84312 December 20th, 2013 1 1 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views and position of the Table of Contents Executive Directors of the World Bank, the European Union, or the Government of Romania. Executive Summary /1 The TRACE diagnostic is part of work done under the Romania Regional Development Program – a Reimbursable Advisory Methodology /8 Service activity, undertaken by the World Bank at the request Background /11 of the Ministry of Regional Development and Public National Legislation Regarding Energy /11 Administration, with EU funding. The report was written by a Background Craiova /17 team comprised of Manuela Moț, Ranjan Bose, Sebastian Burduja, and Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu. Cristina Zirimis has Craiova Sector Analysis /23 provided logistical and administrative support throughout the Street Lighting /23 process. The team would like to thank the colleagues at the Power Sector /25 Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration Municipal Buildings /27 (particularly Ionuţ Trincă, Costel Jitaru and Bogdan Ţigău), as District Heating /29 well as the colleagues in the Craiova City Hall and the Dolj Urban Transport /32 County Council, who supported the team throughout. The Solid Waste /41 team would also like to thank peer reviewers Stephen Water Sector /45 Hammer, Feng Liu, Paula Restrepo, and Pedzi Makumbe, for the excellent feed-back provided. Energy Efficiency Recommendations /51 TRACE (Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy) was Urban Transport /52 developed by ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Municipal Buildings /57 Program), a unit of the World Bank, and is available for Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan /60 download and free use at: http://esmap.org/TRACE. Procurement Guide for New Street Lights /62 Awareness Raising Campaigns /63 Annexes /67 1 1 Executive Summary The limitations of TRACE The fact that TRACE is simple and easy to implement, also means that Why a study on energy efficiency? there are limitations with respect to the depth of analysis. For example, The main impetus for this report (and for the reports prepared for the the tool may identify District Heating as the a priority sector in terms of other six growth poles) is a request received from the Ministry of Regional potential energy savings, but it does not go into detail on the required Development and Public Administration. The request came within the costs to complete district heating rehabilitation projects. Thus, even if the context of on-going preparations for the 2014-2020 Programming Period, energy savings potential is assessed to be high, the costs may be even with Energy Efficiency being one the major themes of the Europe 2020 higher, and an investment in the sector may not be warranted. Similarly, strategy, and a critical priority for all EU Member Countries. Within although TRACE specifically focuses on the service areas that fall within Romania, local authorities that will want to access energy efficiency funds the purview of local authorities, the tool cannot factor in the institutional under the 2014-2020 Regional Operational Programme will need to first and legislative mechanisms that need to be in place to make a specific prepare energy efficiency strategies. The TRACE tool is specifically energy efficiency recommendation possible. targeted at local authorities, and is a good instrument for drafting such strategies. Boundaries of studied area While this work focuses on the growth poles in Romania, the analysis was What is TRACE? limited to the boundary of the center city. The reasoning for this is quite The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is a simple and simple: it is prohibitively difficult to collect individual indicators for all the practical tool for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities, The constituent localities of a metropolitan area. In most cases, this would tool helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and have required in-depth discussion with over 20 localities, ensuring that all identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors — these localities had the required indicators for a particular service area, transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, and ensuring that they used the same methodology for the calculation of solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and these indicators. Nonetheless, the sector analysis and recommendations practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. took the metropolitan scale into consideration, and the section on sound urban planning practices was done at the full metropolitan level. The advantages of TRACE TRACE is one of the most powerful energy efficiency tools, specifically Summary of findings developed for cities. It is simple, easy to implement, and quite intuitive, After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began its transition from a centralized and it allows a quick assessment of energy savings potential in six key system to a market-based economy. Today the country is a member of the public service areas: urban transport; water and wastewater; municipal European Union (EU) and NATO. After more than a decade of economic buildings; street lighting, power and centralized heating; and, solid waste restructuring and political change, the country has taken significant steps management. The tool can be implemented relatively quickly and is not toward catching up with the economic performance of more developed data- or cost-intensive. Moreover it allows local authorities to get a rapid EU countries. Although radical reforms brought about significant changes assessment of their city’s energy performance, and to identify sectors that in recent years, the standard of living of Romanians is still behind the EU may be subjected to a more in-depth analysis. average. Craiova is an important national transportation hub, located at the crossroads of three European roads passing through Romania, connecting the country to Western and South-Eastern Europe. The city is 1 situated on the Pan-European Corridor IV connecting Romania to Western debts are overdue bills from the population. The City Hall cannot pay off Europe, and is close to Corridor IX, linking Northern to Southern Europe. these debts, nor continue to subsidize the sector in its present form. Not in the least, Craiova is just 70 kilometers far from the Danube to the Therefore, the local government decided that the best solution for all South. parties involved would be to merge Termo with CE Oltenia, the owner of Once a very important heavy industrial center of Romania, CET. However, in the future, the city managers should consider addressing focusing on the automotive, aviation, chemical and processing sectors, the losses incurred in the network, as water and heat pipes are the today the city maintains a good reputation as an industrial hub, although property of the City Hall. many of the plants and factories that operated during the communist Like every other city in the country, municipal buildings in Craiova regime have been shut down. Craiova is home to a few of the most require proper measures toward improving energy efficiency – particularly important companies in the country, like Ford, CEZ, and Electroputere, a in health care and education facilities managed by the city government. A fact that enables the city to play an important role in the economic benchmarking of the municipal building stock, along with audit and development of the Southern region. Today the local economy is driven retrofit measures, should be performed in order to identify the highest by the industry and service sectors, which employ half of the city’s labor energy savings potential and proper intervention measures. As for the force. However, like all other cities in Romania, Craiova has suffered from water sector, although the system covers the entire city and most of the demographic decline, as the region faced a heavy loss of population in the households in Craiova have water meters, there are high losses in the mid 2000s. network. In addition, in order to improve the overall efficiency of the The transition period after the end of the communist regime has water system, oversized pumps needs to be replaced with smaller, led to significant changes in the social and economic life of the residents energy-efficient ones. Finally, although selective collection has been of Craiova. Some of these developments have positively affected people’s implemented in Craiova, there is more that can be done about improving life, whereas a few came along with inconveniences and difficulties. recycling rates. During the first years of transition the city attracted people from parts of There are also many positive things that Craiova has successfully Dolj County and from elsewhere in Romania. This process led to severe accomplished recently. Almost all streets in the city are lit and the local de-population in the rural areas of Dolj County. At the same time, due to government has ambitious plans to implement a sophisticated, high-tech economic constraints, some of the urban population of Craiova moved to lighting system based on LED bulbs. Craiova also has a functional tram the wider metropolitan area. system. At present, the tram lines are undergoing rehabilitation work to Similar to a country-wide trend, the rising number of cars in the improve access to the industrial platforms, and the local government is past years has caused heavy traffic congestion, increased fuel considering expanding the network further. The municipal authorities consumption, and high level of greenhouse gas emissions. Commuting has have concrete plans to improve and facilitate non-motorized transport in become difficult for both private and public vehicles. The main challenges the city by expanding dedicated pedestrian paths and building more bike in the transport sector include modernization of the bus fleet and the lanes. The generation of solid waste is comparable to other cities in the development of non-motorized transport by building more bike lanes and region. The deposit of waste is at an eco-framed landfill located just on expanding pedestrian networks. This sector has a significant potential for the city outskirts. In parallel, rehabilitation work has been performed in energy savings, requiring appropriate measures in order to decrease fuel some schools, health care and social assistance facilities in the city, and in consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The district heating a few buildings the classical hot water systems have been replaced with sector faces challenges because of the large amount of debt Termo, the renewable energy-based ones. Nonetheless, further work needs to be local operator, owes to CET, the main district plant responsible for done in order to decrease energy consumption, reduce heating bills, and producing hot water and heat in the city. In addition, some parts of these enable the city to become more efficient. 2 As every other city in the country, Craiova does not have any say qualitative analysis, several recommendations were formulated, as regarding the electrical power sector, as tariffs are regulated by the summarized below. national government, which is still subsidizing the energy price for domestic users. The liberalization of the energy sector is under way with Public Transport Development industrial consumers and, starting in 2013, it will begin to affect non- The first TRACE recommendation for the local public administration in domestic users as well. Hence, the subsidies are going to be gradually Craiova is to develop the public transport in the city, make it more eliminated by the end of 2017, when the liberalization of the market is attractive to people, lower the fuel consumption, and achieve important expected to be complete. As of now, the central government is energy savings. The city government already has plans to invest in the encouraging energy production from renewable sources, and Green modernization of the public transport fleet and replace vehicles whose life Certificates are provided to producers, although the award of some cycle has reached its limits with modern, energy-efficient buses. A new certificates has been postponed until 2017. traffic management and monitoring system is already under way, which is For the short and medium term, the Craiova authorities have in line with city authorities’ aim to improve the quality of public transport planned and started to implement a number of projects aimed at reducing services in Craiova. Expanding e-ticketing and equipping all bus stops with the energy consumption in the city and, ultimately, at improving quality of screens displaying information on schedules, routes, and delays will help life for its residents. The plans include purchasing highly fuel-efficient passengers better plan their trips. Also, this TRACE recommendation buses, developing pedestrian networks, building a number of over-ground encourages additional measures, such as bus rapid transit that would give walkways and underground passages for traffic decongestion, improving priority to public transport vehicles, and dedicated bus lanes to bypass the street lighting system, and improving the solid waste sector by traffic congestion. At the end of the day, a reliable and comfortable public increasing selective collection. transport system would appeal to people and make them rely more on This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in buses and trams, and so they would leave their cars at home. Craiova in April 2013 and it outlines some ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. TRACE (Tool for Non-Motorized Transport Rapid Assessment of City Energy) is a simple and quick diagnostic tool that This TRACE recommendation encourages City Hall to promote and is used to assess a city’s energy performanc e in six service areas (urban develop non-motorized transport options in Craiova and expand the transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, solid waste related infrastructure. The aim is to have more people walking and biking management, public lighting, and power & heat) and to provide and fewer using their private vehicles. In order for this to happen, the city recommendations for improving energy efficiency. In each of the service needs to increase the number of pedestrian paths and dedicated bike areas, TRACE uses a benchmarking algorithm to evaluate energy cost lanes. The authorities are focusing on improving accessibility through fuel- savings potential and, factoring in the level of influence of local free means of transportations. This will raise quality of life in the city, but authorities, it prioritizes what the authorities should do according to also encourage business development around the newly established where the biggest savings can be achieved. pedestrian areas, including additional leisure and entertainment spots, In order to complete data collection and to get a more such as restaurants and shops. In the near future the City Hall plans to comprehensive idea of all these issues in the city, a World Bank field trip transform the city center into a large pedestrian network spread over a was organized in April 2013. The implementation of TRACE in Craiova was few square kilometers, with several shops, markets, and entertaining carried out in close collaboration with local authorities and public and spots. In addition, the local government will build bike lanes in the city, private utility services providers. At the end of this quantitative and wherever the road infrastructure allows it. 3 Traffic Restraint Measures Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan As the number of private cars has gone up in recent years, local This TRACE recommendation encourages the city’s administration to authorities should