and evaluated monitoring and evaluation, facilitating the construction and inspection activities as well production of daily and weekly reports for the as the communication and compensation entire pipeline that were stored in a central programs. Bimonthly audit reports were database. This systematic approach ensured submitted to the multilateral organizations as consistent application of environmental well as the Environmental Committee. procedures. Weekly field meetings ensured Executive summaries from these reports were implementation of any necessary corrective submitted to NGOs and other interested measures. parties. 3.5 An Environmental Document Control Ombudswoman (EDC) system was implemented to control the 3.8 Initially, the Environmental Auditor large number of documents produced from the was also responsible for dealing with NGOs Project as delays could have had serious and local communities. An Ombudswoman implications for the construction schedule. was later added. She facilitated the Social and The system also fulfilled document control Environmental Committee (SEC) interaction procedures required by ISO 9000 rules. with the project sponsors and other stakeholders and acted as a liaison between the Quality Control and Assurance Project, local communities and NGOs. Like 3.6 A quality control system was the Auditor, she reported on her activities formalized through the creation of a Quality bimonthly to the multilateral agencies and to Assurance Program (QAP) designed to the Environmental Committee. She held guarantee that the Reporting System regular meetings with local communities and functioned efficiently. This program helped NGOs and established communication ensure the production of technically rigorous mechanisms including a claims reception and high quality reports, consistent and reliable procedure. Claims concerning social impacts field supervision and monitoring of related to construction activities were environmental and social impacts, uniformity investigated and any serious problems or in how field committee meetings were deficiencies were reported to the conducted, and effective communication with Environmental Committee (EC). On the all internal and external clients. All Brazilian side, one NGO from each of the 5 environmental staff was trained in the QAP states affected by the pipeline represented the interests and concerns of the rest in front of the Environment Management and Supervision 15 EC. This structure facilitated the ombudswoman's coordination of various tasks. Additional Environmental Supervision 3.9 In addition to GASBOL's internal environmental safeguards, both countries carried out additional environmental supervision and audits during the construction stage. On the Brazilian side, PETROBRAS maintained an independent Supervision Team that supervised environmental and social compliance in the field. On the Bolivian side, the GASBOL Bolivian Project Management team initiated two independent audits of the project in its territory during the construction stage. 4 Compensation Programs 4.4 These programs were designed to The Environmental compensate communities within the Project's area of influence if environmental impacts Management Plan adversely affecting physical, biological and socio-economic components could not be 4.1 Based upon the EIA, the EMP16 was sufficiently mitigated. Ecological designed to identify and qualify potential Compensation Plans implemented in both environmental impacts and to provide either countries mainly focused on Natural Protected for their mitigation or compensation through Areas and protection and management of the adoption of improved management Conservation Units. In terms of social impacts, procedures. The EMP was composed of the they included indigenous and non-indigenous following programs: compensation programs. Environmental Management System Indigenous Peoples Compensation Program 4.2 This program's activities include overall coordination and environmental 4.5 This program was carried out in both management during construction, community countries and was designed in accordance with relations, monitoring, inspection and auditing. World Bank Operational Directive 4.2017. Its Its main functions relate to management objective was to ensure that the project either structure, communications amongst and benefited indigenous people or mitigated between the organizations and individuals and/or compensated them for any potential involved, reporting procedures and improved negative impacts stemming from the project. communication regarding environmental issues. 4.6 Three indigenous groups were identified in Bolivia ­ the Izozeño Guaraní, Environmental Protection and Mitigation Ayoreo and Chiquitanos. These communities Measures during Construction were identified in a defined project-impacted area that extended 10 km south of the pipeline 4.3 This program provided specific Right of Way (ROW) and 10 km north of the guidelines for environmental protection and Santa Cruz ­ Puerto Suárez railroad. These mitigation measures during construction. This indigenous groups actively participated in the included ensuring observance of all political and economic decision-making environmental regulations governing the process (see Box 2). Executive and financial project. It addressed several environmental committees were created to coordinate the issues related to natural, social and cultural program and manage the disbursement of resources including biodiversity conservation, funds. Both committees included indigenous erosion and sedimentation control, habitat people, civil society, and Gas Transboliviano restoration, waste management, air quality and S.A. representatives. The IPDP budget for the noise control, archaeological rescue, measures Bolivian side was US$ 3.7 million. One of the to protect sensitive habitats, and worker most important achievements of the plan in conduct, health and safety issues. Bolivia was the Land Titling Program which successfully provided legal title to indigenous people's land through an innovative revolving fund. 16 Dames & Moore.1997. Plan de Manejo Ambiental: Sector Boliviano. Manual de Gerencia. Volumen II. PRIME Engenharia. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental 17 (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatorio Final. Volume II. PRIME, This Directive has now been converted to Segen. São Paulo. Operational Policy 4.12 17 18 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects allocated to Brazil and US$800,000 allocated to Bolivia. The main objective of this program was to compensate non-indigenous peoples adversely affected by the Project. Projects eligible for the Compensation Program were identified through a consultative process involving town mayors, councils, communities, social organizations, the military, hospital authorities, educational institutions, energy and water cooperatives, and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Project feasibility was evaluated on the basis of budget and time requirements, community Indigenous Community in Bolivia participation, design, and sustainability. receiving titles 4.7 In Brazil the pipeline did not directly BOX 2: Bolivian Indigenous People role in the cross indigenous communities' territory. administration of the Kaa-Iya "Gran Chaco" Nevertheless, a Commission including National Park (NP) and its Integrated representatives of PETROBRAS, Fundacão Management Area (IMA) Nacional do Indio (FUNAI) and IBAMA was The NP and IMA include Izoceña, Ayoreode and formed. This Commission, in conjunction Chiquitana's indigenous communities as well as part of with a Project consultant team, organized Charagua, Pailón, San Jose de Chiquitos and Roboré seminars and meetings to give voice to the townships in the Cordillera and Chiquitos provinces, Santa Cruz Department. This area, the best protected dry various indigenous groups and villages forest in Boreal Chaco and the largest protected area in affected by the project and to ensure the Bolivia (3,441,115 ha), is one of the largest legally project's long-term sustainability. These protected National Parks in Latin America (Figure 2). It groups were located within 30 kilometers of is considered one of the most sensitive ecosystems within the pipeline ROW. Agreements with the pipeline's area of influence which extends 140 kilometers within the Park. A harmonious relationship governmental authorities dealing with these between the Bolivian gas transport company (GTB) and issues were signed in order to assure the the area's Indigenous Peoples was achieved through the project's sustainability during operation. These creation of an Executive Committee charged with agreements enabled the construction of schools implementation of the project's Environment Management Plan (EMP) within the Park. The objectives and hospitals. These authorities were of the project were, and are: Biodiversity Conservation in responsible for finding teachers and physicians the Gran Chaco NP; the strengthening of Indigenous as well as maintaining and replacing obsolete People capacity to manage protected areas and; the or lost materials. Indigenous groups promotion of the harmonious and sustainable demonstrated a high degree of flexibility in development of indigenous peoples. terms of deciding on specific programs. Evident also was the display of solidarity with communities not included in the program. Non-indigenous Peoples Socio-economic Compensation Program 4.8 The program had a budget of US$ 4.4 million, of which US$3.6 million was The Environmental Management Plan 19 Figure 2: ROW within the Kaa-Iya Park. Source: WES 2003 4.9 In Brazil, fifty-one projects were specifications, identifying local companies to implemented along the pipeline route. These implement the projects through a competitive included building schools, health care bidding process and then monitoring installations, and community centers and construction. providing hospital equipment. The location of each project was determined by proximity to construction camps and to the pipeline ROW. Project budgets were formulated along the lines of the expected magnitude of impact, the number of people potentially affected, the duration of construction activities, community socioeconomic-specific needs and available financial resources. All projects were defined by the communities. Once the projects were defined, agreements were signed with the respective municipalities which were also charged with the sustainability of the projects. 4.10 In Bolivia, six towns were selected for compensation. Eighteen infrastructure and equipment acquisition projects including school improvements, water supply systems, health installations, community centers, and pedestrian bridges were undertaken. The engineering unit assisted these projects by providing cost estimates, checking technical 20 5 RIDA, tracking systems, and communication strategies.18 Best Practices Planning Benefits and Identifying Upstream Impacts through the Elaboration of a 5.1 Mainstreaming is the incorporative Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and institutional process responsible for integrating environmental and social concerns 5.4 GASBOL's environmental throughout the project cycle through: (i) impact identification was not limited to the preparation of initial environmental studies and elaboration of EIAs of a limited and project- as part of civil works; (ii) integrating related scope. In order to assess the medium, environmental and social considerations into long-term and cumulative impacts of this large the project design, construction and operation project, and taking into account potential inter- plans; (iii) providing specific budgets and project synergies, PETROBRAS contracted other financial incentives to guarantee social PRIME Engenharia to prepare a Strategic and environmental compliance; (iv) creating Environmental Assessment (SEA)19. The study and enhancing institutional capacity to examined the upstream impacts of oil and gas effectively execute such programs and; (v) extraction in Bolivia and the downstream implementing monitoring and supervision impact of fuel replacement in Brazil. Based on programs to ensure the success of projects' this precedent a SEA was conducted on the environmental and social mitigation and upgrading of the Santa Cruz Puerto Suarez compensation plans. "Best practice analysis" road corridor. identifies specific examples where innovative approaches are used to achieve environmental Stakeholder Consultation and Community and social compliance throughout all phases of Participation the project cycle. 5.5 The Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project used stakeholder consultation and community 5.2 Innovative environmental protection participation to bolster its credibility and and social support best practices in the thereby enhance its chances of success. The GASBOL project are described in this section. satisfactory outcome achieved by GASBOL can in part be attributed to its high level of Mainstreaming of Environmental Issues stakeholder involvement. The project into Energy Sector Activities contributed to the debates of community-based 5.3 One important achievement of organizations and committees and consulted GASBOL was that it mainstreamed the public on draft regulations and on the environmental issues into energy sector Project's environmental assessment process. activities. This was evidenced by the During construction, the project's innovative solutions that were employed to environmental personnel informed address several challenges encountered both during the construction and operation phases 18 Workers also had to go through environmental and of the project. In order to understand the social awaness trainiong at job inception. environmental requirements fully and to apply 19 A SEA is a study requested by multilateral them uniformly, project inspectors were organizations financing programs involving multipurpose work or large projects with important subjected to intensive environmental training structural components and their associated projects. consisting of both theoretical and practical The importance that the WB assigns to the SEA lies programs. This included training in health and in its longer-term advantages. This approach safety, quality assurance procedures, the surpasses the limitations of the EIAs which are more project specific. The SEA analyses aspects such as implied policies, induced development, cumulative impacts, management capacity, and institutional framework in order to provide a broader context to the environmental assessment process as applied to single projects. 21 22 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects communities of construction schedules and measures met the highest international responded to any concerns they might have standards. regarding environmental and social issues. Access to project related information was Location of Construction Camps and provided in reading rooms along the length of Worker Conduct the pipeline route. Additionally, both Bolivia 5.10 Most of the project's construction and Brazil established a free-line were people camps were located at least 5 km from the from the communities located along the ROW nearest populated area20. A Code of Conduct could seek assistance with pipeline-related that applied to both workers and visitors was issues as well as report any damage along the established at the camps and nearby villages in route. both countries (Box 3). Compliance was awarded while non-compliance was penalized Cost-benefit Analysis with fines, or in extreme cases dismissal. 