26001 « » 2006 37 74 26 . , , , , , , , . ( " ") -- .: "", 2006. -- 264 . ISBN 5 9618 0030 -- . . , " " , . , . , . . , , , , , , . . , , Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.; telephone 978 750 8400, fax 978 750 4470, www.copyright.com. , , : Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW., Washington, DC 20433, USA 202 522 2422 : pubrights@worldbank.org 15.06.06 . . 60841/16. «» E mail: alexpublishers@alexpublishers.ru; www.alexpublishers.ru 2003 . Lifelong Learning in the Global Knowledge Economy: Challenges for Developing Countries. The World Bank. Washington, D.C. ISBN 0 8213 5475 2. ISBN 5 9618 0030 © 2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Washington, DC 20433 Phone: 202 473 1000. www.worldbank.org E mail: feedback@worldbank.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 , , . . . . . . . . 31 . . . 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 , , . . . . . 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3. 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3 4 . . . . . . . . 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 112 . . . . 115 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 . . . . . . . . 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 . 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3. ? , . . . . . . 189 4. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 5 , , , . , . , , , . . , . , . , « ». , , , . , . , , . . , , . , , , , -- . , . , , -- , , . 6 7 . . .., .., , , . . . , , . , , () ; ; ; ; ; ; . , , () . 90 . , , , . , , 8 9 . , , , . , , . , , , , , . 5­10% , -- ( 20% , ). , .. 15% . , , . 25­30% , . , . , , . , , , . -- , , . . , . , 10 10­15% (6­8 . ) 90­120..,20% -- 180 . . «» , . , , 2010 . , : · , , , , ; · , ( ) , ; · , , , ( ) ; · , , , ; · . , , 11 , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , . «Lifelong Learning in the Global Knowledge Economy: Challenges for Developing Countries» , . , . 12 , . , «» , -- . , . , . « », . , . . , . , . , . , . . . , . , . ; . . . . , . . , . .., , , , . , , , , . 1 . , . : -- : ( ), . , , . -- , . , , , , , . . . , : , , . , 1 , «lifelong learning» , « » . , « » , , , « » , ( ). 13 14 , . , . 1995 . « » . 1999 ., , , . 2002 . . , . , , , . , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , , . , C , . , , , , , , , , . , : , ( ), , , a () ( ). ( ) ( ). , : , , , Ma a, , , , , , A A, , , . « -- , », ( ) 2002 . , , , . 15 , , . . . · , , , , ? · ? · , , , ? · , ? , , . . , . : 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC., 20433, : eservice@worldbank.org. , . 16 , , , ; , . . , . , . , , . , . -- . « » , . (, , ); ( ) (, ). , , , . . . , , . , , . , . , 17 18 , , , . -- , , . . . , , . , . , , , . , , . , , . , . . . , . , . 1995 ., , , 70%, , 71% . . 195 19 , 377 . . , 10 , : 1998 . 91 , 29 , 18 -- -- . -- , , , , , , , , -- , . , . , , . 28 . . 2002 . 18 . . 1997 . , , . , , , , . , , . . , ( 20 ), . , . , , , . . , , , . , , , . · . · . · . · . · . · . · · , . , , . · · . . · · , . . . · «» · . . 21 . , , . , . () ( , ). . . . , . , ; , . , . , , , . , , , . 22 -- , . . 15% , . 90 , , . . , 1999 . 92% , . , . , , , , . ; , , , , . . . ( , ), ( ). 23 . , . , , . , , , , , . , . , . . . . , , , , , , . . ( ). 24 ( ), ( ). , , , , , ( ). ( 50%) ( ) . . . . . , . , (, ). , (, ). , , , . 25 , , (mortgage type loans), « » ( ) (human capital con tracts), (graduate taxes), (income contingent repayment schemes), (entitlement schemes), (asset building schemes), (individual learning accounts). , . . , . , . , . , , . . . , 2, , . 2 , , , . 100% , , .: http://www.worldbank.org/ depweb/beyond/global/glossary.html. 26 , . . , . , , , . : , . , . , , . , , , . , , . ESA IALS ICTs ILA IRI MIT OECD ( ) PDA PISA TIMSS 1 , , « -- ». , 1890 « , . , , ... , , , ». . , , 1999 , , , ; , . , , , , , (World Bank Institute, 2001; World Bank, 1998d). . , , . , , , , . , , , 29 30 (). (OECD, 2001f). , , . · . . . , , . . , , . , , . , . · , . 1999 . , ; . , . 82 846 1997 ., 37% 1990 . (OECD 2001f). · , . , , , , (World Bank, 2002). · , . , , 31 , , (World Bank Institute, 2001): 1) , ; 2) , , ; 3) , ; 4) , , , , , . , . , , , , , -- . -- . , (. 1.1). · () , . · , . . · , : , , . , . 32 1.1 : OECD, 2000. . , , , , . , . , , , . . , , , , . . ; , . , ( ), , , . , , , , 33 , , , (Putnam, 2001). , , , , . . , (externalities) (Romer, 1989; Lucas, 1988; Barro, 1991; Mankiw, Romer and Weil, 1992). , (Winter Ebmer, 1994; Wang and Mody, 1997; Sakellariou, 2001). (Bregman and Marom, 1993; Feenstra ., 1999). . 1990 , 2,5% (. 1.1). 1.1 , 1990­1999 ( %) 1990­95 0,31 1995­99 0,57 1990­96 0,28 1995­99 0,36 1990­96 0,19 1995­99 0,14 1990­95 0,00 1995­99 0,11 1990­95 0,00 1996­99 0,10 1990­96 0,21 1995­99 0,12 1990­96 0,19 1995­99 0,29 ­ ­ 1977­97 1,50 ­ ­ 1980­95 2,50 1990­95 0,10 1996­99 0,30 1990­95 0,33 1996­98 0,82 ­ . : .: Patrinos, 2001a. 34 , (Sab and Smith, 2001). , , , , (Pohjola, 2000). , , 40% (Azariadis and Drazen, 1990). , , ( 1.1). 1.1. Intel ? 1996 . , , , , , Intel 300 . . Intel: , , , , . 1948 ., , , , . , ( ). 1988 .; 1996 . . : World Bank, 1998, 2001f. , (. rueger and Lindahl, 1999; Topel, 1999), . , , , , . 10%; , , 35 20% (Psacharopoulos and Patrinos, 2002). , 5­15% (Topel, 1999). , , (arro, 2001; Hanushek, and Kimko, 2000). , . (Schultz, 1975). , . , . , ; (Pritchett, 2001; Wolf, 2000). 2, . , (Pissarides 2000; . : Gundlach, 2001). , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , -- (. 1.2). , , , 4,3%, . . , 2,8%, (Appleton and Balihuta, 1996). 36 93% ( ) (Appiah and McMahon, 2002). 48% . 