RP775 v6 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Resettlement Project in Lalibela Town Vol VI Submitted by Submitted to: WUB Consult Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project-ESTDP Architectural & Development Planning P.O.Box 100953 Addis Ababa Consultant Tel.25115 509540; Fax: P.O.Box 19974, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia E-mail: moctestdp@yahoo.com Tel. E-mail: wubconsult@ethionet.et April 2011 Addis Ababa Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 2 of 26 Table of Contents List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Preface............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.0 Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela ................... 9 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Project Description and Justification ..................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Scope and objectives of the EIA study ............................................................................................ 9 1.3.1 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Objectives of the EIA ................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Methods of the study ............................................................................................................ 10 2.0 Environmental impacts of the resettlement project ................................................................................. 11 2.1 Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks ................................................................................... 11 3.0 Major Environmental Impacts at the Core Zone ..................................................................................... 12 4.0 Environmental impacts at the new resettlement area .............................................................................. 14 4.1 Project Description and Justification ................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Major Environmental Impacts ............................................................................................................. 15 4.2.1 The physical environment ............................................................................................................ 15 4.2.2 Surface water hydrology and quality ........................................................................................... 16 4.2.3 Biological Environment................................................................................................................. 16 4.2.4 Human and Social Environment ................................................................................................... 18 4.2.5 Physical infrastructures and utilities ............................................................................................ 20 4.2.6 Natural environment .................................................................................................................... 21 5.0 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures .................................................................. 21 5.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................................................................... 21 5.1.1 Soil and Erosion ............................................................................................................................ 21 Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 3 of 26 5.1.2 Hydrological conditions and water quality................................................................................... 22 5.1.3 Air Quality ..................................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 Human and Social Environment: Social Issues .................................................................................... 22 5.2.1 Change in way of life .................................................................................................................... 22 5.2.2 Impacts on women ....................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.3 Solid and Liquid waste Generation............................................................................................... 23 6.0 Mitigation Measures ......................................................................................................................... 23 7. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) .................................................................... 25 7.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................................... 25 7.2 Evaluation of resettlement project activities ...................................................................................... 25 References .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 4 of 26 List of Acronyms ANRS Amhara National Regional State BoCT Bureau of Culture and Tourism (Regional level) BoQ Bill of Quantities DLCA Debre Lalibela Churches Administration. EOTC Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church ESTDP Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project GOE Government of Ethiopia ESTDP-LSMU Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project-Lalibela Site Management Unit EIA Environmental Impact Assessment LMA Lalibela Municipal Administration MoCT Ministry of Culture and Tourism MSO Municipal Services Office PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty PA Peasant Administrations PAP Project Affected persons RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RPIU Resettlement Project Implementation Unit TNRS Tigray National Regional State VC Valuation Committee WB World Bank Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 5 of 26 Preface Resettlement projects displace persons from places where ones memories are deeply rooted. No amount of compensation and replacement of one artefact by another can wash away the myriads of valued relations to places and people. However, change is natural, human beings and their social relations are after all parts of nature. The resettlement project in Lalibela is a project which, in the view of those who came to be near the spiritual core of Lalibela, is displacement from their perpetual abode. Such hard feelings have made the study a soul searching one. It needed the participation of many people who believed the conservation of the historic and cultural heritage sites of Lalibela are beneficial not only to them but also to those residents who, deep in their heart, love the churches, the residents of the Core Zone. For WUB Consult staff this was a very challenging project; but finally to see would-be relocated persons contributing positively to the planning of the new resettlement sites is very encouraging. First and foremost, I would like to thank the staff of ESTDP in Lalibela as well in Addis Ababa who put unreserved efforts to keep the momentum of the RAP project. I would also like to thank the Lalibela Town administration officials for their contribution in organising public forums. The residents of the Core Zone in Adishade, Chifrgoch, Mikael Ghibi and Gebriel Sefer and farmers in Kurakur area deserve special mention for their trust in our work. I deeply share their concerns, frustrations and uncertainties surrounding resettlement projects. I sincerely hope the new settlement, with its improved layout, will compensate the loss in proximity to the churches by providing decent and honourable spaces in lieu of the crowded and privacy-less environs of the old Core Zone. 1 I would also like to thank the professional team of WUB Consult for their dedication to the project ideals and their understanding of the aspiration of the project affected persons while carrying out their professional duties. April 2011 Wubshet Berhanu (Dr.Ing) General Manager WUB Consult 1 Ato Assefa Hagos; Ato Abraham Workneh, Ato Elias Gashaw, Ato Dagnachew Adugna, Ato Yohannes Tadesse, Ato Amha Tigabu, and Ato Desalegn Berhanu and Ato Ezra Teshome participated in different capacities in the project. