66389 THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 10 / NO 3 NOVEMBER 2011 INSIDE Health services for remote tribal populations 1-7 Bringing health services Development Dialogue: Ensuring adequate nutrition for all 8-9 for tribals in Karnataka, ICR Update: Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu Project 10-13 Recent Project Approvals & Signings 14 New Additions to the Public T ribal people make for about 8 percent of India’s population. However, they account for over a quarter of the country’s poorest people. Although these groups have seen considerable progress over Information Center 15-23 the years – poverty among tribal groups declined by more than a third Contact Information 24 between 1983 and 2005 – nearly half the country’s Scheduled Tribe About the Photograph: remains in poverty, due to their low starting point. In Rajasthan the Project brought Medical Camps in nine desert Three World Bank-supported State Health Systems Projects – and tribal districts in Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu adopted a number of Medical camps innovative strategies to improve the health have proved to of tribal groups. Given the wide diversity be very popular with number of among these groups and their various levels beneficiaries of socio-economic development, the ranging from interventions adopted were multipronged 500 to 4,000 and area-specific. Bringing medical services in remote areas While medical camps have often been conducted in the past, there was an overwhelming need for mobile medical camps to reach remote tribal populations. All three projects, therefore, sought to improve outreach, through state-sponsored medical camps in Rajasthan, and through NGO-run mobile health clinics in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Rajasthan Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) Medical outreach camps: In Rajasthan, and Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM), as well the project brought medical outreach camps as loudspeaker announcements, banners to nine desert and tribal districts where and pamphlets. The range of free medical brick-and-mortar health facilities were services provided was widened to include dysfunctional. Six outreach camps were pediatric, gynecological, and general conducted every month in each district. medical services, in addition to free Each camp was followed by two smaller immunization, basic lab tests, free medicines camps to dispense lab reports and for a full course of treatment, and referral of medicines and provide follow-up care. the more complex cases to advanced Populations were drawn to these camps facilities. Doctors were brought in on a through door-to-door canvassing by rotational basis from satellite hospitals that Mobile health clinics are very popular, especially for women and children’s illnesses 2 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 had lighter patient loads as well as from higher health facilities to ensure that no facility was left unattended for long. With the number of beneficiaries at each camp ranging from 500 to 4000, outreach camps have proved to be extremely popular and the uptake of services by underserved populations has been consistently encouraging. The number of camps increased from 15 camps catering to some 9400 tribal beneficiaries over a six-month period in 2006 to 433 camps catering to some 45,000 tribal people over a similar period in 2008. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Mobile health clinics: In Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, the projects introduced mobile health clinics to bring basic health services to tribal populations in underserved parts of the state, and contracted NGOs to run them. of health issues and collected data on the Each mobile health clinic consisted of a disease profile of tribal populations. The large vehicle staffed with a qualified doctor, Mobile Health Clinics have proved to be very two ANM/nursing staff, a pharmacist, a lab popular, especially for women and children’s technician and a male and female support illnesses. In Tamil Nadu, some 17,000 Mobile health clinics not only staff. The vehicle was equipped with an villages were serviced by tribal outreach helped raise oxygen cylinder, IV lifelines, emergency vans between May 2008 and September awareness, but drugs and plenty of information materials. 2010, with medical benefits accruing to over also collected Medical staff treated common illnesses and 630,900 beneficiaries. In Karnataka, over data on the provided first aid and maternal and child 250,000 tribal patients availed of the disease profile of tribal care services, as well as family planning services of mobile outreach vans between populations services. They also helped raise awareness June 2008 and May 2011. 3 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 All three states have used Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to provide emergency transportation for pregnant tribal women Providing emergency emergency transportation is now available to take pregnant tribal women to primary and transportation for expectant higher health centers. mothers Lessons learnt from the poor management All three states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka of multiple NGOs contracts for ambulance and Rajasthan have used Public-Private services led the state government to revise Partnerships (PPPs) to provide emergency its strategy and contract a single professional transportation to take pregnant tribal women agency to provide free emergency to health facilities for obstetric care. While transportation services in health, fire, and not all hamlets have access to tarred roads, police emergencies across the state. An the emergency ambulance services reach additional 200 ambulances are being the nearest motorable point to pick up supported by the project to effectively patients in all three states. address the increasing demand. To encourage Counselors from tribal institutional deliveries amongst tribal groups, communities Tamil Nadu – ambulances for pregnant another scheme provides full boarding and have played a women lodging facilities at PHCs in tribal regions for major role in facilitating With the project paying for 385 well the mother and a maximum of two better services equipped, state-of-the-art ambulances, free attendants for 10 days at a cost of Rs.100 4 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 per day. The scheme has proved Tamil Nadu promising and has been expanded by the Tribal counselors: NGOs were contracted to Department of Medical Services to over 15 train and place counselors from tribal PHCs that cater to remote tribal populations. populations in government hospitals and NRHM too has expressed interest in the PHCs in 12 tribal districts. These counselors scheme and has set aside a budget to also pay weekly visits to tribal hamlets to expand it to 43 PHCs in the neediest tribal raise awareness about health issues and areas. promote healthy behaviors. Attendance by Employing health workers from tribal groups has increased at health facilities. The project is now expanding this tribal communities service to other tribal districts. As tribal populations find it difficult to Karnataka navigate through the complexities of medical facilities, all three health projects Increasing local expertise through tribal have