identify ways to curb private vehicle usage and focus on develop a proper energy efficiency strategy and action plan. The ultimate more sustainable, efficient, and less costly transport alternatives. goal is to reduce greenhouse emissions in the city and provide citizens Currently, there are a few streets in Craiova where speed zones have been with a better quality of life. The plan should include clear targets about enforced and the local government should think about expanding such reducing the levels of greenhouse gas emissions and concrete steps on restrictions to other parts of the city. The local public administration how to achieve these goals. The strategy would lay out a vision and should take the lead on initiating measures aimed at discouraging the use objectives for energy-related programs, and provide a list of activities and of private vehicles. For instance, the City Hall may consider setting up “no specific projects that could help the city achieve those targets. A well driving days” to educate and lead by example. designed plan with a set of concrete measures aimed to tackle energy consumption will also help enhance the economic competitiveness of the Municipal Building Benchmarking Program city and open ways to greater local energy independence. Craiova, like most cities in Romania, does not have a reliable database tracking the energy performance of municipal buildings that are managed Procurement Guide for New Street Lights by the City Hall. One of the first steps recommended by TRACE in order to Craiova should produce a specific procurement guide for public lighting address this issue is the development of a municipal building database and choose an efficient solution based on modern, efficient technology that should be able to inform upon which buildings could have the when replacing the lighting system. The guidelines associated to a new greatest saving potential. This can be done through a benchmarking lighting technology can tackle three things at once: deliver the same process, using a number of key indicators. By publishing the analysis and lighting levels for lower energy consumption, reduce the related carbon updating the data on a regular basis, this process will enable competition emissions, and achieve lower operational costs. The city government among building managers and, eventually, lead to a productive exchange should consider preparing a manual about how to improve street lighting of data and collaboration. visibility and safety guidelines inspired by best practices elsewhere in the world, as presented by the TRACE assessment. The manual should include Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit parameters on illumination, pole spacing and lamp type, dimming or Once the benchmarking process is complete, the next step recommended illumination operations during night time for all types of streets in the city. by the TRACE analysis is a full audit of the public building stock in Craiova. This process would help draw a plan for how resources can be allocated to Awareness Raising Campaigns improve the energy performance of municipal buildings in the city. The This TRACE assessment advises local authorities to invest in making people results would enable the local administration to allocate funds for more aware of the benefits of energy efficiency and enable them to act so investing in energy efficiency upgrades, purchasing new equipment, and as to achieve increased energy savings. The goal is to encourage the city performing renovation work on certain buildings. So far a few schools and government to employ public education and training campaigns in order kindergartens which are administered by the City Hall have been to increase citizens’ awareness and understanding of the need of reducing rehabilitated, and the city government plans to carry on this work in the energy use and, thus, change their attitude toward energy efficiency. The future and renovate some of the educational and cultural facilities in the municipality should provide citizens with accessible information related to city. energy efficiency so as to determine behavior change and, eventually, help people understand how important is to live in a less polluted, healthier city. 4 Prioritizing Recommendations and because of the high and growing price of thermal energy, many The process used by the team to get to the recommendations presented people have decided to de-branch themselves from district heating above was twofold. On the one hand, the TRACE tool has a step-by-step networks. Virtually, every growth poles has witnessed de-branchments mechanism analysis system, which enabled the team to identify a number from the centralized heating system, as people have resorted to individual of priority sectors. The chosen priority sectors usually included sectors heating options (e.g. individual gas powered heating units). In some cities, with a high energy and money savings potential, and sectors where local as Brașov, the share of people who de-branched from district heating authorities had a high degree of control. Sectors which were either under represents a large majority of the population; in other cities, as Constanța, the control of private operators, or the control of county councils or the number of those who left the centralized heating system is lower. national level authorities, were usually not considered. For each of these priority sectors, the team has chosen a number Priority sectors for energy efficiency improvements in growth poles of key recommendations, based on the discussions with the public utility Brasov Cluj Constanta Craiova Iasi Ploiesti Timisoara operators, and based on the site visits and data collection. In turn, these Private recommendations were discussed with local authorities, and a limited 3 1 1 2 2 3 2 Vehicles number of priority recommendations (usually around 10), were selected Public 2 2 3 1 4 4 4 from the list prepared by the team. Transport In some cases, local authorities have chosen priority sectors and District 1 5 2 1 2 1 recommendations that didn’t necessarily offer the highest savings Heating potential. An in-depth discussion on each of those recommendations, Municipal 5 3 4 3 3 5 5 Buildings including the position of local authorities is discussed in the Energy Efficiency Recommendations Section. The Matrix below provides a Street Lighting 4 4 5 4 5 - 3 snapshot of the priority sectors and recommendations chosen for the City Solid Waste - - - - - - - of Craiova. Management Water and 6 - - - - - - Wastewater Cross growth pole comparison Local Authority Having the benefit of implementing TRACE in 7 of the largest cities in - - - 5 - 1 - Management Romania, the team identified a number of common challenges, and a number of common approaches for addressing energy efficiency issues. For most growth poles, urban transport (private vehicles and public For example, it became quite obvious that almost every city with a district transport) was identified as a key sector, although cities like Iași and heating in Romania has issues running this system in an efficient manner. Timișoara (which have the largest tram networks in Romania outside District heating systems in Romanian cities were almost exclusively built Bucharest), generally have energy efficient public transport systems and before 1989, and they now have large segments of o leaky and poorly as such have this sector lower on the priority list. insulated pipes. Moreover, the district heating systems were not built to Generally, solid waste management, as well as water and also serve large industrial facilities (which now are largely gone), and they wastewater, did not make it on the priority list of growth poles. For one, were not designed for individual metering (i.e. with a vertical distribution solid waste management systems in Romania tend to largely be operated system in apartment blocks, instead of a horizontal system). Because of by private companies, and energy efficiency improvements in these the losses in the system (which ultimately get reflected in the monthly systems are accrued by these private operators. bill), because heating cannot be adjusted or turned off when not needed, 5 Matrix with energy efficiency priorities and proposed programs 6 On the other hand, water and wastewater systems are generally run by public companies, with county councils being the majority shareholders. Also a number of the growth poles had drafted or were in the process of drafting Covenant of Mayors SEAP reports (e.g., Brașov, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara), while others (e.g., Ploiești or Craiova) were considering to start the process. All in all, every growth poles that has been part of this study has undertaken energy efficiency measures in the past years, and all have good practice lessons they can share with other cities. The importance of good urban planning for energy efficiency While TRACE does not explicitly deal with this issue, urban planning plays a crucial role in energy efficiency. Cities that promote and encourage a dense and compact urban development pattern tend on the whole to be more energy efficient. On the whole, dense cities require less investment in public services infrastructure development and maintenance (roads, water networks, sewer lines, street lighting, solid waste management, public transport, etc.), they allow higher profitability for public transport operators (since every transit stop serves on average more people than in less dense cities), they enable walking and biking as means of commuting, they discourage car use and transport-related pollution, they can help lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, they require less energy expenditures for the delivery of key public services (e.g., pump costs for water, fuel costs for garbage collection). It is estimated that the energy consumed for transport needs in a city with a density of less than 25 people per hectare may reach an annual average of 55,000 mega joules per person. By comparison, in an urban area with a density of 100 people 1 per hectare, this figure is about three times lower. Consequently, a separate section on spatial planning was introduced in the report, discussing some key related issues for each city studied. A more complete analysis of spatial planning challenges in Romanian cities is included in the Enhanced Spatial Planning report. 1 European Environment Agency. 2006. Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency (Report No. 10/2006). 7 Methodology 3. Assessment and Ranking of Individual Sectors During the city visit, a number of meetings and interviews are conducted to collect additional data across city departments and The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) TRACE consists of agencies, augmenting benchmarking results with contextual three principal components: (i) an energy benchmarking module which information. At the end of the first phase, a prioritization process takes compares key performance indicators (KPIs) among peer cities (ii) a sector place to identify sectors with the greatest technical energy savings prioritization module which identifies sectors that offer the greatest potential. Energy costs are also weighed, as is the ability of city potential with respect to energy-cost savings, and (iii) an intervention authorities to control or influence the outcome. Priority sectors are selection module which functions like a “playbook” of tried -and-tested EE reviewed in detail in the second phase. measures. These three components are woven into a user-friendly software application that takes the city through a series of sequential The main frame of TRACE steps: from initial data gathering to a report containing a matrix of energy efficiency recommendations tailored to the city’s individual context, with implementation and financing options. The steps are as follows: 1. Collection of Candidate City Energy Use Data TRACE contains a database of 28 key performance indicators (KPIs) collected from over 100 cities. Each of the data points that make up these KPIs is collected prior to the application of the tool and, as TRACE is launched, this collection of information will grow with current and reliable data. 2. Analysis of City Energy Use Against Peer Cities The performance of a city is compared with a range of peer cities — selected by the city based on population, climate, and human development—to determine their performance in each of the six sectors (3-6 KPIs per sector). The benchmarking process provides an overview of energy performance so the city can assess its relative rankings against peer cities in each sector. The Relative Energy Intensity (REI), or in simpler terms the percentage by which energy use in a particular sector could be reduced, is calculated using a simple formula. The formula looks at all the cities that are performing better on certain KPIs (e.g. energy use per street light), and estimates the average improvement potential. The higher the number of cities in the database, the more accurate the final result are. 8 4. Ranking of Energy Efficiency Recommendations Recommendations are then assessed based on five different factors: TRACE contains a playbook of over 60 tried and tested energy finance; human resources; data and information; policy, regulation and efficiency recommendations in each of the sectors. Some examples enforcement; and assets and infrastructure. This step helps cities better include: rank measures that are within its capacity to implement effectively. TRACE  Buildings | Lighting Retrofit Program then enables recommendations to be plotted on the basis of two  Organizational Management | Energy Efficiency Task Force, attributes on a 3x3 matrix (energy savings potential and first cost), with an Energy Efficient Procurement additional filter that enables the user to sort recommendations based on  Power & Heat | Solar Hot Water Program on Buildings implementation speed.  Public Lighting | LED Replacement Program for Traffic Lights Recommendations in each priority sector are quantitatively and  Transport | Traffic Restraint in Congested Urban Areas, City Bus qualitatively evaluated based on key data, including institutional Fleet Maintenance requirements, energy savings potential, and co-benefits. Those  Waste | Waste Management Hauling Efficiency Program recommendations carried forward will be supported by implementation  Water & Wastewater | Pump Replacement Program options, case studies, and references to tools and best practices. The TRACE Benchmarking Module 5. Report Preparation and Submission A Final City Report records the city review, along with city background information and various aspects of the city visit included in introductory sections and annexes. The report includes:  City background information, such as city contextual data, key city development priorities, energy efficiency drivers, barriers etc.  An analysis of the six sectors, including a summary of the benchmarking results.  A summary of sector prioritization based on city-owned and city-wide scales  A draft summary of recommendations provided as the City Action Plan  An Annex section, with a more in-depth discussion on energy efficiency recommendations and best-practice cases. The Final City Report enables the city to move forward with the most feasible recommendations in a structured manner to allow the city to eventually improve its overall rankings, performance, and save money. 