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 6 of 26 Executive summary The Government of Ethiopia has identified tourism as one of the key sectors for economic growth. The policy stresses the need to develop the historic and cultural sites in the country so as to make them productive sources of jobs, incomes, and economic growth. To this end, the Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Programme (ESTDP) is conceived in support of this objective and the various initiatives already taken by the Government of Ethiopia (GOE). As part of the development of a strategy for the tourism sector, a series of studies were planned to analyse the situation, identify key potentials in the sector, and to develop strategic integrated destination development plans (IDDP). A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) was first prepared to guide the development of resettlement issues that may arise as a result of the development of projects for historic and cultural sites. A series of actions were carried out as part of the tourism development strategy of the country. Some of the important initiatives taken by the GOE at national level include:  Upgrading the tourism portfolio from a Commission to a ministry level  Establishment of a public-private forum known as the National Tourism Council, which is to be replicated at regional level.  Commitment to rehabilitate the Tourism Training Institute  Upgrading transport facilities, such as roads and airports, especially in the Northern Historic Route  Adopting a tourism policy  Approaching and showing commitment to work with the World Bank (WB) to develop a strategy and implement an investment program for the tourism sector.  Conducting project studies and entering agreement with WB This document, Resettlement Action Plan for Lalibela, presents an overview of the socio-economic profile of persons affected by the ESTDP project, categories of persons according to entitlement for compensation, methods of property valuation, modalities for managing allocation of compensation, review of legal frameworks for resettlement project and other RAP components. This document is an action plan documenting overall resettlement actions while reports dealing with specific components provide details in separate volumes. The background documents which form part of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) are: 1. Vol.1: Resettlement Action Plan for Lalibela (this report) 2. Vol. 2: Socio-economic situation assessment of persons affected by tourism development projects in Lalibela 3. Vol.3 Property valuation of private properties in the Core Zone of Lalibela 4. Vol.4: Livelihood restoration plan for persons affected by tourism development projects in Lalibela 5. Vol.5: Neighbourhood and infrastructure designs for resettlement of persons from the Core Zone of Lalibela 6. Vol.6: Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela 7. Vol. 7: Appendices of Evidences for the RAP studies of Lalibela Volume One deals with the resettlement action plan proper (this report) where the major issues of the resettlement project are assessed (legal, social, administrative, and financial), project activities including Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 7 of 26 their costs and time frame is provided; implementing institutions are identified and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation are suggested. Volume Two assesses the socio-economic situation of households in the Core Zone (Adishade, Chifrgoch, Gebriel Sefer, and Mikael ghibi) and the host community in Kurakur area. The residents of the Core Zone live in very crowded localities. However, they have built social ties over long years of living in the localities. The socio-economic survey revealed that the majority of households are women-headed. Out of a total of 2025 residents in the Core Zone, about 44% of the residents in Adishade and Chifrgoch live in kebele houses. The overwhelming majority of residents are Orthodox Christians; a quarter of the residents are below 14 years of age and less than 10% are 65 years and above. There are people with disability of different kinds (1.5%) who need special support during the relocation. The unemployed, the elderly and women are the vulnerable groups identified by the study. Volume Three presents the methods of property valuation, the eligibility criteria, and challenges of the task. All houses in the Core Zone were measured, their specifications and bill of quantities prepared based on the unit rate provided by the Zone administration. The measurement was verified to be correct by property owners and the Resettlement Committee. The estimated cost of compensation for private house owners in the three Core Zone localities is about thirty five million Birr (about USD 2,187,850).The compensation for loss of farmland is estimated to be about five million Birr (about USD 312,500). Volume Four dealt with livelihood restoration plan for relocated households. Based on the socio-economic situation assessment reported in Vol.2, possible engagement areas of beneficiaries were identified, and possible businesses were identified based on the capacity of the local economy of Lalibela Town. A total of about Birr 16 million is required to construct shades, for training, as seed capital to start businesses. Volume Five presents the new neighbourhood plan of the resettlement areas. It dealt with site selection criteria, standards for plots and social facilities, and approaches for the subdivision of blocks into parcels. Two sites were selected in consultation with the Office of Muncipal Services and the persons affected by the resettlement project. The resettlement sites are located in Kurakur on both sides of the asphalted road leading from Neakutoleab to the town centre of Lalibela. Private house owners will be allocated plots proportional to their former plot while tenants in Kebele houses will be allocated the minimum size plot. A total of 713 plots are provided in the two sites; however not more than 450 plots will be required by the displaced person. The neighbourhood plan presents infrastructure design with the estimated costs too. Volume Six dealt with the environmental impact assessment of the resettlement project. The impact of infrastructure developments is reviewed; the impacts of persons who will not be relocated from the Core Zone (the church school and the monastery) and that of the residents in the new resettlement area is presented in detail. The main impact on the Core Zone is from solid and liquid waste which requires proper mitigation measures. The analysis indicated that there are no appreciable fauna and flora nor cultural heritage artefacts which require conservation. The would-be relocated and the host community are households of nearly similar culture and the displacement being not too far, the social impact was found to be minimal; or Category C according to the WB Operations manual. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 8 of 26 Volume Seven consists of appendices that are evidences for the RAP study and documents for implementation. Attendance sheets for the different consultative meetings, lists of persons by category of entitlement, and other documents used for the study are presented in this volume. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 9 of 26 1.0 Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela 1.1 Introduction The Government of Ethiopia has identified tourism as one of the key sectors for economic growth of the country as a whole and of Lalibela in particular. This stresses the need to develop the historic and cultural sites of Lalibela to make it productive sources of jobs, incomes, and economic growth. Besides, the Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project (ESTDP) has given due attention to relocate the people living within the Core Zone of Lalibela to new resettlement areas This study is one of the studies that aim to look into the modalities of resettlement issues which will enable Lalibela to be one of the historic and cultural tourist attraction sites within the country and Worldwide. Critical evaluation of the situation in the historic town of Lalibela, and review of the legal and institutional aspects for resettlement have been conducted to assess possible environmental impacts both at the Core Zone and at the new resettlement site. In the study of this EIA, the methods used for data collection include field survey, interviews, public consultations/participations and literature review. This study helped to identify the possible adverse impacts and to propose appropriate mitigation measures to ensure sustainable tourism as well as social development in Lalibela and its surrounding areas. 1.2 Project Description and Justification Lalibela is located in North Wollo Administration Zone of the Amhara National Regional State. It is one of the major and known tourist attraction sites in Ethiopia for its historical as well as religious values both by national and international visitors/tourists. Lalibela is one of the UNESCO registered Historical site in Ethiopia. The town Lalibela is founded on a terrain that undulates in all directions and it is full of dissected gorges with rolling features. Lalibela can be reached both by air and road. In road transport it can be directly accessed from Woldia, Kobo, Gondar, Gashena and Addis Ababa. Lalibela is located about 700km from Addis Ababa, and 300km from the regional capital Bahirdar. Due to the undulating and steep slope features: road alignment and lack of proper pavement are some of the observed problems in Lalibela town. Besides, the surrounding terrains pose problems for water erosion and land degradation. The new resettlement site, Kurakur,is located in the South-eastern part of the Core Zone and it is nearly kilometers form the center of the town Lalibela. It is on the main road/high way that runs from Lalibela town to Lalibela Air port. It is relatively suitable for settlement compared to the main parts of the town. 1.3 Scope and objectives of the EIA study Environmental Impact Assessment- is the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments are made. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 10 of 26 1.3.1 Scope of the study The scope of this study is limited to the assessment of environmental aspects of the residents who will stay within the Core Zone (monastery and church school community) and the impacts of the group of households who will be relocated to a new resettlement area on the social and biophysical situation of the new resettlement area. 1.3.2 Objectives of the EIA The main objective of the EIA study for the resettlement project in Lalibela requires an assessment of the positive and negative impacts of the proposed resettlement project on the biophysical and human environment and to recommend appropriate mitigation measures that would minimize, through a proactive program, undesirable effects as a result of the implementation of the project. It also requires review and analysis of contexts to ensure that all other environmental policies and laws of Ethiopia are respected including the international conventions and treaties on environment to which the country is a signatory2. The specific objectives of the EIA study for the resettlement project in Lalibela include: 1. To review environmental policies, legal and administrative frameworks relevant to the resettlement project. 2. To assess the social and environmental contexts of the Core Zone and the new resettlement areas 3. To design appropriate mitigation measures for possible negative impacts of the resettlement project 1.3.2 Methods of the study The method of study involved gathering of primary and secondary data on environmental situation of Lalibela in general and the specific resettlement site in particular. The secondary data was collected from previous studies on social, economic, environmental and physical situation of the historic and cultural sites. Primary data was collected through site visits and discussions with relevant stakeholders. Public consultation Consultation with various stakeholders was an integral part of this environmental impact assessment study. The community in the Core Zone and the host community were consulted about the resettlement area. The PAPs were not happy about the relocation site at first stance as they thought it was far and a nearer location could be found. However, through discussions, Kurakur was found to be the best possible relocation site. Social acceptability of the resettlement has a greater significance for the sustainable development of the resettlement area. Such consultations were conducted with government and non-government organizations,. Consultations with Government and Non-government Organizations 2 Convention on Biological Diversity, Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Environment, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Basel Convention, and the Stockholm Convention Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 11 of 26 A thorough discussion was carried out with concerned government organizations including telecommunications, electric power supply agency, the water resources sanitation/health center, and the City Administration with all its departments. They contributed useful ideas to implement this resettlement program. 2.0 Environmental impacts of the resettlement project 2.1 Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks Ethiopia has an environmental policy (EPE) which is issued in April 1997. The overall goal of the policy is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life for all Ethiopians, to promote sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of natural/human and cultural resources and their environment as a whole and to meet immediate and long term needs. In line with the EPE, an Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (No: 299/2002) was enacted to provide for all environmental concerns. Following this law, an EIA guideline document which provides details of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and its requirements was enacted. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was assigned the responsibility for appraisal of projects financed by the federal government with regard to their environmental implications. Regional states have reproduced the proclamation with minor adjustments mainly on task assignment. The Proclamation and the guideline state that projects shall be subject to EIA and no promoter shall commence implementation of a project without authorization from the Authority or from the relevant regional agency, as appropriate. However, for urban development projects the practice has been to review impacts and design mitigation measures which will be approved together with urban plans by the regional Bureau of Works and Urban Development. This was the case for the structure plan of Lalibela which was approved in 2010. Furthermore, the WB requires all bank financed projects to undergo environmental impact assessment. The WB operations manual recognizes 4 levels of environmental screening. Projects are categorized as Category A where there are significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. For projects categorized Category A the EA should examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives. Projects are categorized as Category B if their potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-are less adverse than those of Category A. These impacts are site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. A proposed project is categorized as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. In such cases, beyond screening, no further EA action is required. The resettlement project of Lalibela is assessed by considering all bio-physical of the site; socio- economic and cultural aspects of the people to be relocated and the host community. According to Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 12 of 26 the assessment, the resettlement project has minimal environmental impacts; therefore, it is Category C project. The assessment is presented in the following sections. 3.0 Major Environmental Impacts at the Core Zone The main source of environmental impact of the old settlement (the Core Zone) is from solid and liquid waste generation from the monastery and the Church school. The detail description of the environmental impact of the two categories is discussed here under. The process of consumption of products results in the formation of solid waste in urban areas. The main generators of waste in the Core Zone are the traditional church school students, peoples in the monastery and worshipers/pilgrims and visitors. The solid waste generated due to this process should be managed in an integral way, but this is not the case in Lalibela. The solid and liquid waste generation and management practices were assessed and the result is presented below. The Monastery Solid waste generation, collection and management There are about 21 (Twenty-one) nuns and monks in the monastery under the cave, of whom 16 are women. These nuns and monks generate a total of about 2.10 kg of solid wastes per day (0.103 kg/monk x 21 monks). That is, about 63 kg and 766.50 kg of solid waste per month and per year respectively. These solid waste has not been managed in a systematized manner-waste was thrown away and damped on open spaces. Recently few dust bins have been installed/provided by the Church in cooperation with the Office of Culture and Tourism for solid waste management within the church compound. It has been checked during field survey that the collected solid waste is transferred between three to four days in to open spaces which locally serve as a disposal site. The disposal site is not well planned and designed-it is an open dumping site. The adverse impacts of the solid waste is mainly related to the day to day activity of the people within the monastery and therefore it has a permanent impact on the environment. The impacts can be minimized through an integrated solid waste management techniques with an emphasis on awareness creation and relocating the monastery away from the churches. a. Liquid waste generation and management The 21 monks have no toilet facilities. They mainly defecate on open spaces. Recently, there is one public toilet which has been constructed by plan Ethiopia for the peoples living around and within the church compound. Similar to the impact of the solid waste on the general environment, the liquid waste has a considerable problem on the surrounding environment. 3 0.10 kg/head/day is 50% of the waste generated by an ordinary person within Lalibela town. It is 50% because the monk’s way of living and style of consumption is by far less than that of an urban person. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 13 of 26 Fig -1 a) The public latrine in the church compound b) Unmanaged liquid waste disposal within the Church Compound (source: Field survey August 2010) The traditional Church school Solid waste generation, collection and management In the church compound there are about 500 students who come from different parts of the country to attend religious education at different levels. During the field survey it was noted that the solid waste generated within the church compound is not managed well- it is damped it to open spaces. The solid waste generation rate for the students is about 50kg (0.10 kg4 * 500 students). As far as the students are within the church compound solid waste generation will continue to be a problem with negative impact on the general environment (air, soil, water and human beings). Thus, to permanently reduce the impact of solid waste generation mitigation measures should be put in place (detail in Table-3). Liquid Waste generation and management There is no proper provision of sanitary facility for the traditional church school students. These students are residents; they are not just students who came for day activities. The practice is teaching continues during the evenings too (evening session) where recital is practiced. Therefore, as long as these students live within the Core Zone they need to have proper sanitary facilities. It may be necessary to relocate the school to a location where the impact is minimal to the cultural heritage; say to the lower part of the site. Thus, to permanently reduce and then to reverse the adverse impact, appropriate mitigation measures should be designed (Table-3). Future destination of the traditional religious students 4 This 0.10 kg per day per student of solid waste is 50% of the solid waste generated by an ordinary resident in Lalibela town. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 14 of 26 According to the Church Administration officials these students will not be moved/displaced to other areas because firstly, the traditional church school is part of the cultural heritage which by itself is an attraction to tourists; secondly their recital learning session takes place during the day and the night time under the supervision of their teacher/s. Therefore, with their stay within the Core Zone there will be a permanent negative environmental impact on the cultural heritage sites. Hence, there should be appropriate mitigation measures to solve the impacts. However, the students and the teachers could be considered part of the daily population in the cultural heritage sites similar to priests serving in the churches and visitors to the sites. Their case should be handled by the site development project to mitigate the environmental impacts of the school population while ensuring sustainable tourism development in Lalibela Town. 4.0 Environmental impacts at the new resettlement area The new re-settlement area, ‘Kurakur’, is one of the major sites for the expansion of Lalibela Town. This new resettlement site is likely to cause minimal negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Thus, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study for the new resettlement project seeks to explain the biophysical features of the existing area, to describe proposed environmental conservation measures like soil and water conservation, solid and liquid waste management, terrain rehabilitation, tree plantation and keeping the existing indigenous trees in place with a maximum care and finally to assess potential positive and negative impacts of the new resettlement project. Appropriate mitigation measures are also proposed to avoid or minimize any adverse impacts that may result from the project during and after the resettlement process. 