made provisions to help them. In ANMs: For the first time in Karnataka, tribal partnership with local NGOs, counselors ANMs were recruited and trained to bring who are often from tribal communities health care closer to tribal settlements. In themselves have been placed at district every batch of ANM trainees, ten seats were reserved in each district for tribal girls who have passed Class 10 and are willing to work in tribal settlements where no ANMs are posted and where accessibility to health services is poor. Citizens Help Desks: Citizens Help Desks have been established to provide round-the- clock assistance to tribal and other vulnerable groups in selected district and taluk level hospitals. These help desks also address complaints by mediating between consumers and service providers. Nineteen of these desks are supported through the World Bank-financed project, with NRHM Round-the expressing interest in expanding these clock Citizens services to other health facilities in the state. Help Desks have been set up to address Changing the behavior of complaints health care providers hospitals to guide patients, explain The Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan health doctors’ prescriptions, help patients take projects supported behavior change advantage of welfare schemes, and communications campaigns amongst the counsel them on preventive and promotive clinical, paramedical, and lower staff, as well health behaviors. as mechanisms to obtain feedback. Rajasthan Rajasthan Patient counselors: Initially patient A behavior change communications counselors were placed at all facilities which campaign was conducted in medical had 100 beds or more, in partnership with facilities in six districts. The campaign local NGOs. As these counselors proved sought to instill patient-friendly behavior quite popular, qualified counselors were among health care providers and helped directly recruited and placed at all facilities them develop team spirit and pride in their with 50 beds or more. work. Pre-and post-training evaluations as well as independent surveys indicate that the 5 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 these skills remained available with the state long after the agency completed its assignment, making it possible to conduct refresher courses at no additional cost to the state. Providing financial support While most innovations have included the provision of free medical services to poor tribal populations, a few pilots have sought to ease the financial burden of inpatient care on these groups. Tamil Nadu Bed grant scheme: Lack of reliable public health care services in certain underserved training was greatly valued by lower-level tribal areas prompted the project to partner staff who have the most contact with with NGOs for the provision of free inpatient patients and that it has indeed improved care to tribal populations. their attitudes and behavior patterns towards tribal patients. Consumer feedback and complaint redressal pilot: A consumer feedback and complaint redressal initiative is being piloted that logs patient feedback and complaints through both anonymous and open channels. Action taken on complaints is publicly disclosed for greater awareness. Tamil Nadu A Training of Trainers model in Tamil Nadu A campaign helped build substantial capacity within the to install state’s health department to hold patient-friendly heterogenous and homogenous group behaviour trainings in behavior change communication. among health The objective of inculcating team spirit, pride care providers proved in work and client friendliness was central to successful these workshops. This method ensured 6 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 Government All costs pertaining to minor ailments and by poor, underserved tribal populations. is making an surgeries are reimbursed by the project. The effort to sustain Given the limited scope, scale and duration scheme has been well received by tribal initiatives of World Bank projects, all three projects introduced populations and uptake has improved. For made specific efforts to ensure that the under these instance, the number of inpatients at the capacities built, initiatives supported, and Projects hospital facility run by the Nilgiris Wynaad systems institutionalized with the projects’ Tribal Welfare Society increased from 7 per support remained sustainable. month to 47 per month over the two-and-a- half-year period between 2008 and 2010. This was done through a constant dialogue Tamil Nadu with the states’ Directorates of Health and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to Mortuary van services: The project procured ensure there was no duplication of effort and forty two mortuary vans and contracted an that the innovations introduced would equal number of NGOs to run them at pre- continue after Bank financing was over. For defined competitive rates. The vans were instance, in Rajasthan, where the project stationed at the larger public facilities. They introduced mobile health clinics in remote were also promoted actively by counselors tribal and desert regions, the state stationed at facilities. The project is now government is planning to take these over. moving towards a comprehensive mortuary Similarly, in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, the van service with the International Red Cross state NRHMs have built the capacity to Society, to be supported by a centralized call manage the public-private contracts with the center facility, a unique toll free number, and NGOs to run the Mobile Health Clinics and trained staff. the Citizens’ Help Desks. The Tamil Nadu project also plans to dovetail the efforts of Ensuring sustainability the wide range of stakeholders working on Taken together, these activities in Rajasthan, tribal development issues – both government Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have significantly and non-governmental – into an integrated contributed to better access to health care state tribal development plan. 7 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 Development Dialogue Fortifying our future India, like much of South Asia, needs strong political will to ensure adequate nutrition for all, writes Kalpana Kochhar, World Bank’s chief economist for the South Asia region The World Bank and International Monetary two. And children who learn less, earn less. Fund just concluded their annual meetings in A recent study in Guatemala showed that Washington. children who received nutritional supplements up to age three had significantly higher At an event on nutrition in South Asia, the scores on cognitive tests and earned 34-47 evidence presented was clear and astonishing. percent higher wages as adults than those On the one hand, South Asia has experienced who had not received these inputs. robust economic growth averaging 6 percent a year over the past 20 years. On the other Some continue to question the data, even hand, the region continues to have suggesting that South Asian children should unacceptably high rates of malnutrition with be held to a different growth standard, Bangladesh and India having a higher despite the extensive evidence showing that proportion of malnourished children than the global growth references are credible. even the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan As documented by the World Health Africa. This seems inexplicable to many, and Organization’s 2008 multicountry study, it is indeed is referred to as the ‘Asian Enigma’. now well established that our children have the same genetic growth potential through There is considerable evidence that two years of age as other children globally, malnutrition affects not only children’s if given the same opportunities for the once chances of survival but also their cognitive malnourished girl to become the capacity and learning ability. Losses of up to grandmother of a well-nourished child. 