1.2 ( %) ­ . Benhabib and Spiegel, 1994 3,9 ­ Benhabib and Spiegel, 1994 ­ Heckman and Klenow, 1997 23,0 6--10 Heckman and Klenow, 1997 10,6 ­ Topel, 1999 22,6 ­ Topel, 1999 6,2 ­ Rauch, 1993 ( ) 8,1 4,8 Acemoglou and Angrist, 1999 () 14,6 7,3 Acemoglou and Angrist, 1999 () 9,1 7,4 Appleton and Balihuta, 1996 (Uganda) 4,3 2,8 Weir, 1999 56,0 2,0 : Venniker, 2000; Appleton, 2000. , , , , . , , . , , (Wolfe and Haveman, 2001). , , 37 . , , , . . , , , , (World Bank, 2001f). . . , ( , ), . , . . . , , , . , , , (. 2). . , , , , . , 38 . . 1980 1990 . , . 1970 , , 1980 1990 . 1980 (. 1.3). 1978 1987 . 7,9 9,2%, 12,6 13,3 (Ryscavage and Henle, 1990). , . (Ryscavage and Henle, 1990) , « », , , , , . , , (Murphy and Welch, 1991). 1990 , . , , , , , . , , 39 1.3 1970­90 (/ (/ ) ) 1970 1970 1,65 1980 1,40 1968 1,40 1981 1,16 1974 1,64 1980 1,53 1969 1,49 1978 1,35 1980 1980 1,29 1989 1,35 1981 1,16 1986 1,19 1980 1,33 1989 1,46 1979 1,47 1987 1,52 1990 1992 1,62 1997 1,48 1992 1,60 1998 1,36 1992 1,71 1999 1,59 1992 1,64 1999 1,83 : Patrinos, 2001a; OED, 1992, 2001b. , , , . , . , (. 1.2). , , , , , , . , , . , . , , 1980 (. 1.4). 1990 , , . 40 1.2 ( %) : Psacharopulos and Patrinos, 2002. 1.4 , , , , 1980­90 1981 ( 1995 ( 1989 1999 ) ) a b c 2,44 6,62 1,71 7,77 1,66 8,12 2,03 8,49 2,30 2,98 2,01 3,76 2,59 4,17 2,70 4,56 ­ ­ ­ ­ 2,96 7,53 2,79 7,89 ­ ­ 1,29 9,39 1,63 9,38 ­ ­ 1,62 6,56 1,25 6,95 1,28 8,05 ­ ­ 1,54 5,75 1,54 6,69 1,88 6,88 1,96 7,25 1,82 4,93 1,72 4,89 1,82 5,48 ­ ­ ­ . : = / , . a 1980 . b 1990 . c 2000 . : Patrinos, 2001a; Carlson, 2001; Klazar, Sedmihradsky and Vancurova, 2001; World Bank, 1998g. .: Barro and Lee, 2000. , , 41 1980 2000 . 7 20% , 5 8% , 7 16% , 9 11% , 8 14% , 8 13% 7 18% (Barro and Lee, 2000). , , , . 16 20% 1998 . (. 1.3). , , . 1.3 , 1982 1998 . 20 16 1982 12 1998 8 4 0 : Blom, Holm Nielsen and Verner, 2001. , , , , , (Robbins, 1996; World Bank, 2002h). , , , , (Slaughter and Swagel, 1997). ( ) , 42 (Aitken, Harrison, and Lipsey, 1996). (Bedi and Cieoelik, 2002). , , , (World Bank, 2002). , , , , . , ( ) (Psacharopoulos, 1989; Tinbergen, 1975; . : Welch, 1970). « » (Tinbergen, 1975). , , , (Wood, 1994). . , , , . (n, 2000). « » , (Berman and Machin, 2000). , , (Berman and Machin, 2000). . , . (Bartel and Lichtenberg, 1987, 1988). , , 43 , , , , ( 1.2). (Schultz, 1975). , , , . , , (Nelson and Phelps, 1966; Welch, 1970). 1.2. : . , ( ) . . , . , , , , , , . , . : Autor, Levy, and Murnane, 2002. , , , . 120 . (2% ) , ( ). -- . , 44 , . . , , ( 1.3). , , . , . , (, , ), , . , , , , , , . 1.3. 40% , . 1998 . 775 . 3,6 . ., 16 600 . 40% . , . , , . . : World Bank, 2001b. . , , . , , , , 45 , , . , , . , , (World Bank, 2002). , , . , , . , , , . , . , . , . 2000 . 7500 , 15% . . , , , -- . , . 46 , . , , , . , , : 2% 27% . 25% , 68% (World Bank, 2002d, 2002h). , , , (OECD and Statistics Canada, 2002). , . (PISA) , , , , , , (D, 2001). , , . , . , . , . , , , , . , . , , , . , , . , , , . . , , 47 , , , . , . , . , . , ( , ). , , . . , . , , , (Nelson and Phelps, 1966). , . , ( ), . . 48 , . . , . (OECD 2001a). , , , () (Tan and Batra, 1995). . . (Tan and Batra, 1995) , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , (Ziderman, 2001). , , . . 2 . (Moe, Bailey and Lau, 1999). 1999 1,5 . , , 30 . . (WTO, 1998). , 15% , , 49 (Vawda and Patrinos, ). , , ( 1.4). (www.idc.com), 2002 . 28 . . 2002 . 18 . . 1997 . 1999 . 100 . ., , (Moe, Bailey, and Lau, 1999; www.eduventures.com). , () , . (GATS) 1995 . . , , . , GATS , , , . , (Larsen, Morris, and Martin, 2001). 2003 . 53 . , , . , , , 78% , , 266% 1999 2001 . (Newman and Couturier, 2002). 50 70% 1995 2002 .; , 71% 2002 . (Souza, 2002). 1990 15­20% , . , , , 11­14% . 1991 1995 . 20% , 33% , 140% 670% . 41% , 123% 20% 1993 1996 . 344% 1986 1996 . 13% 1997. 123% 1987 1997 , 12% (IFC 2001). . 195 , 377 . . 1990 , 26 . , 10 , : 1998 . 91 , -- 29, -- 18 -- 4. 1995 1999 . 500 . . , . . , , . , , . , , . , , , 51 , (ooley, 1999). , , (Vawda and Patrinos, ). , (Patrinos, 2000). 1.4. : Nokia , , , . 1990 . 7% ; 2000 . 30%. , . 1990 Nokia, Ltd. . , Nokia, Finnish Rubber Works Finnish Cable Works, , . . 1967 . , , , . , Nokia . 1970 , Finish Cable Works. 1997 . Nokia , . , , . Nokia , , . , , . Nokia (Kari Kairamo) . , 1980 Nokia . : Blomstrom and Kokko, 2001; World Bank, 2002d. 2 « , , . , , ». Erick Hoffer, Vanguard Management, 1989 , , . , , ; . , . . , , , , . (Rychen and Salganik, 2001; OECD, 2002a): 1. : «»; ; ; , , , ; , . 52 53 2. : ; ; , , , , . 3. : , ; , ; ; , , . . , , ( ), . . , . , , , , . , . , . , , . (OECD, 1996). , . , , , . . 2002 . , , , , , , . 54 , . , , PISA, (Hammer and Bennett, 1998, Gobel and Hesse, ). , . ( ) . , , . , , . « 15 » 29% 46% . , (World Bank, 2000c). , , , , . , , . . . (IALS) , , . (OECD and Statistics Canada, 2002): 1. : , . 55 , . . 2. : . , . , . 3. : . . . IALS (. 2.1). , . , IALS ( ), , , , , (Murray, Kirsch, and Jenkins, 1998; OECD, 2001). , , . . , 10% , , 3. , 59% 3 (OECD and Statistics Canada 1997). , -- , , , -- . 25% 75% , . 56 2.1 1994 98 : . 16 65 , . , . : OECD and Statistics Canada, 2000. , . , , , , . (TIMSS) , (, ) (Howie and others, 2000). , , , , , ( ) (Klaus, Sedmihradsky and Vancurova, 2002). , 57 , . , (Klaus, Sedmihradsky and Vancurova, 2002). . , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . ( ; , ). , , (da, 2002). TIMSS -- . . , , , , , (), , (. 2.2). PISA (OECD, 2001). PISA, , TIMSS, (. 2.1). 58 2.2 1999 . : Koda, 2002 2.1 TIMSS PISA TIMSS PISA 552 3 496 15 550 4 550 2 549 5 552 1 539 8 511 11 538 9 532 4 535 10 538 3 529 16 460 29 515 18 499 14 510 19 528 6 503 20 460 30 a n.a. n.a. 483 21 488 n.a. 500 n.a. na -- . a TIMSS. : . : Martin and others, 2000; OECD, 2001e. 59 , . , , -- -- , , . , TIMSS, PISA. TIMSS, PISA IALS , : · , . , , , . · , . , , , , . , , . · . Woessman (2001), 75% 60% . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , 60 , , , . , 28 (Torney Puta and others, 2001) (. 2.2). , , . 