5.6 In contrast to many similar projects with equally important environmental 5.11 This best practice was exemplified by components, the GASBOL Project factored the "Consórcio Camargo Correa," however, it environmental benefits into its economic cost- was not accomplished to the same degree by benefit analysis. It is noteworthy that the all subcontractors. Brazil has its own criteria Project's economic analysis assigned an for site selection for camps. environmental premium to the replacement of more polluting fuels with cleaner burning Box 3: The Worker's Code of Conduct: natural gas. "Environmentally Friendly Commandments" as adapted from the Consortium CAMARGO Ecological Compensation CORREA (Campo Grande, November 11, 1997) 5.7 A portion of the GASBOL project Obligations: 1. To treat people from neighboring communities budget was allocated to the integrated with respect. management of Protected Areas. For example, 2. To gather and store all waste from the project. Brazilian environmental law requires that at 3. To report all accidents involving wild animals. least 0.5% of a project's capital budget be 4. To adequately provide all instruments allocated to improve Natural Conservation necessary for the work. Units. In this instance, this amounted to $7.5 5. To monitor and control erosion. million Reais which was used to finance 12 6. To report all archaeological findings including projects in Brazilian parks and protected areas. burial sites. Prohibitions: 5.8 In Bolivia, a trust Fund of US$1 7. To go outside of the project area without million was established to assist in the authorization. management of the Kaa-Iya National Park 8. To consume alcoholic beverages. which is co-managed by an indigenous NGO 9. To hold crowded meetings outside of the (CABI) and the Wildlife Conservation Society project area or in inadequate sites. WCS in collaboration with Bolivia's National 10. To burn excess materials. Protected Areas Agency (SERNAP). 11. To hunt, to keep in captivity or to domesticate wild animals. 12. To fish. World Bank Environmental and Social 13. To collect and transport plants, flowers or Safeguard Policies roots. 5.9 The GASBOL project fully complied 14. To carry firearms or bladed weapons. with all relevant World Bank environmental 15. To exceed posted speed limits. and social Safeguard Policies. The project was internationally acknowledged in part because 20 It is necessary to note that this rule was not followed its environmental and social mitigation by at least one camp.. The placement of a camp in El Carmen violated the 5 kilometer rule. Best Practices 23 Specialized Environmental Construction Conventional river crossing Practices 5.12 A number of specialized construction techniques were employed to eliminate or minimize associated environmental impacts (see next page). Vegetation Removal and Disposal in the Pipeline ROW 5.13 To minimize the impact of necessary vegetation and tree removal, the process was carried out manually with chain saws. Trees were felled within the ROW to avoid damage to surrounding vegetation avoiding the so- called domino effect. Drilling under the river bed Wetlands Crossing 5.14 As the pipeline traversed large and ecologically sensitive wetlands, such as the Izozog Marshes and the Pantanal, special construction techniques were adopted to prevent or minimize any negative impacts upon these important ecosystems. In the Pantanal, a "push-pull" technique was adopted to place the pipe in the trench using a series of temporary mounting platforms that were later removed. Today, no visible footprint of the project's construction activities remains (see photographs in on page 21). Topographical Challenges and Erosion Control The Use of Tunneling Techniques for Important River Crossings 5.16 In the Aparados da Serra region of Brazil, special methods were used to protect an 5.15 When crossing important rivers, such important natural area, eliminating erosion, as the Rio Grande, the Rio Paraguay, the Rio sediment accumulation, slope instability and Miranda, the Rio Paraná, the Rio Tiete, and the landscape alterations typically associated with Rio Sinos, special construction methods were pipeline construction in steep terrain. A special employed in order to avoid negative impacts tunnel was built, 780 m in length and 320 m in on vegetation and water quality. Horizontal height, to allow passage of the pipeline and drilling techniques were used to tunnel under thereby avoid terrain disturbance. river beds. This minimized disturbance to riparian vegetation and protected the pipe against pipeline scouring. 24 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Figure 3: Special Construction Methods 5.17 Aggregate loss of hill mass is Special construction method Special construction method monitored during operation by de visu for habitat conservation in for habitat conservation in AparadosdaSerra, Rio AparadosdaSerra, Rio checking the inclination angle of strategically Grande doSul, Brazil. Grande doSul, Brazil. Horizontal and vertical Horizontal and vertical placed stakes as well as indirectly by strain perforations are shown in the perforations are shown in the lower scheme lower scheme gages monitored by the Operation Center in Source: TGB, 2002 Source: TGB, 2002 Rio de Janeiro. Right of Way Width 5.18 While assuring efficient transport of vehicles and machinery along the entire ROW, its width was adjusted to the individual needs of both countries. In Bolivia, little access to the pipeline existed, and the ROW width was increased to 30 meters to allow equipment movement, rather than opening new access roads. A 13 m strip of the ROW was restored by planting new vegetation once the construction phase was completed. Access to the ROW in Brazil was readily available, as a result only 20 meters were needed. Visual Representation of Sequencing during the "El Pantanal" Crossing Trenches opening Platforms Tubes with floaters Tubes placement in trench Best Practices 25 Trench refilling Current Status of the ROW Current stage after platform removal 5.19 In Bolivia, access control provided condition of the ROW before and after significant benefits including a reduction in construction. It can be seen that there has been habitat fragmentation, colonization and very little increase in access as a result of deforestation. This is noted in the pipeline construction. accompanying satellite photo which shows the 2002 2000 Satellite images show no increase in deforested areas. 26 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Bolivia and "Museu da Universidade de Box 4: Archaeological Discovery and Preservation Campo Grande" in Brazil. In Bolivia, the archaeological sites that were discovered and The Project's Environmental Planning included information relating to the artifacts recovered archaeological studies. Prior to this research being carried out, the dry wooded plain located between Santa Cruz de there are explored in detail in a textbook21. la Sierra and Puerto Suárez was little known in Artifacts recovered in Bolivia archaeological terms. Construction surveys resulted in the detection of thirteen archaeological sites (four of them outside of the ROW). These sites provided the first data about Pre-Hispanic people in this area. In Río Grande, the Izozog Wetlands, the Parapetí-San Miguel river area, and in Puerto Suárez, these studies provided information on the cultural identity of historically inhabited towns in this region. The hypothesized relationships between these sites were mainly derived from the more than 16,000 recovered archaeological remains. Restored pieces are currently on display at the "Museo Arqueológico de Santa Cruz de la Sierra," sponsored by "Gas Transboliviano," which has been open to the public since 1999. Despite the prevalent view that most of the ethnic groups of the "Chaco" are related to the Tupi-Guaraní Innovative Approaches to Integrated Pest culture, the evidence shows that this may be true in the Management area of Puerto Suárez. Pottery and other artifacts discovered in Río Grande suggest the existence of 5.21 The use of chemical pesticides and cultural ties with the Andean Region. Artifacts recovered insecticides was forbidden during the early from the Izozog Swamps and Parapetí-San Miguel river stages of the construction phase. However, area seem to indicate similarities with the Río Mamoré workers in the City-Gates22 in the Brazilian culture found in the Department of Beni. This suggests southern leg were protected against wasp that the indigenous people that settled there may have originated in the Bolivian "Amazonía". attacks through the use of semi-domesticated birds whose diet consisted of insects including In Brazil, Petrobras carried out archaeological research wasps. Another best practice involved along the different stretches of the pipeline. This was undertaken with the assistance of researchers from the indigenous people in vegetation restoration "Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul", along the ROW, particularly in the Gran Chaco "Universidade de São Paulo", "Museu Paranaense"and area of Bolivia. They actively participated in "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul." The sowing and harvesting native plants for their research consisted of an assessment of the potential impacts on cultural remains, training of technicians and subsequent reintroduction into their natural controllers, accompaniment during civil works, the habitat. preservation of identified archaeological sites and analysis of rescued materials. Besides the area of direct Indigenous People Development Plan influence (20 m), those areas indirectly affected were also (IPDP) surveyed and the sampled material identified. Approximately, 275 sites were identified in Mato Grosso 5.22 In order to either avoid or minimize do Sul (94), Paraná (95), São Paulo (76), Santa Catarina potential social conflicts, one of the Project's (6) and Rio Grande do Sul (4). They were related to different groups, mainly hunters-collectors and aims was to establish and maintain open horticulturist and ceramists. communication between the project and the indigenous communities of both countries. Preservation of Cultural heritage These communities were regularly informed of the Project's status during each of its phases. 5.20 Pre-construction and construction activities uncovered previously unrecorded archaeological treasures including some pre- Columbian sites (Box 4). The recovered 21 J.E. Myers & W. Esquerdo. 2001. "Al Oeste de los artifacts increased scientific knowledge of the Andes, al Sur del Amazonas", Dames & Moore, Inc. area and this cultural heritage was displayed in 2001. 22 The City gates are the point where gas from the local museums including "Museo GASBOL pipeline is transferred to a municipal Arqueológico de Santa Cruz de la Sierra" in distribution system. Best Practices 27 Public health assistance was provided to these financial institutions (WB, IDB, CAF) among communities as an additional benefit. others stating "we want to emphasize this process as an unprecedented fact of respect towards us, as 5.23 In Bolivia, a natural resources leaders responsible for the well being of our people". They also added "we request the World sustainable management program was Bank that in future projects they support in our established which financed: (i) fellowships for region they would use as a reference the work we young indigenous people; (ii) technical carried jointlky with PETROBRAS As these assistance to promote and improve indigenous statements indicate, the negotiation process was peoples' knowledge about natural resources debated and approved in a transparent manner. In management; (iii) specific studies proposed by order to assess the needs of the different indigenous people, such as ethno and eco- indigenous groups, the IPDP included local tourism and water resources management; and, research. The result was that 1 million dollars was (iv) training in productive activities such as invested in land acquisition, ambulances, buses, horticulture, artisan workshops, animal and construction material. Facilities such as, houses, schools, hospitals and energy networks husbandry, beekeeping, and medicinal herbs were constructed. In order to assess individual and plants. communities' needs, various meetings were held beginning with 4 Terena towns and expanding to 5.24 Also, in Bolivia, titling assistance was 14 in Mato Grosso do Sul, 1 in Kaingang, São provided for indigenous lands as "Tierras Paulo and 3 Guarani in Santa Catarina, for a total Comunitarias de Origen" (TCOs). Under the of 22 indigenous towns each of which received IPDP, indigenous peoples' land rights were 50.000 reais. established through land titling and communities were supported in developing The Terena groups decided to shared their funds sustainable resource management practices. A with other groups such as Moreira and Passarinho. Other indigenous groups also shared their funds total of US$ 1.5 million was allocated for the such as those in São Paulo where funds were used first TCO in Bolivia. At the same time, private to substitute wood houses for brick and mortar lands were delimited at owner expense. This houses The Guarani Groups, Biguaçu town shared provided additional funds to expand the titling their funds to help aquire lands for the Aldeias of community lands into an area twice as large Morro dos Cavalos e Massiambu. PETROBRAS as the originally targeted area. and TBG bought the first land titled by FUNAI in Santa Catarina for the Guarani groups. 5.25 In Brazil (Box 5), fewer indigenous communities were located along the pipeline Bolivian Ecological Compensation Plan: ROW. Those communities within 30 km of the Co- Management of the Gran Chaco ROW benefited from compensation activities National Park which they themselves designed. Twenty-two 5.26 As stated previously, the project communities were identified: eighteen in Mato sponsors established a trust fund of Grosso do Sul, one in Sao Paulo and three in US$1million for Gran Chaco National Park, Santa Catarina. These activities related to land which was co-managed on the Bolivian side by acquisition, sanitary equipment, schools, means of an agreement between CABI and support for productive activities, and GTB. Interest from the trust fund financed: (i) electricity supply. salaries, expenses, and "per diem" for Park guards; (ii) management and surveillance Box 5: Indigenous Peoples Development Plan activities; (iii) construction of fences, camps (IPDP) In Brazil and wildlife refuges; (iv) training of park guards and; (v) vehicles. An Indigenous Peoples Development Plan (IPDP) for the Brazilian side was discussed and approved in 1998 by the different stakeholders, including Brazilian Ecological Compensation Plan indigenous groups and constructors. On April 2 of 5.27 GASBOL allocated 0.5 % of total that year, both caciques and indigenous groups project financing in Brazil (US$3.75 million) met to sign a recognition letter addressed to the 28 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects for ecological compensation activities agreed communication between internal and external upon by IBAMA and the Secretaries of clients. All environmental staff received QAP Environment from the five affected states of training and a procedural handbook. Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. Supervision Costs Twelve subprojects were implemented to 5.30 Approximately US$ 8 million, or 4% invest in conservation units at both the national of the total project cost, was spent on and state level. This allocation of resources environmental supervision. (Table 1) for land acquisition was notable. In fact, the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Mata Communication during Construction Atlântica was initiated by GASBOL. Annex 3 presents detailed information by region on 5.31 Weekly meetings were held in each activities and investments in each protected spread in order to ensure both communication area. among members of the construction group and the timely application of environmental Management of the Socio-economic mitigation measures. Challenges were Compensation Plan in Brazil identified and collaborative solutions suggested and decided upon in real-time. 5.28 By means of an agreement between Petrobras and township authorities, a number of works were carried out which involved active community participation. A special account was set up to disburse funds and encourage dialogue (Table 2). The Social Communication Plan (see Box 6) targeted a population of 8 million people. By dialing 0800-260400 they could get information on the pipeline, make claims and alert the project team of any emergency. Hotline in Brazil permits community feedback The Quality Assurance Program's (QAP) Reporting System 5.29 Creation of the QAP Reporting System contributed greatly to the production of reliable and timely field supervision reports and facilitated environmental and social impact monitoring. The reporting system made field meetings more efficient and increased effective Best Practices 29 Figure 4: Protected Area in Brazil Source: TBG, 2003 (see annex 2 for further information). Table 1: Compensation Plan in Brazil Compensation Plan Value Value Disbursed % Number/type of Completed (late (Mil. Reals) (Mil. Reals) recipients 2003) Ecological 7.5 4.54 61% 12 Parks 5 Parks Socio-economic 3.6 3.59 99% 51 Municipalities 50 Municipalitites Indigenous Peoples' 1.1 1.10 100% 22 Villages 22 Villages Development Total 12.2 9.23 86% Source: GTB/TBG 2003 30 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Table 2: Socio-Economic Plan in Brazil Municipal govenment (`City Hall') support for State Number of Number of work plans and previous technical and econmic Municipalities Projects analysis, Involved Executed TBG- City hall agreement (Major's office) MS 7 15 Agreement between TBG ­ City Hall. SP 18 19 Execution by City Hall. PR 3 3 Environmental Management Unit supervision SC 16 19 and monitoring of project implementation RS 5 5 Total 49 61 TBG disbursements were gradual following the Source: GTB/TBG 2003 different stages agreed in the above Agreement wich were inspected by TBC officials. BOX 6: Brazilian Socio-economic 5.32 In Brazil, workers were informed of Compensation Plan procedures prohibiting hunting, fishing and the The Compensation Program broadly targeted: (i) collection of plant and animal species. localities affected by damage caused by Incentives were given to those workers who construction traffic (risk of accidents, noise, dust, demonstrated knowledge of environmental infrastructure damage), and perceived potential protection measures. social impacts by male workers (prostitution, violence, family conflicts, etc); and, (ii) communities located next to the pipeline, due to Strategic Alliances with academics, NGOs problems caused by construction (traffic, accidents, and the private sector among others) and possible risks of accidents 5.33 In Brazil, collaboration amongst during the process. Petrobras, Universidade Católica Don Bosco, IBAMA, Biodinâmica, Prime and Dames & US$ 3.6 milion dollars of compensation was used in each community for relevant social projects Moore greatly contributed to the achievements including: construction or improvement of of the IPDP. Cultural heritage protection, community houses, schools, hospitals, craft centers, including archaeological preservation, required water and sewage networks, house improvements, agreements between Petrobras and the road improvements and libraries. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Universidade The selection criteria included: Federal de Santa Catarina, Universidade Cities with a population < 30.000 inhabitants in Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and small urban clusters close to the ROW. Universidade do São Paulo. Communities located within 1 km of the ROW, affected by construction equipment. 5.34 International experts supervised the Environmental Management Plan. In Bolivia, Disbursment criteria included: the "Kaa Iya del Gran Chaco" Management Among municipalities and localities: (i) Plan was supported by a number of groups relevance of additional labor force (weight 40); including CABI, "Fundación IVI Iyambé" and (ii) civil works impact (peso 15); (iii) impact WCS, Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas length, permanence in the construction site (SERNAP), CIDOB, the "Museo de Historia (weight 20); (iv) capacity to respond to Natural Noel Kempff Mercado," sociologists, impacts (weight 25). agronomists, zoologists, botanists, ecologists, Between communities: (i) community landscapes planners, and economists. The population (weight 40); (ii) distance from Natural Dry Forest and the Indigenous cluster to ROW (weight 25); (iii) degree of Communities projects inspired academic basic needs of community (weight 20); e (iv) traffic impact (weight 15). papers in Bolivian universities, including the Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Plan implementation Strategy in Santa Cruz and the Universidad de San Public consultation to define the project. Andrés in La Paz." Best Practices 31 Community involvement and participation with the Project 5.35 The environmental inspectors (EIs), the environmental auditor23 and the ombudswoman held a continuous dialogue with local communities and civil society which were then better informed and therefore able to identify new problems and to monitor the progress of the compensation programs in the field. This engagement helped define the roles and functions of the environmental field inspectors, the environmental inspection team, the independent environmental auditor, and the ombudswoman. Improved Inter-institutional Coordination 5.36 In order to begin construction and operation and to install the different pipeline sections, the project had to obtain environmental licenses from relevant government agencies. These licenses, conditioned upon proof that the Project's activities were environmentally responsible, were granted on a provisonal basis after which a longer-term license was issued to enable operational work. The licenses were renewed only if monitoring and maintenance functions were adequately performed. 23 During the first stages of the Project the relationship between the environmental auditor and the remaining stakeholders was extremely difficult; this was overcome once the first hired environmental auditor was replaced. 6 was exacerbated by currency devaluations in Brazil. Concerns · There were some community relations failures. Certain townships did not receive compensation proportional to 6.1 Despite numerous examples of best the amount of work carried out within practices, the project did face some challenges their territories. The duration of that are worth pointing out to illustrate where potential impacts, and therefore the improvements can be made. ability of the township to meet its own obligations within this context, was at · The institutional framework of the times inadequately assessed. Environmental Management Community interest in the project and Organization was rigorously its sustainability was in certain cases designed24 so that the finest detail not fully understood. A limited could be checked, inspected, and number of communities did not audited closely and continuously. understand who owned the pipeline However, the volume of documents and/or felt that their lands were being produced by this process made their appropriated. prompt approval difficult and increased the risk of project delays. · Initial construction contracts were signed before environmental · The decision to site a camp within the requirements were in place community of El Carmen, Bolivia necessitating their renegotiation. violated the `5 kilometer' rule resulting in an increased number of · Compensation plans were weighted claims from the resident population. more heavily towards ecological than This decision ran counter to social problems. international rules and · The independent supervision and recommendations. This decision was auditing functions performed by the made by the municipal authorities host governments at times replicated under pressure from commercial what had been done within the scope interests and the community itself of the Project's environmental which perceived economic benefits supervision. from sales of goods and services and · Initially, there was no provision for an from renting houses. ombudswoman and though it became · On occasion, the work advanced so evident that one was necessary, this quickly that industrial health and was perhaps too large a task for any safety measures could not keep pace, individual given the size of the project. resulting in an increased risk of accident for workers, local Box 7: The El Carmen Camp violated the 5 communities and wildlife, including kilometer rule fatal accidents caused by open trenches. Violation of the 5 km rule resulted in a number of complaints from the affected community members · Government agencies' administrative of which expressed their discontent. The main and technical limitations in processing complaints identified by the Ombudswoman grants delayed implementation of the included: lack of safety in the locality, harassment Ecological Compensation Plan. This of young girls by workers, increased consumption of alcoholic beverages, scarcity of food and medicine and increased costs, lack of sanitary infrastructure, growth of infectious diseases and 24 The system fulfills document control childhood illness, increased vehicle and heavy procedures required by ISO 9000 rules. 33 34 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects equipment traffic, deterioration of roads, Gasbol Today educational impacts (students unable to concentrate in school), depletion and contamination of the 6.2 The mainstreaming of environmental potable water supply, increased noise pollution and social issues into development projects can (mainly from generators and explosives), and non- be regarded as one of GASBOL's primary compliance with the code of conduct. achievements. Constant monitoring and evaluation of construction practices has In a general sense, these complaints were often resulted in a process of continuous minimized by project sponsors and stakeholders involved in construction activities. Several improvement and superior environmental problems were at least in part due to insensitivity to performance. This dynamic management style local customs, habits, ethics, expectations and has extended into the operational phase of the lifestyles. Adherence to the Worker Code of project. Three years after construction Conduct was not evenly enforced. Education and activities ended, a trip along the ROW sensitivity training for both workers and local confirms that GASBOL and its contractors are communities may have been helpful but if a general continuously monitoring, evaluating and consensus in the community had been achieved improving their methods of operation. GTB regarding the merits of the project, decisions and TBG personnel continue their ongoing affecting the community could have been endorsed. dialogue with project stakeholders. The establishment of a local commission comprised of community members could have been a potential solution as it would have provided a forum for their views and ensured their participation in decision- making. Minimum footprints along the entire project area. Concerns 35 Environmentally sustainable practices ensuring that any additional cumulative effect would be minimized. A recent environmental 6.3 The project adhered to internationally survey of the entire 3,150 km pipeline shows a accepted environmental standards. This relatively minor ecological footprint remains resulted in extensive efforts to protect air, soil from construction activities. In Bolivia, traces and water quality. The use of pesticides and of the pipeline ROW exist in the "Gran Chaco" herbicides was prohibited with benefits for dry forest area. Despite a hostile climatic and both natural habitats and local populations. natural environment that has slowed the rate of Environmentally sensitive areas, including re-vegetation there, the affected area has approximately 300 critical areas (i.e. river shrunk considerably and continues to do so. crossings, wetlands, areas with steep slopes, Some environmental organizations25 have garbage disposal sites) are monitored claimed that the Chaco dry forest has been regularly. Constant monitoring of the ROW managed in an unsustainable manner as ensures that pipeline operation is demonstrated by the fragmentation of certain environmentally and socially sustainable and is habitats. It must be noted, however, that the done in a manner consistent with the high species in the affected areas do not seem to standards employed to assess structural have been significantly affected by this habitat integrity of the pipeline itself. fragmentation as the width of the ROW does not present a significant barrier to movement. Other species such as the marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and jaguar (Panthera onca) face other challenges that pre- date the GASBOL project. Outstanding Social and Environmental Aspects Critical Sites Monitoring during the Operations Phase Innovative row stabilization measures in Brazil 6.6 Environmentally and/or socially sensitive areas are monitored at minimum on a 6.4 Conservation of natural habitats is monthly basis. The entire ROW is monitored another practice that has been achieved with a comprehensively once a year and aerial focus on sustainable development. As was reconnaissance and river crossing controls mentioned earlier, in Bolivia, a trust fund co- monitoring are carried out on a bi-annual basis managed by CABI and GTB finances the (Table 3). conservation and protection of the Kaa Iya National Park. In Brazil, environmental Co-Management of the Kaa Iya National organizations, in collaboration with, Petrobras, Park by Indigenous Peoples TBG and the twelve Conservation Unit Area 6.7 One of the most remarkable managers, have raised funds for, and achievements of the project is that it includes disseminated information about, Indigenous People as co-managers of the Gran environmentally sustainable development programs arising from the project. 25 The American NGO Amazon Watch has warned that the Chiquitano dry forest is seriously threatened by Current Environmental Situation the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project and that re- 6.5 Restoration of disturbed areas of the vegetation has not been adequately carried out. Moreover it argues that the ROW seriously impacts pipeline ROW has been highly successful existing ecosystems, through habitat fragmentation overall. In Brazil, the ROW wherever possible and threatening endangered species included in the followed existing linear corridors created by CITES list (Amazon Watch. 2002. Audit of Enron roads, railways and transmission lines, and Shell's Cuiaba and Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Impacts). 