13 IQ points have been attributed to micronutrient deficiencies in children under The ‘World Development Report 2012: 12 8 The World Bank in India • November 2011 returns. Third, households respond to incentives, as has been demonstrated by the use of conditional cash transfers to encourage better nutritional practices. Fourth, the issue is not access to food alone, but access to income and information; more food per se will not necessarily solve the problem. And last, high level leadership is necessary to steer an initiative which is carefully designed and targeted in terms of food, healthcare, hygiene and environment. Gender, Equality and Development’ highlights issues on the persistence of malnutrition in Indeed, a study by the Nutrition Foundation South Asia. Malnourished adolescent girls of India found that the growth curves of cannot deliver healthy babies. Literate and well nourished Indian children are more empowered mothers have better indistinguishable from those of similarly nourished children. Recent analyses in nourished children in other parts of the world. Bangladesh reaffirm evidence that when So, what explains this ‘enigma’? women are involved in household decisions Researchers have spent considerable effort and have control over earnings, their children on this. We know that pregnant women in are better nourished, and that a woman’s South Asia put on less weight during experience of abuse and acceptance of pregnancy than they should: 5 kgs on domestic violence had a significant negative average compared to the worldwide average impact on her own nutritional status, of close to 10 kgs. Too often, new mothers affecting her ability to produce a healthy are still children themselves, a staggering newborn. In general, efforts to improve 75 percent of them are anemic, and some gender equality will be critical to reducing one-third of all babies in India are born with South Asia’s disadvantage in nutrition. low-birth weights. We know that poor hygiene, combined with dense populations, In order to attain a fully healthy and well- leads to the frequent occurrence of nourished-and even more intelligent and productive-population, we need to improve infections which deplete young children access to nutritious and diverse foods, clean of nutrients. We also know that while not water, sanitary environments, female genetic, malnutrition is inter-generational, education, pre-natal services and knowledge meaning that it takes a few generations can and support for appropriate child care, such cost just about 0.5 percent of GDP annually. as exclusive breast-feeding for the first six The good news is that we see high-level months. It is possible. commitment to addressing malnutrition across the region. Prime Minister Manmohan Take Mexico, for example. The country took Singh has emphasized the importance of a targeted approach to address malnutrition this issue and state nutrition missions have and achieved remarkable results. There was a marked reduction in infant mortality, been launched. We know what works, what increases in children’s height, higher needs to be done and the remedies need not enrolment rates in secondary and high be expensive. We now need the political will school, better educational attainments, and to make sure that South Asians receive the a reduction in failure and drop-out rates adequate nutrition they need to become fully productive members of their societies. If we between primary and secondary school. would take on the nutrition challenge, South Clearly, there are important lessons for Asia will build strong human capital for the South Asia from other countries as well, such future and we could experience even higher as Thailand and Brazil that have reduced economic growth and far more impressive malnutrition to very low rates. First, an results in other indicators of development. integrated multi-sectoral approach is needed. Second, if we invest in the right strategies, This article was originally published in the investing in nutrition has very high economic Hindustan Times on 20 October, 2011 9 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Project Context Gujarat Emergency Earthquake Gujarat experienced a devastating earthquake Reconstruction Project on 26th January 2001, which left 13,000 Approval Date: May 2, 2002 people dead and 167,000 injured. Large- scale destruction crippled the state’s social, Closing Date: October 31, 2008 public, and municipal services as well as Total Project Cost: US$M 480.5 its economy. The earthquake affected 12 districts but Kutch, one of the poorest Bank Financing: US$M 348.24 districts in the state, was most seriously Implementing Agency: Gujarat State Disaster affected with an average of 70 percent of Management all buildings destroyed. The Government of Authority Gujarat (GoG) acted swiftly to move beyond Outcome: Satisfactory relief towards reconstruction. It undertook a damage assessment study and invited the Risk to Development Outcome: Moderate World Bank along with other multilateral and bilateral agencies to develop an innovative Overall Bank strategy for rebuilding damaged Performance: Satisfactory infrastructure and services, supporting the Overall Borrower sustained livelihoods of very vulnerable Performance: Satisfactory households and building disaster management capacity. 10 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 Project Components ● The Project implemented owner-driven housing construction for 42,000 partially damaged and 125,000 fully damaged houses with associated capacity building support and training of masons and engineers. ● It financed repair and reconstruction of 1,200 residential and non-residential buildings in several government departments; retrofitting of 500 undamaged critical public buildings located in highly vulnerable seismic zones; construction of Project Development Objectives three new buildings for Gujarat State The objective of the Project was to assist Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), Gujarat in carrying out a program of and for the newly conceptualized Gujarat rehabilitation and reconstruction in the areas Institute of Disaster Management (GIDM) affected by the earthquake including and the Institute of Seismological restoration of housing and public buildings, Research (ISR). restoration of basic infrastructure in the ● Repair of 222 dams and irrigation roads and irrigation sectors, and infrastructure in Kutch and Saurashtra development of an institutional framework to and technical assistance in carrying out allow better disaster mitigation and risk the repairs. The Dam Safety component management for future natural disasters. was expanded to include strengthening vulnerable (but undamaged) dams in Main Beneficiaries earthquake sensitive areas. The Project’s direct beneficiaries included: ● Rehabilitation and strengthening of 800 ❍ owners of homes destroyed by the km of state roads and associated earthquake; technical assistance. ❍ farmers and other users of the dams and ● Another component was information and irrigation infrastructure; communication activities, establishment ❍ road users; of village level institutions, strengthening ❍ communities who improved their disaster local governments, gender sensitization preparedness; and community-based disaster awareness and preparedness programs. ❍ the public administrative services which utilized affected public buildings; and ● It also supported Gujarat in achieving its ❍ residents of Gujarat who benefit from an long term goals of building institutions to improved state disaster management better manage disasters. capacity. Major Achievements Restoration of Housing: The physical targets were met and exceeded. However, completion rates and technical quality of construction remain issues of concern. A post-facto technical audit suggested that 7 percent of a sample of houses did not conform to the earthquake resistant structural construction standards. The GSDMA is currently reviewing each case and taking required action. Efforts to address transparency, participation and voice in housing reconstruction were sound and the housing program did improve 11 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 access to services, housing conditions and gender equity for beneficiaries. Gender Equity: The opening of a Bank account (for transfer of the benefit) and the registration of the house in the names of both the husband and wife was a tremendous step for gender equality, although awareness of joint ownership is low. Public Buildings: The Project met and exceeded the physical targets for the reconstruction, repair and retrofitting of public buildings. Dams and Irrigation: All targeted 225 dams were strengthened including 4 additional vulnerable dams in the earthquake sensitive area. Roads: Rehabilitation and maintenance of 800 km of roads and associated structures was achieved. Almost 60 percent of urban dams reconstruction) into a disaster and 65 percent of rural population expressed reconstruction project is effective, but satisfaction with connectivity to nearby requires a longer (and more realistic) locations and noted a decrease in travel implementation period. times to surrounding locations/villages thus ● Home-owner driven approach is popular leading to increased frequency of travel. and effective in reconstruction; but assumes a pace of implementation that Disaster management plans were prepared can exclude some beneficiaries. for all districts, and in approximately 10,375 villages, 97 urban local bodies and 144 ● Transparency and equity interventions talukas in 14 vulnerable districts. work best when incorporated into a program, than as a stand-alone activity. Lessons Learnt The repair and reconstruction of over 1.14 ● The integration of long- term goals (e.g. million houses with minimal grievances or disaster management capacity building, allegations of corruption reflected a drafting of seismic resistance planning successful incorporation of transparency standards, ensuring quality control in and voice. 12 The World Bank in India • November 2011 ● Fund disbursement linked to construction process, the damage assessment, the progress (for individual construction) grievance redressal process, the third part facilitated effective use of funds. audits) are now standard across South ● A legal and institutional framework is key Asia disaster management housing to integrated disaster management. The reconstruction programs and has Gujarat government’s 2003 promulgation influenced housing reconstruction in Aceh, of the Gujarat Disaster Management Act, Indonesia. Lessons learnt from the project which provided for the formation of the (including closely linking fund disbursement GSDMA allowed for quick policy to construction progress, a more than two decisions during project implementation. tier grievance redressal process etc) have Without the Act and the GSDMA an been integrated into those projects. integrated disaster management would not have been possible. ● The Project’s approach to the reconstruction of housing (the homeowner based approach, the cash grant transfer 12 The World Bank in India • November 2011 13 Recent Project Approvals West Bengal Accelerated Development of Maintaining this growth rate requires Minor Irrigation Project infrastructure support, crop diversification and market access. There is, however, very T he World Bank has approved a $250 million credit and loan to the West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor little scope for increasing the current cultivable area with more than 93 percent of landholders belonging to small and marginal Irrigation Project (ADMIP) for increasing farmer categories with land areas of less agricultural production of small and marginal than one or two ha respectively. farmers. About 139,000 hectares (ha) of irrigated area are expected to be developed This Project will focus on investments under the Project, benefitting an estimated targeted at strengthening community-based 166,000 farm families. institutions for the management of minor irrigation schemes; development of surface Agriculture serves as the backbone of West and ground water based irrigation systems; Bengal’s rural economy. It accounts for about and agricultural development along with 20 percent of the state’s Gross Domestic improved support services to farmers to Product (GDP) and provides employment to enhance agriculture productivity and income more than 55 percent of workers in the state. in 4,660 minor irrigation schemes to be Agricultural growth over the past decade developed under the Project. was on average about 3 percent per annum. Recent Project Signings Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor connect Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Project-I Kolkata. Currently, these routes account for just 16 percent of the railway network’s T he World Bank and the Government of India has signed a US$ 975 million loan agreement to set up the Eastern Dedicated length, but carry more than 50 percent of India’s total rail freight. Freight Corridor-I (a freight-only rail line) that The agreements were signed by Mr Venu will help faster and more efficient movement Rajamony, Joint Secretary, Department of of raw materials and finished goods between Economic Affairs, on behalf of the the Northern and Eastern parts of India. The Government of India; Mr Anshuman Sharma corridor will also allow Indian Railways to Project Director, on behalf of the DFCCIL; free up capacity and better-serve the large and Mr Roberto Zagha, Country Director for passenger market in this densely populated India on behalf of the World Bank. region. This is part of India’s first Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) initiative – being built on two main routes – the Western and the Eastern Corridors. These corridors will help India make a quantum leap in increasing the railways’ transportation capacity by building high-capacity, higher-speed dedicated freight corridors along the “Golden Quadrilateral” – the four rail routes that 14 The World Bank in India • November 2011 12 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org Publications may be consulted and copies South Asia Publications