2.2 , 1999 . ­ ­ + + ­ ­ ­ + ­ ­ + + + ­ + ­ ­ + + + ­ ­ ­ + ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ + ­ ­ + + + + + ­ + ­ ­ ­ ­ + + + + ­ ­ ­ + + ­ + ­ ­ + + + + + + ­ ; + ; , . a . : Torney, Purta and others, 2001. 61 , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , ( , , ), , , , . , . , . . , . , , , . (. 2.3). , , , ; , ( 2.1). 2.3 · · · · · · 62 2.3 () · · , , , · · · · . · «» · 2.1. , , . 1997 . , (TSLN). . , , , . , , . , : , , , , , . , , , . : , DEEF, 2000; Brown and Lauder, 2000; Sharpe and Gopinathan, 2001. , , , . , , , 63 , . . , , , , (de Baessa, Chesterfield, and Ramos, 2002) ( 2.2). , , , (dey and Shayer, 1994). 2.2. , ? Nueva Escuela Unitaria (NEU) . , : «... , . ­, , , , , . , , , NEU, , , , , , . , , , , ... , , " "». : Craig, Kraft, and du Plessis, 1998. P. 89. : , « , , , , » (OECD, 2001h. P. 20). , , , (Bransford, Brown, and Cooking, 2000). , , , , 64 (Peterson, 1989). , , , , «» , . , . «» . , , , . (Fuchs and Reklis, 1994; Mustard, 2002; Osborn and Milbank, 1987). ( , ) , . , , , ; (Greenough, 2000). , , , (OECD, 2001g). . , , , , , (White and Frederickson, 1997). , (Houle, 1961). . , , , , , , (Merriam, 1993). , . -- , . 65 , , , (Desforges, 2001; Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, 2000). , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , . . . , , . , , , . (Martin and others, 2000; Mullis and others, 2000). , . , . (Schank, 2001). 66 , , . ( , « » « ») ( ) (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, 2000). , . , , (OECD, 2001g). , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . . (Bransford, Brown and Cocking, 2000). , , (Merriam 2001). ( , , , ) . , . 67 , . (Merriam, 2001). (OECD, 2001g). , . , , (Cibulka and others, 2000); (Oxenham and others, 2002). , , . . , , , . . , , (multiple choice), . « » (ROSE) , . , , (Caribbean Examination Council), (World Bank, 2001g). , . , . , , . -- . 68 . , . , , , (Desforges, 2000). , , . , , (Wenglinsky, 2000; Kaplan and Owings, 2001). ( , , ) ( , , ) (Scheerens, 1999). , (Van Driel, Veal and Janssen, 2001). , , . , , (Bransford, Brown and Cocking, 2000). , . , (Navarro and Verdisco, 2000), , . , . . , , (Kaplan and Owings, 2001. P. 4). , , . , , . , . , , , , (. 2.4). 69 , . 2.4 · · , , , . , · · · · · · · · · · / , . · · , · · , : Craig, Kraft and du Plessis, 1998. , . , . , . , , , , , 70 (HuffmanandHipp,2001). , (VenezkyandDavis,2002). , . . , « » , (Navarro and Verdisco, 2000; Delannoy, 2000). , , (Craig, Kraft and du Plessis, 1998). (OECD, 1998b), , , (Cibulka and others 2000). . , , , , , . ( ) , , . . , (World Bank, 2002). , . , , (Venezky and Davis, 2002). . 71 , , (Alvarez and others, 1998). , , , . . , , , ( , , ). . (Venezky and Davis, 2002) 94 . ( ) : , (/)(.:MandinachandCline,1994-- ). 94 , , (2.3). 2.3. , , , , , . SOFWeb -- (35 . ), ; , , : Curriculum@work ( ), CDROM . Navigator Schools, 1995 . , . . , . : Toomey, 2000; Australia, DEET, 2002. 72 (Schank, 2001). , , . , , , , . ( 1980 ­90 ) . , . , (Wenglinsky, 1998). , « » (knowledge tutors), , . . , , (. 2.5). 2.5 , (%) 28 0,47 68 42 0,42 66 101 0,26 60 24 0,42 66 38 0,40 66 233 0,39 65 1 0,97 83 1 1,02 84 1 1,00 84 3 1,00 84 : Capper, 2000. 73 , 12 SCILE() , , , , (Roschelleandothers,2000).,SCILE, , . , (Roschelle and others, 2000). , . , ThinkerTools, , . , (White and Frederickson, 1997). , , . , , , , , (Muth and Guzman, 2000). . . , (Rochelle and others, 2000) ( 2.4). , , . 74 2.4. (intelligent tutoring) (Sherlock Project) . , . , , . . , , , 20­25 . : Bransford, Brown and Cocking, 2000. ( 2.5). , , . 500 , 28% , 5% . , 42% , , 52% (Mioduser and Nachmias, 2002, Venezky and Davis, 2002). , , , . , , . ; . , (Schank, 2001). , , (MIT), . 75 2.5. a . . GLOBE, , 80 , . . , . GLOBE (http://globe.gov) (Bransford, Brown and Cocking, 2000). (PBS) TeacherLine, , . (ISTE), (NCTM) TeacherLine , . TeacherLine , TeacherLine . TeacherLine , NCTM ( ), (, PBS ( ) , , (http://teacherline.pbs.org/teacherline/. . . , , (OECD, 76 2002b). . . , . , . , , , (Murnane, Sharkey and Levy,2002). , (Hepp and others, ) ( 2.6). 2.6. . , . . , , , , , , . : and others, . . , , (Venezky and Davis, 2002). , . Hepp and others (2002, P. 38) « -- ». , , 77 . . , (Venezky and Davis 2002). , (Hepp and others, ). , (World Bank, 2002). , , , , (Ashto n.d.). : 25% ( , , . .) (World Bank, 2001). 20 . 600 . (Cawthera, 2001; Bakia, 2000; . : Grace and others, 2001). , , . , . , , , , 15 . (. 2.6). , . 80%, 70%, . . 4 . . 78 2.6 1 , 1 , 80% (.) (%) (.) (.) (1998) 2000 3:1 __ 646 194 a (1999) 1100 40:1 __ 32 128 a (1998) 1600 27:1 __ 75 204 (1998) 1850 11:1 __ 210 __ (2000) 1125 842 29:1 100 15 4 () 0 16:1 3 31 4 ( )b 250 18:1 __ 365 23 (2000) 48 22:1 50 10 2 210 11:1 7 96 15 1000 4:1 12 193 8 916 2:1 100 110 28 ­ . a , 700 . b . : Bakia, 2000; Cawthera, 2001. , ( ), ( ), 79 ( ) ( ). . . (ENLACES) (Hepp and others, ). ( 2.7). 2.7. : Myee, , . 27 , 20 . 2000 . . , (GSM) . , . , 45 . . 50 . , , . 80% , 11 . 80% , 8 . : Cawthera, 2001. , , , . 1997 . 14% . 40% 2000 . 27% 2001 . 1997 2001. , , , , (EMIS). , 150 . . 500 . . (Georgiades, 2001). 80 , (. 2.7). , 46%. , , , . 2.7 1998 . 97 46 8 119 69 12 103 106 62 : World Bank, 2001i. , , . (. 2.8). 1996 . IALS , , , . 2.8 , 1996 . ( %) 27,0 46,7 52,8 66,6 70,4 52,5 6,8 37,8 52,0 60,4 71,5 47,5 23,4 34,2 53,2 60,7 73,7 43,9 10,3 21,0 30,7 54,9 64,2 39,7 8,8 27,0 50,6 39,4 60,8 38,8 8,6 17,6 29,4 44,1 51,0 24,3 2,7 9,9 20,6 32,5 34,3 13,9 : OECD and Statistics Canada, 1997. 81 , , , . ( , , ), (Arenada and Marin, 2002). -- , , , , , (O'Connell, 1999) . , , (Tan and Batra, 1995) , , , (Nielsen and Rosholm, 2002) , , . , 7% (Haan, 2002). , , ( ) (Dar and Gill, 1998). , , , . , , , . . , , ( , , ), . , (Vishwanath and Narayan, 2001) ( 2.8). : , . 82 2.8. 