68684 Pr o c e eding s of the S ta ke hol ders’ Wor k shop on Jatropha / Biofuels in KENYA June 28, 2007 The Panafric Hotel Nairobi © 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judge- ment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Design: Jim Cantrell, ENV, The World Bank Proceedings of the National Stakeholders’ Workshop on Jatropha / Biofuels in Kenya June 28, 2007 The Panafric Hotel Nairobi The National Stakeholder’s Workshop was jointly organized by the Government of Kenya (the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Ministry of Energy), and the World Bank 1 Abbreviations & Acronyms AF Afforestation GHGs Greenhouse gases ALRMP Arid Lands Resource Management Project GIS Geographical Information System ASALs Arid and semi-arid lands GNP Gross national product BOD Biological oxygen demand GOK Government of Kenya BTF Biofuel Trust Fund GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation CERs Certified emission reduction credits ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre CBD Convention on Biological Diversity ICIPE International Center of Insect Physiology and CBOs Community-based organizations Ecology CDA Coast Development Authority IUCN The World Conservation Union CDF Constituency Development Fund IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development CDM Clean Development Mechanism IRR Internal rate of return CER Certified emission reduction JKUAT Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology DFO District Forest Officer KAPP Kenya Agriculture Productivity Project DMP Desert Margins Project KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute DEG German Development Bank KBDA Kenya Biofuel Development Authority EB Executive board KBPA Kenya Biofuel Producers Association EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards ENNDA Ewaso Nyiro North Development Authority KEEP Kenya Energy-Sector Environment Program ENSDA Ewaso Nyiro South Development Authority KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute ERSW&EC Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company ESDA Energy for Sustainable Development–Africa KFMP Kenya Forestry Master Plan EU European Union KFS Kenya Forest Service FCF Forest Conservation Fund KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute FAN Forest Action Network KPC Kenya Pipeline Company FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company GAF Green Africa Foundation KTDA Kenya Tea Development Authority GDP Gross domestic product KVDA Kerio Valley Development Authority GEF Global Environment Facility LATF Local Authority Transfer Fund 2 LEA Larfarge East Africa SGP Small grants program LBDA Lake Basin Development Authority SRA Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture LULUCF Land use and land use change in forestry SWA Sector-wide approach M&E Monitoring and evaluation SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats MDG Millennium Development Goals TARDA Tana and Athi River Development Authority. MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources TCNA Tree Crops Research Network Africa MKEPP Mount Kenya East Pilot Project TOFNET Trees on Farm Network MoE Ministry of Energy TOR Terms of reference MSEs Micro and small enterprises UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity NALEP National Agriculture and Livestock Extension UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Programme Desertification NBDC National Biodiesel Committee UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and NBFC National Biofuel Committee Development NBTF National Biofuel Trust Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme NBFRCL National Bio-Fuels Research and Certification UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Laboratory Change NBSC National Biofuel Steering Committee US United States NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development VI-SCC VI Skogen – Swedish Cooperative Center NGOs Nongovernmental Organizations VDF Vanilla-Jatropha Development Foundation NRM Natural resources management WETPA Western Kenya Tree Planters Association OP Office of the President WKCDD/FM Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation PFP Participatory forest management WTO World Trade Organization PIN Project idea notes WWF World Wildlife Fund R&D Research and development 3 Executive Summary The Kenya Forest Service, through a grant from the World The expected outcomes of the workshop were: Bank, commissioned a four-month study in mid-2007 to examine profitable and proper management practices • To ensure key stakeholders are adequately briefed of sustainable energy crops, principally Jatropha, while on the Jatropha and biofuel study outcomes, as addressing land degradation and deforestation issues (both well as the two project idea notes, which described critical to Kenya’s economy). The study was to elaborate opportunities to use the crop in Clean Development on Jatropha’s viability and contribution to biofuel energy Mechanism (CDM) projects. in Kenya. Key stakeholders from the public and private • To enhance synergies in ongoing and future Jatropha sector were invited to a one-day workshop to discuss the development activities. results of the study, as well as two project idea notes (PINs) • To identify and promote investment opportunities for possible development of carbon offset projects based on biofuels through greater private/public sector on Jatropha. The consultant presented his report to key partnerships. stakeholders, including representatives from government, • To enhance opportunities for the improvement of local authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), livelihoods in arid and semi-arid lands. communities, and other interest groups. The workshop also provided an opportunity for the participants to learn The main recommendations of the workshop included the more about the potential attributes of Jatropha such as following: improving community livelihoods, rehabilitating degraded sites, and contributing to the nation’s energy sector. It • Identify investment opportunities—for carbon will also enable stakeholders to identify opportunities sequestration, employment, and income generation, to support communities through projects such as land and soil improvement and other environmental rehabilitation and biofuels development, and to identify gains—within natural resources management (NRM) policy interventions necessary to support a vibrant biofuels projects, the Arid Lands Resource Management program. Project (ALRMP), the Western Kenya Community- Driven Development and Flood Mitigation 4 (WKCDD/FM) project, and other programs in the • Support activities on the ground through the energy and forestry sectors. generation of empirical data, sufficient training, and • Review and expand the membership of the National capacity building. Biofuel Steering Committee (NBSC) and define • Arrange for knowledge transfer for NBSC through terms of reference (TORs) to provide cross- sectoral technology and information sourcing in areas with linkages. promising Jatropha investments. • Address gaps in the value chain through research • Exercise caution and carry out due diligence before and development (R&D) in strategy, quality, major investment decisions are made. reliability of the feedstock, and the institutional framework to provide strong partnerships between communities and the private sector. This workshop was facilitated through the financial support • Develop capacity at the local capacity level to of the World Bank and the German Agency for Technical champion biocarbon projects in the forestry and Cooperation (GTZ). energy sectors. 5 Acknowledgments This report was compiled by Alfred Gichu (KFS), Meshack sectors. The team would like to thank Kathy Sierra, Vice Muga (KFS), Robinson Ngethe (Consultant) and Ben President, Sustainable Development Network, for this G. Wamugunda (consultant) under the supervision of initiative. Enos E. Esikuri (Team Leader and Senior Environmental Specialist, The World Bank). The German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) contributed toward meeting the costs of the workshop. Financing for the national workshop on biofuels was made possible through a grant from the World Bank’s Editorial and publishing support were provided by Jim Sustainable Development Network Vice President’s Cantrell (Communications Analyst, ENV) and Robert Challenge Fund meant to enhance integration across Livernash (consultant). 6 Contents 1.0: Welcome Remarks and Official Opening 11 1.1: Official Opening Address by Prof. James Ole Kiyiapi, Permanent Secretary (PS), Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources 11 1.2: Question/Answer/Comments arising from the presentation 14 Response 15 2.0: Overviews of the Forestry and Energy Sectors 15 2.1: Overview of the potential for development of Jatropha/ biofuel in the forestry sector by David K. Mbugua; Ag. Director, Kenya Forest Service 15 2.1.1: Economic importance 15 2.1.2: The Jatropha system 15 2.1.3: Distribution in Kenya 16 2.1.4: Opportunities presented within the Kenya Forest Service (KFS) 16 2.1.4.1: Specific opportunities for promoting Jatropha in the ASALs in Kenya 16 2.1.5: Utilization 17 2.1.6: Questions/Answers/Comments 17 Comments 18 2.2: Overview of Jatropha Biofuel in the Energy Sector by Faith Odongo, Senior Renewable Energy Officer, Representing the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy 18 2.2.1: The policy environment 18 2.2.2: Expected benefits 18 2.2.3: Policy recognition 18 2.2.4: Legislation 19 2.2.5: Strategy and Action Plan for Biofuels Development: 19 7 Conclusion 19 3.0: The Viability Of Jatropha Curcas L. as a Biofuel Feedstock and its Potential Contribution to the Development of Kenya’s Biofuel Strategy: Presentation of the main study by Robinson Ngethe, Consultant (AGFOR Technical Services) 20 3.1: Potential for Jatropha as an energy crop 20 3.2: Scope and status of Jatropha activities 20 3.3: Economic and policy interventions 21 3.3.1: Biofuel Strategy Developments and Institutional Framework 21 3.3.2: National Biofuel Committee (NBFC) 21 3.3.3: Biofuel Trust Fund and Sustainability 22 3.3.4: Technology transfer and learning from others 22 3.3.5: Cost –benefit analysis 22 3.3.6: Research and participatory technology development 23 3.3.7: Fears and challenges 23 3.4: Development strategies and interventions 23 3.5: Establishing a Biodiesel Standards, Quality, and Certification Laboratory 23 3.6: Questions/Answers/Comments 24 4.0: Best Practices for Jatropha Feedstock Production: Carbon Finance and Related Options in Kenya: Results From a Pre-Feasibility Study by Dr. Jochen Statz (UNIQUE Forests Consultant) 25 4.1: Tapping Carbon Finance options: 25 4.1.1: Global lessons 25 4.1.2: Environmental benefits of Jatropha fuel 25 8 4.1.3: Jatropha curcas—some facts 26 4.1.3.1: Cultivation: 26 4.1.3.2: Yields and returns: 26 4.1.3.3: Biodiesel production 26 4.1.3.4: Yield of Jatropha 26 4.2: Options for Jatropha CDM activities in Kenya – National Options 27 4.2.1: Key methodology issues for LULUCF (Land Use and Land-Use Change in Forestry) projects 27 4.2.1.1: Methodological issues and challenges 27 4.2.1.2: More methodological issues and challenges 27 4.2.1.3: Jatropha feedstock production scheme 28 4.2.2: Jatropha CDM potential 28 4.2.2.1: Methodological option for Jatropha project 28 PIN 1: Jatropha GHG sequestration afforestation (AF) project 28 PIN 2: Jatropha fuel switching 29 4.3: Questions/Answers/Comments 30 5.0: Investment Opportunities in Sustaining Demand and Supply of Jatropha feedstock by Eng. Pius Kollikho (Corporate Planning Officer, KenGen) 30 5.1: Investment opportunities in KenGen 30 Conclusion 30 5.2: Best Practices and Carbon Finance by KenGen 31 Investments 31 Risks 31 Pollution from biofuel processing operations 31 9 Conclusion 31 5.3: Question/Answer/Comments 31 Comments 31 6.0: Exhibitions by NGOs 32 7.0: Way Forward and Action Planning 32 7.1: Remarks by Enos Esikuri, Senior Environmental Specialist, World Bank 32 7.2: Discussions on the way forward 33 Future 34 7.3: Closing Remarks by Representative of the Director of Renewable Energy, MoE. 34 Appendix A: Workshop Program 36 Appendix B: List of Participants 38 Figure Figure 1: Project return with or without CDM revenue 27 Tables Table 1: Parties involved in CDM projects 28 Table 2: Jatropha biodiesel pilot production 28 Table 3: Organizations and institutions involved in Jatropha activities 29 Table 4: Combined SWOT for both Jatropha-PINs 29 10 Welcome 1.0: Welcome Remarks and Official Opening Colleagues from other Government Ministries, Mr. Anthony Maina, director of the Dryland Forestry Members from the NGO community, Programme in the Kenya Forest Service (KFS), welcomed Farmers and community representatives, participants to the workshop and observed that the forum provided a major opportunity for stakeholders to embrace Ladies and gentlemen, the new paradigm shift in forest resource management in Kenya. He emphasized that future forestry expansion I am extremely delighted to preside over this function as programs will take place in the vast arid and semi-arid I am convinced it holds great potential to reshape and land areas (ASALs). Participants were requested to take redirect the forest sector’s contribution to environmental advantage of the opportunities presented by the new Forest conservation and livelihood improvements in the country. Act and the enabling policy frameworks to initiate forestry This is borne out by the realization that traditional projects in the dry lands. approaches to conservation and production cannot continue to sustain our health and livelihoods unless we deliberately initiate innovative programs that are capable of delivering conservation, production, and livelihood 1.1: Official Opening Address by Prof. James Ole improvement goals at the same time. Any effort that tries Kiyiapi, Permanent Secretary (PS), Ministry of to integrate the three components responds directly to Environment and Natural Resources our national policy goals and the wishes of the people and The following is the address by the PS, Ministry of communities of this country. Environment and Natural Resources, during the official Forests are already recognized as important pillars to other opening of the workshop. sectors of our economy such as agriculture, tourism, water, Representatives from the World Bank, energy and the construction industry, which contribute greatly to employment creation and poverty reduction Representatives from other Development Partners, opportunities for many Kenyans. Continued growth of these sectors and the national economy as a whole are 11 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya therefore dependent on a vibrant forest sector. To sustain Kenya’s arid and semi-arid areas present very promising the level of management required to buttress a vibrant entry points for extensive afforestation and reforestation forestry sector, my ministry has—through the Kenya Forest interventions. These areas are generally inhabited by poor Service—resolved to spare no effort toward instituting households and are characterized by poor and erratic management regimes that respond to the wishes of rainfall and poor soils, leading to low crop productivity. communities and the national agenda. Continuous cropping in these fragile ecosystems and deforestation has resulted in severe land degradation Ladies and gentlemen, the area under gazetted forests in and desertification. Addressing these problems requires this country is very small and the scope for increasing the exploration of interventions that will raise overall land area is limited. Any future forest development programs productivity, restore ecosystem productivity, and improve will have to be in the farm lands and the dry lands. The the livelihoods of the inhabitants. The availability of ministry will therefore continue to support the Kenya extensive rangelands and local-authority lands in these Forest Service in strengthening the forest extension services areas allows for establishment of feasible programs to enable us to push the frontiers of forestry development targeting land rehabilitation, biodiversity conservation, soil beyond the limited gazetted forests. Farm forestry and and water conservation, and improvement of community dryland forestry programs should be strengthened and livelihoods. This is the niche that Jatropha and other tree- promoted as primary producers of timber, fuelwood, and based energy crops should exploit. non-wood tree products. Ladies and gentlemen, I am informed that Jatropha The new 2005 Forests Act and the proposed policy presents some of the most promising pathways to arrest provide the necessary framework within which to actualize extensive land degradation in the arid and semi-arid areas these aspirations. These two instruments provide for by combining livelihood improvements and environmental wide stakeholder involvement in forest development, conservation goals. The ease of establishment, fast growth, institutional reform, involvement in decision making, and drought tolerance, ability to survive on poor soils, and sound forest management. The act provides an expanded multiple uses make it a candidate species for domestication mandate to the new Kenya Forest Service that will apply by resource-poor households. Jatropha oil is an important to state forests, local-authority forests, and private forests. product for meeting the cooking and lighting needs of All forests in the nation will therefore be managed within the rural population. It has the potential to serve as boiler the framework of the new act. My ministry—through fuel for industrial purposes and is a viable supplement for the Kenya Forest Service—is well-prepared to take up diesel. The cooking option provided by the oil will not only the challenges of this transformation, which is designed alleviate the problems of deforestation but also improve the to ensure efficiency, accountability, wide consultation, health of rural people, especially women, who are subjected and representation in decision making and equity in the to indoor smoke pollution from cooking by inefficient fuel distribution of forestry resources. We believe that this new and stoves in poorly ventilated spaces. Oil from jatropha, environment will provide the required impetus to accelerate if produced in sufficient quantities, is also likely to trigger growth in the forest and other related sectors. energy switching activities within industries—like KTDA, 12 Welcome KenGen, and cement manufacturers—that are eager incentives provided within CDM, especially in the forestry to “green� their products and processes, as well as those and energy sectors. intending to benefit from incentives provided under the climate change mitigation processes. I am informed the Jatropha tree, which will form the basis of our discussion today, is eligible for carbon–offset Ladies and gentlemen, allow me to briefly discuss programs within the CDM. Farmers and communities the issue of climate change. Climate change presents who will pick up the tree for incorporation within other real threats to the survival of mankind. Indeed, some farming systems can therefore benefit directly from carbon of the manifestations have already been witnessed stocks that accumulate within the biomass of growing trees. locally, including persistent droughts and flooding. It Enough consideration will however be necessary at the is also now widely recognized that human activities, initial stages to guarantee success and sustainability since including deforestation and industrial emissions, are carbon benefits, especially under forestry, accrue in the the primary cause of this change. Discussions in most long term and investors should be assured of permanence international forums and regional conferences are never of carbon stocks within the farm holdings. My ministry complete without an agenda focusing on identifying and will continue to provide necessary institutional support implementing mitigation measures to forestall future and capacity building efforts to ensure development of catastrophes. We must therefore deliberately associate successful projects. ourselves with activities that provide tangible benefits in mitigating against climate change. The Clean Development Successful development of energy tree-crops like Jatropha Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol and the will require close collaboration among this ministry, the emerging voluntary markets for carbon offset programs Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Agriculture, the in developed countries require special mention, as they Ministry of Industry, the private sector, and communities. have opened opportunities for communities in Kenya and I am therefore happy that these ministries and institutions other developing countries to benefit from conservation are represented here. This is particularly important as we efforts. Kenya has already acceded to the Kyoto Protocol endeavor to develop a framework where development and has established a Designated National Authority of biofuel feedstock is supported by an enabling policy to coordinate activities that will ensure that the country framework that triggers demand from the industry. plays its due role in demonstrating its commitment to Issues of food security also have to be secured within addressing the problem of global warming. The country the arrangements. I would therefore be delighted to see has also submitted the Initial National Communication close linkages established as one of the outcomes of this and has in addition communicated its definition of a forest workshop. to the CDM Executive Board. The country can therefore Ladies and gentlemen, I am informed that the study host projects within the energy sector, manufacturing, and that has been completed and which will be discussed forestry under the CDM. I am happy to note that several today was intended to explore profitable and proper projects have already been developed to take advantage of management practices of sustainable energy crops with a 13 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya focus on Jatropha, mainly due to its restorative qualities PS: Many issues revolve around Jatropha and all of us for degraded land, but also because of its use as a biofuel have a role to play without necessarily ascribing specific feedstock. The findings of the report will therefore be an mandates to institutions. We should, however, learn to important reference point for interventions required to exploit comparative advantages where they arise. We must further develop the area of biofuel feedstock for industries therefore admit that the Kenya Forest Service within my and Jatropha development in particular. I understand that ministry, with its huge pool of technical expertise and its several activities on Jatropha promotion have been initiated extension network, has a major role in production and mainly through the NGO community. I commend the promotion of Jatropha, while issues on energy policy and efforts of these agencies that have had to work sometimes biofuels development are vested in the Ministry of Energy. without the necessary supportive environment. I hope this We need therefore to develop a close working relationship study has identified possible collaborative linkages to scale to ensure smooth implementation of programs along the up current activities. chain. Ladies and gentlemen, this study has been accomplished Question: What is your opinion on agronomic issues and through the kind support of the World Bank. The Bank marketing of Jatropha? has for several decades now been a very close partner in development of forest resources. May I take this PS: These are challenges of development and I hope the opportunity to sincerely thank the Bank for this assistance. study has identified them. There is, however, a need to This study is certainly not an end in itself and it should conduct systematic studies on agronomic/ silvicultural trigger discussions on investment opportunities on practices by research institutes and universities to advise biofuels and policy enhancement opportunities for the policy and program implementers. We should, however, common good of all Kenyans. I also wish to thank all other be careful to avoid duplication of efforts in this area by development partners who are with us today, and who identifying the most appropriate centers for research have continued to offer assistance in support of sustainable activities. management of the country’s natural resources. Comment: The practical challenge is to identify who is With those few remarks, ladies and gentlemen, I declare handling what aspects in the Jatropha value chain. this workshop officially open. Comment: There are unsung heroes such as officers on the ground from KFS, MoE, and the NGO movement who work closely with farmers. 