9 10 Background the population decline did not necessarily come as a surprise. After Romania joined the EU, many Romanians left the country to pursue th opportunities in Western Europe. Other factors responsible for this The 7 largest country by population in the European Union (EU), decline are the aging population as well as the significant rise in the Romania is located in Southeastern Europe, in the lower basin of the number of families with no children. Romania is predominantly urban, Danube River. It has a stretch of coastline along the Black Sea and also although the urbanization level is still below that of countries in Western incorporates within its borders much of the Danube Delta. Romania Europe; half of the population resides in municipalities, cities, and towns, neighbors Hungary, Serbia to the West and South West, Bulgaria to the while up to 10% lives in the capital city. According to the final results of South, the Republic of Moldova to the East, and the Ukraine to the North the 2012 census, the most populous cities in Romania are the following: and East. Almost 50% of Romania’s territory is part of the Carpathian Mountains range. The country has a temperate continental climate, with Table 1. Ranking of select Romanian cities by population hot summers and cold winters. As part of the communist bloc countries for nearly half a century, City 2012 census 2002 census / Rank Romania brought down the authoritarian regime with the 1989 București 1,883,425 1,934,449 (#1) Revolution, and then it began its transition from a centralized system Cluj-Napoca 324,576 318,027 (#3) towards democracy and market economy by implementing a series of Timișoara 319,279 317,651 (#4) structural changes and reforms. If initially the economy was centered on agriculture, during communism it gradually shifted to an industrial one, Iasi 290,422 321,580 (#2) ultimately making significant steps towards a service-based economy over Constanța 283,872 310,526 (#5) the past two decades. In 2004 Romania joined NATO and three years later Craiova 269,506 302,622 (#6) it became a member of the EU. Brașov 253,200 283,901 (#8) After a period of massive economic restructuring and political Galați 249,432 298,584 (#7) change, the country has taken significant steps to catch up with the Ploiești 209,945 232,452 (#9) economic performance of more developed EU countries. Although Oradea 196,367 206,527 (#11) government policies and radical reforms brought about significant improvements, income levels of Romanians are still behind the average Source: National Institute of Statistics, 2012 Census (http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/) level in the EU countries. In addition, the disparities within Romania mean that there are significant differences in terms of standards of living between the country’s regions. The country is divided into 41 count ies, National Legislation regarding Energy Efficiency plus the capital city, București (Bucharest), and into eight development Romania’s energy consumption per capita is almost twice as low as the regions (although regions do not yet have formal administrative powers, average in the EU, at 1.6 toe (ton of oil equivalent). Between 1990 and as of July 2013). Apart from Bucharest, each development region includes 2000, energy consumption fell by an average of 5 % per year, and then a growth pole center (city) and comprises four to seven counties. Despite increased slightly after 2000 by 1.3% per year. At the beginning of the being among the most populous countries in Europe, Romania has economic crisis in 2009, energy consumption dropped by 14 percent, and experienced a decline in population in recent years. The stable population then increased by only 1.3% in 2010. Amid the economic recession, the has gone down by about 7,1% over the last decade, from nearly 22 million country’s GDP followed a similar decreasing trend and fell by 8.3%. Energy to 20,1 million, according to the final results of the 2012 census. However, efficiency at the national level has increased significantly between 1990 11 and 2000, from 23% to 39%. It is a consequence of the rising share of high Government, in addition to investments in equipment to oversee energy efficiency power sources (hydropower) in the electricity mix, as well as consumption. Estimates indicate that EU countries that have implemented improving efficiency of thermal power plants. However, it still remains such agreements reached 10 to 20% in energy savings. Large consumers lower than the EU average. must carry out energy audits and energy efficiency improvement In the early 1990s, Romania created its first institutional programs, while an energy balance must be produced every year for those framework for energy efficiency when the Romanian Agency for Energy consuming 1,000 toe/year and every two years for those who use Conservation, the country’s main specialized body in the field of energy between 200 and 1,000 toe/year. From 2000 onwards an energy saving efficiency, was established. Ten years later Romania adopted the National certificate has been issued for all new buildings, single-family dwellings Energy Efficiency Strategy, a document outlining steps to be taken to and apartment that are sold or rented. Heat insulation work benefitted increase energy efficiency. In the 2000s, Romania ratified the Kyoto from tax breaks and co-financing was provided for renovation work. 4 Protocol to the United Nations Conventions on Climate Change, under The Second Energy Efficiency Action Plan focuses on energy which the country has committed to cut its emissions of greenhouses savings in the primary energy and power sectors, and promotion of energy gases, between 2008 and 2012, by 8% from 1989 levels. from renewable sources. 5 The Romanian Fund for Energy Efficiency became operational in The First National Strategy for Energy Efficiency for 2004-2015 2003 and ever since it has provided subsidies for investments to 27 energy set an ambitious 40% target in energy intensity reduction for the period efficiency projects promoted by large industrial operators, totalizing $14.4 2005-2014. Decrease in energy intensity should be achieved through 2 million. In order to comply with EU requirements, the Government programs promoting high energy standards for new installations, as transposed the Directive No.2006/32/EC regarding energy efficiency following: 41% in buildings, 29% in the energy sector, 16% in industry, and among the end users and energy suppliers into national legislation, 14% in transport. Few years later, the National Strategy for Energy 6 requiring EU member states to undertake steps to reduce energy Efficiency for the period 2007-2020 set further targets to reduce energy consumption by at least 9 % for 2008-2016, as compared to consumption intensity by 41% through 2020 by advancing feasible solutions to cover for the previous five years. the country’s future energy demand at a lowest price. By then, estimated The Energy Road Map for Romania was approved in 2003 during primary energy savings and reduction of losses should achieve anything the negotiations for EU membership. Pursuant to EU Directive on energy between 25% and 40% (20-25% in industry, 40-50% in buildings, and 35- reduction, the First Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the period 2007- 40% in transport), by improving efficiency in the power sector. The energy 20103 set an energy saving target of 2.8 Million toe by 2016, and it further saving target was set to 3.4 Million toe by 2020. In this context, 1.9 Million aims for 1.5% annual reduction for the period 2008-2016. The toe saving is expected to come from fuel substitutions, 800 ktoe from high intermediate target of 940,000 toe by 2010 was far exceeded, as Romania achieved 2.2 Million toe in energy saving. The plan document foresees 4 great potential for energy savings for the industrial sector through Second Energy Efficiency Action Plan available at: voluntary long-term agreements between industrial agents and the http://www.minind.ro/dezbateri_publice/2011/PNAEE_12_cu_anexe_2_1108201 1.pdf 5 The First National Strategy for Energy Efficiency for the period 2004-2015 2 Romanian Fund for Energy Efficiency available at: http://www.minind.ro/domenii_sectoare/H163-04.html 6 http://www.free.org.ro/index.php?Itemid=112&id=96&lang=ro&option=com_cont National Strategy for Energy Efficiency for the period 2007-2020 - updated ent&task=view version for the period 2011-2020 available at: 3 First Energy Efficiency Plan for the period 2007-2010 available at: http://www.minind.ro/dezbateri_publice/2011/Strategie_2007_actualizata_2011_ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/demand/legislation/doc/neeap/romania_en.pdf 01092011.pdf 12 efficiency co-generation (Combined Heat and Power), and 600 ktoe from policy was drafted in 2010, in the very difficult context of the economic new coal-fired units. crisis. It encouraged the use of liquid bio-fuels, liquid gas, geothermal and The main objective of the National Strategy Regarding the clean energy, as well as the integration of biogas into the natural gas grid 7 Thermal Power Supply of Cities approved in 2004 addresses key issues and retrofitting technologies. The Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable concerning energy efficiency of the heating system. The thermal power energy set the national target for the share of energy from renewable supply system is built on obsolete technologies and old pipeline networks, sources in gross final production of energy at 24% for 2020. The expected with low energy efficiency, very high losses (35 % on average), in addition total energy consumption in 2020 was set at 30,278 ktoe, of which to high production, transport, and distribution costs. Poor insulation of 7,267ktoe in renewable energy. Targets for specific industrial sectors have buildings adds another 15% to the losses. Actions meant to increase been designed, such as 10% for transport, 22% for heating, and 42% for energy efficiency include implementation of large scale co-generation electricity. plants, modernization of network, diversification of primary energy used Romania received support from the European Bank for for thermal power production, and installation of meters in residential Reconstruction Development (EBRD) to help companies open credit lines buildings. Resource consumption for the centralized heating systems for energy efficiency projects. The country also receives financial support should diminish by 612,000 tons. However, the modernization of the through the Operational Sector Program for Boosting Economic entire heating system is very costly, and it requires investment of billions Competitiveness aimed at increasing energy efficiency. Small and of euro. medium-sized enterprises may receive up to 65% financial support for a 8 The Strategy for Use of Renewable Energy Sources, approved in period of three years to help them obtain environmental certificates for 2003, encourages energy production from renewable sources in order to appliances and office equipment. 10 increase the share of electricity produced from suc h sources. Romania’s Government Ordinance 22/2008 regarding energy efficiency potential of renewable energy sources is estimated at 14,718 ktoe. and promotion of energy from renewable energy sources to end However, the development of such energy potential is constrained by consumers requires local public administrations in towns with a obsolete technological limitations, economic efficiency, and population greater than 20,000 people to produce action plans to environmental restrictions. Therefore, the plan is pushing for transfer of generate the most efficient energy savings in the shortest period of time unconventional technologies from experienced companies, joint-ventures, (3 to 6 years). Similarly, companies and local and central government units and private public partnerships. The target shares for renewable energy owning more than 25 vehicles must develop fuel consumption monitoring sources out of the total energy consumption were set at 33% for 2010, and management programs. 35% for 2015 and 38% for 2020. Use of renewable energy could result in The National Multiannual Program for the Thermal 1.8 Million toe energy saving from primary sources by 2020. The National Rehabilitation of the Residential Buildings Built between 1950 and 1990 9 Renewable Energy Action Plan outlining the renewable energy national started in 2005 and was improved each year. The program is coordinated by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration 7 National Strategy regarding the thermal power supply of cities http://www.termopitesti.ro/HG%20882-2004.pdf version is available at 8 The National Strategy for Using of Renewable Sources was approved by http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/action_plan_en.htm (click on Government Decision 1535/2003 available at: http://leg- “Romania”). 10 armonizata.minind.ro/leg_armonizata/energie/HG_1535_2003.pdf Government Ordinance 22/2008 available at: 9 The National Renewable Energy Action Plan – available at (in Romanian) http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/og_eficienta_energetica_consumatori_finali http://www.minind.ro/pnaer/PNAER_29%20iunie_2010_final_Alx.pdf English _surse_regenerabile_energie_22_2008.php# 13 (MRDPA) and it is developed in partnership with local authorities. It aims buildings within municipalities that have applied for funding through the at increasing the energy performance of buildings, improving the quality Regional Operational Program (Priority Axis 1 Development of Growth of life for inhabitants and, not in the least, contributing to a better Poles – Intervention Axis 1.2 Thermal rehabilitation of residential townscape. Public buildings and dwellings built between 1950 and 1990 buildings) will not receive further support through the thermal are very poorly insulated and offer low thermal comfort, causing rehabilitation multiannual program. However, the good news is that the significant loss of energy. The key beneficiaries of the program are program has been extended to houses that have been developed between owners’ associations. Thermal insulation can reduce maintenance costs 1950 and 1990. The new regulation also clears the way for local for heating and hot water consumption and decrease heat loss and authorities to establish the so-called “thermal rehabilitation tax”. This tax consumption. It can achieve up to 25% energy efficiency, while the will be paid by buildings that did not have any financial contribution to the heating bills are expected to drop by 40% during winter time. Moreover, rehabilitation process. in the summer, rehabilitated buildings can better keep the appropriate Following the success of the rehabilitation program, the thermal comfort of the dwellings without additional costs for air Government thought about reducing the public funding accessible for conditioning. A guide regarding how the rehabilitation work should be such projects, and loans with government guarantee were made available. 