1147* INFRASTRUCTU ? POLICY AN e E*.IEARCH ACTIVIT Abstracts of Publications December 1990-June 1992 Infrastructure Policy and Research Activities ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS DECEMBER 1990- JUNE 1992 © Copyright 1992 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Produced by the Publication Unit, Water & Sanitation Division, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department CONTENTS Foreword from the Director, INU Transportation (INUTD) Introduction 1 Railways 3 Ports & Shipping 5 Roads 9 Other 16 Urban (INURD) 19 Introduction 19 Policy Paper 21 Finance and Management 22 Land Management 26 Housing 27 Environment 30 Other 32 Water & Sanitation (INUWS) 37 Introduction 37 Water Resources 39 Water Supply 40 Index of previous publications 43 _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FOREWORD Infrastructure Policy and Research Activities Momentous changes in institutional structures and political regimes are under way around the world. Competitive markets are becoming more widespread; the world economy is becoming more integrated; and the role of the state is evolving dramatically. These changes come at a time when Sector Operations and Policy units are becoming more directly involved in the task of helping to improve the quality of the World Bank's lending through operational support activities. Infrastructure has a central role to play in accelerating growth in the developing countries. The Infrastructure and Urban Development Department's work program for 1992-95 has three main objectives: helping to develop effective institutions and markets by adapting infrastructure development strategies to a demand orientation; increasing the contributions that improved infrastructure can make to both poverty reduction and environmental protection; and enhanc- ing program and project implementation assistance. Publications serve as an instrument for disseminating the vital lessons learned in pursuing these goals. INU is collaborating with the Bank's operating units by actively participating in sector work and lending operations. INU identifies current issues on which basic research is required. At the same time, extensive interaction with opera- tions results in support for activities and projects and serves to test new approaches. Thus, new strategies are introduced progressively into operations, and the developmental state of the art continues to evolve. Over many years, the World Bank has been helping to improve the performance of public enterprises and local governments that manage infrastructure. The current INU work program seeks to identify how these institutions can become more responsive to market signals and more accountable to users. It also seeks to identify the optimal role for the private sector. A new Infrastructure Sector Review will provide an opportunity for enhanced cross-divisional and intersectoral collaboration within the Department. New policy papers on Municipal Finance and Decentralization, and Private Sector Development and Institutional Reform in the Transport Sector are also being prepared. _ ...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i Work on poverty reduction includes direct poverty alleviation operations through the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, and research and policy-related work aimed at a better understanding of poverty issues, primarily in urban areas. The main thrust of the Water and Sanitation Program is to improve the access of the poor to sustainable services. Financed by UNDP and nine bilateral donors, these activities have grown to over $13 million annually. The Program actively supports governments and SODs to prepare and implement large-scale projects in six to eight countries. Research to analyze the impact of structural adjustment on the urban poor, particularly at the household level, will make an important contribution to the debate on intersectoral approaches to poverty reduction in urban and rural areas. Growing urban poverty, highlighted in both the 1990 WDR and the Urban Policy Paper, will also be addressed through additional operational support, the redesign of sector work, and targeted interventions. INU will also examine rural infrastructure issues during FY93-94 as a follow-up to the Sector Review. While the green agenda of global environmental issues is receiving much attention, the brown agenda of polluted air and water in cities has not received sufficient notice. INU will prepare an Urban Environment Strategy Paper in FY93 to focus on institutional issues and the need for policies that encourage environmentally sound practices by firms and households. This paper will provide a framework for expanding Bank operations and will assist the Regions and countries in the development of city-specific strategies. INU is also a principal contributor (along with AGR) to a new policy on Comprehensive Water Resources Management (FY93), with INU contributing on water manage- ment in urban areas. We have a very full agenda for INU in the 1990s. We hope that you find these recently published products helpful in your work. Louis Pouliquen Department Director iv TRANSPORTATION Division Agenda in the 1990s The Transport Division's (INUTD) work program focuses on three key issues: managing the provision and maintenance of infrastructure, developing policy responses to motorization, and facilitating trade through improvements in multimodal transport. I. Managing Infrastructure (a) Reshaping Organizational Structures. The most persistent problem in the transport sector has been the poor performance of the agencies and enterprises that provide and maintain infrastructure and operate transport services. At the heart of the problem is the structure of sector institutions. Excessive and inefficient government intervention, a distorted system of accountability and incentives, and a breakdown in the linkages between users and providers has resulted in deficient infrastructure maintenance and public enterprises that are operationally unreliable. In addition, private operators are seriously constrained by the lack of a competitive environment. INUTD's work program focuses on how to reshape transport organizations in both size and form to better fit the needs of the market. This "reshaping" takes on various forms including deregulation, privatization, and restructuring. (b) Pricing, Taxing and Financing Infrastructure. How to price, tax, and finance infrastructure network investments and maintenance is central to efficient management. With the growing focus on institutional reform, accountability, and revenue mobilization, pricing is likely to become an even more important method of matching supply and demand. There is a greater need for practical guidance on how to balance the potentially conflicting objectives of allocative efficiency and cost recovery. INUTD's work program addresses the pricing of transport services and infrastructure, the allocation of costs among users, charging for externalities, and the earmarking debate. (c) Developing and Adapting Tools. Developing management tools to assist in analyzing and quantifying the various strategic options and tradeoffs is important for all transport subsectors. INUTD has been particularly successful in developing and adapting the Highway Design and Maintenance Model (HMD-III) to meet the needs of highway authorities, particularly in developing countries, for evaluating policies, standards, and programs of road construction and maintenance. _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 TRANSPORTATION II. Developing Policy Responses To Motorization Growing populations, higher incomes, and urbanization are promoting rapid motorization. Expanding vehicle fleets reflect the increased propensity for personal mobility and travel, and as economies develop, an increased reliance on road transport for freight shipments. Between 1988 and 2000, the annual demand for motor vehicles is expected to triple in developing countries and double in Eastern Europe. As a consequence, pollution, conges- tion, and urban sprawl will escalate. INUTD will focus on assessing the benefits (for example, greater economies of scale) and costs (for example, environmental impacts) of the motorization process in less-developed countries. The Division will examine "sustainable" forms of motorization (including both low-tech and high-tech alternatives) to mitigate the problems associated with urban sprawl, to alleviate pollution and congestion, and to ensure safety. III. Facilitating Trade through Multimodal Transport Globalization of production and distribution is leading to widespread use of multimodal operators who seek to establish the least cost solution with maximum responsiveness to shipper requirements. Effective multimodalism requires well-developed managerial capabilities and organizational structures. In addition, the public regulatory environment must allow operators to align market demand with competitor strategies. INUTD's goal is to identify best practices of multimodal transport that will enable developing countries to take advantage of opportunities to enter global markets and realize their own comparative advantages. 2 TRANSPORTATION Beshers, Eric W. 1991. Restrictive labor practices on railways limit enterprise pro- Restrictive Labor ductivity and output. The most important barrier to reform Practices on Railways in in many developing countries, however, is often the political Developing Countries and institutional environment that offers the managers themselves few incentives to increase efficiency and, in fact, encourages excessive hiring. Reform of restrictive practices INU Discussion Paper 78. must concentrate on changes that affect management's mo- World Bank, Infrastructure tivation and its ability to motivate its employees and on the and Urban Development removal of practices that create labor redundancy and Department, Washington, directly curtail efficiency. Some reforms, such as changes in D.C. the level and structure of pay and in regulations governing hiring and firing, may be possible only at the national level, while others can be tackled at the enterprise level, perhaps in negotiations with workers. Which type of problem is more amenable to change will depend on the individual country and enterprise, and these may change over time, so it is important to be flexible and to keep in mind the whole range of possible reforms. Tanahashi, Yasushi. 1992. The recent improvement in Japanese rail service can be Reform of Railways in traced to the privatization and breakup of Japanese National Japan Railways (JNR) in April 1987. To solve critical problems of chronic losses and mounting long-term debt, several private INU Discussion Paper 99. railway companies were established in JNR's place and World Bank, Infrastructure exposed to the pressures of the free market. This report and Urban Development reviews the plan for restructuring and privatizing JNR, Department, Washington, discusses how management changes in JNR management D.C. were carried out, and considers whether reforms can be credited with the recent improvements in railway services. Blackshaw, Philip W. and Sweeping economic and political changes in the countries of Louis S. Thompson. 1992. Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) will be felt acutely in the Communist Networks transport sector. The CEE railways in particular stand to lose Must Change Fast to their dominant position. All across Eastern Europe, rail Survive freight tonnage is declining as heavy industries are cut back. Road competition is increasing, and will take more traffic if Developinig Railways 1992, A rail managements fail to restructure quickly, shedding staff Railway Gazette Yearbook: and reorganizing so that the needs of customers drive future 13-18. investment. R Railways 110IIIIIIII I TRANSPORTATION Thompson, Louis S., This paper analyzes data on comparative railway perfor- W. Greg Wood, and mance collected in the Bank's Railway Data Base. It con- Fernando lunes. 1991. cludes, inter alia, that there are many different measures of World Railway railway productivity (track, rolling stock, labor), and that all Performance Update appear to be lower for railways with a high percentage of passenger traffic than for railways with high percentages of Developing Railways 1991. A freight traffic. It observes that developing country railways Railway Gazette Yearbook: tend to underprice passenger services relative to freight, and 8-16. concludes that the relative economics of passenger services is a matter deserving close examination. Thompson, Louis S. 1991. This paper analyzes data from the Bank's Railway Data Base A Sensitive Railway and concludes that, subject to typical issues of data reliabil- Health Index ity and statistical comparisons, the productivity of various railways can be usefully measured and compared. It shows World Railway Investment, that, using several measures of performance, certain rail- An International Railway ways (e.g. Nigeria, Uruguay and Colombia) appear to be Journal Annual Publica- near collapse; other developing railways (China, Korea, tion:1)-1 1. Mexico and CEE railways) perform on levels essentially equal to those of Western Europe. 4 Railways TRANSPORTATION Lethbridge, John R. et al. This report describes the impact of the MARPOL 73/78 1991. Convention on African ports through a survey of ten repre- The MARPOL 73/78 sentative ports. The convention is aimed at improving the Convention: The quality of the world's oceans and seas through measures to Economic Implications prohibit ships from discharging any of their wastes at sea. Thus ships must be able to discharge their wastes at the first and Other Issues in port of call and the receiving port must be able to handle the Providing Reception waste and dispose of it in an environmentally sound man- Facilities for Ship Wastes ner. The findings of the survey are presented and the in Sub-Saharan African legislative/legal issues, the costs of implementation and Ports operation, cost recovery means and other related topics are discussed. An annex describes the implications for each of INU Technical Paper 80. the ten ports surveyed in detail. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Peters, Hans J. 1991. This is an overview of trends in sea traffic, pipeline trans- Marine Pollution in the port, and off-shore oil exploration activities in the Mediter- Mediterranean: Incidence, ranean, followed by indications of observed marine pollu- Control Issues, and tion caused by each of these three groups. The distribution of ports and industry marine terminals, their capacities to Abatement Options deal with ship wastes and related organizations are re- viewed. Furthermore, the present status of contingency A. Poirier and G. Zaccour, plans and crisis response capabilities are assessed for the edspo Maritime and Pipelne entire region and at the level of the individual regional Transportation of Oil and countries. This is followed by a review of international and Gas.cParis: Editions regional conventions, as well as national legislations that Technmp have been established to contain marine pollution, and to what extent they are adhered to. Against this background a plan is drawn up to improve in each regional country contingency planning and related response capabilities, to better equip ports and marine terminals for handling ship wastes, and the costs associated with achieving these goals. Possible options for cost recovery and private sector in- volvement in such activities are also discussed. Ports andShipping5 Ports and Shipping TRANSPORTATION Peters, Hans J. 1991. This chapter of HTG's 1991 yearbook describes the effects of Umstrukturierungen im changing international seatrade patterns on the organiza- Seeverkehr: Ursachen tion of ocean transport and related service network configu- und Auswirkungen rations. The influence of modern transport, cargo handling, and communication technologies in these processes is dem-- Jahrbuch der onstrated. Against this background, changes in the profile of Hafenbautechnischen demand for port services are outlined. Indications are giver Gesellschaft. 45. Band on how individual ports have to reassess their market: Hamburg: Schiffahrts- position and draw up strategic responses for aligning their Verlag HANSA. service offerings to changing demand and, quite often, a different customer base. Peters, Hans J. 1991. This article traces through the reasons for changing logistical Structural Changes in practice in manufacturing and trading in the OECD coun- International Trade and tries, the globalization of industrial and marketing pro- cesses, and how these trends are setting an increasingly Transport: The different stage for the provision of transport services and the Importance of Logistics management of transport infrastructure. Related develop- ments in organizational structure and service offerings Journal of Indian National among transport operators are discussed, and causes of Shipowners' Association changing contractual relations between shippers and carri- 43(3): 25-34. ers are highlighted. This is followed by a review of the influence of modern technologies on the organization of transport services, and the specifics of changing demand for supporting infrastructure are discussed. Peters, Hans J. 1991. This article addresses the elements of marketing transport Transport Specifying is services in view of changing shipper requirements. It de- Next Big Saving scribes the comparative advantage of different transport modes in terms of responsiveness, flexibility, and quality of Logistics and Materials service. Special focus is on the trucking industry which has Handling 1(2): 23-24. gained increasing prominence in meeting shipper needs which are derived from ever shorter order cycles and re- duced inventory levels. It is shown how truckers can im- prove their performance and raise their market share by revising their corporate strategies to attain full integrationdin the manufacturing and sales processes of key customers on the basis of long-term service contracts. 6 Ports and Shipping TRANSPORTATION Peters, Hans J. 1991. This article briefly reviews the causes and effects of changing Changing International international transport service organizations and networks, Trade and Transport and how these developments affect ports in developing Markets: Helping Ports in countries. Then follows a detailed overview of the past and present lending programs and resource allocations, the Developing Countries to practices and experience records of the key international Adjust development banks, other multilateral, as well as a few selected bilateral aid agencies in their efforts to assist gov- Ports & Harbours 32(2): 25- ernments and port administrations in developing countries 27 to adjust to changing seatrade markets and related ocean transport organizations. Peters, Hans J. 1991. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the different The World Shipbuilding segments of the world merchant fleet at the end of 1991. Market: Trends and Tonnage characteristics, age profiles, and ownership pat- terns are indicated. In the following section the tonnage Issues utilization trends are analyzed. An assessment is provided In Proceedings, International of the price trends for new buildings, second-hand tonnage, Marintec Conference held in and scrapping, followed by a review of the sales-and- Shanghai, 3-7 December purchase market indicators. The performance and accident 1991. Shanghai, China: records of the world fleet are investigated, segment by Society of Naval Architects segment. Against this background the demand to the year ,, Marine Engineer. 2000 for new tonnage, for ship repair and refurbishing, and for scrapping are analyzed and compared with available yard capacities. It is shown that demand is expected to outpace yard capacities by a substantial margin. This im- plies a major crisis to materialize in the international mari- time industries, if no corrective measures are taken. The financial dimensions of these measures are described; they are enormous and will require concerted action within the international ocean transport and shipbuilding industries. A demonstration is given of how developing maritime nations could capitalize on these projected developments. 7 Ports and Shipping TRANSPORTATION Peters, Hans J. 1991. Trends since 1980 and projections to 2000 of industrial and The World Economy and trade development, both worldwide and within and among Prospects for Seaborne individual regions, are provided. This is followed by de- Trade tailed trend analyses for the container market, the breakbulk trades, and for the principal segments of the bulk sector. The In Proceedings, Third actual and projected causes of these trends are described, Conference on Shipping and their implications for ocean transport demand demon- Cooperation and Competition strated. This paper can be used by planners and operations in the Common European managers as a reference base. Home held in Rostock, 12- 14 June 1991. Rostock, Germany: Rostock Univer- sity. Peters, Hans J. 1991. This paper is a detailed guide for analyzing the bulk trade The Prospects of market. It provides for an in-depth analysis of all segments Seaborne Bulk Trades: of the bulk trades, reviews past trends, the current status, and projects likely future developments. The volumes and A Reassessment directions of these trades are indicated, followed by an In Bulktrans 91: Proceedings assessment of the implications for ocean transport demand. Of,he th ulkHandling and Further analysis is provided of actual and expected segmen- ofansprth 7th ferencBulkld at tation of this demand into specific requirements for different Transport Conferencenhe types of dedicated tonnage. Hamburg Congress Centre in Hamburg, Germany, 14- 16 May 1991. Volume VII. London, England: CS Publications Ltd. Peters, Hans J. 1991. This broad review of the international ocean transport Logistics Management industry's strategic responses to changing logistical man- and Sea Transport agement practices among manufacturers and traders shows that key carriers are diversifying their services to include air In Cooperation and Competi- and land transport, warehousing, and other services. The tion between East and West in trend is to rapid development of strategic and often exclu- Maritime Transport: Proceed- sive alliances between ocean carriers and shippers. The ings of Second International competitive environment for ocean carriers is changing. Conference on World Liner Strategies adopted by successful carriers include using state- Shipping held in Gdansk, of-the-art transport, cargo-handling, and communication Poland, 26-28 September technologies and reorganizing their service networks, which 1989. TUB Dokumentation combine line-haul operations among selected key origins No. 40. Berlin, Germany: and destinations with local feeder services. Finally, some Technical University pointers are set about the implications of changing ocean Berlin. transport networks and deployed tonnage for ports in dif- ferent regions of the world. 8 Ports and Shipping TRANSPORTATION : _ Bennathan, Esra, This study explores options for the restructuring and Jeffrey Gutman, and privatization of PKS, Poland's main state-owned enterprise Louis Thompson. 1991. for road transport of passengers and general freight. In the Reforming and Privatizing discussion of privatization, the study focuses on the road Poland's Road Freight freight haulage operations of PKS, not on bus passenger Industry operations. Privatization of road haulage is intended to raise the productivity of resources employed in transport PRE Working Paper 750. and to assist in the recovery of the economy and employ- World Bank, Infrastructure ment. The key to this outcome is the creation of a competi- and Urban Development tive environment and, equally, the introduction of manage- Department, Washington, ment by, or under the control of, owners with a clear right D.C. to the net income from the business. The process of privatization must therefore allow wide scope for the devel- opment of commercially alert and market-oriented manage- ment. The study analyzes the general organization of Poland's road haulage, the operations of its different seg- ments, and discusses transport regulation, financing and taxation. Bennathan, Esra, The Volan units (previously unitary but now formally dis- Jeffrey Gutman, and membered) provide public transport service for both pas- Louis Thompson. 1991. sengers and freight, and make up the largest enterprise in Reforming and Privatizing Hungary's road transport industry. This report focuses on Hungary's Road Haulage options for restructuring the Volan group. It also considers the content and implementation of Hungary's overall road PRE Working Paper 790. transport policy as well as related questions of finance and World Bank, Infrastructure taxation. The authors' recommendations are intended to and Urban Development reduce the risk that wholesale disposal of haulage enter- Department, Washington, prises of doubtful viability will later generate strong pres- D.C. sures for protective regulation and bail-outs. They suggest, among other things, restructuring the Voldn group by separating passenger transport completely from freight haulage; adopting a program of staged privatization; get- ting the government committed to a operator licensing system; and maintaining open competition in international haulage. 9 Roads TRANSPORTATION Gronau, Reuben. 1991. Gronau studies the contribution of road damage to road use Are Ghana's Roads costs in Ghana and the recovery of marginal social costs. Paying Their Way? As- This requires a better understanding of the road deteriora- sessing Road Use Cost tion process and analysis of the implications for vehicle operating costs and road user charges. The study estimates and User Charges in road user costs, including both the road damage component Ghana and the cost of congestion. Given these estimates, Gronau evaluates the adequacy of the current transport tax system. PRE Working Paper 773. The author finds that to bridge the gap between road-user World Bank, Infrastructure costs and charges, the annual fee for heavy trucks should be and Urban Development raised tenfold, to about $800 per vehicle. Because of the Department, Washington, country's low fuel consumption, the current low level of fuel D.C. taxes, and the fact that expenditures on fuels are proportion- ately the same for the poor and the nonpoor, Gronau finds that the issue of redistribution of costs and fees is of second- ary importance in Ghana. Heggie, Ian G. 1992. This paper assumes that a government or road agency has Selecting Appropriate already decided how much it intends to charge road users Instruments for Charging for use of the uncongested road network. The next question Road Users is, how to collect these revenues from road users, given that the intention is to: (i) promote efficient use of the road INU Discussion Paper 95. network; (ii) avoid adversely affecting the efficiency of the World Bank, Infrastructure vehicle fleet; and (iii) avoid having any adverse impacts on and Urban Development other sectors of the economy. In this respect, one of the Department, Washington, greatest difficulties associated with the choice of charging D.C. instrument is the inability to relate the user charges to the place where the usage took place. Most charging instru- ments are fairly blunt and cannot ensure that charges are lower on arterial roads and higher on collector and distribu- tor roads, or that the revenues collected from road users necessarily reach the agency responsible for operating and maintaining roads in the jurisdiction where the road use took place. This paper examines the administrative charac- teristics of various charging instruments to advise how to choose between them. It examines the instruments avail- able, their administrative characteristics, and their effect on user decisions, and which are most suitable as charging instruments to collect revenues from road users. 10 Roads TRANSPORTATION _n Heggie Ian G. 1992. Written primarily for a technical audience, this paper Improving Management reviews the Bank's current policies on managing and and Charging Policies for charging for roads. Many countries still treat roads as Roads: An Agenda for public goods, operate them as government departments, and finance them from general revenues. This is an Reform anacronism. Heggie provides a rational basis for manag- INU Report 92. World ing roads and designing road-user charging policies, and Bank, Reporatru92.re Wod attempts to provide practical gudiance on how to imple- Bank, Infrastructure and ment such policies in developing countries. Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Heggie Ian G. and A persistent question about road user charges is their impact Vincy Fon. 1991. on cost recovery. When they fail to cover total costs, how Optimal User Charges and should the deficit be financed? Heggie and Fon conclude Cost Recovery for Roads that it is unrealistic to assume constant returns to scale in in Developing Countries both road construction and road use as well as to ignore routine road maintenance costs. Since roads cannot be PRE Working Paper 780. smoothly adjusted to traffic, marginal costs of the entire World Bank, Infrastructure network will usually be lower than average costs. They also and Urban Development justify congestion charges in cities experiencing serious road Department, Washington, congestion, but warn that the revenues from these charges D.C. are unlikely to cover the common costs for the road network as a whole. To collect revenues required to cover unfunded road expenditures, it is usually more economical to raise user charges applying the inverse elasticity rule rather than by using general revenues. Miquel, Sergio and Contracting road maintenance is often considered an effec- James Condron. 1991. tive means of separating planning and control functions of Assessment of Road road agencies from the execution of works to enhance Maintenance by Contract accountability in the use of public funds and to improve maintenance. Proponents of contract maintenance assert INU Technical Paper 91. that all road maintenance can be contracted out, while World Bank, Infrastructure traditional road maintenance managers view contract main- and Urban Development tenance as, at most, a complement to their force account Department, Washington, work, mostly to cope with work overload. This investiga- D.C. tion assesses road maintenance by contract through a survey of contract maintenance practices in selected road organiza- tions in industrialized and developing countries to help public road agencies identify appropriate circumstances to implement periodic and routine road maintenance by con- tract and to establish procedures for planning, budgeting, tendering, and administering the work. Roads - I TRANSPORTATION Queiroz, Cesar and This paper investigates the association between per capita Surhid Gautam. 1992. income and the magnitude and quality of road infrastruc- Road Infrastructure and ture. Cross-section analysis of the data from 98 countries Economic Development: shows consistent and significant association between eco- Some Diagnostic nomic development (per capita GNP) and road infrastruc- Some Diagnostic ture (per capita length of paved road network). The per Indicators capita stock of road infrastructure in high-income econo- mies is dramatically greater than in middle- and low-income PRE Working Paper 921. economies, and road conditions also seem to be associated World Bank, Infrastructure with economic development. The empirical information and Urban Development presented can be used as indicators of areas of weakness or Department, Washington, strength in a country's stock of road infrastructure. Carbajo, Jose C. and In the next decade developing countries are likely to expe- Asif Faiz. 1992. rience an unprecedented growth in road transport as a result Motor Vehicle Emissions of the rapid increase in their rates of motorization and Control: Some Policy urbanization. These developments will translate into in- creased demands for passenger and freight transport, and Options for Developing consequently into increased levels of automotive air pollu- Countries tion. This paper discusses regulatory strategies and policy options to control automotive emissions in developing coun- In The Science of the Total tries. Environment: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Highway Pollution held in Madrid, Spain, 18-22 May 1992. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier. Carbajo, Jose C. 1991. It is difficult to perform a cost-benefit analysis of different Regulations and regulatory and economic instruments to combat transport- Economic Incentives to related air pollution since the relationships between emis- Reduce Automotive Air sions, pollutant concentrations and health and welfare ef- fects is subject to lack of information and uncertainty. Pollution Alternatively, cost-effectiveness is used to select measures that achieve a predetermined level of air quality at the last In The Science of the Total possible cost. This paper discusses regulations and eco- theInvironmeiont Proceeing o nomic incentives to reduce automotive emissions in a cost- the International Symposium effective manner. The example of Mexico City is chosen to on Transport and Air Polnu- illustrate the interdependence amongst policy instruments. tion held in Avignon, France, 10-13 September 1991. Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier. 12 Roads TRANSPORTATION Faiz, Asif. 1991. Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing Automotive Air Pollution: urbanization and rapid motorization in developing coun- An Overview tries. There is a general worsening of air quality in develop- ing countries (compared to a trend toward increasing im- Routes 274(November): 31- provement in OECD countries). Unchecked, these trends 44 could become severe air pollution problems in many devel- oping countries, comparable to those presently seen in Mexico City. The article suggests a three-part strategy in air pollution abatement policies: energy-efficient and clean ve- hicles, clean fuels, and traffic management. Appropriate taxes on vehicle ownership and use and on fuels can inter- nalize environmental extenalities and significantly improve the environmental and efficiency characteristics of motor vehicles and their fuels. Paterson, William D. 0. Economic objectives need to be incorporated in the manage- 1991. ment of road pavements because of their significant impact Aplicaciones de la on transport costs. The paper describes the economic evaluacion economica y evaluation methodology incorporated in the World Bank's del modela HDM a la Highway Design and Maintenance Standards model, HDM- III, and the approaches to optimizing maintenance stan- gestion de firmes dards so as to reduce road user costs. Various examples of In Jornadas Sobre Estrategias the implementation of HDM-III and other derivative soft- ware in pavement management are described. These in- de Inversion en Conservacion cueg y Gestion de Firmes held in clude application to individual road projects, network-level Madrid, 6-8 November long-term planning and policy evaluation, and network- 1990. Madrid, Spain: wide maintenance programming to prepare annual or multi- Asociacion Tecnica de year work programs. Carreteras. Paterson, William D. 0. Empirical deterioration models for management of unpaved 1991. roads have been developed. Roughness progression and Deterioration and maintenance bladings are represented as a cyclic process Maintenance of Unpaved reaching a steady state. The model predicts minimum, Roads: Models of maximum, and average roughness as functions of traffic volume, road gradient and curvature, physical material Roughness and Material properties, rainfall, and the interval between bladings. In a Loss second model, the rate of gravel loss is predicted from similar variables. Both were estimated from extensive data Transportation Research collected in Brazil, and both are compared with data from Record 1291(2): 143-156. Africa and South and North America, showing a good degree of transferability. They are incorporated in the HDM-III model for highway strategy evaluation. 13 Roads TRANSPORTATION Paterson, William D. 0. Agencies wishing to procure an available pavement and Richard Robinson. management system appropriate to their institution and 1991. circumstances are faced with a complex series of tradeoffs Criteria for Evaluating between many system features and the need for modifica- Pavement Management tions. The paper presents a set of generic criteria to evaluate Systems the completeness and appropriateness of a system, and in ranking alternative systems when a quantitative evaluation Pavement Management is desired. The fifteen criteria cover system completeness, Implementation, ASTM the user interface, the analytical model and data collection Special Technical Publica- and management. The scope covers strategic planning, tion STPI 121. Frank B. network programming and budgeting, project design and Holt, Wade L. Gramling, implementation (construction) monitoring. A supporting Eds., American Society for checklist of over 100 detailed criteria is helpful in reaching Testing and Materials, a quantitative assessment. Philadelphia, U.S.A. Faiz, Asif, Jean Doyen, A well-maintained road network is of paramount impor- Steve Carapetis, and tance to the development of sub-Saharan Africa since virtu- Terje Wolden. 