of unpriced items obtained from: Reshaping Tomorrow: Is South Asia Ready for the The World Bank PIC Big Leap? 70 Lodi Estate New Delhi -110 003 By Ejaz Ghani, World Bank Tel: 011-2461 7241 Price: Rs. 795 Fax: 011-2461 9393 English; Hardback; Internet: www-wds.worldbank.org 310 pages Email: hbalasubramanian@worldbank.org Published October 2011 by World Bank and Oxford ISBN: 978-0-19-807502-8 To order priced publications South Asia is among the Allied Publishers Ltd. fastest growing regions in 751 Mount Road the world, but it is also Chennai - 600 002 home to the largest Tel: 044-852 3938 concentration of people Fax: 044-852 0649 living in conditions of Email: aplchn@vsnl.net debilitating poverty, human misery, gender disparities, and conflict. This volume focuses on the impact of Bookwell demographics, globalization, human mobility, and the Head Office rise of the middle class in accelerating growth in South 2/72 Nirankari Colony Asia, in the context of transformational challenges- Delhi - 110 009 modernization, inclusiveness and vulnerability. Taking Tel: 011-2725 1283 cognizance of the diversity within and across countries, Sales Office: it emphasizes pluralism in development. 24/4800 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi - 110 002 Bringing together essays by distinguished academics Tel: 011-2326 8786, 2325 7264 on South Asia, the volume examines critical issues and Fax: 011-2328 1315 offers incisive analysis to bring out the diversity of Email: bkwell@nde.vsnl.net.in perspectives and arguments for a nuanced picture of bookwell@vsnl.net economic transition in South Asia. Offering rigorous empirical evidence, it highlights the role of governance Anand Associates and the need for sound policies to manage 1219 Stock Exchange Tower transformation as well as harness growth drivers within 12th Floor Dalal Street the region. Mumbai - 400 023 Tel: 022-2272 3065/66 Fax: 022-2272 3067 India: Policy Research Working Papers Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Internet: www.myown.org WPS5761 Learning versus stealing: How Important are market-share – reallocations to India’s productivity growth? All priced publications are available at By Ann E. Harrison, Leslie A. Martin and Shanthi 45% discount in Developing Countries Nataraj Recent trade theory emphasizes the role of market- share reallocations across firms (“stealing”) in driving 13 The World Bank in India • November 2011 15 productivity growth, while the older literature focused development. Improvements in gender equality on average productivity improvements (“learning”). The can generate gains in economic efficiency and authors use comprehensive, firm-level data from India’s improvements in other development outcomes. And organized manufacturing sector to show that market- gender equality has consequences for the quality share reallocations did play an important role in and representativeness of the institutions a society aggregate productivity gains immediately following the develops. start of India’s trade reforms in 1991. However, For key dimensions of gender equality, the report aggregate productivity gains during the overall period shows that although many women around the world from 1985 to 2004 were driven largely by improvements still continue to struggle with gender-based in average productivity, which can be attributed to disadvantages, much has changed for the better and India’s trade liberalization and FDI reforms. at a more rapid pace than ever before. But the report also shows that progress needs to be expanded, protected and deepened. WPS5778 The impact of recall periods on reported morbidity and health seeking behavior Special Economic Zones: Progress, Emerging By Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer and Carolina Sanchez- Challenges, and Future Directions Paramo Edited by Thomas Farole Between 2000 and 2002, the authors followed 1621 and Gokhan Akinci individuals in Delhi using a combination of weekly and Price: $35.00 monthly-recall health questionnaires. In 2008, they Directions in Development augmented these data with another 8 weeks of surveys English; Paperback; during which households were experimentally allocated 344 pages to surveys with different recall periods in the second Published August 2011 half of the survey. This paper shows that the length of by World Bank the recall period had a large impact on reported ISBN: 978-0-8213-8763-4 morbidity, doctor visits, time spent sick, whether at SKU: 18763 least one day of work/school was lost due to sickness, and the reported use of self-medication. The effects For countries as diverse are more pronounced among the poor than the rich. In as China and Mauritius, one example, differential recall effects across income Special Economic Zones groups reverse the sign of the gradient between doctor (SEZs) have been a powerful tool to attract foreign visits and per-capita expenditures such that the poor investment, promote export-oriented growth, and use health care providers more than the rich in the generate employment; for many others, the results weekly recall surveys but less in monthly recall surveys. have been less than encouraging. The authors hypothesize that illnesses—especially This volume aims to contribute to a better understanding among the poor—are no longer perceived as of the role and practice of SEZs in developing “extraordinary events” but have become part of countries, in order to better equip policymakers in “normal” life. They discuss the implications of these making effective decisions in planning and results for health survey methodology, and the implementing SEZ programs. It covers some of the economic interpretation of sickness in poor populations. emerging issues and challenges in SEZs – including upgrading, regional integration, WTO compliance, Other Publications innovation, the environment, and gender issues – with practical case examples from SEZ programs in developing countries. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development By World Bank Growing Old in an Older Brazil: Implications of Price: $26.00 Population Aging on Growth, Poverty, Public English; Paperback; Finance and Service Delivery 300 pages By Michele Gragnolati, Ole Published September 2011 Hagen Jorgensen, Romero by World Bank Rocha and Anna Fruttero ISBN: 978-0-8213-8810-5 Price: $35.00 SKU: 18810 Directions in Development: The WDR 2012: Gender DID - Human Development Equality and Development English; Paperback; focuses on the evolution of 304 pages gender equality across the world in the context of the Published September 2011 development process. The report considers gender by World Bank equality as a core development goal in itself, and ISBN: 978-0-8213-8802-0 argues that gender equality matters for the pace of SKU: 18802 12 The World Bank in India • November 2011 16 Brazil is in the middle of a profound socioeconomic by offering options to those affected by conflict and transformation driven by demographic change. crises in a region that has limited formal disaster Because of profound changes in mortality and, management and social protection systems. Second, especially, fertility over the past four decades the by mitigating shortcomings and distortions in regional population at older ages then begun to increase, a labor markets. Third, by providing support to struggling trend that will become more and more