50898 v2 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND ADAPTATION STUDY FOR BANGKOK METROPOLITAN REGION Final Report Appendix PANYA CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. March 2009 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents CONTENTS CONTENTS I ABBREVIATIONS IX APPENDIX A SOCIO-ECONOMICS A1 General A-1 A2 Socio-economic Development A-1 A2.1 Population A-1 A2.2 Poverty A-5 A2.3 Economy A-6 A3 2008 Situation A-11 A3.1 Administration A-11 A3.2 Population A-11 A3.3 Economy A-11 A4 Master Plan and Future (2050) A-12 A4.1 Population A-12 A4.2 Economy A-13 B BUILDINGS AND HOUSING B1 Urbanization B-1 B1.1 Topography B-1 B1.2 Historical Growth B-2 B1.3 Modern-day Growth B-3 B1.4 Urban and Regional Planning B-7 B2 Buildings and Housing B-10 B2.1 Past Development B-10 B2.2 Present Situation B-11 B2.3 Condensed Housing Situation B-11 C TRANSPORTATION C1 Historical Background C-1 C2 Present Transportation in the BMR C-2 C2.1 Road Infrastructure C-2 C2.2 Rail Infrastructure C-2 C2.3 Waterway Infrastructure C-2 C3 Transportation Master Plan C-5 C3.1 Expressway Plan C-5 C3.2 Road Improvement Plan C-8 C3.3 Urban Public Transport Plan C-8 C3.4 Railway and Mass Rapid Transit C-14 D WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION D1 Water Supply D-1 D1.1 Present Situation D-1 D1.2 Water Demand Projection D-2 D1.3 MWA Development Project D-6 D2 Wastewater Treatment System D-6 D2.1 Present Situation D-6 D2.2 Projected Wastewater Generation D-11 D3 Solid Waste Management D-12 I Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents D3.1 Present Situation D-12 D3.2 Projected Solid Waste Generation D-14 E PUBLIC HEALTH E1 General E-1 E2 Projection E-2 F ENERGY F1 Organization of Energy Administration F-1 F2 Historical Development F-2 F3 Present Situation F-3 F3.1 Energy Consumption in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn F-3 F3.2 Consumption Activities F-5 F4 Development Plans F-6 F4.1 Strengthening Transmission of the EGAT F-6 F4.2 Development Projects of the MEA F-6 F5 Future Projection F-7 F5.1 Energy Consumption F-7 F5.2 Future Energy Infrastructures F-9 G FLOOD MANAGEMENT G1 Historical Knowledge Base G-1 G1.1 Causes of Flooding G-1 G1.2 Major Flood Occurrences in Bangkok G-1 G2 Present Situation G-3 G2.1 Flood Control from the Northern of Thailand G-5 G2.2 Flood Control in Bangkok G-5 G3 Master Plan for Flood Protection and Mitigation G-7 G4 Future Plan for 2050 G-8 H SEA LEVEL RISE AND STORM SURGE H1 Sea Level Rise H-1 H2 Storm Surge H-6 I LAND SUBSIDENCE I1 Problems I-1 I1.1 Legal Prevention and Mitigation Measures I-1 I1.2 Economic Prevention and Mitigation Measures I-4 I1.3 Technical Prevention and Mitigation Measures I-4 I2 Present Situation I-5 I3 Forecast of Future Land Subsidence I-8 J METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY J1 General Condition J-1 J1.1 Climate J-1 J1.2 River Morphology J-3 J2 Basic Analysis J-3 J2.1 Precipitation J-3 J2.2 Temperature and Evapotranspiration J-8 J2.3 Runoff J-9 J2.4 Water Level and Sea Level J-10 II Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents K MATHEMATIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND SIMULATION K1 Model Development K-1 K1.1 Model Setup K-1 K1.2 Model Inputs K-2 K1.3 Rainfall-Runoff Model K-10 K1.4 Hydrodynamic Model K-20 K1.4.1 Upper Chao Phraya Model K-20 K1.4.2 Lower Chao Phraya Model K-21 K2 Simulation K-25 K2.1 Return Period K-25 K2.2 Scenarios K-25 K2.3 Flood from the Upper Chao Phraya River Basin K-26 K2.4 Flood in the Lower Chao Phraya River Basin K-28 L IMPACT ASSESSMENT L1 Methodology L-1 L1.1 Population L-2 L1.2 Buildings and Housing L-3 L1.3 Transportation L-7 L1.4 Water Supply and Sanitary System L-7 L1.5 Energy L-8 L1.6 Public Health L-9 L2 Impact Assessment Results L-9 L2.1 Affected Population L-10 L2.2 Affected Buildings L-12 L2.3 Losses of Income L-12 L2.4 Affected Infrastructures L-15 L2.5 Affected Public Health Care System L-15 M ADAPTATION AND PROPOSAL M1 General M-1 M2 Review of Adaptative Practices M-1 M3 Adaptation Options and Proposal M-3 M3.1 Structural Measures M-4 M3.2 Preliminary Cost Estimate M-6 M3.3 Preliminary Economic Evaluation M-17 M3.4 Non-structural Measures M-18 N CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS N1 Technical Consultation 1 N-1 N2 Technical Consultation 2 N-2 N3 Final Stage Consultation N-3 REFERENCES R-1 LIST OF TABLES Table A2.1-1 Population in the BMR (2003-2007) A-2 Table A2.1-2 Households in the BMR (2003-2007) A-2 Table A2.1-3 Population of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn by District A-2 Table A2.1-4 Bangkok Communities (2006) A-4 Table A2.2-1 Poverty Line and the Poor in the BMR A-5 Table A2.3-1 GDP at 2006 Current Market Prices of the BMR A-6 III Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents Table A2.3-2 GDP of Bangkok A-7 Table A2.3-3 GDP of Samut Prakarn A-8 Table A2.3-4 Economic Zones in the BMR A-9 Table A3.1-1 Administration of the BMR A-11 Table A3.2-1 Population of the BMR (2008) A-11 Table A3.3-1 GDP of BMR (2008) A-11 Table A4.1-1 Population Projection including Non-registered (2050) A-12 Table A4.1-2 Household Projection for the BMR (2050) A-12 Table A4.2-1 GDP Projection for the BMR (2050) A-13 Table B1.3-1 Urbanization Growth of the BMR (2003) B-4 Table B1.3-2 Number of Building in Bangkok by District (2008) B-5 Table B2.1-1 Population and Housing Growth in the BMR B-10 Table C2.3-1 Average Daily Passengers Using the Chao Phraya Express Boats C-4 Table C2.3-2 Average Daily Ferry Boat Passengers Crossing C-4 the Chao Phraya River Table C2.3-3 Average Daily Boat Passengers at Piers along Khlong Saen Saep C-5 Table C3.1-1 Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand Projects C-6 Table C3.2-1 Urgent Road Improvement Plans C-10 Table C3.2-2 Urgent Projects of the DOH C-11 Table C3.2-3 Urgent Projects of the DOR C-12 Table C3.2-4 Urgent Projects of the BMA C-13 Table C3.4-1 Details of Proposed Red Line Phase 1 C-15 Table D1.1-1 MWA Service Area and Performance (2007) D-1 Table D1.1-2 PWA Service Performance (2007) D-2 Table D1.1-3 Details of the MWA Water Treatment Plants D-2 Table D1.2-1 Water Supply in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn D-4 Table D2.1-1 Capacity of DDS Wastewater Treatment Plants D-7 Table D2.1-2 Capacity of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants D-7 Table D2.1-3 Water Quality Control Plants in Bangkok D-10 Table D2.1-4 Wastewater Management in Samut Prakarn D-11 Table D2.2-1 Projected Wastewater Generation D-11 Table D3.1-1 General Solid Waste management at Transfer Stations (2007) D-12 Table F3.1-1 Petroleum Products Consumption in the BMR F-4 Table F3.2-1 Energy consumption in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn (2006) F-5 Table F4.2-1 Underground Cable Projects F-7 Table F5.1-1 Energy Consumption Projection in Bangkok and F-8 Samut Prakarn (2021) Table F5.1-2 Energy Consumption Projection in Bangkok and F-9 Samut Prakarn (2050) Table G3-1 Flood Protection Budget in the RID Master Plan G-8 Table H1-1 Projected Global Average Sea Level Rise H-1 Table J2.1-1 The Selected Rainfall Stations in the Chao Phraya River Basin J-4 Table J2.1-2 Maximum Rainfall over the Chao Phraya River Basin for J-7 Consecutive Days Table J2.2-1 Increasing Factor of Evapotranspiration for A1FI and B1 J-8 Table J2.2-2 List of Evaporation Stations J-8 Table J2.3-1 List of Stream Gauging Stations J-9 Table J2.3-2 Maximum Discharge in the Chao Phraya and Pasak Rivers J-10 Table J2.4-1 List of Water Level Gauging Stations J-10 Table K1.2-1 Operation Rule and Area-Capacity Curve of K-4 the Major Reservoirs Table K1.2-2 Target Water Level Control in Major Drainage Canals K-5 Table K1.2-3 Improvement of Flood Protection System in the Eastern Area of K-7 Bangkok Table K1.3-1 Catchment Area of Sub-basins and Index Stations K-11 IV Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents Table K1.3-2 Weighting Factor of Rainfall and Evaporation Stations of Sub-basins K-12 Table K1.3-3 Calibrated Parameters of the Nam Model K-19 Table K1.4-1 Detailed Description of the River Branches in the Upper Model K-20 Table K1.4-2 Detailed Description of the River and Canal Branches in K-23 the Lower Model Table K2.2-1 Scenarios for Simulation Study K-26 Table K2.3-1 Volume and Peak Discharge of Flood at C.2 and K-26 C.13 Gauging Stations Table K2.4-1 The Inundation Area in Different Flood Depth from K-28 Simulation Results Table L1-1 Summary of Assessed Damage L-2 Table L1.1-1 Flood Impact on Population L-2 Table L1.2-1 Flood Damage Rate of Building and Asset L-3 Table L1.2-2 Unit Price of Building and Construction L-3 Table L1.2-3 Depreciation Rate of Building and Construction L-4 Table L1.2-4 Average Book Value of Residential Building and Asset L-5 Table L1.2-5 Average Book Value of Commercial Building and Asset L-5 Table L1.2-6 Average Book Value of Industrial Building and Asset L-6 Table L1.5-1 Unit Cost of Electrical Damage by Service-district L-8 Table L2-1 The Damage Cost Estimation L-9 Table L2-2 Incremental Damage Cost L-10 Table L2.1-1 Affected Population under C2008-T30 and L-11 C2050-LS-SR-SS-A1FI-T30 Scenarios Table L2.1-2 Affected Population in Various Scenarios L-12 Table L2.2-1 Affected Building of Case C2008-T30 and L-13 C2050-LS-SR-SS-A1FI-T30 Table L2.2-2 Affected Building and Housing in Different Cases L-14 Table L2.2-3 Damage Cost of Building and Housing in Different Cases L-14 Table L2.3-1 Losses of Income Related to Duration of Flood L-15 Table M3.1-1 Proposed Pumping Capacities in the Western Area of Bangkok M-5 Table M3.2-1 Designed Dike Crest Elevations in the Eastern Area of M-8 the Chao Phraya River Table M3.2-2 Designed Dike Crest Elevations in the Western Area of M-9 the Chao Phraya River Table M3.2-3 Unit Costs of Dike, Pump and Canal Improvement, and M-10 Coastal Erosion Protection Table M3.2-4 Cost Estimate of Flood Protection Improvement in M-12 the Eastern Area of the Chao Phraya River Table M3.2-5 Cost Estimate of Flood Protection Improvement in M-13 the Western Area of the Chao Phraya River Table M3.3-1 Investment Cost of Flood Protection Improvement Project M-11 Table M3.3-2 Annual Benefit of 30 Year Return Period M-15 Table M3.3-3 Annual Benefit of 100 Year Return Period M-15 Table M3.3-4 Cost Benefit Analysis (Base Case) M-16 Table M3.3-5 Cost Benefit Analysis (Real Growth) M-17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure A1-1 Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) A-1 Figure A2.1-1 Condensed Housing Communities in Bangkok A-5 Figure A2.3-1 Economic Zones in the BMR A-10 Figure B1.1-1 General Topography of the BMR B-1 Figure B1.2-1 Urbanized Area of Bangkok B-2 Figure B1.3-1 Urban Built-up Area (2003) B-4 Figure B1.3-2 Districts of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn B-6 V Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents Figure B1.4-1 Land Use Plan of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn (2006) B-8 Figure B1.4-2 Regional Land Use Conceptual Plan (2057) B-9 Figure C2.1-1 Transportation Network in the BMR C-3 Figure C3.1-1 Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand Projects C-7 Figure C3.2-1 Urgent Road Improvement Plans C-9 Figure D1.1-1 MWA Water Treatment Plants D-3 Figure D1.2-1 Water Demand Projection of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn D-4 Figure D1.3-1 MWA Development Project D-5 Figure D2.1-1 Quantity of Wastewater in Bangkok D-6 Figure D2.1-2 Proportion of Wastewater in Bangkok D-7 Figure D2.1-3 Service Area of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plants D-9 Figure D3.1-1 Solid Waste Management in Bangkok D-13 Figure E1-1 Diagram Pathways of Health Impacts E-1 Figure E2-1 Incidence Rate of Infectious Diseases in Bangkok (2003-2007) E-2 Figure E2-2 Trends of Infectious Diseases in Bangkok (2003-2050) E-4 Figure F1-1 Organization of Energy Agencies F-1 Figure F5.1-1 Pattern of Fuel Substitution Projection (2007-2021) F-8 Figure G1.2-1 Satellite Images (TERRA MODIS) on November 12 and G-3 December 21, 2006 Figure G2-1 Bangkok and Vicinity Flood Protection System G-4 Figure H1-1 Observed Sea Level Rise during the 20th Century H-1 Figure H1-2 Projected Sea Level Rise for 6 SRES H-1 Figure H1-3 Relative Vulnerability of Coastal Deltas (2050) H-2 Figure H1-4 Relative Sea Level Rise in Thailand by Sommart and Itti (2007) H-4 Figure H1-5 Relative Sea Level Rise in Thailand by Supharatid (2007) H-4 Figure H1-6 Aerial Photo of the Upper Gulf of Thailand H-5 Figure H1-7 Land Subsidence on the Chao Phraya River Delta H-6 Figure H2-1 Typhoon Linda from GMS-05 Satellite Image H-6 Figure H2-2 Buoy Location in the Gulf of Thailand H-7 Figure H2-3 Typhoon Linda Track H-7 Figure H2-4 Study Location H-8 Figure H2-5 Wind Fields on November 3, 1997, every 6 hours (NOGAPS) H-9 Figure H2-6 Wave Fields on November 3, 1997, every 6 hours (WAM output) H-9 Figure H2-7 Peak Wave in November 3, 1997 (WAM output) H-9 Figure H2-8 Time Series of Wave Parameters at HHN Station H-10 Figure H2-9 Tidal Stations in the Upper Gulf of Thailand H-10 Figure H2-10 Water Levels on Nov. 4, 1997 H-11 Figure I1.1-1 Critical Groundwater Zone Map (1983) I-2 Figure I1.1-2 Critical Groundwater Zone Map (1995) I-3 Figure I1.3-1 Land Subsidence Benchmarks and Monitoring Wells I-4 Figure I2-1 Land Subsidence in Bangkok and Adjacent Areas (2007) I-5 Figure I2-2 Correlation between Land Subsidence and Groundwater Level I-7 Figure I2-3 Relationship between Land Subsidence and Groundwater Level I-8 Figure I3-1 Land Subsidence Rate (1979–2007) I-8 Figure I3-2 Average Land Subsidence Rate I-9 Figure I3-3 Accumulate Land Subsidence (1978-2007) I-9 Figure I3-4 Accumulate Land Subsidence (2007-2050) I-9 Figure J1.1-1 Monsoons and Tropical Cyclones in Thailand J-1 Figure J1.1-2 Average Rainfall over the Chao Phraya River Basin J-2 Figure J1.1-3 Mean Monthly Temperature in the Chao Phraya River Basin J-2 Figure J1.1-4 Mean Monthly Pan Evaporation in the Chao Phraya River Basin J-2 Figure J2.1-1 Location of Hydro-meteorological Stations J-5 Figure J2.1-2 Annual Rainfall Isohyet of the Chao Phraya River Basin J-6 Figure J2.1-3 Rainfall Pattern in the Chao Phraya River Sub-basin in 1995 J-7 Figure J2.3-1 Discharge Hydrographs in the Chao Phraya and Pasak Rivers J-9 VI Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents Figure J2.4-1 Sea Level at the River Mouths of Chao Phraya and Tha Chin J-11 Figure J2.4-2 Water Level along the Chao Phraya River in 1995, 2002 and 2006 J-12 Figure K1.1-1 Schematic Diagram of Model Setup K-2 Figure K1.2-1 River/Canal Network of the Model Setup K-3 Figure K1.2-2 Schematic Diagram of the Model in 1995 K-8 Figure K1.2-3 Schematic Diagram of the Model in 2002 K-8 Figure K1.2-4 Schematic Diagram of the Model in 2050 K-9 Figure K1.3-1 The Chao Phraya River Sub-basins and the Thiessen Polygon of K-10 NAM Model Figure K1.3-2 Structure of the NAM Model K-11 Figure K1.3-3 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-13 the Upper Ping River Basin (1995-1999) Figure K1.3-4 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-13 the Wang River Basin (1995-1999) Figure K1.3-5 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of) K-14 the Yom River Basin (1995-1999 Figure K1.3-6 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-14 the Upper Nan River Basin (1995-1999) Figure K1.3-7 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-15 the Khwae Noi River Basin (1995-1999) Figure K1.3-8 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-15 the Upper Pasak River Basin (1995-1999) Figure K1.3-9 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-16 the Upper Ping River Basin (1999-2003) Figure K1.3-10 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-16 the Wang River Basin (1999-2003) Figure K1.3-11 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-17 the Yom River Basin (1999-2003) Figure K1.3-12 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-17 the Upper Nan River Basin (1999-2003) Figure K1.3-13 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-18 the Khwae Noi River Basin (1999-2003) Figure K1.3-14 Simulated and Estimated Discharges of K-18 the Upper Pasak River Basin (1999-2003) Figure K1.4-1 Simulated Results and Observed Data at C.2 Gauging Station K-21 Figure K1.4-2 Inundation Map in 1995 by CTI Engineering Co., Ltd. and K-22 by the Consultant Figure K1.4-3 Inundation Area on Nov 4, 2002 from Satellite Image and K-22 Simulation Result Figure K1.4-4 Stage Hydrographs of Simulated and Observed Data at K-24 Gauging Stations Figure K2.3-1 Flood Hydrographs at Nakhon Sawan (C.2) in Different Scenarios K-27 Figure K2.4-1 Maximum Water Depth of Case C2008-T30 and K-29 C2050-LS-SR-A1FI-T30 Figure K2.4-2 The Inundated Area in Different Durations K-31 (Case C2050-LS-SR-A1FI-T30) Figure K2.4-3 Maximum Water Level in the Chao Phraya River at K-32 Different Return Periods Figure K2.4-4 Water Level at Index Stations in the Chao Phraya River at K-33 10-Year Return Period Figure K2.4-5 Water Level at Index Stations in the Chao Phraya River at K-34 30-Year Return Period Figure K2.4-6 Water Level at Index Stations in the Chao Phraya River at K-35 100-Year Return Period VII Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Contents Figure M3.1-1 Maximum Inundation Are in Case of M-6 With and Without the Proposed Adaptation Figure M3.2-1 Dike Improvement M-7 Figure M3.3-1 Flood Damage Cost With and Without the Project for M-14 30-Year Return Period Figure M3.3-2 Flood Damage Cost With and Without the Project for M-14 100-Year Return Period Figure M3.4-1 Disaster Management Organization Chart of Thailand M-21 VIII Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Abbreviations ABBREVIATIONS Thailand Government / Agencies BECL : Bangkok Expressway Public Company Limited BMA : Bangkok Metropolitan Administration BMTA : Bangkok Mass Transit Authority BOI : Board of Investment of Thailand BRA : Bureau of Registration Administration BTS : Bangkok Mass Transit Public Company Limited CU : Chulalongkorn University DAE : Department of Agricultural Extension, MOAC DCP : Department of City Planning, BMA DDC : Department of Disease Control, MOPH DDPM : Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, MOI DDS : Department of Drainage and Sewerage, BMA DEDE : Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, MOEN DEQP : Department of Environment and Quality Promotion, MONRE DGR : Department of Groundwater Resources, MONRE DIW : Department of Industrial Works, MOI DMCR : Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, MONRE DMF : Department of Mineral Fuels, MOEN DMS : Department of Medical Service, BMA DOAE : Department of Agriculture Extension, MOAC DOE : Department of Environment, BMA DOEB : Department of Energy Business, MOEN DOF : Department of Fisheries, MOAC DOH : Department of Highway, MOT DOPA : Department of Provincial Administration, MOI DOR : Department of Rural Roads, MOT DPT : Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning, MOI DPW : Department of Public Works, BMA DWR : Department of Water Resources, MONRE EGAT : Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand EPPO : Energy Policy and Planning Office, MOEN ETA : Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand GISTDA : Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency HD : Harbor Department HDD : Hydrographic Department, Royal Thai Navy HDP : Health Department, BMA I-EA-T : Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand LDD : Land Development Department, MOAC MD : Marine Department, MOT MEA : Metropolitan Electricity Authority MICT : Ministry of Information and Technology MOAC : Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative MOC : Ministry of Commence MOEN : Ministry of Energy MOF : Ministry of Finance MOPH : Ministry of Public Health MOI : Ministry of Interior MONRE : Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MOSTE : Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment MOT : Ministry of Transport MRTA : Mass Rapid Transit Authority MWA : Metropolitan Waterworks Authority IX Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Abbreviations NCDC : National Civil Defense Committee NDPMC : National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee NDWC : National Disaster Warning Center, MICT NEPC : National Energy Policy Committee NESDB : Office of National Economic and Social Development Board NHA : National Housing Authority NSCT : National Safety Council of Thailand NSO : National Statistic Office ONEP : Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning OIC : Office of Insurance Commission OTP : Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, MOT PEA : Provincial Electricity Authority PTT : PTT Public Company Limited PWA : Provincial Waterworks Authority RFD : Royal Forest Department RID : Royal Irrigation Department, MOAC RTSD : Royal Thai Survey Department, Royal Thai Army SLA : Social Local Administration SRT : State Railway of Thailand TAO : Tambon Administration Organization TMD : Thai Meteorological Department, MICT TRD : Treasury Department, MOF TTD : Traffic and Transport Department, BMA UDA : Urban Development Authority WQM : Water Quality Management Office, BMA International Organization / Agencies ADB : Asian Development Bank AIT : Asian Institute of Technology APN : Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research CAPaBLE : Scientific Capacity Building/Enhancement for Sustainable Development DHI : Danish Hydraulic Institute ECLAC : Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JBIC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency START : The Global Change System for Analysis, Research, and Training UNDP : United Nations Development Programme USOM : United States Operation Mission WB : World Bank Others B.E. : Buddhist Era BMR : Bangkok Metropolitan Region DEM : Digital Elevation Model DSM : Demand-side Management ENCON : Energy Conservation Promotion GDP : Gross Domestic Product GHG : Greenhouse Gas GIS : Geographical Information System IPP : Independent Power Producer MAGICC : Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change MRT : Mass Rapid Transit SCADA : Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SLR : Sea Level Rise X Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Abbreviations SPP : Small Power Producer SRES : Special Report on Emissions Scenarios VSPP : Very Small Power Producer Units of Measurement mm : millimeter (s) cm : centimeter (s) m : meter (s) km : kilometer (s) m2 : square meter (s) km2 : square kilometer (s) rai : 0.16 hectare m3 : cubic meter (s) MCM : million cubic meters Ml : million litters Mkg : million kilograms sec : second (s) d : day (s) yr : year (s) GWh : gigawatt-hour kV : kilovolt (s) MVA : megavolt-ampere mm/sec : millimeter per second m3/sec : cubic meter per second Baht : Thai baht (Thai currency) MBaht : million Thai baht US$ : United States dollar MSL : mean sea level o : degree ′ : minute ″ : second % : percent o C : degree centigrade UTC : Coordinated Universal Time Mcf : 1000 cubic feet bbl : barrels of oil ktoe : kiloton oil equivalent hPa : hectopascal XI APPENDIX A SOCIO-ECONOMICS Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics APPENDIX A SOCIO-ECONOMICS A1 GENERAL The Bangkok Metropolitan Region 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 (BMR) includes Bangkok and five Ê Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya ! P Saraburi 1580000 1580000 vicinity provinces: Samut Prakarn, 0 2 4 8 Kilometers 12 16 Samut Sakhon, Nonthaburi, Pathum Suphan Buri Thani and Nakhon Pathom, (Figure 1560000 1560000 A1-1) is the most important social and economic center of Thailand. P Pathum Thani ! Any adverse effect on the socio- economics of the region will certainly 1540000 1540000 have a negative influence to the P Nonthaburi ! whole socio-economics of the ! P Nakhon Pathom country. P Bangkok ! 1520000 1520000 It is anticipated that the impact of climate change will give rise to P ! Samut Prakarn 1500000 1500000 considerable flood damage to the P ! Ratchaburi ! P Samut Sakhon socio-economics of the area. With this perceived adverse effect, it is G u l f o f T h a i l a n d P ! 1480000 1480000 important that all stakeholders are Samut Songkham P:\0816\Map Project\000-แผนที่ pol-a4-RV1- รายงาน TWM 110252 aware of the impending changes and 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend able to explore appropriate ways to ! P Province reduce or minimize the anticipated Province Boundary future damage that may occur. Source: DPT, 2006 Figure A1-1 Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) The objective of the study is to identify the current socio-economic situation and the future development in the BMR and to estimate the socio-economic damage that is attributed to the anticipated impact of climate in the area. A2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The socio-economic development is studied based on the secondary data mainly from official sources including: the Bureau of Registration Administration (BRA), the Office of National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), the National Statistic Office (NSO), and the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning (DPT). A2.1 Population The historical population in the BMR has been compiled based on the BRA data during period of 2003 to 2007. As of December 31, 2007, the total population of the BMR was 10.07 million. The average growth rate during the 5-year period was 0.64% with the highest rate in Pathum Thani (4.95%). The average population density of the BMR was 1,297 per km2 with the highest density in Bangkok of 3,644 per km2. The summary of population and household in the BMR for the period 2003 to 2007 are shown in Table A2.1-1 and A2.1-2. A-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics Table A2.1-1 Population in the BMR (2003-2007) No. of Population Growth Density Province Rate (people 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 (%) per km2) Bangkok 5,844,607 5,634,132 5,658,953 5,695,956 5,716,248 -0.54 3,644 Samut Prakarn 1,045,850 1,049,416 1,077,523 1,107,626 1,126,940 1.89 1,122 Samut Sakhon 448,199 442,687 452,017 462,510 469,934 1.20 539 Nonthaburi 924,890 942,292 972,280 999,057 1,024,191 2.58 1,646 Pathum Thani 739,404 769,998 815,402 861,338 896,843 4.95 588 Nakhon Pathom 812,404 798,016 808,961 821,905 830,970 0.58 383 BMR 9,815,354 9,636,541 9,785,136 9,948,392 10,065,126 0.64 1,297 Source: DOPA, 2008 Table A2.1-2 Households in the BMR (2003-2007) No. of Household Growth Province 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rate (%) Bangkok 2,020,019 2,050,411 2,091,558 2,150,706 2,207,453 2.24 Samut Prakarn 392,606 409,514 425,081 443,189 458,981 3.98 Samut Sakhon 176,742 184,369 193,350 202,584 211,109 4.54 Nonthaburi 388,552 404,431 421,554 449,200 468,769 4.81 Pathum Thani 324,932 346,950 370,867 387,509 411,022 6.06 Nakhon Pathom 242,668 253,701 268,001 282,215 293,401 4.86 BMR 3,545,519 3,649,376 3,770,411 3,915,403 4,050,735 4.42 Source: DOPA, 2007 These numbers are based on the registration record and do not include the non-registered population. At present, there is no official statistical record on non-registered population in Thailand besides the estimation by the Department of City Planning (DCP), BMA. In 2007, the estimated non-registered population in Bangkok was 3.25 million. Therefore, the actual population of Bangkok in 2007 would be approximately 9 million. Districts-wise population and population growth in the BMA and Samut Prakarn are shown in Table A2.1-3. There are 12 groups of community in Bangkok which divided to 5 categories comprising condensed housing, suburb, housing allotment, welfare housing, and town communities. The information obtained from the BMA reveals that in 2006 there are 838 condensed housing communities from the total of 1,899 communities. The total population of all communities was 1.79 million or about 31% of total population of Bangkok. Details of the communities in Bangkok by district are presented in Table A2.1-4 and the location of condensed housing communities is shown in Figure A2.1-1. Table A2.1-3 Population of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn by District No. of Population Growth District 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rate (%) Bangkok 5,844,607 5,634,132 5,658,953 5,695,956 5,716,248 -0.54 1. Bang Bon 89,140 93,225 96,723 99,348 101,263 3.24 2. Bang Kapi 149,747 147,694 149,093 149,860 150,139 0.07 3. Bang Khae 183,809 186,744 189,257 191,521 192,597 1.18 4. Bang Khen 178,864 177,062 178,986 181,390 182,335 0.49 5. Bang Kho Laem 113,781 106,499 105,685 104,479 103,391 -2.34 6. Bang Khun Thian 123,525 127,697 132,313 137,934 141,698 3.49 7. Bang Na 102,777 101,737 101,667 101,695 101,360 -0.35 8. Bang Phlat 116,271 110,331 108,597 107,139 105,347 -2.42 9. Bang Sue 158,079 154,079 151,788 150,547 147,797 -1.67 10. Bangkok Noi 152,867 135,944 133,669 132,394 130,540 -3.77 11. Bangkok Yai 85,075 82,676 81,727 80,863 79,637 -1.64 12. Bang Rak 60,300 50,735 50,023 49,730 49,124 -4.77 13. Bueng Kum 141,465 138,340 138,501 140,580 145,172 0.67 14. Chatuchak 176,501 169,983 169,113 167,837 166,581 -1.43 A-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics Table A2.1-3 Population