36 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Chaco National Park and helped foster the TBG Social Communication Project harmonious relationship that has developed 6.10 Transparency in the decision-making between them and GTB. and implementation processes has been augmented by actively seeking out feedback Relations with private land owners from the community. As mentioned 6.8 The project maintains a strong previously, 8 million people, in over 135 relationship with private owners adjacent to townships in five Brazilian states have been the project area, all of whom are visited on an provided avenues by which to give feedback annual basis to survey their concerns. and become involved in the GASBOL project. Not only has the pipeline become operational, Table 3: Inspection Plan but during each phase of its construction Row Inspection Plan anyone interested in or affected by the project Maximum interval of time between inspections could call a toll free number (0800-260400) Inspection by foot, vehicle or aerial and receive information about the pipeline, Area Crossings/junctions Remaining express a complaint or provide information classification and parallel with regions about an emergency. rivers, highways and railways 1 e 2 (91%) 7.5 months and at 15 months least 2x/year but at least once a year 3 (9%) 4.5 months and at 7.5 months least 4x/year but at least twice a year 4 (0%) 4.5 months and at 4.5 months least 4x/year but at least 4x/year 6.11 A five minute radio program, "Radio TBG: Gasoduto Bolivia-Brazil," aired weekly and Inspections by foot every 4 months educated people living between Corumbá Helicopter inspections every 4 months (Mato Grosso do Sul) and Grararema (São Paulo) about the regional importance and Environmental and social strategies of GTB benefits provided by the GASBOL project. for 2003 Another method employed to educate the local population was the use of booklets with easily 6.9 The core of the social strategy is understood language and messages. that were encapsulated in the concept of an involved and distributed free of charge26. These comics cooperative civil society, empowered by (Figure 5) contained valuable information education and transparency. The about the project as well as guidelines to be environmental strategy, which is managed followed while in the ROW. This information jointly by GTB, municipal governments, and was useful, accessible to people of all ages and indigenous peoples, also incorporates the in an easily marketable format. concept of environmental co-management. In order to protect fauna, GTB has enlisted local communities to help regulate hunting through the issuance of licenses. This gives them a stake in the regulatory process. GTB provides logistical support through the dissemination of information bulletins describing the rules, posting of signs and a wider communication campaigns. Indigenous leaders also visit the ROW in order to verify environmental compliance. 26 TBG. 2003. Você e o Gasoduto. March 2003, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Concerns 37 Figure 5: Community Outreach in Brazil 7 Environmental impacts assessments must be standardized across regions to facilitate comparison Lessons Learned 7.3 The environmental components included in the EIA's should have been 7.1 The Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project evaluated using the same standards in both was remarkably complex. The largest gas countries. The different assessment criteria pipeline in Latin America, the project extended adopted in Bolivia and Brazil made it difficult some 3,150 kilometers through terrain as to compare environmental impacts across diverse as the human cultures that exist along different stretches of pipeline. A standardized its route. Archeologically, naturally, and EIA approach and common terms of reference culturally, these regions offered remarkably should be developed for future projects that diversity. The institutional frameworks embrace different jurisdictional and legal necessary for the Environmental Management frameworks. Organization and the Ecological and Social Compensation Programs alone were Greater use of impact scoping should be complicated. Add to that the various interest made groups and the multiplicity of organizations involved, and one has an idea of the 7.4 Impact scoping is the process of complexity faced by the project team. identifying and assessing project impacts and Nonetheless, this project became a success discussing them with project stakeholders thanks to hard work, perseverance, innovative during the project's design and planning phase. solutions and a dynamic approach to problem Scoping can assist in setting priorities for data solving. Although not perfect, it is hoped that collection, identifying major project concerns some of the lessons learned from this project early in the process, and reducing potential are transferable to future pipeline and other conflicts. development projects. Environmental Planning should be a continuous process applied throughout the Strong and effective environmental and entire project life social safeguards must be in place before the project begins 7.5 The project's affected area, 7.2 In an attempt to mitigate negative particularly the ROW, is subject to environmental and social impacts, strong environmental impacts, not only during, but safeguards must be put in place before the after construction is completed. Impacts must project begins. These safeguards must be built be assessed during the project's operational into contracts, communicated effectively, phase when monitoring and maintenance is monitored effectively, and enforced needed to prevent and control impact effectively. Before any of this can be recurrence. Environmental planning and accomplished, the safeguards must be designed assessment should therefore consider the effectively which requires an adequate supply impacts of all activities in the project cycle of highly qualified experts from all relevant before the project is initiated in order to fields who will be available throughout the maximize the success of mitigation efforts and project life to address problems as they arise. ensure that monitoring is effective. Fluid projects require dynamic approaches, and flexibility should complement detailed planning and management. 39 40 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Tools such as Regional Environmental The environmental management cycle Assessments, Strategic Environmental during the operational phase must Assessments (SEAs) and Analysis of emphasize identification and monitoring of Cumulative Effects can ensure that wider geographically challenging areas along the ranging project impacts are considered and ROW addressed early in the project planning 7.9 The pre-construction process failed to phase adequately plan and budget for the incredibly 7.6 The use of a SEA to consider the diverse topography along the pipeline's route. upstream impacts of oil and gas development This initially led to problems of stability and in Bolivia and also the cumulative effects of erosion, particularly on steep slopes, resulting construction of the Santa Cruz ­ Puerto Suarez in a significant effort during the operational corridor proved to be invaluable in addressing phase to monitor areas of slope stability and the wide range of impacts arising from the initiate immediate responses to problem areas. GASBOL project. Future projects of similar These efforts could have been reduced if magnitude and complexity should consider the planning for areas susceptible to slope stability use of similar tools, particularly in cases where and erosion problems had been considered government capacity to address regional during the planning and design of the final social, economic and health concerns is poorly pipeline route. The EIA report could not have developed. reached the level of detail required for this effort. Therefore, during construction, detailed Greater coordination between project environmental work is required prior to the engineering and environmental planning initiation of construction of any pipeline activities should have taken place segment. 7.7 Project engineering details should have been considered in the initial project Environmental concerns should not design and planning stage to ensure that they overshadow social health and safety issues were addressed prior to the start of 7.10 At the onset of the project, more construction. Environmental and social attention was given to the mitigation of planners should be part of the project design environmental impacts arising from team in order to improve the likely success of construction activities than to the mitigation measures and review project implementation of social programs. Inspection alternatives. activities focused initially on environmental compliance. The Environmental Management Mapping of sensitive areas should be Plan (EMP) contained at least five social prepared before construction begins programs that received less attention than 7.8 Sensitive areas along the ROW route initially desirable though social safeguards should have been accurately mapped during were ultimately improved upon throughout the the pre-construction phase. This would have course of the project. facilitated choice of construction methods and obviated the need to adjust the pipeline route. Procedures for updating/improving EMP The use of alignment sheets (suggested should be adopted 1:10,000 scale) that contain important social, 7.11 The EMP is not "set in stone" and environmental and cultural information would should be viewed as a living and dynamic have greatly assisted project planning. This document. Should specific measures in the information should be shared with project EMP need to be changed, formal change construction personnel. management procedures should be implemented and documented, including sign off and agreement of all environmental authorities in the project. Lessons Learned 41 Set stronger requirements for all had their role been made more clear to all contractors to have their own EMS in place parties involved. that complies with the project's EMP requirements Environmental non-compliance should be 7.12 In the GASBOL project, there was not clearly defined a standardized requirement for all contractors 7.16 At the beginning of the project, there to have an Environmental Management System was no clear definition on what constituted (EMS) in place that was consistent with the non-compliance. Projects should ensure that a project's EMP. Some contractors performed standardized system of non-compliance be better than others in this regard. There should established (e.g. Level 1, Level 2, Level 3) be a standard clause in all construction including immediate response measures and contracts that says all contractors need to identification of when projects can be halted. establish their own compliant environmental management system that is subject to external The training program the Environmental inspection and audit. Management Plan should be comprehensive and delivered early on in Equipment and personnel must be project implementation accounted for at all times 7.17 Before construction began, all 7.13 An accurate inventory of the stock of personnel should have received more equipment, its exact location and availability comprehensive training on the Environmental must be kept up to date and accessible. This is Management Plan's policies and procedures as equally true for personnel. well as other environmental requirements. In the early stages of the GASBOL project, Timely sequencing of construction implementation of the training program activities can minimize the effects from experienced delays leading to instances of non- erosion and slope instability compliance. It was generally perceived that 7.14 Once the ROW has been cleaned and inspectors with environmental backgrounds leveled, the trench must be excavated lacked understanding of construction immediately and the pipeline sections welded, techniques and vice versa. Each environmental x-rayed, lowered into the trench and tested. inspector by design worked different spreads The trench must be backfilled as soon as to avoid a prolonged involvement in any given possible in order to minimize environmental sector, and while ideally a good practice, it and social impacts. Adequate planning and was not an efficient procedure as the pool of monitoring, as well as immediate corrective specialists was not large enough to actions, should prevent prolonged exposure of accommodate the variety of landscapes and the open ROW. ecosystems within the project area. The role of Environmental Supervisor and Strong industrial health and safety and Inspector should be clearly defined before security measures are needed to prevent construction began accidents for workers and communities alike 7.15 Environmental Supervision was a significant component of the Environmental 7.18 Comprehensive construction Management System (EMS) and the guidelines must be well designed, well environmental supervisor and his inspectors enforced and place health and safety measures clearly played an important role in this at the highest priority. For example, delays in process. However, they were seen by some the backfilling of pipeline trenches, when contractors as playing the role of policemen coinciding with heavy rains, increased the risk rather than advisors, creating a somewhat of death by accidental drowning. Traffic confrontational interaction which had negative accidents involving pedestrians resulted from consequences. This could have been mitigated the increased volume of project vehicles 42 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects moving along the ROW. This was the Bank itself was financing only a small compounded by non-compliance with posted portion of the project. Future legal agreements speed limits which might have been corrected of this nature could be improved to include all through the use of radar, fines and driver components of the project's EMP and training programs. associated environmental and social safeguards. Construction contracts should contain incentives for compliance with Clear characterization of the Project to the environmental safeguards and penalties for communities is critical for building up non-compliance mutual understanding with the project sponsors 7.19 Despite the fact that the EMP was built into the contracts and therefore obligatory for 7.22 Incomplete knowledge of local all contractors, enforcement mechanisms and communities, their customs and project oversight were inadequate along certain expectations, perhaps a function of inadequate segments of the pipeline resulting in instances baseline surveys, led to later of environmental non-compliance27. Penalties misunderstandings and conflicts. In certain of varying severity could have remedied this instances, the potential environmental and situation. Alternatively, incentives for social benefits of the project were overstated. compliance could have encouraged the Some towns found themselves economically appropriate behavior by individuals or the firm worse off after construction ended than they as a whole. had been before it began. Greater understanding of the socio-economic In addition to penalties and incentives, environment could have mitigated these other mechanisms to achieve effects. Also, a clear and consistent message environmental compliance should be of the project and its anticipated effects should incorporated into the project be communicated to all stakeholders. 