rapid as time rural economies and ever expanding urban areas in progresses. While it took more than a century for terms of livelihoods and social capital transfers. France’s population, aged 65 and above, to increase from 7 to 14 percent of the total population, the same demographic change will occur in the next two The Little Data Book 2011 decades in Brazil (between 2011 and 2031). By World Bank The elderly populations will be more than triple within Price: $15.00 the next four decades, from less than 20 million in 2010 World Development Indicators to approximately 65 million in 2050. This book English; Paperback; 248 pages investigates the impact of demographic changes on Published August 8, 2011 several dimensions of the Brazilian economy and society. by World Bank ISBN: 978-0-8213-8859-4 SKU: 18859 Financing Africa: Through the Crisis and Beyond This pocket-sized reference By Thorsten Beck, Samuel on key development data for Munzele Maimbo, Issa Faye over 200 countries provides and Thouraya Triki profiles of each country with Price: $40.00 54 development indicators about English; Paperback; people, environment, economy, technology and 308 pages infrastructure, trade, and finance. 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The book presents Development Issue gender-disaggregated data for Edited by Aurelia Segatti, more than 200 countries in an easy country-by-country Loren Landau reference on demography, education, health, labor Price: $35.00 force, political participation and the Millennium Africa Development Forum Development Goals. The book’s summary pages cover English; Paperback; regional and income group aggregates. 204 pages Published August 2011 by World Bank Fostering Technology Absorption in Southern ISBN: 978-0-8213-8767-2 African Enterprises SKU: 18767 By World Bank Building on global interest Price: $30.00 in migration development, Directions in Development: DID – Private Sector the volume draws attention to one of the most Development important migration systems in sub-Saharan Africa. English; Paperback; 224 pages It reviews South Africa’s approach to international Published September 2011 migration in the post-apartheid period from a regional by World Bank development perspective, highlighting key policy ISBN: 978-0-8213-8818-1 issues, debates, and consequences. SKU: 18818 The authors find at least three areas where migration While economic theory considers technological is resulting in important development impacts. First, progress to be a key factor for sustained long-term 13 The World Bank in India • November 2011 17 economic growth and job chapter presents basic concepts and discusses creation, technology examples of reform options. absorption is particularly an important driver for ‘catch- up growth.’ This study Financial Access and Stability: A Road Map for the seeks to identify channels Middle East and North Africa of technology transfer and By World Bank absorption for Southern Price: $40.00 African enterprises, MENA Development Report constraints to greater English; Paperback; technology absorption, and 364 pages discusses policy options Published September 2011 open to governments and by World Bank the private sector in light of relevant international ISBN: 978-0-8213-8835-8 experience. It has been done based on sector and SKU: 18835 enterprise case studies carried in four countries: South Africa, Mauritius, Lesotho and Namibia. The countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of recovering from the global financial crisis, but the World-Class Research Universities recent political turmoil has interrupted the pace of credit and output recovery in many countries. Edited by Philip G. Altbach The relatively weak growth performance reflects a and Jamil Salmi combination of insufficient reforms and weak reform Price: $35.00 implementation, including financial sector reforms. Directions in Development: This study reviews the region’s financial systems, DID - Human Development the severity of the limitations on access to finance, English; Paperback; and the main factors behind such limitations. It goes 400 pages on to provide a road map for expanding access and Published September 2011 preserving financial stability. by World Bank ISBN: 978-0-8213-8805-1 SKU: 18805 Igniting Innovation: Rethinking the Role of This book examines the Government in Emerging Europe and Central Asia recent experience of 11 By Itzhak Goldberg, universities in 9 countries that have grappled with the John Gabriel Goddard, challenges of building successful research institutions Smita Kuriakose and in difficult circumstances and presents the lessons Jean-Louis Racine learned from these experiences. Price: $20.00 English; Paperback; 184 pages Pharmaceutical Reform: A Guide to Improving Published September 2011 Performance and Equity by World Bank By Marc J. Roberts and ISBN: 978-0-8213-8740-5 Michael R. Reich SKU: 18740 Price: $35.00 Innovation and technology World Bank Training Series absorption are now firmly recognized as one of the English; Paperback; main sources of economic growth for emerging and 352 pages advanced economies alike. However, innovation Published September 2011 activities are rife with market failures that tend to hold by World Bank back private investment. And badly designed or badly ISBN: 978-0-8213-8760-3 implemented interventions can further hamper the SKU: 18760 development of an innovative and entrepreneurial This book explores the culture among businesses and research communities. relationship of ultimate outcomes (like health status or This book builds on the lessons from public institutions risk protection) to classic health systems concepts like and programs to support innovation, both successful efficiency, access and quality. and failed, from Eastern Europe and Central Asia as The second part of the book devotes one chapter to well as China, Finland, Israel, and the United States. each of five ‘control knobs’: finance, payment, The lessons highlight the pitfalls of imitating models of organization, regulation and persuasion. These are sets government interventions from “innovative” countries of potential interventions that governments can use to without having adequate systemic governance and improve pharmaceutical sector performance. Each institutional reforms. 