of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn by District (Cont’d) No. of Population Growth District 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rate (%) 15. Chom Thong 173,133 167,794 167,175 166,377 165,070 -1.18 16. Din Daeng 155,766 147,398 146,031 144,461 141,765 -2.31 17. Don Muang 157,643 157,989 159,506 161,600 163,080 0.85 18. Dusit 150,365 123,282 121,336 119,927 117,867 -5.62 19. Huai Khwang 79,916 76,452 76,213 76,402 77,033 -0.89 20. Khan Na Yao 82,573 83,611 84,080 84,562 85,027 0.74 21. Khlong Sam Wa 117,060 124,476 132,172 138,962 144,423 5.40 22. Khlong Toei 133,131 125,254 122,919 121,504 119,909 -2.56 23. Klong San 107,150 89,200 87,853 86,163 84,821 -5.44 24. Lak Si 121,815 117,163 116,713 116,922 116,055 -1.19 25. Lat Krabang 132,027 134,834 138,327 142,460 144,800 2.34 26. Lat Phrao 115,656 116,305 117,711 119,168 120,417 1.01 27. Min Buri 112,734 115,212 118,019 122,825 127,727 3.17 28. Nong Chok 109,789 117,385 126,126 133,415 138,667 6.02 29. Nong Khaem 123,045 125,545 128,493 131,344 135,554 2.45 30. Pathum Wan 97,533 64,168 63,192 62,102 61,040 -9.79 31. Phasi Charoen 140,051 137,473 136,240 135,149 134,407 -1.02 32. Phaya Thai 90,557 78,294 77,232 77,343 77,202 -3.73 33. Phra Khanong 101,370 98,957 98,564 98,096 98,496 -0.71 34. Phra Nakorn 76,230 69,188 67,357 65,835 64,356 -4.10 35. Pom Prap Sattru Phai 72,040 61,220 60,001 58,768 57,461 -5.32 36. Prawet 135,549 139,009 142,633 146,401 149,883 2.54 37. Rat Burana 97,273 95,041 94,097 93,548 92,929 -1.13 38. Ratchthewi 101,892 103,086 99,827 98,601 97,747 -1.02 39. Saphan Sung 79,974 81,784 83,147 84,934 86,043 1.85 40. Sai Mai 160,170 161,749 165,491 169,109 173,076 1.96 41. Samphanthawong 35,547 32,194 31,674 31,142 30,646 -3.58 42. Sathon 106,333 96,714 95,089 93,808 92,021 -3.49 43. Suan Luang 116,961 114,940 115,120 115,490 116,293 -0.14 44. Taling Chan 104,254 104,680 105,730 106,811 107,812 0.84 45. Thawi Watthana 61,177 64,220 66,354 68,423 70,196 3.50 46. Thon Buri 175,768 139,573 136,971 134,589 132,034 -6.52 47. Thung Khru 101,254 104,827 107,609 110,469 111,621 2.47 48. Watthana 82,582 80,217 80,121 80,596 80,744 -0.55 49. Wang Thonglang 111,978 113,166 114,132 114,950 114,984 0.67 50. Yan Nawa 92,110 88,986 88,556 88,383 88,061 -1.11 Samut Prakarn 1,045,850 1,049,416 1,077,523 1,107,626 1,126,940 1.89 1. Bang Bo 69,872 68,481 69,433 72,290 73,132 1.17 2. Bang Bo TM. 5,150 5,203 5,669 5,993 6,045 4.14 3. Bang Mueang TM. 94,566 95,398 96,442 99,280 100,697 1.59 4. Bang Phli 148,595 151,715 157,905 163,650 167,923 3.11 5. Bang Phli TM. 7,188 7,223 7,245 7,332 7,334 0.50 6. Bang Poo 109,715 111,661 113,800 115,209 115,688 1.34 7. Bang Sao Thong 33,734 35,622 37,309 39,119 40,398 4.61 8. Bang Sao Thong TM. 14,381 16,385 17,534 18,597 18,994 7.29 9. Dan Samroang TM. 54,164 54,352 54,657 55,045 55,096 0.43 10. Khlong Dan 11,687 11,715 11,819 12,065 11,986 0.64 11. Khlong Suan TM. 1,670 3,114 3,305 3,302 3,237 22.64 12. Laem Fapha TM. 13,877 14,337 14,685 14,974 15,129 2.19 13. Lat Luang MM. 74,722 75,434 75,810 76,142 76,333 0.54 14. Muang 83,812 88,124 96,201 104,706 110,020 7.06 15. Phra Pradaeng 39,149 38,991 38,929 38,985 39,284 0.09 16. Phra Pradaeng MM. 11,381 11,526 11,864 11,915 11,982 1.30 17. Phra Samut Chedi 64,690 66,841 71,539 74,662 77,479 4.62 18. Phra Samut TM. 13,401 13,555 13,798 13,671 13,662 0.49 19. Phraeksa TM. 8,098 8,698 9,198 11,068 13,483 13.83 20. Samroang Nuea TM. 34,102 33,280 32,797 32,675 32,351 -1.31 21. Samroang Tai TM. 80,287 80,449 80,538 80,332 80,396 0.03 22. Samut Prakarn CM. 71,609 57,312 57,046 56,614 56,291 -5.44 Remarks: TM. = Tambon Municipality MM. = Muang Municipality CM = City Municipality Source: DOPA, 2008a A-3 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics Table A2.1-4 Bangkok Communities (2006) Group and Number of community Number of Number of Districts Wellfare Housing Housing Allotment Suburb Town Condensed Total population household Bangkok Group 1 (Rattanakosin Group) Dusit 2 - - 26 15 43 34,782 6,428 Pom Prab Sattru Phai - - - 6 10 16 10,253 2,165 Phra Nakorn - - - 14 7 21 25,538 3,551 Samphanthawong - - - 20 - 20 8,213 2,266 Bangkok Group 2 (Lumpini Group) Bang Rak 1 - - 14 1 16 15,784 2,811 Pathumwan 2 - - 1 12 15 37,161 4,673 Wattana - 2 - - 16 18 10,330 1,700 Sathon - 6 - 2 18 26 34,542 5,237 Bangkok Group 3 (Vibhawadi Group) Chatuchak 3 7 - 4 25 39 39,819 8,022 Din Daeng 2 3 - 12 5 22 19,704 4,563 Bang Sue - 2 - 1 47 50 39,367 8,066 Phaya Thai 4 3 - 4 14 25 19,025 4,073 Ratchthewi 1 - - - 20 21 16,998 2,759 Hua Kwang - 3 - 1 21 25 17,191 3,339 Bangkok Group 4 (Choa Phaya Group) Klong Toei 6 2 - 5 28 41 96,011 18,218 Bang Kho Laem - - - 3 26 29 44,580 7,378 Bang Na 1 6 - 16 17 40 36,367 8,336 Pra Khanong - 14 - 1 28 43 23,017 5,000 Yan Nawa - - - 5 18 23 12,019 3,461 Bangkok Group 5 (Thon Buri Group) Klong San - - - 11 34 45 42,615 8,290 Thon Buri - - - 1 44 45 60,073 11,068 Bangkok Yai - 1 - 1 32 34 20,364 3,840 Bangkok Noi 1 1 1 7 33 43 95,169 12,245 Bang Plat 2 - - 2 41 45 50,569 9,666 Bangkok Group 6 (Tak Sin Group) Chomthong 1 4 7 1 39 52 43,848 8,244 Pasi Charoen - 4 3 2 40 49 40,439 7,278 Rath Burana - 1 - - 28 29 19,760 3,934 Bangkok Group 7 (Phranakhon Nuea Group) Don Muang - 49 1 1 21 72 83,163 18,054 Bang Khen 8 31 5 9 12 65 78,427 18,229 Lad Phrao 2 18 2 1 5 28 30,244 8,900 Sai Mai 3 35 6 16 5 65 73,868 15,127 Lak Si 32 10 - 11 19 72 63,464 15,233 Bangkok Group 8 (Burapha Group) Khan Na Yoa 2 16 5 - 13 36 23,404 6,088 Bang Kapi 2 8 4 2 8 24 25,311 4,733 Buenkhum - 18 1 - 19 38 29,827 7,890 Wang Thonglang - 2 - - 15 17 11,780 2,438 Suan Luang - 7 2 7 29 45 41,903 6,489 Saphansoong 1 1 16 1 6 25 31,942 7,811 Bangkok Group 9 (Suwinthawong Group) Klong Samwa - 12 55 - - 67 34,316 6,778 Nong Chok - 6 68 - - 74 46,168 9,839 Bangkok Group 10 (Srinakarin Group) Prawet 2 7 23 1 3 36 31,411 7,336 Min Buri 1 19 36 2 - 58 42,634 10,446 Lad Krabung 17 3 33 - 1 54 43,108 15,231 Bangkok Group 11 (Mahasawad Group) Taling Chan - 1 30 2 5 38 20,439 4,314 Thawi Wattana - 6 5 - - 11 9,206 2,258 Bang Khae - 7 9 - 27 43 30,337 6,397 Nong Khaem 1 16 11 - 7 35 48,839 10,341 Bangkok Group 12 (Sanamchai Group) Bang Khunthian 5 10 24 4 6 49 46,634 10,406 Bang Bon - 3 7 - 1 11 6,990 1,663 Thung Khru 2 - 8 1 17 28 22,345 4,963 Total 104 344 395 218 838 1,899 1,789,298 367,575 Source: BMA, 2006a A-4 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics 640000 660000 680000 700000 Ê ! Pathum Thani 1540000 1540000 ! 0 1 2 4 6 8 ! Don Mueang ! ! Kilometers ! !! ! ! ! Sai Mai ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ¬ « 7 Lak Si !! ! ! ! ! ! ¬ « 9 Nonthaburi ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Khlong Sam Wa ! ! ! ! Bang Khen ! P ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Nong Chok ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Chatuchak ! ! ! Lat Phrao !!! ! ! ! Bang ! Sue !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! Khan Na Yao !! ! ! ¬ « !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! 3 ! ! ! Bueng Kum ! ! ! ! Min Buri !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! Bang Phlat ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ¬ « ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Phaya Thai ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !Dusit ! 8 ¬ « ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Wang Thonglang ! ! ! ! Din Daeng ! ¬ « ! ! ! ! Nakhon Thawi Watthana Taling Chan 5 ! ! ! !! ¬ « ! ! ! ! ! ! ! P ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! Bangkok ! ! ! Noi! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Saphan Sung! 10 Pathom ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Huai Khwang ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Pom Prap! Sattru Phai ! Ratchathewi ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! Bang Kapi 1520000 1520000 ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Phra Nakhon ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! Bangkok ! ! ¬ ! ! ! ! ! « ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! Lat Krabang 11 ! ! ¬ « ! ! Samphanthawong ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Pathum Wan ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !! Thon ! ! !! ! ! !! Buri ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! 2 ! ! ! ! Watthana ! ! Suan Luang ! !! ! ! Khlong !! ! San ! !! Bang Khae Phasi Charoen !! Bang ! Rak ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Khlong Toei ! !! ! ! !! Chachoengsao ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! Sathon ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! Bangkok Yai ! ! Prawet ! ! !! ! ! ¬ « ! ! ! !! ! ! ¬ ! ! « ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! 6 ! ! Bang ! ! Kho Laem! ! !4 ! ! ! ! ! Phra ! Khanong ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! Yan Nawa ! ! Nong Khaem ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Chom Thong ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! Rat Burana ! ! Bang ! Na ! ! !! ! ! Bang Bon ! ! ! ! ! ! Phra Pradaeng ! ! ! ! ! ! Thung Khru ! Bang Sao Thong ¬ « !! ! ! !! 12 Bang Phli ! ! P Bang Khun Thian Samut Prakarn 1500000 1500000 Mueang Samut Prakarn Bang Bo Samut Sakhon ! Phra Samut Chedi P ! G u l f o f T h a i l a n d P:\0816\Map Project\036-แผนที่ community-12group-a4-รายงาน TWM 20112551 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend P ! Province ¬ « 1 Rattanakosin Group ¬ « 6 Tak Sin Group ¬ « 11 Mahasawad Group ! Condensed Housing ¬ ¬ « « 2 Lumpini Group 7 Phranakhon Nuea ¬ « 12 Sanamchai Group Province Boundary ¬ « 3 Vibhawadi Group ¬ « 8 Burapha Group District Boundary ¬ « 4 Chao Phraya Group ¬ « 9 Suwinthawong Group Main Road Water Body ¬ « 5 Thon Buri Group ¬ « 10 Srinakarin Group Source: BMA, 2006a Figure A2.1-1 Condensed Housing Communities in Bangkok A2.2 Poverty Poverty incidence is measured at the household level by comparing per capita household income against the poverty line - which is the income level that is sufficient for an individual to enjoy society’s minimum standards of living. If an individual’s income falls below the poverty line, he or she is classified as poor. In 2007, 0.6% or 88,361 people in the BMR were poor. The poverty line in 2007 for the BMR was 1,638 baht per person per month. A summary of the poverty line, the proportion and the number of poor in each province of BMR is presented in Table A2.2-1. Table A2.2-1 Poverty Line and the Poor in the BMR Poverty Line No. of the Poor Proportion of the Poor (%) Province (Baht//month) (people) 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 BMA 2,020 2,065 0.51 1.14 28,692 64,422 Samut Prakarn 1,647 1,712 - 0.78 - 9,961 Samut Sakhon 1,511 1,564 0.76 0.42 4,313 2,436 Nonthaburi 1,529 1,561 0.30 0.06 4,124 845 Pathum Thani 1,409 1,458 0.56 0.20 5,376 1,939 Nakhon Pathom 1,434 1,466 0.45 0.98 3,918 8,758 BMR 1,592 1,638 0.43 0.60 46,422 88,361 Source: NESDB, 2007a A-5 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics A2.3 Economy In 2006 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the BMR was 3,352 billion baht, or 43% of the country’s GDP (7,830 billion baht). (Table A2.3-1). The annual average growth rate was 7.04% and the annual income per capita was 289,715 baht. Table A2.3-1 GDP at 2006 Current Market Prices of the BMR Unit: million Baht Samut Samut Nontha Pathum Nakhon Whole Item Bangkok BMR Prakarn Sakhon buri Thani Pathom Kingdom Agriculture 2,862 5,875 9,297 2,446 4,541 12,822 37,842 841,134 % of GDP 0.13 1.14 3.35 2.37 2.40 9.64 1.13 10.74 - Agriculture, Hunting and 2,526 641 1,231 2,316 4,141 10,984 21,839 727,426 Forestry - Fishing 335 5,233 8,066 131 400 1,838 16,003 113,708 Non-Agriculture 2,131,830 508,521 268,479 100,695 184,549 120,213 3,314,286 6,989,195 % of GDP 99.87 98.86 96.65 97.63 97.60 90.36 98.87 89.26 - Mining and Quarrying 0 6 187 20 65 1,175 1,454 256,750 - Manufacturing 428,900 395,204 233,118 37,796 128,950 75,561 1,299,528 2,748,488 - Electricity, Gas and 41,901 13,129 7,600 4,395 8,251 3,668 78,944 238,852 Water Supply - Construction 69,462 8,405 4,017 7,407 7,351 4,241 100,884 234,958 - Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and 495,834 24,557 9,010 14,728 9,429 10,948 564,506 1,110,188 Personal and Household Goods - Hotels and Restaurants 240,316 8,186 998 5,487 6,892 2,406 264,285 386,382 - Transport, Storage and 321,979 33,738 4,238 4,720 5,230 5,200 375,105 567,149 Communication - Financial Intermediation 158,849 7,825 2,016 6,028 3,102 3,365 181,184 283,365 - Real Estate, Renting and 76,030 5,245 2,040 5,457 4,440 2,547 95,758 208,987 Business Activities - Public Administration and Defenses Compulsory 128,774 2,405 1,295 2,929 2,535 3,423 141,361 350,060 Social Security - Education 48,633 3,363 1,553 3,830 3,368 4,268 65,015 316,355 - Health and Social Work 34,933 3,786 1,583 3,679 2,397 2,130 48,508 150,016 - Other Community, Social and Personal Services 81,283 2,485 800 3,950 2,476 1,161 92,154 128,907 Activities - Private Households with 4,936 186 25 270 64 120 5,601 8,738 Employed Persons GDP 2,134,692 514,395 277,776 103,141 189,090 133,034 3,352,128 7,830,329 % of GDP of 27.26 6.57 3.55 1.32 2.41 1.70 42.81 100.00 the whole Kingdom YOY growth rate (%) 5.14 7.71 10.76 6.71 21.72 10.01 7.04 10.35 GDP per capita (Baht) 311,225 404,807 533,159 85,659 250,406 138,507 289,715 120,037 Population (1,000 people) 6,859 1,271 521 1,204 755 960 11,570 65,233 Remark: YOY = Year to Year Source: NESDB, 2007b Detail of the GDP in market prices and constant 1998 price of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn are presented in Table A2.3-2 and A2.3-3. A-6 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics Table A2.3-2 GDP of Bangkok Current Price Unit: million Baht Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Agriculture 1,877 2,258 2,504 2,444 2,658 2,862 4,016 - Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 1,517 1,874 2,183 2,121 2,316 2,526 3,665 - Fishing 360 385 320 324 342 335 352 Non-Agriculture 1,657,157 1,669,237 1,737,558 1,900,481 2,027,594 2,131,830 2,187,794 - Mining and Quarrying 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Manufacturing 371,261 345,904 368,535 388,796 412,460 428,900 445,687 - Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 35,872 38,123 37,352 41,484 39,003 41,901 42,404 - Construction 52,679 47,862 47,024 51,226 66,518 69,462 75,034 - Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, 408,455 402,246 406,351 447,725 473,214 495,834 531,565 Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods - Hotels and Restaurants 190,477 196,829 187,484 206,729 215,093 240,316 258,795 - Transport, Storage and 268,826 284,096 286,575 303,718 321,947 321,979 276,434 Communication - Financial Intermediation 81,127 92,939 119,665 135,890 153,814 158,849 164,805 - Real Estate, Renting and Business 57,634 61,667 64,915 68,532 72,029 76,030 78,651 Activities - Public Administration and Defenses Compulsory Social 83,981 89,125 98,521 110,904 119,659 128,774 140,306 Security - Education 34,848 32,173 31,431 40,296 39,496 48,633 54,815 - Health and Social Work 24,285 24,712 27,296 29,316 32,216 34,933 39,945 - Other Community, Social and 43,557 49,326 57,975 71,207 77,311 81,283 74,154 Personal Services Activities - Private Households with 4,156 4,233 4,435 4,657 4,833 4,936 5,200 Employed Persons GDP 1,659,034 1,671,495 1,740,061 1,902,926 2,030,252 2,134,692 2,191,811 GDP per capita (Baht) 254,060 254,087 262,211 283,884 299,343 313,081 320,358 Population (1,000 people) 6,530 6,578 6,636 6,703 6,782 6,818 6,842 Constant 1998 Price Unit: million Baht Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Agriculture 1,191 1,339 1,513 1,169 1,153 1,112 1,183 - Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 974 1,108 1,313 961 920 891 951 - Fishing 217 231 200 209 232 221 232 Non-Agriculture 925,578 936,100 967,886 1,034,604 1,075,186 1,091,212 1,064,097 - Mining and Quarrying 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Manufacturing 215,489 202,707 210,157 219,493 225,206 226,726 230,286 - Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 21,002 22,145 22,162 23,070 23,166 24,329 25,568 - Construction 25,923 23,096 22,240 23,428 28,764 28,894 30,150 - Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, 222,248 220,917 225,092 238,788 247,477 253,894 261,883 Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods - Hotels and Restaurants 74,974 75,902 72,041 79,936 82,606 92,318 96,790 - Transport, Storage and 178,325 191,732 191,406 205,504 210,463 202,035 153,730 Communication - Financial Intermediation 45,965 52,304 66,154 73,098 79,169 78,097 79,301 - Real Estate, Renting and Business 39,122 41,750 44,299 46,665 48,429 50,550 52,233 Activities - Public Administration and Defenses Compulsory Social 37,370 38,317 40,712 41,901 42,658 42,745 43,831 Security - Education 13,491 12,138 11,530 13,787 13,157 14,683 15,966 - Health and Social Work 9,930 9,662 10,470 10,735 11,438 12,036 13,034 - Other Community, Social and 39,783 43,472 49,607 56,113 60,566 62,874 59,244 Personal Services Activities - Private Households with 1,958 1,960 2,017 2,085 2,087 2,032 2,081 Employed Persons GDP 926,770 937,439 969,398 1,035,773 1,076,339 1,092,324 1,065,280 Source: NESDB, 2007b A-7 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics Table A2.3-3 GDP of Samut Prakarn Current Price Unit: million Baht Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Agriculture 11,908 12,337 10,549 6,894 5,605 5,875 6,273 - Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 472 474 471 546 529 641 822 - Fishing 11,436 11,863 10,078 6,348 5,076 5,233 5,451 Non-Agriculture 338,930 358,827 369,725 403,589 471,977 508,521 640,634 - Mining and Quarrying 0 0 2 6 8 6 6 - Manufacturing 277,224 290,439 297,470 323,730 386,444 395,204 443,019 - Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 10,521 11,158 12,375 14,209 13,272 13,129 13,643 - Construction 3,223 3,713 4,389 5,814 6,781 8,405 10,007 - Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, 17,032 19,975 20,526 22,276 23,424 24,557 24,248 Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods - Hotels and Restaurants 5,665 6,982 6,587 6,775 7,512 8,186 8,756 - Transport, Storage and 9,090 8,453 9,345 9,572 10,119 33,738 112,624 Communication - Financial Intermediation 4,737 5,126 5,668 6,748 7,743 7,825 9,138 - Real Estate, Renting and Business 3,620 3,710 3,927 4,384 4,960 5,245 5,378 Activities - Public Administration and Defenses Compulsory Social 1,284 1,472 1,563 1,706 2,238 2,405 2,968 Security - Education 2,252 2,500 2,621 2,698 3,274 3,363 3,758 - Health and Social Work 2,607 3,046 2,997 3,157 3,516 3,786 4,352 - Other Community, Social and 1,499 2,077 2,076 2,331 2,501 2,485 2,546 Personal Services Activities - Private Households with 176 176 180 184 186 186 191 Employed Persons GDP 350,838 371,163 380,274 410,482 477,582 514,395 646,907 GDP per capita (Baht) 320,834 330,913 329,768 345,409 388,781 411,171 509,318 Population (1,000 people) 1,094 1,122 1,153 1,188 1,228 1,251 1,270 Constant 1998 Price Unit: million Baht Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Agriculture 5,398 5,749 5,397 3,765 3,038 3,130 3,245 - Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry 329 324 298 284 238 265 257 - Fishing 5,070 5,426 5,099 3,481 2,800 2,865 2,988 Non-Agriculture 217,100 226,743 232,568 249,149 284,488 306,869 398,664 - Mining and Quarrying 0 0 3 7 9 8 7 - Manufacturing 181,728 187,773 191,610 205,683 238,371 238,991 264,696 - Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 6,259 6,533 6,784 7,315 7,144 6,871 7,526 - Construction 1,654 1,871 2,132 2,666 2,970 3,589 4,031 - Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles, 9,415 11,140 11,448 11,868 12,109 12,302 11,979 Motorcycles and Personal and Household Goods - Hotels and Restaurants 2,001 2,420 2,300 2,356 2,576 2,757 2,861 - Transport, Storage and 6,980 7,073 7,947 7,984 8,901 29,861 94,076 Communication - Financial Intermediation 2,684 2,885 3,133 3,630 3,985 3,847 4,395 - Real Estate, Renting and Business 2,977 3,089 3,263 3,590 3,941 4,154 4,259 Activities - Public Administration and Defenses Compulsory Social 571 634 646 645 798 799 927 Security - Education 870 904 939 911 1,036 1,007 1,095 - Health and Social Work 1,020 1,168 1,126 1,143 1,241 1,311 1,420 - Other Community, Social and 859 1,174 1,157 1,270 1,327 1,299 1,317 Personal Services Activities - Private Households with 83 81 82 82 80 77 76 Employed Persons GDP 222,498 232,492 237,965 252,913 287,527 309,999 401,909 Source: NESDB, 2007b A-8 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics Economic Zones To identify and locate important economic zones that are vulnerable to climate change, information from the BMA, the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning (DPT), the Ministry of Industry (MOI), the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (I-EA-T), and NESDB are collected. The marked areas for commercial, industrial and warehouse in the Comprehensive Plan of DPT are considered as important economic zones for the BMR (Table A2.3-4 and Figure A2.3-1) and categorized into: 1) Industrial Estates (IE) are operated by I-EA-T and divided into two zones: General Industrial Zone (GIZ) and I-EA-T Free Zone – in lieu of an Export Processing Zone (EPZ); 2) Industrial Zone (IZ) managed by MOI; 3) Industrial Community (IC) managed by MOI; and 4) Industrial Park (IP) established by private sector. Table A2.3-4 Economic Zones in the BMR Economic Zone Location Area (rai) Bangkok 1. Bang Chan IE (GIZ) Seri Thai Rd., Min Buri 677 2. Gemopolis IE (GIZ) Sukhapiban Rd., Prawet 79 3. Jongsatit IP (GIZ) Chaithalae Rd., Bang Khun Thian 1,500 4. Lad Krabang IE (GIZ/EPZ) Chalongkrung Rd., Lat Krabang 2,559/683 5. Thapaya International Industrial City Siphaya Rd., Bang Rak 650/50 (GIZ/EPZ) 6. Buengkhlo Intercity IZ Suwinthawong Rd., Nong Chok 141 7. Bang Bon Mini Factory IZ Ekachai Rd., Bang Khunthian 71 8. Wongwaen Chatchawan Factory IZ Bang Khunthian-Chai Tale Rd., Bang Khunthian 327 Samut Prakarn 1. Bang Phli IE (GIZ) Theparak Rd., Bang Sao Thong 796 2. Bang Poo IE (GIZ/EPZ) Phatthana 1 Rd., Bang Poo Mai, Muang 3,659/277 3. Bang Na IC Bang Na-Trat Rd., Bang Sao Thong 101 4. Suthawe Mini Factory IC Panwithee Rd., Bang Bo 55 5. Metro machinery IC Bang Na-Trat Rd., Bang Phli 131 6. Klum Rongan Foknung IZ Sukhumwit Rd., Bang Poo Mai, Muang 910 7. Thai Summit IZ Bang Na-Trat Rd., Bang Phli 171 8. L.P.N IZ Suksawat Rd., Phra Samut Chadi 186 9. Chainan Bang Phli Parkland IZ Bang Sao Thong, Bang Phli 993 Samut Sakhon 1. Samut Sakhon IE (GIZ) Rama 2 Rd., Bang Krachao, Muang 1,041 2. Maharatchanakhon IE (Textile zone) Rama 2 Rd., Bang Krachao, Muang 140 3. Sin Sakhon Printing City (GIZ) Chetsadawithi Rd., Khokkam, Muang 845 4. Sura Krathing Daeng IC Na Dee, Krathumban 310 Pathum Thani 1. Nava Nakhon IP (GIZ) Phaholyothin Rd., Khlong Luang 6,135 2. Bang Kradi IP (GIZ) Tiwanon Rd., Bang Kradi, Muang 1,222 3. Thai Suzuki IZ Rangsit-Oangkarak Rd., Thanya Buri 199 Remark: 1 rai = 0.16 hectare = 1,600 m2 Source: I-EA-T and DIW, 2008 A-9 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Saraburi P ! 1580000 1580000 Suphan Buri 1560000 1560000 t u 1 Nava Nakhon # * Thai Suzuki P ! Pathum Thani ! ( # * Bang Kradi 1540000 1540000 t u 9 Buengkhlo Intercity Nonthaburi P ! ! ( Nakhon Pathom t u9 ! P P Bangkok ! 1520000 1520000 t u4 " ) t u 7 Bang Bon Mini Factory Thai Summit Sura Krathing Daeng ! ( *# ! ( Metro Machinery " ) )" " ) Ratchaburi ! ( ! (! P Samut Prakarn ! ( " 1500000 1500000 Wongwaen Chatchawan Factory L.T.N. t u Chainan Bang Pli 3 ) t u 34 PSamut Sakhon ! ! P ! ( Suthawe Mini Factory t u 35 ! ( ! ( Leather Breaching Group Leather Breaching Group P ! 1480000 1480000 Samut Songkham G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend ! ( Industrial Zone Primary Highway # * Industrial Park Secondary Highway " Ê P:\0816\Map Project\035-แผนที่ industrial-a4 TWM 12092551 ) Industrial Community Railroad P ! Province 0 3 6 12 18 24 Kilometers Province Boundary District Boundary Waterway Source: I-EA-T and DIW, 2008 Figure A2.3-1 Economic Zones in the BMR A-10 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics A3 2008 SITUATION The 2008 socio-economic information has not been officially released. Since 2008 has been adopted as the base year for impact assessment - corresponding data has been generated based on available historical records, if necessary. A3.1 Administration The administration of Thailand comprises three levels, namely central, provincial, and local administration. The Central administration comprises 20 ministries and 164 departments, all are located in Bangkok. The Provincial administration comprises 75 provinces (Changwats), 877 districts (Amphoes/King-Amphoes), 7,255 sub-districts (Tambons), and 74,944 villages (Moo Ban). Local administration comprises provincial administration organization, municipalities, the Tambon Administration Organization (TAO), and the Special Local Administration (SLA) which includes BMA and Muang Pattaya. Administration of the BMR is shown in Table A3.1-1. Table A3.1-1 Administration of the BMR Area Provincial Administration Local Administration Province (km2) District Sub-district Village Municipality TAO SLA Bangkok 1,569 50 154 - - - 1 Samut Prakarn 1,004 6 50 399 16 32 - Samut Sakhon 872 3 40 290 7 31 - Nonthaburi 622 6 52 328 10 35 - Pathum Thani 1,526 7 60 494 14 52 - Nakhon Pathom 2,168 7 106 930 16 100 - Remark: TAO = Tambon Administration SLA = Special Local Administration Source: DOPA, 2008a A3.2 Population Estimated population of Bangkok in 2008 is 10.76 million. This figure is derived from the NESDB projection based on the registered population of 6.86 million and assuming that non-registered population constitute 57% of total registered population of Bangkok (Table A3.2-1). Table A3.2-1 Population of the BMR (2008) Samut Samut Nontha Patum Nakhon Type Bangkok BMR Prakarn Sakhon buri Thani Pathom Registered 6,855,673 1,286,789 565,788 960,984 815,223 958,059 11,442,517 Non-registered 3,907,734 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 3,907,734 Total 10,763,407 1,286,789 565,788 960,984 815,223 958,059 15,350,251 Source: NESDB, 2007c A3.3 Economy Economic situation of the BMR in 2008 is estimated based on 2000-2006 GDP with constant 1988 price. Estimated GDP in 2008 will be 1.94 billion baht (Table A3.3-1). Table A3.3-1 GDP of the BMR (2008) Constant 1998 Price Unit: million Baht Samut Samut Nontha Patum Nakhon 2008 GDP Bangkok BMR Prakarn Sakhon buri Thani Pathom Agriculture 1,518 6,090 4,926 1,211 2,370 6,834 22,913 Non-agriculture 1,242,866 304,288 139,152 55,237 114,616 62,806 1,919,001 Total 1,244,384 310,378 144,078 56,449 116,986 69,640 1,941,914 Source: Panya Consultants’ calculation A-11 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics A4 MASTER PLAN AND FUTURE (2050) The study of master plan for socio-economic development is basically based on present active plan of the 10th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2007-2011) of NESDB and the City Plan of the BMA and other sectors master plans. With respect to the future (2050), scenario is projected based on the official data used in the master plan and/or the past development information. A future moderate scenario is based on the regression trend analysis to determine the rate of change of the socio-economic index. A4.1 Population To forecast the population in 2050 for the BMR, the information on population projections for Thailand 2003–2030 prepared by NESDB was used as a base for the estimation. In the NESDB report, the projection was made to year 2030 for the whole kingdom and to year 2025 and 2020 for Bangkok and other provinces respectively. This projection was made at the provincial level and not for districts and sub-districts. In projecting the population to 2050, a regression function is applied. The logarithmic function giving the highest value of R2 was selected for the projection of population at the provincial level. For the district and sub-district level projection, a ratio method is applied by using the ratio of the population at district and sub-district levels to provincial level based on the registered population data of the BRA during 2003–2007. If the non-registered population of Bangkok at the rate of 57% of the register is taken into account, the total population of Bangkok will be 10.76 and 10.55 million people in 2008 and 2050 respectively. The summary of population in the case of non-registered taken into account is shown in Table A4.1-1. Table A4.1-1 Population Projection including Non-registered (2050) Unit: 1,000 people Province 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050 Bangkok 10,763 10,796 10,705 10,392 10,082 10,539 10,544 10,547 Samut Prakarn 1,286 1,320 1,391 1,438 1,445 1,469 1,507 1,537 Samut Sakhon 565 579 607 624 630 640 656 669 Nonthaburi 965 978 1,011 1,029 1,041 1,055 1,076 1,092 Pathum Thani 815 833 869 892 900 913 935 951 Nakhon Pathom 958 976 1,017 1,046 1,050 1,064 1,087 1,105 BMR 15,352 15,482 15,600 15,421 15,148 15,680 15,805 15,901 Source: NESDB, 2007c and Panya Consultants’ calculation In addition to the population projection, the number of household was also forecasted to year 2050. The projection is based on moderate growth. The population of Bangkok will be 10.55 million with 4.65 million households by 2050. Summary of household projection for moderate growth is presented in Table A4.1-2. Table A4.1-2 Household Projection for the BMR (2050) Unit: 1,000 units Province 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050 Bangkok 2,246 2,325 2,536 2,766 3,017 3,290 3,913 4,654 Samut Prakarn 467 485 533 585 642 704 849 1,022 Samut Sakhon 214 221 238 256 276 297 345 400 Nonthaburi 473 483 508 534 561 589 651 719 Pathum Thani 414 421 439 457 476 496 538 584 Nakhon Pathom 298 309 337 368 401 437 520 619 BMR 4,112 4,244 4,591 4,966 5,373 5,813 6,816 7,998 Source: Panya Consultants’ calculation A-12 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix A: Socio-economics A4.2 Economy For the projection of the BMR economy to 2050, the exponential regression function is applied by using GDP at constant 2007 price for 1998–2006 from the NESDB as a base year. The summary of the moderate growth projection of the GDP of the BMR is presented in Table A4.2-1. Table A4.2-1 GDP Projection for the BMR (2050) Constant 2007 Price Unit: billion Baht Province 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050 Bangkok 2,334 2,541 3,163 3,969 4,974 6,226 9,765 15,314 Samut Prakarn 582 642 809 1,011 1,265 1,585 2,485 3,897 Samut Sakhon 270 306 386 485 605 758 1,189 1,865 Nonthaburi 106 117 147 184 231 289 453 711 Pathum Thani 219 236 303 374 468 587 920 1,443 Nakhon Pathom 131 145 182 228 285 358 561 879 BMR 3,642 3,985 4,991 6,250 7,827 9,802 15,373 24,110 Source: Panya Consultants’ calculation A-13 APPENDIX B BUILDINGS AND HOUSING Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing APPENDIX B BUILDINGS AND HOUSING B1 URBANIZATION B1.1 Topography The Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) is one among the six major regions of the country, namely the North, Northeast, East, West, South and Central. The BMR is located in the lower part of the Central Region adjacent to the Gulf of Thailand and drains the flood water of the Chao Phraya River Basin. The BMR which includes Bangkok and five provinces forms up in rectangular shape of 100 by 70 km with the southern side adjoining the Gulf of Thailand. Thus the BMR is specifically vulnerable to global climate changes. 