70 . , . . . 60 , . ( 3 15 ) , , , . , , . , . , , . : Randriamiharisoa, 2001. , , , . , , (community colleges), . . (Regional Labor Development Centres), , . (Ford Motor company) . , ; , . , , , . , 83 , , , (. 2.3). , . , , , . 2.3 1997 . : OECD, 1998a. . 60% (World Bank and Inter development Bank, 200). , . , , (Bray, 2000). , ; (Linden; 2001). . , 84 , . , . , (, ), . 1970 , (Interactive Radio Instruction -- IRI) , , , , , . . , IRI , (World Bank, 2001e; Perraton, 2000). , . , . (World bank, 2001e) (Perraton, 2000) IRI ; (World Bank, 2001e). IRI. , , , . , -- . , (Walker and Dhanarajan, 2000). WorldSpace , , . , , . 85 . Telesecundaria, 15% . , , . , (Perraton, 2000). . Cisco 145 Cisco , Cisco isco. , , , , . 10 . 250 . , , , (Murnane, Sharkey and Levy, 2002). ( , , , ) ( , , ). ( ). , (World Bank, 2001e). . , . 1990 , (UNESCO, 2001). 86 2.9. , 85% , (UNESKO, 2001). , . . , 10 , , . . 1997 . (Cyber Teacher Training Centre) . 11 . , 1998 ., (edunet) . (SLIDE) . , . , , . . (Perraton, 2000). 5 000 SLIDE 1993 . , 1990 ., , , 4,5­6 (Tatto, Nielsen and Cummings, 1991). ( 2.9). , , , , . 87 , . 150 . ( 1,5 . ), (. 2.9). 2.9 1990 / 1 422 900 24 25­40 ­ 470 072 26 ­ ­ , 208 935 13 ­ 62 182 000 11 40 26 , 180 000 37 40 76 , 170 000 18 13 30 , 154 200 8 39­47 43 , 68 000 4 13 ­ , 88 2.9 () / 35 000 2 50 50 , 20 000 21 ­ 86 , () 16 400 32 ­ 30 , 5 500 3 73 ­ , 3 500 5 43­66 70 , ­ . : Saint, 2000. , , , . : ( ), ( ), , . , (. 2.10) . , . 89 2.10 , , , 1997 . ( 1 000 ) 54 5 <1 238 26 9 256 64 42 195 124 4 432 69 399 283 294 3 610 323 54 404 469 348 1078 847 407 1996 . : World Bank, 2001. . . , , , . , . , , . , ( 90 , , ). , ( ( , . .) . (USAID ). , (World Bank, 2001e), . , . . Telecurso , Telesecundaria , , . (Farrel, 2001; Lizardi, 2002). , , . ( ) , ; , , . ( VBNS) , SINGAREN ( ). -- , . , , , . , , , , , , , (World Bank, 2002). 91 2.11 , , , : Urdan and Weggen, 2000. (. 2.11). 2002 . e learning 20% . 1999 . 92% (Urdan and Weggan, 2000). , (. . , , , , , ) , . , , , , , . , . 92 . , , ; . . , , . . , . , . ( ). , . -- (OECD, 2000). , 2003 . , , , . , , . , ; , . . , . 3 « , ». (. 650 -- 555 . . .) , , , (. 3.1). , , , . 3.1 , · : · -- , , · · , · · · · · · · · · · · · , · 94 , . , (Strange, 1996; UNCSTD, 2001). , (World Bank, 2001b). , ; , , ; (Kettle, 1999). . E government ( ) (.:Heeks, 2001). , E government, . , (Reinikka and Svensson, 2002), (World Bank, 1998). , , (UNESCO and COMNET IT, 2002). , . (World Bank, 1997). , , , (World Bank, 2000b). (NGO) , . , . 95 -- . , . , . , (.3.2.)., , , . , , , . 3.2 , / , , / , , 96 , , , , -- . , . , 2001 . , . (, , , , ), . 1998 . , 2001 . -- , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . 11 12 , . (World Bank, 2001b). , , 97 . , , , . , . , , , . , ( , ); , ( , , ); , (, , , , ) (OECD, 2000c). , , . , . . , . , , , . . , , ( 3.1). , , PISA (OECD, 2001e). 98 3.1. . . , , . : · ; · , ; · ; · , ; · ; · , ; · . . , . , . . . 1992 . . , . . . ( ) , . 99 1.1 () 1999 . , , , . , . , . . 1998 . 58% 25­64 , 12 . -- . : Kartovaara -- 1996; OECD, 2001c, 2001i, 2002c. , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , . , . , , , (World Bank, 2000a). , . 100 . , (OECD, 2001d). : ( , ) ( ). , . . , , , , , , , . , , ; , , , . , , , . Fe y Alegria ( ); SABIS , ( 3.2) Cisco Systems, 145 «», , . Universitas 21 17 , (www.universitas21.com). 101 Heineken , , . , (European Industrial Relations Observatory Online, 1999). , (Johanson, 2002). 3.2. 1955 ., Fe y Alegria , . , , . Fe y Alegria 14 800 . . , . 1998 . Fe y Algeria . 50 . SABIS 22 , 18 . , . . SABIS, , , . : O'Donoghue, 1998; . , , , . , , . 102 , , , (Grace and others, 2001). , , . , . , . . : . , . , , , , , . , . , , , , . . , . , , , 103 ( 3.3). , . . , . 3.3. , , . , , , , , . , . , . Universidad de Concepcion . ( , ), . , , , . : Oxenham and others., 2002. , , . -- , (. 2). , (Fretwell, Morgan and Arjen, 2001). , , , 104 , . -- , , , , . (bilan de competence) ( 3.4). , . -- , , , . , , , . , , , , , . . 3.4. . , , . , . , . , , , . , , : , , , , , , , , , (). : , . 105 . , . , . . -- , (, , ), ( ). . , , , . ( 50%) . . , , , ( , ). , , 25 . : , , . , , (World Bank, 2002). . , , . , 106 , , . ( « »), , . . , , , , (Lethwood, Edge and Jantzi, 1999). , , , , . , , 3 , 6 9 , (Howie ., 2002). , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , (OECD, 2002c). , 80 . (, , ). (, , , , ), (South Africa, Department of Education and Labor, 2002). , 107 , (South Africa, Department of Education and Labor, 2002) , . , , , « ». ( 3.5). : ( ), ( , ), (, , ), ( , , ); , ( , ). , . , . . 3.5. 1996 . , . , 35 -- , , . . . , , , -- . 12 , . , 108 3.5 () , . , . . . , . : South Africa, Department of Education and Labor, 2002. . , . , , . . . , , , 46 144 (32%), , (World Bank, 2002c). (), , , , (World Bank, 2002c). . 109 , , . , , , . , , . , (Gill, Fluitman and Dar, 2001). (World Bank, 2001d). (Hong and Batra, 1995; O'Connell, 1999). « », 1991 . , , , . , , , ( ). -- , -- , . , , . , . , , . , , . , , , . 110 «» . / , . . , , . , , , (Fiske, 1996). , . , . , ( ). , , . . 4 « , ». . , , 1992 . , . . . , (, ), , (, ). . . 3, , . , , . 111 112 , , . , 1998 . 97% 46% 8% . , , , , , . , , , , . , 2003 . 6 11 , . . 113 . , (http://www.worldbank.org/education/adultoutreach/). 2000 . 40% , , , 40% -- , 15% . 60% -- (UNESCO, 2000). . 600 . 300 . . 0,8 , 1,1 , 2,5 (World Bank, 2002). , ( ) . , , . . 5% , (OECD, 2001). (2000d) 113 , . , , 2015 ., (World Bank, 2002). 4% , 60% , 6% , 100% (Lewin and Caillods, 2001). . , , , , , , . , 10­20% (3­7% ). , , . , , , . 2 . 5% (Moe, Bailey and Lau, 1999). 20% , -- , , , , , . 2 . , , . , , , . 41 , (25%) , (12%). ( 114 ) . -- 1,66 . (Heckman, Roselius and Smith, 1994). , ( ) . (. 4.1). 45% , 24% , 37% 57% 90 . 4.1 90 ( %) : OECD, 2000a. 1995 2000 . 