1990. ally 90 percent of land commerce is dependent on roads, Policy Foundation for Significant achievements have been made in expanding the Good Roads in Sub- road networks across the continent, but building the Saharan Africa iinstitutions and training personnel to maintain them has proven difficult. Ineffective maintenance has led to wide- Transportation Research spread, accelerating road deterioration. Yet roads are so Record 1291(1): 89-97. important to growth that economically justified expendi- tures to ensure continued serviceability deserve priority. Policies that promoted construction over maintenance clearly have to be changed in favor of approaches that look at road expenditures as a whole within a policy framework that enhances transport availability at minimum overall social cost to government road agencies and, more important, to road users. The state of road networks in sub-Saharan Africa is reviewed and a classification of countries relative to future road development policies is proposed based on road con- ditions and past experience with maintenance. The article identifies three issues critical to achieving well-maintained, serviceable road networks: (a) national commitment to adequate, reliable financing and budgeting, (b) accountabil- ity in the use of public funds in terms of tangible physical performance, and (c) institutional reform and provision of incentives to improve efficiency. These policy issues are amplified and recommendations on appropriate funding, planning and programming mechanisms, improved man- agement of road maintenance operations, and institutional reform and development of human resources are provided. 14 Roads TRANSPORTATION _: Queiroz, C., The deteriorating condition of paved-road networks, the Steve Carapetis, H. Grace, need to upgrade gravel roads to bituminous standards, and and W. D. 0. Paterson. the limited resources available, are challenging highway 1991. administrators and managers in developing countries, as Observed Behavior of well as donor agencies, to find less costly solutions to Bituminous-Surfaced establish efficient and integrated transport systems. Infor- Low-Volume Laterite mation on the behavior and performance of bituminous- surfaced road pavements with base built from as-dug Pavements laterite has been obtained from several countries. The conclusion is that laterite bases can perform as well as Transportation Research crushed-stone or stabilized laterites under a wide range of Record 1291(2): 143-156. circumstances, at a cost of about 20 to 30 percent of these more expensive materials. The key factors in the perfor- mance of laterite bases appear to be a high degree of compaction, well-drained subgrade, and rigorous material selection in the borrow pits for application in the road. Further research is needed for more precise definition of the relationships between laterite characteristics, traffic load- ing, environment, and pavement performance. 15 Roads TRANSPORTATION Heggie, Ian G. 1991. This paper reviews the Bank's effectiveness in promoting Designing Major Policy policy reform and considers how the design of policy reform Reform: Lessons from components could be improved. It draws on general Bank the Transport Sector experience and specific case studies of Bank transport projects approved between 1964 and 1982 in Colombia, Ethiopia, World Bank Discussion Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Mali, Mexico, Pakistan, Paper No. 115. Washing- Senegal, Turkey, and Yugoslavia. The paper then draws on ton, D.C lessons learned from this experience to propose a better analytical framework for examining policy reform and de- signing policy reform components for inclusion in Bank. operations. Overall, Heggie concludes that the Bank shoulc. treat policy dialogue as a long-term process since major policy reform takes 10 to 15 years to complete. As a result, major policy reform must generally be implemented over several operations, each having a specific set of actions as part of an agreed-upon, long-term program. Gersovitz, Mark. 1991. Many African states raise revenue by taxing export crops. A Agricultural Pricing common tool for this purpose is marketing boards. The best Systems and Transporta- policy for the state (or marketing board) is to raise the tion Policy in Africa needed amount of revenue at the least deadweight loss. Gersovitz evaluates the benefits from alternative uses of the PRE Working Paper Series instruments available to the marketing board. He finds that 774. World Bank, Infra- returns (in terms of producer surplus) to transport invest- structure and Urban ments (lower transport cost) are largest under pan-territo- Development Department, rial pricing, lower under optimal pricing (a partial subsidy Washington, D. C. of transport), and least under a pure export tax. Gersovitz also finds that evacuating crops in an irrational order-from the furthest depots first, and the closest depots last -tends to increase postharvest losses and to engender inefficient use of and investment in transport. Kranton, Rachel. 1991. This study is the first step in an effort to analyze how changes Transport and the Mobility in the cost and extent of public transport and infrastructure Needs of the Urban Poor: affect the urban poor. It examines transport as a means for An Exploratory Study the poor to travel to and from work, search for jobs, and seek public services (including schools and health facilities) re- INU Discussion Paper 86. quired to increase productivity. The paper examines World Bank, Infrastructure interpersonal constraints arising from the allocation of tasks and Urban Development among household members and spatial constraints facing Department, Washington, the urban poor. It evaluates Bank transport policy from the D.C. perspective of the users rather than from that of the munici- pal government or public transport operators. Of particular concern is how rising fares and deregulation affect the mobility of the urban poor. 16 Other TRANSPORTATION _% Svejnar, Jan and The severity of labor redundancy has been underestimated Katherine Terrell. 1991. because of difficulties in conceptualizing the issue and Reducing Labor finding politically acceptable solutions. Schemes to reduce Redundancy in State- redundancy can decrease the wage bill significantly and Owned Enterprises allow fairly high compensation to the employees laid off yet still allow the government to recoup its costs in a relatively PRE Working Paper Series short time. Svejnar and Terrell focus on the determinants of 792. World Bank, Infra- labor redundancy in selected modes of transport (rails, structure and Urban ports, and buses) in Brazil, Chile, Ghana, Mauritius, Sri Development Department, Lanka, and Yugoslavia. They also present a framework for Washington, D.C. identifying labor redundancy within different countries whose social welfare functions vary in the relative weight given to efficiency and equity. A rule of thumb is given to identify labor redundancy when the government's main goal is maximizing GNP. They show that the private and social assessments of labor redundancy can differ substan- tially and that the private assessment is not always the appropriate measure. World Bank. 1991. This overview of transport sector lending and support FY91 Transport Sector during FY91 identifies broad trends in sector operations, Review-Special Topic: highlights examples of good practice, and draws attention to Reform in Management areas where remedial action may be required. It includes a review of the year's lending, sector work, and supervision, and Maintenance of and analyzes how two issues of concern to sector staff, Highways environment and private sector development, and two is- sues selected for systematic analysis by management, pov- INU-OR Report 8. World erty and technology, were dealt with. The special topic Bank, Infrastructure and addresses reform in management and maintenance of high- Urban Development ways. Department, Washington, D.C. 17 Other TRANSPORTATION World Bank. 1990. Transport enterprise reform is increasingly recognized as an FY90 Transport Sector important element in ensuring a supply response to Review SpecialTopic: macroeconomic adjustment measures. The FY90 Transport ExerienceC with Reform Sector Review is a resource document that highlights where Experience with Reform staff can look for more information on current experience of Transport Enterprises throughout the Bank, thus promoting cross-fertilization of ideas and lessons learned. It also serves management by INU-OR Report 5. World flagging critical issues that require attention. The report is Bank, Infrastructure and divided in to four sections: the first explores the trends in Urban Development lending, sector work, and research, with detailed boxed Department, Washington, examples of important outputs and findings; the second D.C. identifies major sectoral issues; the third elaborates the analysis of the Bank's work in transport enterprise reform based on OED audits of past projects, the status of ongoing projects, new lending, and related sector work and research; and the fourth section focuses on staffing and training in the sector. Other 18 URBAN About 1.3 billion people live in cities of the developing world, and that number is expected to increase by about 600 million by 2000. Bank lending in the sector reflects this concern with rapid population growth, as well as the belief that cities are the engines of economic growth and productivity in many developing countries. In 1991, for example, the Bank's portfolio of urban lending had grown to more than $12.4 billion in loans and $35.4 billion in total project costs since the first urban project was launched in 1972. In conducting state-of-the art research and providing operational support in the sector, the Urban Division's work encompasses as many as seven different subject areas: housing, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, municipal finance and administration, environment, productivity, and land. Three large-scale research projects are housed within the division. The "Housing Indicators Program" is a Bank and UNCHS-supported project to collect data on the housing sector in more than 50 countries. The purpose is to use the information in developing conceptual, analytical, and institutional frameworks for improving the housing sector. A second research project, "Infrastructure Bottlenecks, Private Provision, and Industrial Productivity: A Study of Indonesian and Thai Cities" extends previous research done by the division on infrastructure constraints on productivity in Nigeria. The new project is geared toward regional cities and aims at carrying out a more formal empirical analysis of the policy options identified in the original study. A third research project, "Urban Poverty and Social Policy in the Context of Adjustment," financed by the Dutch government and UNICEF, is involved in collecting and analysing data from households in four developing countries (the Philippines, Hungary, Ecuador, and Zambia). The purpose is to identify household ability to respond to the conditions created by macroeconomic change and policy reform. Three major policy papers are also in preparation. The first, completed during FY92, recommends a new approach to housing policy and institutional reform. The paper, "Housing: Enabling Markets to Work," advocates that the housing sector is essential to the overall economic well-being of a country and that governments should adopt policies that enable and facilitate housing markets to work properly. A second paper will identify common issues and problems across the "infrastructure" sectors, including public works, transport, water and sanitation, telecommunications, electric power, and irrigation. A final paper, building on work leading up to and including the United Nations Conference on 19 URBAN Environment and Development (UNCED) held in June 1992, identifies a "brown agenda" of urban environmental concerns and proposes strategies for addressing those concerns. The division also executes the Urban Management Program (UMP) in conjunction with UNCHS (Habitat) in Nairobi. With funding from the United Nations Development Program and other external support agencies, the Program develops and promotes appropriate policies and tools and provides technical cooperation in the areas of municipal finance and administration, land management, infrastructure management, urban environ- ment, and the alleviation of poverty. The UMP in 1991 launched a Urban Management Program publication series through which 14 titles have been published to date. Finally, the division provides operational support to a wide range of urban-related World Bank projects. In 1992 the division provided support to Bank operations in Hungary, South Africa, Vietnam, India, C6te d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Zambia, Brazil, Mexico, China, Russia, Korea, and Bolivia. 20 URBAN Cohen, Michael et al. 1991. This paper presents a new policy framework for the Bank's Urban Policy and urban sector work. This framework takes a broader citywide Economic Development, and sectoral approach to urban development and proposes An Agenda for the 1990s a new agenda for urban lending in the 1990s and beyond. The new policy focuses on four major areas: (i) improving urban productivity by correcting deficiencies in urban infra- Washington, D.C.: The structure, improving the regulatory framework governing Washgon, D. e land markets and housing, strengthening municipal institu- World Bank. tions, and improving financial services; (ii) alleviating urban poverty in the short term through social safety nets to balance the affects of structural adjustment on the poor, and in the long term by improving productivity, generating jobs and improving services; (iii) protecting the urban environ- ment through studying and responding to the (still largely misunderstood) problems of cities in developing countries; and (iv) increasing the understanding of urban issues. 21 Policy Paper URBAN Lee, Kyu Sik and Alex As cities in developing countries continue to grow rapidly, Anas. 1992. the need to meet the increasing demand for urban infrastruc-- Impacts of Infrastructure ture services has become an important policy problem, since Deficiencies on Nigerian failures to respond adequately to such demand affects Manufacturing: Private productivity and the quality of life in those cities. In order to assist member countries through World Bank lending, there Alternatives and Policy is a need for a better understanding of (i) ways that inad- Options equate services affect business operations and peoples' activities, and hence the overall productivity of an urban Discussion Paper INU 98. area; (ii) options for more efficient provision and maintain- Infrastructure and Urban ing the delivery of infrastructure services; and (iii) potential Development Department, cost savings from improved services. The World Bank's The World Bank. Washing- research program to examine these issues began in Nigeria ton, D.C. and has been extended to Indonesia and Thailand. From analysis of empirical observations, the authors develop policy options for improving infrastructure service provi- sion in Nigeria. Options include (i) regulatory changes to enable fuller utilization of existing private provision capaci- ties such as allowing the sale of excess private power supply; (ii) private-sector participation in the supply of infrastruc- ture related services; and (iii) pricing policies which will be more efficient in the presence of congestion, system failures, and variations in private provision by firm size and location. Dillinger, William. 1991. This is the first in a series of management tools to be Urban Property Tax produced by the Municipal Finance component of the joint Reform, Guidelines and UNDP-World Bank-UNCHS Urban Management Program Recommendations (UMP). It examines the property tax as a potentially attrac- tive way to give local governments a broad, expanding tax PRE Working Paper 710. base. Unlike the mix of grants and indirect taxes that now The World Bank, Infra- dominate municipal revenues, it can promote efficiency, structure and Urban linking provision of municipal services more closely to their Development Department, financing and rationing consumption of municipal services Washington, D.C. by price. But urban property taxes typically yield less than 20 percent of municipal revenues. Procedural reforms to improve coverage, valuation accuracy, and collection effi- ciency are required. Tax rates must be increased, and reform Also printed as UMP-1 expanded to include systems for rate-setting and revaluation (Tool) Washington, D.C.: and incentives confronting tax administrators. The prop- World Bank-UNDP. (Also erty tax has a high political price: where local authorities available in French and have less efficient but more politically acceptable revenue Spanish.) sources, those tend to be exploited first. Property tax reform can be achieved only in the context of wider restructuring of local finance. Reform should reduce arbitrary subsidies and confront taxpayers with the cost of services they consume. 