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Geographically, the BMR is Saraburi located in the delta area of the ! P Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Chao Phraya River basin which is 1580000 1580000 Suphan Buri the largest basin in the country, covering an area of 159,000 km2 or about 35% of the total land area 1560000 1560000 of the country. The basin forms up ! P Pathum Thani in the shape of a triangle with the apex at Nakhon Sawan province, 1540000 1540000 200 km up north and fanned down ! P P ! Nonthaburi to the sea at the Gulf of Thailand. Nakhon Pathom ! P Bangkok There are two main rivers 1520000 1520000 bisecting the delta area, the Tha Chin River on the west and the ! P Samut Prakarn Chao Phraya River (the main 1500000 1500000 P ! Ratchaburi Samut Sakhon ! P stream) on the east. The basin forms up by 4 large tributaries: the ! P Ping, Wang, Yom, and Nan 1480000 1480000 Samut Songkham G u l f o f T h a i l a n d originated from the mountainous terrain in the northern part of the country. These four tributaries Legend 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 flow southward to join each other ! P Province Slope in Nakhon Sawan to become the 0-3% Province Boundary 3-5% Ê Chao Phraya River. The river TWM 16092551 5 - 10 % 0 2.5 5 10 Kilometers 15 20 flows southward through a large greater than 10 % alluvial plain and reach the sea at slope-a4- the Gulf of Thailand. P:\0816\Map Project\003- Source: DPT, 2007 Figure B1.1-1 General Topography of the BMR Topographically, the basin area is flat at an average elevation of 1 to 2 m from the mean sea level (m.MSL) with certain spots where the elevation is lowered down to the sea level due to land subsidence. There are a number of canals crisscrossing the whole basin. Bangkok straddles the Chao Phraya River 33 km north of the Gulf of Thailand. Due to the flatness of the area and close proxy to the seashore, the area annually faces the problems of floods from the water from the north and inundation due to the high tide from the sea. Figure B1.1-1 shows the general topography of the study area with 0-3% slope covering most of the area and some spots with 3-5% slope. B-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing B1.2 Historical Growth In 1782, Bangkok emerged from a tiny fishing village to become the capital of Thailand with the population about 10,000 living within an urbanized area of 3.5 km2. Bisected by the river along north-south axis, Bangkok has spread outward in radial cum concentric pattern from the old city core (Figure B1.2-1). Urbanization of the BMA has taken place predominantly in a corridor form or as a ribbon development along the main roads to the east rather than to the west of the Chao Phraya River. On the eastern side, the population density was higher and the development spread out much further than the west side. The road network was lack of structural coherence and formed the mass transit. Infrastructure services are inadequate. Furthermore, there were increasingly problems of land subsidence and flooding covering a large area inside. In the past two decades, the increase in residential areas remained high. This high rate of utilization of land was explained by both high population growth and the relocation of population from high to low density areas. Increase in residential land use occurred in all directions, but the main thrust of expansion was in Bang Kapi, Bang Khen, and Min Buri in the north, and Phrakhanong and Samut Prakarn in the south. The decline in residential land use occurred in densely populated central business districts e.g. Pom Prap, Prathumwan, Bang Rak and Thonburi districts. A number of slums move out from the inner core to suburban areas where land was less expensive. The former slum areas were converted to more profitable uses. The expansion of city Urbanized area 1900 Urbanized area 1936 in all directions has been particularly evidenced in the absence of strong zoning regulations and a lasses-faire attitude towards the location of new roads leading into previously inaccessible agricultural lands. In the past, the Chao Phraya River delta has been crisscrossed by the extensive canal network, which provided access, as well as irrigation water, to virtually all land parcels. However, it is difficult to obtain road access to parcels, a key requirement for Urbanized area 1953 Urbanized area 1958 building them into urban land market. Source: Litchfield Whiting Bowne and Associate, 1960 Figure B1.2-1 Urbanized Area of Bangkok In recent years, Bangkok conurbation has spread steadily outward into the five neighboring provinces, so called the BMR. Although it has been largely expanded due to market forces probably reinforced by government initiatives to export-oriented industrial developments, the government now encourages the development of satellite cities in the surrounding provinces to absorb the growth from Bangkok. Ironically, while as decentralization out of Bangkok into the central region may relieve some of the capitals congestion costs, it will probably make little contribution to the important national policy of achieving interregional equity. On the contrary, it may make interregional dispersion less likely to strengthen the already very strong competitive edge of the core region and reinforce its primacy dominance. B-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing B1.3 Modern-day Growth Bangkok’s oldest sector, the area enclosed within a loop of the river, constitutes the central core area of Bangkok. Major land uses in the core area contain the King’s Grand Palace, major temples, government offices, educational establishments, and 2-4 storey row houses which serve for commercial retailing as well as living quarters. In this area, declared as the national historical conservation area, construction of high-rise building is forbidden. Most of the land utilization within this area remains static because it has already reached saturation point. Due to over crowdedness, the area’s population also decreased. Inner city districts are fully developed and densely populated and the land has already been utilized to near saturation point. Land uses in this area contain commercial ventures, residential quarters, government offices, educational establishments, religious structures, and so forth. Nowadays, land uses in this area are intensified by vertical development in form of high-rise buildings for offices and dwellings. Exorbitant land prices are the direct result of the very limited supply of available land. Therefore, only the high income groups can afford to live in this area where excellent infrastructures are available. Lately, high income residential areas near the old center have been converted to the intensive commercial uses, whereas the mix-use shop house (commercial/residential) area has been replaced by high-rise offices and large scale shopping complexes. The city currently has multiple nuclei as a result of this expansion with Pratunam, Raja Prasong, Siam Square, and Suriwong constituting the major business districts. The construction of high rise buildings, while utilizing the land more economically efficient, gives rise to heavy traffic congestion within the area and diverts the supply of infrastructures from an already strained system. It also creates various forms of inconveniences to the city dwellers. In 1979, the densely populated portions of Bangkok were confined to the inner city and the city district, where development processes have occupied nearly all available land spaces. A newly developed area was along the Rama 3 Road which runs in parallel with the Chao Phraya River linking Krung Thep Bridge to Klong Toey. Areas on the western bank of the river were comparatively underdeveloped. Most urban development concentrated along the banks of the river and the main roads linking the Rama 6 Bridge, Krung Thon Bridge, Pra Pin Krao Bridge, and Krung Thep Bridge. In 1982, urban expansion in the eastern side of Bangkok remained unchanged but the density had increased and absorbed previously vacant land. In the western side of Bangkok, the intensity of urbanization was fueled with the conversion of previously agricultural land. The Sathon Bridge completed in 1981, had moved the urban developments to the Southern parts of Thonburi whereas in the Northern parts, the developments were initiated by the construction of an outer ring road. The construction of Ratchada Pisek Ring Road, linking Klong Toey to Asoke, and the expressway linking Klong Toey to Thonburi–Paktaw Road via Rama 9 Bridge join both sides of the metropolis to Samut Sakhon. These roads help intensify the urbanization process in the western side of the Bangkok. In addition, the completion of western outer ring road is changing the land use in Taling Chan district which was previously reserved solely for agriculture to serve both agricultural and residential purposes. B-3 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 The growth pattern from P ! Saraburi the past century started Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya from the fortified strong 1580000 1580000 Suphan Buri hold city in 1782. The city expanded its urbanized areas in great V 1560000 1560000 shape to the south east ! P and north directions along Pathum Thani Sukhumvit and Phahol Yothin highways. At 1540000 1540000 ! P present, the urbanized Nonthaburi P ! area covers the whole Nakhon Pathom ! P Bangkok area shown in the map 1520000 1520000 except the loop area bounded by the Chao ! P Phraya River in Samut 1500000 1500000 Samut Prakarn Ratchaburi ! P Prakarn as it was Samut Sakhon ! P preserved for the metropolitan park. The ! P total built up area of 1480000 1480000 Samut Songkham G u l f o f T h a i l a n d Bangkok conurbation spread over the nearby cities of Nonthaburi in the 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend north and Samut Prakarn P ! Province Urban built-up in the south (Figure TWM 16092551 Agriculture Province Boundary Forest Land B1.3-1). The urbanization Industrial Area Ê growth of BMR is shown urban built-up2003-a4- Miscellaneous 0 3 6 12 18 24 in Table B1.3-1. Kilometers Urbanized Area P:\0816\Map Project\002- Water Body Source: DPT, 2007 Figure B1.3-1 Urban Built-up Area (2003) Table B1.3-1 Urbanization Growth of BMR (2003) Year 1988 Year 2003 Increased Area Province Area (km2) % Area (km2) % (km2) Bangkok 609.52 39.35 841.68 53.54 232.16 Samut Prakarn 172.61 18.05 247.21 26.13 74.60 Samut Sakhon 79.99 8.71 105.27 12.35 25.28 Nonthaburi 79.35 12.83 141.83 22.26 62.48 Pathom Thani 132.48 8.66 282.01 15.58 149.53 Nakhon Pathum 45.05 2.17 333.65 15.70 288.60 BMR 1,119.00 14.62 1,951.65 25.51 832.65 Source: DPT, 2007 Table B1.3-2 illustrates the amount of number of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings in each district. The percentage figures show the proportion of the developed area from the total area of each district in which 8 districts have more than 90% of the areas fully developed. The proportion of land use in Bangkok, one fourth of the area is still classified as agricultural land use which is about the same size as the residential land use. B-4 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing Table B1.3-2 Number of Building in Bangkok by District (2008) Unit: number of building District Residential Commercial Factory/Warehouse Total 1. Phra Nakhon 9,864 7,068 180 17,112 2. Bang Bon 29,573 5,201 1,994 36,768 3. Bang Kapi 42,123 7,672 354 50,149 4. Bang Khae 50,578 6,279 1,863 58,720 5. Bang Khen 47,470 5,567 462 53,499 6. Bang KhoLaem 20,599 5,261 534 26,394 7. Bang Na 22,557 3,682 549 26,788 8. Bang Phlat 29,626 5,020 313 34,959 9. Bang Rak 10,249 5,516 169 15,934 10. Bang Sue 33,273 6,384 754 40,411 11. Bangkhun Thian 33,582 5,370 2,496 41,448 12. Bangkok Noi 31,786 5,196 197 37,179 13. Bangkok Yai 18,475 3,909 204 22,588 14. Bueng Kum 38,128 3,555 308 41,991 15. Chatuchak 39,284 6,634 699 46,617 16. Chom Thong 44,561 7,082 1,410 53,053 17. Din Daeng 21,114 7,466 203 28,783 18. Don Muang 37,374 3,601 377 41,352 19. Dusit 16,265 3,680 140 20,085 20. Huai Khwang 20,463 4,995 327 25,785 21. Khan Na Yao 24,288 2,663 371 27,322 22. Khlong Sam Wah 45,020 2,006 245 47,271 23. Khlong San 19,694 5,163 233 25,090 24. Khlong Toei 22,154 6,208 835 29,197 25. Lak Si 28,117 2,968 365 31,450 26. Lat Krabang 39,317 4,042 1,099 44,458 27. Lat Phrao 32,432 3,743 191 36,366 28. Min Buri 34,350 3,782 648 38,780 29. Nong Chok 35,635 1,366 745 37,746 30. Nong Khaem 39,452 3,937 1,035 44,424 31. Pathum Wan 9,614 6,181 372 16,167 32. Phasi Charoen 34,014 4,340 592 38,946 33. Phaya Thai 15,637 3,592 126 19,355 34. Phra Khanong 25,220 2,613 550 28,383 35. Pom Prap 8,543 6,363 409 15,315 36. Prawet 39,988 4,599 614 45,201 37. Rat Burana 19,679 4,428 1,293 25,400 38. Ratcha Thewi 12,409 5,190 96 22,195 39. Sai Mai 43,475 3,777 187 47,439 40. Samphantawong 4,367 5,633 351 10,351 41. Saphan Sueng 25,503 1,302 193 26,998 42. Sathon 19,447 5,128 325 24,900 43. Suan Luang 30,864 4,305 509 35,678 44. Taling Chan 30,577 2,639 657 33,873 45. Thawi Watthana 27,724 1,835 169 29,728 46. Thon Buri 29,675 6,705 357 36,737 47. Thung Khru 27,685 2,437 526 30,648 48. Wang ThongLang 29,003 6,102 377 35,482 49. Watthana 21,862 5,751 644 28,257 50. Yan Nawa 19,732 4,930 1,261 25,923 Total 1,392,421 232,866 28,610 1,653,897 Source: BMA, 2008 B-5 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing The central business area consists of old business districts: Phra Nakhon, Pom Prap Sattru Phai, and Samphan Thawong, covering an area of 9 km2 and new business districts: Pathum Wan, Bang Rak, Dusit, Phaya Thai, Thon Buri, Khlong San, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok Yai, and Yan Nava, covering an area of 138 km2. The rapidly growing suburban area, an area of approximately 1,065 km2 surrounding the central business area, consists of districts of Phra Khanong, Bang Khen, Bang Kapi, Huai Khwang, Bang Khun Thian, Phasi Charoen, Taling Chan and Rat Burana in Bangkok, as well as Muang Nonthaburi, Pak Kret, and Bang Kruai in Nonthaburi. The industrial area, an area of 75 km2, includes old industrial areas in the district of Muang Samut Prakarn, Phrapradaeng, and Bang Phli in Samut Prakarn. As well as the new industrial growth areas in Muang Pathum Thani, Khlong Luang, and Thanya Buri in Pathum Thani, Krathum Baen in Samut Sakhon, and Samphran in Nakhon Pathom. The outer Bangkok area, which covers an area of 6,352 km2, includes districts of Nong Khaem, Lat Krabang, Min Buri, and Nong Chok in Bangkok, Lat Lum Kaew, Sam Khok, Lam Luk Ka, and Nong Sua in Prathum Thani; Bang Bua Thong, Bang Yai, and Sai Noi in Nonthaburi; Bang Bor in Samut Prakarn; Kamphaeng Saen, Bang Len, Don Toom, and Nakhon Chaisri in Nakhon Pathom; and Muang Samut Sakorn and Ban Phaeo in Samut Sakorn province. All these areas are still predominantly rural areas of the BMR. Figure B1.3-2 illustrates the city map of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn. 640000 660000 680000 700000 0 1.25 2.5 Ê 5 7.5 10 Pathum Thani ! P Nakhon Nayok Kilometers 1540000 1540000 Don Mueang R ! R ! Sai Mai ! R Lak Si R Bang Khen ! Nonthaburi Nong Chok ! P R ! Khlong Sam Wa Chatuchak R ! ! R R ! Bang Sue Khan Na Yao Lat Phrao R ! ! R Min Buri Bang Phlat R ! R ! Bueng Kum ! R Thawi Watthana Dusit Phaya Thai Taling Chan ! R R ! Saphan Sung ! R Wang Thonglang Nakhon R ! R ! R Huai Khwang ! Bangkok Noi Phra Nakhon ! P Din Daeng ! R R ! R ! R ! Pathom ! R R ! R Ratchathewi ! Bang Kapi 1520000 1520000 Pom Prap Sattru Phai Samphanthawong Pathum Wan Bangkok Suan Luang R ! Lat Krabang Thon Buri !! RR R ! Bang Rak R ! Watthana R ! R ! ! R Khlong San R ! Chachoengsao Bangkok Yai Khlong Toei R ! Nong Khaem ! R Sathon Prawet Phasi Charoen R ! R ! R ! Bang Kho Laem R ! R ! ! R Phra Khanong ! R Yan Nawa Bang Khae Chom Thong ! R R ! Rat Burana ! R R ! Bang Bon R ! Bang Na Bang Khun Thian ! R Phra Pradaeng Thung Khru R ! Bang Phli Mueang Samut Prakan Bang Sao Thong R ! R ! ! P ! R Samut Prakarn R ! 1500000 1500000 Bang Bo ! R Phra Samut Chedi Samut Sakhon ! P TWM 060252 G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 640000 660000 680000 700000 city map-a4-RV- Legend ! P Province Province Boundary P:\0816\Map Project\001- R ! District District Boundary Water Body Source: BMA and Samut Prakarn, 2008 Figure B1.3-2 Districts of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn B-6 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing B1.4 Urban and Regional Planning Current Urban Plan Modern urban planning began in the late 1950, when the newly established the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) was commissioned to prepare Bangkok’s first master plan with the technical assistant from the United States Operation Mission (USOM). The Greater Bangkok Plan (1960), was a 30-year land use plan for an area of 460 km2. The plan was submitted to the government but only some parts of the plan recommendations were carried out. However, it marked the beginning of a continuous planning process. In 1962 the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning (DPT) was established within the Ministry of Interior and was charged with updating and revising the Greater Bangkok Plan. Lack of legal support on plan making and plan enforcement hindered the planning process for more than a decade, it took 13 years to pass the first draft of urban planning enabling act, by which, the DPT was successful in issuing the first official land use master plan of Bangkok in 1991. The plan proposed the broad land use zones and the road network covering the whole administrative area of Bangkok. Emphasizing the land use control, the plan stipulated the use classes into major use, minor use, and prohibited use but rather weak in density control. The revision of Bangkok plan was done in 1998 and 2006. The new plan covers the same area of 1,565.2 km2 as the previous plan and adopts the previous polycentric growth concept with the emphasis on the slow down of Bangkok’s population and lessen it economic dominance. The zoning stipulation of the land use control has been strengthened by introducing the land and building measures such as floor area ratio, open space ratio, and lot size requirements. Bonus system for large scale building has also been awarded in the area around the subway and sky train stations. Figure B1.4-1 shows Bangkok and Samut Prakarn land use plan (2006). Urban Development Scenario in 2050 Although the modern urban planning has come to the kingdom nearly one half century ago, the problem of implementation still pose considerable challenge. For example, the majority of development projects in Bangkok had been designed to solve the immediate problems. Projects had frequently squandered resources because they were not part of a broader and long-term strategy. Moreover, the government’s policy represented a one-sided approach, which disregarded the management of the surrounding towns which have been planned separately in piecemeal fashion. To remedy these deficiencies, attempts have been made by planning agencies to prepare the long term, large scale national and regional development plans. The major step in the spatial planning process was the drafting of the fifty year or year 2057 (B.E.2600) national land use comprehensive plan which finished in 2007. Guided by the national plan, five regional development plans have been issued including the BMR Plan. The basic aim of the BMR plan is to give Bangkok the opportunity to shift from the relentless quantitative growth which it experienced in the recent decades to focus on the qualitative growth in order to upgrade the quality of life of the Bangkok residents. The major strategy aims for Bangkok to become “a center of culture, administration, service, and economic production using only high skilled labor and sophisticated high technology”. The development concept of the BMR will be targeted in form of multipolitan pattern and the outlying areas would be developed as planned communities with a high degree of self-sufficiency, thereby ensuring that the residents would not need to commute to Bangkok for employment or high-level services. The economic activities will be decentralized from Bangkok and thereby diffuse growth from the capital to the five vicinities. The BMR land use conceptual plan for 2057 is shown in Figure B1.4-2. It illustrates tightened urban areas within the network of expressways bounded by the large environmental protection areas to divert the flood from the centers. B-7 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing 640000 660000 680000 700000 Pathum Thani ! P Nakhon Nayok 1540000 1540000 Nonthaburi ! P Nakhon Bangkok ! P Pathom 1520000 1520000 Chachoengsao ! P Samut Prakarn 1500000 1500000 ! P Samut Sakhon G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 1480000 1480000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend P ! Province Religion Area Rural Area TWM 260152 Province Boundary Inner Core Area Educational Area Main Road Low Density Area Governmental Area 2006-RV-a4- Railroad Medium Density Area Water Body Industrial Area Environmental Protection Area 0 1.5 3 Ê 6 9 12 P:\0816\Map Project\049- Kilometers Cultural Area Source: DPT, 2006 Figure B1.4-1 Land Use Plan of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn (2006) B-8 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Saraburi Suphan Buri Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 1580000 1580000 ! ( h ! ( 1560000 1560000 h ! ( ( Sam Khok ! Pathum Thani Nakhon Pathom ! P h ! ( Pathum Thani h ! ( h ! ( Lat Lum Kaeow ! ( ! ( ! h ! ( ( Thanya Buri h ! ( ! ( Rang Sit h ! ( Nonthaburi h ! ( h ! 1540000 1540000 Bang Bua Thong ( ! ( Nonthaburi Saphan Mai Nong Chok h ! ( h ! ( ! ( ! ( Nakhon Prathom Phahonyothin ! ( Min Buri ! ( h ! ( ! P Ph ! ! ( Bangkok Bangkok ! ( 1520000 1520000 h ! ( h ! ( ( ! ! P Mak Ka San ! P Lat Krabang h ! ( Taksin ! P ! ( ! ( Lat Krabang Mai Chachoengsao Bang Khun Thian ! ( Srinakharin Samut Sakhon h ! ( ! ( h ! ( ! ( Samut Prakarn 1500000 1500000 Ratchaburi Samut Prakarn Samut Sakhon ! ( h ! ( 1480000 1480000 G u l f o f T h a i l a n d Samut Songkham 600000 620000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend TWM 16092008 ! P Container Truck Terminal Railroad Environmental Protection Area ! P Intermodal Center Water Retaintion Area Cultural Area ! ( Airport Drainage Area P:\0816\Map Project 004_Regional Landuse Conceptual Plan-A4- Urban Center Rural Area h ! ( Rural Center Religion Area Educational Area Trunk Road Inner Core Area Governmental Area Elevated Rail Water Body Low Density Area Medium Density Area 0 3 6 Ê 12 18 24 Main Road Industrial Area Kilometers Source: DPT, 2007 Figure B1.4-2 Regional Land Use Conceptual Plan (2057) B-9 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing B2 BUILDINGS AND HOUSING B2.1 Past Development Over the past decade, housing stock in the BMR has doubled itself in response to the needs of an increasing population and structural change. In 2007, record of housing units in Bangkok is 2,207,453 units with an increasing rate of 2% per year in the last 10 years. The increase of housing stock in the neighboring provinces is even higher, Pathum Thani of 5% per year. Table B2.1-1 illustrates the provincial increase in population and housing stock in the last 10 years. Table B2.1-1 Population and Housing Growth in the BMR Population Increase Percentage Housing Increase Percentage Province 1997- 2002- 1997- 2002- 1997- 2002- 1997- 2002- Total Total Total Total 2001 2007 2001 2007 2001 2007 2001 2007 Bangkok 177,387 65,911 243,298 3.16 1.14 4.30 153,130 243,793 396,923 8.46 12.42 20.88 Samut 71,453 99,221 170,674 7.47 9.65 17.12 39,197 77,855 117,052 11.46 20.42 31.88 Prakarn Nonthaburi 104,456 118,994 223,450 13.04 34.82 47.86 35,438 91,547 126,985 10.37 24.27 34.64 Pathum 116,581 187,934 304,515 19.68 26.51 46.19 44,032 105,329 149,361 16.83 34.46 51.29 Thani Nakhon 48,357 29,014 77,371 6.42 3.62 10.04 25,014 30,670 55,684 12.04 13.18 25.22 Pathom Samut 35,768 27,020 62,788 5.33 6.1 11.43 21,719 41,554 63,273 14.69 24.51 39.20 Sakhon Remark: Total from 1997 to 2007 Source: Panya Consultants Population change in the BMR has a rather different picture than that of housing stock. While the housing stock in all provinces shows the increase across the board, the population in Bangkok shows the drop of increase. The number of population increase in the last five years (2002-2007) is only 1.14% the housing stock increase of much more than 12%. This phenomenon can be explained that housing structure in Bangkok continues changing from the low density individual housing type toward smaller apartment type. In response to the rapid changes occurring in the development in Bangkok, the government concluded that it would be useful to conduct a detailed study of the building and housing conditions in the city area. Analysis based on aerial photographs revealed that the housing stock in Bangkok changed drastically in the past two decades. In 1985, the largest portion of housing units, 43%, consisted of individual buildings, including detached houses and shop houses (2-3 storey low houses with commercial unit at the ground floor). The next largest proportion, 19%, consisted of slum and squatter settlements, followed by housing projects built by private developers (1.5%), public housing project (9%), land subdivision projects (6%), and khlong houses (strip housing on canals). In 2004, the National Housing Authority (NHA) reported that 3.37 million households in Bangkok conurbation area (Bangkok, Samut Prakarn, Nonthaburi, and Pathum Thani) live in 33.7% of individual building, 23.3% in row house, 17.7% in townhouse, 13.1% in condominium, 11.5% in lodging room, and 1.3% in temporary housing unit. From these data it can be concluded that the composition of the housing stock is changing in significant way in future to come. There has been an increasing tendency towards relatively high density development, especially apartments and condominium at the expense of detached unit. This development is consistent both with declining household size on the demand side and increasing land costs in the supply side equation. B-10 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing B2.2 Present Situation There has been rapid growth of private housing market in Bangkok in recent decade; both the quality and quantity of housing have increased dramatically. It is estimated that the housing in BMA increased at an annual rate of more than 5%. It is virtually identical to the rate of increase of households. Most of the increase was due to a rapid expansion of private residential developments both formal and informal. Inside the city area, row houses and market have been the traditional uses of land for commercial purpose. The selling point of a row house is its location. In a less favorable location, the land developer would have to provide other amenities like cinema house or bus terminal to attract the customer