11 14 done is available on the Ministry’s website . According to Emergency Ordinance 69/2010 owners associations must 12 A few years later, Government Ordinance 18/2009 regarding have 10% down payment, while the rest is covered from a bank loan. The the thermal rehabilitation of blocks of flats added more consistency to the owners’ associations pay back the loan from the savings obtained over the program by specifying the minimum level of the thermal rehabilitation. heating bills before the thermal insulation work is complete. This new The execution work is financially supported from Government’s state program includes old buildings built between 1950 and 1990, those budget (50%), the local budget (30%), and by owners’ associations (20%). developed after 1990, and individual homes. Since 2009 MDRAP provided funding equivalent to USD 190 million (RON The Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of the 15 660 million) for the rehabilitation of 3,500 multi-story residential buildings buildings requires the Member States to adopt a methodology for in over 100 municipalities and cities. The law allows for the local city calculating the energy performance of the buildings, that should include councils to grant tax exemptions on residential buildings for owners who thermal characteristics, heating insulation, water supply, the air- have performed rehabilitation work from their own funds. conditioning installations, the built-in lighting installations, indoor climatic At the end of 2012, Government Emergency Ordinance conditions, and not in the least, electricity produce by co-generation. The 13 63/2012 brought some changes to the rehabilitation program EU law is concerning both existing and new buildings. The law is coordinated by the MRDPA. According to new regulations, residential exempting the historical buildings, worship facilities, temporary buildings, residential buildings intended for a limited annual time of use, and stand- 11 The guide is available at: alone buildings of which the surface area does not exceed 50 square http://www.mdrt.ro/userfiles/constructii_ancheta_publica_contr429_contr411.pd meters. The main objective of the law is to have all new building close to f) 12 Government Ordinance 18/2009 available at: 14 http://www.mdrl.ro/_documente/lucrari_publice/reabilitare_termica/OUG_reabil Emergency Ordinance 69/2010 approved by Law 76/2011 available at: itare.pdf Methodological regulations available at: http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/oug_69_2010_reabilitarea_termica_cladirilo http://www.mdrl.ro/_documente/lucrari_publice/reabilitare_termica/Norme.pdf r_locuit_finantare_credite_bancare_garantie_guvernamentala.php 13 15 Government Emergency Ordinance 63/2012 available at: Directive 31/2010/EC available at http://eur- http://www.mdrt.ro/dezvoltare-regionala/programul-operational-regional-2007- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010L0031:EN:NOT 2013/-8748 14 nearly zero-energy by December 2020. Same criteria are applicable by can also provide financial support between 7% and 63% of the total st December 31 , 2018 to new buildings occupied and owned by public heating bill. authorities. Member States should come up with national plans that put Sixty-one cities in Romania are signatories of the Covenant of into practice the definition of nearly zero-energy building, and the Mayors, the mainstream European movement involving local and regional intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new authorities voluntarily committing to increasing energy efficiency and use buildings by 2015. At the same time, the Member States must issue an of renewable energy sources on their territories, as well as reducing CO 2 energy performance certificates that should include the energy emissions by 20% by 2020. Participants to the Covenant must submit a performance of the building along with recommendations for cost Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) outlining actions they plan to improvements. This certificate should be available when renting and undertake with regard to energy savings. 22 out of 61 cities have selling a building/unit. The municipal buildings with a total floor area of submitted their SEAP to Brussels, namely: Aiud, Sântana, Petrosani, over 500 square meters and buildings of the same size frequently visited Făgăraș, Zlatna, Moinesti, Arad, București (District 1), Baia Mare, by public, must display the energy performance certificate in a prominent Timișoara, Cugir, Satu Mare, Vaslui, Alba Iulia, Bistrița, Mizil, Slobozia, place where this could be clearly visible. After July 9, 2015 the 500 square Brașov, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Avrig, and more recently Cluj-Napoca. meters threshold will lower to 250 square meters. As part of EU requirements, Romania adopted Law 372/2005 Energy Sector addressing the energy performance of residential buildings. An energy At the end of 2012, Romania’s installed capacity of electrical power plants performance certificate is issued based on the final energy consumption was 18,481 MW, while the netto available power was 15,998 MW, 19 of buildings and apartments. The country also transposed into national according to Transelectrica. The netto power provided was 11,424 MW, 16 legislation EU Directive 2003/30 EC on the promotion of the use of bio- and domestic consumption accounted for 7,413 MW. In February 2013 fuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Government Emergency the split of domestic consumption by types of energy production showed 17 Ordinance 1844/2005 established a 2% share of renewable energy in the that the largest share is based on coal (33% - 2,593 MW), followed by transport sector by the date of Romania’s accession to EU (2007) and a hydro carbons (23.9% - 1,877 MW), hydro energy (24.8% - 1,948 MW), 5.75% share by 2010. and nuclear (18.1% - 1,419 MW). Wind energy is almost nonexistent, with 18 The Government Emergency Ordinance 70/2011 establishes only 0.3% or 24 MW. social protection measures for the cold season, helping low-income The electricity sector is unbundled, with several players in the residents pay the heating bills. The Government is supporting people who field. There are quite a few companies in charge with production, a use the district heating system, as well as heating systems using a significant number of distributors, and a noteworthy number of suppliers. different type of fuel, be it natural gas, wood, coal, etc. The financial aid However, there is only one player responsible for energy transmission and range for single people and families with low income benefitting from aid who owns the entire transmission network, Transelectrica, a state-owned from the state budget can range between 10 and 90%. Local city budget company. Energy production is divided into seven major producers, 20 namely Complexul Energetic Oltenia, Complexul Energetic Hunedoara, 16 Directive 2003/30/EC available at: http://eur- 19 lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:123:0042:0042:EN:PDF RET Plan - Period 2010-2014, and perspectives for 2019 17 Government Emergency Ordinance 1844/2005 available at: http://www.transelectrica.ro/PDF/Planul%20de%20Perspectiva%20al%20RET%20 http://ngo.ro/pipermail/mediu_ngo.ro/2006-February/004597.html 2010-2014-2019%2013dec.pdf 18 20 Government Emergency Ordinance 70/2011 regarding social protection Complexul Energetic Oltenia was established in 2012 after the merger of four measures in the cold season. large energetic companies, namely Societatea Nationala a Lignitului Oltenia Tg. Jiu, 15 Nuclear Electrica, CE Arad, SC Electrocentrale Deva, Hidroeletrica, and fermentation of sediment from sewage treatment of used waters. Energy OMV Petrom. CEZ, ENEL Energie Muntenia, Enel Energie, E.ON, and producers receive a Green Certificate for each MW of energy produced Electrica Distributie (with its three branches, namely Electrica Distributie from renewable energy and sent to the national grid. The law is forcing Transilvania Nord, Electrica Distribuție Transilvania Sud, and Electrica suppliers to purchase a mandatory quota of green certificates from the Distribuție Muntenia Nord) are the distribution companies. Energy total amount of electricity distributed to the end users. A number of distributors are by default energy suppliers. Accordingly, the main certificates are annually available. The Green Certificate has unlimited suppliers are Electrica Furnizare, CEZ, ENEL Energie (responsible for validity, and it can be traded separately from the electricity associate Dobrogea and Banat zones), ENEL Energie Muntenia, and E.ON Energie through bilateral contracts or on the green certificates centralized market. Romania. Of 177 energy suppliers registered in the country, only 20 The price varies from 27 EUR (to protect the producer) to 55 EUR (to companies are actually active. protect the consumer). At the end of 2012, 300 Million Green Certificates were available in Romania for the period 2013-2019. The EU approved in 21 The Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE) was established in July 2012 an additional distribution of 71.4 Million Certificates for 1999 and is the regulatory body in the field of electricity (including heat greenhouse emissions for 2013-2019. produced in co-generation) and natural gas. The Agency is dealing with Recently, in June 2013, the Romanian government reviewed the licensing, issuing technical and commercial regulations, and protecting of compensation scheme granted to renewable energy producers, and cut the interests of consumers and investors. The agency regulates tariffs for off the number of green certificates, as a „temporary suspension” until energy and natural gas for domestic and non-domestic clients, approves March 2017 for hydro and solar/photovoltaic energy, and by January 2018 22 the calculation methodology to set up tariffs and prices, and sets tariffs for wind energy . The new provisions, which are effective July 1st, 2013, for captive consumers (those who cannot choose the energy provider). It are amending the Law 220/2008 for promoting energy from renewable also establishes tariffs for electricity companies, transmission and sources. The new law is cutting down the number of green certificates. distribution systems and for activities associated with heat production For each 1 MWh produced, the new small hydro plants with an installed through co-generation. OPCOM is the Romanian energy market operator capacity of less or equal to 10 MW will receive one green certificate less, established in 2000, as a joint stock company subsidiary of the Romanian same for the wind energy plants. In case of solar energy facilities, the Transmission and System Operator, Transelectrica. The company is number of green certificates was cut down by two. In this way, the new providing the framework for the commercial trades’ deployment on the small hydro plants would get 2 certificates instead of three, the solar wholesale electricity market; it exercises the role of Day-Ahead market plants would be awarded four certificates instead of six, while the wind operator and administrator of the Green Certificates, as well as of the facilities would receive one certificate instead of two. greenhouses emissions certificates trading platform. Green Certificate is a Following the legislative elections in December 2012, the new mechanism promoting energy produced from renewable sources such as structure of the Government includes a Delegated Minister for Energy, a from hydro used in power plants with installed capacity up to 10 MW of new institution expected to add more consistency to the country’s energy wind, solar (photovoltaic), geothermal and natural gas associated, policies. biomass, biogas, gas from the landfill waste fermentation and from Complex Energetic Turceni, Complex Energetic Craiova, and Complex Energetic 22 Rovinari. More information available at: 21 More information on ANRE available at: http://www.anre.ro/ http://media.hotnews.ro/media_server1/document-2013-04-2-14540999-0- proiect-privind-suspendarea-schemei-sprijin.pdf 16 Liberalization of the natural gas and electricity markets The Mihai Viteazul statue in the city center in Craiova The Memorandum of Understanding agreed with the IMF, the World Bank, and the European Commission in March 2012 opens the market for electricity and natural gas. The regulated price for electricity for domestic and non-domestic consumers will be gradually eliminated by 2017, while for natural gas the same principle will be applied by 2018. The price increase for natural gas for non-domestic consumers (economic agents and industrial consumers) is going to be 35% for years 2013 and 2014 altogether. For domestic consumers, the price will go up by 10% in 2013, by another 10% in 2014, and by 12% each year from 2015 through 2018. Electricity prices will go up gradually, in parallel with the increasing of the quota of electricity traded in the free market. The price of electricity for non-domestic consumers went up already starting in September 2012, when the quota traded in the free market increased by 15%, with an additional 30% in January 2013. The elimination of regulated tariffs will be complete by January 2017. Domestic consumers will pay Source: panoramio.ro more starting July 2013. By the end of 2017 when the gradual elimination of regulated price will be concluded, domestic consumers will be able to Like almost everywhere in Romania, the climate in Craiova is temperate- choose their energy supplier. The supplier must introduce the continental; however, the city’s position in the depression near the “competitive market component” to the final bill, providing to the clients curvature of the Carpathian mountain range, allows for an overall warmer information that should help them choose the best offer, such as prices climate than in other parts of the country, with hot summers and milder depending on voltage, tariffs for transport and distribution, payment winters. methods and due days, and meter readings. According to the 2012 census, Craiova has 243,745 permanent residents, a decrease by 19 percent from previous figures recorded in Background Craiova 2002. The city has a surface area of 81.4 square kilometers, and a Craiova is the main commercial hub South-West of București and the most population density of 2,994 inhabitants per square kilometer. As of 2012, important economic and social center in the Oltenia Region. The capital of the Craiova Metropolitan Area comprises Craiova, two cities – Filiasi and Dolj County, Craiova is located 227 kilometers from Bucuresti, and less Segarcea -, and 10 rural communities: Breasta, Ghercești, Mischii, Pielești, than 70 kilometers from the Danube River and the border with Bulgaria. Predești, Șimnicu de Sus, Ișalnița, Țugui, Bucovăț, and Vârvoru de Jos. The city lies in the Romanian Plain, at equal distance from the Danube There are 293,762 people who live in the Metropolitan area, spread River (to the South) and the Carpathians Mountains (to the North). around 600 square kilometers. The main challenge related to Craiova is a center for gas and petroleum, petrochemical, thermo and demographics in the metropolitan area is the aging process. The aging hydro power plants. The metropolis is known for its academic institutions, population share went up so much that in a few rural communities the but also as a historical and cultural center with a wealth of valuable group of elderly people is considerably higher than other age groups (e.g., cultural and architectural heritage. Mischii). 