22 Finance and Management URBAN Lee, Kyu Sik and Alex This paper presents findings from a survey of 179 manufac- Anas. 1991. turers, including the extent and costs of various private Manufacturers' provisions and the willingness to pay for reliable services. Responses to The paper develops policy options for improving infrastruc- Infrastructure ture service provision: (i) regulatory changes to enable fuller use of existing private power supply, (ii) private-sector Deficiencies in Nigeria: participation in supply of infrastructure-related services, Private Alternatives and and (iii) pricing policies that will be more efficient in pres- Policy Options ence of congestion, system failures, and vairations in private provisions by firm size and location. In A. Chhibber and S. Fischer, eds., Economic Note: This chapter appeared as: Discussion Paper INU 50/ Reform in Sub-Saharan WPS325, Infrastructure and Urban Development Depart- Africa. The World Bank, ment, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Baumol, William J. and This article describes contestability analysis, which can Kyu Sik Lee. 1991. guide the government that wants to protect the public and Contestable Markets, smaller firms from the threat of monopolistic behavior by Trade, and Development large firms, but at the same time allow the larger firms enough freedom to meet the requirements of efficiency and Research Observer Vol. 6, exercise entrepreneurship. An economy that wants to take No. 1. advantage of available economies of scale can use the norms of behavior provided by the theory as a guide for regulation of its larger firms, instead of resorting to nationalization or to stifling restrictions to protect infant industries and con- sumers. Under this standard, the bounds on the firms' behavior set by the regulations replicate those that would be enforced by market pressures in an ideal state of perfect contestability. The article presents a Nigerian example in which regulatory changes applying the theory promise to improve the performance of the electric utility market. Such methods can do more to promote the public interest than privatization, which often results in replacement of a state monopoly by a private monopoly. 23 Finance and Management - -iiii URBAN Lee, Kyu Sik. 1992. Using factory registration data from the Ministry of Indus- Spatial Policy and try, the paper documents the location patterns of manufac- Infrastructure Constraints turing establishments in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region on Industrial Growth in and evaluates spatial policies in light of the observed decen- tralization trends of manufacturing activity. The paper also Thailand shows the location patterns of new firms and by firm size and analyzes infrastructure and site constraints for their Review of Urban and Re- growth. The paper discusses the need for spatial policies to gional Development Studies be consistent with market forces and the need for infrastruc- Vol.4, No. 1, pp.17-31. ture investment to respond to the location dynamics of service demand. Lee, Kyu Sik and Sang This paper is based on earlier studies by the authors and Chuel Choe. 1991. summarizes the findings that showed the ineffectiveness of The Macroeconomic spatial policies intended to decentralize the population and Perspective of Urban and economic activity from the primary city to other urban Regional Development centers. The authors argue that spatial policies should be Regional DeveloPment consistent with the country's overall economic develop- Policies: Enhancing the ment policies. The paper then presents the policy frame- Productivity of work which articulates why the productivity of large urban Developing Cities centers is crucial for economic growth and development, and suggests policies for increasing the productivity of cities Journal of Environmental and their contributions to macroeconomic performance. Studies Vol. 27. Winter. pp. These policies are aimed at mitigating financial, 30-46. infrastructural, regulatory, and institutional constraints that inhibit the productivity growth of firms and households in large urban centers. This paper was a background paper for the Bank's Urban Policy Paper (1991). Dillinger, William. 1992. This paper surveys the financial problems confronting the Perspectivas Capital District of Bogota, Colombia. It concludes with Internacionales de Temas lessons drawn from the financial crises of New York City Financieros and the Federal District of Mexico. In Proceedings of the Work- shop on Strategic Develop- ment Issues of the Capital District of Bogota. Bogota, Colombia: Departmento Nacional de Planeacion. (In Spanish only.) 24 Finance and Management URBAN Dillinger, William. 1991. An increasing number of developing countries are attempt- Municipal Credit ing to reform the systems they use to finance urban infra- Institutions: The Cases of structure. Some focus on the procedures used to select projects - arguing that existing methods are too centralized Jordan and Kenya and therefore unresponsive to local priorities; or that current Presented at the Urban selection procedures are too influenced by politics and fail to Infrastructure Financing apply systematic economic or financial criteria. This paper Roundtable, March 20, The describes the Jordan Cities and Village Development Bank Urban Institute, Washing- (CVDB) institutional arrangment for providing local gov- ton n D.C. ernments with access to credit. This was an often uneasy attempt to exploit the financial discipline of commercial lending practices without sacrificing the government back- ing to mobilize funds, and the government's interest in controlling the level and sectoral allocation of local borrow- ing. The second half of the paper focues on the institutional framework for local borrowing in Kenya. 25 Finance and Management URBAN Dowall, David E. and Giles This paper challenges conventional wisdom about the indis- Clarke. 1992. putable desirability of govern-ment intervention into urban A Framework for land markets and argues for reduction in the scope and Reforming Urban Land direction of public policies and actions. It is written for a Policies in Developing wide audience of policymakers concerned with urban de- velopment. Dowall and Clarke have raised a variety of Countries issues for consideration but do not claim to have the precise answer about what constitutes an optimal urban land policy. UMP 7. (Policy Paper) They define the critical land policy issues and offer prelimi- UNDP-World Bank, nary guidelines for urban land policy reforms. The paper Washington, D.C. also outlines a range of urban land policy problems and includes guidelines for reforming urban land policies. Most imply major political decisions and commitments on the part of governments. Farvacque, Catherine and This paper defines and assesses institutional and mechani- Patrick McAuslan. 1992. cal elements that constitute a land management system and Reforming Urban Land have a significant impact on the functioning of land markets. Policies and Institutions It assumes that the accumulation over time of different in Developing Countries institutions and instruments that reflect different priorities and policies has inhibited the efficient and equitable opera- UMP 5. (Policy Paper) tion of land markets, and that reforms of institutions and World Bank-UNDP, policies are now urgently needed. Washington, D.C. Dowall, David E. 1991. Under the mounting pressures of urban development, cities The Land Market of the developing world need accurate and systematic Assessment, A New Tool information about their land markets. A tool that has been for Urban Management developed to provide such information is the land market assessment (LMA). This paper describes the LMA, its UMP 4 (Tool). UNDP- application, and potential benefits. The land market assess- World Bank, Washington, ment provides accurate, up-to-date data on land prices, the D.C. (Also available in supply of serviced land, and present and projected land French and Spanish.) projects. It provides a concrete foundation for defining appropriate strategies for improving land market perfor- mance. LMAs can be used to support four broad activities: (1) governmental planning and decision making, (2) the evaluation of government policies and actions, (3) private- sector investment and development decision, and (4) the structuring of land-based taxation systems. 26 Land Management URBAN Renaud, Bertrand. 1991. The paper consists of two parts. Part I: The Legacy of Central Housing Reform in Planning and Transition Issues for Housing was prepared Socialist Economies prior to the Seminar on Housing Reforms in Socialist Econo- mies held in Washington, D.C., June 12-13,1990, and sets the Technical Paper No. 125. stage for the development of a reform framework by (i) Infrastructure and Urban evaluating the legacy of Soviet-type central planning and Development Department, previous reform experiments and describes critical differ- The World Bank, Washing- ences between socialist housing systems and market-based ton, D.C. housing; (ii) examining the complex characteristics of hous- ing as an economic good, its implications for market-ori- ented reform, and the redesign of social housing policies; and (iii) summarizing prevailing conditions in six major problem areas for managing the transition to a market-based system. Part II: Framework for Housing Reform in Socialist Economies presents the results of the seminar and provides a concise reference for development of the national reforms according to each country's conditions. There is broad agreement that the inefficiences, distortions, and inequities in current housing systems have created a situation that is incompatible with a market economy, and housing reform is indispensable if economic reform is to succeed. Taking into account the diversity of macroeconomic conditions and significant differences in housing conditions faced by social- ist countries, the framework identifies priority issues and indicates directions for change. Renaud, Bertrand. 1991. Comparisons of housing markets across cities or countries Affordability, Price- are often either partial or lack comparability, especially in Income Ratio, and measures of access to housing and affordability. This paper Housing Performance: demonstrates the value of the housing price-to-income ratio (PIR) as a robust indicator of a market's performance that An International can reflect rapid changes in affordability and has sound Perspective theoretical economic foundations. It is an indicator with policy value that can highlight structural differences be- INU Discussion Paper 81. tween markets in cities within the same country or different Infrastructure and Urban countries. Its ability to track rapidly changing housing Development Department, market conditions gives it high value for monitoring hous- The World Bank, Washing- ing policies. This paper demonstrates how PIR values can ton, D.C. vary across countries, over time, and across income groups and shows how the same underlying economic model of a housing market can account for the exactly opposite long- term behavior of PIR values that fell in the United States and rose in Japan. The effects of demand-side shocks and regulatory supply constraints underline the merits of the price-income ratio as an important policy indicator. 27 Housing URBAN Renaud, Bertrand. 1991. Housing conditions in the Soviet Union are a major eco- Housing nomic, social, and political issue. Housing is one of the primary sectors where the problem of balancing economic In A Study of the Soviet efficiency and equity considerations in the process of creat- Economy Vol. 3. Washing- ing a new economy is evident. Widespread shortages and ton, D.C.: The World Bank. rigid allocation mechanisms have adversely affected house- hold living conditions, labor motivation, and enterprise operations. This chapter explores why market mechanisms are needed to improve performance in the housing sector, the economic and social benefits of moving rapidly during the transition, and the contribution that a housing privatization program can make to economic and social stabilization. Introducing market mechanisms in a 60-year old centrally planned housing system would be a major task in any country. In the USSR the problem is compounded by the size of the country and the diversity of its population. Buckley, Robert M. 1992. This paper examines the kinds of housing subsidies that are The Measurement and channeled through housing finance systems in economies Targeting of Housing experiencing high inflation and financial stress. While Finance Subsidies: The Argentina is used as a case study, the kinds of programs analyzed are similar to those in other economies. The paper Case of Argentina presents measures of the subsidy level and welfare costs of Public Finance/Finances housing policy, shows that the amount of subsidies and the welfare costs have been extremely large, and discusses 3,u1991. Vol. XXXXVI/ policies to improve the targeting and transparency of subsi- XXXXVI-iome AnnXe. dies and reduce welfare costs. A user-cost approach is used to measure the subsidy level. Buckley, Robert M. 1992. As a review of the Bank's experience with housing finance The World Bank & projects, this paper offers some perspectives on when and Housing Finance: Its Role how such projects might be effective contributors to broader in Financial Reform economic policies and the financial deregulation process. The paper encompasses a brief overview of the evolution of In "Proceedings: Housing the Bank's housing projects and the shift in focus and lending Finance for Sustainable within the housing sector that has occurred in recent years. Development: Fannie Mae It also establishes a framework for evaluating the effective- Round Table. February 3-5. ness of housing finance operations. Recommendations are Washington, D.C.: Federal made for implementing policy change in the financial sector National Mortgage Asso- and for encouraging long term solutions to urban problems. ciation. Specific references to housing finance projects in various countries are included. 28 Housing URBAN Buckley, Robert, 1991. This article presents an overview of World Bank lending The World Bank and in the housing sector over the past five years, with emphasis Housing Finance: Its Role on how housing projects might be effective contributors to in Financial Reform broader enonomic policies and the financial deregulation process. The article states the claim that correctly structured Housing Finance Interna- housing finance systems can be expected to make signficant tional, March. contributions to the ability to mobilize financial resources, target subsidies effectively, and develop the sector so that the social concerns generated by poor housing conditions can be obviated. Renaud, Bertrand, 1991. This paper emphasizes the importance of changing perspec- Financial Dimensions of tives in policies toward housing finance and on the critical Housing Reform in choice of mortgage lending instruments when shifting to a Central and Eastern demand-driven housing system. To set the stage for the discussion, the paper presents a diagrammatic interpreta- Europe tion of the highly distorted housing system of socialist OslHousing economies and of the dynamic changes that the transition to Oslo International Norway, a market economy has set in motion. It discusses what was Conference. Oslo, Norway, wrong with the perspective on housing finance adopted by June 24-27. socialist economies. Because housing reforms are part of much broader reforms, the paper outlines briefly the finan- cial problems that reforming countries should guard against during the transition to markets. Renaud, Bertrand with This paper presents an overview of the status of housing Hanna Matras. 1991. sector reforms in the formerly socialistic economies of Cen- Housing Reforms in tral and Eastern Europe and reports ongoing changes in Central and Eastern Bulgaria, the Czeck, and Slovak Federal Republic, Hungary, Europe, a Progress Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The direction of change in the housing sector is similar for all these countries. It Report on Country includes development of property legislation, housing fi- Reforms nance, reduction of subsidies, and encouragement of the private sector. However, the housing reform process itself Prague Housing Confer- is unique to each country as everyone (1) starts from a ence, Prague, Czechoslova- different base in terms of the housing shortage and thereby kia. with a different level of pressure on increasing housing output; (2) has chosen a distinct economic reform strategy; and, (3) has begun with a different level of the budget constraints on macroeconomic conditions. Hence the pres- sure on the subsidy reduction varies. 29 Housing URBAN Bernstein, Janis D. 1991. The paper presents an overview of the most common strat- Alternative Approaches to egies and policy instruments (regulatory and economic) Pollution Control and used in developed and developing countries to achieve Waste Management, pollution control and waste management objectives. Its purpose is to explore how regulatory and economic instru- Regulatory and Economic ments are used to control air and water pollution, protect Instruments ground water, and manage solid and hazardous wastes. The paper is directed to policy makers at the national, state, and UMP 3 (Discussion Paper). local levels of government, as well as to other parties UNDP-World Bank, responsible for pollution control and waste management Washington, D.C. (Also programs. available in French and Spanish.) Bradley, David, C. The World Bank is currently assessing the relative health Stephens, T. Harpham, and impacts of physical environmental problems in urban areas S. Cairncross. 1991. of developing countries to guide its urban policy and invest- A Review of ment decisions. This report reviews and summarizes avail- Environmental Health able literature on health in the urban areas of developing Impacts in Developing countries. It discusses associations between health and prob- .mpacs .lems of the environment to: (a) produce a classification of Country Cities environmental variables relevant to urban health in devel- UMP No. 6. UNDP-World oping countries; (b) propose an analytical framework for UMPk, No.hingt6. , NDP . relating environmental variables to health; (c) review Bank, Washington, D.C. intraurban differentials in mortality, morbidity, and causes of death in developing countries; (d) review literature that attempts to link causally urban environmental conditions to health in developing countries; and (e) propose related research. Leitmann, Josef. 1991. The paper explores interactions between energy and the Energy-Environment urban environment and proposes an analytical framework Linkages in the Urban for devising strategic solutions to energy-related urban Sector environmental problems. It examines the nature of a city's fuel consumption, the end-uses and special factors that may UMP 2 (Discussion Paper). affect each fuel-consuming sector, and the key actors on the UNDP-World Bank, supply and demand sides in the public, informal, and Washington, D.C. (Also private sectors. The paper also examines environmental available in Spanish.) impacts of supplying energy to cities: extraction of fuels and conversion to a product; and key issues in environmental degradation at the household (indoor pollution), local (the interaction of population, place, and pollution), regional (land degradation), and global (greenhouse gas) levels. 