to his project, thereby adding value to his less favorable property. In some locations, row house would be used for simply living or for operating cottage type or small scale industries. Before 1970 land developers can subdivide their land into lot for sales with narrow unpaved dirt road without any other infrastructure provisions necessary for residential purpose. Nowadays, the effective enforce of the land subdivision law, complete houses with full infrastructure have been offered by land developers. Land and house estates prove to be very popular among the buyers because it was comparatively cheaper than one’s own house construction. It was also more convenient. Lately, because of land price appreciation, the size of the residential lot built for sell have been reduced by half to about 50 square wah (200 m2), and the location of the estates have been increasingly further away from the center of the city. To attract the customers for the far away location, the land developers have resorted to provide amenities such as commercial center, school, and leisure facilities to the estates. They can be seen particularly in more expensive estates. Due to high land prices, high commuting costs, and rising construction costs, the design of the single house has been transformed from the stand alone single unit to two-storied twin houses; and lately to terraced housings (townhouse). The townhouse development seems to be popular since it can cater to the needs of low and middle income groups who wish to remain in the city rather than moving out to the suburbs. Residential condominiums began in 1980 to cater to the needs of high income groups living in the city center. Exorbitant land prices make investment profitable in residential condominiums because they required relatively less building space, thereby reducing production costs. The existence of condominiums transforms the traditionally horizontal building development process into a vertical process instead. However, the existence of super-sized building imposes a great burden on the present infrastructure systems which was originally intended for horizontal building developments where population density is relatively low. More than that, lacking of the strong zoning control, the high-rise condominiums encroach on the former good residential areas. B2.3 Condensed Housing Situation In the BMA, the Department of Social Development (DSD) has been established in 2005 with the responsibility for handling the housing development and solving the housing problems. In doing so the Department launches the ambitious project of housing neighborhood classification for the whole city. There are five types of housing neighborhood in Bangkok, namely, condensed housing, sub-urban housing, formal land subdivision housing, public housing, and general housing. The condensed housing neighborhood is named for the group of housing that cluster more than 15 units in the area of 1.0 rai (1 rai equal to 0.16 hectare or 0.42 acre), to replace the “slum” name in order to avoid the bad and sensitive feelings from the people who live in the area. The Department encourages every housing neighborhood in setting up the neighborhood coordination group in order to work with the Department in providing the housing improvements and municipal services. According to the housing data, there are 805 condensed housing neighborhoods now (July 2008) reduced from 850 neighborhoods in 2005. The reduction comes from several causes such as being destroyed by fire, replaced by changing land use, and transferred to public housing projects. The analysis shows that the condensed housing clustered in the ring area around 5 to 10 km from the B-11 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix B: Buildings and Housing city center. The statistic reports that there are 768,220 people live in 805 condensed housing neighborhoods with 133,317 housing units and 186,017 households. In preparing overall policy guideline for housing development, the BMA in collaboration with the NHA acknowledged that it has to move away from dependence on direct governmental stern eviction of the slums and condensed housing areas with governmental subsidies. The major strategies will continue upgrading the slums with an emphasis on preventing slum clearances and evictions from improved slums and incorporating cost recovery measures, site-and-service programme, and land readjustment projects. Cooperation with and providing greater assistance to the private sector in the production of low-to high-income housing, and working more closely with domestic financial institutions such as the Government Housing Bank have been proposed. It is expected that the private sector will remain responsible for the bulk of new housing production in the BMR in the future. With respect to the needs to respond to the growing deficits in the housing sector and the spread of slums and squatter settlements, the Royal Government in 1973 amalgamated four existing public agencies to form the NHA. The agency is charged with ensuring that low-income households will be properly housed. Because of its inception, it has attempted to carry out its mandate through a variety of housing programs, such as the construction of rental flats and hire-purchase apartments, the development of suburban housing estates and site-and-service projects, the slum upgrading and the reconstruction of slum communities in land sharing arrangements. In 1980, the NHA began ambitious five-year programme aiming at constructing 120,000 housing units, mainly in Bangkok. However, the programme encountered many problems. Over the years, the NHA had to change its course a number of times. The initial subsidies for flats targeted at slum dwellers were withdrawn, and a number of site-and-services projects with a mix of low and moderate-cost houses were initiated. These were complemented with an active slum improvement programme, and still involved moderate central government subsidies. However in 1983 the cabinet made it clear that the NHA would have to operate on a cost-recovery basis, without further subsidies but later the limited subsidies were approved. The NHA must now cater to families which can only afford to spend a limited budget on housing, and yet it must fully recover its cost in the process. B-12 APPENDIX C TRANSPORTATION Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation APPENDIX C TRANSPORTATION C1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Urban Transport issues were first raised in mid 1950s arising from inappropriate provision of road network capacity due to the continual expansion of Bangkok. In response to this situation, the first comprehensive urban planning master plan was prepared in 1960. The plan proposed an urban road network in Bangkok to form a ring and radial pattern. In 1975, the first comprehensive transport planning study was undertaken, which covers the whole urban transport systems including road, highways/expressways, bus, and mass transit system, namely the “Bangkok Transport Study”. This study was the first study that proposed a mass transit system in Bangkok. In 1999, 24 years later, the first portion of the mass transit system was implemented. On the other hand, expressway and highways have been continuously constructed for the past 20 years. The principal transport infrastructure in the BMR can be classified as follows: 1) Road infrastructure; 2) Rail infrastructure; and 3) Waterway infrastructure. The total length of roads within the BMR is around 5,000 km. The total length of toll is approximately 300 km or a total of 6%. The dominance of primary roads within the BMR at the expense of secondary and collector roads has not changed over time. Now the potential for significant changes in the road network is confined to the outer and developing suburbs. There is little space available for the construction of new roads in the centre of the region with the possible exception of missing links in the road network. There was only one mass transit system, the 23 km of elevated Green Line. In the middle of 2004, a further 20 km of the underground Blue Line was opened to the public. The principal form of public transport in the region remains bus transport with a growing shift from non air- conditioned bus to air-conditioned services. The bus network is the backbone of the passenger transportation system in Bangkok, accounting for more than 50% of all passenger trips and 75% of trips during the peak period. Urban bus services are managed by the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA) which operates a fleet of 4,200 of its own buses and controls the operation of 3,400 buses run by subcontractors. The BMTA operates a fleet of non-air-conditioned and air- conditioned buses. Private operators run bus services on most routes under contract to the BMTA. Travel by boats along the Chao Phraya River and canals used to be the major means of transportation in Bangkok during the old times. Nearly five decades ago, there were still a lot of canals (Khlong) in this capital city and it was, at that time, internationally known as the “Venice” of the East. Since the advent of the automobile era, many canals have been filled up to pave the way for road construction. Road network development without a proper planning has induced tremendous number of motor vehicles on the streets of Bangkok - thus resulting in the chronic problem of traffic congestion. To avoid the road traffic problem, many travelers opt for the more reliable water transport. But due to the limited number of waterways which are not extensive like the road network, the role of water transport shares only a minor percentage compared with journeys by road. Water transport of Bangkok area described under this study is concerned with passenger service, not cargo carrying. Therefore, the design of vessel is limited to passenger boats only. There are 3 types of passenger boats which ply the Chao Phraya River and canals such as express boat with mid-body mounted engine, boat with outboard motor (so-called long tailed boat) and ferry boat. C-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation C2 PRESENT TRANSPORTATION IN THE BMR C2.1 Road Infrastructure The road network in BMR is characterized by the presence of wide primary roads and small local side streets (Soi) that run off them (Figure C2.1-1). There is an over-emphasis on development of both tolled and un-tolled expressways. The first urban expressway, the Chalerm Maha Nakhon Expressway (First Stage Expressway), was opened in 1981. Since the mid-1990s, an extensive series of major road and expressway projects have been completed including: 1) Si Rat Expressway (Second Stage Expressway); 2) Uttaraphimuk Elevated Tollway (Don Muang Tollway); 3) Chalong Rat Expressway (Ramindra–At Narong Expressway); 4) Udon Ratthaya Expressway (Bang Pa-in–Pakkret Expressway); 5) Bangkok–Chon Buri Motorway; 6) Burapha Withi Expressway (Bang Na–Chon Buri Expressway); 7) Outer Ring Road Expressway (ORR Expressway); and 8) Other bridge and distributor road projects. Buses are the backbone of the passenger transportation system in Bangkok, accounting for more than 50% of all passenger trips and 75% of trips during the peak period. Urban bus services are managed by the BMTA, which operates a fleet of 4,200 of its own buses and controls the operation of 3,400 buses run by subcontractors. The BMTA operates a fleet of non-air- conditioned and air-conditioned buses. Private operators run bus services on most routes under contract to the BMTA. C2.2 Rail Infrastructure The rail network is not extensive serving Bangkok. It is primarily comprised of an at-grade railway with double track on most stretches. The railway system serves freight, inter-city and urban commuter traffic. The Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) is provided by the elevated BTS system and the recently opened underground Blue line. The BTS was opened to the public in 1999 and the Blue line initial system of the MRT was opened in July 2004. The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) has developed the Urban Rail Transport Master Plan in the BMA and Surrounding Areas (URMAP). The URMAP, 2001 has proposed a systematic development plan for the urban rail transport network combined circular and radial rail systems. After that, the OTP reviewed the URMAP study by a group of consultants called the URMAP-2 project. This review proposed the construction of 291 km of urban rail system to be implemented within the next 6 years. C2.3 Waterway Infrastructure Chao Phraya River Transport There are 2 types of service on the Chao Phraya River, the first being the express boat service starting from Nonthaburi Pier in the north and ending at Rat Burana Pier in the south. The second type of service is river crossing by ferry boat. There are 28 ferry piers along the Chao Phraya River. The number of passenger use these 2 types of service are presented in Table C2.3-1 and C2.3-2 respectively. C-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation 640000 660000 680000 700000 0 1.5 3 Ê 6 9 12 Nong Suea R ! Kilometers 1560000 1560000 Sam Khok Khlong Luang ! R ! R Nakhon Nayok R ! Lat Lum Kaeo Pathum Thani t u 1 Thanyaburi ! P!R ! R Mueang Pathum Thani Sai Noi R ! Lam Luk Ka 1540000 1540000 R ! Don Mueang R ! Sai Mai ! R Pak Kret R ! Bang Bua Thong R ! Bang Yai Nonthaburi Lak Si ! R t u 9 Bang Khen ! R R ! ! P ! R Nong Chok t u 9 Mueang Nonthaburi Khlong Sam Wa ! R Chatuchak R ! ! R R Khan Na Yao ! Bang Sue Lat Phrao R ! Phuttha Monthon Bang Krui ! R Min Buri R ! R ! ! R Bang Phlat R ! Wang Thonglang Bueng Kum R ! Dusit Phaya Thai R ! ! R Thawi Watthana R Taling Chan ! R ! ! R ! R Huai Khwang Bangkok Noi Phra Nakhon ! PDin Daeng R ! R ! Saphan Sung Nakhon R ! ! R R ! ! R R Ratchathewi ! Bang Kapi 1520000 1520000 Pathom Pom Prap Sattru Phai Bangkok Pathum Wan Samphanthawong R ! R ! R! ! R Bang Rak ! Watthana R ! R R Thon ! ! R Khlong San Suan Luang R ! Chachoengsao Buri R ! Lat Krabang Nong Khaem R ! Bangkok Yai Sathon Khlong Toei Prawet ! R R ! R ! Phasi Charoen Bang Kho Laem ! R Phra Khanong R ! R Yan Nawa ! R ! Bang Khae ! R Rat Burana Chom Thong R ! R ! R Bang Na! R ! Bang Bon R Phra Pradaeng ! Bang Khun Thian t u 7 Thung Khru R ! R ! Bang Phli Bang Sao Thong ! R ! P R ! Mueang Samut Prakan Samut Prakarn R ! 1500000 1500000 Bang Bo Phra Samut Chedi R ! Samut Sakhon t u 3 G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend P:\0816\Map Project\018-แผนที่ transportation-RV-a4-รายงาน TWM 260152 P ! Province National Highway BTS R ! District Main Road MRT Province Boundary Intercity Motorway Expressway District Boundary Outside Ring Road Under Construction Chalongrat Expressway Udonrattaya Expressway Railroad Burapaviti Expressway Chaleammahanakhon Expressway Srirat Expressway (Part 2) Source: Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA), Department of Highway (DOH), and Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA) Figure C2.1-1 Transportation Network in the BMR C-3 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Table C2.3-1 Average Daily Passengers Using the Chao Phraya Express Boats Unit: passengers/day 1977 2000 2003 No. Pier Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend 1 Nonthaburi 21,642 8,898 19,780 7,648 14,339 5,545 2 Rama VII Bridge 5,680 1,586 5,690 1,209 4,801 1,067 3 Bang Pho 5,706 1,146 5,100 758 3,477 567 4 Phayap 4,234 1,157 4,092 789 2,675 598 5 Krung Thon Bridge 4,404 1,445 3,911 1,129 3,143 1,043 6 Thewet 6,624 1,630 6,895 1,427 5,590 1,257 7 Wang Lang 11,245 3,691 10,142 2,882 11,028 3,434 8 Phran Nok 10,839 4,298 12,112 3,517 - - 9 Tha Chang 7,662 3,366 5,968 2,583 4,216 3,362 10 Memorial Bridge 6,980 3,109 5,291 2,301 2,780 1,502 11 Ratchawong 5,877 2,251 6,175 2,410 4,961 2,689 12 Si Phraya 7,381 2,284 5,530 1,680 4,270 1,405 13 Pin Klao (Thon Buri Side) 3,943 471 4,685 643 5,784 1,375 14 Big C (Rat Burana) 3,505 1,798 3,610 551 1,060 - 15 Others 29,801 13,974 26,682 11,423 33,294 17,018 Total 135,523 51,104 125,663 40,950 101,418 40,862 Source: Marine Department (MD) Table C2.3-2 Average Daily Ferry Boat Passengers Crossing the Chao Phraya River Unit: passengers/day No. Ferry Boat 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Pak Kret - Wat Bang 1. 5,254 4,240 3,579 3,035 4,313 3,874 4,480 3,976 4,459 4,105 Toei Nonthaburi - Bang 2. 49,137 27,546 39,527 30,462 39,732 31,260 39,012 31,624 35,878 27,803 Si Muang Phra Chan Nuea - 3. 6,300 5,444 5,418 3,948 4,409 3,483 4,324 3,274 4,709 3,731 Rot Fai Phra Chan Nuea - 4. 17,959 14,720 15,961 10,713 15,287 10,657 13,676 9,274 13,828 9,783 Wang Lang Tha Chang - Wang 5. 16,712 11,240 15,967 9,287 14,985 9,202 13,110 7,768 13,090 7,980 Lang 6. Tha Tian - Wat Arun 6,307 4,762 6,451 4,948 6,580 4,923 7,407 6,053 5,758 4,737 Ratchawong - Tha 7. 17,199 12,957 15,573 12,442 14,713 12,600 14,074 11,612 14,285 11,968 Din Daeng Si Phaya - Rot Fai 8. 36,421 23,184 31,436 22,123 30,626 20,667 26,602 17,648 26,149 16,807 Khlong San 9. Oriental - Wat Suwan 8,370 3,267 8,406 3,544 8,227 3,614 7,729 2,830 8,706 2,886 Sathon (Bang Rak) - 10. 6,032 3,398 4,246 3,120 6,098 4,863 7,639 4,569 13,938 6,047 Taksin Phetra - Phra 11. 29,433 28,761 29,239 27,595 28,994 27,915 28,033 26,969 26,159 23,381 Pradaeng Wiboon Si - Phra 12. 22,703 22,335 22,381 23,171 22,169 21,625 21,303 22,231 20,741 20,115 Samut Chedi Source: Marine Department (MD) It can be noticed that there have been continuous drops in the Chao Phraya express boat passengers between 1997 and 2000, and between 2000 and 2003. In 1997 the average daily passengers on weekdays were recorded at 135,523 passengers per day, while in 2000 the figure was 125,663 passengers per day - a drop of 7.3%. In 2003, the number of the express boat passengers decreased further to 101,418 passengers per day, a drop of 19.3% from the year 2000 or at the average of 6.9% per annum which is significant. Diversion of the express boat passengers is presumably due to a faster travel by fixed route passenger vans via the expressway and the BTS. C-4 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation For the ferry boats crossing the Chao Phraya River as shown in Table C2.3-2, almost all piers there was a drop in daily passengers, except at Sathon and Tak Sin Piers where the number of passengers increased sharply from 6,098 passengers per day in 2000 to 13,938 passengers per day in 2002 or at the average rate of 51.2% per year. The increase to more than double in two years resulted from the diversion of trips from water/road to water/rail at the end of BTS Line on the east bank (Tak Sin Station). Since its opening at the end of 1999, many travelers have opted for the BTS. Khlong Saen Saep A fleet of boats of the same engine mounting type as that of the express boat but at a smaller size plies between the eastern–western routes of Khlong Saen Saep from Wat Sri Boonruang Pier in the east to Phan Fa Lilat Pier in the west covering a total of 22 piers. The number of passengers boarding and alighting at the major piers along Khlong Saen Saep is given in Table C2.3-3. Table C2.3-3 Average Daily Boat Passengers at Piers along Khlong Saen Saep Unit: passengers/day No. Pier 1997 2003 Weekdays Weekend Weekdays Weekend 1 Wat Si Boonruang 13,175 5,088 9,605 3,707 2 Bang Kapi 5,931 2,371 5,507 2,020 3 Tha Mall Bang Kapi 5,519 3,298 8,747 4,664 4 Wat Klang - - 1,848 817 5 Mit Mahat Thai Bridge 2,584 1,144 3,317 1,517 6 Ramkhamhaeng University 3,668 1,884 4,039 1,782 7 Wat Thep Lila 2,767 1,316 2,342 998 8 Soi Ramkhamhaeng 29 3,562 1,496 3,051 1,203 9 Tha Mall 3 1,464 756 - - 10 Khlong Tan Bridge 6,116 1,721 3,027 837 11 Soi Thong Lor 3,290 938 2,619 797 12 SWU Prasarnmit 3,292 883 3,021 674 13 Mit Sanphan Bridge (Asoke) 3,456 550 3,800 884 14 Nana Nuea 2,645 603 1,778 446 15 Witthayu Bridge 2,078 382 - - 16 Pratu Nam 20,504 8,240 16,322 7,293 17 Phan Fa Lilat 10,121 5,588 8,963 3,933 Total 90,172 36,258 77,986 31,572 Source: Marine Department (MD) The records of daily passengers on weekdays dropped from 90,172 in 1997 to 77,986 in 2003, a decrease of 13.5% or at the rate of about 2.4% per annum. This is likely due to the fact that a certain number of passengers opted for the BTS on the parallel route to Khlong Saen Saep. C3 TRANSPORTATION MASTERPLAN C3.1 Expressway Plan Road planning, construction, maintenance and management in the BMR are undertaken by four agencies, namely the Department of Highway (DOH), the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA), Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), and the Department of Rural Roads (DOR). The responsibility of each agency is as follows: 1) DOH- National highway network and motorways (BMR); 2) ETA- Expressway in Bangkok metropolis and inter-city expressways (BMR); 3) BMA- Urban roads in Bangkok metropolis only; and 4) DOR- Secondary and distributor roads (BMR). C-5 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation In 2003, the ETA operated 176 km of the expressways and the average traffic volume was 932,000 trips per day. The existing and proposed networks are shown in Table C3.1-1 and Figure 3.1-1. The First Stage Expressway (FES) was opened in three sections between 1982 and 1987, the Second Stage Expressway (SES) was opened in four sectors between 1993 and 2000 and the Ram Intra–At Narong Expressway (RAE) was inaugurated in 1996. There are also two inter-city expressways now in operation; the first being the extension of the Second Stage Expressway from Chaeng Watthana Road in Amphoe Pak Kret of Nonthaburi to Amphoe Bang Sai of Ayutthaya (Udon Ratthaya Expressway) and the second, Bang Na–Bang Phli–Bang Pakong Expressway (BBBE) or the Burapha Withi Expressway which was fully opened in 2000. The first section of the Third Stage Expressway Southern Route, Section S1, was opened (around mid June 2005). This new section links directly the FSE and RAE at At Narong to BBBE at Bang Na. The ETA presently completed Bang Phli–Suk Sawat section of the southern part of ORR. The DOH and ETA are preparing the handover programme for Route No.7 (Bangkok–Chon Buri Motorway), Route No.9 Outer Ring Road Eastern Section (Bang Pa-in–Bang Phli) and Uttaraphimuk Elevated Tollway by taking into consideration the staff, budget, and toll collection to be in line with ETA’s system. The tasks of DOH are planning, detailed design, and preparation of project budget, selection of contractor and construction supervision for the toll road projects aforementioned. The ETA has committed the six corporate plans i.e. Bang Na–At Narong Expressway, Bang Phli–Suk Sawat Expressway, Ram Intra–ORR Expressway, Si Rat–Dao Kanong Expressway, Ratchadaphisek–ORR Expressway and Northern Route of the Third Stage Expressway for fiscal years 2002 to 2006. As a middle term plan, ETA planned the Fifth Stage Expressways of about 56.3 km and remaining section of the Third Stage project (Southern Route S2–Bang Na to Route No.3). The projects will be started after 2009. Table C3.1-1 Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand Projects Length Present Status and Stage Location or Section Lane (km) Opening Year 1 Chalerm Maha Nakhon Expressway (First Stage 27.1 6 Expressway System) 6 Section 1, Din Daeng - Port 6 Opened in 1981 Section 2, Bang Na – Port 6 Opened in 1983 Section 3, Dao Kanong - Port 6 Opened in 1987 2 Si Rat Expressway (Second Stage Expressway System) 38.4 6 Sector A, Pracha Chuen to Asok 6 Opened in 1993 Sector B, Ratchawithi - Chaeng Watthana 6 Opened in 1996 Sector C, Suburban Network (Rama III to Ratchawithi) 6 Opened in 1993 Sector D, Suburban Network (Asok - Srinagarindra) 6 Opened in 2000 3 Bang Na - At Narong Expressway: Southern Route (Section S 1) 4.7 6 Under Construction Bang Phli - Suk Sawat Expressway 22.5 6 Under Contract (Bang Phli - Bang Khun Thian) Negotiation, 2007 Ram Intra - Outer Ring Road Expressway 9.5 6 Cabinet approved in 2008 Si Rat - Dao Kanong Expressway 4.5 6 Under F/S, 2009 Ratchadaphisek - Outer Ring Road Expressway 19.5 6 2010 Third Stage Expressway System Project: Northern Route 26.3 6 2010 Third Stage Expressway System Project: Southern Route 7.8 6 after 2009 4 Chalong Rat Expressway (Ram Intra - At Narong) 18.7 6 Opened in 1996 Burapha Withi Expressway (Bang Na - Chon Buri) 55 6 Opened in 2000 Udon Ratthaya Expressway (Bang Pa-in – Pak Kret Expressway) 32 6 Chaeng Watthana - Chiang Rak Noi / Thammasat University 6 Opened in 1998 Chiang Rak Noi / Thammasat University - Bang Pa-in 6 Opened in 1999 5 Expressway's Entrance and Exit Ramps Construction for 0.9 to 1.5 6 after 2009 Suvarnabhumi Airport Srinagarindra - Bang Na - Samut Prakan Expressway 13.8 6 after 2009 Rama II - Phet Kasem - Nonthaburi Expressway 23.8 6 after 2009 Samut Prakan - Suk Sawat - Rama II Expressway 17.8 6 after 2009 Source: The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP), 2004 C-6 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Source: OTP-IMAC, 2004 Figure C3.1-1 Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand Projects C-7 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation C3.2 Road Improvement Plan The Bangkok urban roads (Inside Outer Bangkok Ring Road) are managed by 4 governmental agencies. DOH has a 5-year road development plan (now on-going 9th Plan) and ETA also has short term developing plan (up to 2009) and medium term development Plan (starting after 2009). In case of BMA and DOR, only urgent road improvement plans as approved by OTP are made available. The urgent road plans within ORR Expressway also include the projects to be implemented by DOH and ETA. The urgent road improvement plans are shown in Figure C3.2-1 and Table C3.2-1 to C3.2-4. The projects under the DOH road are concentrated in the northern, eastern and southern areas of Bangkok. Types of improvement are widening of existing roads, overpass at intersection and elevated road construction, etc. The BMA projects are concentrated in the central and south-eastern area of Bangkok. Proposed projects are 17 overpasses and underpasses, 4 new bridges, 2 elevated roads, and 2 road improvements. These projects have been scheduled to be completed by 2007. The expressway urgent plan includes the construction of 5 projects which are somewhat different from the ETA’s own plan. The urgent projects under the DOR projects proposed are 1 overpass construction, 1 new link road including Chao Phraya River Bridge and 2 roads improvement. C3.3 Urban Public Transport Plan The OTP has been assigned as the prime coordination agency for transport projects in Thailand. The agency developed the Bangkok Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan, approved by the Cabinet in 1994, then carried out the UTDM Study to develop its own traffic simulation model, Mega- project management and the Transport Planning and Policy Project (1998) under the Bangkok Urban Transport Project (ADB Loan). Based on these studies, the Traffic and Transport th Development Master Plan during the 9 NESDB Plan (OCMLT) was compiled. However, conditions of plans have drastically changed due to the unexpected economic recession and the termination of the HOPEWELL contract in 1998. Under such circumstances, the OTP revised the mass transit master plan by the Urban Rail Transport Master Plan (URMAP, 2001), which highlights development of systematic urban rail transport network with circular and radial systems and incremental investment scheduling in response to the limitation of budgets and the importance of integration in the public transport system development/investment. SBIA Rail Access Project (JETRO/SRT), Mae Klong Line and BSTC Feasibility Study (OTP, ongoing), Northern Line and Eastern Line Study (OTP), Blue Line Extension Project (MRTA) and Green Line Extension Project (BMA) are to be undertaken towards their realization as priority projects. Meanwhile, SRT carried out Bangkok Rail Improvement Project (BRIP, 2001) to revitalize the HOPEWELL project in parallel. Bus feeder system development is an essential element of urban transport. Two of the studies conceptually examined an appropriate bus feeder system for Bangkok in the past such as the BMA Mass Transit Feeder System Study and Bus Rationalization Study. Currently, the OTP is carrying out the study named the “BMTA Bus Reroute Planning and Scheduling Study”, which aims at developing the most efficient and practical bus feeder system in accordance with urban rail transport network. The URMAP study recommends that urban rail systems be almost integrated by a holistic rationale. However, integration of engineering issues such as train operation, feeder service, maintenance, and system configurations is a remaining issue. C-8 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Source: OTP-IMAC, 2004 Figure C3.2-1 Urgent Road Improvement Plans C-9 Table C3.2-1 Urgent Road Improvement Plan Existing Condition of Proposed Section No. Route Location or Section Description of Projects Length Proposed Approach Road Number Pavement Median Width of Pavement No. (km) Lane No. Road Width of Lane Type Width Sidewalk Condition (m) (m) (m) 1.1 3344 Srinagarindra Expressway New construction roads 10.90 (3+3)/(3+3) Route (40) 3+3(4+4) AC/PCC 3.0-6.0 3.0 Good and bridges 3344 1.2 Chalong Rat Expressway Extension of existing 9.50 (3+3)/(3+3) - (40) - (AC) (5.0) (5.0) - (Ram Intra - OBRR) expressway 1.3 Si Rat Expressway (Second Stage) New construction roads 4.50 (3+3)/(2+2) - (40) - (AC) (5.0) (5.0) - - Dao Kanong and bridges 1.4 Ratchadaphisek - Outer Ring Road New construction roads 19.50 (3+3)/(3+3) - (40) - (AC) (5.0) (5.0) - Expressway and bridges 1.5 351/302 Third Stage Expressway System New construction roads 23.60 (3+3)/4+4 New Section (40) - (AC) (5.0) (5.0) - Project : Notthern Route and bridges. Route 351 Route 351 40 4+4 PCC 4.0 3.0 Good C-10 section has been Route 302 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good completed foundation. Total 68.00 Source: OTP-IMAC, 2004 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Table C3.2-2 Urgent Projects of the DOH Existing Condition of Proposed Section No. Route Location or Section Description of Projects Length Proposed Approach Road Number Pavement Median Width of Pavement No. (km) Lane No. Road Width of Lane Type Width Sidewalk Condition (m) (m) (m) 2.1 9 Eastern OBRR (Bang Phli - Thanyaburi) (2+2) Lane Widening 40.00 (4+4) - 70 2+2 AC more than 20.0 3.0 (shoulder) Good 2.2 304 Chaeng Watthana - Ram Intra (Section : Pak Kret Improvement of intersection - Lak Si - Min Buri) and road. Overpass construction 2.2(1) 304 Route No. 304, Ram Intra Section (Intersection of Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good Route No. 304 and Suan Sayam Road) 2.2(2) 304/3202 Route No. 304, Ram Intra Section (Intersection of Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good Route No. 304 and Route No.3202 Nawamin) (Sukhaphiban I) 2.2(3) 304 Route No.304, Ram Intra Section (Intersection Route Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good No, 304 and Sai Wat Lat Pla Kao) (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good 2.2(4) 1/304 Route No. 304, Ram Intra Section (Intersection of Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good Route No. 304 and Route No. 1 Pracha Chuen) 2.2(5) 304 Route No. 304, Chaeng Watthana Section Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good 2.2(6) 304 Route No. 304, Chaeng Watthana Section Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good 2.2(7) 304 Route No. 304, Chaeng Watthana Section 8 km road improvement 5.00 4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good (Between Route 306 and Route No. 31) 2.2(8) 304/306 Route No. 304/Route No. 306 Intersection Improvement of intersection, underpass 0.49 3+3(2+2) - 30 3+3 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good 2.3 302/351 Rattana Thibet - Ngam Wong Wan - Nawamin (Section : Bang Yai - Kasetsart - Ram Intra - OBRR) 2.3(1) 351/3202 Kaset - Nawamin Roak (Route No.351) - OBRR New link road (Motorway) 4.00 (6-6) - - - - - - - 2.3(2) 351/1 Route No.1 (Phahon Yothin)/Route No.351 Route No.1 intersection, underpass 0.51 4+4(2+2) - 40 4+4 PCC 5.0 5.0 Good (Kaset - Nawanim Road) Ibntersection 2.3(3) 302 Rattana Thibet - Ngam Wong Wan (Route No.302) Improvement of intersection, Underpass 0.51 3+3/(2+1) - 50 4+4 PCC - 3.0 Good C-11 /Route 306 Intersection 2.3(4) 302/306 Rattana Thibet - Ngam Wong Wan (rote No.302), Road improvement (Motorway), 13.00 (6+6) - 50 4+4 AC 5.0 5.0 Good between OBRR and Route 306 2.4 3344 Srinagarindra Interchange (Intersection between Route No. and - Samut Prakan) 2.4(1) Soil07/3344 Srinagarindra (Route No. 3344) / Soi Sukhumvit 105 Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/3+3 - 3+3 PCC 6.0 3.0 Good 2.4(2) 3268/3344 Srinagarindra (Route No. 3344) / No.3268 (Thepharak) Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.50 (2+2)/3+3 - 3+3 PCC 6.0 3.0 Good 2.4(3) 3/3344 Srinagarindra (Route No. 3344) / No.3 Section Improvement of intersection-section 0.39 (2)/3+3 - 3+3 PCC 6.0 3.0 Good Srinagarindra road overpass Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region 2.5 1/31 Rangsit Interchange Phase 2 (Route No.1 / No.31) Improvement of intersection 2.6 1/3321 Interchange Route No.1 / Route No. 3312 Lam Luk Ka Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/4+4 - 30 4+4 PCC 3.0 2.0-3.0 Good 2.7 3268 Bang Phli - Bang Bo (Route No. 3268 Thepharak Road) Road improvement 15.50 (2+2) - 30 1+1 AC Non 3.0 (shoulder) Fair 2.8 3256 Bang Phli - Lat Krabang, Between Route No.34 3.40 (3+3) - 30 2+2 AC 3.0 2.5 (shoulder) Fair (Bang Na - Trat) Route No. 3268 (Thepharak) 2.9 303 Route No.303 Suk Sawat, Between Phet Chahueng Road improvement 10.00 (3+3) - 30 2+2 AC 3.0 3.0 (shoulder) Fair and Liep Khlong Sapphasamit) 2.10 345 Route No.345, Between OBRR Road improvement 15.00 (3+3) - 40 1+1 PCC/AC Non 2.5 (shoulder) Good 2.11 307 Route No.307, Between Route 345 and Route 3111 Road improvement 7.00 (3+3) - 30 1+1 PCC Non 2.0 (shoulder) Good (Pathum Thani) 2.12 307 Between Route No.345 and Route No.306 Road improvement 2.50 (3+3) - 30 2+2 AC Non 2.0 (shoulder) Fair 2.13 Between Route No.345 / 307 Intersection and Route 306 2.13(1) New/Existing Between Route 345 / 307 Intersection and Route 306 New link is including new bridge 5.00 (3+3) - - - - - - - (Chao Phraya river) 2.13(2) 3100 Route No. 3100, Between Route 306 and Route 346 Road improvement 6.50 (3+3) - 40 1+1 AC Non 2.0 (shoulder) Fair 2.14 IRR to OBRR (Southern) New construction 1.50 (4+4) - (40) - (AC) (5.0) (5.0) - 2.15 Road improvement at ICD (Between Lat Krabang and Road improvement 0.70 (3+3) - 80 2+2 Gravel 50.0 - Very Bad Chao Khun Thahan) Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Source: OTP-IMAC, 2004 Table C3.2-3 Urgent Projects of the DOR Existing Condition of Proposed Section No. Route Location or Section Description of Projects Length Proposed Approach Road Number Pavement Median Width of Pavement No. (km) Lane No. Road Width of Lane Type Width Sidewalk Condition (m) (m) (m) 3.1 3109 Thang Rotfai Sai kao Pak Nam (Route No.3109) Rehabilitation of existing road 2.00 - 10~12 1+1 PCC - 1.5 (shoulder) Fair 3.2 Nonthaburi 1 Bridge Crossing Chao Phraya River New construction road and bridge 1.30 (2+2) Right - - - - - - Route No.3110-Route No. 3215 Bang Kruai-Sai Noi Left 12 1+1 PCC - 2.0 Good 3.3 Somdet Phra Chao Tak Sin - Phet Kasem Overpass Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/3+3 - 30 3+3 PCC 2.0 2.0 Good 3.4 Extension of Ha Yak Pak Kret New construction road and bridge 4.00 (3+3) - - - - - - - 3.5 OBRR - Ha Yak Pak Kret New construction road and bridge 5.00 (3+3) - - - - - - - Total 12.69 Source: OTP-IMAC, 2004 C-12 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Table C3.2-4 Urgent Projects of the BMA Existing Condition of Proposed Section No. Route Location or Section Description of Projects Length Proposed Approach Road Number Pavement Median Width of Pavement No. (km) Lane No. Road Width of Lane Type Width Sidewalk Condition (m) (m) (m) 4.1 Si Ayutthaya - Phaya Thai Intersection Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.96 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 AC 2.0 2.0~3.0 Good 4.2 Si Ayutthaya - Rama Vl Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.96 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 AC 2.0 2.0~3.0 Good 4.3 Rama III (Liap Mae Nam) - Sathu Pradit Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.41 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 2.0~3.0 Fair 4.4 Rama III (Liap Mae Nam) - Chalerm Maha Nakhon Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.41 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 2.0~3.0 Fair Expressway Intersection 4.5 Rama III (Liap Mae Nam) - Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.41 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 2.0~3.0 Fair Intersection 4.6 Rama III (Liap Mae Nam) - IRR New Road Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.41 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 2.0~3.0 Fair 4.7 Rama III - Charoen Rat Intersection Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.41 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 2.0~3.0 Fair 4.8 Bang Khun Thian - Route No.35 (Rama II) Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.56 (2+2)/3+3 - 30 3+3 PCC/AC 2.0 2.0 Good 2+2 AC 2.0(Shoulder) Fair 4.9 Route No.3242 (Ekkachai) - Bang Bon - Bang Khun Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/3+3 - 30 3+3 AC 2.0 2.0~3.0 Good Thian Intersection (overlay) 4.10 Asok Din Daeng - Pracha Songkhro Intersection Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/3+3 - 30 3+3 PCC 1.0~2.0 3.0 Good 4.11 Suk Sawat - Route No.35 (Rama II) Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.41 (2+2)/4+4 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good 4.12 Rama IV - Sukhumvit 42 Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/3+3 - 35 3+3 AC 3.0 3.0 Good 4.13 Rama IV - Sukhumvit 26 (Kasem Rat Ari) Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/3+3 - 35 3+3 AC 3.0 3.0 Good 4.14 304 Chalong Krung - Route No.304 (Suwinthawong) Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.39 (2+2)/2+2 - 30 2+2 PCC 3.0 3.0(shoulder) Good 4.15 Ratchawithi - Rama VI Intersection Improvement of intersection, overpass 0.96 (2+2)/3+3 - 35 3+3 AC 4.0 3.0 Good 4.16 304 Suwinthawong - Nimit Mai (Route 3261) Intersection Improvement of intersection, flyover 3.00 (2+2)/3+3 - 30 2+2/(3+3) PCC 3~6 3.0(shoulder) Good (Route 3119, 3261, Ramkhamhaeng and Rat Uthit) 4.17 303 Ratchadaphisek - Samdet Phra Chao Tak Sin Intersection Improvement of intersection, underpass 0.51 4+4/(2+2) - 40 4+4 PCC 2.0 3.0 Good 4.18 306 Route No.306 (Charan Sanit Wong) - Route No.338 Improvement of intersection, underpass 0.51 3+3/(2+2) - 35 3+3(LC8+3) PCC 3.0 3.0 Good C-13 (Boromarajajonani) Intersection 4.19 306 Route No.306 (Charan Sanit Wong), Sam Yak Fai Chai Improvement of intersection, underpass 0.51 3+3/(2+2) - 35 3+3 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good 4.20 Phet Kasem, (Liap Khlong Thawi Watthana - Phuttha Improvement 4.30 - 40 4+4 PCC 3.0 3.0 Good Monthon Sai 4) 4.21 Phuttha Monthon Sai 2 (Section : Phet Kasem - Widening 9.50 (3+3) - 40 1+1 AC - 1.0~2.0 Fair Southern Railway) 4.22 Thawi Watthana (Section : Utthayan - Phet Kasem) Widening 8.30 (2+2) - 20 3-lane AC/PCC - 3.0 Good 4.23 Phet Kasem Flyover 2.00 (2+2)3+3 - 40 4+4 and 3+3 PCC 4.25 Charan Sanit Wong - Thahan (Tha Kiak Kai Ferry) New bridge constuction 0.80 (2+2) Right 10 1 PCC - - Good Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Bridge Crossing Chao Phaya River) Left 20 2+2 PCC - 3.0 Good 4.26 Tha Din Deang - Ratchawong Bridge Crossing New bridge constuction 0.60 (2+2) Right 20 2 PCC - 3.0 Good Chao Phaya River Left 20 2+2 AC - 3.0 Good 4.27 Lat Ya - Maha Phruettharam Bridge Crossing New bridge constuction 1.00 (2+2) Right 20 2 PCC - 3.0 Good Chao Phaya River Left 4.28 Chan - Charoen Nakhon New bridge constuction 0.85 (2+2) Right 5 1 PCC - - Fair Left Private - - - - - 4.29 Suk Sawat - Rama II - Tak Sin - Phet Kasem - OBRR New link 14.20 (Southern) 4.29(1) Route No.303/Phet Chahueng Intersection to Route New link 10.60 (3+3) - - - - - - No.4/Tak Sin - Phet Kasem intersection 4.29(2) OBRR to New Link New link 3.60 (3+3) - - - - - - 4.30 Ratchadaphisek Flyover (Section : Asok - Sukhumvit - Elevated road (crossing of BTS. 2.30 (2+2)/2+2 - 40~20 PCC 3.0~0 2.0%3.0 Fair Asok Phetchaburi) Phetchaburi overpass, railway and expressway) 4.31 Extension of Sarasin - Ratchadaphisek New link (railway, 1st Stage 1.50 (2+2)/0 - - - - - - Expressway) Source: OTP-IMAC,2004 Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation C3.4 Railway and Mass Rapid Transit Prior to 1999, the only fixed track rail system in the BMR (and also for the rest of Thailand) was the State Railway of Thailand (SRT). In October 1999, the elevated BTS Green line was opened in Bangkok. In July 2004, the first section of the underground MRTA Blue line was operated. The three components of the fixed track rail system in the BMR are thus comprised of: 1) SRT network; 2) BTS elevated Green Line; and 3) MRTA underground Blue Line. The SRT is a conventional heavy axle load railway system operating at grade, whereas the BTS and MRTA systems are modern mass rapid transit systems operating on grade separated and independent tracks. Thus, whereas the SRT train operations experience considerable delays in the urban area because of numerous at grade intersections with roads the MRT systems do not experience any delays because there is no interaction with road traffic. For a variety of reasons, the SRT urban commuter services are not very well patronized by the public, even though the fare structure is very low. The reasons for the low and declining patronage of SRT commuter services are slow travel speed, old rolling stock, and relatively limited catchments corridors. As the government has already committed to develop the MRT network system of approximately 291 km by 2009, it is of the mandatory requirement to initiate appropriate and timely arrangements for the development of its intermodal stations along with neighboring sub-center development. As urban development or redevelopment projects inevitably involve many stakeholders including private owners of land and properties, sub-center development requires extremely complicated and time-consuming procedures for formulating consensus among them, thus requiring prudent actions in sufficient advance under the strong implementation leadership of responsible agencies. For the purpose, the IMAC study recommends to establish a new Urban Development Authority that can act as a responsible implementation arm representing the public sector side. The proposed Red line (phase 1) will be constructed in the SRT ROW on an elevated structure, some of which exists from the discontinued HOPEWELL project. Basically, three Red lines are proposed: 1) Rangsit-Maha Chai Section (65.8 km); 2) Taling Chan-Lat Krabang Section (44.3 km); and 3) Don Muang-Suvarnabhumi Section (48.5 km). The first section is basically a north-south section from Rangsit in the north to Hua Lamphong and then a south west portion to Maha Chai. The section is basically an east-west section from Taling Chan in the west of Bangkok to Lat Krabang in the east, which will serve the new airport. The following table sets out the station spacing details of these three red line sections. It should be noted that the point of origin for sections is Bang Sue. Details of the Red Line Stations are depicted in Table 3.4-1. The former cabinet approved the new Airport Rail Link project from the Suvarnabhumi Airport to Phaya Thai, for the airport passenger’s service and also commuter service. Total dual standard rail tracks of 28.71 km and the two rail systems operation have been designed and prepared for bidding. The construction is expected to commence soon. C-14 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix C: Transportation Table C3.4-1 Details of Proposed Red Line Phase 1 RED LINE (N-S) RED LINE (E-W) RED LINE (N-E) Rangsit - Maha Chai Taling Chan - Lat Krabang Don Muang - Suvarnabhumi Distance Distance Distance No. Station No. Station No. Station (Km.) (Km.) (Km.) 1 Rangsit - 1 Taling Chan - 1 Don Muang - 2 Khlong Rangsit 2.5 2 Bang Bamru 3.7 2 Kan Kheha 2.8 3 Lak Hok 0.9 3 Rama VI Bridge 4.9 3 Lak Si 1.9 4 Don Muang 5.0 4 Bang Son 2.5 4 Thung Song Hong 2.7 5 Kan Kheha 2.7 5 Khlong Prapa 0.5 5 Bank Khen 1.8 6 Lak Si 1.8 6 Bang Sue 3.2 6 Kho Mo Sip Ed 2.9 7 Thung Song Hong 2.7 7 Pradiphat 1.2 7 Bang Sue 2.6 8 Bang Khen 1.8 8 Sam Sen 1.6 8 Pradiphat 1.1 9 Kho Mo Sip Ed 2.8 9 Ratchawithi 1.1 9 Sam Sen 1.5 10 Bang Sue 2.5 10 Rama VI 1.4 10 Ratchawithi 1.1 11 Pradiphat 1.0 11 Phayathai 1.0 11 Rama VI 1.4 12 Sam Sen 1.5 12 Rachaprarop 1.0 12 Phayathai 1.0 13 Ratchanwithi 1.1 13 Makkasan 0.7 13 Rachaprarop 0.9 14 Yommarat 1.8 14 Asoke 1.9 14 Makkasan 0.6 15 Yos Se 0.9 15 Khlong Ton 2.9 15 Asoke 1.8 16 Hua Lamphong 0.9 16 Ramkhamhaeng 1.3 16 Khlong Ton 2.9 17 Khlong San (B1) 1.4 17 Kasem Bundit 2.9 17 Ramkhamhaeng 1.3 18 Wongwian Yai 2.0 18 Hua Mak 1.5 18 Kasem Bundit 2.9 19 Talat Phlu 1.6 19 Ban Tap Chang 5.5 19 Hua Mak 1.4 20 BSTC 1.0 20 Wat Lan Boon 3.1 20 Ban Tap Chang 5.5 21 Chom Thong 1.0 21 Lat Krabang 2.9 21 Wat Lan Boon 3.1 22 Wat Sai 1.9 Total 44.3 22 Lat Krabang 2.8 23 Wat Sing 1.4 23 Suvarnabhumi 4.6 24 Bang Bon 1.9 Total 48.5 25 Rang Sakae 2.4 26 Rang Pho 2.2 27 Sam Yaek 2.2 28 Phrom Daen 1.7 29 Thung Si Thong 1.0 30 Bang Nam Jued 1.4 31 Khok Khwai 3.0 32 Ban Khom 4.4 33 Maha Chai 5.4 Total 65.8 Source: OTP-IMAC, 2004 C-15 APPENDIX D WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation APPENDIX D WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION D1 WATER SUPPLY D1.1 Present Situation In BMR, the water supply system is mainly operated by two water supply providers: the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA) and the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA). Water resources for water supply are the Chao Phraya and the Tha Chin Rivers. The MWA provides water supply to Bangkok, Samut Prakarn and Nonthaburi; serviced area consists of 15 branch offices comprising 12 areas in Bangkok and 3 areas in its vicinity. In 2007, the amount of total water sales is approximately 1,224 MCM/year of service area of 2,139 km2. The average consumption is 1.86 m3/day/user (Table D1.1-1). The average water sales rates are 10.00 baht/m3 for residence and 13.75 baht/m3 for non-residence. The average water revenues are 2.06 baht/m3 for residence and 2.83 baht/m3 for non-residence. Table D1.1-1 MWA Service Area and Performance (2007) Area Customer Water Sales Branch Office Service Area Served (connection) (MCM/year) (km2) Thonburi, Klong San, Chom Thong, Bang Khun Taksin Thian, Rat Burana, Thung Khru, Bang Bon, Phasi 216.80 225,820 139.37 Charoen, Phra Pradaeng, and Pra Samut Chedi Thungmahamek Bang Rak, Sathon, Bang Kho Laem, and Yan Nawa 31.85 72,393 66.41 Bangkok Noi, Taling Chan, Bang Phlat, and Thawi Bangkoknoi 76.14 104,885 56.53 Watthana Don Muang, Bang Khen, Lak Si, Sai Mai, and Khan Bangkaen 87.54 103,198 56.12 Na Yao Prachachuen Bang Sue, Chatuchuak, Lak Si, and Don Muang 55.48 88,323 53.84 Phaya Thai, Chatuchuak, Din Daeng, and Huai Phaya Thai 55.40 83,831 86.96 Khwang Phra Khanong, Suan Luang, Watthana, Bang Na, Khlong Toei, Prawet, Phra Pradaeng, Amphoe Phra Khanong 124.39 131,191 103.44 Muang Samut Prakarn, Bang Phli, and King Amphoe Bang Sao Thong Bangkok Yai, Phasi Charoen, Bang Khae, Nong Phasi Charoen 141.14 151,394 80.50 Khaem, and Bang Bon Min Buri, Lat Krabang, Khlong Sam Wa, and Nong Min Buri 248.75 115,453 68.88 Chok Phra Nakhon, Samphanthawong, Pom Prap Sattru Mansri 34.58 72,548 90.57 Phai, Pathum Wan, Dusit, and Ratchathewi Bueng Kum, Bang Kapi, Khan Na Yao, Lat Phrao, Lat Phrao 93.78 137,651 83.31 Wang Thonglang Watthana, Ratchathewi, Huai Khwang, Suan Sukhumvit Luang, Bang Kapi, Khlong Toei, Yan Nawa, 86.57 103,519 105.96 Prawet, Saphan Sung, and Bueng Kum Amphoe Muang Samut Prakarn, Bang Phli, King Samut Prakarn 449.16 142,531 116.18 Amphoe Bang Sao Thong, and Bang Bo Nonthaburi Pak Kret, and Amphoe Muang Nontha Buri 90.77 108,914 60.79 Pak Kret Amphoe Muaeng Nonthaburi, Bang Bang Buathong 346.88 162,673 55.11 Buathong, Sai Noi, Bang Yai, and Bang Kraui Total 2,139.23 1,804,324 1,223.97 Source: MWA, 2008b D-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation The PWA provides water supply to Samut Sakhon, Nakhon Pathom, and Pathum Thani. In the 2007 annual record, Num Prapa Thai Co., Ltd. provided drinking water capacity of 116 MCM/year to Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom. Prapa Pathumthani Co., Ltd. provided drinking water capacity of 8.63 MCM/year to Pathum Thani (Table D1.1-2). There are 4 treatment plants operated by the MWA (Figure D1.1-1). The details of the MWA treatment plants are in Table D1.1-3. Table D1.1-2 PWA Service Performance (2007) Branch Office Customer Water Sales Water Production Water Resource (connection) (MCM/year) ( MCM/year) Samut Sakhon 1 Samut Sakhon 24,595 30.28 38.34 Tha Chin River Nakhon Pathom 1 Omnoi 32,681 21.02 29.37 Tha Chin River 2 Sampran 29,920 12.41 19.16 Tha Chin River Pathum Thani 1 Pathum Thani 35,858 1.28 1.67 Chao Phraya River 2 Rangsit 160,381 5.97 8.74 Chao Phraya River Total 283,435 70,96 97.28 Source: PWA, 2007a and PWA, 2008b Table D1.1-3 Details of the MWA Water Treatment Plants Water Area Capacity Raw Water Service Areas Treatment Plant (m2) (CMD) Resource East Bank of the Chao Phraya River Ket Don Muang, Bang Khen, Nontha Buri, Pak Kret, Bang Sue, Chatuchak, Phaya Thai, Din Daeng, Huai Khwang, Phra Nakhon, Pom Prap Sattru Phai, Samphanthawong, Bang Rak, Pathum Bang Khen 704,000 3,600,000 Chao Phraya River Wan, Sathon, Bang Kho Laem, Yan Nawa, Khlong Toei, Suan Luang, Lat Phrao, Bang Kapi, Bueng Kum, Lat Krabang, Prawet, Phra Khanong, Phra Pradaeng, Samut Prakarn, Bangkok Yai, Rat Burana and Chom Thong Thonburi 25,600 170,000 Chao Phraya River Bangkok Noi and Bang Phlat Pha Yathai, Dusit, Phra Nakhon and Samsen n/a 700,000 Chao Phraya River Ratchthewi West Bank of the Chao Phraya River Kanjanapisek (Outer Ring) Rd., Rattanatibet Rd., Bang Buathong-Sai Noi Rd., Pin Klao-Nakhon Mahasawat 880.000 3,200,000 Mae Klong River Chaisri Rd., Phutthamonthon IV Rd., New Prannok Rd., and Aekachai Rd. Source: MWA, 2008c D1.2 Water Demand Projection Based on the recorded data during 1983-2007 by the MWA (Table D1.2-1), the existing water demand has been categorized into residential user (house) and non-residential user (commercial, state enterprise, governmental, industrial, and public). The average water demands of residential and non-residential users in last 5 years are 0.48 and 3.71 m3/day/consumer respectively. The future water demand projection is based on the premise that the analysis of historical trends can serve as the basis for predicting future trends. In this study, water demand records within the 15 branch areas of MWA were examined from 1983 to 2007 to investigate the historical trends over the past 25 years. Although there were some inconsistencies among the available data, these trends provide a reasonable basis for predicting future water demands for this project. D-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant Sam Sen Water Treatment Plant Thonburi Water Treatment Plant Mahasawat Water Treatment Plant Source: MWA, 2008c Figure D1.1-1 MWA Water Treatment Plants D-3 projections are 7.13 million houses for residence and 1 million for non-residence. extrapolation method. Figure D1.2-1 shows water demand projections to 2050. In 2050, consumer Growth projections were developed for both residential and non-residential users by applying Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Table D1.2-1 Water Supply in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn Description Unit 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Water Production MCM 626.5 731.2 801.8 820.8 841.3 859.6 934.3 1,049.3 1,109.2 1,175.5 1,224.9 1,234.2 1,405.2 1,549.4 1,632.8 1,555.2 1,415.2 1,438.5 1,481.7 1,505.0 1,516.1 1,538.3 1,628.1 1,699.7 1,739.3 Water Sales MCM 369.7 423.4 477.4 485.0 523.0 570.6 628.2 718.7 781.3 823.4 836.1 816.1 870.3 911.2 944.8 914.8 856.6 880.3 929.5 969.4 1,013.9 1,076.0 1,131.0 1,172.9 1,224.0 - Residence MCM 205.0 239.4 280.4 280.0 305.2 328.5 328.0 369.4 391.7 405.4 413.9 415.8 444.5 454.5 457.6 461.9 439.8 438.8 460.4 476.7 489.6 508.1 516.5 516.9 551.4 - Non-residence MCM 162.3 182.7 195.4 204.0 216.2 240.3 298.7 347.9 387.7 416.4 420.0 398.2 423.9 449.8 471.1 442.7 410.8 435.6 463.5 486.3 516.2 556.2 598.8 632.9 653.0 Residential customer 1,000 connections 329.6 370.1 443.7 491.9 542.2 599.7 653.2 716.2 768.0 810.4 842.3 884.8 917.5 951.5 994.7 1,025.9 1,041.0 1,060.0 1,090.8 1,120.5 1,156.6 1,196.8 1,239.3 1,280.7 1,331.3 People served Million people 6.10 6.30 6.50 6.70 6.92 7.10 7.29 7.08 7.21 7.13 7.19 7.24 7.25 7.32 7.36 7.44 7.48 7.54 7.62 7.71 7.82 7.91 7.71 7.80 7.87 Residential serviced 1,000 households 1,283 1,378 1,440 1,526 1,629 1,836 1,965 2,107 2,254 2,353 2,494 2,554 2,595 2,628 2,671 2,772 2,801 2,835 2,938 3,043 3,135 Non-residential customer 1,000 connections 138.1 149.3 158.6 167.8 179.2 194.4 213.5 233.2 259.6 280.6 297.0 309.3 323.9 337.6 347.1 343.8 344.0 350.1 353.7 368.2 383.6 411.1 445.2 468.3 473.0 Water Demand - Residence m3/day/household 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.66 0.66 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.48 - Non-residence m3/day/customer 3.22 3.35 3.38 3.33 3.31 3.39 3.83 4.09 4.09 4.07 3.87 3.53 3.59 3.65 3.72 3.53 3.27 3.41 3.59 3.62 3.69 3.71 3.69 3.70 3.78 Service Area km2. 350 390 430 475 520 580 625 680 710 740 784 822 893 969 1,096 1,129 1,148 1,243 1,280 1,449 1,515 1,546 1,856 2,049 2,139 Source: BMA, 2006b (data on 1983-2005) and MWA, 2008c (data on 2005 – 2007) D-4 8,000 1,100 7,500 1,000 No.of Customer (1,000 customers) 7,000 2050 Water Consumption Projection for Residence 2050 Water Consumption Projection for Non-residence 6,500 = 7,134,800 houses 900 = 1,041,900 customers No.of Household (1,000 6,000 800 5,500 households) 700 5,000 4,500 600 4,000 500 Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation 3,500 3,000 400 2,500 300 2,000 200 1,500 1,000 100 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Residential Customer Non-residencial Customer Source: Panya Consultants’ calculation Final Report Figure D1.2-1 Water Demand Projection for Bangkok and Samut Prakarn Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation 660000 680000 Pathum Thani 1540000 1540000 Nonthaburi Prachachien Bang Khen Bang Bua Thong k j Nonthaburi > Bang Ken Minburi > k j Phaya Thai Bangkok Mahasawat [ > Lat Phrao Minburi > Phahonyothin k j Thonburi Bankok Noi k j Samsen > Ladprao 1520000 Maen Sri Sukhumvit 1520000 Thapra Phetkasem > > Lumpini Ladkrabung > Klong Toey > > Phasi Charoen Thung Mahameat > Rajburana > Sumrong Phra Kanong C h a o Bang Mot p > h a y a R i v e r > Bangphli Samut Prakarn Tak Sin 1500000 1500000 Samut Prakarn Samut Sakhon G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 660000 680000 Legend TWM 041151 k j Water Treatment Plant Water Body [ Transmission Pumping Station (Existing) Water Tunnel / Transmission Pipeline (Existing) -n-a4- > Distribution Pump Station (Existing) Transmission Pipeline Project 6 Ê F > Distribution Pump Station (Future) Transmission Pipeline Project 7 P:\0816\Map Project\0816-021- Province Boundary Transmission Pipeline (Future) 0 1 2 4 6 8 Kilometers District Boundary Source: MWA, 2008a Figure D1.3-1 MWA Development Project D-5 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation D1.3 MWA Development Project MWA has prepared for the 8th Bangkok Water Supply Improvement Project after the Cabinet approval. The plan is implemented in fiscal year 2008 with the investment cost of 7,800 million baht obtained from domestic and international sources. The main objectives are to expand the serviced area approximately 200 km2 and improve production capacity from 5.92 to 6.32 MCM/day. The details are as follows: 1) Expand sufficiently the production capacity to year 2017 at Mahasawat and Bang Khen Water Treatment Plants of 400,000 m3/day each; 2) Boost pumping water on the west bank of Chao Phraya River to draw enough water from Mahasawat Water Treatment Plant without relying on Bang Khen Water Treatment Plant on the east bank of Chao Phraya River; 3) Construct pumping stations and improve their efficiency in line with the customer’s demand; and 4) Construct pipeline network (total length of 1,000 km) covering the expanded area of 200 km2. Figure D1.3-1 shows the MWA Project. D2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM D2.1 Present Situation The Water Quality Management Division (WQM) under the Department of Drainage and Sewerage (DDS), BMA, has responsible for water pollution control in Bangkok. The Bangkok wastewater management has been put on a new turn long time ago. Preparation of the Sewerage System Master Plan was carried out in 1986 when most of the wastewater in the urban areas was overflowing from on-site discharge facilities to the storm water drainage system without further treatment. Wastewater can be classified by its source into three types: domestic, industrial, and business. According to WQM under DDS, it has been forecasted that the domestic and business wastewater will be decreased while industrial wastewater will be increased as shown in Figure D2.1-1 and D2.1-2. It is found that daily wastewater effluent in Bangkok is around 2.5 MCM/day of which 75% is from households and communities and 25% is from industries and commercial business. 