7.20 Other financial incentives such as the use of environmental insurance, bonds or The code of good practice for public contract payment holdbacks should have been consultation is to consult early and consult incorporated into construction contracts to often ­ there should have been a greater attempt at early consultation ensure environmental compliance as penalties and fines are usually not sufficient as a 7.23 Although the final result was positive, deterrent. the public consultative process and claims mechanism should have been conducted earlier Legal agreements for Bank loans should be to avoid potential conflicts that arose in the comprehensive and incorporate early project stages. Once established, the environmental and social safeguards for all GASBOL project consultation process was an aspects of the project effective mechanism for 7.21 The GASBOL project was one of the community/stakeholder involvement and first World Bank projects where compliance participation. Consultations between the with environmental and social safeguards was Environmental Management Organization incorporated into the project's loan agreement. team, local communities and Indigenous As has been previously stated, these conditions people manifested themselves in the form of applied to aspects of the project, even though community-based organizations and committees that provided public consultation on regulations and environmental issues in a 27 The different firms who took over the construction highly transparent and efficient manner. activities did not show a similar behavior about the Despite this eventual result, the public penalties and incentives on the workers' consultation process could have been improved performance. Although a few of them, especially the Brazilian Consortium Camargo Correa carried out by starting earlier, by being conducted on a this policy properly. regular and continual basis throughout the Lessons Learned 43 process and by ensuring that stakeholder social impacts with the surrounding population messages and concerns were incorporated into as it happened in few cases. the project planning process. Environmental information should be consolidated to allow a "before and after" Box 8: The Auditor and the Ombudswoman: analysis of construction impacts overlapping roles 7.26 Institutional memory of the project The Environmental Auditor, whose original responsibilities were to audit construction and would have been greatly enhanced had the related activities, soon found himself dealing with sequential occurrence of environmental and social issues. A year into construction, it became social impacts been systematically recorded. In evident that a social specialist was needed. It was the case of the GASBOL project, a greater at this point that the Ombudswoman was hired. attempt should have been made to consolidate Among other responsibilities, she regularly visited data sources from all entities involved in social stakeholders in the field in order to project supervision. disseminate her and the Auditor's bimonthly reports to the public, to organize periodic Financial management of all project funds meetings, to assess construction impacts and the must adhere to internationally accepted advances of the Social and Environmental accounting and budgeting standards Programs, and to monitor compliance with the Workers' Code of Conduct. To a large extent 7.27 This is equally true when dealing with these activities duplicated those of the Auditor social and environmental compensations leading to the conclusion that their roles must be schemes. It is very important to establish both more clearly defined. Despite their best efforts this time limits on the use of funds and a time proved a difficult task. In fact, it seems evident in frame for their release. hindsight that each would have been better equipped to handle these tasks if they had been provided a small staff and a clearer mandate. The respective role of the Auditor and Ombudswoman must be clearly defined 7.24 Excessively ambitious and vague Terms of Reference (TORs) for the Auditor and Ombudswoman led to duplication of responsibility and duties (Box 8). The Auditor was responsible for regulatory requirements, environmental management plans, the IPDP, compliance with social and environmental safeguard policies, auditing of claims and investigative responsibility for the entire Environmental Management Organization. The Ombudswoman had a similarly large mandate that often times conflicted with the auditor. Rotating work schedules should be adopted in most socially sensitive areas 7.25 The project should have implemented an "off-shore" (rotation of workers and mandatory leave to larger towns and cities) schedule policy for the camps in the most sensitive areas to avoid contact and negative 8 and 9001 certification32. It is perhaps true that no project is perfect, but it is equally true that Final Remarks good projects can improve their perfection by incorporating best practices for environmental 8.1 Conservation International, The and social management. By doing so, the Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, GASBOL project has established a benchmark and the Smithsonian Institution28 recently standard for the development of other large produced a paper which called for the Inter- infrastructure projects. American Development Bank (IDB) and the Export Import Bank (EXIM Bank), co- 8.3 It has been recognized that the financers of the Camisea Gas Project in Perú, dynamic process achieved by GASBOL added to ensure that all loan agreements to which value beyond the stated objectives and scope they are a party include clauses designed to of the project33. Multilateral institutions mitigate and control negative environmental including the WB and the IDB, initiated a new and social impacts. Their paper lays out three standard for active community participation in general conditions to meet this objective: (a) projects. It is also noteworthy that the lessons compliance with world-class environmental learned from GASBOL, both positive and standards, such as the World Bank's negative, have been an important reference for environmental and social safeguards29; (b) the social and environmental management of independent monitoring and evaluation plans; other Hydrocarbon Sector projects. In fact, the and (c) creation of a trust fund to promote the Bolivian Learning and Innovation Loan, or conservation of biodiversity and improve the `LIL' in World Bank parlance, administered in quality of life and economic development of partnership with the Ministerio de Minería e local stakeholders. It further recommended the Hidrocarburos, has incorporated stakeholders active participation of civil society. from the Gas Pipeline's area of influence (i.e. "Comité Cívico de la Gran Chiquitanía" and 8.2 It is auspicious to note that three years the NGO ProBioma). The project, designed to into its operation, GASBOL has met these strengthen social and environmental conditions using both conventional and management capacity, has incorporated many innovative practices. While by no means of the lessons learned from GASBOL in terms without its own challenges, the Project's of sequencing and community participation, current status has been achieved through including the creation of regional committees flexible and adaptive methods the results of involved in environmental and social which have been recognized by receipt of the monitoring during project preparation World Bank's Green Award30, the (Comités de Fiscalización). Similarly, the IDB, International Association of Impact drawing upon GASBOL experience along with Assessment's Environmental Award (IAIA)31 input from civil society subjected loan in 2001, and the achievement of ISO 14002 approval for the construction of the Santa Cruz-Puerto suarez road in Bolivia"34 to a consultative committee which consisted of 28 Conservation International, The Nature representatives from government, the "Comités Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund and the Smithsonian Institution. 2002. Camisea Environmental and Protected Area Fund Principles 32 GTB is currently negotiating the OHSAS 18001 and Criteria. October, 2002. (Health and security management). 29 OP 4.01- Environmental Management Plan, OP 33 Suárez., R.V., M.A. Crespo C. & M. H. Guardia. 4.02- Environmental Action Plans, OP 4.04- Natural 2000. Problemática Socioambiental del Gasoducto Habitats, and OD 4.2 ­ Indigenous People. Bolivia-Brasil. La Experiencia Boliviana. ProBioma 30 The First Annual World Bank Green Award was ­ Olca, Septiembre 2000. granted on June 5, 2001, World Environment Day. 34 This is an outstanding case of recognition of the 31 Corporative Award IAIA´01 in honor of excellent relevant role of social and environmental monitoring environmental and social management including the and direct community participation in the use of impact assessments design and construction monitoring and evaluation of civil works as well as of the pipeline. the potential impacts on natural and social resources. 45 46 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects de Fiscalización," civil society, and NGOs. further mainstreaming of environmental and This demonstration effect speaks strongly to social safeguards into the design and the example that GASBOL has set and it is implementation of infrastructure projects. hoped that the lessons learned from the GASBOL project case study will facilitate the References Beasley, K.P. 2000. Environmental Management System of the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project. SPE, El Paso Energy Corporation, 8 p. Bustamante, N. 1999. The Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. A Case Study on Environmental Supervision and Management of a Large Linear Project. Dames & Moore. CABI & WCS. 2001. Parque Nacional y Área de Manejo Integrado. Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco. Plan de Manejo. Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificación. Vice Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Forestal. Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, 123 pp. Conservation International-The Nature Conservancy-World Wildlife Fund-Smithsonian Institution. 2002. Camisea Environmental and Protected Area Fund. Principles and Criteria. October 2002. Dames & Moore. 1996. Environmental Impact Study for Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project (Bolivian Portion). Final Report. Prepared for: YPFB, Enron Corp., Petrobras and BTB, August 30, 1996. Dames & Moore. 2001. Al Oeste de los Andes, al Sur del Amazonas. Gas Transboliviano-Dames & Moore Inc., 446 pp. Dinerstein, E., D.M. Olson, D.J. Graham, A.L Webster, S.A. Primm, M.P. Bookbinder & G. Ledec. 1995. Una Evaluación del Estado de Conservación de las Eco-regiones Terrestres de América Latina y el Caribe. Banco Mundial. Washington, D.C. IUCN. 1991. Oil Exploration in the Tropics. Guidelines for Environmental Protection. IUCN-The World Conservation Unit. IUCN. 1993. Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in Mangrove Areas. The World Conservation Unit Martins, G.R. & E.M. Kashimoto. 1999. Resgate Arqueológico na área do Gasoduto Bolívia/Brasil em Mato Grosso do Sul, EDUFMS, Campo Grande, 1999 Myers, E. & W. Esquerdo. 2001. Al Oeste de los Andes, al Sur del Amazonas. Gas Transboliviano- Dames & More Inc., 446 pp. Petrobrás. 1996. Environmental Impact Study. 1996. Consolidated Report. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline. Petrobrás. 1997. Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica do Projeto. Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.-Petrobras. Serviço de Engenharia ­ SEGEN. Relatório Final. Prime Engenharia. Vol. I. Petrobrás. 1997. Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica do Projeto. Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.-Petrobras. Serviço de Engenharia ­ SEGEN. Relatório Final. Prime Engenharia. Vol. II. 47 48 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Petrobrás. 1999. Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil. Rota de Progreso para a América Latina. Petróleo Basileiro S.A. Petrobrás. Petrogasbol. 1999. Plan General de Restauración. Petrobras Gasoduto Bolivia Brasil S.A. Pierce, S.M., R.M. Cowling, T. Sandwith & K. MacKinnon (eds.). 2002. Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Development. Case Studies from South Africa. The World Bank Environment Department. PRIME Enghenaria. 1997. Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil. Avaliaçao Ambiental Estratégica do Projeto. Relatório Final. Volume I. PRIME Engenharia. PRIME Engenharia. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental. Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental. Relatório Final. Volume I. PRIME Engenharia. Scatamacchia, M.C.M. & C.M.C. Demartini. 2000. Vestígios da ocupação dos antigos habitantes da área de influência do gasoduto Bolívia- Brasil-Trecho Sul.Estado de Santa Catarina, TBG, 2000 Suárez., R.V., M.A. Crespo C. & M. H. Guardia. 2000. Problemática Socioambiental del Gasoducto Bolivia-Brasil. La Experiencia Boliviana. ProBioma ­ Olca, Septiembre 2000. TBG. 2000. Plano de Desenvolvimento dos Povos Indígenas (PDPI). Lado Brasileiro. Relatório Final. Abril 2000. Dames & Moore/Prime/Biodinâmica. World Bank.1999. Fuel for Thought: An Environmental Strategy for the Energy Sector Washington, D.C., World Bank. En La Version Anterior Figuraba Antes 2002 Que 1999, Solo Inverti Las Posiciones De Estos Dos Trabajos Del WB World Bank. 2002. Energy and the Environment. Energy and Development Report 2001. ESMAP, World Bank, Part One. Annex 1: Main World Bank Operational Policies Complied with By GASBOL Operational Policy (OP) Description In order to ensure their environmental sustainability all projects financed by the Bank have to undergo an Environmental Assessment (EA). The Bank carries out a preliminary study of each selected project and categorizes it as (i) 4.01 ­ Environmental Category "A" ­ the project effects can produce significant negative Assessment environmental impacts; (ii) "B" ­ the Project's potential impacts either on human populations or on ecologically sensitive areas are moderate; and (iii) "C" ­ the probabilities of environmentally negative effects are low or negligible. The Bank does not give financial support to those projects that produce significant deterioration of sensitive natural habitats. Unless a given project causing significant changes on natural habitats is accomplished by cogent mitigation or compensation alternatives, the Bank does not support its development; furthermore, its deep analysis should demonstrate that general 4.04 ­ Natural Habitats benefits of the project significantly compensate environmental costs. To give support to a given project that includes potential negative impacts on natural habitats, the Bank evaluates the borrower capacity to implement adequate mitigation and compensation measures. If institutional problems are detected, the project must include programs or plans to strengthen institutional capacity concerning environmental management. Cultural heritage includes archaeological, historic, religious and natural sites of 4.11 ­ Cultural Heritage a unique value. If such special sites are at potential risk, the borrower must prepare an EA report and identify and assess the expected potential impacts. During a project planning which would require involuntary resettlements the Bank and the borrower must (i) evaluate the resettlement magnitude; (ii) 4.12 ­ Involuntary explore all possible alternatives to either avoid resettlement or otherwise Resettlement minimize its effects; (iii) historically evaluate project execution performance of those agencies which underwent similar situations; and (iv) define an adequate resettlement program if the project receive financial support. This policy aim is to ensure dignity