30 Environment URBAN Bartone, C. R., L. Leite, Preliminary case studies have been carried out on private- T. Triche, and sector provision of municipal solid waste services in four R. Schertenleib. 1991. large Latin American cities (Buenos Aires, Caracas, Santiago, Private-Sector and Sao Paulo). A parallel study of a metropolitan solid Participation in Municipal waste company in Rio de Janeiro provided a comparison. Solid Waste Service: These experiences substantiate that private-service provi- sion can be successful in terms of cost containment and Experiences in Latin quality of service as long as the conditions for contestable America markets are met. In the four cases studied, private collection firms have exclusive right to service specific areas of the city Waste Management and and contracts are awarded by competitive bidding. These Research Vol. 9, 495-509. and other studies in the region suggest that local authorities should establish operational and environmental regulations and standards to guide private contractors and have the capacity to oversee these activities. Supervision and pay- ment should be based on specific performance measures. More attention needs to be given to cost recovery, financial stability, and improved disposal practices. There appears to be substantial scope for expanded private-sector involve- ment in the region. Bartone, C. R.. 1991. In spite of expending a major share of municipal revenues on International Cooperation solid waste management, most cities fail to provide efficient, of the World Bank in the reliable, and universal collection systems; few provide envi- Field of Municipal Solid ronmentally safe disposal. The consequent public health and environmental costs are also high. A review of 15 years Waste Management of World Bank lending for municipal solid waste manage- ment found that Bank lending should place greater empha- Journal of the Japan Society of sis on strategic service planning, institutional arrangements, Waste Management Experts, improved financial and managerial efficiency, and environ- 2(ly.):59-65 (In Japanese mental protection. Research and policy analysis is also only.) recommended in the areas of economics and financing of solid waste services, private sector delivery of solid waste services, apex institutions at metropolitan and national level, and strategic planning approaches. 31 Environment I ~~URBAN Bartone, C. R. 1991. A sustainable approach is urgently needed in the manage- Environmental Challenge ment of the urban environment to ensure the contribution of in Third World Cities developing countries' cities to national economic develop- ment while protecting urban dwellers, especially the urban Journal of the American poor, from the consequences of environmental deteriora- Planning Association. tion. This article examines the linkages and tradeoffs be- 57(4):411-415 tween urbanization, development, poverty, and environ- ment, and then suggests an urban environmental agenda. An important priority is to develop strategic approaches for managing the urban environment based on a clear under- standing of the underlying causes of environmental deterio- ration in cities. The environmental agenda highlights ac- tions for the development of increased awareness and politi- cal commitment, better information and understanding, city-specific strategies, high-priority curative actions, pre- ventive policies and incentives, monitoring and enforce- ment of environmental regulations, implementation of envi- ronmental infrastructure and services programs. Bartone, C. R. 1991. There are significant advantages to a consolidated institu- Institutional and tional approach to the management of municipal solid waste Management Approaches transfer and disposal in large metropolitan areas. Both to Solid Waste Disposal in operationalandenvironmentalbenefitscanbeachieved. On the other hand, it is argued that collection services do not Large Metropolitan Areas necessarily benefit from centralization, since there are only limited economies of scale. Furthermore, there is abundant WasteaManagement and 525536 evidence that the private sector can provide conventional collection services more efficiently than the public sector. This paper examines a model of decentralized collection and centralized transfer and disposal that is in place at Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A., and which is being applied in Monterrey, Mexico. The partial application of this model in the Federal District of Mexico City is also examined. Lessons are drawn for the application of such a model to metropolitan areas in other developing countries. 32 Environment URBAN Leitmann, Josef. 1992. This article deals with the "brown" set of problems on the Grass Without Roots? environmental agenda. These include the day to day prob- lems of lack of safe water, sanitation and drainage; the The Bank's World, Vol. 11 occupation and degradation of environmentally sensitive No. 2. lands; inadequate solid and hazardous waste management; amd uncontrolled emissions from factories, vehicles and low-grade domestic fuels. The article outlines the groups affected and offers suggestions to help find solutions. The bottom-up approach, setting priorities, the MEIP efforts, and environmental protection efforts are also discussed. McNeil, Mary. 1991. This article reports on a series of environmental town meet- Local Concerns Voiced on ings held in conjunction with the "Five Cities and the Urban Environment Environment Project" funded by the Canadian government and executed in conjunction with the Urban Management The Urban Edge, Vol. 15, Program. Under the project, environmental town meetings No. 6. were held in Katowice, Poland; Accra, Ghana; Jakarta, Indonesia; Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Toronto, Canada. Through this process, a consensus on urban environmental priorities was reached, and a "brown agenda" of environmental concerns identified. The article is supplemented by back- ground environmental data from each city. Bernstein, Janis. 1992. The unprecedented growth of cities in the developing world Managing Hazard Prone has greatly intensified the demand for urban land. In most Lands in Cities of the cities, the shortage of serviced land and the competition for Developing World that land have priced the urban poor out of the legal land market. Many low-income populations are forced to occupy In Environimenztal Manage- illegal settlements on low-lying lands, flood plains, steep ment and Urban Vulnerabil- hillsides, land adjacent to polluting industrial or waste ity, proceedings of a World disposal facilities, or other hazard-prone areas. This paper Bank conference. Environ- characterizes the underlying causes of land occupation on ment Department, Envi- hazard prone land and presents alternative land manage- ronmental Division, and ment approaches for addressing this problem in developing Personnel Operations country cities. The paper addresses alternative strategies, Department, The World tools, and criteria for selecting locally appropriate land Bank, Washington, D.C. management instruments. 33 Environment I URBAN Dillinger, William et al. This paper represents one of the first efforts to operationalize 1992. the Bank's recently adopted Urban Policy Paper. Based on Juarez: Urban Issues the findings of a multisectoral mission to the city of Juarez, Survey Mexico, it surveys a range of issues confronting the city - economic development, housing and residential infrastruc- Discussion Paper INURD ture, public transportation, public service delivery, and No.16 Infrastructure and environmental problems-and suggests possible solutions. Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Ford, James F. et al. 1991. The Urban Management Program (UMP) is a major initia- Urban Management tive by UN organizations, and external support agencies to Program Phase 2: strengthen the contribution that cities and towns in develop- Capacity Building for ing countries make toward economic growth, social devel- opment, and the alleviation of poverty. The UMP develops Urban Management in the and promotes appropriate policies and tools in five substan- 1990S tive areas: municipal finance and administration, land management, infrastructure management, urban environ- Revised Prospectus. ment, and the alleviation of poverty. Through a capacity UNDP-World Bank, building component, it works to establish effective partner- Washington, D.C. ships with national, state, and local governments, as well as with ESAs, in the areas of applied research, dissemination of information, and experiences of best practices. This pro- spectus describes Phase 2 of the UMP (1992-1996). It elabo- rates on the lessons learned during the Program's first five years (1986-1991), and defines the strategy and goals for a greatly expanded Phase 2 of the Program. UNDP-World Bank. 1991. Informational brochures. The Urban Management Program Urban Management and the Environment Washington, D.C. (Avail- able in English, French, and Spanish.) 34 Other URBAN Moser, Caroline and This paper describes a recently developed research method- P. Sollis. 1991. ology to examine the social dimensions of debt, recession, A Methodological and structural adjustment policies in terms of their impact Framework for Analysing on low-income urban households. The paper draws on the the Social Costs of specific experience of a research project that included six weeks' fieldwork, undertaken during the summer of 1988 in Adjustment at the Mico- the suburbios, or low-income urban areas, of Guayaquil, level: the Case of Equador. Since the nature and type of information collected Guayquil, Equador during the fieldwork ultimately determines the type and extent of analysis that can be undertaken, the choice of Institute of Development research methodology in social development research is Studies Bulletin. Vol. 22, critical. This is a complex question which must take into No. 1. account such issues as the nature of the research problem, the context of the research, the amount of accessible second- ary and background data, and the time available in the field. Moser, Caroline and This article examines a UNICEF-Ministry of Health primary P. Sollis. 1991. health care program in Equador from a community perspec- Did the Project Fail? A tive. It contributes to the debate concerning the way in Community Perspective which the relative "success" or "failure" of participatory on a Participatory Primary projects is measured. It argues for evaluators to distinguish between the perceptions of the different actors involved, Health Care Project in and to extend their enquiries beyond the actual life of the Equador project. It also provides lessons for the future by discussion of the contribution that technical projects can make to Development in Practice. capacity building and the empowerment of community- Vol 1, No 1. level organization. McNeil, Mary. 1992. This article summarizes the results of the annual meeting of Urban Issues Rise on the Urban Management Program (UMP) and outlines ac- Global Agenda tions to be undertaken during Phase 2 of the program. The meeting was attended by a wide range of urban specialists The Urban Edge, Vol. 16, representing external support agencies, developing country No. 1. governments, nongovernmental organizations, and multi- lateral lending agencies. The consensus reached was that urban issues require a higher place on the global develop- mental agenda, and that financing for the sector should be increased over the next decade. The results of findings in the areas of municipal finance, land management, urban envi- ronment, and infrastructure during Phase 1 of the UMP were discussed and follow-up action suggested. 35 Other WATER & SANITATION Increasing demands for better environmental management and the intensified search for effective solutions to poverty are combining to place water and sanitation problems higher on the global development agenda. Water resources management is emerging as a contentious issue in many countries as agriculture, industry, and rapidly growing cities compete for increasingly scarce supplies. Some developing countries already face severe water shortages. The urban environment in many parts of the developing world is deteriorating as the growing volume of liquid and solid wastes becomes a major source of pollution and serious health hazard. While not growing as rapidly as in previous decades, rural populations still suffer from insufficient basic water and sanitation services, leading to poor health, low productivity and labor losses. Women and children suffer the worst consequences. Despite the progress made during the Water and Sanitation Decade of the 1980s, today more than a billion people - primarily the poor in the slums and villages of the developing world -live without basic water and sanitation services. And despite an annual investment of nearly $10 billion in new capacity, overall service expansion has barely kept pace with population growth. All of these challenges require new and more effective approaches to sector investments. The INUWS Water and Sanitation Division includes a Policy Unit and the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. The Policy Unit was established in 1990 to identify key issues in the water and sanitation sector - especially organizational and institutional issues in service delivery - and to undertake policy, research, and operational support to help solve them. The Policy Unit also works on related issues, including water resources management and improving the performance of urban utilities. The UNDP-World Bank Program is a collaborative initiative to help strengthen national and local efforts to improve the access of poor people to safe water and adequate sanitation. Concentrating work in a dozen focus countries and operational in more than 30 other countries, the Program relies on the expertise of a global network of staff stationed in four 37 -Mi WATER & SANITATION Regional Water and Sanitation Groups (RWSGs) and working in country-level projects. It is administered by a management group in the Bank's INUWS Washington, D.C., headquarters. The Program's current annual budget is approximately $13 million, comprised of contributions from UNDP's Division for Global and Interregional Programmes, two of UNDP's Regional Bureaux, nine bilateral donor agencies, and the World Bank. The work programs of the Policy Unit and the Program are closely integrated to meet strategic sectoral objectives. 38 WATER & SANITATION Khouri, Nadim. 1992. Middle Eastern and North African countries are making Wastewater Reuse large investments in collection and safe disposal of urban Implementation in wastewater. Wastewater reuse is a means of limiting pollu- Selected Countries of the tion and conserving water. This study interprets data from 10 countries with respect to sociological, climatic, environ- Middle East and North mental, institutional and economic aspects of water supply Africa and sanitation. The results are used to define the elements of regional cooperation to facilitate the inclusion of safe, Sustainable Water economical and socially acceptable reuse in development Resources Management in projects related to natural resources management around Arid Countries, Canadian cities. Journal of Development Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Rogers, Peter. 1992. The world is entering a period of intense competition for Comprehensive Water limited supplies of water for alternative uses - in agricul- Resources Management: ture, in urban and industrial uses, for recreation, by wildlife, A Concept Paper. for human consumption, and to maintain environmental quality. Most project-by-project planning methods are Policy Research Working increasingly inadequate. New approaches are proposed Papers, Water and that integrate water resources use across different economic Sanitation, WPS 879, sectors and among various consumers. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Water Resources WATER & SANITATION Aziz, K. M .A., Through an integrated development project, Mirzapur vil- B. A. Hoque, lage received new Tara handpumps, pour-flush latrines, S. R. A. Huttly, and a program of hygiene education at the household level. K. M. Minnatullah, This study concludes that the project reduced by almost half Z. Hasan, M. K. Patwary, the prevalence of childhood diarrheal disease in the inter- M. M. Rahaman, and vention area, compared to a control area. S. Cairncross. 1990. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Education: A Report of a Health Impact Study in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Program Report No. 1., The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Edwards, Peter. 1992. This volume contains a state-of-the-art review of literature Reuse of Human Wastes on excreta reuse in aquaculture. It covers past and current in Aquaculture: A systems, interrelations with sanitation technology options, Technical Review experimental systems, design criteria, reuse in seawater, and public health, sociological, economic, and financial UNDP-World Bank Water aspects. and Sanitation Program, Program Report Number 2, Washington, D.C. Garn, Harvey and This review discusses current issues in the water and sani- Alfonso Zavala. 1991. tation sector, giving special attention to institutional prob- FY 91 Sector Review: lems. The volume contains a detailed account of the World Water Supply and Bank's operational activities in the sector including the Sanitation lending portfolio, studies and country strategies, staff allo- cations and regional approaches to sector issues. Report INU-OR9. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 40 Water Supply WATER & SANITATION Katko, Tapio S. 1992. This paper examines the development of rural water supply The Development of associations in Finland to demonstrate certain principles Water Supply that are applicable anywhere in the world. It concludes that Associations in Finland successful development depends on private initiative, and should be based upon consumer demand. Government and Its Significance for should concentrate on policy, guidance, and promotion of Developing Countries consumer-managed associations that allow consumers to select the service levels they prefer and are willing to pay for. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Discussion Paper Series Number 8, Washington, D.C. Lovei, Lazlo and The authors present a framework for the analysis of rent Dale Whittington. 1991. seeking in water supply and a case study of water vending Rent Seeking in Water in Jakarta, Indonesia. Rent seeking can dramatically affect Supply the terms and conditions under which service is offered to the public. In Jakarta, distributing vendors chrage high Sector Policy and Research prices resulting in ineffciencies and too few taps. Deregu- Discussion Paper, Report lation of water sales coupled with the easing of supply INU 85, Infrastructure and constraints could substantially lower both hauling costs and Urban Development the price of water and reduce economic rents captured by Department, The World water utility staff and neighborhood officials. Bank, Washington, D.C. Olver, John and This report was prepared by an independent, external as- James Berna. 1991. sessment team. It reviews the origins and evolution of the An Assessment of the Program, and makes recommendations regarding finances, UNDP-World Bank Water linkages to the World Bank, strategies, priorities, field struc- and Sanitation Program. ture, and other dimensions of the Program's operations. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 41 Water Supply WATER & SANITATION Tamm, Gordon. 1991. This paper examines rural water supply (RWS) systems in Institutional Framework the U.S. and evaluates the relevance of findings for develop- for Small Community ing countries. It focuses on the institutional and regulatory Water Supply Systems in framework that governs RWS in the U.S. by examining the organizational and procedural characteristics of national the United States: A and regional institutions. Insights gained from the U.S. Review of Experiences experience are then considered for their relevance to deve:.- and Lessons for oping countries. Drawing upon a comparative analysis, a Developing Countries. model for a RWS demonstration program is presented that is suitable to a developing country setting. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Discussion Paper Series, No. 7, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. UNDP-World Bank Water This illustrated color report describes the worldwide activi- and Sanitation Program. ties of the joint program including summaries of activities in 1992. each region of the developing world. Special emphasis in Annual Report 1990-1991. this annual review is devoted to human resources develop- ment, affordable technologies, new project approaches, and Water and Sanitation enhancing opportunities for women. Division, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1992. UNDP-World Bank Water This volume contains a brief description of the joint Program and Sanitation Program. and detailed listings of country-level activities. Regional 1991. overviews introduce each section of the report. Country Work Program: Country reports include sector statistics, Program status and objec- Work Plan 1991-92. tives, country context, and estimated Program staff re- sources for the fiscal year. Water and Sanitation Division, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Water Supply NDEX OF PAST PUBLICATIONS TRANSPORTA- Beshers, E. W. 1989. "Conrail: Government Creation and Privatization TION DIVISION of an American Railroad." Discussion Paper INU 38. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, RAILWAYS D.C. World Bank Papers Beshers, E. W. 1991. "Restrictive Labor Practices on Railways in Developing Countries." Discussion Paper INU 78. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Huff, Lee W. and Louis Thompson. 1990. "Techniques for Railway Restructuring." PRE Working Paper 380. World Bank, Infrastruc- ture and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Porter, D. 1988. "Modular Management Information Systems for Railways." Discussion Paper INU 30. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Reid, Sir Robert. 1989. "Institutional Reform in Transport: The British Rail Experience." Discussion Paper INU 44. World Bank, Infra- structure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Tanahashi, Yasushi. 1992. "Reform of Railways in Japan." Discussion Paper INUJ 99. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Washington, D.C. Thompson, Louis and Jorge C. Kohon. 1989. "Institutional Reform in TRP-Case Study-Uruguan Railways." Technical Paper INU 59. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Journal Articles Blackshaw, Philip W. and Louis S. Thompson. 1992. "Communist Networks Must Change Fast to Survive." Developing Railways 1992, A Railway Gazette Yearbook: 13-18. Thompson, Louis S. 1990. "Seminar on Management of Change in the Railway Business Held at New Delhi in November 1990." Journal of the Institute of Rail Transport. 28(3-4): 1-18. Thompson, Louis S. 1991. "A Sensitive Railway Health Index." World Railway Investment, An International Railway Journal Annual Publi- cation: 10-11. hompson, Louis S., E. R. Peterson, and W. G. Wood. 1990. "World Railway Performance Survey." Developing Railways 1991, A Railway Gazette Yearbook: 8-15. Thompson, Louis S., W. Greg Wood, and Fernando lunes. 1991. "World Railway Performance Update." Developing Railways 1991, A Railway Gazette Yearbook: 8-16. 43 INDEX PORTS, Arnold,J.1987. "Port Tariff Evaluation." TechnicalNote INU3. World SHIPPING, and Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- LOGISTICS ington, D.C. Arnold, J. 1988. "Ports Tariffs: Current Practices and Trends." Discus- World Bank Papers sion Paper INU 27. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Deve.- opment Department, Washington, D.C. Bennathan, Esra, Luis Escobar, and George Panagakos. 1989. Deregu- lation of Shipping: What is to be Learned from Chile. World Bank Discussion Paper 67. Washington, D.C. Davis, John D., Scott MacKnight, IMO Staff, et al. 1990. Environmental Considerations for Port and Harbor Developments. World Bank Technical Paper 126. Washington, D.C. Douglas, R. A. P.1990. "Port Administration: A Review of theStructure and Legal Aspects." Discussion Paper INU 76. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Harding, Alan S. 1990. "Restrictive Labor Practices in Seaports." PRE Working Paper 514. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- opment Department, Washington, D.C. Lethbridge, John et al. 1991. "MARPOL 73/78 Convention: The Economic Implications and Other Issues in Providing Reception Facilities for Ship Wastes in Sub-Saharan African Ports." Technical Paper INU 80. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Washington, D.C. Peters, Hans J. 1988 "Seatrade Logistics Management and Related Transport Infrastructure and Services." General Operational Review INU 11. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Washington, D.C. Peters, Hans J. 1989. "Seatrade, Logistics, and Transport." Policy and Research Series 6. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Washington, D.C. Peters, Hans J. 1990a. "Implications of Changing Trade and Transport Markets for Developing Countries." Developing World Transport. London: Grosvenor Press International Ltd. Peters, Hans J. 1990b. "India - The Growing Conflict between Trade and Transport: Issues and Options." PRE Working Paper 346. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. 44 INDEX Peters, Hans J. 1991a. "Marine Pollution in the Mediterranean: Inci- dence, Control Issues, and Abatement Options." A. Poirier and G. Zaccour, eds., Maritime and Pipeline Transportation of Oil and Gas. Paris, France: Editions Technip. Peters, Hans J. 1991b. "Umstrukturierungen im Seeverkehr: Ursachen und Auswirkungen." Jahrbuch der Hafenbautechnischen Gesellschaft. 45. Band Hamburg: Schiffahrts-Verlag HANSA. Sinclair, Joseph et al. 1989. "Refrigerated Containers." Technical Paper INU 4. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Thomas, Brian and Keith Roach. 1987. "Operating and Maintenance Features of Container Handling Systems. Technical Paper TNU 7. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. University of Wales, College of Cardiff. 1989. "The Management of Port Equipment Maintenance." Technical Paper INU 57. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Journal Articles Peters, Hans J. 1990a. "Umstrukturierungen im Seeverkehr: Was sind die Konsequenzen fuer die Haefen?" HANSA, Zentralorgan fur Schiffahrt, Schiffbau, und Haefen 16(August): 869. Peters, Hans J. 1990b. "Seabome Cargoes in the Decade Ahead: An Overview." Naftika Chronika 1321/1079(une):23-27. Peters, Hans J. 1991a. "Changing International Trade and Transport Markets: Helping Ports in Developing Countries to Adjust." Ports & Harbors 36(2):25-27. Peters, Hans J. 1991b. "Structural Changes in International Trade and Transport: The Importance of Logistics." Journal of Indian National Shipowners' Association 43(3): 25-34. Peters, Hans J. 1991c. "Transport Specifying is Next Big Saving." Logistics and Materials Handling 1(2): 23-24. Conference Papers Lethbridge, John R. 1988. "Port Planning." In Proceedings of 9th International Harbour Congress, Volume II held in Antwerp, 20-24 June 1988. Antwerp, Belgium: Royal Flemish Society of Engineers (K.VIV). Peters, Hans J. 1987. "Developments in Trade and Associated Trans- port Between Industrialized and Developing Countries, with a Specific Reference to the Pacific Basin." In Transportation and Competitiveness of U.S. Agricultural Products in World Markets: Proceedings of a Research Symposium held by Economic Research 45 INDEX Service, October 1986. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Peters, Hans J. 1987. "Evolutions in Seabome Trade and Related Transport Industries: What Do They Imply for Developing Econo- mies?" In MARINTEC '87 Proceedings held in Shanghai, December 1987. Shanghai, China: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Peters, Hans J. 1989. "International Developments in Seaborne Trade and Maritime Transport." In East and West Competition and Coop- eration in World Liner Shipping: Proceedings of International Conference in Berlin, 9-11 March 1988. TUB Dokumentation No. 43. Berlin, Germany: Technical University Berlin. Peters, Hans J. 1989. "Managing Technological Change for Improving Seatrade." In MARINTEC '89 Proceedings held in Shanghai, Decem- ber 1989. Shanghai: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. (Published in Mandarin.) Peters, Hans J. 1990. "Structural Changes in Intemational Trade and Transport Markets: The Importance of Logistics." In The Public Sector's Role in Logisticsfor the 21st Century Conference: Proceedings of the Second KMIInternational Symposium held in Seoul, 2-7July 1990. Seoul, Korea: Korea Maritime Institute. Peters, Hans J. 1990. "La Pollution Marine en Mediterranee: Incidence, Problemes de Controle, et Possibilites de Diminution." In Maritime and Pipeline Transportation of Oil and Gas: Proceedings of Conference at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales in Montreal, 23-24 April 1990. Report Number GEP-CR-90-04-F. Montreal, Canada: Uni- versity of Montreal. Peters, Hans J. 1991. "The World Shipbuilding Market: Trends and Issues." In Proceedings, International Marintec Conference held in Shanghai, 3-7 December 1991. Shanghai, China: Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers. Peters, Hans J. 1991. "The World Economy and Prospects for Seaborne Trade." In Proceedings, Third Conference on Shipping Cooperation and Competition in the Common European Home held in Rostock, 12-14 June 1991. Rostock, Germany: Rostock University. Peters, Hans J. 1991. "The Prospects of Seaborne Bulk Trades: A Reassessment." In Bulktrans 91: Proceedings of the 7th Bulk Handling and Transport Conference held at Hamburg Congress Centre in Hamburg, Germany, 14-16 May 1991. Volume VII. London, En- gland: CS Publications Ltd. Peters, Hans J. 1991. "Logistics Management and Sea Transport." In Cooperation and Competition between East and West in Maritime 46 INDEX Transport: Proceedings of Second International Conference on World Liner Shipping held in Gdansk, Poland, 26-28 September 1989. TUB Dokumentation No. 40. Berlin, Germany: Technical University Berlin. ROADS Bennathan, Esra, Jeffrey Gutman, and Louis Thompson. 1991. "Re- forming and Privatizing Hungary's Road Haulage." PRE Working World Bank Papers Paper 790. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Bennathan, Esra, Jeffrey Gutman, and Louis Thompson. 1991. "Re- forming and Privatizing Poland's Road Freight Industry." PRE Working Paper 750. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- opment Department, Washington, D.C. Carlsson, Gunnar and Karl-Olov Hedman. 1990. "A Systematic Ap- proach to Road Safety in Developing Countries." Technical Paper INU 63. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Faiz, Asif et al. 1990. "Air Pollution from Land Transport: Issues and Options for Developing Countries." PRE Working Paper 492. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Gronau, Reuben. 1991. "Are Ghana's Roads Paying Their Way?: Assessing Road Use Cost and User Charges in Ghana." PRE Working Paper 773. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- opment Department, Washington, D.C. Harral, Clell and Asif Faiz. 1988. Road Deterioration in Developing Countries-Causesand Demands. WorldBankPolicyStudy. Wash- ington, D.C. Heggie, Ian G. 1991. "Improving Management and Charging Policies for Roads: An Agenda for Reform." Discussion Paper INU 92. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Heggie, Ian G. 1992. "Selecting Appropriate Instruments for Charging Road Users." Discussion Paper INU 95. World Bank, Infrastruc- ture and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Heggie, Ian G. and Vincy Fon. 1991. "Optimal User Charges and Cost Recovery for Roads in Developing Countries." PRE Working Paper 780. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Hoban, Christopher J. 1987. Evaluating Traffic Capacity and Improve- ments to Road Geometry. World Bank Technical Paper 74. Wash- ington, D.C. 47 INDEX Johansen, Frida. 1989. "Earmarking, Road Funds and Toll Roads - A World Bank Symposium." Discussion Paper INU 45. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Miquel, Sergio and James Condron. 1991. "Assessment of Road Main- tenance by Contract." Technical Paper INU 91. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Newbery, D. M., G. A. Hughes, William D. 0. Paterson, and Esra Bennathan. 1988. Road Transport Taxation in Developing Coun- tries: The Design of User Charges and Taxes for Tunisia. World Bank Discussion Paper 26. Washington, D.C. Sinha, Kumares, Amiy Varma, J. Souba, and Asif Faiz. 1989. "Environ- mental and Ecological Considerations in Land Transport." Dis- cussion Paper INIU 41. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Walsh, Michael, Kumares Walsh, Amiy Varma, and Asif Faiz. 1989. "Land Transport and Air Pollution in Developing Countries." Discussion Paper INU 60. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Books and Book Chester, Andrew and Robert Harrison. 1987. Vehicle Operating Costs: Chapters Evidence from Developing Countries. [The Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Series.] Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Press. Paterson, William D. 0. and Richard Robinson. 1991. "Criteria for Evaluating Pavement Management Systems." In Pavement Man- agement Implementation: ASTM Special Technical Publication STP1121. Frank B. Holt and Wade L. Framling, Eds. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials. Paterson, William D. 1987. Road Deterioration and Maintenance Effects: Models for Planning and Management. [The Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Series.] Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Press. Johansen, Frida. 1987. "Economic Theory on Toll Roads." Toll Financ- ing and Private Sector Involvement in Road Infrastructure in Develop- ment. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Devel- opment. Watanatada, Thawat et al. 1987. Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model. [The Highway Design and Maintenance Stan- dards Series.] Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 48 INDEX Watanatada,Thawat,AshokM. Dhareshwar, Paulo Roberto, S. Rezende Lima. 1987. Vehicle Speeds and Operating Costs: Models for Road Planning and Management. [The Highway Design and Mainte- nance Standards Series.] Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Journal Articles Bhandari, A., Clell Harral, E. Holland, and Asif Faiz. 1987. "Technical Options for Maintenance in Developing Countries and the Eco- nomic Consequences." Transportation Research Record 1128: 18-27. Faiz, Asif, Clell Harral, and Frida Johansen. 1987. "State of the Road Networks in Developing Countries and a Country Typology of Response Measures." Transportation Research Record 1128:1-17. Faiz, Asif and P. Fossberg. 1987. "Truck Weight Control Experience in Developing Countries." Supplement to Transportation Research Record 1106:47-50. Faiz, Asif, Jean Doyen, Steve Carapetis, and Terje Wolden. 1990. "Policy Foundation for Good Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa." Transportation Research Record 1291(1): 89-97. Faiz, Asif. November 1991. "Automotive Air Pollution: An Over- view." Routes 274(11): 31-44. Harral, Clell. 1987. "Organization and Management of Road Mainte- nance in Developing Countries." Transportation Research Record 1128:36-41. Johansen, Frida. 1987. "Economic Arguments on Toll Roads." Trans- portation Research Record 1107:80-84. Paterson, William D. 1989. "A Transferable Causal Model for Predict- ing Roughness Progression in Flexible Pavements." Transportation Research Record 1215:70-84. Paterson, William D.O. 1991. "Deterioration and Maintenance of Unpaved Roads: Models of Roughness and Material Loss." Transportation Research Record 1291(2):143-156. Queiroz, C., Steve Carapetis, H. Grace, and William D. 0. Paterson. 1991. "Observed Behavior of Bituminous-Surfaced Low-Volume Laterite Pavements." Transportation Research Record 1291(2):143- 156. Smith, Graham and Clell Harral. 