17 Craiova is an important national transportation hub, due to its From a migration perspective, during the first years of the location at the crossroads of three European roads passing through transition period after 1989, the city attracted a large number of people Romania, connecting the country to Western and South Eastern Europe from other parts of the country, including from the Dolj area. This led to a (i.e., E70, E69, and E574). Craiova is also situated on the Pan-European severe de-population phenomenon in the rural areas of Dolj County. Corridor IV that connects Romania to Western Europe, and at 200 Subsequently, the population of Craiova decreased due to a massive kilometers away from Corridor IX, which links Northern to Southern relocation of people to the wider metropolitan area. In recent years, the Europe. Not in the least, the city is only 80 kilometers from Pan-European region followed the trend set at the country level, with a significant Corridor VII (along the Northwest – Southeast of Danube River). Craiova decrease in population. has the only airport in the South-West region of Romania, a facility that has undergone rehabilitation and modernization work. Downtown Craiova Beginning in the 1960s, Craiova became an important industrial center, as the car engineering and manufacturing, aircraft, chemical, food processing, extractive and energy sectors started to rapidly develop. During the communist regime, Craiova had gained a reputation of a heavy industrial city, one of the most important in the country. At that time, the local economy used to rely on automotive, aviation, chemical, and processing industries. Today, industry continues to play a significant role in the local economy and for the development of the metropolitan area. The city’s optimal positioning on the European routes and railway hubs, as well as its accessibility to the only airport in the region, has helped Craiova become home to a large pool of industries and services. The city should take advantage of these transport connections in the future, and help create new opportunities for people by attracting more investors to the Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Craiova_-_Centrul.JPG region. Currently, Ford, the American car manufacturer, Electroputere, a Between 1990 and 2006, the number of inhabitants in the county dropped large industrial electrical motors and spare parts producer, and CEZ, a by 14%. Initially, this decrease in population affected the rural area, but Czech energy group, are a few of the key companies headquartered in the phenomenon expanded gradually to the urban communities as well. Craiova. A few years ago, Ford had taken over the facilities of the former Between 2001 and 2006, Craiova lost almost 11,000 inhabitants, which Automobile Craiova factory, previously owned by the Korean car accounted for 41% of population loss in the entire Dolj County. manufacturer Daewoo. In 2012, the Energy Complex Craiova merged with According to a study prepared by Group of Applied Economics three other energy players, namely the National Society of Lignite Oltenia, 23 (GEA) in 2009, the city is divided into four economic zones . The largest the Energy Complex Turceni, and the Energy Complex Rovinari, forming concentration of companies is in the East of the city, on the way to the the largest energy group in the country, CE Oltenia. Another growing and airport and to București. This area gathers a large number of industrial dynamic sector in the region is represented by IT and high-tech companies whose number increased five times since the year 2000. As of 2007, 38% 23 Integrated Development Plan Craiova available at of the population worked in industry, 26% in tourism and trade, 16% in http://www.primariacraiova.ro/www.primariacraiova.ro/pcv/gallery/pidu/n2- services, and 10% in constructions. pidu.pdf 18 and service companies, most of them engaged in electro-mechanical and number of only 9 buildings (140 apartments) have undergone thermal food processing industries, transportation, warehousing and wholesale restoration work aimed at improving insulation and increasing energy trade. The second zone of Craiova, in the Northern part of the city, is more efficiency. In 2007, the municipality of Craiova contributed with RON fragmented; the part that covers neighborhoods toward Ișalnița has an 770,000 from the local budget to thermally insulate some of the industrial and thermal energy profile; the second area toward Șimnicu de residential buildings in the city. At the end of 2012, the Regional Jos is less developed, focusing on natural gas, oil exploitation, Operational Programme 2007-2013 awarded EUR 22.8 million for thermal constructions, and poultry. The third zone of Craiova located in the West rehabilitation projects in all six counties of the South-West region. of the city is more engaged in light industry, such as leather and knitting. According to the applicant’s guide, a territorial-administrative unit can Finally, the fourth area, in the South, covers food processing and receive grants up to 35% of the total value of the project. In 2013, the City automotive service industries. Hall applied for EU funds to rehabilitate 93 residential buildings in Craiova. The Local Council Craiova can grant building tax exemptions for a The Romanescu Park in Craiova period of minimum seven years for owners who have thermally rehabilitated their residential buildings on their own expenses. In addition, people who pay for the renovation of their building façade will benefit from tax exemptions from the related building taxes for a period of five years. The exemptions are granted based on the energy performance certificate or energy audit, in addition to proofs that the rehabilitation work was performed and completed in compliance with the required standards. As many other cities in Romania, Craiova is involved in the District Heating 2006-2015 “Heat and Comfort” program regarding the rehabilitation of district heating systems, aimed at improving heat supply 24 to end users. According to the national strategy regarding thermal Source: www.brodyaga.com power, investments of EUR 2.7 billion are needed to improve the district heating systems in the country (approximately EUR 340 million per year). Craiova is also well known for its University and medical school, for some Under this program, Craiova is eligible for government grants for co- old, historical places, and not in the least, for Nicolae Romanescu Park, a financing the rehabilitation work of heat and hot water supply system. For beautiful construction whose initial design plans were rewarded the gold example, in 2012 the city received RON 2.8 million in government grants medal at the 1900 International Trade Fair. and RON 1 million from the local budget. Local Energy Efficiency Laws Over the course of time, the local administration of Craiova took several steps deemed to reduce energy loss and improve environment conditions in the city. In 2009, Craiova received one of the smallest funds of all 24 District and Heat Rehabilitation Program 2006-2015 available at: growth poles from the Ministry of Regional Development and Public http://legestart.ro/Hotararea-462-2006-aprobarea-programului-Termoficare- Administration (only RON 590,000) for the rehabilitation program of 2006-2015-caldura-confort-infiintarea-Unitatii-management-proiectului- residential buildings built between 1950 and 1989. Under this program, a (MzEzMDY1).htm 19 Urban Growth and Energy Challenges in Craiova expanded primarily to the South and to the East, despite the city’s While the TRACE tool does not directly address this issue, one of the most relatively flat topography. This is not a particularly efficient or sustainable efficient ways of encouraging energy efficiency in cities is by promoting pattern; ideally, a circular expansion would enable smarter use of space dense development patterns and compact urban expansion. This can be and lower cost for extending public services to cover new neighborhoods done by strategically using spatial planning tools. The less dense and the and continue to serve already established communities. more scattered a city is, the larger its energy expenditure will be and the less efficient and profitable to public services will become. Basically, a Urban mass of Craiova’s metropolitan area whole range of suboptimal outcomes will result from lack of adequate density. For one, public transportation is less viable and more people need to rely on private cars for commuting. Commutes in private cars tend to take longer in sprawled areas, and city streets tend to get congested, with cars spending more time in traffic. Also, water and sewage networks have to cover a much wider area, requiring more energy for pumping and water delivery. Waste collection trucks have to run longer routes and spend more time traveling back and from disposal sites. The street lighting network has to cover a greater number of streets and consume more energy. Last but not least, a district heating network becomes less viable in areas with small density because of the high production and distribution costs, and because heat losses are larger when the distribution network is bigger. Such examples suggest that nearly every key area in the TRACE analysis is deeply tied to density patterns and trends. As a study of the World Bank has shown, the large majority of cities worldwide (whether they are located in the developed or the developing world) are losing density. As more people come to rely on cars, they are also more willing to move further away from city centers, in search of higher quality of life. With an increase in expandable incomes, they can also afford larger homes. Local authorities are not powerless in addressing those At the same time, the structure – or lack thereof – of Craiova’s city grid challenges. They have a number of tools they can use to ensure that the suggests that adequate spatial planning has not typically been deployed loss in density is not too pronounced and the city expands in an organized, by the local government as a tool to manage expansion and energy use. compact, and sustainable fashion. Streets do not follow a coherent plan and, particularly in the older In the case of Craiova, the city’s metropolitan area grew by 22% neighborhoods, this will be impossible to change in the near future. between 1992 and 2002. Craiova itself expanded significantly (27%) and Unfortunately, some of the new neighborhoods and growing adjacent some other nearby localities followed the trend (Piele ști – 66%, Breasta localities continue to grow without proper planning: it is striking to 23%, etc.). As evident from the figure below, Craiova’s urban mass has observe expansion particularly along roads and main infrastructure. This 20 puts pressure on public service delivery, as networks need to follow an of losing its most critical resource needed for continued economic growth elongated pattern, without much of the circular growth that would enable – its people. This is why achieving sustainable development and building a improved energy efficiency. highly efficient city are critical tasks for Craiova’s local authorities. In To give a simple example, it is worth considering a bus operating reaching these aims, they should deploy spatial planning as a powerful a route along a main road. If a neighborhood looks like the one in the instrument for guiding the city’s expansion. figure below, as a peri-urban locality by Craiova, a bus stop can only serve a few houses or high-rises, spread across a narrow perimeter on both sides of the main road. There will be many bus stops needed to cover the entire street. Compare this to a situation where there is sustainable spatial development, with side streets connecting to the main road and several rows of housing developments. The total length of the main road (and bus route) will be shorter, ceteris paribus, for the same number of homes spread in a more circular manner. Infrastructure patterns can generate suboptimal energy consumption The risks of urban sprawl and significant energy inefficiencies are particularly high for a city like Craiova due to its geographic profile. The flat terrain allows for expansion into all directions, which – if left unguided – could result in a chaotic pattern of growth. Under the current trends, people and businesses locating further and further away from downtown areas will reduce the city’s energy efficiency and further strain the delivery of public services. Smart policies in spatial and urban planning can help promote a more compact development pattern, which means lower costs for public transportation, water, energy, heat, and gas delivery, solid waste management, etc. By contrast, chaotic expansion on green-fields outside the city will mean reduced density and higher expenditures for providing needed services to the areas’ residents. As the number of commuters grows so does congestion and pollution. And if the quality of life is perceived to be decreasing, the city will be increasingly exposed to the risk 21 22 Craiova Sector Analysis of recommendations that are likely to have the most significant impact with regard to energy efficiency, for the lowest amount of effort and resources invested. The following analysis and recommendations focus on how Craiova can The TRACE team completed on-site interviews and field visits that become a more sustainable city. Although the focus will stay on energy have helped form a more accurate picture of energy sustainability, efficiency, the scope of the analysis goes beyond that. Energy is quite easy challenges, and opportunities in Craiova. The sections below include a to quantify and measure, and is also a great binding element for thinking concise analysis of each of the six sectors assessed with TRACE, along with about a city’s development in a broader manner. Pretty much everything salient findings. that is done in a city needs some form of energy input. Therefore, TRACE (Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy) is not just a tool for assessing potential energy and cost savings, but it is also an instrument that allows Street Lighting local authorities and policymakers to think about cities as a whole. Simply The street lighting sector in Craiova is doing well in terms of energy put, TRACE is a diagnostic tool that helps cities become more sustainable. efficiency, despite of fairly high electricity consumption per kilometer of lit TRACE focuses on six municipal service areas: urban transport road, as well as per light pole. Overall, street lighting is performing well (public and private), municipal buildings, water and wastewater, power and it is based on advanced technology for the system’s management and and heat, street lighting, and solid waste. For each of these service areas, control, including a street lighting program. The street lighting operator in TRACE requires the collection of a number of indicators. Some of these Craiova is currently Luxten. The company signed a concession agreement indicators are energy related (such as the fuel consumption of the public with the City Hall in 2002 for EUR 20 million under which it became transport fleet), while others are not (e.g., the urban transport modal responsible for operation, maintenance, and expansion of the system in split). The indicators on energy are very useful for analyzing energy and Craiova. The contract is ending next year and the local government has to cost savings potential in each sector, while the non-energy indicators give choose a new operator. a clearer picture of these public utility services, and help choose the most More than 95% of 261 kilometers of streets in the city are lit, a suitable recommendations so that they go beyond just energy issues. figure that helps Craiova perform better than most of the cities in the Energy and cost savings potential are assessed through a TRACE database (e.g., Banja Luka, Skopje, and Tbilisi). Currently, there are benchmarking process. Individual indicators selected for Craiova are 18,600 lighting poles spread across the city, all of them equipped with compared with similar indicators from other cities included in the TRACE sodium vapor lamps. database. This comparison can be made in different ways. Hence, cities can be compared based on level of development, climate, or population. Sodium vapor lamp in Craiova Those cities that do better than Craiova on a particular indicator can become a benchmark that Craiova itself can aspire to. For example, if several cities have lower energy consumption per lighting pole, it is an indicator that the local government of Craiova could achieve energy savings in the ‘Street Lighting’ sector (by modernizing the street lighting, replacing old, high energy intensive lamps with energy efficient ones, and so forth). The energy and cost savings potential is calculated for each of the six service areas. After that, a priority list is prepared based on where the most significant cost savings could be achieved. The list leads to a set 23 Each kilometer of lit road consumes almost 40,000 kWh, one of the other localities, such as Cluj-Napoca or Brașov. However, the electricity highest figures among cities in Eastern Europe, with only Sarajevo and consumption per lighting pole is the highest among the seven growth Ploiești surpassing the related street lighting electricity consumption of poles. Craiova. For instance, the lit road consumption in Craiova is four times The street lighting program was implemented in Craiova a few higher than in Tbilisi, and twice higher than in Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, or years ago. It allows the light poles to starts off automatically depending on Iași. the brightness of the time of day. The city is divided into several street lighting zones. Switching timers are installed in each such zone and they Electricity consumption per kilometer of lit road - kWhe /kilometer managed the brightness level in a specific area by adjusting the light according to the time of the day/year. The light intensity during nighttime is diminished between 1 and 4 AM from an automated intelligent tele- management system. Electricity is supplied from a centralized system that can control all lighting poles in the city, including the level of light intensity. Lighting pole with switching timer But despite of that, the overall electricity consumption is comparable to other cities in the region. The street lighting in Craiova has undergone major rehabilitation in the recent years, and mercury lamps were replaced with more efficient sodium vapor bulbs. The overall yearly electricity consumption is less than 10,000,000 kWh, including lighting of buildings, holiday lighting, and operating fountains in the city. The expenditure for the entire lighting system in 2012 was USD 1.26 million, which accounts The local public administration of Craiova has already approved certain for less than one percent of the city budget. On average, the monthly bill indicators regarding street lighting performance. According to these comes to roughly RON 350,000 (approximately USD 100,000). The indicators, the street lighting provider and/or the electricity operator electricity consumed for street lighting in 2012 was roughly the same as in should be able to solve in 24 hours any problem that it may occur in the 2011. The amount of electricity consumed covered all kinds of lighting street lighting system. mentioned above, including the Christmas holiday lighting based on LED Starting in 2005, Craiova invested heavily in the rehabilitation bulbs. The average consumption per light pole was 932.37 kWh, which is a and upgrading of the public lighting system in the city. Only in the recent better performance than some Eastern-European cities in the TRACE years the municipality spent more than RON 13.6 million for improving, database with similar climate, like Sarajevo or Banja Luka, but behind modernizing and expanding street lighting across the city. The 24 municipality is preoccupied to further expand the service to all areas in Power Sector Craiova, and cover the outskirt neighborhoods that are not currently lit. The main electricity operator in Craiova and in the region is CEZ, a large In 2013, the contract with Luxten was extended by one year until Czech energy group. Just like the other major energy players in the 2014, for maintenance work. Meanwhile, the City Hall is preparing a country, the company is both a distributor and a supplier of electricity. tender to choose the next street lighting provider. The new agreement CEZ supplies electricity to seven counties in the South-West region, should be signed for 30 years, the maximum period legally allowed by law namely Dolj, Gorj, Olt, Mehedinți, Teleorman, Argeș, and Vâlcea, catering with regard to public service utilities concessions. The future street to a total of 1,371,398 consumers and covering 3.5 million people. lighting operator should be capable of assisting the local government implement a very an ambitious, but costly plan, replacing the current High-voltage pillars sodium vapor bulbs with LED lamps. A study with regard to LED-based solutions should be considered in guiding the future street provider about how the new lighting system in Craiova should look like. First, all 18,000+ lighting poles in the city should be equipped with highly energy efficient LED lamps. In addition, the lighting system should expand by 662 lighting poles, covering 20 kilometers of overhead network and 8 kilometers underground system. Second, the intensity of lamps should lower from 129.16 Watt to 94 Watt per light pole. The LED project will also cover the lighting of a number of historical buildings, monuments, and statues in the city. It is worth mentioning that a German company expressed interest in providing Craiova with electricity for street lighting at lower tariffs than the local electricity operator, CEZ. The City Hall is open to any optimal solution and lower the street lighting energy related bills. If the LED-based street lighting will be implemented in Craiova, it Source: romanialibera.ro will require new, better guidelines to assess the system’s performances. Although LED-based technology is very costly, the local government is The electricity is supplied at different levels of intensity, from low to high looking at the advantages of such a sophisticated system, including voltages, to both residential and industrial clients. CEZ has a concession reducing the electricity consumption and the related costs. The City Hall agreement for 40 years to supply electricity in the South-West region. The hopes that the needed funds would come from various sources (external technical losses are similar to the average at the country level, around funds, credits, and grants). 11%. The collection rate of electricity bills in Craiova is very high, meaning The City Hall is planning another innovative project around that the vast majority of people pay their bills on time. placing photovoltaic panels on historical buildings in the city center. In 2007, there were 102,323 households connected to the Initially, the local government will run a pilot project on a couple of old electricity network in Craiova, while in the wider metropolitan the number historical residential buildings and, later on, this initiative should be of houses connected to electricity system is much lower, only a few extended to other historical constructions in the downtown area. thousands. Today, CEZ is catering to 300,000 domestic consumers in Dolj County, of which 108,119 reside in Craiova. The company provides 25 electricity services to 6,730 economic agents in the city, 4,369 street requires all energy company to sell electricity produced through an lighting connections, and 97 public and administrative buildings. auction market; the other system is the “The Next Day Market,” which is The monthly energy consumption varies depending on the regulated by the Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE). The season, from 57 MW in summer to 70 MW in winter. In 2012, the overall energy tariffs for domestic consumers are based on the production and power consumption in Craiova amounted to 531,986,920 kWh, of which distribution costs, and the prices set by ANRE. The Romanian agency does 165,328,476 kWh went to residential clients, and 336,982,733 kWh to regulate the price for captive consumers – households that do not have economic agents. However, this figure does not include industrial the technical capability to choose the electricity provider. Some of consumption and those economic agents who fall in the eligible consumer economic agents fall in the same category of captive consumers, so they category – i.e., clients who can choose the power supplier because they pay according to the tariffs set by ANRE. have the technical capacity to connect directly to the network. The daily The price of electricity depends on consumption, time of day, average consumption in the city was 1,457,498 kWh, of which a little over type of electricity, level of voltage, and type of consumer. For instance, 450,000 kWh was distributed to residential clients, 923,340 kWh to tariffs start at RON 0.1640 per kWh (without VAT) for low voltage economic agents, and only 24,411 kWh to municipal buildings. electricity up to 1 kV, if reserved in advanced, and can go up to RON The city is doing well in terms of electricity consumption. With an 0.6062 during peak times. People with low income pay the so-called average of 1.974 kWh per person, Craiova performs better than other “social tariff,” a lower rate applied since 2005 to domestic consumers with cities with a similar Human Development Index within the TRACE database monthly revenues less than or equal to the minimum wage. They can pay (e.g., Banja Luka, Sarajevo). This is the second lowest electricity as low as RON 0.1894 for 2 kWh per day, and RON 0.8964 if they exceed 3 consumption per capita among the seven growth poles, after Timișoara. kWh per day. People who choose the monomial price – a single tariff regardless of the amount of energy consumed - pay RON 0.4547 per kWh Primary Electricity Consumption per Capita - kWhe /Capita at low voltage (up to 1 kV) and RON 0.3536 at medium voltage (from 1 to 110 kV). Those who want to go by a reserved tariff, depending on the time of the day, may end up paying anything between RON 0.1640 per kWh and RON 0.6062 per kWh (without VAT). The average tariff for economic agents and industrial consumers ranges between RON 0.1698 per kWh without VAT (at high voltage) and RON 0.8908 per kWh without VAT (at low voltage). For instance, tariffs for high intensity electricity equal to or above 220 kV for average usage during peak times (RON 0.4843 per kWh) are below those for lower intensity power during the standard time of the day (RON 0.2524 per kWh). All electricity bills include the Radio and TV taxes. The law requires each TV and radio holder to pay a monthly tax in order to support the national broadcasting companies. Each family must RON 4 for the TV tax, in addition to RON 2.5 for the radio tax. Economic agents pay RON 50 The energy laws in Romania are quite restrictive and require transparency per month for both taxes. There are certain categories of people that are when it comes to production and tariffs. There are two markets for exempt from paying these taxes, including farmer retirees, people trading energy. One is the Bilateral Contracts Centralized Market that 26 benefiting from social assistance, war veterans, and participants to the available regarding heat consumption in some of the municipal buildings, 1989 Revolution. but such data were not so clear, as some of the buildings were not connected to the district heating plant and used natural gas for heat. Municipal Buildings Therefore, the TRACE analysis related to heat consumption is based on a Most of the municipal building stock in Craiova is comprised of sample of 55 schools and one municipal hospital. educational units, like schools and kindergartens, which also include According to data provided by the local power supplier, CEZ, the additional facilities, such as sport halls, dorms, performing arts halls, etc. electricity consumption in 2012 in all municipal buildings in Craiova Overall, there are 250 education facilities in the city, including amounted to 8,910,130 kWh, with an average daily consumption of kindergartens, schools, high-schools, and national colleges. There are also 24,411 kWh. At an average price of RON 0.5 per kWh, it could be assumed three hospitals, comprising a total of 28 buildings. In addition, there are that the municipality paid around RON 4.4 million, which is approximately some commercial spaces, a couple of administrative buildings $1.3 million for electricity only. The TRACE analysis on heat consumption headquartering the City Hall, another administrative offices, cultural took into account a number of 55 schools and one municipal hospital, centers, and social assistance care facilities. covering a total of 112,043 square meters. In 2012, the heat consumption Like in many cities in Romania, data on municipal buildings in in these units amounted to 20,698,576 kwth, which stands for an average Craiova is quite incomplete. of 184.74 kwth per square meter. This figure is comparable to other cities within the TRACE data base, such as Tallinn and Warsaw, and a higher City Hall Craiova than other cities in the region, such as Belgrade and Skopje. The heat consumption per square meter in municipal buildings in Craiova is the highest among all seven growth poles. Municipal Buildings Heat Consumption - kWh/m2 Source: indiscret.ro Although it knows the total number of municipal buildings, the City Hall was not able to provide information on the floor area of the overall building stock under its management, nor on the electricity consumption related to the floor area. On the other hand, some information was 27 For heating these facilities the city government paid USD 1.4 million. help with the preparation of hot water. Lately, the municipality invested Overall, the district heating company distributed over 18,000 Gcal for the more than RON 4.3 million for replacing the traditional heating systems in entire municipal building stock in the city. According to the data received 22 educational units with solar, geo-thermal, and wind-based heating from the City Hall, in 2012 the overall expenditure for electricity, heating, systems. This did not only increase energy efficiency in the buildings, but and fuel in all municipal buildings managed by the local government cost also reduced the heating bills. RON 24.2 million (approximately USD 7.2 million). Most of the money One of the buildings that has been recently rehabilitated and covered the energy-related costs for educational units (RON 10.2 million). renovated is Voiniceii Kindergarten, a two-storey building with a floor area The public residential housing and street lighting expenditures amounted of 1,883 square meters, located in Brazda lui Novac neighborhood. The to RON 8.1 million, and the energy for hospitals to RON 3.8 million. The unit hosts 200 kids in kindergarten, in addition to 50 small kids in the energy expenditure for the public administration offices in Craiova, daycare facility. The renovation process started in 2007 with the support including the City Hall buildings, amounted to approximately RON of the Ministry of Education but, because the Government was not able to 600,000. For energy consumed in cultural facilities and centers for elderly financially sustain it any longer, City Hall Craiova took over the project. people the City Hall paid less than RON 1 million. The rehabilitation was completed in 2010, will overall costs of RON 1.7 In recent years, the city government has been actively involved in million. The heating and water network were upgraded, the sewage several projects that sought to improve energy consumption in municipal system was renovated, and the electrical wires and fitting were changed. buildings. The rehabilitation included replacing the old woodwork with new double glazed windows and doors, new tiles and floors, and upgrading bathrooms The Voiniceii Kindergarten has been rehabilitated and kitchens. In addition, a few solar panels were installed on the roof top, which are used now to produce hot water. Solar panels installed on the rooftop of Voiniceii Kindergarten Rehabilitation and renovation work has been performed in some of the schools and kindergartens in the city. The renovation work included replacing old windows with thermopane (double-glazed windows), changing the radiators, and in a few cases, thermal insulation. Photovoltaic panels were installed in a few kindergartens and schools to 28 However, the rehabilitation process did not include thermal insulation, CET II District Heating Plant nor installing heat allocators, therefore, the building cannot control and adjust the heat intensity. Although the primary focus of the rehabilitation project was not necessarily to increase energy efficiency, some improvements have been achieved in this regard. Before renovation the building was not able to get hot water and heat at appropriate temperatures and most of the time the children were suffering from cold temperatures during the winters. Now, the level of comfort in the building has significantly gone up, and heat and hot water are provided at adequate temperatures. After the project was completed, the thermal efficiency of the building improved by 10%. Before renovation, energy consumption amounted to 93 Gcal in January 2009 and 82 Gcal in February. After rehabilitation, the heat dropped to 86 Gcal in January 2010 and to 73 Gcal in February. In the winter time, heat consumption comes to an average of 80 Gcal, which stands for approximately 256 kwth per square meter. Source: www.panoramio.com District Heating The district heating sector is managed by a public company under the city 8% of the hot water and heat distributed in Craiova is produced by Termo government. In 1999, Termo Craiova split from Apa Oltenia, the water in its 16 neighborhood-level natural gas-based sub-plants. Overall, the city supplier, and became an autonomous entity – the City Hall has 95% of the has 105 thermal points and most of them receive hot water in their heat shares, and the Autonomous Administration of the Public Estate exchangers from the power plant CET II. (RAADPFL) has the rest of 5%. Termo is, primarily, a supply company, but Seven months per year in the spring and summer, Termo also produces a small amount of heat/hot water. produces only hot water, while during the winter it generates both hot The district heating company caters to 65,000 apartments from water and heat. Therefore, the usage capacity of heat production units is 3,700 large residential buildings in the city. There used to be 80,000 lower during summer months compared to winter months, when the heat apartments connected to the district heating system, but the number has and hot water demand is going up significantly. The distribution of come down gradually as people switched to individual micro-heating secondary network belongs to the City Council and is managed by Termo, plants. 