1.2: Question/Answer/Comments arising from the presentation Comment: All that needs to be said today is to get Question: Which is the parent ministry for Jatropha practical, since biofuel production is not a small issue and activities (biofuels) in view of the fact that the oil is an it requires frank speaking. There is an opportunity for each energy source whose source is a tree? stakeholder, including those not represented in this forum, to contribute. 14 Overviews of the Forestry and Energy Sectors Question: Farmers are going all over looking for resources for agriculture, thereby supplying raw materials for industry to plant trees, how is the Government of Kenya (GoK) and fuels for basic energy services, while at the same time addressing this issue? helping to improve the environment. Response Harnessing the potential of Jatropha would therefore help • The provisions of the Forest Act 2005 require that in meeting energy needs for rural communities while at KFS provide extension support to farmers and the same time expanding the income base of households, communities interested in tree farming. which could help alleviate protracted rural poverty. • The ministry will strengthen its support to KFS to 2.1.1: Economic importance ensure that resources to support afforestation efforts are available. Jatropha oil is an important product from the plant with • KFS will in the near future activate and potential for meeting the cooking and lighting needs of operationalize the Forest Management and the rural population. It serves as boiler fuel for industrial Conservation fund, which will support community purposes and is a viable supplement for diesel. efforts in management and conservation of forest The cooking option provided by the oil will not only resources in the country. alleviate the problems of deforestation but also improve the health of rural women, who are subjected to indoor smoke pollution from cooking by inefficient fuel and stoves in 2.0: Overviews of the Forestry and Energy Sectors poorly ventilated space. The Ag. Director, Kenya Forest Service, Mr. David The following benefits are associated with the Jatropha Mbugua and Mrs. Faith Odongo from the Ministry of system: (a) income generation through the sale of soap and Energy presented overviews on recent developments in the oil; (b) reducing crop losses caused by stray livestock or forestry and energy sectors. wind damage; (c) increasing rainfall infiltration, resulting in more irrigation water needed for local gardens; (d) 2.1: Overview of the potential for development of increasing soil fertility by use of press cake as fertilizer; (e) Jatropha/ biofuel in the forestry sector by David K. increasing use of inexpensive local resources rather than Mbugua; Ag. Director, Kenya Forest Service expensive external resources; (f ) reducing disputes between Jatropha is an easy-to-establish small tree with multiple farmers and livestock owners regarding crop damage, as uses that answer directly to many critical needs of resource- well as among farmers themselves regarding the boundaries poor farmers in Africa. Due to its fast growing ability when of their fields; and (g) improved livelihoods through established, it is one of the most common hedge plants in creation of wealth and employment. Africa and requires minimum care. The tree offers uses in conservation as well as income generation activities, which 2.1.2: The Jatropha system makes it a candidate species for domestication by resource- The “Jatropha system� is characterized by its multiple uses poor households. It can grow on lands not usually attractive in soil stabilization, bioenergy production, erosion control, 15 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya livestock control, and income generation (for example, soap KFS will establish a forest conservation fund through production) among other uses. This makes it a valuable which communities will be assisted with resources to pathway to the improvement of livelihoods, especially for support conservation efforts. KFS has the capacity women. It has the advantage of combining short-term and technical expertise for high-quality germplasm benefits—such as income generation through the sale of improvement through the tree biotechnology program soap and oil—with long-term benefits such as conservation and through established collaborative linkages with Kenya of natural resources. Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). Communities will be involved in management of state forests to maximize The adoption of the system would further improve their conservation and productive roles for the mutual investment at the household level due to the savings made benefit of both parties. Besides the above, KFS has initiated by the reduced usage of kerosene for lighting and cooking. deliberate programs in the drylands to promote nonwood forest programs. Jatropha as a biofuel will be promoted 2.1.3: Distribution in Kenya alongside other candidate species like gums and resins, Jatropha curcas grows well in the entire East Africa region. honey production, commercial insect farming, and others. In Kenya, Jatropha curcas is found in western Kenya (Western and Nyanza provinces), the Rift Valley, and the Jatropha fits within the Kenyan definition of a tree as Coast and Eastern provinces. Its favored niche in these communicated to UNFCCC. Under the circumstances, sites is bushlands and along rivers. This makes it a reliable communities and individuals will be able to benefit from species for marginal lands, thus reducing competition for expertise within KFS to promote carbon-offset projects space with food crops. that will participate either within CDM or the emerging voluntary markets for certified emission credits (CERs). 2.1.4: Opportunities presented within the Kenya Forest This opportunity needs to be exploited by farmers, ranchers, Service (KFS) communities, and local authorities with large tracts of The extended mandate of the new KFS requires that all land that are currently degraded and could be rehabilitated forests be sustainably managed regardless of ownership. through incentives provided by the carbon markets. In this case, local-authority forests, community forests, and private forests will have to be managed within the 2.1.4.1: Specific opportunities for promoting Jatropha in framework of the new act. Jatropha would offer a very the ASALs in Kenya promising intervention to reclaim and productively The underlying conditions in the arid and semi-arid lands manage most of these areas. The Forests Act 2005 requires (ASALs)—land availability, poor soils, insufficient rainfall KFS to provide extension services to ensure sustainable for crop production, and extensive land degradation—favor management of forest resources in the country. In this the promotion of Jatropha. In addition, Jatropha (a) is connection, services will be availed through the already nonpalatable to grazing animals; (b) is fast growing, with established service network to guide development of the ability to provide benefits in the short term; (c) has Jatropha in areas where it can be grown. a long gestation period of more than 50 years, especially when established from seed; (d) has low labor and 16 Overview of the Forestry and Energy Sectors maintenance requirements; and (d) can be integrated into • Promotion of dryland forestry to produce fuelwood other cropping systems. and to supply wood and non-wood forest products; • Promotion of forest research, training, and education The proposed forest policy, which is awaiting parliamentary to ensure a vibrant forest sector; and debate, recognizes the importance of the drylands, • Technical backstopping. especially on the richness of biodiversity. It also recognizes the potential of the drylands to supply marketable 2.1.5: Utilization commodities on a sustainable basis such as gums, resins, With the reduced land size that is supposed to meet aloe, charcoal, essential oils, silk, edible oils, biofuels, a myriad of household needs, one would wonder why commercial juices, frankincense, indigenous fruits, honey, Jatropha needs such attention. Jatropha curcas lends itself and timber. These products can go a long way toward greatly to many rural households due to its multiple uses improving the livelihoods of Kenyans living in the that directly respond to the needs of resource-poor farmers. drylands. In order to do this, the policy recommends the following: The Jatropha system is feasible, economically sound, environmentally sustainable, and socially acceptable. • Forests and other types of woody vegetation in the Dissemination and scaling up of the domestication of drylands will be sustainably managed and conserved this important tree species is needed for the benefits to be for the production of wood and non-woody forest enjoyed by farmers. products. • The establishment of forest-based microenterprises 2.1.6: Questions/Answers/Comments and community forest associations will be supported. Question: Croton seeds and other oil producing seed are • Degraded and overexploited areas will be available and their past non-exploitation, especially pricing rehabilitated by community forest associations with and quality control, is a concern. Would a similar fate government support. befall Jatropha? • Research, technology development, education, and training in drylands forestry will be intensified. Answer: We need to appreciate the circumstances under • Tree planting in the drylands will be promoted. which we are promoting Jatropha and other potential • Community forest associations will be supported to energy crops. These crops are being promoted under the develop management plans and manage community global efforts to mitigate climate change. As such, there forests. are several built-in incentives that support most of these In order to implement some of these aspirations, the Kenya efforts and did not obtain in the past. In fact, croton Forest Service has established a dryland forest program. seeds to support clean industrial production systems are The program’s objectives are: already in high demand from areas that we are currently managing, and we are unable to service the requirements. I, • Conservation and management of forests, trees, and however, admit that due diligence is required when we are allied resources; promoting these activities and the need therefore for close 17 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya sectoral linkages to generate and provide information to consider the implications if the land is also utilized for food both producers and policy implementers.. crops. Comments The strengths of the biofuels industry are