12 The World Bank in India • November 2011 18 India Project Documents Vocational Training Improvement Project Uttaranchal Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project: Restructuring Date 18 September 2011 Project ID P099047 Date 23 August, 2011 Report No. 64613 (Procurement Plan for civil Project ID P083187 works for Meghalaya, Shillong) Report No. 63861(Project Paper Vol. 1 – Main 64475 (Procurement Plan: Vol.1 Report) Procurement Plan for Nagaland) (Project Paper Vol. 2 – Data Sheet) (Procurement Plan: Vol. 2 Procurement Plan for Tamil Nadu) Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring (Procurement Plan: Vol. 3 Project Procurement Plan for Goods) 63399 (Procurement Plan 2011-2012) Date 18 August, 2011 (Procurement Plan for consulting Project ID P073370 services Vol. 1) Report No. 64167 (Inspection Panel Notice of Registration) West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Project Second Kerala Rural Water Supply and Date 15 September 2011 Sanitation Project (Jalanidhi II) Project ID P105311 Date 16 August, 2011 Report No. AC5281 (Integrated Safeguards Data Project ID P121774 Sheet) AB5602 (Project Information Report No. AC6141(Integrated Safeguards Data Document) Sheet) IPP519 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Rajasthan Health Systems Development E2839 (Environmental Assessment) Project Date 8 September, 2011 Second Phase (A) of the Mumbai Urban Project ID P050655 Transport Project: Restructuring Report No. 64544 (Project Paper Rajasthan Date 4 August, 2011 Health Systems Development: Vol 1 and 2) Project ID P113028 Report No. 63374 (Project Paper Vol. 1 – Main Assam Agricultural Competitiveness Project Report) Date 29 August, 2011 63374 (Project Paper Vol.2 – Data Project ID P084792 Sheet) Report No. 64309 (Project Paper) Vol.1 – Main Report Andhra Pradesh Road Sector Project (Project Paper) Vol.2 – Data Sheet Date 1 August, 2011 Project ID P096021 Uttar Pradesh Health Systems Strengthening Project (UPHSSP) Report No. 64345(Procurement Plan) Date 24 August, 2011 Karnataka Community Based Tank Project ID P100304 Management Project Report No. AC2708(Integrated Safeguards Data Date 1 August, 2011 Sheet) AB6716 (Project Information Document) Project ID P071033 E2840 (Environment Assessment – Report No. 64399 (Procurement Plan) Social assessment report Vol.1) (Environmental Assessment – Second Phase of Karnataka Community Environmental management action Based Tank Management Project plan Vol. 2) Date 1 August, 2011 19 The World Bank in India • November 2011 13 Project ID P102328 63719 (Procurement Plan) Report No. 64401 (Procurement Plan) 63236 (Procurement Plan – NPMU Vol.1) (Procurement Plan – works, goods, National Dairy Support Project and consultancy Vol. 2) Date 29 July, 2011 North East Rural Livelihoods Project (NERLP) Project ID P107648 Date 4 July, 2011 Report No. AC6231(Integrated Safeguards Data Project ID P102330 Sheet) Report No. AB6476 (Project Information Document) AB6495 (Project Information Document) Bihar Panchayat Strengthening Project Financing Affordable Housing Project Date 4 July, 2011 Date 6 July, 2011 Project ID P102627 Project ID P119039 Report No. AC5829 (Integrated Safeguards Data Report No. 63310 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Sheet) Assam State Roads Project National Rural Livelihoods Project Date 1 July, 2011 Date 5 July, 2011 Project ID P096018 Project ID P104164 Report No. IPP518 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Report No. 63136 (Summary of Discussion) RP1179 (Resettlement Plan for State Highway SH -3 Vol. 1 – 4) Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project Date 2 June, 2011 Sustainable Urban Transport Project Project ID P097985 Date 1 July, 2011 Report No. 63119 (Procurement Plan for works Project ID P100589 Vol.1) Report No. E2088 (Environmental Assessment – (Procurement Plan Orissa SPMU Vol.2) Environmental and social management (Procurement Plan West Bengal framework) Vol.1 SPMU Vol.3) (Environmental impact assessment for (Procurement Plan for works, goods proposed bus – Based Rapid Transit and consultancy Vol.4) System) (Procurement Plan NPMU Vol.5) (BRTS) for PCMC Vol.2 (Procurement Plan SPMU West 63398 (Procurement Plan) Bengal Vol.6) India Project Documents WPS5842 WPS5839 Can islands of effectiveness thrive in difficult Remittances and financial inclusion: Evidence from governance settings? The political economy of local- El Salvador level collaborative governance By Diego Anzoategui, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Maria By Brian Levy Soledad Martinez Peria WPS5841 WPS5838 Innovations in globalized regulation: Opportunities The republic of Congo’s infrastructure: A continental and challenges perspective By Brian Levy By Nataliya Pushak and Cecilia M. Briceno-Garmendia WPS5840 WPS5837 Effects of the 2008-09 economic crisis on labor Europe as a convergence engine – heterogeneity and markets in Mexico investment opportunities in emerging Europe By Samuel Freije, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo and Eduardo By Aleksandar Stojkov and Juan Zalduendo Rodriguez-Oreggia 12 The World Bank in India • November 2011 20 WPS5836 WPS5821 Home high above and home deep down below – The political economy of healthcare litigation: Model lending in Hungary and empirical application to Uruguay By Adam Banai, Julia Kiraly and Marton Nagy By Cristina Corduneanu-Huci, Alexander Hamilton, and Issel Masses-Ferrer WPS5835 The role of macro-prudential policies in the boom WPS5820 and adjustment phase of the credit cycle in Estonia Global inequality: From class to location, from By Andres Sutt, Helen Korju and Kadri Siibak proletarians to migrants By Branko Milanovic WPS5834 The experience with macro-prudential policies of the WPS5819 central bank of the republic of Turkey in response to Task trade between similar countries the global financial crisis By Gene M. Grossman, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg By Turalay Kenc, Ibrahim Turhan, and Onur Yildirim WPS5818 WPS5833 Burkina Faso’s infrastructure: A continental perspective Relationship-based and arms-length financial By Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia, Carolina Dominguez- systems – a European perspective Torres By Holger Wolf WPS5817 WPS5832 Senegal’s infrastructure: A continental perspective Macro-prudential regulation of credit booms and By Clemencia Torres, Cecilia M.Briceno-Garmendia, busts – the case of Poland and Carolina Dominguez By Michal Kruszka and Michal Kowalczyk WPS5816 WPS 5831 Zimbabwe’s infrastructure: A continental perspective Distributional impact analysis of the energy price By Nataliya Pushak and Cecilia M. Garmendia reform in Turkey By Fan Zhang WPS 5815 Sudan’s infrastructure: A continental perspective WPS5830 By Rupa Ranganathan and Cecilia M. Briceno- Women’s decision making power and human Garmendia development: Evidence from Pakistan By Xiaohui Hou WPS 5814 South Sudan’s infrastructure: A continental WPS5829 perspective Four decades of health economics through a By Rupa Ranganathan and Cecilia M. Briceno- bibliometric lens Garmendia By Adam Wagstaff and Anthony J. Culyer WPS5813 WPS5828 Angola’s infrastructure: A continental perspective Patterns of business creation, survival and growth: By Nataliya Pushak and Vivien Foster Evidence from Africa By Leora Klapper and Christine Richmond WPS5812 Family planning and fertility: Estimating program WPS5827 effects using cross-sectional data Financial literacy and retirement planning: The By Claus C Portner, Kathleen Beegle and Luc Russian case Christiaensen By Leora Klapper and Georgios A. Panos WPS5811 WPS5826 Export diversification in a transitioning economy: The DR-CAFTA and the environment case of Syria Barbara Cunha and Muthukumara Mani By Jamus Jerome Lim and Christian Saborowski WPS5825 WPS 5810 Assessing the odds of achieving the MDGs How do the poor cope with shocks in Bangladesh? By Delfin S.Go and Alejandro Jose Quijada Evidence from survey data WPS5824 By Indhira Santos, Iffath Sharif, Zillur Hossain Rahman Cash transfers in an epidemic context: The interaction and Hassan Zaman of formal and informal support in rural Malawi WPS 5809 By Francesco Strobbe and Candace Miller School-based management, school decision-making WPS5823 and education outcomes in Indonesian primary schools Countercyclical financial regulation By Dandan Chen By Haocong Ren WPS 5808 WPS5822 After the microfinance crisis: Assessing the role of