4.1 Project Description and Justification Kurakur is located between Lalibela town and Nakotole’ab township which is nearly 3-kilometers away from the center of Lalibela town. ‘kurakur’ is just the continuation/expansion area of Lalibela. The site is dissected by the asphalt road that leads from Lalibela to the airport. Fig. 2 Highly degraded terrains (A) (Asheten, Meskel kebera and Ager ersha) and (B) dissected gullies (source: Field survey August 2010) Kurakur is surrounded by highly degraded and bare terrains and/or hills including Meskel Kebera, Asheten and Ager ersha. These hills are located on the north-eastern part of the site. Within ‘Kurakur’ there is one hill named ‘Qebo’. This terrain is covered by little indigenous trees. The Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 15 of 26 site is highly dissected by gullies and gorges. It is highly undulating and rugged. Figure-3 (A) and (B) are good evidences to the aforementioned realities. 4.2 Major Environmental Impacts The major negative impact of the resettlement project will due to the construction of new access roads within the resettlement area. That is, from site clearing up to completion there will be a negative environmental impact on the general environment. This will affect some of the permanent indigenous trees as depicted in figure-3. The construction of roads and other structures (mainly houses) will increase flood/storm water generation by reducing on-site infiltration. The likely solid and liquid waste generation from the relocated people will also have a negative impact on the environment especially for the first one to two years until the relocated people construct sanitary facilities and adapt to the area in all circumstances. This will be settled when they develop the sense of ownership of the locality. Fig-3 Indigenous trees within the resettlement site (source: field survey August 2010) 4.2.1 The physical environment Climate and hydrology Climate The climate within the new resettlement site is moderate similar to Lalibela town. Rainfall is the principal cause of floods and sedimentation. High rainfall produces high floods and sedimentation. Human activity will shift the flood intensity to maximum by way of diversion and will possibly decrease the flows at some sections of the resettlement site. Rainfall The resettlement site is characterized by its moderate climate. The rainfall pattern is erratic. The belg rain usually begins in January and extends to February, but mainly it is unreliable and usually brings only light rains. The heavy rain is more dependable and falls from June through August. The annual average rainfall is 62 mm. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 16 of 26 Temperature The mean annual temperature at ‘Kurakur’ is 25oc with a mean minimum and maximum of 12 °C and 30 °C respectively (Ethiopian Metrological Agency, 2007). 4.2.2 Surface water hydrology and quality The primary sources of water are ground, and to some extent surface water, with some intermittent rivers within the site which is mainly used as source of drinking water, cloth washing, and to a lesser extent for irrigation purposes. Groundwater The ground water occurrence, distribution and abundance are governed dominantly by the geological formation, geomorphology and climate. According to some studies, within ‘Kurakur’ and in its vicinity the area is believed to have potential ground water sources next to ‘Shimeshiha’ which is the current potential drinking water source of Lalibela town. Besides, there are few perched groundwater springs which originate within the vicinity of ‘Kurakur’. Thus, appropriate mitigation measures are needed to safeguard the ground water; and this is presented in detail inTable-3. Soils and geomorphology Most parts of the area are volcanic piedmont plains, and associated cones and crater remnants. The volcanic plains along the banks of streams and flood paths easily erode. The volcanic ashes on slightly steep plains are highly eroded within the built up area of the town and its periphery. The majority of these areas are rocky in nature and highly degraded. That is, the infiltration capacity of the area is minimal which yields more floods. 4.2.3 Biological Environment Land Use The present land use of the resettlement area is dominated by intensive traditional rain-fed subsistence peasant farming and grazing. Major crops in the project area include wheat, beans, teff and lentils. Figure-4 shows the reality which was captured during field survey. In addition to this, most of the farmers have planted some indigenous trees and mostly eucalyptus adjacent to agricultural plots and around their residences. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 17 of 26 Fig -4 Dominant crops: Lentils (A), Bean (B), Teff (C) & Wheat (D) grown within ‘Kurakur’ (source: Field survey August 2010) Flora Kurakur has suffered considerably from over exploitation of forest resources due to human intervention in the area. As a result of such interventions the environmental degradation is severe. The consequence of this act is gulley formation with extensive soil erosion and depletion of soil nutrients. Increased demand for agricultural land due to population growth, encroachment for grazing, demand for fuel wood and construction practices which use timber have significantly affected the original vegetation cover at ‘Kurakur’ and its vicinity. In fact currently the residential areas (i.e. the compounds) are oases amid barren lands. Fig -5 Highly degraded areas (A & B) within the resettlement area (Source: Field survey August 2010). At present there are no forest resources at ‘Kurakur’ and its vicinity; rather it is surrounded by highly degraded terrains. As a result of severe land degradation these terrains are very rocky and Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 18 of 26 impervious which reduces on-site infiltration. During the rainy season local bushes and shrubs grow in the resettlement area. Such phenomenon is depicted in Figure 5. Fauna Wildlife population and native wildlife habitat have been significantly impacted by rapid population growth and subsistence agricultural practices in the resettlement area. Various studies indicated that the abundance of wildlife was lost considerably in recent years, largely due to human activities. In particular, many habitats have been degraded by human encroachment. Now it is believed that no critical habitats exist within the resettlement area and its vicinity which will be disturbed in the process of resettlement. These are clear indicators that there will be no fauna migration or flora destruction due to the process of the resettlement program; instead it is believed that the new settlers will introduce some types of vegetation to Kurakur. 