15% . , , , , 2,1 . 2000 . 5 . 2008 . (Klor de Alva, 2001). 115 , , . , 95% 1995 . (Klor de Alva, 2001), , , . , . . . , , , , . , . , , , . : · ; · ; · ; · . , 2. 116 , . . , , . . . , , , . , , . , . , , , , . . (Jeria and Hovde, 2002). (Angrist ., 2001). . , , , . , , , . , , (Yoon, 2002; Japan, MESSC, 1991). , , 117 (Maman and Scobie, 2002). , ; 10 , , , -- -- ; 160 . . , , . . , , . , , , . , . , . . . . , 118 , , «» (. 4.2). 20% 1/5 , 1/10 . , (Castro Leal ., 1999; . : Lee, Steele and Glewwe, 1999). 4.2 ( %) : Li, Steele, and Glewwe, 1999. , , . . . 119 , , , -- (. 4.1). , , « », , , , , (. 4.1). ( 4.1). , , , . , « », . . , . , . , (Bar, 2001; Johnstone, 2001). , . , ( ) . , «» , . . 120 , : , « », , (Palacios, 2002): 4.1 ? ? ? .. .. « » « » , , 121 4.1 () ? ? ? .. .. .. .. ( .. ) .. .. .. .. -- : Palacios, 2002 4.1. , , , , . . , . , . 12% . ( ) , . , . , , . , 85% , , , , 30% 1999 . 122 4.1 () -- . , , 27% 1999 . . , , , . , , , , ( ). 10% 1999 . , . 1% . 10% 15% . . -- (Corfo) . -- , 5% . -- 2%, . , -- 59% 1998 . . , 9%. 15 . , , , . : Camhi and Latuf, 2000. , . 123 -- , , , ; . . , . , . , . , , , ( 4.2), , . 4.2. 80 . , . , 1970 , 1000 ., 141 . 2000 . . , . : Palacios, 2002. « » . 50 . (Friedman and Kuznets, 1945), . , 80 , . « » , . . , 124 . : , ; , ; , (Palacios, 2002). ( 4.3 4.4). 4.3. « »: « » 1999 ., « » « » (Davis and Meyer, 2000). 2002 . 65 . « » ( 1­5%) ( 10 15 ). , , . . « » , , , . , , , « » . « » : , . , . , « », . « » . . , . , « » , , « ». , , . : Palacios, 2002. 125 4.4. : , «Pullman Group», 1997 . . , , . . : Palacios, 2002. 1960 1980 . . , , . , , , , , . , , . -- , (Barr) (2001) . , . , , . ( 4.5). , , , , . 126 « » . -- . 4.5. (HECS) , . . , , 25%. , , . 3 6%. 1996 . 1900 . . , . . 1989 ., , 80 . . 2001 . -- 700 . . 60% . , . : 25% . , . 25% , . . «» 6 ., . . , . : Chapman, 2001; Johnstone, 2001; Johnstone and Aemero, 2001; Andrews, 1997. 127 . HECS . , , . , ( 4.6). 4.6. -- . , . : -- -- . 700 ., . 1000 . . , . . , , 10% , . , , . 10% . , 17 . . 1­2% , . 1996 . . , . , , . , , , . : Nicholls, 1998. , . , , , 128 , , . , «» . , . , ( , ) (. . ). , (. 4.2). , ( , ) . , , , . , . . (www.iprt.org/africa_educational_trust.htm), , , , . , , , . , , , , , . . 129 . (World Bank, 1998f). 4.2 , , , , , ; , ; MyRichUncle « () » , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (. , , , 4.6) , , 130 4.2 () , , , , , , , , , , , , / , , , , , , , , ( , , US ), GI Bill, Bolsa , , Escola ( 4.9); , , , , , (), , , , , ( ) 131 4.2 () , , , , , , , , 4.7. , , . , , . 18 , . -- . , , , , . . . . 1990 . , . , , . . 132 4.7 () , . : , , ( , .). , . , , , , . , , , . , . : Anthony, 2001; OECD, 1999, 2001; Patrinos, 2001b. , . , , , , (Oosterbeek, 1998). . , : . 133 ( 4.8). . , . , , , , , . , , . 4.8. , . , . 2,9% . , , . . 1971 . 1,5% /. . , , . , . , , . . 1992 . 1,5% /. . : Fretwell and Colombano, 2000. , , , : 134 , , , , . . . (Levin and Schutze, 1983; Levin, 2002). . , , . . , , . . 1995 . (Botelho and Goldmark, 2000). (Middleton, Ziderman and Adams, 1993). , ( ), (West, Sparks and Balabanov, 2000). 1989 . (West, Sparks and Balabanov, 2000). , ( «training vouchers» .: Ziderman, 2001). , , ( 4.9) . . 135 : Progresa Oportunidades , , , . (Patrinos and Ariasingam, 1997). , , . . 4.9. : «Bolsa Escola» 1995 . Bolsa Escola, . . (), . . -- , . , . . , (www.progresa.gob.mx). : World Bank, 2001. (ILA) , , . ILA , . , . ILA. 136 4.10. . ILA 2001 . , 150 . , . , -- 400 .; 130­400 . c (PDA) 2003 . , . ILA PDA. , . . . , 130­600 ., 2000 . 75% . . : ILA, , , . , . : , , « », . Scandia « ». 20% , , . . , . . ILA 1997 . . 215 . . 20% , . , , . , . , , , . : Palacios, 2002. 137 ( ), ( 4.10). « » (IDA) , , . , (Edwards, 1997; Scanlon, 2001). « » , . 4.11. : «--» . 3:1. , , 3 750 . , . «--» . , . . 4600 18, 36 54 «--». : Palacios, 2002. , , . . , , . , 138 , . , . , , , , . . . , , , , . , , . (McMahon, 1989). . . , . , , ( « », ). ( ) . , , , , . , . , , (, ), , (, 139 ). , , . . . , . . . , . 5 « , . ... ». , 1792 , . , , . , , , . , , . , , . , , . , . , , «», . 140 141 . . , ( % ), «» . , ; . , . , , . , , , . . , , ( , --, ) ( ). , , TIMSS, CES, PISA, IALS ALL «» . , IALS , . , (. 5.1). . , 142 , , , (World Bank Institute, 2001). , (. 5.2). , . . 5.1 , TIMSS PISA IALS ALL CES 2003 2006 : (. 2). : OECD, 2001, 2002. , , (New Zealand, Information Technology Advisory Group, 1999). . : «» , , , 143 . , . , . . -- -- , , . , , , . 5.2 , / · · , ( · , ) ( , , ) · , · IALS: , , , , · PISA: , , , , , , · TIMSS: 17 1995 ., 22 1999 . 144 5.2 () / · , · , : · : , · · : ( , ) , · · , : · · ( (, ): , , , , , ) · : , , · « »: · : , , , , , , · · : ( , , ) , , , , , , 145 5.2 () / , · · : · : , · · : , · , , , · · : , , · · ( ): · · , , ( : , · · ( ) : · : , · : , · : 146 5.2 () / · · ( : , , , ) · · , : ( 1996 .) · : · · « »: · · , : « ( », ), , , , , ( ) · · , : , , , , , , · · / : (Bolsa Escola) 147 , , . 1999 . , (World Bank, 1999d). , . « » (World Bank, 1995). « : » (World Bank, 1994). (World Bank, 2000) (World Bank, 2002f). , ( -- 5,6 . ., -- 71 . . -- 150 . .) ( 5.1). ( 5.2). , , , . , . . , , . , , , , ; , , . 148 5.3 (World Bank, 1995) (World Bank, 1999b) (World Bank, 1991b) : (World Bank, 1994) , : (World Bank, 2002c) (World Bank, 1998b) (World Bank 1999a) (World Bank, 1999c) : (World Bank, 2001d) (World Bank, 2000a) : (World Bank, 2001h) (World Bank, 2002h) (World Bank, 2002f) : (World Bank, 2002g) (IFC 2001) : (World Bank, 1991a) : (World Bank, 1996) : (World Bank, 2002b) . , , , , , , , , 149 . ( ) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; PISA TIMSS. 5.1. 1997 . 150 . . . , . , , . , , ; , , ; , . , , , , . . , (OTKA) , , OTKA, , . : World Bank, 1991a, 1998c. 150 5.2. , , , . . , , 2002 . , , . , . , , , , , . 1. 