3,000,000 Wastewater Quantity (cu.m/day) (cu.m/day) 2,500,000 2,000,000 Household Commercial 1,500,000 Industry 1,000,000 500,000 0 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 year Source: BMA, 2006c Figure D2.1-1 Quantity of Wastewater in Bangkok D-6 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation Percent 100% 18.66% 18.99% 19.33% 19.74% 20.17% 90% 80% 6.57% 6.33% 6.13% 5.98% 5.87% 70% 60% 50% Industry 40% 74.77% 74.67% 74.54% 72.67% 73.96% Comercial 30% Household 20% 10% Year 0% 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Source: CU, 2007 Figure D2.1-2 Proportion of Wastewater in Bangkok Presently, domestic, industrial, and business wastewater in Bangkok amount to 2.6 MCM/day. The central water environmental control plant capacity of the BMA is 992,000 m3/day and the total small treatment plants capacity is 374,910 m3/day which is equivalent to 1.37 MCM/day in total or accounts for around 50% of all wastewater in Bangkok. In Bangkok, there are 16 small wastewater treatment plants operated by the DDS; 4 plants constructed by the DDS (350,110 m3/day of plant capacity) and 12 community plants handover from the National Housing Authority (24,800 m3/day of plant capacity) as shown in Table D2.1-1 and D2.1-2. Table D2.1-1 Capacity of DDS Wastewater Treatment Plants Treatment Capacity Location Plant Area (m2) Service Area (m3/day) On Nuch 20,000 960 928,000 m2 Rama IX 84,800 86,400 500 households Phutthamonthon II 5,200 2,750 131,200 m2 Makkasan - 260,000 - Note: On Nuch Treatment Plant is treated leachate from On Nuch Solid Waste Disposal Center. Source: BMA, 2008g Table D2.1-2 Capacity of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants Waste Water Treatment Plant Area Treatment Capacity Service Plant (m2) (m3/day) Customer Area (m2) Huay Kwang 5,200 2,400 16,800 131,200 Bang Na 1,924 1,500 8,280 81,600 Khlong Chan 7,200 6,500 36,000 489,600 Ram Inthra 2,160 800 4,060 83,200 Thung Song Hong 1 9,330 3,000 15,000 425,600 Thung Song Hong 2 1,240 1,100 5,555 48,000 Hua Mark 5,324 1,500 2,940 150,400 Tha Sai 2,600 1,400 7,095 372,800 Khlong Toey 880 1,200 7,200 54,400 Rom Klao 2,800 3,800 19,000 1,280,000 Bang Bua 5,670 1,200 8,000 132,800 Bon Kai 500 400 2,200 14,400 Total 44,828 24,800 132,130 3,264,000 Source: BMA, 2007f and BMA, 2008g D-7 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation The BMA has invested about 17.5 billion baht in the construction of 7 decentralized wastewater treatment plants: Si Phraya, Chong Nonsi, Rattanakosin, Nong Khaem, Thung Khru, Din Dang, and Chatuchak to serve 20 districts. The plants cover an area of 191.7 km2 with the designed capacity of 992,000 m3/day for 560,000 households which accounts for the ratio of amount of the treated wastewater to the water environment control plant area of 5.6 m3/day/m2. Figure D2.1-3 shows serviced area of decentralized wastewater treatment plants. Table D2.1-3 presents details of the BMA decentralized wastewater treatment plant. (MONRE, 2008c) In 2007, Samut Prakarn has an amount of domestic wastewater of 5,593 m3/day and BOD loading of 1,119 kg BOD5/day. There are 4 municipalities located nearby the Chao Phraya River namely, Samut Prakarn, Pra Pradaeng, Samut Chedi, and Samrong Tai. Only Samut Prakarn municipality has implemented the central wastewater treatment project to improve water quality. Table D2.1-4 shows wastewater management in Samut Prakarn. (MONRE, 2007) Pathum Thani has an amount of domestic wastewater of 565,844 m3/day and BOD loading of 113,175 kg BOD5/day. There is only one wastewater treatment plant in Pathum Thani municipality which is the Oxidation Ditch (OD) type and capacity of 10,000 m3/day. The total construction cost is 340 million baht. At present, only 700 m3/day of wastewater is collected to the treatment plant. (MONRE, 2007) Nonthaburi has an amount of domestic wastewater of 172,472 m3/day and BOD loading of 25.87 tons BOD5/day. There is only one wastewater treatment plant in Nonthaburi municipality which is the Activated Sludge (AS) type and capacity of 38,500 m3/day, covering service area of 38.9 km2. The total construction cost is 616.50 million baht. At present, only 20,000 m3/day of wastewater is collected to wastewater treatment plant. (MONRE, 2006b and 2006c) Nakhon Pathom has an amount of domestic wastewater of 130,584 m3/day and BOD loading of 19.6 tons BOD5/day. There is only one wastewater treatment plant in Nakhon Pathom municipality which is the Stabilization Pond (SP) type and capacity of 60,000 m3/day, covering service area of 9.85 km2. The total construction cost is 219.15 million baht. At present, only 17,500 m3/day of wastewater is collected to the treatment plant, covering 5.28 km2 of the serviced area. (MONRE, 2006b and 2006c) Samut Sakhon has an amount of domestic wastewater of 31,852 m3/day and BOD loading of 4.8 tons BOD5/day. At present, there is no wastewater management in Samut Sakhon. D-8 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation 640000 660000 680000 Sai Mai Lak Si Nonthaburi Bang Khen ! P Huai Khwang Lat Phrao Chatuchak Bang Sue Khan Na Yao k j Bueng Kum Bang Phlat Din Daeng Dusit Phaya Thai Wang Thonglang Nakhon Thawi Watthana Taling Chan j k j k ! P Saphan Sung Pathom Bangkok Noi Huai Khwang Bang Kapi Phra Nakhon Ratchathewi Bangkok 1520000 1520000 Pom Prap Sattru Phai Samphanthawong Bangkok Yai k jBang Rak Pathum Wan Watthana Suan Luang Phasi Charoen j k Bang Khae Thon Buri Khlong San Sathon Khlong Toei j k Prawet Nong Khaem Chom Thong Bang Kho Laem j k Phra Khanong k j Yan Nawa Rat Burana Bang Na Bang Bon k j Phra Pradaeng Thung Khru Bang Phli j k P Samut Prakarn ! Bang Khun Thian Samut Sakhon Mueang Samut Prakan 1500000 1500000 Phra Samut Chedi G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 640000 660000 680000 Legend TWM 25112551 j k Wastewater Treatment Plant Site (Existing) Thonburi WWTP (Future) j k Wastewater Treatment Plant Site (Future) Nongkhaem-Phasichroen Wastewater Treatment Project P ! Province Ratburana Wastewater Treatment Project +waste-n1-zoom-a4- Province Boundary Rattanakosin Wastewater Treatment Project District Boundary Si Phraya Wastewater Treatment Project Water Body Stage I Wastewater Treatment Project Ê P:\0816\Map Project\021- Bang Sue EERC (Future) Stage II (Chong Non Si) Wastewater Treatment Project 0 1 2 4 6 Klong Toei WWTP (Future) Stage IV Wastewater Treatment Project Kilometers Source: BMA, 2008g Figure D2.1-3 Service Area of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plants D-9 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Table D2.1-3 Water Quality Control Plants in Bangkok Projections Water Control Plant Service Area District Area Population to serve Wastewater Treatment Location of Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Number of Interceptor Length of Interceptor Diameter of Interceptor Out fall (km2) (2020 Horizen) (m3/day) Process Chamber (km) (m) 1. Si Phraya 2.70 Pom Prap Sattru Phai , 120,000 30,000 The mouth Contact 81 2.30 0.6-1.2 Chao Phraya Samphanthawong of klong Phadung Stabilization River and Bang Rak kruang kasem Activated Bangrak District Sludge Systems 2. Rattanakosin 4.10 Phra Nakhon 70,000 40,000 Ban Panthom Two Stage 77 16.25 0.25-1.50 Klong Market, Banglampoo Activated Banglampoo Phranakhon District Sludge Systems 3. Chongnonsi 28.50 Yan Nawa, Bang Rak 580,000 200,000 Klong Chong Cyclic Activated 356 51.00 0.15-2.25 Chao Phraya Sathon and Nonsi Sludge Systems River Bang Kho Laem Bangkholaem District (CASS) 4. Nongkhaem 44.00 Nong Khaem, 520,000 157,000 Nong khaem Dumping Vertical Loop 228 46.00 0.3-2.3 Klong Phasi Charoen and sitc Reactor Rat Burana Bang Khae Nong khaem District Activated Sludge Systems (VLR-AS) 5. Thung kru 42.00 Thung Khru, Rat Burana 177,000 65,000 Soi Prachautit 90 Vertical Loop 205 26.00 0.3-2.30 Klong and some part of Thung Kru District Reactor Bang Jak Chom Thong Activated sludge Systems (VLR-AS) 6. Dindaeng 37.00 Pom Prap Sattru Phai , 1,080,000 350,000 Near BMA Activated sludge 395 64.00 0.3-3.20 Klong Samphanthawong City hall 2 Systems With Nutrients Sam Sen D-10 Patum Wan, Ratchathewi Dindaeng District (Nitrogen and and Makkasan and some part of Phosphorus) Pond Phra Nakorn, Dusit Removal Phaya Thai and Din Daeng 7. Chatuchak 33.40 Dusit, Phaya Thai, 432,000 150,000 Soi Intamara 35 Cyclic Activated 175 28.20 0.2-2.30 Klong Huai Khwang Chatuchak District Sludge Systems Bang Sue and Chatuchak (CASS) 8. Klong Toey* 71.00 Klong Toei, 566,000 360,000 Activated sludge 62.20 0.6-3.5 Chao Phra Khanong, Systems Phraya River Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation Bang Na, Watthana, Suan Luang and some part of Ratchathewi and Huai Khwang 9.Thon Buri* 59.08 Bang Phlat, 816,700 337,000 Chao Bangkok Yai, Phraya River Bangkok Noi, Thon Buri, Klong San and Chom Thong 10. Bang Sue* 20.00 Bang Sue and 415,000 120,000 Klong Final Report some part of Bang Khen Chatuchak and Dusit Remark * Future BMA Wastewater Treatment Project Source: BMA, 2007c, d and BMA, 2007e Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation Table D2.1-4 Wastewater Management in Samut Prakarn Wastewater Municipality Quantity Received Water Source m3/day Kg BOD5/day 1. Samut Prakarn CM 13,204 2,641 Chao Phraya River 2. Phra Pradaeng MM 2,040 408 Chao Phraya River, Khlong Lat Luang, Khlong Mon, Khlong Lat Thanong 3. Lat Luang MM 14,596 2,919 Khlong Bang Chak, Khlong Khlu Nai, Klong Khak Khlong Lat Luang Chao Phraya River, Khlong Song Pee Nong, Khlong Ta Kwuen, Khlong 4. Phra Samut TM 2,524 505 Bang Plakot, Khlong Nakaraj 5. Khlong Dan TM 3,046 609 Khlong Dan Chao Phraya River, Khlong Mahawong, Khlong Samrong, Khlong Bang 6. Samroang Tai TM 16,109 3,222 Na Kreng, Khlong Bang Fai Khlong Samrong, Khlong Bang Phli, Khlong Bang Khuang, Khlong 7. Bang Phli TM 1,398 280 Buaklee 8. Bang Sao Thong TM 2,465 493 Khlong Samrong, Khlog Charoenraj 9. Laem Fapha TM 2,494 499 Khlong Sabphamit 10. Dan Samroang TM 11,147 2,229 - 11. Bang Mueang TM 17,825 3,565 Irrigation Canal 12. Bang PooTM 21,245 4,249 Irrigation Canal 13. Bang Bo TM 1,907 381 Khlong Samrong 14. Khlong Suan TM 435 87 Irrigation Canal, Khlong Krasang, Khlong Nakaraj Khlong Prawejburirum 15. Samroang Nuea TM 7,198 1,440 - 16. Phraeksa TM 1,119 224 - Total 118,752 23,751 Remark: TM. = Tambon (sub-district) Municipality; MM. = Muang (district) Municipality; CM. = City Municipality Source: MONRE, 2008c D2.2 Projected Wastewater Generation The wastewater generation is derived from an empirical approach as a percentage of water consumed. In this study, a wastewater return factor of 80% has been adopted. The projections of population and wastewater generation of the BMA service area are summarized in Table D2.2-1. Based on this evaluation, the average sewerage flow is estimated at 752 MCM/year in 2007 and at 960 MCM/year in 2050. Table D2.2-1 Projected Wastewater Generation Description Unit 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Bangkok Population Projection 1,000 person 6,856 6,877 6,818 6,619 6,421 6,713 6,714 6,716 6,717 6,718 Wastewater Generated - Residence lpcd 159 162 169 175 180 184 188 192 195 198 - Non-residence lpcd 145 147 151 154 157 160 163 165 167 169 - Total lpcd 304 309 320 329 337 344 351 357 362 367 Waste Water Generated - Residence MCM/year 398 407 420 422 421 451 461 470 479 486 - Non-residence MCM/year 363 368 375 373 369 392 398 404 409 414 Total MCM/year 761 775 795 795 790 843 860 874 888 900 Samut Prakarn Population Projection 1,000 person 1,287 1,320 1,391 1,438 1,445 1,469 1,489 1,507 1,523 1,537 Wastewater Generated - Residence lpcd 159 162 169 175 180 184 188 192 195 198 - Non-residence lpcd 145 147 151 154 157 160 163 165 167 169 - Total lpcd 304 309 320 329 337 344 351 357 362 367 Waste Water Generated - Residence MCM/year 75 78 86 92 95 99 102 106 109 111 - Non-residence MCM/year 68 71 77 81 83 86 88 91 93 95 Total MCM/year 114 119 130 138 142 148 153 157 161 165 Source: Panya Consultants’ calculation D-11 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation D3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT The Department of Environment (DOE) undertakes solid waste, hazardous waste, and night soil management in Bangkok. Solid waste disposal can be classified into 3 types (i) general solid waste (ii) household hazardous waste, and (iii) infectious waste. D3.1 Present Situation General Solid Waste Disposal In Bangkok, the collected waste is transported to 3 transfer stations namely On Nuch, Nong Khaem and Saimai. Afterwards, waste is loaded on 20-30 tons truck and then hauled to landfill sites which are outside Bangkok by private contractors. Waste from On Nuch transfer station is transported to Phanom Sarakham site located in Chachengsao province, whereas the Nong Kham and Saimai waste is disposed at Kampangsan landfill site located in Nakorn Pathom. Solid waste treatment is generally divided into the following two methods: 1) Composting- the BMA operated the composting plant located at On Nuch transfer station. The plant capacity is 1,000 tons/day with the production of 300 tons/day of compost. The remaining waste of 60 tons is disposed by sanitary landfill. 2) Sanitary landfill- the BMA hires private companies to landfill operation. Waste from On Nuch transfer station is transported to Phanom Sarakham site, whereas Nong Khaem and Saimai wastes are disposed at Kampangsan landfill site. The average solid waste treatment cost is 455 baht/ton. Solid waste management is shown in Figure D3.1-1 and Table D3.1-1. Table D3.1-1 General Solid Waste Management at Transfer Stations (2007) Treatment Transfer Station Collection Landfill Site Transportation Cost Method (ton/day) Distance (km) (Baht/ton) Phanom Sarakham, On Nuch 2,244 ≈ 110 512 Sanitary Chachengsao Province Landfill Nong Khaem 3,356 Kamphaengsan, Nakhon ≈ 80 418 Saimai 2,099 Pathom Province ≈ 110 435 (remaining waste) Composting On Nuch 1,082 Phanom Sarakham, ≈ 110 454 Chachengsao Province Remark: the treatment and disposal cost are at 2005. Source: BMA, 2008f Household Hazardous Waste Disposal The BMA has carried out projects of sanitary solid waste separation, collection, and disposal to prevent people from environmental contamination and hazard and has improved the quality of collection of domestic and household hazardous waste since 1997 (BMA, 2005b). In 2008, the collected household hazardous waste of 397.10 kg/day on average was sent to special treatment and disposal by the private company which is specialized in hazardous waste treatment and disposal. It is found that the amount of collected waste has been increasing. Infectious Waste Disposal Infectious waste is generated from diagnosis and treatment activities in hospitals and medical centers (BMA, 2008f). Since 1995, the BMA has treated infectious waste by incineration at On Nuch treatment plant. The ashes are disposed in sanitary landfill. In 2008, approximately 20 tons of infectious wastes are collected daily by using 10oC germination preventive controlling collection truck to dispose by the incinerator which has capacity of 30 tons/day and daily operation of 20 tons. D-12 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation 640000 660000 680000 700000 Pathum Thani ! P Nakhon Nayok 1540000 1540000 Don Mueang Sai Mai Lak Si z Bang Khen Khlong Sam Wa ! P Nonthaburi Saimai Solid Waste Transfer Station Khet Nong Chok Sanitary Landfill Site at Lat Phrao Kampaengsan District, Bang Sue Chatuchak Khan Na Yao Nakhon Pathom Province Min Buri Bueng Kum Nakhon Bang Phlat Din Daeng Wang Thonglang Phaya Thai Pathom Dusit P Bangkok Taling Chan Saphan Sung Thawi Watthana Bangkok Noi ! Lat Krabang Huai Khwang Bang Kapi Phra Nakhon Ratchathewi 1520000 1520000 Pom Prap Sattru Phai Sanitary Landfill Site at Bangkok Yai Pathum Wan Samphanthawong Phanom Sarakham District, Watthana Chachengsao Province z Suan Luang Bang Rak Phasi Charoen Khlong San Khlong Toei Bang Khae Thon Buri Sathon Nong Khaem Bang Kho Laem Phra Khanong Prawet On-Nuch Solid Waste Disposal Chachengsao Chom Thong and Nightsoil Treatment Plants z Yan Nawa Rat Burana Bang Bon Bang Na Nong Khaem Solid Waste Disposal and Nightsoil Treatment Plants Thung Khru Bang Khun Thian ! P Samut Prakarn 1500000 1500000 ! P Samut Sakhon G u l f o f T h a i l a n d 1480000 1480000 640000 660000 680000 700000 Legend - กF 1 TWM 180352 ! P Province Service Area of Kampaengsan Disposal Site z Solid Waste Transfer Station Service Area of Phanom Sarakham Disposal Site -n1-a4- Province Boundary District Boundary F Water Body Ê P:\0816\Map Project\026- 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 Kilometers Source: BMA, 2006d Figure D3.1-1 Solid Waste Management in Bangkok D-13 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix D: Water Supply and Sanitation According to the statistic of the DOE in 2008, the collected solid waste in Bangkok was amount to 8,780 tons/day. The BMA hired private companies to transport waste of around 5,455 tons/day from the Nong Khaem and Saimai transfer station to dispose at Kampangsan landfill site, Nakhon Pathom; whereas 2,243 tons/day of waste from On Nuch transfer station is transported for disposal at Phanom Sarakham site located in Chachengsao province. Besides, the waste of 1,082 tons is treated daily by composting. According to the statistics of the DOE from 2003-2007, the average solid generation rate was 566 kg/capita/year (1.55 kg/capita/day) excluding non-registered population. (MONRE, 2005b) In 2005 in Samut Prakarn, there is an amount of solid waste in residential area about 1,306 tons/day of which 99% is the collecting capacity (1,207 tons/day). Most of solid waste is generated in Lat Laung, Bang Poo, and Bang Muang sub-districts which have rates of 195, 190, and 178 tons/day respectively. Several municipalities hire private areas to dispose solid waste, except Samut Prakarn which has implemented the solid waste disposal center of 25,600 m2 at Tai Ban sub- district. (MONRE, 2005b) In 2005, Pathumthani has 511 ton/day of solid waste and 404.7 ton/day in local municipalities. Collecting capacity is about 99.3% or 401.7 ton/day. Average generated rate is about 0.66 kg/capita/day. Most of solid waste is generated in Rangsit and Thakloang districts. There are 2 disposal centers; west and east disposal center. West Disposal Center is operated by Pathum Thani, situated in Lat Lhum Kaeo district, Sanitary Landfill. Total construction cost is 111 million baht. East Disposal Center is operated by Khoo Khot, situated in Lum Lukka district, Sanitary Landfill, with total area 368,000 m2. There is one transfer station in Rangsit. At present, The East Disposal Center cannot operate because the people in this area do not support. Therefore, solid waste in this area is transferred to dispose in the West Disposal Center. (MONRE, 2005b) In 2005, Nonthaburi generates solid waste about 755 tons/day and 712 tons/day is in municipalities. Average Solid waste generated rate is 0.78 kg/capita/day. Disposal Center is operated by Nonthaburi Administrative Organization, located at Moo 8 Khlong Khwang sub- district, Sai Noi district, Sanitary Landfill with total area 400,000 m2. (MONRE, 2005a and 2008b) Samut Sakhon generated solid waste about 404 ton/day with 356 ton/day collecting capacity. Most of solid waste is generated in Om Noi and Samut Sakhon, 170 and 130 tons/day respectively. There are 3 disposal centers operated by Samut Sakhon, Omnoi. and Ban Phaeo sub-district. (MONRE, 2005a) Nakhon Pathom generates solid waste about 383 tons/day with 370 tons/day collecting capacity. Most of solid waste is generated in Nakhon Pathom, Om Yai, with 150 and 85 tons/day respectively. There are 3 disposal centers operated by Samut Sakhon, Omnoi and Ban Phaeo sub-district. D3.2 Projected Solid Waste Generation According to Bangkok State of the Environment 2005 (BMA, 2006d) has initiated the 6th Bangkok Metropolitan Development Plan (2002–2006) that the waste amount to be reduced is less than 1 kg/capita/day and 15% disposable waste reduction by the end of the Sixth Bangkok Metropolitan Development Plan. Subsequently, the solid waste generation rate was about 1.55 kg/capita/day in 2007 and should decrease to 1 kg/capita/day in 2010. This number should remain constant until 2050. It is projected that Bangkok will generate solid waste 6,818 tons/day. D-14 APPENDIX E PUBLIC HEALTH Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix E: Public Health APPENDIX E PUBLIC HEALTH E1 GENERAL Climate change is projected to bring some mixed effects such as changes in range and transmission potential of malaria in Southeast Asia. Overall, it is expected that impacts will be outweighed by the negative health effects of rising temperatures, especially in developing countries. Critically important will be factors that directly renovate the health of populations such as education, health care, public health initiatives, and infrastructure and economic development. Figure E1-1 shows a schematic diagram of pathways by which climate change affects health and concurrent direct- acting and conditioning influences of environmental, social and health factors. Health/Disease Conditions Social Conditions (Health determinants) Environmental Conditions Direct Exposures Indirect Exposures (Change in temp., water, Health Climate disease vector ecology, and Impacts habitats) Change Social & Economic Disruption Source: Panya Consultants Figure E1-1 Diagram Pathways of Health Impacts Higher temperature has been found to be strongly associated with increased episodes of diarrhea disease in adults and children in tropical countries. Associations between monthly temperature and diarrhea episodes have also been reported in Asia and Australia. Although there is evidence that the bimodal seasonal pattern of cholera in Bangladesh is correlated with sea-surface temperatures in the Bay of Bengal and with seasonal plankton abundance (a possible environmental reservoir of the cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholerae), winter peaks in disease further inland are not associated with sea-surface temperatures. In many countries, cholera transmission is primarily associated with poor sanitation. The effect of sea-surface temperatures in cholera transmission has been mostly studied in the Bay of Bengal. In Africa, cholera outbreaks are often associated with flood events and fecal contamination of the water supplies. E-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix E: Public Health E2 PROJECTION It is projected that the population of Bangkok may experience increasing threats of diseases and injury due to extreme weather events. For example, there will be increased burden of diarrheal diseases; increased frequency of cardio-respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone in urban areas related to climate change; and the altered spatial distribution of some infectious diseases. Nine contagious diseases related to water rising that should increase are diarrhea, dengue hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia, hand foot and mouth, tuberculosis, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, typhoid, measles, and leptospirosis. On the contrary, occurrence of cholera may decrease in the long term because the disease would come under control as sanitation improves in Bangkok on pace with socioeconomic development. Increases and decrease of the epidemic diseases are in accordance with the calculation using a linear line equation based on the reported data from Department of Disease Control (DDC) between 2003 to 2007 (Figure E2-1). Estimation of the trends of the diseases among the population living in Bangkok from 2003 to 2050 is shown in Figure E2-2, while ten contagious diseases concerning the water rising comprising diarrhea, dengue hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia, hand foot and mouth, tuberculosis, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, typhoid, measles, and leptospirosis will be slightly increasing. Cholera is alternatively decreasing in a long term because the disease is under control and the population in Bangkok has sanitary improvement. INCIDENCE RATE OF ACUTE DIARRHEA IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 INCIDENCE RATE OF DHF IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 Rate/100,000 Pop. Rate/100,000 Pop. 1000 856.89 200 848.36 900 800 654.06 661.93 141.11 134.43 700 150 127.67 600 475.4 95.49 500 89.95 100 400 300 200 50 100 0 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Acute Diarrhea DHF Acute Diarrhea Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever INCIDENCE RATE OF HAND FOOT AND MOUTH IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, INCIDENCE RATE OF PNEUMONIA IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 2003-2007 Rate/100,000 Pop. Rate/100,000 Pop. 100 200 90 82.98 151.99 150.93 80 150 134.99 70 120.49 100.94 60 100 50 40 30 22.95 22.49 50 20 4.89 1.85 10 0 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Pneumonia Hand foot and mouth Pneumonia Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Figure E2.-1 Incidence Rate of Infectious Diseases in Bangkok (2003-2007) E-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix E: Public Health INCIDENCE RATE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 INCIDENCE RATE OF H.CONJUNCTIVITIS IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 Rate/100,000 Pop. Rate/100,000 Pop. 160 100 90 140 125.46 76.16 80 120 70 62.53 60 50.23 50.25 100 50 43.93 80 40 30 60 47.22 45.81 40.72 39.28 20 40 10 0 20 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0 Tuberculosis 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Tuberculosis Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis INCIDENCE RATE OF TYPHOID IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 INCIDENCE RATE OF MEASLES IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 Rate/100,000 Pop. 2 Rate/100,000 Pop. 1.4 10 1.5 9 1.19 0.98 8 0.93 7 6.16 1 6 0.4 5 3.7 0.5 4 2.79 3 1.55 0 2 0.88 1 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0 Typhoid 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Measles Typhoid Measles INCIDENCE RATE OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 INCIDENCE RATE OF CHOLERA IN BANGKOK, THAILAND, 2003-2007 Rate/100,000 Pop. Rate/100,000 Pop. 5 4.41 0.3 4 0.2 3 0.14 2 0.09 0.09 0.1 1 0.35 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.02 0 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cholera 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Cholera Source: DDC, 2007 Figure E2-1 Incidence Rate of Infectious Diseases in Bangkok (2003-2007) (Cont'd) E-3 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix E: Public Health Trend of Acute Diarrhea Incidence Rates in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Trend of DHF Incidence Rate in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Rate/100,000Pop. Rate/100,000Pop. 10000 1000 9000 900 8000 800 7000 700 6000 600 y = 95.728x + 412.14 5000 500 4000 400 3000 300 y =1.76 x + 112.45 2000 200 1000 100 0 0 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 Trend of Pneumonia Incidence Rates in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Trend of Hand, Foot and Mouth Incidence Rates in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Rate/100,000Pop. Rate/100,000Pop. 1000 5000 900 800 4000 700 600 3000 500 y = 5.504x + 115.36 400 2000 300 y = 17.682x - 26.014 200 1000 100 0 0 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 Trend of Tuberculosis Incidence Rate in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Trend of H.Conjunctivitis Incidence Rate in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Rate/100,000Pop. Rate/100,000Pop. 200 1000 180 900 800 160 700 140 600 120 y = 10129x+53.233 y = 8.192x + 35.122 500 100 400 80 300 60 200 40 100 20 0 0 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 Trend of Typhoid Incidence Rates in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Trend of Measles Incidence Rate in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Rate/100,000 Pop. Rate/100,000 Pop. 100 1000 90 900 80 800 70 700 60 600 50 40 500 30 400 20 300 y = 0.195x + 0.395 10 200 0 y = 0.843x + 0.487 100 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 0 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 Trend of Leptospirosis Incidence Rate in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Trend of Cholera Incidence Rates in Bangkok, Thailand, 2003-2050 Rate/100,000 Pop. Rate/100,000 Pop. 50 50 40 30 30 20 10 10 0 y = 0.019x + 0.021 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 -10 y = -0.364x + 2.08 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 2031 2035 2039 2043 2047 -20 -10 Source: Panya Consultants’ calculation Figure E2-2 Trends of Infectious Diseases in Bangkok (2003-2050) E-4 APPENDIX F ENERGY Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy APPENDIX F ENERGY F1 ORGANIZATION OF ENERGY ADMINISTRATION In Thailand, commercial energy production and sales are regulated and partly operated by state enterprises. Petroleum refining and distribution are operated by international companies such as Chevron, Shell, Esso (Exxon), Mobil, Caltex, but are also participated by the PTT Public Company Limited (PTT) and its affiliated companies. Until recently, the PTT was a wholly state- owned enterprise, but is now publicly listed. The Bangchak Public Company is also publicly listed that retains the status of state enterprises operating in the business of oil refining and distribution. The National Energy Policy Committee (NEPC) is an advisory committee headed by the prime minister that reports to the cabinet (Figure F1-1). Cabinet National Energy Policy Committee (NEPC) ENCON Fund Committee Ministry of Energy (MOEN) Ministry of Interior (MOI) Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) Department of Energy Business (DOEB) Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF) Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE) Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) PTT Public Company Limited (PTT) Bangchak Petroleum Public Company Limited