Doing Business 2018 Chad Economy Pro le of Chad Doing Business 2018 Indicators (in order of appearance in the document) Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company Dealing with construction Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and permits safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, the reliability of the electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-filing processes Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local rms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more e cient regulation; o ers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business o ers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in di erent cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The rst Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has bene ted from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. Page 2   for insolvency Doing Business Labor market 2018 regulation Chad Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality About Doing Business The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life cycle. Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local rms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present the data for these indicators. By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more e cient regulation; o ers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy. In addition, Doing Business o ers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in di erent cities and regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked. The rst Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has bene ted from feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the regulatory environment for business around the world. The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is re ected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. The ranking of 190 economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. More about Doing Business (PDF, 5MB) Ease of Doing Business in Region Sub-Saharan Africa DB 2018 Rank 190 1 Chad Income Category Low income 180 Population 14,452,543 DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) GNI Per Capita (US$) 720 0 100 38.30 City Covered NDjamena DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 52.92: Mali (Rank: 143) 52.34: Niger (Rank: 144) 50.43: Regional Average (Sub­Saharan Africa) 47.23: Cameroon (Rank: 163) 38.30: Chad (Rank: 180) Page 3   34.86: Central African Republic (Rank: 184) aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. More Doingabout 2018 (PDF, Doing Business Business 5MB) Chad Ease of Doing Business in Region Sub-Saharan Africa DB 2018 Rank 190 1 Chad Income Category Low income 180 Population 14,452,543 DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) GNI Per Capita (US$) 720 0 100 38.30 City Covered NDjamena DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 52.92: Mali (Rank: 143) 52.34: Niger (Rank: 144) 50.43: Regional Average (Sub­Saharan Africa) 47.23: Cameroon (Rank: 163) 38.30: Chad (Rank: 180) 34.86: Central African Republic (Rank: 184) Note: The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is re ected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. Rankings on Doing Business topics - Chad 1 28 55 82 Rank 109 136 142 153 154 150 159 160 163 177 172 185 188 190 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Investors Borders Permits Distance to Frontier (DTF) on Doing Business topics - Chad 100 80 60 56.79 DTF 50.26 44.67 44.58 38.33 40.12 40 32.17 30.00 28.13 17.92 20 0 Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Change:0.00 Change:-0.21 Change:0.00 Investors Change:0.00 Borders Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:-1.65 Permits Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:-0.93 Starting a Business Page 4   This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency Business Construction Change:0.00 Change:-0.21 Change:0.00 Investors Change:0.00 Borders Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Change:-1.65 Permits Change:0.00 Change:0.00 Doing Business 2018 Chad Change:-0.93 Starting a Business This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in economy’s largest business city. To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has start-up capital equivalent to 10 times income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and 50 people one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5 married men. The distance to frontier score for each indicator is the average of the scores obtained for each of the component indicators. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally start and operate a To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions company (number) about the business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay Pre-registration (for example, name verification no bribes. or reservation, notarization) Registration in economy’s largest business city The business: - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than Post-registration (for example, social security one type of limited liability company in the economy, the most common registration, company seal) among domestic rms is chosen. Information on the most common form is Obtaining approval from spouse to start business obtained from incorporation lawyers or the statistical o ce. or leave home to register company - Operates in the economy’s largest business city and the entire o ce Obtaining any gender-specific permission that space is approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). For 11 can impact company registration, company economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. operations and process of getting national - Is 100% domestically owned and has ve owners, none of whom is a legal identity card entity; and has a start-up capital of 10 times income per capita and has a Time required to complete each procedure turnover of at least 100 times income per capita. (calendar days) - Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale of goods or services to the public. The business does Does not include time spent gathering not perform foreign trade activities and does not handle products subject information to a special tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It does not use Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 heavily polluting production processes. procedures cannot start on the same day) - Leases the commercial plant or o ces and is not a proprietor of real Procedures fully completed online are recorded estate and the amount of the annual lease for the o ce space is equivalent as ½ day to 1 times income per capita. Procedure is considered completed once final - Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special bene ts. document is received - Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. No prior contact with officials - Has a company deed 10 pages long. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of The owners: income per capita) - Have reached the legal age of majority. If there is no legal age of majority, Official costs only, no bribes they are assumed to be 30 years old. No professional fees unless services required by - Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record. law or commonly used in practice - Are married and the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities. Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) - Where the answer di ers according to the legal system applicable to the Funds deposited in a bank or with third party woman or man in question (as may be the case in economies where there before registration or up to 3 months after is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the incorporation majority of the population. Standardized Company Page 5   before registration or up to 3 months after is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the incorporation majority of the population. Doing Business 2018 Chad Standardized Company Legal form Société à Responsabilité Limitée (SARL) - Limited Liability Company Paid-in minimum capital requirement XAF 100,000 City Covered N’Djamena Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedure – Men (number) 9 7.6 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand) Time – Men (days) 60 24.0 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand) Cost – Men (% of income per capita) 171.3 49.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom) Procedure – Women (number) 9 7.7 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand) Time – Women (days) 60 24.1 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand) Cost – Women (% of income per capita) 171.3 49.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom) Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) 25.8 25.6 8.7 0.00 (113 Economies) Figure – Starting a Business in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 93.65: Niger (Rank: 24) 84.46: Mali (Rank: 104) 82.39: Cameroon (Rank: 122) 76.82: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 50.26: Chad (Rank: 185) 37.02: Central African Republic (Rank: 188) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Starting a Business in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 60 70 60 50 ost (% of income per capita) 50 40 Time (days) 40 30 30 20 Page 6   20 starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Starting a Business in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 60 70 60 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 50 40 Time (days) 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 *7 *8 *9 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Details – Starting a Business in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Open a bank account, deposit the legally required initial capital in a 1 day no charge bank and obtain deposit evidence Agency : Commercial Bank To enable the company to open this bank account, the notary delivers a certi cate stating that the company is in the process of being incorporated. 2 Check the uniqueness of the company name and pick up a company 1 day no charge registration form Agency : Clerk's o ce of the Commercial court To avoid future lawsuits, the founders must pick a name that is not already in use. The Register now has a database with the names of all companies registered since 2004. Registrations prior to 2004 are not in the database. The search is done quickly. 3 Notarize the company’s deeds and articles of association 8 days 5% of the capital Agency : Notary Decree n°004/PR/PM/MJ/2010 of 05 January 2010 xed the notary fees at a rate with declining basis as follows: • From XAF 1,000,000 to 10,000,000, 5%, with the limit of XAF 300,000 • From XAF 10,000,001 to 50,000,000, 3% with the limit of XAF 750,000 • From XAF 50,000,001 to 100,000,000, 1.5%, with the limit of XAF 1,000,000 • From XAF 100,000,001 to 500,000,000, 1%, with the limit of XAF 2,500,000 • From XAF 500,000,001 to 1.000.000.000, 0.5%, with the limit of XAF 3,750,000 According to the decree N 1792/PR/MJDH/ 2015, the services of notaries are Page 7   not mandatory. However entrepreneurs still use their services in practice. (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Starting a Business in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Open a bank account, deposit the legally required initial capital in a 1 day no charge bank and obtain deposit evidence Agency : Commercial Bank To enable the company to open this bank account, the notary delivers a certi cate stating that the company is in the process of being incorporated. 2 Check the uniqueness of the company name and pick up a company 1 day no charge registration form Agency : Clerk's o ce of the Commercial court To avoid future lawsuits, the founders must pick a name that is not already in use. The Register now has a database with the names of all companies registered since 2004. Registrations prior to 2004 are not in the database. The search is done quickly. 3 Notarize the company’s deeds and articles of association 8 days 5% of the capital Agency : Notary Decree n°004/PR/PM/MJ/2010 of 05 January 2010 xed the notary fees at a rate with declining basis as follows: • From XAF 1,000,000 to 10,000,000, 5%, with the limit of XAF 300,000 • From XAF 10,000,001 to 50,000,000, 3% with the limit of XAF 750,000 • From XAF 50,000,001 to 100,000,000, 1.5%, with the limit of XAF 1,000,000 • From XAF 100,000,001 to 500,000,000, 1%, with the limit of XAF 2,500,000 • From XAF 500,000,001 to 1.000.000.000, 0.5%, with the limit of XAF 3,750,000 According to the decree N 1792/PR/MJDH/ 2015, the services of notaries are not mandatory. However entrepreneurs still use their services in practice. 4 Register the articles of association with the Service d’Enregistrement, 2 days see comments des Domaines et du Timbre Agency : Direction de l'Enregistrement et du Timbre The fee is regulated by Arrêté n°015/MCIA/SG/2004 ( xant le taux d'obtention d'un acte administratif d'exercer des activités de commerce, d'industrie ou d'artisanat). The following documents need to be submitted with the registrar. • The Articles of association: XAF 6,000 (original + copies of meeting minutes + expedition) • Declaration of capital subscription : 1,5% of the amount of the capital + stamp fees XAF 1,000 /page (the declaration is 1 page) • Subscription Form: XAF 3,000 + stamp (XAF 1,000/page multiply by the number of partners) • Subscription status: XAF 3,000 5 Register at the Guichet Unique (Registration with RCCM, Administrative 18 days on average see comments authorization from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Tax registration, Registration with CNSS) Agency : Guichet Unique Registration fees are as follow: XAF 10,000 (administrative form) + XAF 50,000 (incorporation fee for a Limited Liability Company ) + XAF 10,000 (Registre du Commerce et du Crédit Mobilier RCCM) + XAF 3,000 (Stamp) + XAF 5,000 Page 8   (Chamber of commerce) • Subscription status: XAF 3,000 Doing Business 2018 Chad 5 Register at the Guichet Unique (Registration with RCCM, Administrative 18 days on average see comments authorization from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Tax registration, Registration with CNSS) Agency : Guichet Unique Registration fees are as follow: XAF 10,000 (administrative form) + XAF 50,000 (incorporation fee for a Limited Liability Company ) + XAF 10,000 (Registre du Commerce et du Crédit Mobilier RCCM) + XAF 3,000 (Stamp) + XAF 5,000 (Chamber of commerce) The documents to be provided at the Guichet Unique are: • Criminal records (or sworn declaration) • Articles of association • Subscription of the declared capital • Identi cation card (copy) • Lease agreement 6 Make a formal announcement through legal journals/newspapers 3 days XAF 50,000 in legal proclaiming the existence of the company journal, variable in a Agency : O cial journal or any legal journal newspaper The publication is necessary to inform the public that the company now exists. The RCCM number and the address of the company must be provided. 7 Pay the patente (Direction des Impôts) 1 day XAF 250,422.36 (see Agency : Ministry of Finance (Direction des Impots) (simultaneous with details) procedure 6) The patente must be paid immediately after the NIF is obtained. The NIF is the identi cation for the payment of the VAT and IRPP. Elements included in the calculation of the Patente: Annual sales x 0.1% = DD (Droit Determiné). CNPS = 10% of the DD CCC = 7% of the DD RAV = 3% of the DD ONASA = 480 XAF (the company must pay this amount in full, whereas for the employee, it is only 40 XAF monthly) TVLP = 10% of the annual rent paid by the company The patent is done in 4 copies: • Treasury • The LLC itself • Remain the le of the LLC • Remain in the book 8 Submission of the Internal Regulation Code to the Labor Inspection 30 days no charge O ce (Inspection du Travail) (simultaneous with Agency : Labor Inspection O ce procedure 6) This procedure is required for companies with 25 employees or more. The contract of employees will be checked to ensure that it is in accordance with the labor law and internal regulations. 9 Make a company seal 7 days XAF 18,000 Agency : Sealmaker (simultaneous with procedure 6) According to OHADA rules, the company is required to have the number of the RCCM and the address on each invoice. A seal is done in practice to make Page 9   the invoices more o cial, but it is not legally required. contract of employees will be checked to ensure that it is in accordance with Doing the labor law Business and internal 2018 Chad regulations. 9 Make a company seal 7 days XAF 18,000 Agency : Sealmaker (simultaneous with procedure 6) According to OHADA rules, the company is required to have the number of the RCCM and the address on each invoice. A seal is done in practice to make the invoices more o cial, but it is not legally required. Applies to women only. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required noti cations, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certi cation requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction company, the warehouse project and the utility Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining connections are used. all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates The construction company (BuildCo): Submitting all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the receiving all necessary inspections economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining utility connections for water and - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has ve owners, none of whom sewerage is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both Registering and selling the warehouse after its registered with the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is completion not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed Time required to complete each procedure experts, such as geological or topographical experts. (calendar days) - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its completion. Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse: Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or though procedures that can be fully completed stationery. online are an exception to this rule - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of Procedure is considered completed once final approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each oor will document is received be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of No prior contact with officials approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a warehouse value) licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as Official costs only, no bribes obtaining further documentation or getting prior approvals from external Building quality control index (0-15) agencies, these are counted as procedures. - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative Sum of the scores of six component indices: and regulatory requirements). Quality of building regulations (0-2) The water and sewerage connections: Quality control before construction (0-1) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer Quality control during construction (0-3) tap. If there is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole Quality control after construction (0-3) will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be installed or built. Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) Page 10   - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an Applies to women only. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Chad Dealing with Construction Permits This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required noti cations, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certi cation requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction company, the warehouse project and the utility Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining connections are used. all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and certificates The construction company (BuildCo): Submitting all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the receiving all necessary inspections economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining utility connections for water and - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has ve owners, none of whom sewerage is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both Registering and selling the warehouse after its registered with the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is completion not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed Time required to complete each procedure experts, such as geological or topographical experts. (calendar days) - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its completion. Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse: Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or though procedures that can be fully completed stationery. online are an exception to this rule - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of Procedure is considered completed once final approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each oor will document is received be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of No prior contact with officials approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a warehouse value) licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as Official costs only, no bribes obtaining further documentation or getting prior approvals from external Building quality control index (0-15) agencies, these are counted as procedures. - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative Sum of the scores of six component indices: and regulatory requirements). Quality of building regulations (0-2) The water and sewerage connections: Quality control before construction (0-1) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer Quality control during construction (0-3) tap. If there is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole Quality control after construction (0-3) will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be installed or built. Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an Professional certifications (0-4) average wastewater ow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater ow of 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a day. - Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater ow throughout the year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Standardized Warehouse Page 11   and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Doing Business 2018 Chad Standardized Warehouse Estimated value of warehouse XAF 19,387,659.40 City Covered N’Djamena Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 13 14.8 12.5 7.00 (Denmark) Time (days) 226 147.5 154.6 27.5 (Korea, Rep.) Cost (% of warehouse value) 12.0 9.9 1.6 0.10 (5 Economies) Building quality control index (0-15) 11.5 8.0 11.4 15.00 (3 Economies) Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 61.36: Mali (Rank: 134) 59.74: Cameroon (Rank: 140) 56.91: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 56.79: Chad (Rank: 153) 53.70: Niger (Rank: 164) 38.86: Central African Republic (Rank: 180) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for dealing with construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 6 200 5 Cost (% of warehouse value) 150 4 Time (days) 3 100 2 50 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 *5 6 7 8 9 10 * 11 12 13 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Page 12   component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 6 200 5 Cost (% of warehouse value) 150 4 Time (days) 3 100 2 50 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 *5 6 7 8 9 10 * 11 12 13 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 14 13.0 12 11.5 10 Index score 8.0 8 6.0 5.5 6.0 6 4 2 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Obtain a geotechnical study / soil test 10 days XAF 1,000,000 Agency : Laboratoire (LBTP or LABOGEC) This study must be done prior to the design of the structural plans, which will be based on the result of this study. The cost depends on the laboratory involved and the number of “points” (holes made to verify the type of soil). For this case study, 2 points are considered. 2 Submit technical le at Municipality to apply for building permit 1 day no charge Agency : N'Djamena Municipality The permit request can be submitted directly to the Municipality or in one the various districts. The Municipality will then forward the request internally Page 13   Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Obtain a geotechnical study / soil test 10 days XAF 1,000,000 Agency : Laboratoire (LBTP or LABOGEC) This study must be done prior to the design of the structural plans, which will be based on the result of this study. The cost depends on the laboratory involved and the number of “points” (holes made to verify the type of soil). For this case study, 2 points are considered. 2 Submit technical le at Municipality to apply for building permit 1 day no charge Agency : N'Djamena Municipality The permit request can be submitted directly to the Municipality or in one the various districts. The Municipality will then forward the request internally to the Service Technique where the request will be reviewed and forwarded to the various departments in the Ministry of Environment, Urbanism and Habitat. The following documents must be submitted: • Location map - scale 1/100 – 1/200 • Plot plan • Plan des di érents niveaux • Plan de Masse • Plan of the front facade (4 facades) (case study: 1 for 1st level and 1 for 2nd level) • Elevation plan (2) • Roo ng plan • Electrical plans (case study: 1 for 1st level and 1 for 2nd level) • Structural plan (case study: 1 for 1st level and 1 for 2nd level) • Plumbing plan (case study: 1 for 1st level and 1 for 2nd level) • Carpentry plan (case study: 1 for 1st level and 1 for 2nd level) • Beams plan • Septic Tank plan • Description of all the works (stamp duty FCFA 1,000.00) • Property Title (Report from the Cadastre) • Estimated cost of construction • Summary of the soil study (stamp duty FCFA 1,000.00) 3 Pay stamps duty at the Service des Domaines et du Timbre 1 day XAF 40,000 Agency : Services des Domaines et du Timbre BuildCo must contact the Service Technique to nd out how much should be paid for the stamps duty. The cost is FCFA 1,000.00 per page for the description and FCFA 2,000.00 for plans. 4 Pay fees and obtain the building permit 45 days XAF 58,163 Agency : N'Djamena Municipality The permit is signed by the Mayor of N’Djamena and BuildCo will pick it up at the Service Technique. This provisional permit will become nal after 45 days if the Ministry of Environment, Urbanism and Habitat have not issued it yet. According to Ordonnance 70, from the time the rst copy of the building permit is delivered to the Municipality, the Ministry has 45 days to issue the Page 14   description and FCFA 2,000.00 for plans. Doing Business 2018 Chad 4 Pay fees and obtain the building permit 45 days XAF 58,163 Agency : N'Djamena Municipality The permit is signed by the Mayor of N’Djamena and BuildCo will pick it up at the Service Technique. This provisional permit will become nal after 45 days if the Ministry of Environment, Urbanism and Habitat have not issued it yet. According to Ordonnance 70, from the time the rst copy of the building permit is delivered to the Municipality, the Ministry has 45 days to issue the nal building permit. Otherwise, the provisional permit is considered nal. 5 Hire a private rm (bureau de controle) for inspections 1 day XAF 387,753 Agency : Private Firm BuildCo will request that the architect hires a private rm to review and monitor the implementation of the approved plans provided, as well as the structural calculation notes of reinforced concrete structures, infrastructures and superstructures, frames, covers and plumbing, sewage and electricity to the low voltage networks. Technical control bureaus are accredited by international bodies. 6 Request and receive set out inspection by the Cadastre 7 days no charge Agency : Cadastre According to Art. 8 of Ordinance 17 and Art. 25 - Volume V of Decree Nº698 / PR / PM / MATUH / 2012 of 7 May 2012, the land registry department must verify the set out (implantation) of the building on the ground and issues a certi cate of conformity of the set out. 7 Request and receive sanitation inspection 7 days no charge Agency : Service d’Hygiène ou de Sante According to Art. 9 of Ordinance 17, the Health Service will conduct a veri cation of sanitary facilities and issue a certi cate of conformity. 8 Request and receive nal inspection for the certi cate of conformity and 30 days no charge proof of development certi cate Agency : Services Technique de la Mairie ou du Ministère des Infrastructures The nal inspection for the certi cate of conformity must be requested in person at the Ministry of Environment, Urbanism and Habitat. There will be an on-site visit. This certi cate is necessary for the decennial insurance. 9 Request and obtain an inspection for the reevaluation of the property 1 day no charge Agency : Commission pour la mise en valeur - Municipality BuildCo must inform the Commission Pour la Mise-en-Valeur that construction has been completed. There will be an on-site visit to determine the new property value. The report of the on-site visit will be examined by the 7 members of the Commission, and then transmitted to the Mayor for nal signature. This certi cat de mise-en-valeur is then transmitted to the Service des Domaines et du Timbre. 10 Register the building at the Service des Domaines et du Timbres 30 days XAF 775,506 Agency : Services des Domaines et du Timbre The fee is calculated as 4% of re-evaluated cost of the property. Request water connection 1 day no charge 11 Agency : STE (Société Tchadienne de l'Eau) Page 15   Agency : Services des Domaines et du Timbre Doing The 2018 as fee is calculated Business 4% of re-evaluated cost of the property. Chad Request water connection 1 day no charge 11 Agency : STE (Société Tchadienne de l'Eau) The request can be made either by sending a letter or in person. STE prefers a letter from a company, as it is more formal. 12 Receive on-site visit by STE for a cost estimate for water connection 1 day no charge Agency : STE (Société Tchadienne de l'Eau) The on-site visit is done by STE to ensure that the location is correct, to check the road number, the zone, and the door number to determine which water connection will be used for this client. 13 Obtain water connection 93 days XAF 60,000 Agency : STE (Société Tchadienne de l'Eau) The cost will depend on the type of connection. The water meter will be a 3- cubic meter connection. The client has two connection options. The rst type is the “collier de prise en charge" which is more expensive and costs about FCFA 110,000.00. The second type is “Une prise en T (inverse T)." The connection for the Doing Business case study will be the latter and the cost is about FCFA 60,000.00. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 11.5 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 1.5 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Free of charge; In 0.5 o cial gazette; Not easily accessible. Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly speci ed in the building List of required 1.0 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees to be paid; Required preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 0.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in By law, there is 0.0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) no need to verify plans compliance; Civil servant reviews plans. Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during Inspections by 1.0 construction? (0-2) in-house engineer; Inspections by Page 16   Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 11.5 Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 1.5 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Free of charge; In 0.5 o cial gazette; Not easily accessible. Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly speci ed in the building List of required 1.0 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees to be paid; Required preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 0.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in By law, there is 0.0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) no need to verify plans compliance; Civil servant reviews plans. Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during Inspections by 1.0 construction? (0-2) in-house engineer; Inspections by external engineer or rm; Inspections at various phases. Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 1.0 inspections are always done in practice. Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0 Is there a nal inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in Yes, nal 2.0 accordance with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) inspection is done by government agency. Do legally mandated nal inspections occur in practice? (0-1) Final inspection 1.0 always occurs in practice. Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 2.0 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural aws or problems in the Architect or 1.0 Page 17   building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) engineer; Liability Doing 2018 regimes and insurance Business Chadindex (0-2) 2.0 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural aws or problems in the Architect or 1.0 building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) engineer; Construction company. Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover Architect or 1.0 possible structural aws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect engineer; Liability Insurance or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) Professional in charge of the supervision; Construction company. Professional certi cations index (0-4) 3.0 What are the quali cation requirements for the professional responsible for verifying Minimum 2.0 that the architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building number of years regulations? (0-2) of experience; University degree in architecture or engineering; Being a registered architect or engineer; Passing a certi cation exam. What are the quali cation requirements for the professional who supervises the Minimum 1.0 construction on the ground? (0-2) number of years of experience; University degree in engineering, construction or construction management. Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tari s index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tari s and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are (number) used. Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the receiving all necessary inspections data are also collected for the second largest business city. Page 18   Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is construction management. Doing Business 2018 Chad Getting Electricity This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tari s index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tari s and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are (number) used. Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining The warehouse: all necessary clearances and permits - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods. Completing all required notifications and - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the receiving all necessary inspections data are also collected for the second largest business city. Obtaining external installation works and possibly - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is purchasing material for these works in an area with no physical constraints. For example, the property is not Concluding any necessary supply contract and near a railway. obtaining final supply - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the rst time. Time required to complete each procedure - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square (calendar days) meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on which it is built is 929 Is at least 1 calendar day square meters (10,000 square feet). Each procedure starts on a separate day Does not include time spent gathering The electricity connection: information - Is a permanent one with a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of 1, Reflects the time spent in practice, with little when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW). follow-up and no prior contact with officials - Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or Cost required to complete each procedure (% of medium-voltage distribution network and is either overhead or income per capita) underground, whichever is more common in the area where the warehouse is located and requires works that involve the crossing of a 10- Official costs only, no bribes meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out Value added tax excluded on public land. There is no crossing of other owners’ private property The reliability of supply and transparency of because the warehouse has access to a road. tari s index (0-8) - Does not require work to install the internal wiring of the warehouse. This has already been completed up to and including the customer’s service Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3) panel or switchboard and the meter base. Tools to monitor power outages (0–1) Tools to restore power supply (0–1) The monthly consumption: Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance - It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days a month from 9:00 (0–1) a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours a day), with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1) on average and that there are no electricity cuts (assumed for simplicity reasons) and the monthly energy consumption is 26,880 kilowatt-hours Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1) (kWh); hourly consumption is 112 kWh. Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* - If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse is served by the Price based on monthly bill for commercial cheapest supplier. warehouse in case study - Tari s e ective in March of the current year are used for calculation of the price of electricity for the warehouse. Although March has 31 days, for * N o t e : Doing Business m e a s u r e s t h e p r i c e o f calculation purposes only 30 days are used. electricity, but it is not included in the distance to frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Page 19   Standardized Connection frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. Doing Business 2018 Chad Standardized Connection Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 23.2 Name of utility Société Tchadienne d'Eau et d'Electricité (STEE) City Covered N’Djamena Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 6 5.3 4.7 2 (United Arab Emirates) Time (days) 67 115.3 79.1 10 (United Arab Emirates) Cost (% of income per capita) 9821.1 3737.0 63.0 0.00 (Japan) Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff 0 0.9 7.4 8.00 (28 Economies) index (0-8) Figure – Getting Electricity in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 60.35: Cameroon (Rank: 121) 51.12: Mali (Rank: 154) 45.91: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 44.86: Niger (Rank: 162) 32.17: Chad (Rank: 177) 24.64: Central African Republic (Rank: 183) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Getting Electricity in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 12000 60 10000 Cost (% of income per capita) 50 8000 Time (days) 40 6000 30 4000 20 10 2000 Page 20   getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Getting Electricity in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 12000 60 10000 Cost (% of income per capita) 50 8000 Time (days) 40 6000 30 4000 20 10 2000 0 0 1 *2 3 *4 5 6 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Getting Electricity in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 Index score 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Getting Electricity in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Submit application to SNE and await estimate 22 calendar days XAF 3,000 Agency : Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNE) The client can either write to the Commercial Department of the electricity company or submit the application in person (in which case the client will need to pay an application fee). The electricity company prefers the former option as it is more formal. 2 Receive site inspection by SNE 1 calendar day XAF 0 Agency : Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNE) The fees (material, connection, and subscription) are paid at this point in the case of a low-voltage connection. For a medium-voltage case they can be Page 21   Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Getting Electricity in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 Submit application to SNE and await estimate 22 calendar days XAF 3,000 Agency : Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNE) The client can either write to the Commercial Department of the electricity company or submit the application in person (in which case the client will need to pay an application fee). The electricity company prefers the former option as it is more formal. 2 Receive site inspection by SNE 1 calendar day XAF 0 Agency : Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNE) The fees (material, connection, and subscription) are paid at this point in the case of a low-voltage connection. For a medium-voltage case they can be paid after the works have started (or ended). In any case, subscription fees have to be paid before the warehouse is supplied with electricity. Sta from the electricity company inspect the site and carry out a technical study. This onsite visit is done by SNE only to ensure that the location is correct, to check the road number, the zone, and the door number to determine which electricity post and also water connection will be used for this client. After the onsite visit and con rmation of the location, the request is transmitted to the Service Technique for study and establishing a cost estimate. This department will tell the client about all materials to be bought, where to buy them, and what quality to buy. 3 Obtain excavation permit from municipality 10 calendar days XAF 0 Agency : Municipality When SNE does the works it does not have to apply for an excavation permit because it has a tacit agreement with the municipality (“voirie”) already. When it is a private rm that does the works, then the client (or their contractor) will need to obtain an excavation permit to be able to do the works. 4 Buy material for external works and have it tested by SNE 10 calendar days XAF 37,500,000 Agency : Private rm/ Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNE) SNE will send a technician to inspect the material bought by the client to ensure that the quality is in accordance to the list provided by SNE. 5 Obtain external works from private electrical contractor 27 calendar days XAF 0 Agency : Private rm The client has a choice between hiring a private rm to do the works or asking SNE to carry them out. In the cases where an expansion of the network is needed, it is more common to hire a private rm to do the works. Type of works: Works consist of installing a substation on the client’s plot and connecting it to SNE MV network. From a technical point of view, two types of substation are possible: (a) Option 1: A pre-fabricated transformer, such as a « type bocage » Page 22   transformer. A new substation (160-kVA transformer) is installed on the ensure that the quality is in accordance to the list provided by SNE. Doing Business 2018 Chad 5 Obtain external works from private electrical contractor 27 calendar days XAF 0 Agency : Private rm The client has a choice between hiring a private rm to do the works or asking SNE to carry them out. In the cases where an expansion of the network is needed, it is more common to hire a private rm to do the works. Type of works: Works consist of installing a substation on the client’s plot and connecting it to SNE MV network. From a technical point of view, two types of substation are possible: (a) Option 1: A pre-fabricated transformer, such as a « type bocage » transformer. A new substation (160-kVA transformer) is installed on the client's property. The low-voltage connection to the warehouse is done in this same, private property. Connection to the utility's medium-voltage network is done in the public domain. The medium-voltage meter is incorporated within the substation. (b) Option 2: The “bocage” transformer is usually bought in Europe, and thus leads to delays in procurement. Another option is to build a concrete (“ciment”) transformer. It will take less time and cost less. Plus, from a technical point of view, it is preferred over option 1 because in excess heat the concrete transformer heats up less than the pre-fabricated one. Sometimes, transformers of up to 630kVA are installed. 6 Obtain nal connection and turn-on of supply from SNE 7 calendar days XAF 578,705.37 Agency : Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNE) SNE will pull a wire from the substation to the existing medium-voltage network and turn on the supply. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Getting Electricity in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index (0-8) 0 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 0 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) .. System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) .. What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI N/A Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 0 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? No Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 0 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? No Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 0 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on No Page 23   Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Getting Electricity in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index (0-8) 0 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 0 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) .. System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) .. What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI N/A Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 0 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? No Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 0 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? No Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 0 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on No reliability of supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 0 Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face nes by the regulator (or both) if outages No exceed a certain cap? Communication of tari s and tari changes (0-1) 0 Are e ective tari s available online? No Link to the website, if available online n.a Are customers noti ed of a change in tari ahead of the billing cycle? Yes Note: If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tari index. If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has ve dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable Page 24   To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index. Doing Business 2018 Chad Registering Property This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has ve dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions property (number) about the parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used. Preregistration procedures (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, The parties (buyer and seller): paying property transfer taxes) - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent). Registration procedures in the economy's largest - Are located in the periurban area of the economy’s largest business city. business citya. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest Postregistration procedures (for example, filling business city. title with municipality) - Are 100% domestically and privately owned. Time required to complete each procedure - Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals. (calendar days) - Perform general commercial activities. Does not include time spent gathering information The property (fully owned by the seller): - Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price. Each procedure starts on a separate day - though - Is fully owned by the seller. procedures that can be fully completed online - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for are an exception to this rule the past 10 years. Procedure is considered completed once final - Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title document is received disputes. No prior contact with officials - Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters property value) (6,000 square feet). A two-story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is located on the land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is in Official costs only (such as administrative fees, good condition, has no heating system and complies with all safety duties and taxes). standards, building codes and legal requirements. The property, Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit consisting of land and building, will be transferred in its entirety. payments are excluded - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the Quality of land administration index (0-30) purchase. - Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) monuments of any kind. Transparency of information index (0–6) - Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for Geographic coverage index (0–8) residential use, industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural activities, are required. Land dispute resolution index (0–8) - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) Standard Property Transfer Property value XAF 19,387,659.40 City Covered N’Djamena Page 25   Sub-Saharan OECD high Doing Business 2018 Chad Standard Property Transfer Property value XAF 19,387,659.40 City Covered N’Djamena Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Procedures (number) 6 6.2 4.6 1.00 (4 Economies) Time (days) 44 59.3 22.3 1.00 (3 Economies) Cost (% of property value) 12.9 7.8 4.2 0.00 (5 Economies) Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 8.0 8.6 22.7 29.00 (Singapore) Figure – Registering Property in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 57.15: Niger (Rank: 116) 51.71: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 51.43: Mali (Rank: 137) 44.67: Chad (Rank: 159) 41.92: Central African Republic (Rank: 169) 37.33: Cameroon (Rank: 176) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Registering Property in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 12 40 10 35 Cost (% of property value) 30 8 Time (days) 25 6 20 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Page 26   Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for registering property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Registering Property in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost Time Cost 12 40 10 35 Cost (% of property value) 30 8 Time (days) 25 6 20 15 4 10 2 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Procedures (number) * This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a di erent procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology). For details on the procedures re ected here, see the summary below. Figure – Registering Property in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 9 8.6 8.0 8.0 8 7.0 7 6 Index score 5 4.0 4 3.0 3 2 1 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Registering Property in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 The public notary drafts and notarizes the sale agreement 1 day According to the Agency : Notary official Notary decreasing and The Law expressly states that all legal acts involving real estate transactions cumulative fee should be witnessed and notarized by a public notary. The parties can draft schedule (Decret No. the sale and purchase agreement themselves and only ask the public notary 004/PR/PM/MJ/2010): to notarize the agreement. It is, however, common practice to ask the public notary to draft the sale and purchase agreement. The Law imposes on the public notary, before notarizing the agreement, to perform all required From XAF 200,000 to investigations and due diligence. XAF 500,000: 10% without exceeding By the terms of article 64 of decree n° 630/PR/MJ/96 of 22/11/1996 regarding the sum of XAF Page 27   the statute on notaries: "the memorandum of association or the transfer of 40,000 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Registering Property in Chad – Procedure, Time and Cost No. Procedure Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 The