3 () , , . . (2004 .), « 2010». (14 2004 .) 32 , , (, ), . -- (, 2003 .). , « 3European Commission. (2005). Towards a European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning. Commission staff working document. Retrieved March 10, 2006 from http://ec.europa.eu/ education/policies/2010/doc/consultation_eqf_en.pdf. . , , . 151 152 », . , , , . , . , , . . 2006­2007. , , , . , 1. (, ), . , . -- , / , , 1. 153 . , , . 2. : 1) , , «» , ; 2) ( ), , , ; 3) , ; 4) , . , . , . , . , , . 3. , , . . / . . . 154 4. , . . 5. , , . : · ; · ; · ; · . (. 1) , « » : 1. A 1. 155 · , , , . · « » (), . · , . · . , , , . , : · ; · . . 1 , . , , , . , , -- , . , , , , 156 . . . . , . , , . 2 . . , , . . . . . . . 3 , , , , . . . , , . 1. 157 . . -- . . . , . . 4 , . , , . . , . . . . . , . , , ( ), . . , . 5 . 158 , , . , , , , « », . . . « » ( ) , , . , . , . ( ), . . 6 , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . . , , , , . , -- . 1. 159 , . . . , . , . , , , . . 7 , , . . , . , . . ( ). . . , . , , . 160 . ( ). 8 , , , , . -- . . , , . , . . , , , . , , . 8 , , . * * * , , . () . . 1. 161 , . . . . , . . · . · . · . · , . · . · , . · . · : ­ ; ­ , ; ­ ; ­ , , ­ ; ­ . , 162 . . . ( 2004 .) . : · , ; · , ; · , ; · , , , . . , : · ; · (2004 .); · (2005 .). 2004 . « 2010», 1. 163 . . , . : , , , , , , , . . ( , , , -- ). , .. . , , , . , , EUROPASS, , Ploteus, . . . ( ) ( ) , : · ; · ; · , ; 164 · , ; · ; · , . , , ; · , ; · ; · ; · ; · . EUROPASS EUROPASS 2005 . ( ). EUROPASS , , . EUROPASS : EUROPASS, . : , , EUROPASS . 2005 . 20. EUROPASS . Ploteus , , , , , . , , , . 1. 165 , . / . : · ; · ; · ; · EUROPASS ; · , ; · . . . . 2. 4 , -- . . 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) / ; 6) /. 4 . . , : ., 2005. « ». , , . 166 2. 167 . , . , , . , . « » (lifelong learning) ( LLL) , . « » , . , « » , , , . , , (KEKMOKOP), LLL. , , , LLL. «Lifelong learning: the implications for the universities in the EU» [5] , LLL, , . LLL . , (, [continuing education], [recurrent education], [adult education], [permanent education], [life long learning]). 168 , 1996 ., , , . , , . LLL , , , (education for all). 60 . : (); , -- , « » [recurrent education], « » [adult education] « » [education permanente]. -- . [5] , / , , . «education permanente» , « , , » [5]. 1972 1996 . , , LLL, , . , « », . « » . , , 2. 169 . 1997 . : « , , , , ». , . , , , LLL , . . 1973 . « » (Recurrent Education Strategy) « ». , , , .. 1996 . («Lifelong Learning for all»). 2000 . , , . . , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , 170 . , , -- , . (A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning) LLL. , . -- LLL (European Employment Strategy) -- , , . , . , , , , . , , http://www.infed.com [34], , web , , , , , «lifelong education» . (Basil Yeaxlee, 1929), (Eduard Lindeman, 1926) . . , LLL 1965 . LLL, , , LLL «Joy of Learning» ( , 1997). LLL , : « -- , 2. 171 . , , , . , , , ». , , (liberal educa tion). , , . , , , , , .. , . 25% ( 16 ) . « » («folkeoplysning»). , , , , , , . -- KTOL (The Finnish Association of Adult Education Centres) . , , . , . , , [4]: · (Escolas Basics), educao extra escolar, , ensino recur rente ; 172 · , ; · , ; · , , . · , , ; · , ; · (The Open University), ensino ba´sico ensino secunda´rio. 28 1999 . -- ANEFA. , -- . , LLL, . LLL 1983 . -- (Ley de Reforma Universitaria, LRU). 1983 . Napoleonic Model. 1983 . . . , -- National Distance University (UNED)5, . 5 1972 . . 1995 . (Open University of Catalonia, UOC), . 1998/1999 UNED UOC 135 . 8 . , . 2. 173 (Council of Universities), . 1983 . , , LLL. , , LLL . , LLL, , . 1991 . LLL , , . , 80 . , , (non regulated education). 2,5 . , 20 500 . «» (Master) (39%), « » (Specialist) (35%) «» (Expert) (26%), (postgraduate teacher training), , . , , XIX ., . 1964­1965 . « » (White Paper On Adult Education), 1966 . . 1976 . . , , , 174 , . 1989 . 1976 . -- White Paper «More Knowledge for More People», LLL , . 1995 . , « » ( 2.5). 1998 . -- White Paper «The Competence Reform» -- . (). , LLL, 1997 ., BEST -- « » (Welsh Office White Paper, Building Excellent Schools Together). 1998 . LIFE -- « » (Welsh office Green Paper, Learning Is For Everyone), LLL . (Education and Training Action Group) 1999 . (Education and Training Action Plan for Wales). (The National Assembly for Wales), , . 2000 2002 . (Learning and Skills Act 2000, Education and Skills Act 2002). 1975 . « », . 23 , , , . 1995 . « » , , , . LLL . 2. 175 . 1. ; 2. . , , LLL , , (Scholastic aptitude test, SAT) . -- APEAL (Accreditation of prior education, achievements and learning). . 2% . Ph.D. , , , . , SAT , . 25 , . 3% , . . , , APEAL . 176 . 1995 . 15,5% , , 35 ( ), 31% -- 25 ( ). . , , 7 . 1983 . 19 . 1998 . ( ) 2 . 1988 . 8 . , . . , , 35­45 . 1995 . 5 . . -- . 1286/1982 , , 90 . . 1997 ., , , LLL. 2525/1997, 6, 2, : « (Programmes of Elective Studies, PSE) (AEI) (TEI). PSE LLL ». , , , PSE LLL . PSE (vocational training) / (KEK). ( 2224/1994; 2469/1997) (111232/12/12/1997; 111238/12/12/1997). 2. 177 (Hellenic Open University, HOU) 2083/1992, 27. 2592/1997 , . (Open University of the UK) , . 5 . 23 50 20 . . « » 1794 ., CNAM (Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers) , . XIX . [universitaires populaires] , -- , . 1919 1971 . , (education ouvriere), CNAM. 1971 . , . 1971 . . ( ) . () . -- 0,8% , 1,5%. , , , . [educa tion permanente], LLL. 178 , , . , (Department d'Education Permanente (DEP) 1984 ., , , -- . DEP, . , CNAM, 30% . , , 370 ., 127 . (80%), (10%), . , 1996 . 1,5 . , 1,2 . DEP. . · 1. , . , DEP . · 2. , , . · 3. . ( 27 ). 2. 179 LLL «White Paper» 1995 . «education permanente», 50 . . , «education permanente» , (, , ) . «education permanente» LLL. LLL , , , . LLL «education permanente», . , , «educa tion permanente» « » , . 