that (a) there is • Forest areas in ASALs could be concessioned for regional and local sourcing; and (b) there is regional and establishment of nuclear estates. local control. • Machines for pressing and extraction of biofuels can Specific energy policy objectives include (a) enhancing be fabricated at the village level in order to make the security of supply; (b) promoting indigenous energy value chain workable. resources; and (c) utilizing energy as a tool to accelerate • Jatropha can grow easily and this is an advantage of economic empowerment for urban and rural development. getting into its farming • There are several seed sources and a lot of ongoing 2.2.1: The policy environment research. The current policy environment is favorable in that it • There is a need for various institutions dealing with (a) promotes energy efficiency and conservation as well Jatropha to sit together to avoid duplication of as prudent environmental, health, and safety practices; efforts. The proposed biofuel steering committee is (b) provides sustainable quality energy services for best placed to play this role. development; and (c) provides an enabling environment • There is a need to expand quantities of extracted oil for the provision of energy services. to economically viable scales. • There is a need to promote integrated biomass 2.2.2: Expected benefits production as a way to transform strategy. Some of the expected benefits from promotion of Jatropha • There are conflicts/constraints in land tenure issues include (a) economic development and poverty reduction that need to be addressed so that investors could be (job creation/rural enterprises); (b) transformation of attracted to the areas. marginal lands to productive areas; and (c) protection and regeneration of natural resources such as water and soil. 2.2: Overview of Jatropha Biofuel in the Energy Sector by Faith Odongo, Senior Renewable Energy Officer, 2.2.3: Policy recognition Representing the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Policy recognition must include: Energy Biofuels development is a rapidly growing industry with • Creating awareness of tree growing as a commercially a huge global market. The country needs to develop viable business enterprise; strategies to derive the greatest benefits from it. This should • Setting aside land for the production of feedstock; be line with the National Energy Policy as well as other • Protecting the environment from the impacts government policies. There is a tendency to grow fuel crops of energy production and consumption such as that offer the best economic returns, and thus we should atmospheric pollution, deforestation, climate change, 18 Viability of Jatropha as a Biofuel Feedstock and its Potential Contribution to Kenya’s Biofuel Strategy soil erosion, siltation of hydropower reservoirs and use of renewable and other forms of energy. This is river systems, and contamination of groundwater; in addition to protecting the interests of consumers, • Recognizing the need for private sector participation investors, and other stakeholder interests. in biomass energy production, distribution, and • Monitor and ensure the observance of the principles marketing; and of fair competition. • Providing tax incentives such as fiscal incentives to financial institutions to provide credit facilities to 2.2.5: Strategy and Action Plan for Biofuels consumers and entrepreneurs. Development: The strategy and action plan for biofuels development Other measures include: emphasizes (a) examination of the economic and environmental aspects; (b) sustainability (pre-feasibility • Building capacity to keep up with the dynamic and feasibility studies); (c) standardization of training technological and policy issues; procedures and products; (d) development of an effective • Formulating and enforcing standards and codes of extension service; (e) establishment of a critical mass practice; media to make the operations viable; (f ) development of a • Minimizing international trade barriers in order to profitable marketing chain; and (g) research. attract investments; • Introducing power alcohol and biodiesel as motor The National Biofuels Committee (NBFC) was established fuel blends in the long term to enhance security of in 2006. Its membership includes the ministries of supply; Energy, Agriculture, Water and Irrigation, Environment • Facilitating the exchange of information and data; and Natural Resources and Trade and Industry. NBFC and will focus on biodiesel and bioethanol research. It will • Participating in the development of energy sector also restructure the sugar industries in case sugar cane is cooperation frameworks and protocols with regional the feedstock. Existing frameworks in the tea and coffee governments and international bodies. industries will provide useful experience. 2.2.4: Legislation Conclusion The Energy Act 2006 will take effect by July 2007 and will The ministry will collaborate with the relevant institutions do the following: in the development of an institutional, legal, and regulatory framework for the biofuels industry. • Enhance incentives to the private sector and ensure prudential regulation of the energy sector. • The private sector and NGOs are strongly urged to • Empower the minister to promote the development actively participate. and use of biodiesel and bioethanol among other • Development partners are encouraged to provide forms of renewable energy. support. • Establish the Energy Regulatory Commission to regulate the production, distribution, supply, and 19 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 3.0: The Viability Of Jatropha Curcas L. as a 3.2: Scope and status of Jatropha activities Biofuel Feedstock and its Potential Contribution There are over 30 institutions working on biofuels to the Development of Kenya’s Biofuel Strategy: and Jatropha-related activities, including government Presentation of the main study by Robinson Ngethe, Consultant (AGFOR Technical Services) ministries, public and private companies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations 3.1: Potential for Jatropha as an energy crop (CBOs), and research and training institutions. At the energy policy level, the Ministry of Energy (MoE) The study analyzes the formulation of a biofuel strategy, is the principal actor. It has the key mandate and action plan, and policies related to the improved responsibility to facilitate the provision of secure and management of Jatropha curcas for the economic sustainable supplies of energy to support the country’s development of the country, including major interventions socioeconomic development. At the feedstock level in ASALs. The interventions—involving Jatropha and and environmental management and conservation, the other bioenergy tree/crops—are expected to benefit Kenya Forest Service (KFS) is the key actor. Major target beneficiaries in about three years. This is likely to energy consumers like KenGen, cement manufacturers, be expressed through a more efficient management of and KTDA are strategically placed to stimulate local natural resources in the areas and improved livelihood demand of biofuels from Jatropha by switching to clean opportunities for the beneficiaries. Some of the proposed energy production systems. Other actors include various interventions involve: local authorities with jurisdiction over large tracts of • Strengthening of community investments and lands where considerable degradation has taken place national institutions; through extraction of fuelwood and other tree products. • Stimulation of biofuel demand by local users; The Ministry of Special Programmes—through the Arid • Formulation of a biofuel strategy and action plan; Lands Resources Management Project (ALRMP)—has • Enhancement of environmental benefits through immense opportunities for the integration of Jatropha rehabilitation of degraded lands in the catchments investments and value addition to natural resources and livelihood investments; management projects and activities in over the 28 ASAL • Development of biofuel production, processing, districts. Through a participatory process, ALRMP has storage, and distribution systems; developed a comprehensive draft ASAL policy strategy and • Establishment of a certification and quality control action plans that carefully describe district-specific NRM laboratory to provide linkages to production, activities. Other institutions with relevant mandates are research, and product development; the six regional development authorities—the Kerio Valley • Enhancement of synergies through coordinated Development Authority (KVDA), Coast Development research, training, production, and provision of Authority (CDA), Tana and Athi Rivers Development extension services; and Authority (TARDA), Lake Basin Development Authority • Promotion of national, regional, and international (LBDA), Ewaso Nyiro North Development Authority cooperation for technology transfer. (ENNDA), and Ewaso Nyiro South Development Authority (ENSDA). 20 Viability of Jatropha as a Biofuel Feedstock and its Potential Contribution to Kenya’s Biofuel Strategy At the community level, the Vanilla Jatropha Development needs to communities for poverty alleviation interventions Foundation (VDF), Green Africa Foundation (GAF), and such as off-grid electricity generation, soap and candle other NGOs are the main players in western Kenya and making, or other environmental rehabilitation uses. There the southern rangelands of Ukambani respectively, while is merit in mainstreaming ongoing pilot actions and biofuel Lafarge (a private company) and UNDP-GEF-SGP have strategy formulation options hand-in-hand with practical started some activities in the Coast Province. activities that add value to the community and private investments. 3.3: Economic and policy interventions 3.3.1: Biofuel Strategy Developments and Institutional 3.3.2: National Biofuel Committee (NBFC) Framework The membership of the NBFC needs to be expanded The overall development policy environment and and transformed to a strong biofuel steering committee institutional framework in the country is favorable for (NBSC) with specific deliverables and a strategic the formulation of a biofuel strategy and action plan. For framework that will enable it to lobby for Jatropha-based example, it is fully provided for in the Sessional Paper No.4 investments and other energy crops. This will re-energize of 2004 on Energy. This is in addition to the ongoing work ongoing activities and stimulate public/private sector by the national biofuel committee and the biodiesel task investments in Jatropha. Some information gaps exist on force initiated by MoE, TOFNET, and VDF. The proposed the most suitable market outlets, cost-benefit analysis, future interventions focus on formulating a biofuel strategy institutional framework, feedstock supply chain, standards, and action plan that is in line with sector-specific needs quality control, and provision of extension services. and national development plans, including Vision 2030. Some scoping assessments need to be conducted on a demand basis in order to adequately inform the strategy The Forests Act 2005 and draft forest policy provide formulation process and the implementation of current for elaborate mechanisms for public-private sector and future pilot activities. It is important to harmonize participation in the management of dryland forests, as well the roles and responsibilities of the National Biodiesel as identifying investment opportunities for nonwood forest Committee (NBDC), NBTF, and other pilot activities in products. This is also highlighted in the ASAL draft order to avoid duplication. Some systematic activities have policy and will certainly be included in the future work been recommended in the biofuel strategy formulation plans for the new KFS. While the formulation of a biofuel road map in order to unlock the process of action planning policy is expected to promote investment opportunities for for biofuel investments for Kenya. This will ultimately lead Jatropha and other biofuels, its absence is not in the short to the establishment of a quasi-government organization, term a major deterrent for promoting Jatropha-related the Kenya Biofuel Development Authority (KBDA), a activities. As the consultations with KenGen, KTDA, and Biofuel Trust Fund (BTF), and a nationwide producer-led others indicate, there is no major constraint within the association—the Kenya Biofuel Producers Association framework of current laws and policies that limit users and (KBPA)—that will deal with feedstock issues. The study other stakeholders from embracing biofuels for carbon recommends that the action planning process develop sequestration, fuel switching, or to provide specific energy TORs for each structure. 