respect, human rights compliance, and cultural value protection to indigenous peoples; to guarantee they will not be exposed to deleterious impacts, and receive adequate cultural and economic 4.20 - Indigenous People profits. This commitment must favor those indigenous communities who dwell in the project area, and are expected to undergo negative impacts. In these circumstances, the borrower has to prepare an Indigenous People Development Plan. 49 Annex 2: Parks, Conservation and Protected Areas Supported by the Project in Brazil and Bolivia Conservation Brief description Ecological Importance Plan, programs, Unit agreements and financial support 1. Parque Covers more than 200 The largest protected IBAMA-TBG Nacional da kilometers at Mato Grosso do forested area within agreement will grant R$ Serra da Sul , from the border with Mato Grosso do Sul 1.5 million for Bodoquena Paraguay to Miranda township containing three cartographic maps, land important rivers mouths acquisition, equipment, from three hydrographic inspecting vehicle, etc. basins. Its poorly known fauna comprises species such as Onça, Lobo guará, Veado campeiro, Queixada, Ema, Arara azul and Tamanduá 2. Floresta Mountainous area rich in iron Transition area between IBAMA-IPHAN- Nacional de mining resources from Mata Atlântica and ("Instituto de Ipanema Sorocaba township. First cast Cerrado Patrimônio Histórico y iron in Brazil, created in 1818, Artístico Nacional") deactivated in 1895. Its TBG allocated R$ abandoned buildings are part 750,000 to building of "Fazenda Ipanema" . restoration Transferred to IBAMA in 1992 when the "Floresta Nacional" was created 3. Centro de Reference Center (other Designed to increase The Fauna Protection Manejo, centers planned) compliance with legal Program and the Reabilitação e requirements for wild development of the Triagem de animal protection. "Parque estadual" will Animais Information network be supported by a TBG Silvestres do and services will be investment of R$ Parque Estadual linked to the worldwide 750,000 through an Alberto conservation network agreement with the Loefgreen "Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo 4. Parque Largest marine island from Houses important and TBG-IBAMA Nacional Paraná state. Created in 1953; rare species of agreement to preserve Superagüi since 1989 is one of the most Brazilian fauna the park. TBG has important coastal conservation approved an amount unit. Fish, crustacean and allocation of R$ mollusks breed in the island. 750,000 to carry out From 1997 the National Park surveys relative to the enlarged to cover 35,000 ha land tenure organization and the acquisition of adjacent lands to be converted in Conservation Units. 5. Parque Created in 1992, it covers 420 Represents the TBG-IAP (Instituto estadual do southernmost fragments Ambiental do Paraná) 51 52 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Cerrado ha in Jaguariaiva township of Cerrado system and are investing R$ is an important space 350,385 as part of the for environmental GASBOL education Compensation Plan, including the creation of a faunal refuge 6. Parque Created in 1992. Mountainous Waterfalls IAP-TBG are investing Estadual de Park of 799 at an altitude of ("cachoeiras") and R$ 245,000,some of Guartelá 1200 m. Located at Tibagi rocky caverns. Houses which is designed to township, 200 kilometers from animal and plant species increase eco- tourism Curitiba. typical of high fields and gallery forests. BRAZIL 7. Parque Within the mountainous region Mountainous region IAP-TBG invested R$ Estadual de of Agungui, the 204 ha Park, from the "Primeiro 154,615, mainly to build Campinhos created in 1960, is located 65 Planalto Paranaense". a visitor center, provide kilometers from Curitiba. Araucaria forest still information, signs, and More than 500 people visit the remains. The fauna is Environmental Park each month, mainly 1st represented by Management and 2nd degree students. "Venados", "Pacas", "Gastos-do Mato, "Gralhas", etc. 8. Parque Covers eight townships near Mammals including FATMA (Fundación de Estadual da Florianópolis. Its 81,000 ha Onças, Venados, Medio Ambiente) has Serra do include five of the six botanic Lontra, Gato maracajá allocated R$ 570,000 to Tabuleriro landscapes of Santa Catarina and Bugio-ruivo. More construct a Visitor and a large system of water than 270 bird species. Center, administrative resources There are several building, vehicles, endangered species (i.e., bridges, equipment, Macuco and Gavião environmental real) education programs, social and environmental studies, etc. 9. Parque Created in 1961, it is located in Waterfalls receive 2500 TBG through an Botânico de the coastal area of Santa visitors per year agreement with Morro Baú Catarina. Its area is of 750 ha Herbário Barbosa Rodrigues allocated R$ 180,000 (Environmental Compensation Program) mainly to build a Research Center and perform environmental studies. 10. Parque Created in 1961, it is located in Contains diverse biota IBAMA-TBG is Nacional de S o Santa Catarina state, and components, among investing R$ 750,000 Joaquim covers about 45,000 ha them forests including for this federal protected remnants of Araucaria. area, the biggest at "Serra Geral". GASBOL Ecological Compensation Program is planning the elaboration of a cartographic plant, a Annex 2 53 diagnosis of land tenure situation, and the management of this conservation unit 11. Parque Located 100 kilometers from The last refuge of A TBG-IBAMA project Nacional Porto Alegre northwestern Rio extremely rare species, to fund disbursement of Aparados da Grande do Sul and penetrating such as the "Puma" and R$ 750,000 to purchase Serra part of Santa Catarina state. the "Gavião-Pato". land More than 35,000 ha include small hills ending in high and deep slopes, mixed with canyons, creeks and waterfalls. 12. Reserva The reserve covers 113 ha High biodiversity, "Area de Proteção Biológica northeast Rio Grande do Sul, typical of the "Mata Ambiental Rota do Sol", Estadual Mata with low population density Atlântica" , with forest TBG- FEIPAM/RS ­ Paludosa and an economy based on systems in both, the Fundação Estadual de agriculture. plains and the coasts. Protecao Ambiental Rich amphibian, Henrique Luis reptilian, avian, and Roesseler" with an mammal faunas. investment of R$ 750,000 BOLIVIA Parque Nacional The "Kaa Iya" was created in The Park constitutes the Managed by "Capitanía "Kaa-Iya- del 1995. It is the largest protected Boreal Chaco best del Alto y Bajo Izozog Gran Chaco y area in Bolivia and one of the conserved tropical dry (CABI) and the Area Natural de greatest in Latin America. It forest. It houses a high "Ministerio de Manejo covers 3,441,115 ha. number of plants and Desarrollo Sostenible y Integrado animals species. Planificación". US$ Vascular plants: 880 456,000 have been species; Reptiles: 89 allocated for the species; Birds: 301 Environmental species; Mammals: 124 Management Plan of the species. Kaa-Iya. Co-managed by CABI and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and financed by USAID. Annex 3: Further Reading Amazon Watch. 2002. Field Audit of Enron and Shell's Cuaibá and Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Impacts. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 1. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 2. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 3. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 7. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 8. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 8. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 10. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 11. Bolivia to Brazil Gas Pipeline Project. Office of Environmental Auditor. 1998. Bi-Monthly Environmental Compliance Report No. 12. Cs First Boston. 1996. Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project: Preliminary Information Memorandum. Dames & Moore. 1996. Environmental Management Plan. Dames & Moore, 1997. Environmental Management Plan (Emp) And Indigenous Peoples Development Plan (Ipdp) For The Bolivian Portion Of The Pipeline. Dames & Moore. 1996. Environmental Management Plan. Dames & Moore. 1997. Archeological Survey Report (Bolivian Side). Dames & Moore, Prime & Biodinamica. 1998. Programa De Comunicação Social: Trecho Boliviano. 55 56 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects Dames & Moore. 1999. Project Quality Assurance Plan. Revisão 3. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999. Environmental Management And Inspection Contract. Bi-Monthly Report No. 7. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999. Environmental Management And Inspection Contract. Bi-Monthly Report No. 10. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999. Environmental Management And Inspection Contract. Bi-Monthly Report No. 11. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999. Environmental Management And Inspection Contract. Bi-Monthly Report No. 12. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Monthly Report No. 20. Environmental Management Unit. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Monthly Report No. 21. Environmental Management Unit. Dames & Moore, Prime Engenharia & Biodinamica. 1999.Contrato De Inspeção E Gestão Ambiental. Relatório Mensal No. 22. Unidade De Gestão Ambiental (Uga). Dames & Moore. 2000. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Final Environmental Inspection Report: Spread 8. Dames & Moore. 2000. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Final Environmental Inspection Report: Spread 9. Dames & Moore. 2000. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Final Environmental Inspection Report: Spread 10. Dames & Moore. 2000. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Final Environmental Inspection Report: Spread 11. Dames & Moore. 2000. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Final Environmental Inspection Report: Spread 12. Dames & Moore. 2000. Environmental Inspection And Management Contract. Final Environmental Inspection Report: Spread 13. ENRON & YPFB. 1997. Archeological Survey Report. Bolivian Portion. PATTEN, B. K.1996. Environmental Assessment: Executive Summary. PETROBRAS, YPFB, BTB Group, ENRON Co. Annex 3 57 PETROBRAS. 1995. GASBOL Environmental Technical Specifications: Construction, Assembling and Commissioning Phases. PETROBRAS. 1996. GASBOL Environmental Assessment Summary: Brazilian Section. PETROBRAS. 1995. GASBOL Environmental Technical Specifications: Construction, Assembling and Commissioning Phases. PETROBRAS, 1996. Environmental Impact Study: Consolidated Report. PETROBRAS. 1997. GASBOL Trecho Curitiba-Porto Alegre: Estudo de Alternativas de Traçado na Região de Aparados da Serra Complementação do Estudo de Impacto Ambiental. PETROBRAS.1997. Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental da Parte Brasileira do Gasoducto: Minuta do Relatorio Final. Revisão 0. Volume I. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. PETROBRAS.1997. Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental da Parte Brasileira do Gasoducto: Minuta do Relatorio Final. Revisão 0. Volume II. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. PETROBRAS.1997. Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental da Parte Brasileira do Gasoducto: Minuta do Relatorio Final. Revisão 0. Volume III. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. PETROBRAS. 1997. Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica do Projeto: Relatório Final. Revisão 1. Volume I. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. PETROBRAS. 1997. Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica do Projeto: Relatório Final. Revisão 1. Volume II. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. PETROBRAS. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatorio Final. Volume I. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. São Paulo. PETROBRAS. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatório Final. Volume II. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. São Paulo. PETROBRAS. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatório Final. Volume III. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. São Paulo. PETROBRAS, 1999. Plan General de Restauración. 58 Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards into Gas Pipeline Projects PETROBRAS, DAMES & MOORE. 1997. Plan de Manejo Ambiental: Sector Boliviano. Manual de Gerencia. Volumen II. PETROBRAS & ENGEVIX. 1994. Environmental Impact Report. PETROBRAS & ENGEVIX. 1994. Environmental Impact Studies. Volume I. PETROBRAS & ENGEVIX. 1994. Environmental Impact Studies. Volume II. PETROBRAS & ENGEVIX. 1994. Environmental Impact Studies. Volume III. . PETROBRAS & ENGEVIX. 1994. Environmental Impact Studies. Volume IV. PETROBRAS. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatório Final. Volume I. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. São Paulo. PETROBRAS. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatório Final. Volume II. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. São Paulo. PETROBRAS. 1997. Plano de Gestão Ambiental: Detalhamento dos Programas de Controle Ambiental (Trecho Brasileiro). Relatorio Final. Volume III. PRIME Engenharia, Segen. São Paulo. TGB. 2000. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Julho 2000, Rev. 1. TGB. 2000. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Agosto 2000, Rev.1. TGB. 2000. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Setembro 2000, Rev. 1. TGB. 2000. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Outubro 2000, Rev. 1. TGB. 2000. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Novembro 2000, Rev. 1. TGB. 2000. Relatório Trimestral No. 1. Licença de Operação 081/2000. Junho 2000. TGB. 2000. Relatório Trimestral No. 2. Licença de Operação 081/2000. Setembro 2000. TGB. 2001. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Fevereiro 2001, Rev 1. TGB. 2001. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Junho 2001, Rev. 1. Annex 3 59 TGB. 2001. Gestão dos Planos Compensatórios. Relatório Mensal- Julho 2001, Rev. 1. TGB & BIODINÂMICA. 1999. Plano de Manejo Ambiental. TGB. 2000. Relatório Trimestral No. 1. Licença de Operação 081/2000. Junho 2000. TGB. 2000. Relatório Trimestral No. 2. Licença de Operação 081/2000. Setembro 2000. TGB, UCDB, DAMES & MOORE, PRIME & BIODINAMICA.1998. Plano dos TGB, UCDB, DAMES & MOORE, PRIME & BIODINAMICA.1998. Plano dos Desenvolvimento dos Povos Indígenas (PDPI). Lado Brasileiro. Relatório Final. TGB, UCDB, DAMES & MOORE, PRIME & BIODINAMICA. 