92% of the heat supplied by Termo in Craiova is purchased from a whereas the transmission or primary network is under CET. CET II, a coal-based plant part of the largest energy group in the country, The heat production cost for CET is RON 256/Gcal, cheaper than CE Oltenia. the heat produced by TERMO (RON 336/Gcal). CET II produces combined heat and power in co-generation. The fuel necessary to produce heat comes from nearby coal mines located within 50 km. 29 District Heating Sub-plant in Craiova Percentage of Heat Loss in the Network The technical heat loss in the primary network is about 5%, while the The population pays RON 220/Gcal, a price including the subsidies borne losses from coal and gas-based plants in the secondary network account by the City Hall. Economic agents pay a slightly higher price, RON for 22.7%. The loss incurred in Termo’s individual gas-based plants is even 263.41/Gcal. The municipal buildings pay RON 263.4 per Gcal, if the hot higher. Moreover, poor collection of revenues is adding to the overall water is produced in the natural coal-based plant (CET), and almost RON losses. At present, more than 20% of residential apartments in Craiova 270 per Gcal if produced in Termo’s facilities operating on natural gas. In have overdue heating bills. People simply say they do not have money 2012, Termo distributed 500,000 Gcal to Craiova, of which 450,000 Gcal and, so, the owners’ associations cannot pay the heating bills in time. On was produced by CET II and only 50,000 Gcal by Termo’s small natural gas- top of it, sometimes the City Hall fails to pay heat subsidies in time, a fact based facilities. The annual fuel expenditure necessary to produce that also aggravates the revenue collection process. 500,000 Gcal of heat amounted to RON 122 million (approximately USD The financial situation of Termo is getting even more difficult 33.4 million), of which RON 15 million was spent on natural gas and RON when it comes to penalties. According to the agreement between Termo 107 million on coal. and CE Oltenia (the owner of CET II), the district heating operator must Of the total amount of heat distributed, only a little over 400,000 pay penalties if cannot pay in time for the heat. Although it has to pay late Gcal reached the apartments in Craiova. Most of the heat was lost in the fees to CET, the company is not charging penalties from the population. distribution network, and only a very small share was lost due to leakages For example, for every 100 Gcal sold, the average revenue collection in the transmission pipes. The overall heat loss from the network is 38.7%, covers only 77 Gcal, although Termo has to pay CET in full for 100 Gcal one of the highest figures within the TRACE database. This figure is higher plus penalties, if the payment is not processed in time. Currently, the than in Cluj-Napoca and Ploiești, but almost twice smaller than losses penalties that Termo has to pay to CET II stand at RON 1.5 million per incurred by the district heating network in Brașov. month. As a result, debts incurred by Termo have gone up significantly in recent years. At present, Termo’s debts to CE Oltenia amount to RON 200 million (approximately EUR 50 million), of which almost half are in overdue heating bills. Due to financial issues and reduced heat/hot water, 30 demand, Termo employees work only four days a week in the spring and Termo and City Hall Craiova joined efforts to implement a pilot summer. project in this regard. A four-storey residential building of 14 apartments But despite the heavy losses in the system, in recent years in Craiovița Nouă neighborhood has undergone major rehabilitation work Termo and the city government managed to make some investments by with regard to hot water and distribution network. upgrading some of the thermal facilities in Craiova. For example, of the total 105 thermal points, 23 facilities have been upgraded with a SCADA Rehabilitated residential building in Craiova system, and three others are currently undergoing rehabilitation work. Another project of over EUR 1 million deemed to upgrade the district heating network was implemented in 2012. However, because it does not own the primary source of fuel (coal), Termo was not eligible to apply for EU structural funds to rehabilitate the distribution network. There remains much more to be done in order to increase the efficiency of the system and diminish the losses. The city needs roughly EUR 94 million to complete the modernization of the secondary network. However, this money will not cover improving the distribution system in residential buildings and switching from the vertical distribution of hot water and heat to the horizontal model. The present vertical distribution system causes several inconveniences to people, as hot water is always a problem for those living on the upper floors. Thus, poor quality of services pushes people away from the district heating system. Every month hundreds of apartments disconnect from centralized heating and switch Termo replaced the vertical distribution system with the horizontal model, to individual micro-heating units. In mid 2000s there used to be 80,000 while the City Hall took care of the thermal insulation of the building. New apartments connected to the centralized hot water and heat network. pipelines were connected to each apartment in the building, and heat Today, the number of customers has gone down to 65,000, as 20% of the allocators were installed. Now each customer is connected to four customers chose to leave the district heating system. This is reflected in pipelines located outside the apartment in the stairwell at each floor; one the evolution of the Gcal distribution in Craiova. Gradually, the heat pipe is for cold water, one for hot water, and two pipes for heat. As a production and distribution went down. If at the end of 1990s, almost result, the heat consumption came down by 40%. Thus, the heating bills 800,000 Gcal were distributed in the city, by mid 2000s the figures came dropped, the quality of services improved, and the level of comfort in the down to 645,000 Gcal. The heat demand achieved its lowest point in 2010, apartments increased. More projects as such would help gain back the when only 457,111 Gcal were sold. market and have more people reconnecting to centralized district heating. But this situation could be reversed and people can be attracted At the same time, the district heating operator is making efforts to reconnect to the district heating if the quality of services would to secure new clients. For instance, 736 of the new apartments that are improve. One way of doing this is by replacing the old, inefficient vertical currently being built in Craiova will be connected to the district heating distribution system with a horizontal scheme, a solution that not only network. would increase the quality of services, but would also lead to considerable However, the future of Termo remains uncertain. It owes millions savings in both consumption and heating bills. of Euros to CE Oltenia and the City Hall does not have the financial capacity to pay off these debts and cannot further sustain the district 31 heating system in Craiova in its current form. Following discussions with projects, city authorities had to obtain written approval from all individual all interested parties, the City Hall decided that the solution would be to apartment owners, a lengthy process that should be simplified for the ROP have Termo merged with CE Oltenia, and so the district heating operator 2014-2020. would become part of the largest energy group in the country. This option would help write off EUR 50 million in debt, but more importantly, it will Urban Transport keep the centralized heating system alive. If the plans will follow through Public Transport as planned, the merger process should begin in the fall of 2013. The public transport in Craiova relies on buses and trams. The sector is managed mainly by the local transport authority, a public entity under the Horizontal distribution in a rehabilitated building in Craiova City Hall. In addition, a private transport company operates on a few routes in the city. The primary operator in Craiova is the Local Transport Authority Craiova (RATC), an autonomous public entity under the Craiova City Council. RATC has a tram depot and two bus depots, hosting 203 pieces of rolling stock. The company is operating the public fleet, comprising 158 buses and trams in service. A private firm, Frații Bacriz, has a small share of the public transport in the city, operating 35 micro-buses on a few routes which are also served by RATC. The public company operates on 17 bus routes (of which three are fast track buses) and three tram routes connecting the city from one side to another. RATC runs a few bus charters to the industrial platforms located outside Craiova, including to Ford, the car manufacturer. Only 30% of commuters in Craiova use public transport, a figure Anyway, if Termo will merge with CE Oltenia, the city government may that places Craiova in the lower side of the TRACE database. The rate is consider rehabilitating the district heating network and investing in also low compared to other cities in Eastern Europe, such as Sarajevo, upgrading the network. There is also a possibility that it may be able to Belgrade, or Kiev. apply for EU funding under the new proposed structure, where it would The bus fleet includes a variety of rolling stock, from very old, also own the raw material needed in production. Meanwhile, the City Hall high-intensity buses to new, modern, energy efficient vehicles. Overall, is more preoccupied with improving the energy efficiency in residential 25% of the bus fleet is fairly old, with almost 30 years in service, and buildings. The municipality is targeting 300 apartment buildings built highly pollutant. 17 of the 29 standard MAN Mercedes buses are new, during the communist regime, in addition to a few educational units. In while 12 vehicles are old. These buses can accommodate up to 96 May 2013, the local government submitted proposals for the thermal passengers. rehabilitation of 93 residential buildings in the city with financial support The fleet also has 12 BMC small capacity buses, with a total from the 2007-2013 Regional Operational Programme - Axis 1 Support to seating and standing capacity of 70 people. In addition, there are 27 Sustainable Development of Cities – Growth Poles. The total value of the Prestige buses that can accommodate 43 passengers and 8 small Iveco projects exceeds RON 37 million, of which the local government’s that can fit up to 28 people. contribution is approximately RON 16 million. In order to submit the 32 RATC routes map One of the oldest buses in service, more than 25 years old, are BredaMeranini or Bredabus, made in Italy, with a seating and standing capacity of 66 passengers. But the oldest vehicles in the RATC fleet that have almost exhausted their life cycle of 30 years are 31 UDM buses manufactured in Romania with a capacity of 100 passengers. UDM bus, one of the oldest in the public transport fleet of Craiova Source: rat-craiova.ro In recent years, RATC was preoccupied to correlate the transport capacity MAN bus operating in Craiova with the passenger flow. Hence, the traffic schedules are flexible and are adjusted according to the traffic needs. During weekdays, most of the buses run from as early as 5:30 AM through 11 PM, at a frequency of 3-4 minutes during rush hour, and 7-8 minutes during off-peak traffic. The charters to the industrial platforms have a special schedule, from 5:30 in the morning through 9:30 PM. Craiova is among the few cities in Romania that did not give up on the tram network. While some cities in the country chose to shut down the tram network and replace it with bus or trolleybus service, the local authorities in Craiova decided to keep the trams. The tram network was established in 1987 on a 34 kilometers single track. As of now, 13 kilometers have been rehabilitated, and another 12 kilometers are undergoing modernization and upgrading. The city has quite a lengthy tram track. According to the TRACE analysis, Craiova has 139.3 kilometers 33 of high transit capacity per 1,000 people, which is more than in other Public Transport Energy Intensity - MJ / passenger kilometer cities in Romania, including București and Cluj-Napoca. The fleet has 38 trams of which only 19 are in service. The tram cars are very old, as some of them were manufactured in the late 1970s. In the past, RATC was able to replace some of the very old trams with 16 medium size cars with low energy consumption. Some of the trams are equipped with four engines, while some have only one engine of 120 kWh each. The tram cars can accommodate up to 300 passengers, both seating and standing. Tram in Craiova In 2012, RATC spent USD 4.6 million on fuel to operate the public transport fleet in the city. Most of expenses, around USD 4.4 million, went toward purchasing 2.4 million liters of diesel to operate the bus fleet. The company paid less than USD 200,000 for 1,600,000 kWh of electricity to run the trams. Of 5,189,092 kilometers travelled by public transport system in 2012, approximately 10% were travelled by trams (504,438 kilometers). A simple calculation shows that 10% of the total number of kilometers run by public transport network cost less than 5% of the fuel expenditure for the entire fleet. This proves that tram continues to be the most efficient means of transportation, and, therefore, the policy makers in Craiova have all the good reasons to keep the network alive, as long as density patterns In peak hours, from 5:30 through 8:30 PM and from 3:30 through 5:30 and trends make it viable. PM, there is a tram running every four minutes. Frații Bacriz, the private transport company, began operating in The public transport in Craiova is doing fairly well in terms of 1996, and serves three routes. These are overlapping with the ones energy intensity. With 0.2974 MJ per passenger kilometer, the city is in operated by RATC, which makes Frații Bacriz a competitor of the public the lower side of the TRACE database compared to cities with a similar transport operator. The company’s fleet comprises 30 IVECO minibuses, in Human Development Index. Craiova is performing better than most of compliance with EURO 4 and EUR 5 greenhouse gas emission standards, other cities in the region, including Pristina, Belgrade, or Warsaw. The city with a seating and standing capacity of 29 people and an average is slightly behind some of the growth poles in the country, including occupancy ratio of 50%. The maintenance of these buses is very costly, as Brașov, Ploiești, and Cluj-Napoca. the catalysts needs to be cleaned up every three months. 