21 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya Initially, MoE and other stakeholders can help stimulate similar to the KTDA that is fully serviced by small-scale the production of Jatropha feedstock from local farmers, or on (c) a combination of both. producers by guaranteeing its use by agencies—such as KenGen, KTDA, KPLC, KPC, and Kenya Railways 3.3.4: Technology transfer and learning from others Corporation—where it makes business sense. It is In order to enhance adoption and mitigate risks in the imperative that government agencies and state enterprises Jatropha value chain, the NBSC should undertake a start to make biofuel their preferred choice. This can done technical study visit to Mali or any other country with through incentives like exemption of excise tax on biofuels. relevant experience. The objective of the proposed visit The projected stimulation of the local biofuels market is to share knowledge and understand best practices in is good for the sector since farmers at the bottom of the Jatropha business enterprises and community investments value chain cannot sustain a market risk for a long time. with a view to validating them for the Kenya situation. It is prudent for key players to learn from best practices in other 3.3.3: Biofuel Trust Fund and Sustainability countries so as to fast track the uptake of the Jatropha The study recommends the establishment of a Biofuel value chain technology. There are good experiences Trust Fund (BTF) based on the lessons learned from other elsewhere in Africa. In Zambia, for example, smallholder trust funds such as tourism, water, and biodiversity. The farming of Jatropha has provided improved livelihoods proposed BTF will have a mandate to extend financial through improved lighting, cooking, and small-scale resources to institutions—such as the Agricultural electricity generation. The expanded NBSC will constitute Finance Corporation (AFC) and microenterprise finance a critical pool of stakeholders who can steer biofuel agencies—that have long experience and infrastructure strategy formulation and technology transfer processes. countrywide in accessing credit in a competitive manner to Undoubtedly, the visit will also help prepare the NBSC farmers and other stakeholders. The trust fund should be team to effectively address the opportunities and challenges established to provide seed and venture capital to upcoming as well as providing business information to off-shore biofuel enterprises, development of business models, investors who can partner with locals financing options for household energy development and consumption, as well as support for training, research and 3.3.5: Cost –benefit analysis development, and formulation of an enabling policy and There is an urgent need to undertake a cost-benefit analysis legislation. BTF funds can be augmented with carbon based on proven business models of Jatropha in order to credits and additional support from the exchequer, Forest make the transition from pilot establishment of Jatropha Conservation Fund (FCF) and other development to commercial levels within a competitive market niche. It partners, Constituency Development Fund (CDF), Local is therefore incumbent upon KEFRI/KARI/KIRDI and Authority Trust Fund (LATF), and the Youth Enterprise the universities to support the case of potential benefits Fund, among others. The process to establish the BTF of Jatropha with empirical data on silvicultural/agronomic should be implemented alongside that of formulating the management regimes, oil content, yield, inputs, pricing biofuel strategy and action plan. To secure a sustainable forecasting, enterprise business models, gross margin supply of Jatropha feedstock, production could be based on analysis (including benefits from carbon sequestration), fuel (a) nuclear estates with outgrower schemes, or (b) on one 22 Viability of Jatropha as a Biofuel Feedstock and its Potential Contribution to Kenya’s Biofuel Strategy switching, and natural resource management at every stage food production. Some commercial trials are needed to from production to the pre-blending stage. enhance the confidence of venture enterprises regarding the viability of Jatropha across the value chain. Some of the 3.3.6: Research and participatory technology land-use related risks include: development Research is needed to select high-oil-yielding provenances • Mismanagement of common resources, including and varieties for the various agroecosystems and regions forests on land set aside for Jatropha; and the best mass production techniques. Some of the • Lack of favorable credit facilities; and critical research priorities identified include systematic • Unsustainable management of natural resources collection of Jatropha germplasm from the center of origin, in the dryland areas due to expansion of crop/tree as well as identification of provenances with desirable farming in vulnerable ecosystems in the marginal characteristics according to use through characterization areas, such as land clearing for food production, and evaluation for drought resistance, desired growth charcoal production for cash income, and recurring habits, seed yield, oil content, nontoxicity (for fodder), or droughts that render the environment vulnerable to high toxic content (for pesticides). degradation by livestock and other land uses. 3.3.7: Fears and challenges In addition, the process of capacity building (training, It is important to undertake a social and environmental awareness creating) for participatory forest management impact assessment to gauge Jatropha’s acceptability to in local authorities and other categories of forests can be communities, particularly pastoralists, due to alleged fears a complicated and time-consuming exercise. For example, of invasiveness and poisoning of livestock. This is especially putting an enabling environment (strategies guidelines, necessary because of the recent experiences with Prosopis and institutional framework) in place and implementing juliflora (“mathenge�), which will undoubtedly influence participatory forest management may prove to be a much public acceptance of any large-scale introduction of slower process than anticipated. Jatropha and other biofuel crops in ASALs. It is important to address these fears through enhanced public awareness 3.4: Development strategies and interventions and community training to avoid negative lobbying It is important to develop silvicultural and agronomic and advocacy. These risks are minimal in the Southern models for Jatropha/vanilla enterprises for the various Rangelands, the Coast, and western Kenya areas, where agroecological zones. The Jatropha/vanilla option is the communities are more agrarian and generally more particularly feasible in the Coast province, southern receptive to land use changes. rangelands and western Kenya. Judging by experience with other agricultural commodities, 3.5: Establishing a Biodiesel Standards, Quality, and the pioneers normally reap maximum rewards. However, Certification Laboratory when supply expands much more rapidly than demand, The proposed laboratory and training center will be used prices get depressed. Care must therefore be taken that for establishing standards for biofuels. It will include small-scale farmers who take up Jatropha do not entirely training, certification, and quality control systems; replace all the other enterprises, especially those linked to 23 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya determining the industrial uptake of biofuels; promoting can play a major role. The commercialization aspect has to their use; and establishing a marketing and distribution be speeded up. We can learn from mistakes from existing system. This is in addition to coordinating relevant projects. Pilot projects should now be running on Jatropha. demand-oriented silvicultural and agronomic research to raise the yields of biofuel crops and domesticate them in Comment: KFS: Expectations for this workshop are to new areas. have farmers describe their experiences, challenges, and expectations on Jatropha farming. 3.6: Questions/Answers/Comments Comment: Sensitization of farmers on Jatropha—on Question: Is there a possibility of supporting farmers matters of planting, tending, and harvesting—should be financially? done before introducing it. Challenges and risks should This can be done through the established community-based be explained to them so that any experiences are not a financing mechanism, or through the proposed Forest surprise. Conservation and Management Fund. The study also Comment: Follow-up on farmers who have agreed to plant recommends the establishment of a Biofuel Development Jatropha should be done on time. Fund. There are other pathways—like the NRM, WKCDD/FM, and ALRMP, the youth development fund, Comment: The strategy for the production of Jatropha the Women’s Fund, and other community-based financial should be in line with Vision 2030. institutions—that could also provide financial support. Question: What would a farmer in Kilifi sell his seeds Question: What CDM opportunities are there for refining from Jatropha and what are the market rates? biodiesel for automotive use? Answer: The price of seed varies from Ksh 10 to 1000 per Question: What policies is the government putting in kg depending on the source. This needs to be streamlined. place to ensure feedstock is pressed to biodiesel for export? Comments: To bridge the gap between production and Question: How will the refined Jatropha oil reach the processing, the private sector needs to be willing to invest customer at the market and at what price? in Jatropha activities and must have sufficient information to guarantee a good return. The private sector should also Comment: (i) There is a need for applied research be willing to partner with research institutions on the focusing on community-level processing technologies Jatropha value chain. This is because national research that are simple, reliable, and efficient. (ii) Development priorities may be quite different from the biodiesel agenda. and demonstration of processing technologies that The issue of high investments for Jatropha to have viable are affordable and sustainable by rural communities projects is a hindrance to the private sector. Industries like are necessary. Inclusion of strong industrial research/ Bamburi, Magadi Soda, and others. There must be other commercialization for both Jatropha and CDM projects investments outside biodiesel production. are necessary. KIRDI and the biofuels steering committee 24 Best Practices for Jatropha Feedstock Production Question: KenGen seems to be the driver in Jatropha • Dependence and supply security risks production in Kenya. Is it part of their growth strategy? • Climate change How can other players in the petroleum sector be involved? Some countries have introduced certain deliberate economic policies to stimulate this demand. Some