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                  enGender Impact: The World Bank’s Gender Impact Evaluation Database



            Does Community Driven Development Work? Evidence from Senegal

      Author(s)            Jean-Louis Arcand, Leandre Bassole
      Contact              arcandjl@alum.mit.edu

      Country              Senegal

 Organizing Theme          Voice and Agency, health

       Status              Completed

Intervention Category      Community Driven Development

       Sector              Social Development
                           Community Driven Development (CDD) programs are an extremely important
                           component of the World Bank’s portfolio in the developing world, representing close to $7
                           billion in 2003, yet solid empirical evidence on their impact is relatively scarce, especially
                           for Sub Saharan Africa. In this paper, we consider the impact on access to basic services,
                           household expenditures and child anthropometrics of the PNIR (Programme National
                           infrastructures Rurales) CDD project in Senegal using a unique multidimensional panel
                           dataset on rural households that we followed over a two-year period. Using a variety of
                           estimation procedures, including instrumental variables, and working at different levels of
                           aggregation, we find statistically significant and quantitatively important effects of the
      Abstract             program on access by villagers to clean water and health services, as well as on standard
                           measures of child malnutrition. The latter effects are particularly important for children in
                           poor households. We also find that it is completed income generating agricultural
                           infrastructure projects, as well as enhanced primary educational opportunities, that
                           significantly increase household expenditures per capita, whereas health and hydraulic
                           projects do not, suggesting that completed projects in this CDD program improve child
                           health in part through income effects. The identification strategy we adopt in order to
                           assess the impact of completed projects on beneficiary welfare highlights the importance of
                           the role played by village chiefs and sub-regional politics in determining which eligible
                           villages receive projects and which villages do not.
 Gender Connection         Gender Informed Analysis
                           Health of women, nutrition, consumption, participation or having a voice in the
 Gender Outcomes
                           community
     IE Design             Propensity Score Matching, Instrumental Variables
                           The goal of the PNIR is to operationalize decentralized rural development processes and
                           provide rural communities with basic social and economic infrastructure. In order to get
                           funding, vulnerable and marginalized groups including young, women and lower castes
    Intervention
                           must formally be included in the local development committee. Potential projects that
                           could be funded include: agricultural infrastructure, health, educational and sanitary
                           facilities, potable water and access to roads.
 Intervention Period       2003-2005



   Last updated: 14 August 2013                                                                        1
                   enGender Impact: The World Bank’s Gender Impact Evaluation Database


                            90 rural communities were selected based low scores on an index of access to local services.
   Sample population        Out of these 90, 18 communities were selected as treatment and 18 were selected as control
                            communities.
                            18 similar villages that did not receive the treatment were compared to the 18 treated
Comparison conditions
                            villages.
    Unit of analysis        Household Level, child level

   Evaluation Period        2003-2005
                            The program increases per capita household expenditures by 65%. The program
                            significantly improves access to clean water and health facilities. The program also
                            significantly reduces the prevalence of underweight and stunted children and significantly
        Results
                            increased household expenditure per capita and nutrition of children. The authors argue
                            that the elite capture at the local level was minimal. The number of female villagers on the
                            council is increasing with the likelihood of a village receiving a completed project.
                            It is not possible to disentangle the effects of the CDD aspect of the program from the
Primary study limitations
                            value of the infrastructure itself.
    Funding Source          World Bank
                            Arcand, J. L. (2008). Does Community Driven Development Work? Evidence from
      Reference(s)
                            Senegal. Evidence from Senegal
    Link to Studies         http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-
                            1164107274725/3182370-
                            1164201144397/Does_Community_Driven_Development_Work.pdf
       Microdata




    Last updated: 14 August 2013                                                                       2