1. LLL . , , , , , -- . LLL , . , , . 2. , , -- . , . , . 3. LLL , . , 180 , , , , , . , Centre National d'Enseinment a Distance (CNED), 25 , CNAM. CNED , . 1997 . 200 . , , 20 . , . , . . 1923 . . 60 -- 70 . « ». 1977 . , « », , . 1977 . LLL, , . 1977 . , -- . , . 25 , . 2. 181 1993 . . () , . , « » , . 1995 . 1999 . 30 50%. 1995 . . , (Distance Education Committee, DUKOM). 1996­1997 . 9% . [1] , LLL: «LLL -- . . " " , . " " , ». (AEI). , , -- ; , ; (folk higher schools) . (non gov ernmental organizations) . , , , . , , . 182 , (folk high schools) , . 50% . , 1994 . 6,4 . 50 . , . 100 , 120 , 3 . . 150 . 1980 . 1994 . 10% . 25%, -- 40%. , , , , : ­ (Study Commission of Austrian Residential Adult Education Centres) -- , , , , , , , ; ­ (Vocational Training Institute) -- , , , ; ­ (Austrian Society for the Study of Political Economy) -- ; ­ -- , , ; ­ (Association of Austrian Public Libraries) -- ; ­ (Association of Austrian Adult Education Centres) -- 2. 183 , , , ; ­ (Institute of Economic Promotion of the Federal Chamber of Trade) -- , , . ­ (Austrian Institutes of Catholic Adult Education) (Association of Austrian Residential Training and Education Centres) -- , . 1 : ( %) 6 21,6 20,4 44,1 17,8 11,2 25,7 ­ 9,5 22,6 22,0 24,9 31,1 30,1 32,4 26,0 11,2 11,7 12,5 4,9 6,1 19,3 24,8 16,4 8,5 12,5 49,6 42,2 51,9 34,6 28,5 20,4 106,4 18,5 31,5 34,0 20 . 6 Paul Blanger/Albert Tuijnman, New Patterns of Adult Learning: A Six Country Comparative Study, Oxford, Pergamon & UNESCO Institute for Education, 1997. 7 100% , . 184 (Komvux), , (Srvux), (SFI) (SSV). . , , , , (. 2) [41]. 2 16 65 , ( %)8 52,5 ( ) 44,7 43,9 37,4 ( ) 33,7 24,3 () 21,2 13,9 , (. 3). , 74% , , -- , 23%. : , -- . 8 OECD, Literacy Skills for the Knowledge Society: Further Results from the International Literacy Survey, Paris, Organization for Co operation and Development, 1997. 2. 185 3 ( %)9 27,0 46,7 52,8 66,6 70,4 6,7 22,9 48,0 59,1 63,4 ( ) 23,4 34,2 53,2 60,7 73,7 17,2 29,0 44,5 ­ 51,4 9,5 15,0 35,7 51,0 51,0 ( ) 8,6 17,6 29,4 44,1 51,0 4,6 13,3 22,0 37,8 45,6 () 2,7 9,9 20,6 32,5 34,3 2003 . 42% 25 64 , 10% -- . . , : -- 89%; -- 82; -- 80; -- 77; -- 29; -- 28; -- 25; -- 17; -- 12%. : 41% 43% . , . . 2003 . 21% 14% 6% . 9 OECD, Literacy Skills for the Knowledge Society: Further Results from the International Literacy Survey, Paris, Organization for Co operation and Development, 1997. 186 , , (41%), (26%), (25%), -- (2%), (4%), (5%). 1972 . KEBO2 («Konferenz der Erwachsenenbildung sterreichs) -- ( ). , LLL -- , , . c (Wissenschafbrat) 1998 / , part time , . , . 1997 . , LLL, «Reform Project for Vocational Training -- Flexible Structures and Modern Occupations». , -- , , . , , . , Fachhochschulen. , , . 1998 . -- Alliance for Jobs, Training and Competitiveness, LLL. 2001 . 2. 187 (The Federal Ministry of Education and Research) « » («Lifelong Learning for Everyone»). LLL , . , , , , . . . . . LLL . . , , 77% , 30% . LLL . LLL -- « »; , , , .. . LLL , , , ( 16­19 ), . , , , , full time , , -- 16 23. , / . , , (Open University), . , LLL , 90 . . , 188 , , , . 90 , LLL . , , : ­ , 1997 . (The Dearing Report); ­ , 1997 . (The Fryer Report); ­ , 1998 . (The Kennedy Report); ­ , 1998 . -- The Green Paper of 1998 [3]. 1996 . «White Paper», , « -- . , , . , , , , . , . , , . , . . , LLL, (The Open University). , , . 94 , -- 20 . 70% 30 49 . 1971 . 2,5 . , 1998 . 230 . . 3. ? , 10 1. . , . -- , . , , -- . . -- , . 10 . ? , . :2005. , , www.worldbank.org. 189 190 (, , ..), ( ) (, ). , , . , , , , . -- , , . , , , , , , . , , . (OECD, 2002) (World Bank, 2002). , -- , . ( ) . , , . , . , , , , , , , . 3. 191 ? (1995­2000 .) . , , . , , , 40 , .. . , . , , 1) ; 2) , , ; 3) , ; 4) , , . , 20 40 . 2. () , . -- ( ). , . , , ( ), . , . , . . -- , , , . 192 3. . , , , . , , , . . . , , , . , 50 . . , . , , , « », . , , 1995 . 2000 . , 67% . , . , , -- , 20 , , 55 ( 5 ). , , , . 3. 193 ? 1. . , , , . , , , , , , . , , : , . , , , , . 2. . . , . , . 3. . . , , , , . , . , . 4. . 1997 ., , . 35%. 50 200 . . (24 . . ) (Price Waterhouse, 2002). 0,35% 23%. 12%, 23%. , 48 600 000 . (23 300 . ), , 194 , . , . 1. . , , . , 75% . , , . 4 , , , , . , , . , , , , 14% , , 43 . 2. . , , , , . , , , , , . , . ( , ). 3. . . 29% , 20% . . . 5 , . , , 2 148 . 3. 195 ? . (1 030 . ), 1998 . (World Bank, 2003b). , , , , 553 . . (265 . ). . 6 . , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . . 1. . , , , . , , . 50 , . , . , . 2. , . . , . , , 196 , . . 3. , . . , , , . , , : , , , . , . 4. , . , , . , . , , , . 4. . , , , . , , . , , . 20 , , 3. 197 ? , 8, 14 17%. , , , , , . . . (Sanchez Paramo and Schady, 2003). , . 1. ( ) ( %) : , Encuesta de Hogares, 1995­2000. (. 1), . . 65 , 20 25 , 40 45 . 198 2. () ( %) : , Encuesta de Hogares, 1995­2000. . , 20 25 : 3 2 . , , , 35­40 , . . . , , . , , , 35 , . 35 , . , , 45 50 . 50 . , 10% 45 . , . , , , . 3. 199 ? . , (20 , 25 ..), , . , , 20 , 25, 30 .. , 5% ( ). . 2, , , . : . , . , , , , , , . , . . . , , , 86% . . 3, 30 16 12,5%. 2,5%, 10%. ( ) , ( ) -- . , , 20 30 . 200 3. : , Encuesta de Hogares, 1995­2000. : . . , , . « » -- , , -- 30 , .. 15 (. 4). 30 , . ( 40 ), -- ( 50 ). 4. 20 15 10 5 0 25 35 45 25 35 45 25 35 45 ­5 ­10 ­15 (. .) : , Encuesta de Hogares, 1995­2000. 3. 201 ? . , ( 35 ). 67% 31% . , ( ), , . , . , , 20% , 11 , . 68%. . 45 20%. . , : 1) ; , ; 2) . . (. 5). -- . , . . , ( ) : , , , . , , , , , . 202 5. : , Encuesta de Hogares, 1995­2000. . , . , , . . 23% . , . . , , . ( ), -- ( ), . . , . 3. 203 ? 5. -- . , . , , , . . . , , , 40 , .. . 35 , , , , , 5, 11 15%. « » -- 20 . (3%) 40 . (5%) 45 , (6%) 50 . , . , , , , . , , : . , , 204 35 -- . , , , 3 10%, . , , , . , . 3­4%. , , , . , . , , , , , , . 3­4%. . , ( ) . , , , . . , . 