of these Answer/Comment: KenGen is not the driver of biofuel include: activities in the country currently, but holds a lot of potential in stimulating demand for Jatropha oil. In any • European Union: 10 percent biofuels by 2020 and case, for a business enterprise like KenGen due diligence 20 percent CO2 emission reductions based on 1990 is required on the viability of Jatropha and other biofuel level sources in order to inform investors. • China: 20 percent biofuels by 2020 (statement Ministry of Finance) Question: Will Jatropha compete with Eucalyptus? Do you • India: 20 percent biodiesel blend by 2012 (National think we risk farmers’ frustration/fatigue after their poor Commission on biofuels) experience with eucalypts? • South Africa: 4.5 percent biofuels by 2013 (draft biofuel industrial policy). Comment: These are issues that need to be addressed • USA: 30 percent of the 2004 gasoline demand for during the formulation of the biofuel strategy. New vehicles to be met by biofuels by 2030. opportunities have their down side, which require due However, the biofuel sector, especially in developing diligence and caution. Jatropha can be economically viable countries, operates under the following risks: if the costs are low and site conditions are suitable. If undertaken by small-scale farmers, it is important to think • Competition with food production, therefore beyond fuel and look at other potential cottage industries possibility of a rise in food prices (soap and candle making, fertilizer, press cake, electricity • Land availability, possibility of a rise in land prices. generation, and environmental benefits). • Ecological footprints (CO2 balance, water balance, biodiversity loss) • Assurance of prosperity and social well-being of 4.0: Best Practices for Jatropha Feedstock farmers. Production: Carbon Finance and Related Options in Kenya: Results From a Pre-Feasibility Study by 4.1.2: Environmental benefits of Jatropha fuel Dr. Jochen Statz (UNIQUE Forests Consultant) Its vegetable origin makes it a renewable energy feedstock 4.1: Tapping Carbon Finance options: source. Jatropha oil burns with a clear smokeless flame. The fuel is free from sulfur and releases less particles; it is not 4.1.1: Global lessons poisonous and is biodegradable at 98 percent in 3 weeks. There is a huge worldwide biofuel demand. The key drivers Additionally, the fuel meets the European biofuel standard, of this demand include: INTO 14214. • Surge in fossil fuel prices 25 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 4.1.3: Jatropha curcas—some facts • Seedlings yield seeds in the first year after planting; The following are some facts about propagation and within five years, the typical annual yield reaches 3.5 management of Jatropha: kg. of beans. • Jatropha trees are productive for up to 30-40 years. 4.1.3.1: Cultivation: • One hectare of Jatropha plantation yields 25,000 • Soil: Requires low fertility soils ( Jatropha prefers rupees / year (around £300) in India (One Indian alkaline site conditions) rupee is approximately equal to Ksh. 170). • Optional: Fertilizer with small amounts of magnesium, sulfur, and calcium 4.1.3.3: Biodiesel production • Intercropping: Intercropping is possible with Jatropha oil can be used as a kerosene substitute for heating many cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits, and and lamps. The oil pressed from 4kg of seeds is needed to vegetables. Jatropha offers protection against make one liter of biodiesel. Press cake (seedcake) is left livestock. It needs at least 600mm of rain annually after the oil is pressed from the seeds. It can be composted to thrive; however, it can survive three years of and used as a high grade nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer drought by dropping its leaves. Jatropha is thus (green manure). The remaining oil can be used to make excellent at preventing soil erosion as the leaves it skin friendly soap. drops act as a wonderful soil enriching mulch. The cost of 2,500 Jatropha saplings (enough for one Biodiesel costs around 16 to 20p per liter to grow and ha.) in Pakistan is around British Sterling £125 or refine in India. Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel just 12.5p each. The cost of 1kg. of Jatropha seeds refinement, can be sold in India for around 45 to 70p/kg. in India is 6 Rupees (equivalent to approximately One metric ton of seedcake (the leftovers after pressing) £0.07). fetches around $100 (£55). The landed cost of 1 ton of • Spacing: The recommended spacing is 2x2m, Jatropha oil to Northern Europe is between $348 and $500 2,200 to 2,500 trees/ha, or 1,000 per acre. for oil contents of 29 percent to 40 percent (£180 to £260). However, one expects a 20 percent mortality rate Refining Jatropha oil into biodiesel costs less than $125 per acre. (£65)/t. When filtered, Jatropha oil can be used in many • Jobs created: one job for each 4 hectares of diesel vehicles with only small modifications to the engine. Jatropha plantation. 4.1.3.4: Yield of Jatropha 4.1.3.2: Yields and returns: Research in varied parts of the world show encouraging • One hectare can be expected to yield around 7–10 yields for Jatropha. Thailand experienced 2.1 tons per tons of seed per year (equivalent to 2.2 to 2.7 tons hectare per year and India 1.7 tons per hectare when the of oil). plants reached 3 years. Mali has had 2.6 tons per hectare, while Paraguay (when the plants reached 9 years) has had 26 Best Practices for Jatropha Feedstock Production 4.0 tons per hectare. Nicaragua yielded 5.0 tons per hectare 4.2.1.1: Methodological issues and challenges per year. Calculations indicate that LULUCF projects would not be feasible in the absence of CDM. 4.2: Options for Jatropha CDM activities in Kenya – National Options 4.2.1.2: More methodological issues and challenges CDM is a mechanism whereby a party from an Pitfalls: industrialized country may purchase emission reductions which arise from projects located in developing countries. • Double counting: Who gets credits and who is The carbon credits are termed certified emission reductions included in project boundary? Both producers and (CERs) expressed in tons of CO2 equivalent to generate consumers have to be included. CERs. A project must undergo a rigorous process of documentation and approval involving a variety of national Fig 1: Project return with or without CDM revenue and international stakeholders. CERs can then be sold to the carbon market (emission trading schemes as part of a cap-and-trade system). IRR hurdle rate CDM cash 4.2.1: Key methodology issues for LULUCF (Land Use ow and Land-Use Change in Forestry) projects Gap between project return and IRR CO2 agricultural sequestration projects are only eligible hurdle rate under current Kyoto rules if they transform a nonforest into a forest (Kenya’s draft CDM forest definition puts the minimum of 30 percent canopy cover, 2 m. tree height and Project return Project return without CDM with CDM 0.1 hectares area.) revenue revenue The first choice is always to adopt an approved CDM • Pre-project activities: What would the feedstock methodology, but also new methodologies can be proposed plantations replace? Not forest, and not agricultural (currently six approved methodologies available) land earmarked for food production. • Edible vs. non-edible: Biofuel production vs. food Carbon credits from agricultural activities that are not production. Use approved CDM methodologies as eligible can be traded on the voluntary market and national developing them is costly! representatives can influence negotiations for inclusion in a Bear in mind the Kenya draft CDM forest definition of 30 post- Kyoto 2012 regime. percent crown cover, 2 m. tree height and 0.1 ha minimum Carbon credits can be only claimed for activities that are size. additional and justification has to be provided. 27 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya Also only one biodiesel methodology for using waste Table 2: Jatropha biodiesel pilot production cooking oil as feedstock (AM 45, China) is approved by Plantation size 25,000 ha the Executive Board (EB). Annual biodiesel production 70,000 tons Table 1: Parties involved in CDM projects Annual electricity output 150 GWh/year Party Role Annual emissions reduction 170,000 t CO2 Project proponent Aggregates areas and carbon Annual revenues (at US$ 4/CER) $700,000 credits; enters legal agreement with carbon fund 4.2.2: Jatropha CDM potential Carbon Fund Buys carbon credits at market price (the higher the input and delivery Suited for both fuel switching and afforestation schemes risk, the lower the price) GHG mitigation potential: 1-12t CO2e/ha/yr (fuel) or Extension service provider Ensures high adoption rate of new management activities to generate 2.5-5.0t CO2e/ha/yr (AF) carbon credits Research and monitoring Investigates high-potential Eligible projects: support carbon project activities, develops efficient monitoring methodologies and extension • The biofuel crop must grow to between 2m (at 30 technologies percent canopy cover and minimum of 0.1 ha) Project sponsor Supports project proponent to • Must be on land not deforested since 1990 overcome project development and implementation barriers • tCER potential: approximately 15 tCERs per ha/year Government agencies Provides enabling environment could be significant income stream. because land tenure on public land, requires government approval 4.2.2.1: Methodological option for Jatropha project A possible approach is combining Approved Method (AM) 42 (Biomass plantations for energy) with AM 4.2.1.3: Jatropha feedstock production scheme 45 (waste cooking oil based biodiesel). These are project Production units are 25,000 ha plantations. Each activities that reduce emissions through the production, production unit includes: (i) two nurseries of 10 ha, sale, and consumption of blends of petrodiesel with equivalent to 10 plantation modules of 2,500 ha each; (ii) biodiesel. one crushing unit (processing 60,000 tons of seeds from 25,000 ha); (iii) two oil extraction units @ $4 million; PIN 1: Jatropha GHG sequestration afforestation (AF) estimated total investment (including plantations) of $50 project million. Rationale and potential • Idea: planting Jatropha on land that was not previously forested, resulting in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. 