public notary drafts and notarizes the sale agreement 1 day According to the Agency : Notary official Notary decreasing and The Law expressly states that all legal acts involving real estate transactions cumulative fee should be witnessed and notarized by a public notary. The parties can draft schedule (Decret No. the sale and purchase agreement themselves and only ask the public notary 004/PR/PM/MJ/2010): to notarize the agreement. It is, however, common practice to ask the public notary to draft the sale and purchase agreement. The Law imposes on the public notary, before notarizing the agreement, to perform all required From XAF 200,000 to investigations and due diligence. XAF 500,000: 10% without exceeding By the terms of article 64 of decree n° 630/PR/MJ/96 of 22/11/1996 regarding the sum of XAF the statute on notaries: "the memorandum of association or the transfer of 40,000 immovable properties are obligatorily notarized. The authentication only From XAF 500,001 to concerns agreements under private signatures. XAF 1,000,000: 8% without exceeding Notary Fee schedule (Article 9 du Decret n° 004/PR/PM/MJ/2010 published on the sum of XAF December 10, 2009): 50,000 From XAF 200,000 to XAF 500,000: 10% without exceeding the sum of XAF From XAF 1,000,001 40,000 to XAF 3,000,000: 5% From XAF 500,001 to XAF 1,000,000: 8% without exceeding the sum of XAF without exceeding 50,000 the sum of XAF From XAF 1,000,001 to XAF 3,000,000: 5% without exceeding the sum of XAF 60,000 60,000 From XAF 3,000,001 From XAF 3,000,001 to XAF 10,000,000: 2% without exceeding the sum of XAF to XAF 10,000,000: 2% 150,000 without exceeding From XAF 10,000,001 to XAF 50,000,000: 1.5% without exceeding the sum of the sum of XAF XAF 500,000 150,000 From XAF 50,000,001 to XAF 100,000,000: 1.25% without exceeding the sum of From XAF 10,000,001 XAF 625,000 to XAF 50,000,000: From XAF 100,000,001 to XAF 500,000,000: 0.5% without exceeding the sum of 1.5% without XAF 1,500,000 exceeding the sum of From XAF 500,000,001 to XAF 1,000,000,000: 0.3% without exceeding the sum of XAF 2,500,000 XAF 500,000 From XAF 50,000,001 to XAF 100,000,000: 1.25% without exceeding the sum of XAF 625,000 From XAF 100,000,001 to XAF 500,000,000: 0.5% without exceeding the sum of XAF 1,500,000 From XAF 500,000,001 to XAF 1,000,000,000: 0.3% without exceeding the sum of XAF 2,500,000 2 Check the accuracy of the property’s surface and boundaries with the 5 days Page 28   The request must be Doing Business 2018 No. Procedure Chad Time to Complete Associated Costs 1 The public notary drafts and notarizes the sale agreement 1 day According to the Agency : Notary official Notary decreasing and The Law expressly states that all legal acts involving real estate transactions cumulative fee should be witnessed and notarized by a public notary. The parties can draft schedule (Decret No. the sale and purchase agreement themselves and only ask the public notary 004/PR/PM/MJ/2010): to notarize the agreement. It is, however, common practice to ask the public notary to draft the sale and purchase agreement. The Law imposes on the public notary, before notarizing the agreement, to perform all required From XAF 200,000 to investigations and due diligence. XAF 500,000: 10% without exceeding By the terms of article 64 of decree n° 630/PR/MJ/96 of 22/11/1996 regarding the sum of XAF the statute on notaries: "the memorandum of association or the transfer of 40,000 immovable properties are obligatorily notarized. The authentication only From XAF 500,001 to concerns agreements under private signatures. XAF 1,000,000: 8% without exceeding Notary Fee schedule (Article 9 du Decret n° 004/PR/PM/MJ/2010 published on the sum of XAF December 10, 2009): 50,000 From XAF 200,000 to XAF 500,000: 10% without exceeding the sum of XAF From XAF 1,000,001 40,000 to XAF 3,000,000: 5% From XAF 500,001 to XAF 1,000,000: 8% without exceeding the sum of XAF without exceeding 50,000 the sum of XAF From XAF 1,000,001 to XAF 3,000,000: 5% without exceeding the sum of XAF 60,000 60,000 From XAF 3,000,001 From XAF 3,000,001 to XAF 10,000,000: 2% without exceeding the sum of XAF to XAF 10,000,000: 2% 150,000 without exceeding From XAF 10,000,001 to XAF 50,000,000: 1.5% without exceeding the sum of the sum of XAF XAF 500,000 150,000 From XAF 50,000,001 to XAF 100,000,000: 1.25% without exceeding the sum of From XAF 10,000,001 XAF 625,000 to XAF 50,000,000: From XAF 100,000,001 to XAF 500,000,000: 0.5% without exceeding the sum of 1.5% without XAF 1,500,000 exceeding the sum of From XAF 500,000,001 to XAF 1,000,000,000: 0.3% without exceeding the sum of XAF 2,500,000 XAF 500,000 From XAF 50,000,001 to XAF 100,000,000: 1.25% without exceeding the sum of XAF 625,000 From XAF 100,000,001 to XAF 500,000,000: 0.5% without exceeding the sum of XAF 1,500,000 From XAF 500,000,001 to XAF 1,000,000,000: 0.3% without exceeding the sum of XAF 2,500,000 2 Check the accuracy of the property’s surface and boundaries with the 5 days The request must be Cadastre stamped with a value Agency : Cadastre of 1,000 FCFA The public notary has to check with the cadastral services that the land area and boundaries as de ned in the sale and purchase agreement are correct Page 29   and not overstated (or understated). The public notary can either write to the sum of XAF Doing Business 2018 Chad 2,500,000 2 Check the accuracy of the property’s surface and boundaries with the 5 days The request must be Cadastre stamped with a value Agency : Cadastre of 1,000 FCFA The public notary has to check with the cadastral services that the land area and boundaries as de ned in the sale and purchase agreement are correct and not overstated (or understated). The public notary can either write to the concerned services or go by himself or send one of his employees. 3 Check with the Land Registry that the seller is providing a clear and non- 5 days The request must be encumbered title stamped with a value Agency : Land Registry ("Registre de la Conservation Foncière") of 1,000 FCFA The public notary should check whether the seller of the property is the true owner with the Services des Domaines, the Department from which the Land Registry in Chad depends from. The public notary also should check that the owner’s title is clear of mortgages, liens and other kind of security charge. The notary can either write to the director, or personally go to the land registry for due diligence. The Direction des Domaines is under the authority of the Ministry of Urbanism, Habitat and Land A airs. In addition, it is necessary to address a written request to the Registrar of real estate properties to carry out the necessary search of the property title. 4 Obtain the notarized draft of the sale agreement 2 days no cost Agency : Notary After completing all due diligence checks, the public notary should have ful lled his legal obligations under the law and can now draft and notarize the sale and purchase agreement for the parties. The parties will need to pick up the nal sale contract to register it with the "Direction des Domaines". 5 Register the sale agreement with the “Service des Domaines” 1 day 10% property value Agency : Service des Domaines (registration tax) + 4,000 FCFA stamp The parties should register the sale agreement at the Direction des duty (1000FCFA per Domaines. This registration tax is 10% of the property value (Droit page, 4 pages) d’enregistrement acte de vente) Property transfers are subject to stamp duty at a rate of XAF 1000 per page. One pays the stamp duty upon the signature of the sale and purchase agreement or the pronouncement of the adjudication. Additional observations: The Republic of Chad voted the Budget Act of 2015 on December 30, 2014. It decreased the property transfer tax from 12.5% of property value to 10% of property value. The Budget Act came into force on January 1, 2015. 6 Request the nal transfer of property with the “Registre de la 30 days 4 for a thousand (4 Conservation Foncière”. o/oo) of the property Agency : Land Registry ("Registre de la Conservation Foncière") value (property transfer) + 70,000 With the transfer deed and the certi cate of registration, the parties are now (taxe de bornage) eligible to le an application for the e ective transfer of property to the buyer. The request is led at the “Registre de la Conservation Foncière” where Land records are kept. The employee of the Registry conducts a nal due diligence before registering the mutation. Cost involves the following: (i) 4‰ of the property value (Salary of the "Conservateur") (ii) the 'taxe de bornage' is due according to adjudication or over the counter Page 30   agreement based on the following rates according to the surface of the decreased the property transfer tax from 12.5% of property value to 10% of Doing property Business value. 2018 Chad Act came into force on January 1, 2015. The Budget 6 Request the nal transfer of property with the “Registre de la 30 days 4 for a thousand (4 Conservation Foncière”. o/oo) of the property Agency : Land Registry ("Registre de la Conservation Foncière") value (property transfer) + 70,000 With the transfer deed and the certi cate of registration, the parties are now (taxe de bornage) eligible to le an application for the e ective transfer of property to the buyer. The request is led at the “Registre de la Conservation Foncière” where Land records are kept. The employee of the Registry conducts a nal due diligence before registering the mutation. Cost involves the following: (i) 4‰ of the property value (Salary of the "Conservateur") (ii) the 'taxe de bornage' is due according to adjudication or over the counter agreement based on the following rates according to the surface of the property: - Less than 299 m²: 50.000 FCFA - from 300 to 499 m²: 60.000 FCFA - from 500 to 799 m²: 70.000 FCFA - from 800 to 999 m²: 80.000 FCFA - from 1000 to 1199 m²: 90.000 FCFA - from 1200 to 1500 m²: 100.000 FCFA - above up to 1800 m²: 100.000 FCFA plus an additional 200 FCFA/m² Additional observations: Article 2 of Decree n° 211/PR/MFM/86, mentioning distribution of revenues from transfers, transcriptions, registrations and entry of mortgages, xes the fees for transfers and transcriptions at 4 per thousand of the value of the immovable. Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Details – Registering Property in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 8.0 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 3.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Service des Domaines In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city Computer/Scann 1.0 —in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? ed Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, No 0.0 restrictions and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: Service du Cadastre In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city— Computer/Scann 1.0 in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? ed Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing No 0.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the Di erent 1.0 cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in di erent but linked databases databases but Page 31   or in separate databases? linked Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Registering Property in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 8.0 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 3.0 What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Service des Domaines In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city Computer/Scann 1.0 —in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? ed Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, No 0.0 restrictions and the like)? Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: Service du Cadastre In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city— Computer/Scann 1.0 in a paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? ed Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing No 0.0 cadastral information (geographic information system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the Di erent 1.0 cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in di erent but linked databases databases but or in separate databases? linked Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use No 0.0 the same identi cation number for properties? Transparency of information index (0–6) 1.5 Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of Only 0.0 immovable property registration in the largest business city? intermediaries and interested parties Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction Yes, on public 0.5 made publicly available–and if so, how? boards Link for online access: Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, on public 0.5 immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available– boards and if so, how? Link for online access: Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a No 0.0 legally binding document that proves property ownership within a speci c time frame– and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration? Page 32   Link for Doing online access: Business 2018 Chad Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration? Contact information: Are there publicly available o cial statistics tracking the number of transactions at the No 0.0 immovable property registration agency? Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2015: Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? Only 0.0 intermediaries and interested parties Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly available Yes, on public 0.5 —and if so, how? boards Link for online access: Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a No 0.0 speci c time frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? Link for online access: Is there a speci c and separate mechanism for ling complaints about a problem that No 0.0 occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency? Contact information: Geographic coverage index (0–8) 0.0 Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable No 0.0 property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally registered at the No 0.0 immovable property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? No 0.0 Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? No 0.0 Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 4.5 Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable Yes 1.5 property registry to make them opposable to third parties? Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or private No 0.0 guarantee? Is there a speci c compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who No 0.0 engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certi ed by the immovable property registry? Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a Yes 0.5 property transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)? If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Registrar; Notary; Page 33   Interested property transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)? Doing Business 2018 Chad If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Registrar; Notary; Interested Parties. Does the legal system require veri cation of the identity of the parties to a property Yes 0.5 transaction? If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of the parties? Registrar; Notary; Interested Parties. Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity documents? Yes 1.0 For a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights of a Tribunal de property worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per capita and located in the Grande Instance largest business city, what court would be in charge of the case in the rst instance? How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the rst-instance court for Between 2 and 3 1.0 such a case (without appeal)? years Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the rst instance? No 0.0 Number of land disputes in the largest business city in 2015: Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) -1.0 Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0 Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? No -1.0 Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the e ectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions Rights of borrowers and lenders through through 2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information index collateral laws (0-10) measures rules and practices a ecting the coverage, scope and Protection of secured creditors’ rights through accessibility of credit information available through a credit registry or a bankruptcy laws (0-2) credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to Depth of credit information index (0–8) which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is first determined Scope and accessibility of credit information whether a unitary secured transactions system exists. Then two case distributed by credit bureaus and credit scenarios, case A and case B, are used to determine how a nonpossessory registries (0-8) security interest is created, publicized and enforced according to the law. Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Special emphasis is given to how the collateral registry operates (if Number of individuals and firms listed in largest registration of security interests is possible). The case scenarios involve a credit bureau as a percentage of adult population secured borrower, company ABC, and a secured lender, BizBank. Credit registry coverage (% of adults) In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow Number of individuals and firms listed in credit only case A or case B (not both) to apply. Both cases examine the same set Page 34   of legal provisions relating to the use of movable collateral. Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? No -1.0 Doing Business 2018 Chad Getting Credit This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the e ectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions Rights of borrowers and lenders through through 2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information index collateral laws (0-10) measures rules and practices a ecting the coverage, scope and Protection of secured creditors’ rights through accessibility of credit information available through a credit registry or a bankruptcy laws (0-2) credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to Depth of credit information index (0–8) which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is first determined Scope and accessibility of credit information whether a unitary secured transactions system exists. Then two case distributed by credit bureaus and credit scenarios, case A and case B, are used to determine how a nonpossessory registries (0-8) security interest is created, publicized and enforced according to the law. Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Special emphasis is given to how the collateral registry operates (if Number of individuals and firms listed in largest registration of security interests is possible). The case scenarios involve a credit bureau as a percentage of adult population secured borrower, company ABC, and a secured lender, BizBank. Credit registry coverage (% of adults) In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow Number of individuals and firms listed in credit only case A or case B (not both) to apply. Both cases examine the same set registry as a percentage of adult population of legal provisions relating to the use of movable collateral. Several assumptions about the secured borrower (ABC) and lender (BizBank) are used: - ABC is a domestic limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). - ABC has up to 50 employees. - ABC has its headquarters and only base of operations in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - Both ABC and BizBank are 100% domestically owned. The case scenarios also involve assumptions. In case A, as collateral for the loan, ABC grants BizBank a nonpossessory security interest in one category of movable assets, for example, its machinery or its inventory. ABC wants to keep both possession and ownership of the collateral. In economies where the law does not allow nonpossessory security interests in movable property, ABC and BizBank use a fiduciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or a similar substitute for nonpossessory security interests). In case B, ABC grants BizBank a business charge, enterprise charge, floating charge or any charge that gives BizBank a security interest over ABC’s combined movable assets (or as much of ABC’s movable assets as possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 6 5.1 6.0 12.00 (4 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 0 3.0 6.6 8.00 (34 Economies) Page 35   Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.4 6.3 18.3 100.00 (3 Economies) possible). ABC keeps ownership and possession of the assets. Doing Business 2018 Chad Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 6 5.1 6.0 12.00 (4 Economies) Depth of credit information index (0-8) 0 3.0 6.6 8.00 (34 Economies) Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.4 6.3 18.3 100.00 (3 Economies) Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 8.2 63.7 100.00 (23 Economies) Figure – Getting Credit in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 60.00: Cameroon (Rank: 68) 40.73: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 30.00: Central African Republic (Rank: 142) 30.00: Mali (Rank: 142) 30.00: Niger (Rank: 142) 30.00: Chad (Rank: 142) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting credit. These scores are the distance to frontier score for the sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit information index. Figure – Legal Rights in Chad and comparator economies 6.2 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.8 Index score 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5 4.8 4.6 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Legal Rights in Chad Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 6 Does an integrated or uni ed legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and Yes enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without Yes requiring a speci c description of collateral? Page 36   Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Legal Rights in Chad Strength of legal rights index (0-12) 6 Does an integrated or uni ed legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and Yes enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets, without Yes requiring a speci c description of collateral? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its assets, without requiring Yes a speci c description of collateral? May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and does it extend automatically to the products, proceeds Yes or replacements of the original assets? Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and Yes obligations be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement include a maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is uni ed geographically No and by asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's name? Does a notice-based collateral registry exist in which all functional equivalents can be registered? No Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations, amendments, cancellations and searches can be No performed online by any interested third party? Are secured creditors paid rst (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency No procedure? Are secured creditors paid rst (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated? No Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised No reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and/or sets a time limit for it? Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law Yes allow the secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction or private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt? Figure – Credit Information in Chad and comparator economies 8 6 6 Index score 4 3.0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Credit Information in Chad Page 37   0 0 0 0 0 Chad Doing Business 2018 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Credit Information in Chad Credit Credit Depth of credit information index (0-8) bureau registry Score Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? No No 0 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? No No 0 Are data from retailers or utility companies - in addition to data from banks and financial institutions - No No 0 distributed? Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more No No 0 than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per capita distributed? No No 0 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data in the credit bureau or credit registry? No No 0 Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, No No 0 through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value-added service to help banks and financial No No 0 institutions assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Score ("yes" to either public bureau or private registry) 0 Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry Number of individuals 0 141,722 Number of firms 0 31,831 Total 0 173,553 Percentage of adult population 0.0 2.4 Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions The business (Buyer): Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability of - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important minority shareholders to sue and hold interested stock exchange. If the number of publicly traded companies listed on that directors liable for prejudicial related-party exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with multiple Page 38   transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, Percentage of adult population 0.0 2.4 Doing Business 2018 Chad Protecting Minority Investors This topic measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against misuse of corporate assets by directors for their personal gain as well as shareholder rights, governance safeguards and corporate transparency requirements that reduce the risk of abuse. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Extent of disclosure index (0–10): Review and To make the data comparable across economies, a case study uses several approval requirements for related-party assumptions about the business and the transaction. transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party transactions The business (Buyer): Extent of director liability index (0–10): Ability of - Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the economy’s most important minority shareholders to sue and hold interested stock exchange. If the number of publicly traded companies listed on that directors liable for prejudicial related-party exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, is assumed that Buyer is a large private company with multiple disgorgement of profits, fines, imprisonment, shareholders. rescission of the transaction) - Has a board of directors and a chief executive o cer (CEO) who may legally act on behalf of Buyer where permitted, even if this is not speci cally Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10): Access to required by law. internal corporate documents; Evidence - Has a supervisory board (applicable to economies with a two-tier board obtainable during trial and allocation of legal system) on which 60% of the shareholder-elected members have been expenses appointed by Mr. James, who is Buyer’s controlling shareholder and a Extent of conflict of interest regulation index member of Buyer’s board of directors. (0–10): Simple average of the extent of disclosure, - Has not adopted any bylaws or articles of association that di er from extent of director liability and ease of default minimum standards and does not follow any nonmandatory codes, shareholder indices principles, recommendations or guidelines relating to corporate Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10): governance. Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate - Is a manufacturing company with its own distribution network. decisions Extent of ownership and control index (0-10): The transaction involves the following details: Governance safeguards protecting shareholders - Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and elected two directors to Buyer’s ve- from undue board control and entrenchment member board. Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10): - Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a company that operates a chain of Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, retail hardware stores. Seller recently closed a large number of its stores. compensation, audits and financial prospects - Mr. James proposes that Buyer purchase Seller’s unused eet of trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution of its food products, a proposal to which Buyer Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10): agrees. The price is equal to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher than the Simple average of the extent of shareholders market value. rights, extent of ownership and control and - The proposed transaction is part of the company’s ordinary course of extent of corporate transparency indices business and is not outside the authority of the company. Strength of minority investor protection index - Buyer enters into the transaction. All required approvals are obtained, (0–10): Simple average of the extent of conflict of and all required disclosures made (that is, the transaction is not interest regulation and extent of shareholder fraudulent). governance indices - The transaction causes damages to Buyer. Shareholders sue Mr. James and the other parties that approved the transaction. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0- 4 4.8 6.4 9.3 (New Zealand) 10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 3.7 4.0 6.4 Page 39   9.00 (Kazakhstan) and the other parties that approved the transaction. Doing Business 2018 Chad Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0- 4 4.8 6.4 9.3 (New Zealand) 10) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 3.7 4.0 6.4 9.00 (Kazakhstan) Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 43.72: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 41.67: Cameroon (Rank: 138) 40.00: Central African Republic (Rank: 146) 40.00: Mali (Rank: 146) 40.00: Niger (Rank: 146) 38.33: Chad (Rank: 160) Note: The ranking of economies on the strength of minority investor protections is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for protecting minority investors. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the extent of con ict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. Figure – Protecting Minority Investors in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Chad 4 1 7 3 4 4 Cameroon 4 1 7 3 4 6 Central African Republic 4 1 7 3 4 5 Mali 4 1 7 3 4 5 Niger 4 1 7 3 4 5 OECD high income 7.3 5.6 6.5 5.2 6.3 7.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.2 3.5 5.5 3.3 4.6 5.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Sub-Indicator Score Extent of corporate transparency index (0­10) Extent of director liability index (0­10) Extent of disclosure index (0­10) Extent of ownership and control index (0­10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0­10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0­10) Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Page 40   Extent of ownership and control index (0­10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0­10) Ease of shareholder suits index (0­10) Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Protecting Minority Investors in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Extent of con ict of interest regulation index (0-10) 4 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 7 Which corporate body is legally su cient to approve the Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) Shareholders 3.0 excluding interested parties Must an external body review the terms of the transaction before it takes place? (0-1) No 0.0 Must Mr. James disclose his con ict of interest to the board of directors? (0-2) Full disclosure of 2.0 all material facts Must Buyer disclose the transaction in published periodic lings (annual reports)? (0-2) Disclosure on 2.0 the transaction and on the con ict of interest Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction to the public and/or shareholders? (0- No disclosure 0.0 2) obligation Extent of director liability index (0-10) 1 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital sue directly or derivatively Yes 1.0 for the damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0-1) Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the damage the transaction Not liable 0.0 caused to Buyer? (0-2) Can shareholders hold the other directors liable for the damage the transaction caused Not liable 0.0 to Buyer (0-2) Must Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused to Buyer upon a successful claim by No 0.0 shareholders? (0-1) Must Mr. James repay pro ts made from the transaction upon a successful claim by No 0.0 shareholders? (0-1) Is Mr. James disquali ed or ned and imprisoned upon a successful claim by No 0.0 shareholders? (0-1) Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-2) Only in case of 0.0 fraud or bad faith Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 4 Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction documents? (0-1) Can the plainti obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 document Can the plainti request categories of documents from the defendant without No 0.0 Page 41   Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital inspect the Yes 1.0 transaction Doing 2018 (0-1) documents? Business Chad Can the plainti obtain any documents from the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Any relevant 3.0 document Can the plainti request categories of documents from the defendant without No 0.0 identifying speci c ones? (0-1) Can the plainti directly question the defendant and witnesses at trial? (0-2) No 0.0 Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of criminal cases? (0-1) No 0.0 Can shareholder plainti s recover their legal expenses from the company? (0-2) At the discretion 0.0 of the court Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 3.7 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 4 Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require shareholder approval? No 0.0 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital call for a meeting of Yes 1.0 shareholders? Must Buyer obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it issues new shares? Yes 1.0 Do shareholders automatically receive preemption rights every time Buyer issues new No 0.0 shares? Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor? Yes 1.0 Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only possible if the holders of the a ected Yes 1.0 shares approve? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the sale of 51% of its assets require No 0.0 member approval? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 10% call for a No 0.0 meeting of members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all members consent to add a new No 0.0 member? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a member rst o er to sell their No 0.0 interest to the existing members before they can sell to non-members? Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 3 Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as CEO and chair of the board of No 0.0 directors? Must the board of directors include independent and nonexecutive board members? No 0.0 Can shareholders remove members of the board of directors without cause before the Yes 1.0 end of their term? Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising No 0.0 board members? Must a potential acquirer make a tender o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% No 0.0 of Buyer? Page 42   Must Buyer pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law? Yes 1.0 Must the board of directors include a separate audit committee exclusively comprising No 0.0 board Doing members? Business 2018 Chad Must a potential acquirer make a tender o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% No 0.0 of Buyer? Must Buyer pay declared dividends within a maximum period set by law? Yes 1.0 Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares issued by its parent company? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer have a mechanism to resolve No 0.0 disagreements among members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a potential acquirer make a tender No 0.0 o er to all shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer distribute pro ts within a Yes 1.0 maximum period set by law? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 4 Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect bene cial ownership stakes representing 5%? No 0.0 Must Buyer disclose information about board members’ primary employment and No 0.0 directorships in other companies? Must Buyer disclose the compensation of individual managers? No 0.0 Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent 21 days before the meeting? No 0.0 Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital put items on the general Yes 1.0 meeting agenda? Must Buyer's annual nancial statements be audited by an external auditor? Yes 1.0 Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? No 0.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must members meet at least once a year? Yes 1.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 5% put items on No 0.0 the meeting agenda? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual nancial statements be Yes 1.0 audited by an external auditor? Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as measures the administrative burden in paying taxes and contributions. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed on June 30, 2017 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2016 (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016). Last year (Doing Business 2017) the scope of data collection was expanded to better understand the overall tax environment in an economy. The questionnaire was expanded to include new questions on post- ling processes: VAT refund and tax audit. The data shows where post ling processes and practices work e ciently and what drives the di erences in the overall tax compliance cost across economies. The new section covers both the legal framework and the administrative burden on businesses to comply with post ling processes. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Page 43   Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual nancial statements be Yes 1.0 audited by an external auditor? Doing Business 2018 Chad Paying Taxes This topic records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium-size company must pay or withhold in a given year, as well as measures the administrative burden in paying taxes and contributions. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed on June 30, 2017 covering for the Paying Taxes indicator calendar year 2016 (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016). Last year (Doing Business 2017) the scope of data collection was expanded to better understand the overall tax environment in an economy. The questionnaire was expanded to include new questions on post- ling processes: VAT refund and tax audit. The data shows where post ling processes and practices work e ciently and what drives the di erences in the overall tax compliance cost across economies. The new section covers both the legal framework and the administrative burden on businesses to comply with post ling processes. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Tax payments for a manufacturing company in Using a case scenario, Doing Business records taxes and mandatory 2016 (number per year adjusted for electronic and contributions a medium size company must pay in a year, and measures joint ling and payment) the administrative burden of paying taxes, contributions and dealing with post ling processes. Information is also compiled on frequency of ling Total number of taxes and contributions paid, and payments, time taken to comply with tax laws, time taken to comply including consumption taxes (value added tax, with the requirements of post ling processes and time waiting. sales tax or goods and service tax) Method and frequency of filing and payment To make data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used: Time required to comply with 3 major taxes - TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that started operations on January (hours per year) 1, 2015. It produces ceramic flowerpots and sells them at retail. All taxes Collecting information, computing tax payable and contributions recorded are paid in the second year of operation Completing tax return, filing with agencies (calendar year 2016). Taxes and mandatory contributions are measured at all levels of government. Arranging payment or withholding Preparing separate tax accounting books, if The VAT refund process: required - In June 2016, TaxpayerCo. makes a large capital purchase: the value of the Total tax and contribution rate (% of pro t before machine is 65 times income per capita of the economy. Sales are equally all taxes) spread per month (1,050 times income per capita divided by 12) and cost of goods sold are equally expensed per month (875 times income per Profit or corporate income tax capita divided by 12). The machinery seller is registered for VAT and excess Social contributions, labor taxes paid by input VAT incurred in June will be fully recovered after four consecutive employer months if the VAT rate is the same for inputs, sales and the machine and Property and property transfer taxes the tax reporting period is every month. Input VAT will exceed Output VAT Dividend, capital gains, financial transactions in June 2016. taxes The corporate income tax audit process: Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes - An error in calculation of income tax liability (for example, use of incorrect Post ling Index tax depreciation rates, or incorrectly treating an expense as tax deductible) leads to an incorrect income tax return and a corporate income Time to comply with a VAT refund tax underpayment. TaxpayerCo. discovered the error and voluntarily Time to receive a VAT refund noti ed the tax authority. The value of the underpaid income tax liability is Time to comply with a corporate income tax audit 5% of the corporate income tax liability due. TaxpayerCo. submits corrected information after the deadline for submitting the annual tax Time to complete a corporate income tax audit return, but within the tax assessment period. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Payments (number per year) 54 37.2 10.9 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Page 44   return, but within the tax assessment period. Doing Business 2018 Chad Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Payments (number per year) 54 37.2 10.9 3 (Hong Kong SAR, China) Time (hours per year) 766 280.8 160.7 55 (Luxembourg) Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 63.5 46.8 40.1 18.47% (32 Economies) Postfiling index (0-100) 13.07 54.39 83.45 99.38 (Estonia) Figure – Paying Taxes in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 57.49: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 52.49: Niger (Rank: 160) 51.55: Mali (Rank: 166) 36.34: Cameroon (Rank: 183) 18.89: Central African Republic (Rank: 187) 17.92: Chad (Rank: 188) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores on the ease of paying taxes. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the four component indicators – number of tax payments. time, total tax rate and post ling index – with a threshold and a nonlinear transformation applied to one of the component indicators, the total tax rate. The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate to the power of 0.8. The threshold is de ned as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All economies with a total tax rate below this threshold receive the same score as the economy at the threshold. Figure – Paying Taxes in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 60 54.39 49.31 50 38.02 40 Index score 30 25.71 20 13.07 10 5.13 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Paying Taxes in Chad Total tax and Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time contribution rate Notes contribution (number) Payments (hours) Statutory tax rate Tax base (% of profit) on TTR Page 45   Corporate income 12 300 35% on profits or 1.5% taxable profit 31.29 Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Paying Taxes in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality 60 54.39 49.31 50 38.02 40 Index score 30 25.71 20 13.07 10 5.13 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Paying Taxes in Chad Total tax and Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time contribution rate Notes contribution (number) Payments (hours) Statutory tax rate Tax base (% of profit) on TTR Corporate income 12 300 35% on profits or 1.5% taxable profit 31.29 tax on turnover (whichever is higher) Social security 12 216 16.5% gross salaries 18.61 contributions Payroll tax 12 7.5% gross salaries 8.46 Business license 1 0.1% turnover 1.77 Apprenticeship tax 0 jointly 1.2% gross salaries 1.35 Property tax 1 10% rental value of 1.00 assets Vehicle tax 1 fixed fee 0.38 depending on type of vehicle Tax on rental value 1 10% rental value of 0.32 immovable assets Other license 0 jointly 17% + fixed fee business 0.30 contributions license Value added tax 12 250 0%/18% value added 0.00 not (VAT) included Social security 0 jointly 3.5% gross salaries 0.00 withheld contributions on employee Stamp duty 1 XAF 2,000 - 5,000 per page 0.00 small amount Fuel tax 1 0.00 Page 46   small contributions on employee Doing Business 2018 Chad Stamp duty 1 XAF 2,000 - 5,000 per page 0.00 small amount Fuel tax 1 0.00 small amount Totals 54 766 63.5 Details – Paying Taxes in Chad – Tax by Type Taxes by type Answer Profit tax (% of profit) 31.3 Labor tax and contributions (% of profit) 28.4 Other taxes (% of profit) 3.8 Details – Paying Taxes in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Post ling index (0-100) 13.07 VAT refunds Does VAT exist? Yes Does a VAT refund process exist per the case study? No Restrictions on VAT refund process Restricted to international traders and others Percentage of cases exposed to a VAT audit (%) Not applicable Is there a mandatory carry forward period? No Time to comply with VAT refund (hours) No VAT refund 0 per case study scenario Time to obtain a VAT refund (weeks) No VAT refund 0 per case study scenario Corporate income tax audits Does corporate income tax exist? Yes Percentage of cases exposed to a corporate income tax audit (%) 50% - 74% Time to comply with a corporate income tax audit (hours) 46.0 18.35 Time to complete a corporate income tax audit (weeks) 21.1 33.93 Page 47   Notes: Names of taxes have been standardized. For instance income tax, pro t tax, tax on company's income are all named to comply with TimeBusiness Doing 2018 Chad income tax audit (hours) a corporate 46.0 18.35 Time to complete a corporate income tax audit (weeks) 21.1 33.93 Notes: Names of taxes have been standardized. For instance income tax, pro t tax, tax on company's income are all named corporate income tax in this table. The hours for VAT include all the VAT and sales taxes applicable. The hours for Social Security include all the hours for labor taxes and mandatory contributions in general. The post ling index is the average of the scores on time to comply with VAT refund, time to obtain a VAT refund, time to comply with a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. N/A = Not applicable. Trading across Borders Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business measures the time and cost (excluding tari s) associated with three sets of procedures—documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. Given the importance of trade digitalization, in Doing Business 2018, the Trading across Borders questionnaire included research questions on the availability and status of implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Single Window (SW) systems. With this information, Doing Business built a comprehensive dataset on the adoption and level of sophistication of electronic platforms in 190 economies. These data are not used to compute the distance to frontier score or ranking of the ease of doing business. The new dataset on EDI and SW systems is available here. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Documentary compliance To make the data comparable across economies, a few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port Time: Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours (for example, 22 or border handling in origin economy days are recorded as 22×24=528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents hours, the data are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose documents are required by destination economy and any transit submitted to a customs agency at 8:00a.m., are processed overnight and economies can be picked up at 8:00a.m. the next day. The time for customs clearance Covers all documents required by law and in would be recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure took 24 practice, including electronic submissions of hours. information Border compliance Cost: Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Customs clearance and inspections Contributors are asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based on Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. than 20% of shipments) Contributors are private sector experts in international trade logistics and Handling and inspections that take place at the are informed about exchange rates. economy’s port or border Assumptions of the case study: - For all 190 economies covered by Doing Domestic transport Business, it is assumed a shipment is in a warehouse in the largest Loading or unloading of the shipment at the business city of the exporting economy and travels to a warehouse in the warehouse or port/border largest business city of the importing economy. - It is assumed each Transport between warehouse and port/border economy imports 15 metric tons of containerized auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import partner—the economy from which it imports the Traffic delays and road police checks while shipment is en route largest value (price times quantity) of auto parts. It is assumed each economy exports the product of its comparative advantage (de ned by the largest export value) to its natural export partner—the economy that is the largest purchaser of this product. Shipment value is assumed to be $50,000. - The mode of transport is the one most widely used for the chosen export or import product and the trading partner, as is the seaport, or land border crossing. - All electronic information submissions Page 48   requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are a corporate income tax audit and time to complete a corporate income tax audit. N/A = Not applicable. Doing Business 2018 Chad Trading across Borders Doing Business records the time and cost associated with the logistical process of exporting and importing goods. Doing Business measures the time and cost (excluding tari s) associated with three sets of procedures—documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. Given the importance of trade digitalization, in Doing Business 2018, the Trading across Borders questionnaire included research questions on the availability and status of implementation of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Single Window (SW) systems. With this information, Doing Business built a comprehensive dataset on the adoption and level of sophistication of electronic platforms in 190 economies. These data are not used to compute the distance to frontier score or ranking of the ease of doing business. The new dataset on EDI and SW systems is available here. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Documentary compliance To make the data comparable across economies, a few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port Time: Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours (for example, 22 or border handling in origin economy days are recorded as 22×24=528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents hours, the data are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose documents are required by destination economy and any transit submitted to a customs agency at 8:00a.m., are processed overnight and economies can be picked up at 8:00a.m. the next day. The time for customs clearance Covers all documents required by law and in would be recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure took 24 practice, including electronic submissions of hours. information Border compliance Cost: Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are reported in U.S. dollars. Customs clearance and inspections Contributors are asked to convert local currency into U.S. dollars based on Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more the exchange rate prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. than 20% of shipments) Contributors are private sector experts in international trade logistics and Handling and inspections that take place at the are informed about exchange rates. economy’s port or border Assumptions of the case study: - For all 190 economies covered by Doing Domestic transport Business, it is assumed a shipment is in a warehouse in the largest Loading or unloading of the shipment at the business city of the exporting economy and travels to a warehouse in the warehouse or port/border largest business city of the importing economy. - It is assumed each Transport between warehouse and port/border economy imports 15 metric tons of containerized auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import partner—the economy from which it imports the Traffic delays and road police checks while shipment is en route largest value (price times quantity) of auto parts. It is assumed each economy exports the product of its comparative advantage (de ned by the largest export value) to its natural export partner—the economy that is the largest purchaser of this product. Shipment value is assumed to be $50,000. - The mode of transport is the one most widely used for the chosen export or import product and the trading partner, as is the seaport, or land border crossing. - All electronic information submissions requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the export or import process. - A port or border is a place (seaport, airport or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter or leave an economy. - Relevant government agencies include customs, port authorities, road police, border guards, standardization agencies, ministries or departments of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other government authorities. Page 49   of agriculture or industry, national security agencies and any other Doing Business 2018 Chad government authorities. Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Time to export: Border compliance (hours) 106 100.1 12.7 0 (17 Economies) Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) 319 592.1 149.9 0.00 (19 Economies) Time to export: Documentary compliance 87 87.8 2.4 1.0 (25 Economies) (hours) Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) 188 215.1 35.4 0.00 (19 Economies) Time to import: Border compliance (hours) 242 136.4 8.7 0.00 (21 Economies) Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) 669 686.8 111.6 0.00 (27 Economies) Time to import: Documentary compliance 172 103.0 3.5 1.0 (30 Economies) (hours) Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) 500 300.1 25.6 0.00 (30 Economies) Figure – Trading across Borders in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 73.30: Mali (Rank: 85) 63.61: Niger (Rank: 122) 58.64: Central African Republic (Rank: 145) 52.56: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 40.12: Chad (Rank: 172) 15.99: Cameroon (Rank: 186) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of trading across borders is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for trading across borders. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the time and cost for documentary compliance and border compliance to export and import (domestic transport is not used for calculating the ranking). Figure – Trading across Borders in Chad – Time and Cost Time Cost 300 800 242 669 700 250 600 200 500 Time (hours) 172 Cost (USD) 500 150 400 319 106 87 300 100 188 200 50 100 0 0 Export - Border Compliance Export - Documentary Compliance Import - Border Compliance Import - Documentary CompliancePage 50   Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Trading across Borders in Chad – Time and Cost Time Cost 300 800 242 669 700 250 600 200 500 Time (hours) 172 Cost (USD) 500 150 400 319 106 87 300 100 188 200 50 100 0 0 Export - Border Compliance Export - Documentary Compliance Import - Border Compliance Import - Documentary Compliance Details – Trading across Borders in Chad Characteristics Export Import Product HS 52 : Cotton HS 8708: Parts and accessories of motor vehicles Trade partner China France Border Touboro border crossing Touboro border crossing Distance (km) 650 650 Domestic transport time (hours) 28 28 Domestic transport cost (USD) 2300 2360 Details – Trading across Borders in Chad – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete Associated Costs (hours) (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 75.0 234.5 Export: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 24.0 84.5 Export: Port or border handling 7.0 0.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 50.0 169.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 168.0 500.0 Import: Port or border handling 24.0 0.0 Details – Trading across Borders in Chad – Trade Documents Export Import Commercial invoice Commercial invoice Transit document Bill of lading Page 51   Domestic transport cost (USD) 2300 2360 Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Trading across Borders in Chad – Components of Border Compliance Time to Complete Associated Costs (hours) (USD) Export: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 75.0 234.5 Export: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 24.0 84.5 Export: Port or border handling 7.0 0.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by customs authorities 50.0 169.0 Import: Clearance and inspections required by agencies other than customs 168.0 500.0 Import: Port or border handling 24.0 0.0 Details – Trading across Borders in Chad – Trade Documents Export Import Commercial invoice Commercial invoice Transit document Bill of lading Export declaration Packing list Certificate of origin Transit declaration (regime IM8) Phytosanitary certificate Declaration of release for consumption (IM4) Packing list Certificate of conformity Sealing certificate (Certificat d'empotage) Import license SOLAS certificate Exoneration letter Bill of lading SOLAS Certificate Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local rst-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and e ciency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract courts (calendar days) between 2 domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes Time to file and serve the case the case from simple debt enforcement. Time for trial and to obtain the judgment To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses Time to enforce the judgment several assumptions about the case: Cost required to enforce a contract through the (Seller - The dispute concerns a lawful transaction between two businessesPage 52   courts (% of claim) and Buyer), both located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 Bill of lading SOLAS Certificate Doing Business 2018 Chad Enforcing Contracts The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local rst-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and e ciency in the court system. The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to enforce a contract through the The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract courts (calendar days) between 2 domestic businesses. The case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes Time to file and serve the case the case from simple debt enforcement. Time for trial and to obtain the judgment To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses Time to enforce the judgment several assumptions about the case: Cost required to enforce a contract through the - The dispute concerns a lawful transaction between two businesses (Seller courts (% of claim) and Buyer), both located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 Attorney fees economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. - The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails to pay. Court fees - The value of the dispute is 200% of the income per capita or the Enforcement fees equivalent in local currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) - The seller sues the buyer before the court with jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200% of income per capita or $5,000. Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) - The seller requests a pretrial attachment to secure the claim. Case management (0-6) - The dispute on the quality of the goods requires an expert opinion. Court automation (0-4) - The judge decides in favor of the seller; there is no appeal. Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) - The seller enforces the judgment through a public sale of the buyer’s movable assets. Standardized Case Claim value XAF 2,537,547.00 Court name N'Djamena Commercial Court City Covered N’Djamena Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Time (days) 743 656.8 577.8 164.00 (Singapore) Cost (% of claim value) 45.7 44.0 21.5 9.00 (Iceland) Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 6.5 6.5 11.0 15.50 (Australia) Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 48.70: Niger (Rank: 137) 48.14: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 44.58: Chad (Rank: 154) Page 53   of judicial processes Quality Business Doing 2018 Chadindex (0-18) 6.5 6.5 11.0 15.50 (Australia) Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 48.70: Niger (Rank: 137) 48.14: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 44.58: Chad (Rank: 154) 42.80: Mali (Rank: 159) 41.76: Cameroon (Rank: 162) 30.46: Central African Republic (Rank: 182) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of enforcing contracts is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for enforcing contracts. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Chad – Time and Cost Time Cost 900 90 800 82.0 800 743 80 Cost (% of claim value) 700 660 656.8 70 620 577.8 600 52.0 52.6 60 Time (days) 500 46.6 45.7 44.0 50 430 400 40 300 30 21.5 200 20 100 10 0 0 Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Mali Niger OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Chad 2 0 4.5 Cameroon 2 0 4 Central African Republic 2 0 3 Mali 2 0 3 Niger 2 0.5 0 3 OECD high income 2.5 2.9 2 3.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 2 1.1 0.3 3.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Page 54   12 0 0 Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Mali Niger OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Enforcing Contracts in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Chad 2 0 4.5 Cameroon 2 0 4 Central African Republic 2 0 3 Mali 2 0 3 Niger 2 0.5 0 3 OECD high income 2.5 2.9 2 3.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 2 1.1 0.3 3.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Sub-Indicator Score Alternative dispute resolution (0­3) Case management (0­6) Court automation (0­4) Court structure and proceedings (­1­5) Details – Enforcing Contracts in Chad Indicator Time (days) 743 Filing and service 35 Trial and judgment 320 Enforcement of judgment 388 Cost (% of claim value) 45.7 Attorney fees 23.5 Court fees 13.8 Enforcement fees 8.4 Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 6.5 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 4.5 Case management (0-6) 0.0 Court automation (0-4) 0.0 Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.0 Details – Enforcing Contracts in Chad – Measure of Quality Page 55   Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.0 Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Enforcing Contracts in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 6.5 Court structure and proceedings (-1-5) 4.5 1. Is there a court or division of a court dedicated solely to hearing commercial cases? Yes 1.5 2. Small claims court 1.5 2.a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small claims? Yes 2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? Yes 3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 4. Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? Yes, but manual 0.5 5. Does a woman's testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man's? Yes 0.0 Case management (0-6) 0.0 1. Time standards 0.0 1.a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for key court events in a civil case? No 1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least three court events? n.a. 1.c. Are these time standards respected in more than 50% of cases? n.a. 2. Adjournments 0.0 2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of adjournments that can be No granted? 2.b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and exceptional circumstances? Yes 2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected in more than 50% of cases? No 3. Can two of the following four reports be generated about the competent court: (i) No 0.0 time to disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; (iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress report? 4. Is a pretrial conference among the case management techniques used before the No 0.0 competent court? 5. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court No 0.0 for use by judges? 6. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court No 0.0 for use by lawyers? Court automation (0-4) 0.0 1. Can the initial complaint be led electronically through a dedicated platform within No 0.0 the competent court? 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims led before the No 0.0 competent court? Page 56   1. Can the initial complaint be led electronically through a dedicated platform within No 0.0 Businesscourt? the competent Doing 2018 Chad 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims led before the No 0.0 competent court? 3. Can court fees be paid electronically within the competent court? No 0.0 4. Publication of judgments 0.0 4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at all levels made available to the No general public through publication in o cial gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? 4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at the appellate and supreme No court level made available to the general public through publication in o cial gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 2.0 1. Arbitration 1.5 1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by a consolidated law or Yes consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all its aspects? 1.b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from those that deal with public No order or public policy—that cannot be submitted to arbitration? 1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements usually enforced by the courts? Yes 2. Mediation/Conciliation 0.5 2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes 2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by a consolidated law or No consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all their aspects? 2.c. Are there nancial incentives for parties to attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., No if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court ling fees, income tax credits or the like)? Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are Measured in calendar years used: Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) suppliers. The hotel experiences nancial di culties. Page 57   Measured as percentage of estate value - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court ling fees, income tax credits or the like)? Doing Business 2018 Chad Resolving Insolvency Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities. These variables are used to calculate the recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors through reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Time required to recover debt (years) To make the data on the time, cost and outcome comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the case are Measured in calendar years used: Appeals and requests for extension are included - A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has 201 employees and 50 Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) suppliers. The hotel experiences nancial di culties. Measured as percentage of estate value - The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per capita or the equivalent Court fees in local currency of USD 200,000, whichever is greater. - The hotel has a loan from a domestic bank, secured by a mortgage over Fees of insolvency administrators the hotel’s real estate. The hotel cannot pay back the loan, but makes Lawyers’ fees enough money to operate otherwise. Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy and integrity of the Other related fees existing legal framework applicable to liquidation and reorganization Outcome proceedings through the strength of insolvency framework index. The index tests whether economies adopted internationally accepted good Whether business continues operating as a going practices in four areas: commencement of proceedings, management of concern or business assets are sold piecemeal debtor’s assets, reorganization proceedings and creditor participation. Recovery rate for creditors Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors Outcome for the business (survival or not) determines the maximum value that can be recovered Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are deducted Depreciation of furniture is taken into account Present value of debt recovered Strength of insolvency framework index (0- 16) Sum of the scores of four component indices: Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) Creditor participation index (0-4) Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 20.3 71.2 93.1 (Norway) Time (years) 4.0 2.9 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Page 58   Cost (% of estate) 60.0 22.7 9.1 1.00 (Norway) Creditor participation index (0-4) Doing Business 2018 Chad Sub-Saharan OECD high Indicator Chad Africa income Overall Best Performer Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 20.3 71.2 93.1 (Norway) Time (years) 4.0 2.9 1.7 0.4 (Ireland) Cost (% of estate) 60.0 22.7 9.1 1.00 (Norway) Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going 0 .. .. .. concern) Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 9.0 6.2 12.1 15.00 (6 Economies) Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Chad and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF) 0 100 43.22: Mali (Rank: 94) 39.19: Niger (Rank: 112) 36.73: Cameroon (Rank: 125) 30.28: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa) 28.13: Central African Republic (Rank: 150) 28.13: Chad (Rank: 150) Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving insolvency is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for resolving insolvency. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Chad – Time and Cost Time Cost 6 76.0 80 5.0 70 5 4.8 60.0 4.0 60 Cost (% of estate) 4 3.6 Time (years) 50 2.8 2.9 3 33.5 40 1.7 22.7 30 2 18.0 18.0 20 1 9.1 10 0 0 Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Mali Niger OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Chad 5.5 2 1 0.5 Page 59   Cameroon 5.5 2 1 0.5 0 0 Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Mali Niger OECD high income Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Chad and comparator economies – Measure of Quality Chad 5.5 2 1 0.5 Cameroon 5.5 2 1 0.5 Central African Republic 5.5 2 1 0.5 Mali 5.5 2 1 0.5 Niger 5.5 2 1 0.5 OECD high income 5.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 Sub-Saharan Africa 4.1 2.3 1 0.4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Sub-Indicator Score Management of debtor's assets index (0­6) Commencement of proceedings index (0­3) Creditor participation index (0­4) Reorganization proceedings index (0­3) Figure – Resolving Insolvency in Chad and comparator economies – Recovery Rate Recovery Rate (cents on the dollar) 30 28.0 25 20.6 20.3 20 16.0 15 10 5 0.0 0.0 0 Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Details – Resolving Insolvency in Chad Indicator Answer Explanation Proceeding foreclosure Mirage cannot repay the money owed to BizBank, so the bank will start foreclosure proceedings at the Commercial Court. At the end of the procedure, the hotel building will be sold and BizBank will obtain payment. Outcome piecemeal sale According to our estimations, the hotel will stop operating and be dismantled, and the assets of the debtor will be sold separately. Time (in years) 4.0 According to our estimations, the foreclosure proceedings will take approximately 48 months. This estimate includes summoning Mirage, the foreclosure proceedings and the organization of the sale by the bailiff. Cost (% of 60.0 According to our estimations, foreclosure proceedings will cost approximately XAF estate) 60,000,000 (60% of the value of Mirage). Please provide other estimates if you disagree. Page 60   Chad Cameroon Central African Republic Mali Niger Sub-Saharan Africa Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Resolving Insolvency in Chad Indicator Answer Explanation Proceeding foreclosure Mirage cannot repay the money owed to BizBank, so the bank will start foreclosure proceedings at the Commercial Court. At the end of the procedure, the hotel building will be sold and BizBank will obtain payment. Outcome piecemeal sale According to our estimations, the hotel will stop operating and be dismantled, and the assets of the debtor will be sold separately. Time (in years) 4.0 According to our estimations, the foreclosure proceedings will take approximately 48 months. This estimate includes summoning Mirage, the foreclosure proceedings and the organization of the sale by the bailiff. Cost (% of 60.0 According to our estimations, foreclosure proceedings will cost approximately XAF estate) 60,000,000 (60% of the value of Mirage). Please provide other estimates if you disagree. Recovery rate (cents on the 0.0 dollar) Details – Resolving Insolvency in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 9.0 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.0 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency (c) Debtor may 0.5 proceedings? le for reorganization only Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to le for insolvency of the debtor? (b) Yes, but a 0.5 creditor may le for liquidation only What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the (a) Debtor is 1.0 insolvency framework? generally unable to pay its debts as they mature Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 5.5 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential Yes 1.0 goods and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome Yes 1.0 contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor obtaining credit Yes 1.0 Page 61   after commencement of insolvency proceedings? dollar) Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Resolving Insolvency in Chad – Measure of Quality Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 9.0 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.0 What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency (c) Debtor may 0.5 proceedings? le for reorganization only Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to le for insolvency of the debtor? (b) Yes, but a 0.5 creditor may le for liquidation only What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed under the (a) Debtor is 1.0 insolvency framework? generally unable to pay its debts as they mature Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 5.5 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts supplying essential Yes 1.0 goods and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly burdensome Yes 1.0 contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued transactions? Yes 1.0 Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor obtaining credit Yes 1.0 after commencement of insolvency proceedings? Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post-commencement credit? (a) Yes over all 0.5 pre- commencement creditors, secured or unsecured Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 0.5 Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization plan? (a) All creditors 0.5 Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting creditors in reorganization No 0.0 receive at least as much as what they would obtain in a liquidation? Are the creditors devided into classes for the purposes of voting on the reorganization No 0.0 plan, does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? Creditor participation index (0-4) 1.0 Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or No 0.0 appointment of the insolvency representative? Page 62   Creditor Doing participation Business 2018 index (0-4) Chad 1.0 Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for selection or No 0.0 appointment of the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale of substantial No 0.0 assets of the debtor? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to request No 0.0 information from the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to object to Yes 1.0 decisions accepting or rejecting creditors' claims? Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation). The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions (i) whether xed-term contracts are prohibited for about the worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of xed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether nonpregnant - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest and nonnursing women can work same night hours business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second as men; (v) length of paid annual leave. largest business city. - Has 60 employees. Redundancy rules - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to rms that workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify are not party to them. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant bene ts than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to bargaining agreements. reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Job quality (i) whether law mandates equal remuneration for Page 63   work of equal value and nondiscrimination based on the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Doing Business 2018 Chad Labor Market Regulation Doing Business presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/labor-market-regulation). The most recent round of data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information. What the indicators measure Case study assumptions Hiring To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions (i) whether xed-term contracts are prohibited for about the worker and the business are used. permanent tasks; (ii) maximum cumulative duration of xed-term contracts; (iii) length of the The worker: probationary period; (iv) minimum wage. - Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience. Working hours - Is a full-time employee. (i) maximum number of working days allowed per - Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. week; (ii) premiums for work: at night, on a weekly rest day and overtime; (iii) whether there are The business: restrictions on work at night, work on a weekly rest - Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy). day and for overtime work; (iv) whether nonpregnant - Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest and nonnursing women can work same night hours business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second as men; (v) length of paid annual leave. largest business city. - Has 60 employees. Redundancy rules - Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover (i) whether redundancy can be basis for terminating more than 50% of the food retail sector and they apply even to rms that workers; (ii) whether employer needs to notify are not party to them. and/or get approval from third party to terminate 1 - Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more redundant worker and a group of 9 redundant bene ts than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) collective workers; (iii) whether law requires employer to bargaining agreements. reassign or retrain a worker before making worker redundant; (iv) whether priority rules apply for redundancies and reemployment. Redundancy cost (i) notice period for redundancy dismissal; (ii) severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker. Job quality (i) whether law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value and nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (ii) whether law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave; (iii) length of paid maternity leave; (iv) whether employees on maternity leave receive 100% of wages; (v) availability of ve fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Details – Labor Market Regulation in Chad Answer Hiring Page 64   Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No days of sick leave a year; (vi) eligibility requirements for unemployment protection. Doing Business 2018 Chad Details – Labor Market Regulation in Chad Answer Hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No Maximum length of a single xed-term contract (months) 24.0 Maximum length of xed-term contracts, including renewals (months) 48.0 Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study (US$/month) 111.4 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.9 Maximum length of probationary period (months) 3.0 Working hours Standard workday 8.0 Maximum number of working days per week 6.0 Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 0.0 Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 10.0 Restrictions on night work? Yes Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same night hours as men No Restrictions on weekly holiday? No Restrictions on overtime work? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working days) 24.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working days) 24.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (working days) 26.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days) 24.7 Redundancy rules Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party noti cation if one worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? No Third-party noti cation if nine workers are dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Page 65   Third-party Doing approval Business 2018 if nine workers are dismissed? Chad No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? Yes Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 4.3 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 8.7 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 8.7 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 7.2 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 5.4 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 11.9 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 5.8 Job quality Equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? Yes Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 98.0 Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? No Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? Yes Unemployment protection after one year of employment? No Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? n.a. Business Reforms in Chad In the year ending June 1, 2017, 119 economies implemented 264 total reforms across the di erent areas measured by Doing Business. Doing Business has recorded more than 2,900 regulatory reforms making it easier to do business since 2004. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are the reforms for Chad implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more di cult to do business. DB2017 Starting a Business: Chad reduced the cost of starting a business by reducing the paid-in minimum capital required to register a company. Resolving Insolvency: Chad made resolving insolvency easier by introducing a new conciliation procedure for companies in nancial di culties and a simpli ed preventive settlement procedure for small companies. DB2016 Page 66   Registering Property: Chad made transferring property less costly by lowering the property transfer tax. Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? n.a. Doing Business 2018 Chad Business Reforms in Chad In the year ending June 1, 2017, 119 economies implemented 264 total reforms across the di erent areas measured by Doing Business. Doing Business has recorded more than 2,900 regulatory reforms making it easier to do business since 2004. Reforms inspired by Doing Business have been implemented by economies in all regions. The following are the reforms for Chad implemented since Doing Business 2008. = Doing Business reform making it easier to do business. = Change making it more di cult to do business. DB2017 Starting a Business: Chad reduced the cost of starting a business by reducing the paid-in minimum capital required to register a company. Resolving Insolvency: Chad made resolving insolvency easier by introducing a new conciliation procedure for companies in nancial di culties and a simpli ed preventive settlement procedure for small companies. DB2016 Registering Property: Chad made transferring property less costly by lowering the property transfer tax. DB2015 Protecting Minority Investors: Chad strengthened minority investor protections by introducing greater requirements for disclosure of related-party transactions to the board of directors and by making it possible for shareholders to inspect the documents pertaining to related-party transactions and to appoint auditors to conduct an inspection of such transactions. DB2014 Registering Property: Chad made transferring property easier by lowering the property transfer tax. Trading across Borders: Chad made trading across borders more di cult by introducing a new export and import document. DB2013 Starting a Business: Chad made starting a business easier by setting up a one-stop shop. DB2012 Starting a Business: Chad made starting a business easier by eliminating the requirement for a medical certi cate and by replacing the requirement for a copy of the founders’ criminal records with one for a sworn declaration at the time of the company’s registration. Getting Credit: Access to credit in Chad was improved through amendments to the OHADA Uniform Act on Secured Transactions that broaden the range of assets that can be used as collateral (including future assets), extend the security interest to the proceeds of the original asset and introduce the possibility of out-of-court enforcement. DB2011 Paying Taxes: Chad increased taxes on business through changes to its social security contribution rates. DB2009 Getting Credit: In Chad and other members of the Central African Monetary Union, the regional public credit registry provided online access to information for banks, simplifying the task of ling and retrieving information in the public registry and allowing expanded coverage of borrowers. Page 67   online access to information for banks, simplifying the task of ling and retrieving information in the public registry and allowing expanded coverage of Doing Business borrowers. 2018 Chad Page 68