The Energy Fund Administration Institute Source: MOEN, 2008 and MOI, 2008 Figure F1-1 Organization of Energy Agencies Most natural gas fields are operated by international companies, notably Unocal which is a unit of Chevron and Total. Gas pipelines are operated by the PTT and statutorily owned by the Ministry of Finance. Most energy departments and state enterprises are under the Ministry of Energy (MOEN). The Energy Policy and Planning Office acts as secretariat to the NEPC, but is administratively under MOEN. The Department of Energy Business (DOEB) regulates and registers refineries, petrol and gas distribution companies. The Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF) regulates and issues permits for petroleum exploration. The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency F-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy (DEDE) regulates and promotes alternative energy development that includes renewable energy sources. It also regulates and promotes energy conservation. The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is a state enterprise that is responsible for generation and transmission of electricity throughout the country. It generates power and sells it mainly to the Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA) and Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), the two distributors. EGAT also sells power directly to a number of large customers. It is the sole buyer of electricity generated by independent power producers (IPP). The Energy Fund Administration Institute was created to manage fund used for subsidizing or cross subsidizing petroleum products. This is distinct from the Energy Conservation Promotion Fund that was created as a financial tool to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy development. Distribution of electricity to customers in Bangkok, Samut Prakarn, and Nonthaburi, around Bangkok to the west and south, is the responsibility of the MEA, another state enterprise. Distribution of electricity to the rest of the country is undertaken by the PEA, another state enterprise that also participates in specific small scale power generation. Both of the MEA and the PEA are under the administration of the Ministry of Interior. F2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Economic and energy policies of successive governments in the previous decades have been formulated under the guidance of successive economic plans called the National Economic and Social Development Plan (NESD Plan), administered by a secretariat office and governed by a board chaired by the prime minister. Each plan lasts for a period of 5 years. By the time the first NESD Plan came into effect in 1962, Thailand found itself importing all commercial energy sources for domestic consumption. Traditional energy resources such as fuel wood and charcoal were mainly used in households and small-scale rural industries. Overall, more traditional energy sources were consumed in comparison to imported commercial energy sources (in the form of refined oil products), measured in terms of energy units (MJ or tons of oil equivalent). Modern industries were encouraged to be built up by the successive NESD Plan that led to increasing consumption of imported energy resources. Electricity generation relied heavily on imported oil, with a small proportion of domestic hydro generation. The country began to face the problem of dependency on imported oil when the first oil crisis appeared in 1973, within the period of the third NESD plan. During the period of rising prices of oil followed by scarcity of its supply from 1970s to early 1980s, successive Thai governments emphasized exploration to find and develop domestic oil resources. In addition, the governments also attempted to secure long-term agreement for supply of oil with exporting countries through diplomatic means. Supply security was the issue of the period. Short-term measures to reduce oil consumption were also implemented. Even when natural gas was discovered in the Gulf of Thailand and gas was piped on shore by 1990, the country faced another oil crisis when the gulf war erupted in the Middle East. But by this time, the country paid more serious attention to energy conservation. Plans were drawn to implement demand-side management (DSM) program and to pass a law to promote energy conservation. In 1991, the government approved a DSM plan of EGAT and of the two electricity distribution utilities. In 1992, the Energy Conservation Promotion Act (ENCON Act) was passed by the parliament. The ENCON Act called for mandatory and voluntary means to be implemented to achieve energy conservation and to develop renewable energy resources. The ENCON Act also created an Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) to be used in implementing activities sanctioned by the act. The fund is contributed almost exclusively by a levy on consumption of all types of oil, except jet fuel. F-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy F3 PRESENT SITUATION Thailand has limited domestic petroleum production and reserves, and imports make up a significant proportion of commercial energy resource requirement. The country also has substantial indigenous deposits of natural gas, but the rate of consumption outstrips production rate and import from Myanmar, a neighboring country, makes up the short fall. It also has significant biomass and other renewable resources that are now increasingly exploited. F3.1 Energy Consumption in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn Bangkok and Samut Prakarn are load centers for energy, especially for petroleum products and electricity. Consumption in fuel oil is used mainly in industry (36%), electricity generation (35%), and transportation (29%). Liquefied petroleum gas is used mainly as cooking fuel in residential and commercial sectors (64%), and smaller proportions are used in agriculture, industry (19%), and transportation (17%). Natural gas is used in power generation (90.3%), industry (9.4%), and transportation (0.4%). Electricity is used in all sectors. Oil Refining Bangchak oil refinery is located in Bangkok. Constructed in 1964 with a capacity for refining oil of 5,000 bbl/d, it now has a capacity of 120,000 bbl/d. It has aged and might be retired or faces major changes not too far in the future. Its outputs are distributed countrywide. LPG The petrol stations sell LPG to motor vehicles for use in transportation. The retailers sell LPG to residential and small commercial customers for food preparation. Industry uses LPG for production of heat for hot water and steam. In residential and commercial areas, the use of fuel oil is restricted or prohibited. Fuel Oil In 2006, fuel oil was used in power generation at South Bangkok Power Plant, while in 2009 it is scheduled to be replaced by natural gas. Natural Gas Up to 2008, no natural gas pipeline has been constructed to supply natural gas to industry in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn. A few spur lines have been constructed to supply natural gas to gas stations that fill tanks for delivery to some petrol stations in Bangkok and Rayong. The total volume of gas consumed by transportation was 3,956 Mcf in 2006, which is small. So natural gas has been consumed in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn as fuel for transportation only. However, spur lines are scheduled to be completed to supply gas to South Bangkok Power Plant in 2009 and to North Bangkok Power Plant in 2010. There is also an opportunity to construct spur lines to supply gas to industry in the industrial area in Samut Prakarn. The gas business unit of the PTT also has a plan to construct spur lines to supply gas to large government building complexes on Chaeng Wattana Road and Chatuchak area. Fuel Wood and Charcoal Fuel wood and charcoal are consumed as fuels for food preparation. Consumption of all types of petroleum products in the BMR is shown in Table F3.1-1. F-3 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy Table F3.1-1 Petroleum Products Consumption in the BMR Unit: million liters Type Bangkok Sumut Prakarn Samut Sakhon Nonthaburi Pathum Thani Nakhon Pathom BMR LPG 1,157.324 364.517 362.315 245.606 280.941 112.344 2,523.047 ULG91 1,435.978 81.681 41.141 101.650 90.541 69.613 1,820.604 ULG95 679.336 48.550 14.075 43.424 32.687 23.806 841.878 GASOHOL 91 63.900 6.612 0.539 9.652 9.073 1.450 91.226 GASOHOL 95 507.524 41.292 12.984 51.159 44.095 25.054 682.108 HSD 5,922.017 543.776 224.814 385.179 456.611 371.211 7,903.608 HSD B5 16.270 1.605 5.794 2.404 0.851 2.483 29.407 PALM DIESEL 3.743 - - - - - 3.743 LSD 39.136 1.916 0.012 - - 0.012 41.076 FUEL OIL 1,484.007 1,084.905 227.499 25.658 89.156 108.494 3,019.719 Total 11,309.235 2,174.854 889.173 864.732 1,003.955 714.467 16,956.416 Source: DEDE, 2006 Electricity Electricity generation to supply to the grid is undertaken mainly by the EGAT, independent power producers (IPP), Small Power Producer (SPP), and Very Small Power Producer (VSPP). Most large scale generations are undertaken outside of Bangkok, as fuel is transported from sources outside of Bangkok. There are plans to empower North Bangkok and South Bangkok generation plants and to supply these plants with natural gas with pipelines of the PTT. The North Bangkok plant used to operate on fuel oil and has been retired and presently is under a re-powering program. It is scheduled to start generating again from a combined cycle unit rated at 685 MW in 2010 using natural gas from a new gas pipeline to be constructed by the PTT. The South Bangkok Power Plant operates a number of thermal generating units on fuel oil with a combined capacity of 1,330 MW. It also has two combined cycle units with a total capacity of 953 MW using natural gas from the PTT. New combined cycle generators will add another 715 MW in 2009. The two power plants of the EGAT form part of the total generation capacity in the power grid of Thailand operated by the EGAT. Although they are located near the Bangkok load center, the two power plants do not serve only Bangkok. Small scale power generation from solar energy through the use of photovoltaic cells is expected to increase in number substantially. It is difficult to estimate total capacity from these distributed generation sources. In this report, it is assumed that in the long run, large scale generation will be undertaken outside of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn. Small scale generations can physically be moved to avoid flooding problems. Recently, a new option was created for small power producers to participate in power generation called VSPP. Each of these producers is rated up to 10 MW. These generations are connected at distribution voltage level of the MEA and contribute to the overall supply of the MEA. The MEA receives electricity from the EGAT at 230 kV, it has sub-transmission networks that carry electricity at 230, 115, and 69 kV to its distribution transformers. It supplies electricity to its large customers at 22 and 12 kV. It supplies electricity to households at 220V. From the Annual Report of the MEA, 2007 network of the MEA comprises: 1) 17 terminal stations with installed transformer capacity of 15,356 MVA; 2) 134 substations with installed transformer capacity of 15,785 MVA; 3) 230, 115, and 69 kV sub-transmission lines of 1,410.2 circuit-kilometers; and 4) Total distribution line length of 12,822.9 circuit-kilometers. F-4 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy F3.2 Consumption Activities The major categories of activities are agriculture, industry and construction, transportation, residential-commercial and government, and electricity generation. The groups or categories of fuels are LPG, fuel oil, gasoline (octane 95 and 91), gasohol (E10 and E20), diesel, biodiesel (B2, B5 and palm diesel), natural gas, wood fuel including fuel wood and charcoal, and electricity. The information appears to be incomplete as there appears to be no fuel use in agriculture, etc. The quantity of each type of fuel consumed in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn is summarized with respect to major activities list in Table F3.2-1. Table F3.2-1 Energy Consumption in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn (2006) Fuel/Energy Unit Agriculture Industry & Transportation Residential/Commercial Feedstock Construction & Government LPG Mkg 149 351 332 442 Fuel oil Ml 729 700 222 Gasolene Ml 2,245 Gasohol 619 Diesel Ml 6,466 Bio-diesel 22 Natural gas ktoe 0.16 Wood fuel Mkg 50 Electricity GWh 41,482 Source: DOEB, 2008 Agriculture Both Bangkok and Samut Prakarn are located in the fertile central plain and in the Chao Phraya River Basin. These were part of the rice bowls and fruit orchard regions of Thailand. While a large part of Bangkok has turned into busy commercial areas, a large part of Samut Prakarn has turned into industrial areas. There were records of electricity use under an agriculture category since electricity is still used for some agricultural activities. However, it has probably been embedded into residential consumption when the agricultural activity is not registered with the MEA. With the looming shortage of food in the world at large, the fertile land will become very valuable for food crops and/or for energy crop. There would be increases in consumption of fuels and electricity due to increases in agricultural activities. Industry and Construction Industry is being shifted from Bangkok and Samut Prakarn. Industrial activities are being curtailed in the two provinces. In the future, industry will move to coastal provinces and other provinces further from Bangkok. However, the shift to commercial and service activities in the two provinces will increase. This will result in the increase or at least will maintain the momentum of the increase in construction activities. On the balance, there will be a net increase in activities in this sector, albeit smaller than the increase in general economic activities. The consumption of LPG and fuel oil appearing under this category are mainly due to present industrial activities for the generation of process heat (steam and medium-temperature heat). Construction requires locomotion from prime movers driven by diesel or electricity. In the future electricity driven prime movers used in the construction industry will replace diesel fueled prime movers. Transportation The present situation of intensive use of personal motor vehicles for transportation that results in high consumption of transportation fuels probably cannot be sustained. An important reason being that the time required for such travel due to traffic is too long and unpredictable. There would be F-5 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy an increasing shift towards the use of mass transportation in the form of urban electric rail and buses with a result that occupancy levels of mass transportation will increase. The level of use of private vehicles for personal transportation should level off in the near future. Also, since oil will become scare or not available, liquid biofuel will be produced to substitute fossil fuels. The total number of petrol stations in Bangkok that dispenses all motor fuels (and some also provide LPG filling service) is 868 in Bangkok. The number of such stations in Samut Prakarn is 180. These stations receive fuels from trucks that carry dedicated fuel tanks. Fuel oils are distributed from some specific stations or directly from oil refineries. Natural gas is available from some petrol stations in Bangkok only. At present, the Mass Rapid Transit Authority (MRTA) operates the existing underground electric mass transit line that serves 200,000 commuters daily. Two elevated train lines operated by a private company (the BTS lines) serve a total of 500,000 commuters daily. Total line length of the two systems is 43.7 km. The Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) has planned to construct up to 10 lines for a total additional line length of 247.3 km. Residential/Commercial and Government This aggregated sector consumes electricity for cooling, lighting, vertical transportation, and in system, facilities, and appliances. Fuels that include LPG, fuel oil, and wood fuels are also consumed for heat and hot water. Liquid fuel LPG and wood fuels are used for food preparation. The amount of fuels required for food preparation would vary primarily with the number of households and food serving vendors. Although commercial sector is expected to grow with the growth of service industry, the overall population is projected to grow to 70 millions by 2013 and begins to decline from then on. There are 129 service providers that distribute LPG cylinders to customers. Wood fuels are sold in retail shops, but there are also informal channels that provide fuel wood to food venders. Electricity is distributed by the MEA via a sub-transmission and distribution network where most cables and transformers are supported on tops of concrete poles and some are housed in underground tunnels. F4 DEVELOPMENT PLANS F4.1 Strengthening Transmission of the EGAT To cope with increasing power demand of the MEA area, the power development plan includes a plan to upgrade the transmission to MEA by converting the lines from 230 kV to 500 kV and increasing transformers and other supporting facilities of 230 kV for supply to the MEA. F4.2 Development Projects of the MEA In fiscal year 2006, MEA initiated new projects and continued to carry out other development projects to improve services to its customers. The main projects are described in the followings. Construction of a 230 kV line between Bang Kapi and Chidlom: This project aims to construct of an underground tunnel of 7.5 km in length to house a 230 KV cable. It is the second largest tunnel for electrical cable ever undertaken in Thailand. The new cable will replace an aging overhead cable that has been used for over 20 years where maintenance cost has crept to an unacceptable level. The new cable with a capacity of 1,200 MVA will strengthen supply security for loads from busy business areas along Sukhumvit, Phaya Thai, and Rajthevi Roads. F-6 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy Replacement of 12 kV cables by 24 kV cables: This is a continuing project of MEA in which all main distribution lines will be upgraded to 24 kV standard distribution voltage of MEA. In 2006, all cables in an area of 30 km2 were replaced. In 2007, the 12 kV cables in another 50 km2 would be replaced. Conversion of part of the overhead cable system into an underground system: The overhead cable system along Silom road has been replaced into an underground system since more than a decade ago. It now has two projects to convert the overhead cable systems in some inner city areas to underground systems (Table F4.2-1). Table F4.2-1 Underground Cable Projects Unit: km Circuit of Circuit of Direct Distance of Project Underground Overhead Cable Distance Duct Banks Cable Replaced Replacement of overhead cable by underground 119 255 877 564 cable in inner city area, 2007-2020 Replacement of overhead cable by underground 61 142 392 264 cable in inner city area, 2012-2022 Total 180 397 1,270 828 Source: MEA, 2007. Cogeneration project: the MEA has jointly invested with the PPT on equity 50:50 bases to develop a system to cogenerate electric power and chilled water for air-conditioning in the Chaeng Wattana Government Center Project. It is expected that the office space of one million square meters will be created to accommodate 25,000 government employees. Construction started in 2007. Geographical Information System: the MEA has developed a geographical information system for its overhead and underground cables in its service area. The system can also be used to assist in the operation of other entities such as the Waterworks Authority. The MEA offers to use its own GIS as basis to develop a GIS for other entities or to provide access to its GIS information. Fiber Optic Cable Service: the MEA has constructed a system of fiber optic communication and has proposed to offer its excess capacity to the communication service providers and the public. The permission has received from the Telecommunication Regulatory Commission to provide the third category of service on December 28th, 2006. It offers a lease of a part of its fiber optic network and low voltage power line. It offers video conferencing and voice over IP, high speed internet through its optic fiber and low voltage power line. F5 FUTURE PROJECTION F5.1 Energy Consumption To project future consumption of fuels and electricity, the projection of future size of population and economic growth are made at two periods. For the first period from 2007 to 2021, the trend of economic growth used in forecasting of electricity load is taken as reference. In the second period from 2022 to 2050, more moderate economic growth and lower values of energy elasticity are used. F-7 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy Projection for Period 1 (2007 to 2021) Since the base year has been taken to be 2006 (where data of consumptions of all types of fuels are available), forecast or projection is made from 2007. In this period, prices of energy sources and foodstuffs have already arisen. However, the rising prices of oil have made it viable for production and sales of ethanol (from cane sugar and cassava) as alternative fuel for gasoline. Production and sales of palm oil as substitution for high speed diesel oil also have become viable. It is expected that these two types of liquid biofuel will be increasingly produced to substitute the two petroleum products in powering motor vehicles for transportation. Natural gas will also play increasing role to partly substitute LPG for heat and transportation. Figure F5.1-1 illustrates the assumed pattern of substitution of petroleum fuels by liquid biofuel and biomass. Type of Use of Fuel Type of Intermediate Long-term Petroleum Fuel Substitution Substitution Gasoline Gasohol Ethanol, methanol Mechanical power LPG Natural gas (Transportation, prime Diesel Biodiesel Palm diesel movers) Natural gas Natural gas Natural gas Heat Fuel oil Biomass Biomass LPG Gasohol Biomass Source: Panya Consultants Figure F5.1-1 Pattern of Fuel Substitution Projection (2007-2021) In this period, natural gas is increasingly used. The spur pipelines planned for parts of Bangkok will facilitate its transportation and use. It already contributes heavily to electricity generation. Its price will rise, but it is expected that it would still be available towards the end of this period while petroleum would become very expensive and would be increasingly substituted by biofuel and biomass. The price of fuel oil is very low at present; it is used mainly to produce steam and heat in industry. For such applications, biomass could be used as a substitute. With medium economic growth scenario, agriculture is assumed to grow faster than other sectors. Elasticity of electricity demand is assumed at a value of 0.75, to be consonant with the trend used by the Load Forecast Committee. Energy consumption projection in 2021 is represented in Table F5.1-1 Table F5.1-1 Energy Consumption Projection in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn (2021) Fuel/Energy Unit Agriculture Industry & Transportation Residential/Commercial Total Construction & Government Fuel Mkg 121 2,370 22,575 691 25,757 LPG Mkg 0.1 309 783 691 1,783 Fuel oil Ml 0.1 1,516 1,562 3,079 Gasolene Ml 2.3 23 6,394 6,419 Gasohol Diesel Ml 118 522 13,837 14,477 Bio-diesel Natural Gas ktoe 365 Wood Fuel Mkg 54 54 Electricity GWh 5.4 28,682 2,370 41,127 72,184 Economic Growth % 7 5 5.5 5 7 Energy Elasticity 1.1 1 1 1 1.1 Population M 70 Population Growth % 1.6% to 2013 Source: Panya Consultants F-8 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy Projection for Period 2 (2022 to 2050) In this period, it is assumed that natural gas will become scarce and expensive. It will be increasingly substituted by biomass in application requiring heat, and by biofuel in applications requiring mechanical power. The long-term fuel substitution pattern in Figure F5.1-1 is applicable for this period, except that even natural gas would be substituted by biofuel. With medium economic growth scenario, the economy should reach maturity and economic growth slows to 2% except for the agricultural sector that continues to grow at 4%. Elasticity of electricity demand is assumed a value identical to those for other fuels, at 0.5 in this period. Energy consumption projection in 2050 is represented in Table F5.1-2. Table F5.1-2 Energy Consumption Projection in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn (2050) Fuel/Energy Unit %heat Agriculture Industry & Transportation Residential/Commercial Total content construction & Government Fuel Mkg 307 5,911 44,230 1,916 52,363 Biomass Mkg 50% 0.5 4,872 4,170 1,916 10,958 Liquid Ml 70% 307 1,038 40,757 41,405 Biofuel Electricity GWh 10 38,276 3,163 54,884 96,333 Economic Growth % 4 2 2 2 Energy Elasticity 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population M 70 Population Growth % - Source: Panya Consultants F5.2 Future Energy Infrastructures Since eminent and large changes are expected in the supply and consumption of energy sources in the future, there is a need to examine two scenarios of future energy infrastructures: scenario for the intermediate period in 2021 and 2050. By the year 2021 Oil should be scarce and biofuel should have substantially replaced petroleum products in transportation and in application requiring mobile prime movers. Biomass should also substantially replaced fuel oil in applications requiring low-grade heat. Electricity will be increased using replaced petroleum fuels in applications where the prime movers are stationary. Oil Refining: the Bangchak, only oil refinery in Bangkok, will reach the end of its operating life and is retired. Otherwise there is too scarce amount oil available for it to operate cost effectively. The company could continue the distribution business by distributing biofuel. Power Plants: the North and South Bangkok power plants will continue to operate by using natural gas supplied through the pipelines of the PTT. VSPP: the number and total generating capacity of Very Small Power Producers (VSPP) will increase to 314 MW capacities and to 1,369 GWh sales, forecasted by the Load Forecasting Subcommittee in the 2007 PDP Plan. There will be a larger proportion of generation capacity of and generated energy from renewable energy, particularly from solar energy. Gas Pipelines: the PTT gas pipelines that supply natural gas to the North and South Bangkok power plants, the spur lines that supply gases to petrol and natural gas stations in Bangkok, and the spur lines to Chaeng Wattana and Chatuchak will continue to be operated and maintained by the PTT. F-9 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix F: Energy Petrol Stations: the increased total volumes of consumption of gasohol and gasoline, biodiesel and petroleum diesel, at twice of those in 2006 require either increases in the number of fuel dispensing units and the physical sizes of petrol stations or an increase in the number of petrol stations or both. The number of petrol stations could be increased to between 1,500 and 2,000 from the total number of 1,048 in Bangkok and Samut Prakarn in 2006. LPG Stations: due to the increasing scarcity of crude oil, the supply of LPG from refining crude oil will be drastically reduced and cannot be totally replaced by the supply of LPG from natural gas. The number of LPG stations should be reduced from the 129 stations operating in 2006. Electricity Distribution: because of the increase in electricity demand, the capacity of the network of the MEA will need to expand to cope with the demand. By the year 2050 Oil should become unavailable and biofuel should have totally replaced petroleum products in transportation and in application requiring mobile prime movers. Biomass should also totally replace fuel oil and LPG in applications requiring low-grade heat. Electricity will be used in applications where the prime movers are stationary. Oil Refining: only biofuel will be produced. All plants will be located outside of Bangkok and Samut Prakarn. Power Plants: the North and South Bangkok power plants may be closed unless natural gas will still be available or alternative liquid or gas fuels are available. VSPP: the number and total generating capacity of VSPP will increase further. These small units will be located on roof or can be moved to avoid being flooded. Gas Pipelines: the PTT gas pipelines that supply natural gas to North and South Bangkok power plants, the spur lines that supply gases to petrol and natural gas stations in Bangkok, and the spur lines to Chaeng Wattana and Chatuchak will cease to be operated unless natural gas will still be available or alternative liquid or gas fuels are available. Petrol Stations: the increased total volumes of consumption of liquid biofuel at twice of those in 2021 require either increases in the number of fuel dispensing units and the physical sizes of petrol stations or an increase in the number of petrol stations or