28 Best Practices for Jatropha Feedstock Production • Afforestation of land under communal management Table 4: Combined SWOT for both Jatropha-PINs in the Tana River Basin Strengths: Weaknesses: • However: KenGen should start with pilot plantations • tCER potential is • Minimum size required is something in region of 25,000ha. on its own land 15 tCERs per ha/year • Decentralized production (assumed price: US$ 4/ of feedstock vs. • Taking advantage of the soil conservation properties tCO2) centralized processing of Jatropha • The plant is robust • Large aggregators and has positive with limited Jathropha • Location: taking into account the layout of the environmental experience national power grid properties. • Initial investment capital • Experience of KenGen required • Alternatively: providing the feedstock for with CDM. • CER-premium on IRR of decentralized energy generation • IRR of 8–15 percent. only 0.5–3.5 percent. • GWP/Emissions factor: max. 1.0 Opportunities: Threats: • Impact on IRR at US$4/tCO2e: 3 to 7 percent. • Existing and • Cooperation of farmers is documented knowledge crucial; how about their on Jatropha cultivation opportunity costs for • Water resources user land use? PIN 2: Jatropha fuel switching associations provide • A very modest stock of a good organizational country-specific Jatropha Rationale and potential basis with the mandate experiences to generate additional • IRR benefit is small • Idea: mitigation of emissions through fossil fuel income • Volatile markets for CERs • Recognition of potential, switching to a renewable source of energy ( Jatropha) but few concrete policies • Single buyer for electricity output is KenGen • Hen and egg situation • Electricity output: approximately 150GWh/year • Issuing 15-year power purchase agreements to Carbon credits are a bulky commodity. Projects producing producers less than 25,000–50,0000 tCO2/year are not financially • Capital required: min. $50 million viable. Thus carbon finance must be an add-on component • GWP/Emissions factor: maximum of 1.0 to existing or planed project to minimize costs, e.g. internal • Impact on IRR at US$4/tCO2e: 0.5–3.5 percent. control system is used for organic certification and to monitor carbon sequestration. Project aggregation and PIN 1+2 will make a viable Jatropha CDM project. The institutional set-up are poorly reflected in the PIN formats, recommended institutional set-up is as shown in the table but will be key for efficient and cost-effective carbon below. finance projects in agriculture. Table 3: Organizations and institutions involved in Jatropha activities Type of organisation Potential partner Additional partners Project proponent KenGen Extension service provider/Aggregator Kenya Forest Service KTDA, VIAgroforestry, Catholic Relief Service, DEG Research/ monitoring support KEFRI Extension agencies, NGOs Project sponsor KenGen Bio-Carbon Fund, Japanese Forest Development Fund Government agencies KFS, KEFRI MOE,MENR &MOA 29 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 4.3: Questions/Answers/Comments 5.1: Investment opportunities in KenGen Comments: Advantages of using biofuel include: • Yield variations per hectare are not uniform and have • Global reduction of GHG emissions no correlation with locations. • Reduction of location pollution • A Kenya model should be developed for the CDM. • Save on foreign exchange • The issue of economies of scale is a hindrance to • Employment opportunities and economic small-scale farmers to benefit from carbon credits empowerment of farmers • Economic development of the country • Not subject to price fluctuation like crude oil Question: Does production of biofuel pollutants from Jatropha have any effect on the environment? Further opportunities for KenGen include: Answer: There is a need to maintain due diligence through • Catchment conservation through Jatropha cultivation environmental impact assessments (EIA) and audits. In any • Reduction in emissions from our thermal plants due case, the EMCA makes it a requirement. to blending Question: Are there opportunities to renegotiate carbon • Reduction in fuel costs credits? • Possibility of biodiesel plant/both grid-connected and isolated There are guidelines on this one through the biocarbon financing mechanism. Challenges likely to face biodiesel development include: Question: 25,000 hectares requirement eliminates small- • Market risks scale farmers unless you organize them into cooperatives. • To keep processing plants running efficiently there is How feasible is this? How long will it take us to get there? need to have sufficient and reliable quantities • Storage life of biodiesel? Answer: Right now the issue is complex but it will be looked into. Conclusion There are opportunities for the development of biofuels. KenGen is committed to developing more clean energy, environmentally sustainable projects, and R & D in the 5.0: Investment Opportunities in Sustaining energy sector, as well as other projects that will enhance Demand and Supply of Jatropha feedstock by Eng. cost competitiveness. Pius Kollikho (Corporate Planning Officer, KenGen) There is a need for a project appraisal and a comprehensive feasibility study to rank the project alongside other projects. 30 Investment Opportunities 5.2: Best Practices and Carbon Finance by KenGen Conclusion It is important to get the process correct since best practice Carbon credits from: will lead to value addition to farmers, the energy industry, and the economy. Furthermore, there will be extra revenue • CERs: Sequestration in biofuel trees ( Jatropha)— from carbon finance. planted areas must be originally degraded • CERs: fuel switching to biodiesel and additional Caution: biomass energy Farmers should not sacrifice food crops for biofuels but find a way of supplementing both. Investments There are investment opportunities in: 5.3: Question/Answer/Comments Question: What are the policy guidelines in energy • Plantations—economy of scale production? • Processing plants • Infrastructure to transport raw materials to Answer: Proper appraisal and feasibility studies are needed. generation plants. Power purchase agreements should be signed with KPLC and the tariffs set by the Electricity Regulatory Board. The generation sector also is liberalized. Risks • Market risk Question: What is the amount of diesel used in KenGen • Biofuel feedstock constraints—to keep processing per month and if blended with for example 1-2 percent plants running efficiently, there is a need to have biofuels and what would this translate to in terms of sufficient and reliable quantities money? • Price risks. Answer: KenGen spends around 2 billion annually on diesel for electricity production; savings can be worked out Farmers must be assured of a market for crops and good from these estimates. prices. Comments Pollution from biofuel processing operations • There is a need to know the location of power plants • It is important to understand chemistry of as we plant Jatropha for ease of transporting the wastewater, especially biological oxygen demand feedstock to the factories. (BOD) • KenGen has six CDM projects operating currently. • Disposal of wastewater should be done in an • There is a lot of potential in spending on alternative environmentally sound manner energy sources so as to save on foreign exchange. 31 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya 6.0: Exhibitions by NGOs to be political. It is therefore important to get the political leadership engaged and if possible identify During the workshop, there were exhibitions running political champion(s) to help in the push. over the tea and lunch breaks. These were done by two • There are several promising experiences in sub- organizations: Green Africa Foundation (GAF) and Saharan Africa that can be useful to Kenya. In Mali, Vanilla-Jatropha Development Foundation (VDF), the Mali Folkecenter (MFC) have been working who work with farmers in rural communities. The main for the last 8 years on the development of Jatropha exhibitions included (a) publications and a clinic on biofuel for powering Malian villages with significant ongoing activities; (b) video shows of the field activities success. Today they have implemented more than and various trials in the field; and (c) farmer interviews and 200 hectares of Jatropha plantation with selected some Jatropha oil in use (oil lamps, soap). varieties that provide fruits/seeds in 8 months. MFC has also converted two of their pick-up trucks to run on pure Jatropha oil (with help from Elsbett GmBH, a German engine conversion company). This year MFC is going to support more than 1,000 7.0: Way Forward and Action Planning hectares of Jatropha in partnership with villages to power a generator of 375 KW, which is enough to 7.1: Remarks by Enos Esikuri, Senior Environmental supply villages of 9,000 inhabitants in South Mali in Specialist, World Bank cooperation with a Malian private company. Mr. Enos Esikuri made the following observations: • The need for South-South technology transfer. For the past two years, MFC has also been working on • Biofuels the world over present both challenges and South-South transfer of technology and knowhow opportunities that need to be addressed in order on Jatropha biofuels in other African countries. For to achieve the intended objectives in a sustainable example, they are providing technical support on manner. This workshop is thus intended to clearly Jatropha projects in Tanzania, Benin, Burkina Faso, show the opportunities and challenges presented by Senegal, and Algeria. MFC has also developed renewable energy such as that from Jatropha. Some a variety of systems for rural electrification with observations: Jatropha systems from 1 KW to 500 KW. The • Policy/political championing. Production of biofuels current technologies adopted at MFC can easily has to be part of the operating national energy be replicated in Kenya as part of the South-South strategies. The introduction of renewable energy technology transfer process. (especially biofuels) is foremost a policy/political • Biofuels and climate change. There is a need (i.e., it goes beyond expounded policy, and must have to ensure synergies with adaptation to climate political champions) decision (of course backed by variability and change. In response to the 2005 some economics/environmental considerations). But Gleneagles Group of Eight (G8) Summit, the the driving factor has mainly been and continues World Bank Group has prepared the Clean Energy 32 Way Forward and Action Planning Investment Framework. This addresses clean energy 2. Economic viability; for development, the development of a low carbon 3. Ecological aspects/costs—this is also vital to economy, and adaptation to climate change. The ensure that production of biofuels does not in framework offers opportunities to marshal new itself become a pressure on natural resources and more resources toward biofuels, forestry, and (some signs with palm oil and forestry in land management activities that support the larger Indonesia); development agenda. 4. More importantly, costs of introducing such • The need for partnerships, especially private-public energy crops versus the costs of NOT partnerships (PPPs). Partnerships are crucial for introducing these crops—for example, the success of biofuel activities. Such partnerships a scenario elucidation of WITH and/or should include the communities, government, donors, WITHOUT such renewable energy crops, private sector, etc. It would thus be important to as well as what the trajectory would look like create and or strengthen the enabling environment at the local, national, and even international for such partnerships, especially PPPs. levels; • Economic viability. Jatropha for production of 5. Jatropha biofuels production for export or local biofuel can be economically viable if (a) the costs use? This question needs to be addressed are low, site conditions are suitable, and appropriate since it has various implications (for example, varieties are used; (b) it is done via small-scale if most raw feedstock is exported then local farmers, which would also help enhance the activities could be hindered). livelihoods of poorer farmers; (c) activities think 6. Another issue to consider is that the biofuel beyond biofuel and look at potential cottage technology could be replaced by other sources industries around the feedstock (soap making, such as hydrogen in another 25 years or so, so fertilizer, etc). there is a need to ensure we are in step with • Need for caution when introducing renewable the latest R&D. energy crops. It is important to remember that these renewables are not always cost-effective under 7.2: Discussions on the way forward marginal conditions and can be a problem if they A panel under the Chairmanship of Isaac Kalua are replacing other crops in more arable areas. More discussed the way forward and arrived at the following importantly, one must consider the potential negative recommendations: ecological aspects, especially if irrigation is used in water-scarce arid/semi-arid areas. Equipment. There is a need to focus on target beneficiaries; • Due diligence: Prior to the introduction of Jatropha development of simple machines for extraction of oils and other similar biofuel sources, a thorough viability would be useful to local communities. assessment is crucial to inform investments. One could consider: Resource Center. A biofuel resource center for information 1. Cost-efficiencies at small/large scales; exchange and technology transfer and information needs 33 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya to be established as a one-stop shop for biofuels in the • Learn from past mistakes with macadamia, country. eucalyptus and Prosopis “mathenge.