Cameroon’s infrastructure: A continental perspective government-led microcredit alternatives By Carolina Dominguez-Torres and Vivien Foster 21 The World Bank in India • November 2011 13 WPS5807 By Menno Pradhan, Daniel Suryadarma, Amanda A dynamic model of extreme risk coverage: Resilience Beatty, Maisy Wong, Alishjabana, Armida, Arya Gaduh and efficiency in the global reinsurance market and Rima Prama Artha By Sabine Lemoyne de Forges, Ruben Bibas and WPS5794 Stephane Hallegatte Cargo dwell time in Durban: Lessons for Sub-Saharan WPS5806 African ports Is small beautiful? Financial structure, size and By Tshepo Kgare, Gael Raballand and Hans W Ittmann access to finance WPS5793 By Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Dorothe Service Export sophistication and Europe’s new Singer growth model WPS5805 By Lundstrom Susanna Gable; Saurabh Mishra The evolving importance of banks and securities WPS5792 markets Ripe for a big bang? Assessing the political feasibility By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Erik Feyen and Ross Levine of legislative reforms in the Philippines’ local WPS5804 government code On the implications of essential heterogeneity for By Yasuhiko Matsuda estimating causal impacts using social experiments WPS5791 By Martin Ravallion Fewer jobs or smaller paychecks? Aggregate crisis WPS5803 impacts in selected middle-income countries When starting with the most expensive option makes By Gaurav Khanna David Newhouse and Pierella Paci sense: Use and misuse of marginal abatement cost WPS5790 curves Foreign direct investment under weak rule of law: By Adrien Vogt-Schilb and Stephane Hallegatte Theory and evidence from China WPS5802 By Wang, Xiaozu, Colin Lixin Xu and Tian Zhu Equilibrium parallel import policies and international WPS5789 market structure Ladies first? Firm-level evidence on the labor impacts By Santanu Roy and Kamal Saggi of the East Asian crisis WPS5801 By Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Bob Rijkers and Andrew Equality of opportunities, redistribution and fiscal Waxman policies: The case of Liberia WPS5788 By Ana Abras and Jose Cuesta The value-added tax reform puzzle WPS5800 By Jing Cai and Ann Harrison Energy, gender and development: What are the WPS5787 linkages? Where is the evidence? Improvements in the World Bank’s ease of doing By Gunnar Kohlin, Erin O Sills, Subhrendu K business rankings: Do they translate into greater Pattanayak and Christopher Wilfong foreign direct investment inflows? WPS5799 By Dinuk Jayasuriya Do Phoenix miracles exist? Firm-level evidence from WPS5786 financial crises Managing financial integration and capital mobility – By Meghana Ayyagari, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Vojislav policy lessons from the past two decades Maksimovic By Joshua Aizenman and Brian Pinto WPS5798 WPS5785 Unpacking the causal chain of financial literacy Does expanding health insurance beyond formal- By Fenella Carpena, Shawn Cole, Jeremy Shapiro and sector workers encourage informality? Measuring the Bilal Zia impact of Mexico’s Seguro Popular WPS 5797 By Reyes Aterido, Mary Hallward-Driemeier and Assessing the direct economic effects of reallocating Carmen Pages irrigation water to alternative uses: Concepts and an WPS5784 application Debt overhang in emerging Europe? By Susanne M. Scheierling By Martin Brown and Philip R. Lane WPS5796 WPS5783 Marshallian externality, industrial upgrading, and The impact of economics blogs industrial policies By David McKenzie, Berk Ozler By Jiandong Ju, Justin Yifu Lin and Yong Wang WPS5782 WPS5795 Consensus, institutions, and supply response: The Improving educational quality through enhancing political economy of agricultural reforms in Sub- community participation: Results from a randomized Saharan Africa field experiment in Indonesia By Ataman Aksoy and Anil Onal 12 The World Bank in India • November 2011 22 WPS5781 WPS5767 Framing local conflict and justice in Bangladesh Municipal solid waste management in small towns: By Maitreyi Bordia Das and Vivek Maru An economic analysis conducted in Yunnan, China By Hua Wang, Jie He, Yoonhee Kim and Takuya Kamata WPS5780 Firm location and the determinants of exporting in WPS5766 developing countries Valuing water quality improvement in China: A case By Thomas Farole and Deborah Winkler study of lake Puzhehei in Yunnan province By Hua Wang, Yuyan Shi, Yoonhee Kim and Takuya WPS5779 Kamata Political economy of the petroleum sector in Nigeria By Alex Gboyega, Tina Soreide, Tuan Minh Le and WPS5765 G.P. Shukla Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda WPS5778 By Ayalew Daniel Ali, Klaus Deininger and Markus The impact of recall periods on reported morbidity Goldstein and health seeking behavior By Jishnu Das, Jeffrey Hammer and Carolina Sanchez- WPS5764 Paramo The impact of emigration on source country wages: Evidence from the Republic of Moldova WPS5777 By Lawrence Bouton, Saumik Paul and Erwin R. Engendering trade Tiongson By Toan -Quy Do,Andrei A. Levchenko and Claudio Raddatz WPS5763 More than you can handle: Decentralization and WPS5776 spending ability of Peruvian municipalities Applying the growth identification and facilitation By V. Norman Loayza, Jamele Rigolini and Oscar framework: The case of Nigeria Calvo-Gonzalez By Yifu Lin Justin, Volker Treichel WPS5762 WPS5775 The mechanics and regulation of variable payout Upgrading investment regulations in second pillar annuities pension systems: A proposal for Colombia By Dimitri Vittas By Pablo Castaneda and Heinz P. Rudolph WPS5761 WPS5774 Learning versus stealing: How Important are market- Education and conflict recovery: The case of Timor Leste share – reallocations to India’s productivity growth? By Patricia Justino, Marinella Leone and Paola Salardi By Ann E. Harrison, Leslie A. Martin and Shanthi WPS5773 Nataraj Financial-stability challenges in European emerging- WPS5760 market countries Tastes, castes, and culture: The influence of society By Garry Schinasi on preferences WPS5772 By Ernst Fehr and Karla Hoff Macroprudential regulation of credit booms and WPS5759 busts – the case of Croatia Stakeholder dialogue as an institutional strategy for By Kraft, Evan and Tomislav Galac sustainable development in China: The case of WPS5771 community environmental roundtables Credit growth and financial stability in the Czech WPS5758 Republic Who is benefiting from fertilizer subsidies in By Jan Frait, Adam Gersl, and Jakub Seidler Indonesia? WPS5770 By Gomez Camilo Osorio, Dwi Abriningrum, Macroprudential regulation of credit booms and ArmasEndah, Blanco Enrique and Muhammad Firdaus busts: The experience of the National Bank of the WPS 5757 Republic of Macedonia Do institutions matter for FDI spillovers? The By Frosina Celeska Viktorija Gligorova and Krstevska implications of China’s “special characteristics” Aneta By Luosha Du, Ann Harrison and Gary Jefferson WPS5769 WPS5756 Banking flows and financial crisis – financial Economic structure, development policy and interconnectedness and basel III effects environmental quality: An empirical analysis of By Swati R Ghosh, Naotaka Sugawara and Juan environmental Kuznets curves with Chinese Zalduendo municipal data WPS5768 By Jie He and Hua Wang Gross capital flows: Dynamics and crises By Fernando Broner, Tatiana Didier, Aitor Erce and Sergio L. 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