4.2.4 Human and Social Environment The major human and social impacts of resettlement projects are related to changes to way of life, impacts on indigenous peoples, induced foreign development, social and infrastructure development, changes to land uses and infrastructures, and changes to tenure (property ownership) The demolition of some houses of farmers maybe unavoidable. Moreover, there will be permanent loss of agricultural and grazing land thereby requiring farmers to change their way of life. The potential impact of the development of the resettlement project on the selected site upon the cultural, religious and historical sites has been assessed thoroughly. The assessment found no cultural, historical or religious sites on the selected resettlement area. The human and social environments that are affected in some ways require proper mitigation measures. Population characteristics and environmental issues are dealt in the next section. Size of Population relocated The present resettlement project has direct impacts on the people living within the resettlement area, and especially at the resettlement area where farming is practiced. The total population who will be relocated and are already relocated to other areas from the Church compound in 2009 (2001 E.C) totals to 2163 of which are 27 farmers at ‘Kurakur’ who will be displaced from their farming area. Average household size, Ethnicity and Religion In the above mentioned areas the average household size is nearly 3.7 persons per household (Field survey, 2010). In the project area almost all residents are from the Amhara nationality except very few (only two).The project area is predominantly inhabited by Orthodox Christians with very few Muslims- (seven in number). This shows that there will not be clash among ethnic groups or religious groups as they are nearly of the same ethnic and religious group. Displacement of households Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 19 of 26 Because of the consensus reached between the communities living within the church compound and other stakeholders, all the houses present in the church compound (core zone) will be demolished and the residents will be relocated to the new selected resettlement area. Since 2009 about 53 households have settled at ‘Kuakur’. In addition to this, those households who live within the core zone, from Adishadie, Chfirgoch, and Gebriel sefer will be relocated to Kurakur. Regarding to compensation, the owner of the house will be compensated and those with Kebele houses will also receive same type of houses. The compensation will be carried out by the compensation committee which has established for this purpose. This shows that social sustainability will continue in some extent better than the previous way of living. Social acceptability of the project Social acceptability of the project is very high due to the fact that the community needs the church compound to be free from human encroachment/activity so that the intended tourism development can be achieved through the conservation of historical and cultural heritage sites. The only concerns are the fear of some business communities thinking that they will face difficulty in establishing business centers with a similar value/accessibility to customers. However, this project/relocation will benefit them to a greater amount by allowing them to have standard business centers with relaxed/ventilated spaces. Generally, the relocation project is socially accepted and hence practical activities have started. Benefits for the local residents The community will highly be benefited from tourism development because as it has been noted during field survey every family either directly or indirectly get benefit from tourism development. From this undoubtedly the number of tourists will increase with clean and attractive Church compound. On the other hand, keeping the Church compound to standard means ensuring sustainable tourism development which will benefit the community at a sustainable manner. Even with this the quality as well as the type (quantity) of infrastructure will increase which will facilitate the mobility of tourists and goods and services to the surrounding area. This will increase the social and the economic development of the local area. Furthermore, the relocated people, in particular, will get relatively good infrastructure as compared to the congested living condition in the old settlement. In addition to this, the way of living standard for the relocated community will rise with quality infrastructures and utilities. The better infrastructures and housing conditions helps especially women to improve their way of life because they are the main local users of the infrastructures and utilities. The school attendance by girls will also be bigger and is anticipated to increase enrollment because of the reduced burdens on them as a result of improved infrastructures like accessible water supply, roads, power supply and the like. The women/girls will also access clean water near to their residence and their vulnerability to indoor air pollution will get reduced as a result of cleaner energy sources for domestic activities including electricity for lighting, cooking and baking. Problems with the present settlement (Core Zone) Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 20 of 26 The existing settlement has many problems particularly in connection with its encroachment in to the Church compound which has historical and cultural values. Most complaints are related mainly to the farthest of the new resettlement site which will affect the social networks of the relocated people. However, the benefits of the new resettlement will greatly exceed the shortcomings. 4.2.5 Physical infrastructures and utilities Housing situation Most houses in Kurakur are of permanent nature built from traditional materials, from wood and plastered with mud and teff straw mixture. The roofs are mainly corrugated iron sheets with the exception of few thatched roof houses. The majority of the floors are mud with some exception of plastic floor cover. Availability of TV, radio and telephone According to field survey (August, 2010) 21.3%, 48.9% and 15.6% of the peoples to be relocated possess TV sets, radio and fixed telephone respectively. The availability of these personal properties is very essential to communicate and go with the day to day activities of the modern world and share/exchange ideas with peoples related to social, economic, political and environmental issues. Furthermore, this will help the relocated people to continue with the usual social tie who remain at the core zone. Type of fuel used for cooking. From the environmental point of view the type of fuel used for cooking by the households is important to know. The absence of trees and forests is one fact that has worsened land degradation in many places of the new resettlement area and its vicinity. The use of wood-fuel is by far the most used fuel type both by the relocated and displaced people (57.3%). Wood-fuel is the cheapest fuel and preferred in the preparation of all household activities like cooking, boiling, baking and the like. The sources of wood might be kilometers away from the resettlement and even longer distances for charcoal which is preferred by some people. Most of the charcoal is produced and sold illegally. The increased use of electricity and kerosene could substitute the wood-fuel particularly in areas like Lalibela where there is serious land degradation. Although this is the case in Lalibela, in practice the share of fire wood increases-whereas the use of 'modern' fuels falls. This study proposes the introduction of Biogas technology for the new settlers for the many benefits of this technology: Environmental, economic and reduced pressure on women and children including minimized vulnerability to indoor air pollution. The other opportunity to introduce this technology is that the presence of SNV-Ethiopia which is one of the Biogas technology innovators and disseminators in Ethiopia. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 21 of 26 Water sources of the households The community to be relocated from the church compound use tap water in compound (32.3% private and 26% shared), tap outside (36.7%) and from other sources such as unprotected wells and springs reaches to 5%. Thus, the need of water in the new resettlement site is more than what was in the old site (Core Zone) because of the rise of water requirement for construction activities and living standards. Although it is not possible to have bore holes for the many construction activities which will take place in the new resettlement area, the potential ground water can be accessed for further water development to supplement the existing source. In line with this it is also possible to use rain water harvesting technology for various activities like for domestic or urban agriculture purposes. On the other hand this technology could to reduce/minimize the storm water generation in the process of urbanization. 4.2.6 Natural environment The impact on natural environment at the new resettlement would be associated with construction activities and utilities line installation. These include house construction, electric power and water supply line installation, provision of storm water lines and others associated with construction activities such as operating quarry sites for selected material extraction. These disturbances are temporary impacts which will be mitigated with appropriate mitigation measures to reverse the aforementioned negative impacts on the general environment. After the construction works are completed, the environment will be restored to its normal situation. 5.0 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures 5.1 Physical Environment The physical environment encompasses nature of the soil, geological aspects, terrain (or slopes), water, and air quality issues. The physical environment of the selected resettlement area is assessed for possible environmental impacts by the resettlement project. 5.1.1 Soil and Erosion The major adverse impacts during the process of resettlement stages are erosion, instability of slopes, change in surface water hydrology and quality and sedimentation/siltation. Soil Erosion Road and storm water drainage lines construction along with various construction activities which will be constructed for accessible mobility and to remove storm water to receiving systems and utility installations respectively are major contributors to soil erosion and sedimentation to the downstream areas. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 22 of 26 Slope instability Clearing and grabbing by earth equipment de-stabilize slopes of the resettlement area especially on the undulating land features of this area. Besides, excavations for the installation of utility lines like water supply lines, Electric poles and Road construction will destabilize the undulating slopes of the area. The vegetation cover is poor and will decrease the slope stability of the area where all cuts takes place. 5.1.2 Hydrological conditions and water quality Water resources and water quality Within the resettlement area perennial rivers which can be used during construction are almost absent. There are small streams with small discharges during the dry period of the year and used by the local people for water supply and other domestic purposes. Unwise use of these streams and dumping of wastes to them will completely deplete them and there may be no flow downstream. The principal effects of urbanization and construction work will be to increase sediment loading temporarily to the nearby streams. However, sediment concentrations and loads naturally vary over a large range during the year. 5.1.3 Air Quality The emergence of vehicles due to urbanization and other emissions like the use of petroleum fuels for cooking in the new resettlement area will bring some pressure on the air quality; but this is minimal. The major effects on air quality during road construction and other utilities installation will be an increase in suspended particles from excavation and quarrying as well as movement of heavy machinery, trucks and trailers over unpaved roads. 5.2 Human and Social Environment: Social Issues 5.2.1 Change in way of life The changes due to the settlement of the present area will have impacts to the people's present life. Although with better and faster utilities installation services will be improved, the way of life of the relocated people as well as the surrounding community and the displaced people will be changed. The use of electricity which can be considered as clean energy along with its many advantages and tap water which will be accessible around their residences (either private or communal) and ventilated residences will highly change the way of life in many aspects. Furthermore, installation of new water points to the resettlement area will have more positive impacts to use their time efficiently and wisely.. Generally, since the farmers at Kurakur have similar characters to that of the new settlers it is hoped that there will be no significant change in their way of life. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 23 of 26 5.2.2 Impacts on women This project will have paramount advantages for women by allowing them to have clean and accessible tap water, clean energy source (electricity), well serviced road and other services. In addition to this, the relaxed/ventilated land use/settlement pattern as compared to the previous crowded settlement is an advantage to them. As a result of this they will be engaged in many income-generating activities like the opening of new restaurants and bars, shops and small retailing activities. These activities will benefit mainly women who are very often the sole supporters of their families. 5.2.3 Solid and Liquid waste Generation With the new resettlement area the generation of solid as well as liquid waste will increase. This will be a permanent environmental impact on the general environment. Thus, to reduce the impact of solid and liquid waste the municipality and other concerned bodies shall provide solid waste collection and transfer sites with appropriate disposal sites. Communal/public latrines should also be provided to mitigate the permanent negative impacts on the general environment especially for those who have no private sanitation facilities and peoples coming in to this site for various reasons. 6.0 Mitigation Measures The EIA conducted for the Core Zone and the new resettlement area at Kurakur indicates that there is no adverse effect on the bio-physical, social and cultural aspects. The assessment indicates that the resettlement project could be categorized as Category C of the WB’s Operational Manual (OP 4.01). However, any activity which results in relocation of people and reorganization of inhabited spaces will create some changes; which as a result bring some stress on the human and bio-physical environment. Appropriate mitigation measures are designed to mitigate the potential environmental impacts. The following mitigation plans have prepared for the possible negative impacts which will arise as a result of the new resettlement. Table-1, below summarizes the negative environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures for the negative impacts, as well as the responsible body to implement these measures. Table-1 Negative environmental and social impacts and their mitigation measures Sr. Types of potential Mitigation measures Responsible No. environmental body for impact implementing 1 Solid waste generation 1.1 During religious  Provision of temporary dust bins and transfer sites ceremony/celebrations  Awareness creation through religious cermons. The  Temporary toilet service provisions. municipality 1.2 Church students  Provision of permanent solid waste collections/transfer sites. and the  Awareness creation Community 1.3 Monastery  The application of waste reduction at the source techniques 2 Lack of solid waste  Should be well designed disposal site  The site selection should be reconsidered. Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 24 of 26 Sr. Types of potential Mitigation measures Responsible No. environmental body for impact implementing 3 Liquid waste  Provision of public/ communal latrine  Awareness creation not to defecate on open spaces. 4 Leachates from solid  Provision of solid waste transfer and well designed disposal w site.  aThe disposal site should be far from ground water potential s areas.  t Hazardous solid and chemical related wastes separation from The ethe source. Municipality  The solid wastes should be sorted out at the source like 5 Ground water decomposable from non-decomposable. pollution  Disposal of solid wastes in to transfer sites and finally to from solid wastes disposal sites. 6  Prohibit dumping on open areas. Land pollution  Disposal of solid wastes in to transfer sites and finally to from solid wastes disposal sites.  Line road side run off ways and construct energy dissipating 7 structures at the drainage outlets and discharging points. Municipality Land degradation as a and the result of urban/storm residents water flooding.  Design and construct culverts and pipes that have adequate openings to pass the design flood in order to minimize scouring and erosion of downstream easily.  Provision of cross drainage structure to let the flood join to the nearest natural water ways/final receiving system.  Re-grassing road side slopes; where necessary the road side ditches will be lined with concrete or stone pitching to prevent erosion.  Give more emphasis to tree plantation or biological 8 Destruction of natural conservation and pervious layers than impervious layers. flora 9 Impact on health  Do not induce water related diseases by creating temporary and permanent water holding areas which favor disease causing organisms.  Restore borrow pits and quarry areas to avoid the incidence of The flooding problems. municipality 10 Impact on indigenous  Minimize the occurrence of forest/tree removal/cutting. and trees/vegetation Otherwise, planting should be a must as a the community removal replacement/substitute. 11 Flooding as a result  Encouraging infiltration through pervious layers or porous of urbanization surfaces like grassing.  Roof rain water harvesting to reduce flooding and to use the rain water for domestic uses.  Apply slope stabilizing mechanism as permanent installation 12 Slope instability on steep slope (i.e. grass/tree planting)  Install cut off drains above cut slopes 13 Social network  Support the re-establishment of Idirs Kebele disruption administration Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 25 of 26 7. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP) An environmental management and monitoring plan will be integrated within the overall project management. It will be aimed at providing a high level of quality control resulting in a project which will properly be constructed as designed and functioning efficiently throughout its life. This part incorporates all the identified impacts and their necessary mitigation measures for effective implementation as depicted in Table-1, above. 7.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan Monitoring is carried out to assess any disturbance to the environment and to protect the affected parties from false charges. It is recommended that an environmental inspector be assigned to this project by the Lalibela Town administration. This inspector should have a number of short term inputs starting from the commencement of the resettlement program. The environmental inspector's responsibilities will be to ensure that the mitigation and monitoring requirements are carried out effectively as outlined in this study (Table-1) and that good construction practices are followed to minimize impacts on the environment. 7.2 Evaluation of resettlement project activities Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) broadly involves the following activities and some of these activities are ready implemented.  Formation of the Resettlement Implementation Committees,  Awareness creation among all concerned bodies,  Site survey,  acquisition of land,  Identification of land for resettlement,  Payment of compensation,  Land preparation and development,  Utility lines installation (water supply and Electricity have installed where as the others are under discussion),  Construction of new houses (by the owners) and other infrastructures. The evaluation of project implementation would involve checking critical components of the project. The main evaluation criteria will include the following: 1. Timely dissemination of project information 2. Proper payment of compensation (time of payment, amount) 3. Transparency of plot allocation 4. Timely establishment of Idirs 5. Performance of the Resettlement Committee (number of cases solved without resorting to court, satisfaction of residents with implementation measures, etc.) 6. Appropriateness of infrastructure standards and quality of construction 7. Timeliness of service provision, 8. Solid and liquid waste management system The monitoring and evaluation should be done both by internal and external bodies. The internal monitoring and evaluation should be done by the town administration and the ESTDP at regular Prepared by WUB Consult Environmental Impact Assessment of the resettlement project in Lalibela Page 26 of 26 intervals (monthly) while the external monitoring should be done by a private consultant on a yearly basis. References 1. Proclamation No. 1/1995 Constitution of FDRE, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1995. 2. Proclamation No. 63/1993 Ethiopian Roads Authority Re-establishment, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1993. 3. Proclamation No. 9/1995 Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1995 4. Proclamation No. 94/1994 Forest Conservation and Development Conservation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1994. 5. Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) 1995: The Profile of Management and Financing of Roads in Ethiopia, 1995. 6. Ethiopian Roads Authority, ERA 1996: Road Sector Development Program, Ethiopia, 1996. 7. Environmental Protection Authority 1996: Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopia, 1996. 9. Environmental Protection Authority, EPA 1997: Procedural Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (draft), Ethiopia, 1997. 10. Ministry of works and urban development, standards of constructions, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006. 11. Ministry of Finance and Economy, Addis Ababa, 2005. 12. Ethiopian Metrological Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2007. 13. Environmental Impact Assessment report on cement product of Lafarge surma cement (LSC), Chatak, Sunamgonj, 2006. 14. Resettlement Action Plan (2008): Republic of Liberia. 15. Ministry of culture and tourism (2009): Ethiopian sustainable tourism development project. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 16. WB-Operations manual OP 4-01, 1999 Prepared by WUB Consult