4. ?11 1. : ( ) (OECD,1973). « » (OECD, 1996; OECD, 2001a), . , , . , (, Bryce et al., 2000), , , . . , , . « » , , . , . , 11 : www.oecd.org. , , . 205 206 . , , . : , , , . , « »; ( Istance 2003 .). 2. 2001 . ,, (OECD, 2001a. P. 11). · . , , . , . · . « ». , . · . , , . 4. 207 ? · . ; , . : ; , , . · , . : , , «, »? ? , , , ? , (). · , . : , ? ? , , . · . , , , . . . 208 3. , , -- , ? (), , , ; 15 , ( ) , . , 15 , , (OECD, 2001b. P. 14). ( ), ; , , . , ( -- ). 2000 .12 . , , . . : 5 1 ( , , ). , , 15 (, , 12 , . , 2003 . , 2004 . 4. 209 ? ). , , , , , , , , ( 1 ). , . 1. 5 , , , , , ; , , , ( ). 4 (, ), . 3 (, , ). 2 (, , , , ). 1 (, , ). 1 , : OECD, 2001b. 210 , . , : , 3 . 10 , 2000 ., 3 : , ( ), , , , , , . . ( ), , , , , , , , , , 60% . 1. , : · % 15 , 3 . · , 2/3 15 3 , 15% 1 , . · 2000 ., . : OECD 2001b, . 2 1. 4. 211 ? , , , , . 1 , , . , ( ), , , , , , , . 4. , : , , , . , , , , . , , , (., : OECD, 1999; OECD, 2003e, 5). , . , . , , , . , (Artelt et al., 2003. P.49): , , . (OECD, 2001b; OECD, 2002). . 212 , , , 15 , 2000 ., « ». , . ( 2). 2 , . , ( ) , . , . , , , . , , , , 13, , . , , , , , . . 2. « » , , : « -- , ) ; ) ; ) ; ) ; ) , ; ) ». 13 (OECD, 2000). 4. 213 ? 2. , , 2000 . ( %) : , , -- , , , 6 . : OECD, 2003d. , ( , ) . , . , (DeSeCo), . , (Rychen and Salganik, 2003). DeSeCo . . , : . , , , . 214 , , . -- , DeSeCo. «», , . , , , , . , . . , , . DeSeCo , , . ; , . : « ?» , , . 5. , , : , . , , , , . , , 4. 215 ? (CERI) (OECD, 2000b; OECD, 2003b; OECD, 2004a). . , . , , , . , . , , , , , . (OECD, 2004a) « », . · -- . , , , , . · -- -- . , . · -- , . . , , . · -- . , , . 216 , . , (OECD, 2003b; OECD, 2004a). . , (OECD, 2003a). -- , , -- . , , ; , «» , . , , , . , , , . , . , , , . . , , , . « : , » (OECD, 2005a) . , , , , . , , , 4. 217 ? , , . . , , . -- , , (OECD, 2005a; OECD, 2004c). , . , . , , . , , . , 2000 ., , -- , 40% . : 10% 70% . . 2000­2001 . , , , , 80 30 (OECD, 2004b). , . . . , , , , 218 . , , . . , , , . , , , . , , . , (2001d, 2003a), , « »,«», ( , ). , « »,«, ». , « », , , , , -- . , . 6. , , 4. 219 ? , , . , . . , . , , . : . . . , . , , , ,. . . , (. ). , . , , , 18­22 , , . , , , « , », 220 (.: Schuller, Schuetze and Istance, 2002). . -- , . , , . , , . , . , , ; , . (. : Duval, 2003). , , , . 2000 ., , , , 1990 1996 . (.: OECD, 2000c). 15 19 (79,4%) , (, , , , , , ) 85% . 20 29 (22,7%), , , , (OECD, 2004e, . C1.2). , 4. 221 ? , , , , . 25 34 , 90%. . , , , . . , -- , , -- . , , , . -- . , «» , , . , ? , , . 7. , , , 222 . , . . · , , . · . · . , , , . , , , , , , , . , . . , , : , , , , . . , , . , , , 4. 223 ? . , . , , , . . , , , , . . , , , . . , , , , . , , . « », , , . 5. : 14 . : « » « » (lifelong learning), , , . . . ; -- . , , , . , 2006 . 15, 14: ., ., . : . .: , 2005. 15 . , , . 224 5. 225 : -- . . . , , ( ) , : « », , , , . (, .). , , . ( IPR SPR)16 . ( , , .) , .. « » « » ( « », ). « » () , («»), (« »), , , . . 16SPR -- , , (). SPR , () . IPR -- SPR, . , . 226 « » ( ) . -- «» , , , , . , , . -- . , . 1. : «» 17 . «» , , «». «» , 17 , 600 . (52,4 . . ), (2440,7 . ) . 62%. 10 , -- , , , . , , , , , , , . . , , /4 3 , . 7% , 20% , 10% . 22% . -- . 5. 227 : «» , «», . « » , «» . ( «» , ) . . «», , ( , ), . . 5 . ( 4 . -- ). . 2005 . 127 . . , . 1.1. : «» «» , « » ( ), . , -- , -- . , . : , 228 , , , , . 1,5 2 . . 200 . ; . (Bachelor of Business Administration). -- 20 . , «» , ; , . «» : 2002 . -- 53; 2003 . -- 58; 2004 . -- 64; 2005 . -- 67; 2006 . -- 69. «» , . , , , , 2004 ., «», PR, , , , .. «» -- , . -- ( , ) ( ). 1.2. : , , -- «» , 5. 229 : « » , . . , 2 . . (, , , , , ), («», « » .). , , , , , . : , , . , , .. -- « » . , «» . , . , , -- , . , 5 . . . . , , « » , . , , . . . , , . 230 , «» -- . 200 . . , . 1.3. , ( ) . , ( «» . .). , () . « » -- . . 200 250 . , , , . , « » , . -- 50­60 . , . , « », 80 . ( «») . 5. 231 : «» , , , . . , . , «» , . 1.4. , , 200­300 . . . , 1 . 300 . 240­250 . . . , -- 1.5. : SPR , «», «», . ? ? . 232 , , -- -- SPR. 1 . 670 . 24 . 50­53 . ( ). , 0,032. 3,2% (, ). , -- (, ) 20­22%. , (3­4%). () -- . ( ) , (, « » « »), . , , « » , « » -- , .. , « », . , « » «», «» « » , . «» -- , . 5. 233 : 2. : 18 . , (, ) , ( ) , . , , , . , . . 2.1. : « » , ( , ) . 10 . , 18 . (18,3 . . ) 1299,3 . , 40% -- , (27%). (71 1 . ) . -- 500 . . 630 . , . . 15,7% , 12% . . -- 100 , , , , . , , , , . 234 . . « » . . () (). , .. . «» , , «» . 2.2. . . , . , -- -- . . , . ( , .) 5. 235 : . 255 . « » , 360 . : , , , . , . 2.3. 2005 . . 1 2006 . 12 726 15 243 , -- 1,9% 2,4% . 29 . 4 . . 36 60. , . . , , 3665 . 2.4. : -- , .. -- 236 . . ( ). . . « », « « » « ». . ? , , « » ( 330 ) . . -- , 5% -- . -- 4%. « » , . , : , . , -- 3 . . , , . . , , , . , , . . , , 5. 237 : ( , ). -- , . ? ? , . , . 3. : «» : 9 11 . . , . 9 11 -- 97% ( 10% ) 98% ( 31% ). 11 , ( 10% 31%), , , : 2%. . ( ) . 238 . 95% 9 89%. ( , , ). : 77% ( 60%), -- 13% ( 22%), 5% ( 7%). , ( ), , . , , 9 , . . 11 . : 98% 96% . 80% ( 58%), 11% ( -- 21%), 5% ( 17%). , 11 -- , , , -- , . , , . . ? 9 3,7 . , , (3,5 ). 5. 239 : . 3.1. : «» . , 5% 4% . 7% 17% . , ( ) , . , / . ? , . 16% , 12% 41% (!) . 53% 25% . 25% . -- 3,8 . -- 53%, . , . 40% , 30% -- , 6% -- 240 /. 5% ( : , , ). ? 3,3 . , . . ? , . , , , , 14,3%. 9% , 17% , 42% -- , 9% -- . , , , . 3.2. : , , . : , , , . , . , . ( , , , , .) , : 5. 241 : . , . . 13% , 12% . (64%). , , -- : « , ». , 76% (, 53%). . 90% (!) , ( ), , . . . 38% , , 11% , , 10% -- . ( ) . 3,8 . . 10% , , , 9% , 28% , 9% , 4% -- . , 8% . 60% , 14% -- . , , , , . 242 , , . , , , . « » ? , , , , , . « », . -- : ( ) , , , . , . : (, , , ) . . 3.3. : -- , . , , « » . , , , , -- 5. 243 : . «» , .. , . , . , . 53% , 35% , 2% . , , 28% , , « ». 40% , , , . 5% . 42% , 15% -- . 37% . 41% , 24% . 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