� • Separate pro-poor and transport-based investments. Seed Quality and supply. To enhance quality control, • Concentrate first on the local market before we focus there should be methods of assessing Jathropha seeds in a on the world market. systematic way. There is a need for outlets to disseminate • Evaluate the risk due to overproduction that can lead seeds to farmers. to farmer’s frustration, as has happened before. • Address the risks and potential dangers arising from Partnership. There is need to have strategies, structures, pests and diseases. and processes to start utilization of Jatropha. KIRDI is • Understand pricing issues related to feedstock and funding a project on biodiesel but there is a missing link across the value chain. to industrial commercialization research that should be • Undertake feasibility of commercialization of cash included. There is a need for an organization such as crops such as sunflower, coffee. KPCU with a commercial dimension to drive the process. • Focus on local utilization of Jatropha for effective Additionally, a clear stakeholder analysis is necessary. We production of feedstock. also need to undertake a value chain mapping exercise. Technology Gaps, Training, and Capacity Building. Future Information gaps exist, hence necessitating research • Jatropha offers the opportunity to link current through involvement of the private sector in research initiatives to Vision 2030 (“Big is good, small is activities. There is a need to: beautiful�). • Capacity building of farmers is crucial and municipal • Formulate and authenticate information based on waste utilization for biofuels production can be of agroecological zones (database updated on a regular great use in the energy sector. basis) • Gender issues need to be put in perspective; the • Address the gaps in technology through research and participation of women in this initiative is necessary. development • Raise the awareness of farmers on the potential of Jatropha 7.3: Closing Remarks by Representative of the Director • Develop Jatropha biodiesel standards in collaboration of Renewable Energy, MoE. with the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS). The remarks were made by Mrs. Faith Odongo on behalf of the Ag. Director Renewable Energy. She noted that Caution: the day was full of fruitful deliberations and that the It is necessary to: policy framework and institutional framework are already in place for promotion of biofuels and Jatropha. She • Appreciate that farmers are fatigued due to investing further observed that there is willingness on the part of in uncertain enterprises. the participants and stakeholders to upscale the issues 34 Way Forward and Action Planning discussed and noted that there are gaps in the scientific She concluded by thanking the consultant, the various base/knowledge that need to be filled. partners, donors, presenters, session chairs, exhibitors, and participants for their contribution to make the workshop a It is urgent that restructuring and coordination of Jatropha success. biofuels activities be addressed. This should take account of the available information and put them in the best use. As a tribute to the workshop, Green Africa Foundation A database needs to be compiled and regularly updated on invited each participant to plant ten (10) Jatropha trees. biofuels to identify different organizations and institutions This will be a total of eight hundred trees on a site in Kitui. working on biofuels and their activities. The date of the event will be communicated later. 35 Appendix A: Workshop Program Time Presentation Responsibility Chairperson Rapporteur 8.30-9.00am Registration Dryland Forestry Program Alfred Gichu (AG) 9.00-9.30am Welcome address and PS, Ministry of Environment and Anthony Maina AG Official Opening Natural Resources (AM) KFS 9.30-9.45am Workshop Objectives Robinson Ng’ethe, Consultant 9.45-10.00am Overview of the biofuels sub PS, Ministry of Energy AM AG sector KFS 10.00-10.30am Overview of the Opportunities for Director, Kenya Forestry Service AM AG Biofuels in the Forestry Sector 10.30-11.00am Tea Break and clinics by Green Africa. 11.00- Overview of Jatropha activities Robinson Ng’ethe, Consultant AM Meshack Muga 12.00pm and biofuel strategy and action (MM) planning 1.00-2.00pm LUNCH BREAK and clinics by Green Africa Foundation 2.00-2.20.pm Investment Opportunities in Pius Kollikho, Lorna Umuodo (LU) MM sustaining demand and supply of Corporate Planning-KenGen Jatropha feedstock 2.20-3.00pm Best practices for Jatropha Tim- Unique Forests LU MM feedstock Production: An overview of worldwide activities 36 Time Presentation Responsibility Chairperson Rapporteur 3.00-3.30Pm Carbon-finance-related options for Jochen–Unique Forests LU MM Jatropha feedstock production and energy projects in Kenya: Results from a pre- feasibility study 3.30-4.00pm Discussion on best practices and Pius Kollikho, LU MM carbon finance KenGen 4.00-4.30 TEA BREAK Clinics by green Africa and VDF 4.30-5.30pm Way Forward and Action Planning All with Panel Discussions Lorna, Ng’ethe, Yuko, AG Gichu, Enos Esikuri, Kengen 5.00-5.20pm Some observations and remarks World Bank, Kenya Isaac Kalua AG Finnish Embassy VDF, GAF 5.20-5.40pm Closing Remarks Director of Renewable Energy, Isaac Kalua MM MoE 5.40pm Departure after Vote of thanks Dr. AG Nyamai. 37 Appendix B: List of Participants No. Name Institution Contact Address Tel. No. Email address 1. Prof. James Ole Kiyiapi MENR Box 30126, Nairobi 2 D.K. Mbugua Kenya Forest Box 30513 Nairobi 0722-680223 ccf@wananchi.com Service 3. Jochen Statz UNIQUE Forestry jochen.statz@uniqueforst.de consultants 4. C.O. Onyango MoE Box 737, Kitui 0733-881553 chrisalego@yahoo.com 5. Wamugunda B. Geteria Farm and Forestry Box 4470-00200 0722-892692 geteria2000@yahoo.com consultant Nairobi 6. Muga Meshack KEFRI Box 64636-00620 0722-237493 meshackmuga@ngara.org Nairobi 7. Robinson Ng’ethe Consultant Box 555340 0733-878305 robngethe02@yahoo.com Nairobi 8. Joseph M. Njigoya Kenya Forest Box 106 Kitui 0722-798894 njigoya2006@yahoo.com Service 9. Jukka Alander Embassy of Box 30379 0724-250679 jukka.alander@formin.fi Finland Nairobi 10. Alfred N. Gichu Kenya Forest Box 30513 0722-787403 alfredgichu@yahoo.com Service Nairobi 11. Bakari Mwaura J.E. MoE Box 421, Busia 0720-285083 bakarimwaura2@yahoo.com 12. Nellie M. Odour KEFRI Box 64636-00620 2011629 nellie.kefri@ngara.org Nairobi 13. John Kioli Green Africa Box 9164-00200 0722-722915 kioli@greenafricafoundation.org Foundation Nairobi 14. James Shephero SOCFINAF Box 10, Ruiru 0733-604595 jsheped@socfinaf.com 15. Isaac Mulagoli NALEP Box 30028, Nairobi 0733-859200 pc@nalep.co.ke 16. Reijo Hakanen Green Fuel (K) Ltd. Box 24562 Nairobi O721-353159 olereijo@yahoo.com 17. James Onchieku KEFRI - Products Box 64636-00620 0735-332174 jmonchieku@yahoo.com Nairobi 38 No. Name Institution Contact Address Tel. No. Email address 17. Faith Odongo MoE Box 30582 – 00100, 0721-738848 fahamala@yahoo.com Nairobi 18. Leonard Mutie VJDF, Kambu Box 47, Ngwata 0721-574686 Office 19. Joseph Mutungi VJDF, Kambu Box 30582 – 00100, 0721-530194 Nairobi 20. Esther Mwololo VJDF Farmer Box 30582 – 00100, 0722-919028 Nairobi 21. Isaac P. Kalua Green Africa Box 9164-00200 0724-264444 kalua@greenafricafoundation. Foundation Nairobi org 22. Nafasi Mfahaya KFS Box 30513-00100, 0724-547679 nuru46@yahoo.com Nairobi 23. Dr. Cyrus Githunguri KARI-Katumani Box 340, Machakos 0726-959592 cmgithunguri@yahoo.com 24. Collins Omondi Samima Farms Box 23010, Nairobi 0720-760736 25. Mugi Mwangi Samima Farms Box 47687-00100 0722-724830 mugi_2000@yahoo.com Nairobi 26. Henry Kamau VBD Automotive Box 53785, Nairobi 4765277 henry.kamau@vbda Technologies 27. Jane M. Kioko KFS Box 2, Embu 0722-254364 mbenyaj@yahoo.com 28. John Mungai MOE Box 92, Bukura 0733-387197 29. Philip T. Karuri PSDA Box 41607, Nairobi 0722-897091 pkaruri@gtzpsda.co.ke 30. Jane N. Ndeti KFS - ISFP Box 30513-00100, 0722-654992 ndeti@hotmail.com Nairobi 31. Patrick M. Kariuki KFS-ISFP Box 30513-00100, 0722-801309 pmkariuki@yahoo.com Nairobi 32. Pius Kollikho KenGen Box 47936-00100 020-3666421 pkollikho@kengen.co.ke Nairobi 33. Jenniffer Ngige KFS Box 30513-00100, ccf@wananchi.com Nairobi 39 Proceedings of the Stakeholders Workshop on Jatropha/Biofuels — Panafric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya No. Name Institution Contact Address Tel. No. Email address 34. Monica Kalenda KFS Box 30513-00100, monicakaleda@yahoo.com Nairobi 35. Fiona Mwaniki Tree Bitechnology Box 64159, Nairobi fionamwa@yahoo.com Programme 36. J.R. Chomba KFS Box 210, Chuka 37. P.F.K. Kibet KARI Box 57811, Nairobi 38. F.K. Kariuki KFS, Kilifi Box 247, Kilifi forestkilifi@yahoo.com 39. Myra Mukulu GTZ Box 41607-00100 myra.mukulu@gtzieap.org Nairobi 40. Rukiya Bakari VDF vdf@yahoo.com 41. Rutto C. Dorothy Standard Group dorothyruto@yahoo.co.uk 42. Emily Awori Green Africa Box 9164-00200 awori@greenafricafoundation. Foundation Nairobi org 43. Stephen Mutimba ESDA Box 76406-00508 smutimba@esda.co.uk 44. William Mucheke Green Africa Box 9164-00200 mucheke@ Foundation Nairobi greenafricafoundation.org 45. Joy A. Mboya VDF Box 78164-00507 joylennax2003@yahoo.com 46. Emma Adhiambo VDF Box 78164-00507 emmalilizz@yahoo.com 47. Enos Esikuri World Bank eesikuri@worldbank.org 48. Michael Makokha FAO Box 30470, Nairobi michael.makokha@fao.org 49. Gichuki Muchiri COPSO gichukimuchiri@yahoo.com 50. Anthony M. Maina KFS Box 30513, Nairobi mainaan2000@yahoo.com 51. Frijof Boerstler UNDP Box 10042, Nairobi Frijof.boestler@undp.org 52. Ben Wandago IUCN ben.wandago@iucn.org 53. Evans Kituyi University of Box 30197, Nairobi ekituyi@uonbi.ac.ke Nairobi 54. Christine Keter Kiss FM xtineket2000@yahoo.com 55. Oscar Mbala VDF/OJEY Box 70204, Nairobi oscarombala@yahoo.com 56. Josephine Ngaamba Green Africa Box 66005-00800 Nairobi 57. George Oyuga KIRDI Box 30650, Nairobi oyuga_george@yahoo.com 58. Dr. Moses Makayoto KIRDI Box 30650, Nairobi makayotomose@yahoo.com 59. Albert Chagema YECO Box 41402, Nairobi algemaui@yahoo.com 60. Jennifer Gache KenGen Box 47936-00100, jgache@kengen.co.ke Nairobi 61. Winnie Gichogoh KFS Box 30513, Nairobi winniegichogo@yahoo.com 62. Njeri S. Kahiu JKUAT energy@wananchi.com 40 List of Participants No. Name Institution Contact Address Tel. No. Email address 63. D.M. Maangi MENR Box 30126, Nairobi danmaangi@yahoo.com 64. Magaret Njeri MENR Box 30126, Nairobi majjie62@yahoo.com 65. Josephat Chelule MENR Box 30126, Nairobi 66. Charles Oyugi MENR Box 30126, Nairobi 68. Moses Kinyamasyo GAF Box 39097, Nairobi 69. Sammy Mwangi GAF Box 39097, Nairobi 70. June Awuor GAF Box 39097, Nairobi 71. Dr. Hancox W. Jaoko KIRDI Box 4774-00100, Nairobi hansjaoko@yahoo.com 72. Peter M. Muli TARDA Box 47309-00100, Nairobi 73. Dr. Samuel Muigai KAPP 0722-969484 sgmuigai@kari.org 74. David Mwangi European Union 0724-587088 75. Gregory M. Munyao Ministry of Trade & 0722-749770 Gmunyao2000@yahoo.com Industry 76. Christine Cornelius World Bank ccoornelius@worldbank.org 77. Anne Muli Mimea 0724-644301 annkitisya@yahoo.com International Ltd. 020-3540892 78. Kanini Michael EAK 0721-9962 22 kajose04@yahoo.com 79. Esther Alego SDO 0721-996222 estheralego@yahoo.com 81. Daniel Nyamai ICRAF/TOFNET 0722-726438 d.nyamai@cgiar.org 82. Daniel Muturi GAF 0733-881645 muturi@greenafricafoundation. org 83. Christopher N. AOP Box 64636-00620, O723-812865 manlo30@yahoo.com or Mutunga Nairobi cmutunga@gmail.com 41 THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org