1987. "Road Deterioration in Devel- oping Countries: Financial Requirements." Transportation Re- search Record 1128:28-35. Conference Papers Carbajo, Jose C. and Asif Faiz.1992. "Motor Vehicle Emissions Control: Some Policy Options for Developing Countries." In The Science of the Total Environment: Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium 49 INDEX on Highway Pollution held in Madrid, Spain, 18-22 May 1992. Amsterdam, Holland: Elseview Science Publishers B.V. Carbajo, Jose C. 1992. "Regulations and Economic Incentives to Reduce Automotive Air Pollution." In The Science of the Total Environment: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution held in Avignon, France, 10-13 September 1991. Amsterdam, Holland: Elseview Science Publishers B.V. Deighton, R.A. and William D. 0. Paterson. 1990. "Road Data Storage: A Guide to Allowing Upgrading and Expansion." In Route et Informatique: Proceedings of International Conference on Highways and Data Processing held in Paris, 13-15 March 1990. Paris, France: Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees. Faiz, Asif, Esra Bennathan, Clell Harral, and Graham Smith. 1987. "The State of Roads in Developing Countries: Financial Needs and Cost- Effective Maintenance Options." In Proceedings of the Expert Meeting and Symposium on the Appraisal of the Social and Economic Effects of Road Network Improvements held in Yokohama, 26-28 May 1987. Yokohama, Japan: OECD and Japanese Ministry of Construc- tion. Faiz, Asif and Esra Bennathan. 1988. "Road Deterioration in Develop- ing Countries: The Financial and Institutional Challenge." In Proceedings of the 14th ARRB Conference held in Victoria, 29 August -2 September 1988. Victoria: Australia Road Research Board. Faiz, Asif and Clell Harral. 1988. "Highway Improvement and Main- tenance Policies for Developing Countries." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Roads andRoad TransportProblems (ICORT- 88) held in New Delhi, December 1988. New Delhi, India: Tata- McGraw Hill. Faiz, Asif and Jeffrey Gutman. 1988. "Saving Road Infrastructure in Developing Countries: An Agenda for Action." In Transport, Planning, Research and Computation: Proceedings of 16th Summer Annual Meeting held at University of Bath, September 1988. Semi- nar G Report P309. London: PTRC Education and Research Services, Ltd. Faiz, Asif and C. F. de Castro. 1990. "Emerging Trends in Transporta- tion." In First Plenary Session on Road Transport-Essential for Eco- nomic Development: Proceedings from 22nd IRU World Congress held in Rio de Janeiro, 14-17 May 1990. Geneva, Switzerland: Interna- tional Road Transport Union. Faiz, Asif, William D. 0. Paterson, and Rodrigo Archondo-Callao. 1990. "World Bank's HDM-PC: A Microcomputer Aid for Roacd Planning and Management." In Microcomputer Applications in Transportation III: Proceedings of theInternational ConferenceonMicro-- 50 INDEX _) computers in Transportation held in San Francisco, 21-23 June 1989. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Faiz, Asif. 1991. "Planning, Programming and Budgeting for Road Maintenance." Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Program, The Road Maintenance Initiative: Building Capacity for Policy Reform, Volume 2. EDI Seminar Series, Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Fossberg, P., Clell Harral, Asif Faiz, A. Bhandari, and William D. Paterson. 1988. "Technical Options and Economic Consequences for Road Construction and Maintenance." In Towards Better Road Performance: Proceedings of the 3rd IRF Middle East Regional Meeting held in Riyadh, 25 June - 1 July 1988. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Organizing Committee of the Third Middle East Regional Meeting. Heggie, Ian. 1989. "Brief Notes on Charging for Road Use in Develop- ing Countries." Presented at the Public Domestic Revenue Mobi- lization Seminar held in Baltimore, Maryland, 27 January 1989. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Johansen, Frida. January 1989. "The Role of Toll Roads in Pricing Congestion." Transportation Research Board Meetings, Session: Managing Congestion through Pricing. Keller, M., M. Srsen and William D. 0. Paterson. 1990. "Objective Evaluation of the Pavement Rating Method in Croatia." In Route et Informatique: Proceedings of International Conference on Highways and Data Processing held in Paris, 13-15 March 1990. Paris, France: Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees. Paterson, William D. 0. 1987. "Maximizing Benefits in Road Mainte- nance Programming: A Microcomputer Model." In Proceedings of the Nezv Zealand Roading Symposium held in Michael Fowler Center, Wellington New Zealand, August 1987. Wellington, New Zealand: Transit New Zealand. Paterson, William D. 0. and P. Fossberg. 1987. "Achieving Efficiency in Planning and Programming through Network-Level Policy Optimization and Pavement Management." In Proceedings of the Second North American Conference on Managing Pavements held at Royal York Hotel, Toronto, 2-6 November 1987. Toronto, Ontario Canada: Ministry of Transportation. Paterson, William D. 0. and B. H. Scott. 1987. "Performance of Thin Membrane-Overlay on Moorhouse Avenue: Economical Alterna- tive to Reconstruction." In Proceedings of the Nezv Zealand Roading Symposium held in MichaelFowlerCenter,WellingtonNewZealand, August 1987. Wellington, New Zealand: Transit New Zealand. Paterson, William D. 0. 1990. "Quantifying the Effectiveness of Pave- ment Maintenance and Rehabilitation." In Road Engineering Asso- 51 I ~~INDEX ciation of Asia and Australasia: Proceedings of the 6th Conference held in Kaula Lumpur, 4-10 March 1990. Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia: Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia. Paterson, William D. 0. and T. Scullion. 1990. "An Integrated Classi- fication of Data Needs and Acquisition Methods for Road Informa- tion Systems." In Route et Informatique: Proceedings of International Conference on Highways and Data Processing held in Paris, 13-15 March 1990. Paris, France: Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees. Paterson, William D. 0.1991. "Aplicaciones de la evaluacion economica y del modelo HDM a la gestion de firmes." In Jornadas Sobre Estrategias de Inversion en Conservacion y Gestion de Firmes held in Madrid, 6-8 November 1990. Madrid, Spain: Asociacion Tecnica de Carreteras. Paterson, William D. O., P. Fossberg, and T. Watanatada. 1989. "World Bank'sHighwayDesignandMaintenance StandardsModel (HDM- III): A Synthesis of Road Deterioration and User Cost Relation- ships." In Proceedings of Fifth World Conference on Transport Research held in Yokohama, 10-14 July 1989. Yokohama, Japan: World Conference on Transport Research. Paterson, William D. 0. 1988. "Road Management Systems: A Guide and a Pilot Study." In Proceedings of Seminar on Economic Manage- ment of Road and Bridge Maintenance held in Portoroz, Yugoslavia, October 1988. Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Savez Sizova Za Puteve. Pouliquen, Louis Y. and Asif Faiz. 1990. "Road Preservation and Management in the Asia Region: A Perspective for the 1990s." In Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia: Post Conference Proceedings of the 6th Conference held in Kaula Lumpur, 4-10 March 1990. Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia: Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australasia. Rachmadi, B. S., William D. Paterson, H. I. Yuksel, and C. P. Corne. 1989. "A Simplified Roadworks Planning System for Indonesia." In Issues and Challenges in the World of Roads: Proceedings of the 11th International Road Federation Meetingheld in Seoul, 16-21 April 1989. Seoul, Korea: International Road Federation. URBAN Armstrong-Wright, A. and S. Thiriez. 1987. "Bus Services: Reducing TRANSPORT Costs, Raising Standards." World Bank Technical Paper 68. Wash- ington, D. C. WOrid Bank Papers Johansen, Frida and Alvera Pachon. 1989. "Pricing and Regulatory Issues in Urban Transport." Discussion Paper INU 58. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- ington, D.C. 52 INDEX Conference Papers Gutman, Jeffrey and Richard G. Scurfield. 1989. "Towards a More Realistic Assessment of Urban Mass Transit Systems." In Rail Mass Systems for Developing Countries: Proceedings of the Conference Organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers held in London, 9-10 October 1989. London: Telford Limited. Heggie, Ian G. and M. John. 1989. "Financing Public Transport Infra- structure." Presented at the Joint ADB/EDI Regional Seminar on Transport Policy held in Manila, Philippines, 21-29 February 1989. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Thompson, Louis S. January 23, 1989. "Urban Transport Issues in Developing Countries." Transportation Research Board. OTHER Augenblick, Mary and B. Scott Custer,Jr. 1990. "The Build, Operate and TRANSPORT Transfer (BOT) Approach to Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries." PRE Working Paper 498. World Bank, Infrastructure World Bank Papers and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Bennathan, Esra and Marc Johnson. 1987. "Transport in the Input- Output System." Discussion Paper INU 2. World Bank, Infrastruc- ture and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Deaton, A., D. Thomas, J. Neelin, and N. Bhattacharya. 1987. "The Demand for Personal Travel in Developing Countries." Discus- sion Paper INU 1. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Washington, D.C. Demarre, M. 1988. "A Basic Guide for Bridge Management." Discus- sion Paper INU 28. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- opment Department, Washington, D.C. Galenson, Alice. 1989. "Labor Redundancy in the Transport Sector." PRE Working Paper 158. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Gersovitz, Mark. 1991. "Agricultural Pricing Systems and Transporta- tion Policy in Africa." PRE Working Paper 774. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Gutman, Jeffrey and Frida Johansen. 1987. "Transport Sector - FY87 Annual Report." General Operational Review INU 12. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- ington, D.C. Havlicek, D. 1988. "Experience with Labor Redundancy Schemes in the Transport Sector in Europe, USA, and Japan." Discussion Paper INU 9. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. 53 - i INDEX Heggie, Ian G. 1991. Designing Major Policy Reform: Lessons from the Transport Sector. World Bank Discussion Paper No.115. Washing- ton, D.C. Heggie, Ian and Michael Quick. 1990. "A Framework for Analyzing Financial Performance of the Transport Sector." PRE Working Paper 356. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Heggie, Ian. 1988. "Transport Policy Reform: Review of Experience and Development of a Framework for Designing Policy Reform.' Discussion Paper INU 15. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Johansen, Frida. 1988. "Transport in Invisible Trade." Discussion Paper INU 29. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Washington, D.C. Kranton, Rachel. 1991. "Transport and the Mobility Needs of the Urban Poor." Discussion Paper INU 86. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Kranton, Rachel. 1990. "Pricing, Cost Recovery and Production Effi- ciency in Public Transport." PRE Working Paper 445. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development.Department, Washington, D.C. Oum, Tae H., W. G. Waters II, and Jong Say Yong. 1990. "A Survey of Recent Estimates of Price Elasticities of Demand." PRE Working Paper 359. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Quinet, Emile. 1990. "Transport Plans: Methodology and Areas of Application." Discussion Paper INU 65. World Bank, Infrastruc- iure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Svenjar, Jan and Katherine Terrell. 1991. "Reducing Labor Redundancy in State-Owned Enterprises." PRE Working Paper 792. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- ington, D.C. World Bank. 1991. "FY91 Transport Sector Review-Special Topic: Reform in Management and Maintenance of Highways." Report INU-OR 8. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. World Bank. 1990. "FY90 Transport Sector Review-Special Topic: Experience with Reform of Transport Enterprises." Report INU- OR 5. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- ington, D.C. World Bank. 1989. "FY89 Transport Sector Review." INU-OR 2. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. 54 INDEX World Bank. 1988. "FY88 Annual Review of Transport Operations." General Operational Review INU 34. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. World Bank. 1988. "Transport Strategy Paper." Discussion Paper INU 35. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washing- ton, D.C. Wouters, V. 1988. "Transport Lending and Structural Adjustment: Operational Features." Discussion Paper INU 8. World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Journal Articles Heggie, Ian G. January 5, 1989. "Transport and the Environment: World Bank Policies and Experience." Journalfor Transport Service, No. 5. Heggie, Ian G. 1989. "Reforming Transport Policy: Lessons from Bank Experience and a Framework for Implementing Transport Policy Reform." Finance and Development 26(1): 42-44. Conference Papers Heggie, Ian G. 1988. "World Bank Lending for Transport: Review of Current Policy." In Planning and Transport Research and Computa- tion: Proceedings of 16th Summer Annual Meeting held at University of Bath, England, 7-10 September 1988. London: PTRC Education and Research Services, Ltd. Sinha, Kumares, Amiy Varma, and Asif Faiz. 1990. "Environmental Issues in Developing Countries." In Transport and the Environment in Developing Countries: Proceedings of Seminar N, PTRC 18th Summer Annual Meeting held at University of Sussex, UK, 10-14 September 1990. London: PTRC Education and Research Services, Ltd. URBAN DIVISION Bahl,R.andJ.Zhang.1988. "TaxingUrbanLandinChina." Discussion Paper INU 39. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- FINANCE AND opment Department, Washington, D.C. MANAGEMENT Buckley R. and A. Dokeniya. 1989. "Inflation, Monetary Balances and World Bank Papers the Aggregate Production Function: The Case of Colombia." Discussion Paper INU 55. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Davey, K. 1989. "Strengthening Municipal Government." Discussion Paper INU 47. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- opment Department, Washington, D.C. DiUlinger, W. 1988. "Urban Property Tax Reform in Developing Coun- tries." PRE Working Paper 41. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. 55 INDEX Dillinger, W. 1988. "Urban Property Tax Reform: The Case of the Philippines Real Property Tax Administration Project." Discus- sion Paper JNU 22. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Dillinger, W. 1989. "Urban Property Taxation: Lessons from Brazil." Discussion Paper INU 37. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Renaud, B. and R. Buckley. 1988. "Urban Finance and Post-Depression Latin America: The Solvency Status of Urban Borrowers." Discus- sion Paper INU\ 22. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Book Chapter Renaud, B. 1987. "Financing Shelter." In L. Rodwin, ed., Shelter, Settlement and Development. London: Alan and Unwin. Journal Article Buckley, R. and J. Simpson. 1987. "Effective Property Tax Rates and Capital Fornation Issues." Journal of American Real Estate and Urban Economics Conference Papers Dillinger, W. 1988. "Property Tax Administration in Brazil and Nige- ria." Ninth Annual Symposium on the Property Tax, Barcelona, Spain (November 22-30). Dillinger, W. 1989. "External Sources of Local Government Finance." Workshop for Strengthening Local Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa, Bologna, Italy (March 12-17). LAND Bertaud, A., M. A. Bertaud and J. Wright, Jr. 1988. "Efficiency in Land MANAGEMENT Use and Infrastructure Design: An Application of the Bertaud Model." Discussion Paper INU 17. The World Bank, Infrastruc- World Bank Papers ture and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Bertaud, M. A. 1989. "The Use of Satellite Images for Urban Planning: A Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan." Discussion Paper INU 42. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Depart- ment, Washington, D.C. Journal Article Holstein, L.1987. "Considerations for Land Registration Improvement for Less Developed Countries." Survey Review 29(?):223 Conference Paper Holstein, L. 1989. "Addressing Urban Land Management in Develop- ing Countries in 1990s: Some Trends Observed from World Bank- Supported Projects." Discussant Note, "Cities and People Confer- ence," London, September-October. 56 INDEX HOUSING Buckley, R, and S. Mayo. 1988. "Housing Policy in Developing Econo- mies: Evaluating the Broader Costs." Discussion Paper INU 19, World Bank Papers The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Depart- ment, Washington, D.C. Buckley, R. 1989. "The Measurement, Control and Targeting of Hous- ing Finance Subsidies: The Case of Argentina." Discussion Paper INU 18, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Guardia, G. C. 1989. "Financing Urban Services in Latin America: Spatial Distribution Issues." Discussion Paper INU 48. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- ington, D.C. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department. 1988. "FY88 Annual Review of Urban Development Operations: The Emerging Role of Housing Finance." Discussion Paper IN1U 33, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. (November 1988). Lauria, D. T. and D. Whittington. 1989. "Planning in Squatter Settle- ments: An Interview with a Community Leader." Discussion Paper INU 52, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Devel- opment Department, Washington, D.C. Malpezzi, S., C. Quintos, S. Mayo, and R. Silveria. 1988a. "Analyzing Incentives in Housing Programs: Evaluating Costs Benefits with a Present Value Model." Discussion Paper INU 23, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Malpezzi, S., C. Quintos, S. Mayo, and R. Silveria. 1988b. "Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Rent Control: Case Study Design." Discussion Paper INLJ 24, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Mayo, S. and J. Stein. 1988. "Housing and Labor Market Distortions in Poland: Linkages and Policy Implications." Discussion Paper INU 25, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Renaud, B. 1988. "Compounding Financial Repression with Rigid Urban Regulations: Lessons of the Korea Housing Market." Dis- cussion Paper INU 21, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Renaud, B. 1989. "Understanding the Collateral Qualities of Housing for Financial Development: The Korean 'Chonse' as Effective Response to Financial Sector Shortcomings." Discussion Paper INU 49, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. 