2000. Plano dos Desenvolvimento dos Povos Indígenas (PDPI). Lado Brasileiro. Relatório Final. Joint UNDP/World Bank ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 085/88 Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System Losses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88 Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) 02/89 098/89 Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) 05/89 -- Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89 -- Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short- and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90 Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) 03/90 -- Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) 06/96 182/96 Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) 12/97 201/97 Commercilizing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar in Nairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond 01/00 225/00 Africa Gas Initiative ­ Main Report: Volume I 02/01 240/01 First World Bank Workshop on the Petroleum Products Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa 09/01 245/01 Ministerial Workshop on Women in Energy 10/01 250/01 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from a Multi-Sector 03/03 266/03 And Multi-Stakeholder Workshop Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 23-25, 2002. Opportunities for Power Trade in the Nile Basin: Final Scoping Study 01/04 277/04 Énergies modernes et réduction de la pauvreté: Un atelier multi-sectoriel. Actes de l'atelier régional. Dakar, Sénégal, du 4 au 6 février 2003 (French Only) 01/04 278/04 Énergies modernes et réduction de la pauvreté: Un atelier multi-sectoriel. Actes de l'atelier régional. Douala, Cameroun 09/04 286/04 du 16-18 juillet 2003. (French Only) Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshops held in Africa 01/05 298/05 Power Sector Reform in Africa: Assessing the Impact on Poor People 08/05 306/05 The Vulnerability of African Countries to Oil Price Shocks: Major 08/05 308/05 Factors and Policy Options. The Case of Oil Importing Countries Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANG Power Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91 Africa Gas Initiative ­ Angola: Volume II 02/01 240/01 Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BEN Botswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86 Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87 Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87 Household Energy Issues Study (English) 02/88 -- Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05/91 132/91 Burkina Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BUR Technical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91 Burundi Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BU Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Burundi Petroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84 Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84 Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85 Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85 Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU Cameroon Africa Gas Initiative ­ Cameroon: Volume III 02/01 240/01 Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CV Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90 Central African Republic Energy Assessment (French) 08/92 9898-CAR Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household Energy The Case of N'djamena (French) 12/93 160/94 Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COM In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 05/00 230/00 Congo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COB Power Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90 Africa Gas Initiative ­ Congo: Volume IV 02/01 240/01 Côte d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5250-IVC Improved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 -- Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91 Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) 09/95 175/95 Africa Gas Initiative ­ Côte d'Ivoire: Volume V 02/01 240/01 Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ET Power System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85 Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86 Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86 Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 -- Energy Assessment (English) 02/96 179/96 Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GA Africa Gas Initiative ­ Gabon: Volume VI 02/01 240/01 The Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) 02/85 030/85 Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85 Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85 Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-GH Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88 Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87 Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92 Corporatization of Distribution Concessions through Capitalization 12/03 272/03 Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6137-GUI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94 Guinea-Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5083-GUB Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English & Portuguese) 04/85 033/85 Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors (English) 02/90 100/90 Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91 Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800-KE Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84 Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84 2 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Kenya Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) 02/87 -- Solar Water Heating Study (English) 02/87 066/87 Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) 10/87 076/87 Power Master Plan (English) 11/87 -- Power Loss Reduction Study (English) 09/96 186/96 Implementation Manual: Financing Mechanisms for Solar Electric Equipment 07/00 231/00 Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSO Liberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87 Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAG Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12/87 075/87 Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) 10/95 176/95 Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MAL Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84 Mali Energy Assessment (English and French) 11/91 8423-MLI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92 Islamic Republic of Mauritania Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90 Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) 12/81 3510-MAS Status Report (English) 10/83 008/83 Power System Efficiency Audit (English) 05/87 070/87 Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87 Energy Sector Review (English) 12/94 3643-MAS Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZ Household Electricity Utilization Study (English) 03/90 113/90 Electricity Tariffs Study (English) 06/96 181/96 Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers 06/97 195/97 Namibia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAM Niger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR Status Report (English and French) 02/86 051/86 Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87 Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English and French) 01/88 082/88 Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNI Energy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNI Strategic Gas Plan 02/04 279/04 Rwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RW Status Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 08/86 059/86 Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) 02/87 065/87 Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RW Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91 SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) 12/93 - SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 - Sao Tome and Principe Energy Assessment (English) 10/85 5803-STP Senegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SE 3 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Senegal Status Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85 Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) 04/86 056/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89 Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) 05/94 165/94 Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEY Electric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84 Sierra Leone Energy Assessment (English) 10/87 6597-SL Somalia Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5796-SO Republic of South Africa Options for the Structure and Regulation of Natural Gas Industry (English) 05/95 172/95 Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83 Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SU Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84 Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84 Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) 07/87 073/87 Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SW Household Energy Strategy Study 10/97 198/97 Tanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TA Peri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88 Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) 05/89 102/89 Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 -- Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) 08/90 122/90 Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transmission and Distribution System Technical Loss Reduction and Network Development (English) 06/98 204A/98 Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-Technical Losses (English) 06/98 204B/98 Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TO Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86 Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87 Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UG Status Report (English) 08/84 020/84 Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85 Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) 02/86 049/86 Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 092/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89 Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) 03/89 UNDP Terminal Report Energy Assessment (English) 12/96 193/96 Rural Electrification Strategy Study 09/99 221/99 Zaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZR Zambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85 Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86 Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88 Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90 Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3765-ZIM Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 005/83 Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84 4 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85 Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) 09/89 -- Zimbabwe Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89 Charcoal Utilization Pre-feasibility Study (English) 06/90 119/90 Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIM Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project: Strategic Framework for a National Energy Efficiency Improvement Program (English) 04/94 -- Capacity Building for the National Energy Efficiency Improvement Programme (NEEIP) (English) 12/94 -- Rural Electrification Study 03/00 228/00 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 -- China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89 Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89 Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) 07/93 156/93 Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) 11/94 168/94 Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Based on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) 06/96 183/96 Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized Power Companies 09/99 222/99 Air Pollution and Acid Rain Control: The Case of Shijiazhuang City 10/03 267/03 and the Changsha Triangle Area Toward a Sustainable Coal Sector In China 07/04 287/04 Demand Side Management in a Restructured Industry: How Regulation and Policy Can Deliver Demand-Side Management Benefits to a Growing Economy and a Changing Power System 12/05 314/05 Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FIJ Indonesia Energy Assessment (English) 11/81 3543-IND Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84 Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86 Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87 Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90 Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90 Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) 11/94 167/94 Lao PDR Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93 Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification 06/99 215/99 Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87 Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MA Mongolia Energy Efficiency in the Electricity and District Heating Sectors 10/01 247/01 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar 03/02 254/02 Impact of Improved Stoves on Indoor Air Quality in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 11/05 313/05 Myanmar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BA 5 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Papua New Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNG Status Report (English) 07/83 006/83 Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84 Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84 Philippines Commercial Potential for Power Production from Agricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93 Energy Conservation Study (English) 08/94 -- Strengthening the Non-Conventional and Rural Energy Development Program in the Philippines: A Policy Framework and Action Plan 08/01 243/01 Rural Electrification and Development in the Philippines: Measuring the Social and Economic Benefits 05/02 255/02 Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOL Energy Assessment (English) 01/92 979-SOL South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) 05/86 -- Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) 09/85 044/85 Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kilns (English) 09/87 079/87 Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels Preinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88 Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) 08/88 -- Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) 10/89 -- Why Liberalization May Stall in a Mature Power Market: A Review 12/03 270/03 of the Technical and Political Economy Factors that Constrained the Electricity Sector Reform in Thailand 1998-2002 Reducing Emissions from Motorcycles in Bangkok 10/03 275/03 Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TON Vanuatu Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5577-VA Vietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94 Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Report to the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) 09/95 174/95 Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved Coal Briquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of Higher Efficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) 01/96 178/96 Petroleum Fiscal Issues and Policies for Fluctuating Oil Prices In Vietnam 02/01 236/01 An Overnight Success: Vietnam's Switch to Unleaded Gasoline 08/02 257/02 The Electricity Law for Vietnam--Status and Policy Issues-- The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 08/02 259/02 Petroleum Sector Technical Assistance for the Revision of the 12/03 269/03 Existing Legal and Regulatory Framework Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5497-WSO SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BD Priority Investment Program (English) 05/83 002/83 Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85 Small Scale Uses of Gas Pre-feasibility Study (English) 12/88 -- Reducing Emissions from Baby-Taxis in Dhaka 01/02 253/02 6 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number India Opportunities for Commercialization of Non-conventional Energy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88 Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 07/90 120/90 Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) 07/91 139/91 WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92 Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) 04/94 166/94 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) 06/98 205/98 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual for Environmental Decision Making (English) 06/99 213/99 Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case of Hyderabad 06/99 214/99 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation In the Power Sector: Case Studies From India 02/01 237/01 Energy Strategies for Rural India: Evidence from Six States 08/02 258/02 Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution, and Health 11/02 261/02 Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels 07/03 263/03 The Impact of Energy on Women's Lives in Rural India 01/04 276/04 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Long-Term Impacts And Policy Options for Rajasthan 10/04 292/04 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Long-Term Impacts 10/04 293/04 And Policy Options for Karnataka Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEP Status Report (English) 01/85 028/84 Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) 06/93 158/93 Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English) 05/88 -- Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets (English) 10/89 103/89 Pakistan National Household Energy Survey and Strategy Formulation Study: Project Terminal Report (English) 03/94 -- Managing the Energy Transition (English) 10/94 -- Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program Phase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) 10/94 -- Clean Fuels 10/01 246/01 Household Use of Commercial Energy 05/06 320/06 Regional Toward Cleaner Urban Air in South Asia: Tackling Transport 03/04 281/04 Pollution, Understanding Sources. Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CE Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86 Sustainable Transport Options for Sri Lanka: Vol. I 02/03 262/03 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options in the Sri Lanka Power Sector: Vol. II 02/03 262/03 Sri Lanka Electric Power Technology Assessment (SLEPTA): Vol. III 02/03 262/03 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from South Asia 11/03 268/03 Practitioners Workshop How Can Modern Energy Services Contribute to Poverty Reduction? Colombo, Sri Lanka, June 2-4, 2003 7 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Armenia Development of Heat Strategies for Urban Areas of Low-income 04/04 282/04 Transition Economies. Urban Heating Strategy for the Republic Of Armenia. Including a Summary of a Heating Strategy for the Kyrgyz Republic Bulgaria Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English) 10/96 188/96 Energy Environment Review 10/02 260/02 Central Asia and The Caucasus Cleaner Transport Fuels in Central Asia and the Caucasus 08/01 242/01 Central and Eastern Europe Power Sector Reform in Selected Countries 07/97 196/97 Central and Eastern Europe Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (English and Russian) 08/00 234/00 The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92 Kazakhstan Natural Gas Investment Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3 12/97 199/97 Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development 11/97 16855-KAZ Poland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93 Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) 08/98 206/98 Energy Sector Restructuring Program: Establishing the Energy Regulation Authority 10/98 208/98 Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04/84 4824-PO Romania Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) 12/96 192/96 Private Sector Participation in Market-Based Energy-Efficiency 11/03 274/03 Financing Schemes: Lessons Learned from Romania and International Experiences. Slovenia Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) 02/99 211/99 Turkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TU Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper 04/00 229/00 Energy and Environment Review: Synthesis Report 12/03 273/03 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) Arab Republic of Egypt Energy Assessment (English) 10/96 189/96 Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MOR Status Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86 Morocco Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) 07/95 173/95 Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) 10/98 209/98 Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) 02/99 210/99 Syria Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5822-SYR Electric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) 06/90 115/90 Tunisia Fuel Substitution (English and French) 03/90 -- Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91 Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and Tertiary Sectors (English) 04/92 146/92 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) 11/96 190A/96 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) 11/96 190B/96 8 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Tunisia Rural Electrification in Tunisia: National Commitment, Efficient Implementation and Sound Finances 08/05 307/05 Yemen Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 4892-YAR Energy Investment Priorities (English) 02/87 6376-YAR Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91 Household Energy Supply and Use in Yemen. Volume I: Main Report and Volume II: Annexes 12/05 315/05 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION (LCR) LCR Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Caribbean (English) 07/89 -- Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 04/97 194/97 Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) 12/97 200/97 Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 06/98 203/98 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshop held in Bolivia 06/05 202/05 Power Sector Reform and the Rural Poor in Central America 12/04 297/04 Estudio Comparativo Sobre la Distribución de la Renta Petrolera en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú 08/05 304/05 OECS Energy Sector Reform and Renewable Energy/Energy 02/06 317/06 Efficiency Options The Landfill Gas-to-Energy Initiative for Latin America and the Caribbean 02/06 318/06 Bolivia Energy Assessment (English) 04/83 4213-BO National Energy Plan (English) 12/87 -- La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90 Pre-feasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand Assessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91 National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91 Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) 01/92 137/91 Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92 Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) 12/93 164/93 Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 01/94 162/94 Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector 12/96 191/96 Introducing Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry in Developing Countries: Lessons from Bolivia 08/00 233/00 Final Report on Operational Activities Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency 08/00 235/00 Oil Industry Training for Indigenous People: The Bolivian Experience (English and Spanish) 09/01 244/01 Capacitación de Pueblos Indígenas en la Actividad Petrolera. Fase II 07/04 290/04 Boliva-Brazil Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards Into Gas Pipeline Projects 07/06 322/06 Estudio Sobre Aplicaciones en Pequeña Escala de Gas Natural 07/04 291/04 Brazil Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership for Energy Efficiency in Brazil (English) 01/95 170/95 Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study 09/97 197/97 Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy Systems in the Northeast: A Preinvestment Study 07/00 232/00 9 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Brazil Reducing Energy Costs in Municipal Water Supply Operations 07/03 265/03 "Learning-while-doing" Energy M&T on the Brazilian Frontlines Chile Energy Sector Review (English) 08/88 7129-CH Colombia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 -- Power Sector Restructuring (English) 11/94 169/94 Colombia Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial and Public Sector (English) 06/96 184/96 Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84 Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) 02/90 108/90 Dominican Republic Energy Assessment (English) 05/91 8234-DO Ecuador Energy Assessment (Spanish) 12/85 5865-EC Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88 -- Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 -- Private Mini-hydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 -- Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) 08/94 11798-EC Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) 08/94 12831-EC Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 12160-GU Health Impacts of Traditional Fuel Use 08/04 284/04 Haiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA Status Report (English and French) 08/85 041/85 Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91 Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HO Petroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91 Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-JM Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86 Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English ) 03/88 -- Jamaica Management Information System Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88 FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088/88 Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) 07/92 135/92 Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91 Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to the Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (CONAE) (English) 04/96 180/96 Energy Environment Review 05/01 241/01 Nicaragua Modernizing the Fuelwood Sector in Managua and León 12/01 252/01 Policy & Strategy for the Promotion of RE Policies in Nicaragua. (Contains CD with 3 complementary reports) 01/06 316/06 Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 004/83 Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 09/85 -- Status Report (English and Spanish) 09/85 043/85 Reforma del Sector Hidrocarburos (Spanish Only) 03/06 319/06 Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE Status Report (English) 08/85 040/85 Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in the Sierra (English and Spanish) 02/87 064/87 Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 12/90 -- 10 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Peru Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalization of the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) 120/93 159/93 Reform and Privatization in the Hydrocarbon Sector (English and Spanish) 07/99 216/99 Rural Electrification 02/01 238/01 Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111-SLU St. Vincent and the Grenadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STV Sub Andean Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin (English and Spanish) 07/99 217/99 Trinidad and Tobago Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5930-TR GLOBAL Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) 11/89 -- Women and Energy--A Resource Guide The International Network: Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 -- Guidelines for Utility Customer Management and Metering (English and Spanish) 07/91 -- Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 -- Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) 02/93 152/93 Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Private Ownership (English) 05/93 155/93 Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) 10/94 -- Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) 02/95 171/95 Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study of Ankara (English) 11/95 177/95 A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent Power Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) 08/96 187/96 Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English) 05/98 202/98 A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency: Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) 09/98 207/98 The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission in the Energy Portfolio of the World Bank: A Carbon Backcasting Exercise (English) 02/99 212/99 Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1: Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets 07/99 218/99 Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries: A Scorecard 07/99 219/99 Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for Rural Electrification Purposes 08/99 220/99 A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme 1993 to 1998 11/99 223/99 Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options for Environmental Improvement 12/99 224/99 11 Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Privatization, Competition and Regulation in the British Electricity Industry, With Implications for Developing Countries 02/00 226/00 Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification 02/00 227/00 Undeveloped Oil and Gas Fields in the Industrializing World 02/01 239/01 Best Practice Manual: Promoting Decentralized Electrification Investment 10/01 248/01 Peri-Urban Electricity Consumers--A Forgotten but Important Group: What Can We Do to Electrify Them? 10/01 249/01 Village Power 2000: Empowering People and Transforming Markets 10/01 251/01 Private Financing for Community Infrastructure 05/02 256/02 Stakeholder Involvement in Options Assessment: 07/03 264/03 Promoting Dialogue in Meeting Water and Energy Needs: A Sourcebook A Review of ESMAP's Energy Efficiency Portfolio 11/03 271/03 A Review of ESMAP's Rural Energy and Renewable Energy 04/04 280/04 Portfolio ESMAP Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Reports 05/04 283/04 1998-2004 (CD Only) Regulation of Associated Gas Flaring and Venting: A Global 08/04 285/04 Overview and Lessons Learned from International Experience ESMAP Gender in Energy Reports and Other related Information 11/04 288/04 (CD Only) ESMAP Indoor Air Pollution Reports and Other related Information 11/04 289/04 (CD Only) Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshop on the Pre-Investment Funding. Berlin, Germany, April 23-24, 2003. 11/04 294/04 Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Annual Report 2003 12/04 295/04 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshop on Consumer Lending and Microfinance to Expand Access to Energy Services, Manila, Philippines, May 19-21, 2004 12/04 296/04 The Impact of Higher Oil Prices on Low Income Countries 03/05 299/05 And on the Poor Advancing Bioenergy for Sustainable Development: Guideline 04/05 300/05 For Policymakers and Investors ESMAP Rural Energy Reports 1999-2005 03/05 301/05 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Financing and Policy Network: Options Study and Proceedings of the International Forum 07/05 303/05 Implementing Power Rationing in a Sensible Way: Lessons 08/05 305/05 Learned and International Best Practices The Urban Household Energy Transition. Joint Report with 08/05 309/05 RFF Press/ESMAP. ISBN 1-933115-07-6 Pioneering New Approaches in Support of Sustainable Development In the Extractive Sector: Community Development Toolkit, also Includes a CD containing Supporting Reports 10/05 310/05 Analysis of Power Projects with Private Participation Under Stress 10/05 311/05 Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries 10/05 312/05 Experiences with Oil Funds: Institutional and Financial Aspects 06/06 321/06 Last report added to this list: ESMAP Formal Report 322/06 12 ESMAP/World Bank Group 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 http://www.worldbank.org/esmap