both. The number of petrol stations could be increased to between 3,000 and 4,000. LPG Stations: if natural gas will still be available, there will be a limited supply of LPG from natural gas. The number of LPG stations should be reduced to very few. Electricity Distribution: because of the increase in electricity demand, the capacity of the network of MEA will need to expand to cope with the demand. Assuming the capacity of the network to be proportionate to electricity to be supplied, the followings list the number and capacity of facilities required: 1) 38 terminal stations with an installed transformer capacity of 35,660 MVA; 2) 310 substations with an installed transformer capacity of 36,658 MVA; 3) 500, 230, 115, and 69 kV sub-transmission lines of 3,275 circuit-km; 4) Total distribution line length of 29,778 circuit-km; and 5) 10 electric rail lines of 291 km with a substation capacity of 1,964 MVA. F-10 APPENDIX G FLOOD MANAGEMENT Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management APPENDIX G FLOOD MANAGEMENT G1 HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE BASE G1.1 Causes of Flooding Bangkok is located on the lower part of the Chao Phraya River Delta about 50 km in the north of the Gulf of Thailand. The topography is flat with average ground elevation of 1 to 2 m above mean sea level (MSL). Before it was developed into a large metropolitan city as it is today, it used to be low land area with swamps and numerous canals which used to be flooded by overflowing of the Chao Phraya River every year. Even with modern development and construction of necessary infrastructure for flood mitigation, it is still vulnerable to flooding partly due to rapid development of the city that encroached upon swamps and drainage canals making draining of excess runoff very slow. There are many causes of flooding in Bangkok as follows: 1) Heavy intensity of rainfall results in inability to quickly drain water from the flooded area; 2) Runoff from the northeastern and eastern parts flowing through Bangkok due to the topographical slope of ground level. This mostly causes flooding problem in the eastern part of Bangkok; 3) Excessive runoff from the northern part of the Chao Phraya River Basin flowing through Bangkok towards the sea causing overflow and flooding in the lower delta area; 4) The effect of high tide from the sea which usually affects backing up of the water level of flooding to spill over the Chao Phraya River bank; and 5) Land subsidence which results in sinking of the ground surface to such a level lower than MSL causing difficulty in draining of inundation. G1.2 Major Flood Occurrences in Bangkok Bangkok is situated in the delta area of the Lower Chao Phraya River Basin near the river mouth discharged into the Gulf of Thailand (about 50 km along the river). Besides the tidal effect, the area of Bangkok is only 1,569 km2 while the Chao Phraya River Basin is 158,592 km2, hence, the floods are mainly caused by the upstream inflow. The high intensity rainfall in some areas of Bangkok causes local flooding problem due to insufficient capacity of its drainage system inside the polder dike. In the Chao Phraya River Basin, there were remarkable floods in 1942, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1995, 1996, 2002, and 2006 but one that was mentioned frequently is the 1942 flood. In 1942, the Chao Phraya River Basin was still in a comparatively undeveloped state and the basin was close to its natural condition. Rainfall amount over the Wang, Yom, Nan, and Pasak catchments was over 1,000 mm from May to October compared with an average around 1,000 mm. The flood discharge at Nakhon Sawan is about 6,500 m3/sec with the huge excess volume of water in Nakhon Sawan at about 33,000 MCM dissipated over the wide and unprotected flood plains. The high spring flood tide propagated upstream against the flood wave from upstream to give a peak water level of +2.27 m.MSL at the Memorial Bridge on October 12, 1942. After completion of Bhumibol Dam in 1964 and Sirikit Dam in 1971, these 2 large storage dams play a major part in reducing flood risks in the lower delta including Bangkok. However, there are still large watershed areas uncontrolled by storage dams and flooding can still occur despite less frequent. G G-1 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management In 1978, heavy rainfall took place in the Nan, Yom, Ping, and Pasak River Basins, resulting in swelling of the Chao Phraya River in October 1978. In Nakhon Sawan (C.2) and Chai Nat (C.13), maximum flood discharge of 3,500 and 3,800 m3/sec were recorded respectively. Flood water overtopped the river banks at many locations and spread into canals (Khlong) between Chai Nat and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, resulting in extensive flood inundation in the adjacent flood plains. In Ang Thong, the river discharge decreased to 2,900 m3/sec. The damage to Bangkok was reported as a normal one. In 1980, inundation took place at several places by local rainfall, spilling and distribution from rivers. Flood discharges of 4,400 and 3,800 m3/sec were observed in Nakhon Sawan and Chai Nat respectively. Serious inundation occurred on both banks of the Chao Phraya River between Chai Nat and Ayutthaya, inflicting tremendous damage to the agricultural areas. In addition, urban areas along the Chao Phraya River including Nakhon Sawan, Chai Nat, Sing Buri, Ang Thong, and Ayutthaya were also exposed to the flood water. In 1983, the Chao Phraya River Basin as we know today was taking shape. Deforestation in the upstream reduced the forest area to 10% of the area in 1942, while the Chao Phraya Dam, Bhumibhol and Sirikit Reservoirs were constructed, and the agricultural land was protected against flooding at the basin below Chainat province. Urban development, particularly in and around Bangkok, increased abstraction of groundwater resulted in land levels subsiding at rates of up to 10-15 cm/year. This created additional problems in drainage. The heavy rainfall occurred in August; Bangkok experienced exceptionally heavy rainfall of 434 mm compared with an average of 110 mm. As rainfall in the upstream was not severe, and the water level in the Chao Phraya River was well below bank level, this rainfall caused only local flooding. In October and November, the lower basin was suffered by the same heavy rainfall with a total of 405 mm compared to the mean of 215 mm, coinciding with consecutive high spring tides, the Chao Phraya River water level peaked at a water level of +2.13 m.MSL at Memorial Bridge in Bangkok. Large areas of Bangkok were unprotected and the flooding was extensive. In 1995, twelve years later, further development in the Chao Phraya River Basin has been in the urban areas, particularly in Bangkok. Restrictions on groundwater abstraction have reduced but not eliminated land subsidence. Dikes around Bangkok and along the Chao Phraya River provide a level of protection to the city. The most significant flood protection work is the King's Dike protecting the low lying areas of the east of Bangkok from flooding from overland flow from the north and east. These constructions, while successful in protecting the city core, but the east of Bangkok and parts of the west have left unprotected areas more vulnerable and exposed a limitation in the capacity of the canals to the east and west of Bangkok to drain the diverted flood into the Gulf of Thailand. Very heavy rainfall from a sequence of tropical storms occurred throughout the basin from the end of July to the beginning of September. The runoff from the heavy rainfall in the Nan basin in August far exceeded the remaining storage capacity of the Sirikit Reservoir; therefore 2,900 MCM was released downstream. The flood discharge of 4,820 m3/sec was measured at Nakhon Sawan. At the end of October, the peak flow more or less coincided with the spring tides produced the water level of +2.27 m.MSL at the Memorial Bridge. The excess water spread across the unprotected areas causing extensive flooding to the north, west and east of Bangkok. The available drainage capacity was unable to cope, and many areas remained flooded in December, before the flood water was able to drain to the Gulf of Thailand. In 1996, a big flood occurred consecutively with extensive flood inundation by local rainfall, as well as spilling and distribution from the rivers. The flood magnitude was rather smaller than that of the 1995 flood, but a discharge of over 3,000 m3/sec was observed in Nakhon Sawan and Chai Nat. The two large reservoirs, Bhumibol and Sirikit stored 3,400 and 2,700 MCM of flood water respectively, without any spillage. Heavy local rainfall in the west of the Tha Chin River filled the Krasieo Reservoir and spilled water caused inundation along the river in Suphan Buri province. G G-2 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management In 2002, the large flood occurred again in the Chao Phraya River Basin. The middle basin, especially Ang Thong, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, and Sing Buri had suffered a heavy damage. In the meantime, there was little serious damage from the inundation by river water in Bangkok. The reason is that in Bangkok, the flood discharge had been reduced by the time it reached the lower basin area because of the overtopping in the middle basin. The flood magnitude was rather smaller than that of the 1995 flood, the maximum discharge of about 4,000 and 3,500 m3/sec were observed in Nakhon Sawan and Chai Nat respectively. In 2006 an unusually large flood discharge of 5,960 m3/sec was recorded at Nakhon Sawan (C.2). The very large amount of discharge was caused by some excess water from the Ping, Yom, and Nan rivers overflowed into low land areas near the confluence of those 3 rivers at the beginning of the flood period and later on flow back to join the main river. This very high flood discharge was diverted into the areas on both banks of the Chao Phraya River and through the Tha Chin (Suphan) River. The remaining flood discharge of about 4,188 m3/sec passed through the Chao Phraya barrage and finally at Bang Sai which is close to Bangkok it was only 3,719 m3/sec. This flood caused the water level of +2.12 m.MSL at the Memorial Bridge. Bangkok did not experience heavy losses from this year’s flood because the flood water from the north was diverted into the cultivated area in Suphan Buri and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (Figure G1.2-1). Bangkok Bangkok Satellite Image (TERRA MODIS) on November 12, 2006 Satellite Image (TERRA MODIS) on December 21, 2006 Source: GISTDA Figure G1.2-1 Satellite Images (TERRA MODIS) on November 12 and December 21, 2006 G2 PRESENT SITUATION Flood protection system for Bangkok and vicinities is presented in Figure G2-1. Flood protection of the BMR comprises 2 parts: 1) Controlling flood discharge from the northern part of Thailand that will reach Bangkok 2) Flood control in the area of the BMR itself G G-3 G 640000 660000 680000 700000 720000 Nakhon Nayok Pathum Thani Somboon Pumping Station 15 cms. (36 cms.) P ! ( an g wa S ai L P ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kh lon g H ok ! ( K hl o n g 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Prachinburi ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! P ! h a kor n ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ac ! ! ! Khlong 21 Pumping Station 12 cms. ! ! Pr ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1540000 1540000 m ea ! ! Pr ! ! ! Nakhon Prathom Nonthaburi ! ! ng lo ! ! Kh P Bang Kanark Pumping Station 12 cms. ! ( ! ! (60 cms.) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! hean ! P ! gK ! ( ap ! ! ! ! anse an ! Kh lo ng S ! B ! ng ! ! lo ! Maha Sawat Kh ! ! ! ! ! ! Pumping Station 18 cms. ! ! ! ! $ ! ! ! ( P (( ! (¬ p ! ¬¬ ! ! (¬ $ ! ea K hl on g Ma h a Sa wa t +3.00 ! !( ( ¬ ns ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 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( ! m ao +2 ! ! ! ! ! ! .5 ( ! ! ¬ ! ! +2 .5 ! ! ! ! ! Y ! 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! guh ¬ !0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! ! Mo G-4 Samrong! Pumping Station 75 cms. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! on to ngn ! P ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sanamchai Kh ! ( al r W ! ! ! ! ! ! No ay ! ! ! ! C lo ! ! ! ! ! Pumping Station 45 cms. ! ! ! P C ! ! ! ( Pasi Charoen ng ng Ro ! n ! o ad h ng h S ! ! ! ! Pumping Station 18 cms. Bo ! ( P a amr ! g Ba P ba n g ! Khl P o ong ! ! ! (! it an ng ! ! ra P ! ( B Phray ! ! ! ! ( Thatua Pumping Station 18 cms. ! ! ! ! ! hlo g ! a Ratchamontri ! n ! ! K ! ! ! ! lo ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! P Pumping Station ! ! 30 ! cms. ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ( ! ! ! ! K ! ! ! Samut Sakhon ! ! ! ! P ! ! ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! Samut Prakarn ! ! ! ( P ! akae Yai ! P Bang ! ( al ! River na - ! ! ul ! ! ! Tha ch ai Tr a d Khlong La d K ! Ch Ro a d Ch ! m in a it ! ! ! ! an sam g Praong Chaiyanuch S ! ! ! ! ! ! R ! g pa ! ! ! ! ! P b ! o ng lo n ! ! ( ! ! Su ! iv ! ! ! ! ! ! l on P Kh g ! ! ! 1500000 1500000 ! ( n ! ! ! e ! ! ! Khl Kh l o Kh r ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! d ! Khunrat Phinitjai ! ! Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region ! ! Roa ! ! Mahachai ! ! ! ! a II P ! ! ! ! D r i an g e c an Pumping Station 30 cms. Chonlaharn Phichit 1,2 ! ! Ram ! ! Pumping Station 30 cms. ! ! ! ( Pak Takong Pumping Station 12 cms. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Pumping Station 2x60 cms. ! ! ! ! ! Kh lo ng P h ita y a L o ng ko rn ! ! P P ! ! ! (! ( ! ! P ! ! P ! ( ! ( ( P ! ! ! ! P Nanghong ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tamru Pumping Station 18 cms. ! ! ! ! ( ! ( P Chonburi ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! P ( Pumping Station 12 cms. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! P ! ! ! ! ! ! Bang Plara Pumping Station 42 cms. ! ( ! ! ! ! ! Thep Rungsan Pumping Station 12 cms. P ! ! ! ! Gul f o f T ha il and Bangpla Pumping Station 42 cms. ! ! ! ! ( ! ! ! ! ! ! Charoenrat Pumping Station 75 cms. Khlong Dan 2 Pumping Station 24 cms. Phraya Visutr Pumping Station 12 cms. 640000 660000 680000 700000 720000 Legend Canal Dike (Chao Phraya, Khlong Bangkok Noi and Maha Sawat) Existing BMA Regulator BMA Boundary ! ( Pumping Station (Bangkok Side) Road Existing RID Regulator Samut Prakarn Boundary ! ( Pumping Station (Thon Buri Side) Railroad Existing Dike (62.50 Km.) RID Regulator Under Construction Province Boundary Polder Proposed Dike (14.50 Km.) will be completed on 2553 BMA Regulator Under Construction Royal Dike Dike Level (Chao Phraya, Khlong Bangkok Noi and Maha Sawat) P ! ( P ! ( Existing BMA Pumping Station Existing RID Pumping Station Canal Dredged by BMA in 2006 Airport Existing Detension Area Khlong Bangkhen - Tevej +3.00 m. msl. 2 1 0 Ê2 4 6 8 ! @ Existing Diversion Tunnel Kilometers P ( ! RID Pumping Station Planned in 2007-2008 Tevej - Rama IV Bridge +2.80 m. msl. ! @ Diversion Tunnel Under Construction Proposed Detension Area in 2008 P ( ! Rama IV Bridge - Bangkok +2.50 m. msl. BMA Pumping Station Under Construction River Water Body P:\0816\Map Project\029-แผนการปองกันน้ําทวม-แกไข4-A3 TWM 28072008 Source: BMA Figure G2-1 Bangkok and Vicinity Flood Protection System Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management G2.1 Flood Control from the Northern of Thailand In 1942, there was flood with large amount of flood volume and high level of water that inundated a large part of Bangkok for a few months because of no flood protection infrastructure constructed at that time. The Royal Irrigation Department (RID) constructed the Chao Phraya Barrage at Chainat in 1957 to divert water to irrigate the agricultural land on both banks of the Chao Phraya River. RID constructed the Bhumibhol Dam (storage capacity of 13,460 MCM) on the Ping river in 1964 as a multipurpose reservoir e.g. for flood control, hydroelectric power, and irrigation in the dry season, and later on in 1971 constructed the Sirikit Dam (storage capacity of 9,500 MCM) on the Nan River with the same purpose. Those two dams were later handed over to the Electric Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) for control of operation. Of the 4 tributaries, the Ping and the Nan Rivers are already partly controlled with storage dams, the Wang River was meagerly controlled by a very small storage dam, the Kiew Lom Dam (storage capacity of 112 MCM), while the Yom was left uncontrolled because of opposition to construct a storage dam at the Kaeng Sua Ten Dam in Phrae province. Even though the upstream tributaries of the Chao Phraya River were not fully controlled but many large floods similar to 1942 were already mitigated. In the past when the irrigated land was less developed, flood water can spill into the low lands and flowed back into the main channel much later after the peak in the main channel had flowed pass the vulnerable city already. This can help reduce the flood peak down from the dangerous level that will spill and inundate Bangkok. However, the construction of flood protection dikes along both banks of the Chao Phraya River to protect the agriculture land has reduced this natural phenomenon that serves as a safety valve. After constriction of the flow area in the main channel by these flood protection dikes, the same flood discharge will yield a much higher level of water and the level of the dikes has to be increased accordingly. The channel capacity of the Chao Phraya River varies from 3,700 m3/sec at Nakhon Sawan to 3,300 m3/sec at Chainat 2,500 m3/sec at Singburi and to the lowest capacity of 1,800 to 2,000 m3/sec at Ayutthaya. The channel capacity of the river at Bangkok is about 3,000 m3/sec. To safe Bangkok from inundation, therefore, the first objective is to control the amount of the flood discharge that will reach Bangkok to not exceed 3,000 m3/sec. This can be done by trying to store the flood runoff in the storage dams in the upper tributaries and in the natural lowlands in the north of Nakhon Sawan (C.2). If large flood discharge still flows through C.2, it should be diverted into both banks of the Chao Phraya River. In the west, about 300 m3/sec can be diverted through the Tha Chin River which empties into the sea at Samut Sakorn and also into Noi River about 200 m3/sec. But it will flows into the Chao Phraya River again in the north of Bang Sai. In the east, flood can be diverted into the Chainat–Pasak irrigation canal with a capacity of 210 m3/sec. This canal carries water to the irrigated area on left bank of the Chao Phraya River and it empties into the Pasak River near Saraburi. Another diversion dam, the Rama VI barrage diverts water into the Raphi Phat irrigation canal (210 m3/sec) which irrigates the lower eastern bank areas in the north of Bangkok. From Raphi Phat canal, some flood water can be diverted through some irrigation laterals and either pumped into the Nakhon Nayok and the Bang Pakong Rivers. The second objective is to avoid synchronizing the releasing of water from various dams and barrages with the expected date of high tides by preventing coincidence of the river flood peak with the tide peak. Then the resulting higher level of water in the Chao Phraya River from the two complimenting sources can be avoided. G2.2 Flood Control in Bangkok The BMA is responsible for management of flood protection and mitigation and all operations concerning the disasters within the Bangkok area. Since Bangkok is a flat and low-land area, the Polder System is used as Flood Protection and Drainage Measures consisting of: G G-5 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management 1) Preventing inflow of water from outside of polder by constructing flood barriers such as dikes, earth embankments, road, railways, and many forms of buildings; 2) Discharging water out of the polder by construction of pumping stations, water gates, tunnels and sewers, improvement of drainage canals by constructing dikes and dredging of canals; and 3) Retaining rain water temporarily by construction and improvement of ponds and wells to be temporary retention basin (Monkey Cheeks). The Department of Drainage and Sewerage (DDS) of BMA has divided the flood prevention and resolution measures into 2 aspects: 1) Preparation and operation of flood protection and drainage system; and 2) Development by constructing flood protection and drainage systems to be permanent and complete system. Preparation and Operation of Flood Protection and Drainage System The main objectives of this implementation are to completely resolve the minor flooding areas: (i) to minimize the area and depth of flooding and (ii) to minimize the draining time of inundation by carrying out the following activities every year: 1) Cleaning and maintenance of sewers, improvement of drainage efficiency, repairing of damaged/clogged sewers with total length of more than 1,000 km to accelerate the discharging of water to canals and river by using the BMA manpower from the Penitentiary Department together with the use of vacuum sewer cleansing truck; 2) Clearing waterways in canals, ditches and maintenance by removing garbage and hyacinth, dredging and improving draining efficiency and scenery of 250 canals with total length of more than 750 km; 3) Installation of about 800 units of pumps to accelerate the discharging of water from inundated areas and maintenance of pumps to be ready for use; 4) Controlling the operation of more than 60 pumping stations and 90 water gates in order to regulate the water level in the canals to accelerate the discharging of inundation from the area including the improvement of drainage control structures to have full drainage efficiency at all times; and 5) Construction of flood walls and temporary embankments to prevent overflow from the Chao Phraya River and canals during high runoff period. Development by Constructing Flood Protection and Drainage Systems The main objective in the construction of permanent flood protection and drainage system is to prevent flooding and to increase the drainage efficiency within the polder by carrying out the following: 1) Flood barriers along the Chao Phraya River with total length of about 88 km which is partly completed with height of barrier ranging from +2.50 to+3.00 m.MSL. The remaining will be constructed and completed in 2010; 2) Elevation of the eastern King's dike; and 3) Construction of flood barriers along the northern side of Klong Mahasawad in Thonburi. The DDS has constructed and improved the drainage system in order to accelerate the drainage of inundation inside the polder by constructing of pumping stations, water gates, tunnels and sewers, dikes, and dredging canals. At present, the drainage capacity is about 775 m3/sec (527 m3/sec for Bangkok and 248 m3/sec for Thonburi). Although the capacity of draining water from the area is up to about 775 m3/sec (67 MCM/day), there is still about 13 MCM of water inundated within the polder area (if rainfall occurs continuously for 3 hours in one day). It is therefore necessary to allocate areas to be used as G G-6 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management retention basins for detaining such amount of water to prevent flooding in low areas, roads, and streets by acquiring two types of the Monkey Cheeks: 1) Private Monkey Cheek is a small retention basin in private land to detain water from houses and housing villages by specifying it in the BMA regulations and promoting cooperation from the private sector; and 2) Public Monkey Cheek is a large area to detain large amount of water from canals. Currently, there are Monkey Cheeks available to detain water of about 7 MCM. The remaining areas to further accommodate 6 MCM have to be acquired as soon as possible. G3 MASTER PLAN FOR FLOOD PROTECTION AND MITIGATION Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) 1) The master plan for flood protection of Bangkok under the responsibility of the BMA consists of continuation of work being done till 2008. Flood protection dikes along the Chao Phraya River, Klong Maha Sawat and Klong Bangkok Noi with the total length of 77 km will be completed by 2008 for 62 km and the remaining of 15 km will be completed by 2010; 2) Extension of flood protection dikes on the eastern part of Bangkok from existing King’s dike route to cover more areas and the new alignment will be at the boundary of Bangkok municipality; 3) Additional pumping stations to increase pumping capacity of 1,388 m3/sec which can handle rainfall intensity not exceeding 60 mm/hr; 4) Dredging of main drainage canals to speed up draining from inner areas to the river; 5) Construction of additional 4 drainage tunnels: (1) Klong Bang Sue to the Chao Phraya River (2) Klong Bang Khen (from Klong Lat Prao) to the Chao Phraya River (3) Klong San Saep (from Soi Lat Prao 130) into San Saep tunnel (4) Bung Nong Bon to Klong Pravet Burirom; and 6) Construction of additional Monkey Cheek (temporary storage ponds) from existing 21 units with a storage capacity of 12.74 MCM. Private housing estates are requested to provide temporary storage ponds to accommodate storage runoff from heavy rains. Royal Irrigation Department (RID) For plans of the overall flood protection scheme in the lower part of the Chao Phraya River Delta, the RID has already drawn up a master plan for 2009-2013 and beyond. The plan is for prevention and mitigation of floods on the basis of existing climate condition without taking into account expecting results from climate change e.g. sea level rise, increasing intensity of rainfall, etc. Most of the works included in the plan consist of enlarging of drainage canals and constructing of new ones, construction of regulators and pumping stations at key drain canals, improving of flood protection dikes, etc. These works do not include local flood protection plans of cities such as dikes to protect the municipal areas, etc. Summary of the budget and sample of works are included in the master plan by the RID for all the provinces in the BMR. (Table G3-1) G G-7 Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for Bangkok Metropolitan Region Final Report Appendix G: Flood Management Table G3-1 Flood Protection Budget in the RID Master Plan Budget (million Baht) Province Work Items Total until 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -Regulators of branch canals Bangkok 443 0 25 40 33 345 -Flood protection dikes along branch canals -New drain canal for Suvarnabhumi Airport area Samut -Dike along Klong Chai Tale 12,312 9,648 865 476 500 823 Prakarn -Improvement of Klong Darn -Improvement of pumping stations and regulators -Dikes along canals and regulators Samut Sakhon 881 68 178 155 180 300 -Regulators and pumping stations -Regulators on branch canals Nonthaburi 1,915 149 227 387 270 882 -Small pumping stations -Flood protection dike -Regulator and pumping station of Rangsit canal head regulators of branch canals Pathum Thani 1,693 71 251 297 334 740 -Enlargement of canals -Small control structures along the Chao Phraya River Nakhon -Regulators and pumping stations 669 65 411 133 60 0 Pathom -Flood protection dike along the Tha Chin River Source: RID, 2006 G4 FUTURE PLAN FOR 2050 Flood Management in the Lower Chao Phraya River Delta The RID has studied the future plan of additional flood control structures to lessen flood treats to the BMR. This may compose of large bypass diversions on both banks of the Chao Phraya River. On the eastern side it may be enlarging of existing main irrigation canals (Raphi Phat Canal) receiving flood water from the Pasak River and draining down south and to the east into the Nakorn Nayok and the Bang Pakong Rivers. It can also be a large diversion taking flood water from the Chao Phraya River at Bang Sai to the south of Ayutthaya. It brings 1,000 m3/sec directly into the sea at Klong Darn, the east of Samut Prakarn as proposed in the Study on Integrated Plan for Flood Mitigation in the Chao Phraya River Basin (RID, 1999). On the western bank it may be in the form of a large floodway that can carry about 1,000 m3/sec flood water from Chainat passing through farmland and drain into the sea on the west of Samut Sakhon. The government is planning to construct the third ring road around the BMR. This ring road with its northern part just in the south of Ayutthaya and in the east will run north-south east of Suvarnabhumi Airport and west of Klong Phra Ong Chaiyanuchit. In the west, it will run north to south passing the east of Samut Sakhon. The RID is considering a possibility of constructing the diversion canals along this ring road alignment with a capacity of 500 m3/sec on each side. Flood and Sea Level Rise Protection Plan There is no concrete plan for prevention and protection of the project area from future threat by sea level rise and more severe inundation resulting from heavier flooding and land subsidence. Ideas about construction of sea dikes along the shore together with large river closure gates or even idea of a large sea dike across the gulf together with control gates are being pursued but without commitment. G G-8