57 INDEX Books and Book Buckley, R., S. Mayo. 1988. "Housing Policy in Developing Countries: Chapters Considering the Macroeconomic Dimension." Background paper for the 1988 World Development Report, The World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. Mayo, S. K. 1987. "Household Preferences and Expenditures." In L. Rodwin, ed., Shelter, Settlemenit, and Development. Boston: Allen and Unwin. Journal Articles Buckley, R., D. Gardner. 1987. "Housing Finance in Kenya." Interna- tional Housing Finance Review (Winter). Lee, K. S. and D. de Ferranti. 1987. "Policy and Programs for Urban and Shelter Lending: The Next Decade." African Urban Quarterly (August). Malpezzi, S. and S. Mayo. 1987. "The Demand for Housing in Devel- oping Countries: Empirical Estimates from Household Data." Economic Development and Cultural Change (July). Conference Papers Buckley, R. 1988. "Deregulations of the Housing Finance System: Issues of Policy Concern." Korea Housing Finance Seminar (August 9- 10). Malpezzi, S. 1989. "Rental Housing in Developing Countries: Issues and Constraints." Revised version of paper originally prepared for the UNCHS Expert Group Meeting on Rental Housing in Devel- oping Countries, Rotterdam (October 9-13). Renaud, B. 1987. "Adjusting to the New Economic Environment." Proceedings of IUBSSA Conference, Hong Kong (October 15-16). Renaud, B. 1989. "Financing Urban Services and Infrastructure Under Fiscal Austerity." Presented at the seminar on Urban Strategies for Economic Development, Toward an Agenda for the 1990s, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (September). URBAN Whittington, D., D. T. Lauria, and Xinming My. 1989. "Paying for ENVIRONMENT Urban Services, A Study of Water Vending and Willingness to Pay for Water in Onitsha, Nigeria." Discussion Paper INU 40, The World Bank Papers World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Whittington, D., Xinming Mu, and Robert Roche. 1989. "The Value of Time Spent on Collecting Water: Some Estimates for Ukunda, Kenya." Discussion Paper INLJ 46, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 58 INDEX Journal Articles Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, and C. R. Bartone. 1988. "Guidelines for the Minimum Evaluation of the Performance of Full-scale Waste Stabilization Pond Systems. Waste Research, 21(9):1067-1075. Whittington, D., D. T. Lauria, D. Okun, and Xinming Mu. 1989. "Water Vending Activities in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Ukunda, Kenya." International Journal of Water Resources Develop- ment, Vol 5, Number 3. Conference Papers Bartone, C. 1988a. "Economic and Policy Issues in Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes." Symposium on Integrated Re- source Recovery, Bled, Yugoslavia (March). Bartone, C. 1988b. "Alternative Approaches to Urban Wastewater Disposal in Latin America." LAC Environmental Workshop, May 26. Washington, D.C. Bartone, C. R. 1988c. "Institutional and Management Approaches to Solid Waste Management in Large Metropolitan Areas." Pre- sented at World Bank Seminar on Environmental Issues in Urban Management, Washington, D.C. (May 31). Bartone, C. 1988d. "Alternative Approaches to Urban Wastewater Disposal in Latin America." University of Michigan Environmen- tal Health Lecture Series (October). Also presented to LAC Envi- ronmental Seminar (May), and to Water Pollution Control Federa- tion, New York City (May). Bartone, C. R. 1989. "Environmental Issues in Urban Management." Draft discussion paper presented at World Bank-UNCHS Donor Consultation Meeting on Urban Management, Paris (June 6). Bartone, C. R., L. Leite, T. Triche, and R. Schertenleib. 1990. "Private Sector Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Services: Experi- ences in Latin America." Presented at USEPA Conference on Municipal Solid Waste Management: Solutions for the 90s, Wash- ington, D.C., June 13-16. OTHLER URBAN Lee, K. S. and A. Anas. 1988. "Infrastructure Investment and Produc- tivity: The Case of Nigerian Manufacturing." Discussion Paper World Bank Papers INU 14, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Lee, K. S. and A. Anas. 1989. "Manufacturers' Responses to Infrastruc- ture Deficiencies in Nigeria, Private Alternatives and Policy Op- tions." Discussion Paper INU 50, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Ljung, P. and C. Favacque. 1988. "Addressing the Urban Challenge: A Review of the World Bank FY87 Water Supply and Urban Devel- 59 INDEX opment Operations." Discussion Paper INU 13, Infrastructur and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. van Domlen, J. 1988. "Public Investment and Expenditure Reviews in the Water and Urban Sectors: An Overview of Recent Experience. " Discussion Paper INU 26, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Books and Lee, K. S. 1987. "An Evaluation of Industrial Location Policies for Book Chapters Urban Deconcentration in Korea." In Richardson and Hwang, eds., Urban and Regional Policy in Korea and International Experiences. Lee, K. S. 1988. "How do Nigerian Manufacturers Cope with Inad- equate Infrastructure Services?" In World Development Report 1988. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Lee, K. S. 1989. "The Location of Jobs in a Developing Metropolis: Pattems of Growth in Bogota and Cali, Colombia." A World Bank Research Publication, Oxford University Press Lee, K. S. and S. C. Choe. 1988. "Industrial Location Policies are Costly: The Experience of Seoul." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in Rapidly Changing Societies, University of Illinois (May). Murray, M. 1989. "Subsidizing Industrial Location: A Conceptual Framework with Application to Korea." World Bank Occasional Paper Number 3/New Series (1989). Journal Articles Lee, K. S. 1987. "A Model of Interurban Employment Location: Estimation Results from Seoul Data." Journal of Urban Economics (June). Lee, K. S., S. C. Choe, and K. H. Pahk. 1988. "Determinants of Locational Choice of Manufacturing Firms in the Seoul Region: An Analysis of Survey Results." Joumal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 21 (Winter). Lee, K. S. and S. C. Choe. 1990. "Changing Location Patterns of Industries and Urban Decentralization Policies in Korea." In Kwon, J. K., ed., Korean Economic Development. New York: Greenwood. Renaud, B. 1987. "Another Look at Housing Finance." Cities, London, February. Conference Papers Lee, K. S. 1989. "How Do Nigerian Manufacturers Cope with Infrastructural Deficiencies?" Presented at the Intemational Work-- shop on Improving Urban Management Policies, East-West Cen-- 60 INDEX ter, Honolulu (January 9-13); also presented at the World Bank AF4 Departmental Retreat, Harpers Ferry (anuary 17-19, 1989). Lee, K. S. and C. C. Choe. 1990. "The Macroeconomic Perspective of Urban and Regional Development Policies: Enhancing the Pro- ductivity of Secondary Cities." Prepared for presentation at the International Conference on Balanced Regional Development in Korea, Pusan Development and Systems Institute, Pusan, Korea, November 9-10. WATER AND Jeffcoate, P. and A. Saravanapavan. 1989. "The Reduction and Control SANITATION of Unaccounted-for Water." Technical Paper 92, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. WATER SUPPLY Jeffcoate, P. and Roy Pond. 1989. "Large Water Meters: Guidelines for World Bank Papers Selection, Testing and Maintenance." Technical Paper 111, The WoBank Papers World Bank, Washington, D.C. Kjellerup, Bent, W. K. Journey, and K. Minnatullah. 1989. "The Tara Handpump: The Birth of a Star." Discussion Paper No.1, UNDP- World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Washington, D.C. McCommon, Carolyn, Dennis Warner, and David Yohalem. 1990. "Community Management of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Services." UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Discussion Paper No. 4. Washington, D.C. Pasha, H. A. and M. G. McGarry, eds. 1989. "Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Pakistan." Technical Paper 105, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Prevost, R. 1988. "Corrosion Protection of Pipelines Conveying Water and Wastewater." Technical Paper 69, The World Bank, Washing- ton, D.C. Triche, Thelma. 1990. "Private Participation in the Deliveryof Guinea's Water Supply Services." Policy, Research and External Affairs Working Paper No. WPS 477. Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Water and Sanitation Division, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Triche, T. 1990. "Private Participation in Water Supply." Infrastruc- ture and Urban Development Infrastructure Notes, Water and Sanitation No. WS-5. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Triche, T. 1990. "Private Participation in Water Supply in Cote d'Ivoire and Guinea." Infrastructure and Urban Development Infrastruc- ture Notes, Water and Sanitation No. WS-6. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. 1988. Annual Report. Washington, D.C. 61 INDEX Whittington, Dale, Apia Okorafor, Augustine Okore, and Alexander McPhail. 1990. "Cost Recovery Strategy for Rural Water Deliverv in Nigeria." Working Paper No. WPS 369. Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. World Bank. 1988. FY88 Annual Review of Water and Sanitation. Discussion Paper IND 32. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Conference Papers Arlosoroff, S. International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Steering Committee Report. Advisory Panel Meeting, Recife. Arlosoroff, S., S. Roche, and F. Wright. 1987. "Buckley, R. 1989. "The Measurement, Control and Targeting of Housing Finance Subsi- dies: The Case of Argentina." Discussion Paper INU 18, The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Wash- ington, D.C. Arlosoroff, S. and U. Shamir. 1988. "Computer Methods and Models for Water Resources Management" (March 14-18, 1988). Arlosoroff, S. and G. Tschannerl. 1988. "Water Supply for Low-Income Communities" (September). Camemark, C. 1989. "Water and Sanitation in Development: A View from the World Bank." American Water Works Association Con- ference, Orlando, Florida (June 22, 1989). Grey, D., A. Wright, C. Bartone, H. Gam, and D. Warner, eds. 1990. "Selected Sector Issues and Proposed Research Priorities for the Framework for Global Cooperation." International Drinking Wa- ter Supply and Sanitation Decade Consultation, Committee of 1990, The Hague, Netherlands (November 2-4,1988). Brazil (Octo- ber 6-7, 1988). Narayan-Parker, D. 1990. "Sustainability and the Human Factor (Women, Men and Children." In Water Supply and Sanitation- Beyond the Decade. Proceedings of the Asia and Pacific Regional Consultation, June 4-8,1990. Asia Development Bank, Washington, D.C. UNDP-World BankWaterand Sanitation Program. 1987. "Handpumps for Community Water Supply." Prepared with Overseas Develop- ment Admininstration, U.K. Report of the Research and Develop- ment Coordination Meeting. Proceedings of a Conference on Commu- nity Water Supply, Harpenden, U.K. (April). Wright, F., and R. Roche. 1988. Economic Decision Support System for Low-Cost Community Water Supply Technology Selection." In- 62 INDEX ternational Conference on Systems Science and Engineering, Beijing (June 25-28, 1988). Journal Article Triche, T. 1990. "Private Participation in Water Supply." Nagarlok 22(4): 55-59. WATER Bartone, C. R. 1990. "Intemational Perspective on Water Resources RESOURCES Management and Wastewater Reuse - Appropriate Technolo- gies." Water Science and Technologies, Vol. 23, Kyoto, pp.2039-2047. Journal Aricles Bartone, C. 1991. "International Perspective on Water Resources Management and Wastewater Reuse - Appropriate Technolo- gies." Wat. Sci. Tech. 23: 2039-2047. Falkenmark, M., H. Gamn, and R. Cestti. 1990. "Water Resources: A call for new ways of thinking." Ingenieria Sanitaria, 44(1-2): 66-73. SANITATION AND Bartone, C., J. Bernstein, and F. Wright. 1990. "Investments in Solid SOLID WASTE Waste Management." Working Paper No. WPS 405. Policy, Research, and External Affairs, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- World Bank Papers ment Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Gunnerson, C., Ed. 1988. 'Wastewater Management for Coastal Cities: Ocean Disposal Technologies." Technical Paper 77, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Light, G. 1990. "Microcomputer Software in Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Programs and Issues for Developing Countries." UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Discussion Paper No. 6. Washington, D.C. Palange, R. and A. Zavala. 1988. "Water Pollution Control: Guidelines for Project Planning and Financing." Technical Paper 73, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. OTHER WATER Shuval, H. 1990. Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries: AND SANITATION Health Effects and Technical Solutions. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Discussion Paper No.2. Washington, D.C. World Bank Papers UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. 1989. "Overview of Water and Sanitation Activities FY89." World Bank Policy, Planning and Research Staff, Infrastructure and Urban Develop- ment Department, Water and Sanitation Division, General Opera- tional Review, Report INU-OR4. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1990a. Annual Report, 1989-90. Washington, D.C. 1990b. Country Progress Reports 1989-90. Washington, D.C. 63 INDEX 1990c. "Rural Sanitation in Lesotho: From Pilot Project to National Program." Discussion Paper No. 3. Washington, D.C. . 1990d. Work Program, Volume I: Country Work Plan 1990-91. Washington, D.C. . 1990e. Work Program, Volume II: Global Work Plan 1990-91. Washington, D.C. Books and Book UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. 1990a. Water ancd Chapters Sanitation UPDATE, Vol. 1, No. 2 (February 1990). Washington, D.C. 1990b. Water and Sanitation UPDATE, Vol. 1, No. 3 (September 1990). Washington, D.C. Journal Articles Arlosoroff, S. 1988. "Integrated Resource Recovery: Progress of the UNDP-World Bank Project." Biocycle (August). Arlosoroff, S., C. Bartone, and M. McNeil. 1988. "UNDP-World Bank Resource Recovery Network in Europe." Biocycle (June). Bartone, C. R. 1988. "The Value in Wastes." Decade Watch (September) Bartone, C. R. and S. Arlosoroff. 1987. "Irrigation Reuse of Pond Effluents in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology, 19(12): 289-297. Bartone, C. R., S. A. Arlosoroff, and H. I. Shuval. 1988. "Development of Health Guidelines for Water Reuse in Agriculture: Management and Institutional Aspects." Implementing Water Reuse, pp. 489-504, AWWA Research Foundation, Denver. Bartone, C. R. 1990. "International Perspective on Water Resources Management and Wastewater Reuse-Appropriate Technologies." Water Science and Technologies, Vol. 23, Kyoto, pp. 2039-2047. Bartone, C. R. 1990. "Economic and Policy Issues in Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes." Resources, Conservation and Recy- cling, 4:7-23. McNeil, Mary. 1990. "The ITN: At Work from Bangladesh to Bandung." The Bank's World, April. Pp. 10-11. Narayan-Parker, Deepa. 1990. "Self-Help in a Rural Water Project." World Health Forum 11: 327-331. Schertenleib, Roland, and Thelma Triche. 1990. "Government Deliv- ery of Urban Solid Waste Collection Services." Nagarlok. 22(4): 68- 70. 64 INDEX Conference Papers Arlosoroff, S., C. Bartone, and F. Wright. 1988. "Integrated Resource Recovery: Optimizing Waste Management." (September 11-16). Bartone, C. and S. Arlosoroff. 1988. "Irrigation Reuse in Developing Countries: Water Quality, Public Health and Agronomic Issues." American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemis- try, Toronto, Canada (une 5-11). Bartone, C. and S. Arlosoroff. 1988. "Irrigation Reuse of Pond Effluents in Developing Countries." IAWPRC International Conference on Waste Stabilization Ponds, Lisbon (June 20-July 2). Bartone, C. and N. Khouri. 1988. "Reuse of Treated Pond Effluents for Fish Culture in Lima, Peru." International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Aquaculture, Calcutta, India (Decem- ber). Bartone, C. R., J. Moscoso, and H. Nava. 1989. "Reuse of Waste Stabilization Pond Effluents for Fishculture: Productivity and Sanitary Quality Results." Proceedings, ASCE 1990 National Confer- ence on Environmental Engineering, Washington, D.C., pp. 673-680. Bartone, C. R., J. Moscoso,and H. Nava. 1990. "Wastewater Reclama- tion and Reuse for Aquaculture in San Juan, Peru." Presented at Water & Wastewater '90, Barcelona, April 24-27. Bartone C. R., and C. Haley. 1990. The Bled Symposium: Introduction. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 4:1-6. Gubler, D. 1988. Informal report on the proceedings of the UNDP- World Bank Water and Sanitation Program's Advisory Panel meeting in Recife, Brazil (October 6-7). Khouri, N. 1989. "Sociocultural Aspects of Wastewater Reuse: An Operational Approach." International Seminar on Wastewater Reuse, Sophia Antipolis, France (September) (Available in English and French). Wright, F., C. Bartone, and S. Arlosoroff. 1988. "Integrated Resource Recovery: Optimizing Waste Management." International Solid Waste Association Conference, Copenhagen (September 11-16). Wright, F. and T. Semb. 1989. "Industrial Waste Information and Exchange Systems." Project Seminar Start-up Workshop, UNDP Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Puncak, Indone- sia (October 16-19). Proceedings of the Symposium on Integrated Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes in Europe, published as the Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 4, August. 65 INDEX OTHER Kirmani, S. 1987. A Review of Bank Assistance to the Construction WORLD BANK Industry in Developing Countries. Discussion Paper INU 6, The PAPERS World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Kirmani, S. 1988. The Construction Industry in Development: Issues and Options. Discussion paper INU 10. The World Bank, Infra- structure and Urban Development Department, Washington, D.C. Kirmani, S. and J. Blaxall. 1988. The Construction Industry in Develop- ment: A Strategy for Bank Assistance. Discussion Paper INU 20. The World Bank, Infrastructure and Urban Development Depart- ment, Washington, D.C. 66 INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433