34 Minibus belonging to Fratii Bacriz fleet Public Transport Tariff - RON/trip source: Local transport authorities in the seven growth poles Source: www.micapi.ro Over time, the City Hall Craiova and RATC have made efforts to improve The bus drivers operate in two shifts and each vehicle runs approximately the quality of the public transport in the city, reduce the greenhouse gas 200 kilometers daily. On average, the company carries around 435,000 emissions, and increase the overall efficiency of the system. Craiova is passengers annually. As Frații Bacriz uses the same bus stops, RATC asked among the few cities in Romania who has participated to the CIVITAS the private transport operator to pay for their maintenance, but the program, an EU-funded instrument aimed at improving mobility and company refused to do so. Passengers in Craiova pay a flat tariff of 2 RON increasing the quality of public transport in cities. In 2008, Craiova joined per trip, for both routes served by RATC and the private transport three cities from Spain, Italy, and Portugal to take part in CIVITAS 25 operator. MODERN (Mobility, Development and Energy Use Reduction) . The total The tariff is approved by the Craiova Local Council and it is similar value of the project in Craiova was EUR 2.6 million, with support from EU to most of the growth poles, except for Ploiești and Constanța, where the and local sources. It set ambitious goals for employing sustainable public transport is slightly cheaper. Tickets are available at special transport and mobility means by improving public transport efficiency and designated kiosks and a few stores that have agreed to sell them. In Frații accessibility. The project was implemented by the City Hall and RATC, and Bacriz mini buses, passengers buy the tickets on the vehicle, directly from it consisted of a series of actions designed for achieving a cleaner urban designated people. As in many other cities in Romania, the city transport based on stakeholder engagement and a performance-led government provides ridership incentives for certain categories of approach. The main goals of the CIVITAS program aimed at increasing the citizens. Retired people with a pension of less than RON 1,000 per month and children under the age of five ride for free The City Hall subsidizes 25 More information about CIVITAS MODERN available at: public transportation tickets and monthly passes. School children can take http://www.civitas.eu/index.php?id=70&proj_id=12l and more information about advantage of a 50% discount for a monthly pass, while university students the projects in Craiova available at : get 75% off for monthly passes. Retired people with a pension above RON http://www.civitas.eu/index.php?id=66&sel_menu=35&city_id=97 1,000 can buy a monthly pass for one route in the city at half price. 35 capacity of the public transport in Craiova, enhancing its attractiveness to E-ticketing machine in Craiova people, improving the revenue management, introducing advanced information and communication technology, and not in the least, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One of the targets was introducing alternative fuel on a few buses in the city, and moving toward a clean bus fleet in the long run. The first step to this end was installing biodiesel filters on 10 buses, as follows: 7 UDM, 1 Mercedes, 1 MAN, and 1 Bredabus. Biodiesel filters were installed on 10 buses in Craiova Source: www.eltis.ro E-ticketing can help with the collection of data on the number of passengers, their profile, and also helps with the collection of money in advance. It can help optimize the bus and tram routes, but also limit the number of passengers who free ride. The project included setting up 30 automatic ticketing machines, including 10 devices for paper tickets and Source: www.civitas.eu for recharging cards at some of the bus stops. In addition, 20 machines where people could recharge their cards were installed at RATC ticket Special equipment for adjusting diesel engines to bio-fuel was purchased, selling points. and bus drivers were trained on how to use the system. As of 2010, a fuel At the same time, video-cameras were initially set up on 15 buses mixture of up to 20% was introduced to part of the bus fleet. Introduction and 10 bus stops in unpopulated areas where fewer people use public of bio-fuels helped lower emissions of bus engines and improved their transport, and in peripheral areas. This surveillance system was performance. In addition, choppers (electronic driving systems) were designated to monitor vehicles and bus stops in order to increase installed on 9 old trams, resulting in reducing electricity consumption by passenger safety and help reduce theft, vandalism, and anti-social 40%. behavior on public transport vehicles and waiting platforms. The cameras Another component of CIVITAS aimed at improving the bus can send images and information to the dispatchers, and allow for timely traffic flow. Under a pilot project, 80 buses and 27 trams covering the intervention, if necessary. most popular routes in the city were equipped with a GPS system allowing As trams proved to be the most efficient and cost-effective for the monitoring of the routes. In addition, electronic screens displaying means of public transportation in Craiova, the local government made information on the schedule and routes were set up in 20 of the 285 bus serious steps for the modernization of the existing tram network to make stops in the city. E-ticketing was introduced on the same buses and trams. it more attractive to people. At the end of 2012, Craiova City Hall was awarded funds for the rehabilitation of the tram tracks, under the 2007- 2013 Regional Operation Programme. The rehabilitation of track lines is 36 part of a larger project that falls under Axis 1 - Growth Poles, covering the routes, a number of 20-25 high capacity buses are to be borrowed from modernization of transport infrastructure for improving workers’ flow the local transport authority in București. between the two industrial platforms in the city. The total value of the With the aim of diminishing the greenhouse gas emissions in the project is RON 60 million, of which RON 38 million in EU grants, RON 20 city, at some point RATC was considering expanding the electric transport million from the state budget, and RON 1.1 million co-financing from the mode by introducing environmentally-friendly trolleybuses. The total cost city budget. The rehabilitation of the track lines started off in spring 2013. was estimated at RON 30 million. In 2012, the City Hall initiated feasibility One leg of the project seeks to modernize 1.6 kilometers of double tram and technical design studies in this respect. track on Decebal Boulevard, from Electroputere Bridge to Caracal Street. The other component targets the rehabilitation of 11 kilometers of single Private Transport track on N. Titulescu Boulevard, Severinului Street, with access to the As in many cities in Romania, traffic in Craiova is a serious problem, as tram depot. private car ownership increased after 1989, with the opening of the market. A significant rise in the number of vehicles in Craiova has been Rehabilitation of tram network in Craiova recorded particularly in recent years. Most people buy cars to use them not for leisure purposes, shopping, or vacationing, but for their daily commutes to their workplaces, including to the industrial platforms on the outskirts of the city. The increase in the number of private vehicles brought along traffic congestion and high fuel consumption, which translated into a significant increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, causing higher air and noise pollution in the city. Today, there are approximately 85,000 cars in the city. For a population of 243,745, simple math shows that there is one car available for 2.8 people. 21% of private cars run on diesel, while the rest use petrol. There are 1,801 taxis and 1,227 mopeds in Craiova. The City Council ruled that taxi cars older than 10 years are not allowed to operate. The taxi tariffs are approved by the Craiova City Council. At present, the charge is RON 1.49 per kilometer. Source: www.gds.ro The fuel consumption for private cars in 2012 amounted to almost 45 million liters of diesel and petrol, which is the equivalent of Once the project is complete, the tram network will make less noise and almost USD 81 million. It is no wonder that the private transport energy will be more attractive to people. Although the project should be finished intensity in the city is 2.1789 MJ per kilometer passenger, a figure that in three years, city managers are optimistic that the new tram tracks will places Craiova in the middle of the TRACE database. Although it is doing be operational ahead of the deadline. Meanwhile, the City Hall has to slightly better than other cities with a similar Human Development Index come up with a plan to modernize the trams and replace old, broken in the region, like Budapest or Warsaw, Craiova performs worse than pieces with new rolling stock. The tram service has been cancelled during others in the region, such as Sarajevo and Belgrade. The private transport project implementation and buses were introduced to serve the tram energy consumption in Craiova is similar to other growth poles, such as routes. Because the RATC bus fleet cannot cover travel demands on these Ploiești and Brașov, but is higher than in Timișoara or Cluj-Napoca. 37 Private Transport Energy Consumption - MJ/ passenger kilometer Pedestrian network in Craiova in the city center 30% of the car stock in the city (30%) is between 6 and 10 years old. Almost a quarter of vehicles are between 11 to 15 years old, while The city is not performing too well in terms of dedicated lanes for another quarter is 16 to 20 years old and beyond. Only 1.6% of the cars bicyclists. They can bike only on one dedicated network, a track cycling are up to 2 years old, and around 9% are between 3 and 5 years old. As in (velodrome) located in Romanescu Park. other cities in Romania, Craiova is taking part in the national scrappage program (“Programul Rabla”), which offers people who bring old cars a Bike lanes in Romanescu Park premium for burying a new car. The program has played an important role in helping renew the vehicle fleet in Romania. The traffic management in Craiova, such as red lights and signaling, is managed by UTI, a private company. Recently, all the red lights in the city have been replaced with LED lamps. There is a traffic surveillance system that covers the main intersections in the city, managed by the City Hall in partnership with local police. Craiova has only a few pedestrian networks. The main and most popular pedestrian area is in the city center. Restaurants, shops, fountains, and leisure places are spread across this area, making it the most attractive spot in the city. The upcoming rehabilitation project of the historical center includes expanding the pedestrian network. Source: www.craiovaforum.ro 38 In the immediate future, the local public administration will develop zones for taxis in the downtown area (one near the so-called White House specific projects aimed at encouraging non-pollutant transportation and apartment block and the other next to the Carol I National College), expand on pedestrian paths and build more bike lanes in the city. vehicles are parked everywhere else, including on one side of the street, Like everywhere in Romania, as private car ownership in Craiova hampering traffic. has gone up during the last decade, both traffic and parking have become An underground parking in the city center on Al. I. Cuza problems for the city. There is severe traffic congestion, especially in the Boulevard, behind the Marin Sorescu National Theater, could provide a downtown area, and parking spots cannot accommodate the large solution to the chaotic parking situation in Craiova. It is a large project of number of vehicles pouring onto the streets. Driving in Craiova is not an RON 81 million (approximately EUR 18.3 million), with support from EU easy job and sometimes it poses serious challenge not only to drivers, but structural funds. The tender to choose the construction company was to pedestrians as well. Most of the streets in the city center and adjacent launched in April 2013. The two-level parking will cover 17.532 square neighborhoods, are very small, one way, and often full of cars parked on meters, comprising 619 parking spots, of which 33 for motorcycles. The the road or sidewalks, leaving hardly any space for pedestrians. According parking will have 240 plugs where electrical cars will be able to recharge. to the law on public roads, cars can be parked on the side walk if they At present, there is a beltway in the northern part of Craiova, leave at least 1 meter for pedestrians. This regulation is hardly followed, connecting the airport to the former Doljchim chemical plant. The local and most of the time pedestrians are prevented from using the sidewalks. public administration has further plans to decongest traffic by developing They have a hard time trying to squeeze between parked cars on the a ring road in the southern part of the city. Such a ring road would allow sidewalk and buildings, and sometimes they actually need to walk into the cars to bypass Craiova, and prevent vehicles from entering the city center street around parked vehicles. This is not safe for pedestrians or for and obstructing the already congested traffic. drivers. Traffic congestion in Craiova Cars parked on the sidewalk in Craiova As part of the CIVITAS program, the local government has encouraged car- pooling to the industrial platforms in the Western part of the city in order Taxis are adding up to the congestion and parking challenges in the city to alleviate traffic congestion. This measure stimulates workers to carpool center. For example, although the City Hall set up two designated parking with at three passengers in each vehicle, reducing traffic, but also 39 lowering fuel consumption and expenditures. First studies supporting the The traffic management system in Craiova is expected to improve design and technical planning of the car-pooling project began in 2009. Recently, a fly-over in the city center aimed at decongesting the traffic on Calea Bucuresti – N. Titulescu Boulevard was completed with support from the 2007-2013 ROP. The travel time has reduced by 10%, and the waiting time at the intersections has diminished. 5,300 square meters of sidewalks have been rehabilitated and 2,200 square meters of green area has been established. Also, a number of 37 electrical tram pillars and 180 road signs have been installed, in addition to 12 new cross roads for pedestrians and six new red lights. New fly-over in Craiova Source: www.adevarul.ro A project aimed at ameliorating traffic congestion in the city center is under way. New signaling, red lights, automated traffic routings, and road signs will be installed. A number of video-cameras will be set to monitor the intersections. The traffic management department and the local police will be notified upon any traffic issues and accidents, allowing for a rapid intervention on site. Upon completion of the project, the city managers hope that the waiting time at intersections will come down significantly, the travel time by car and tram on the East-West axis in Craiova will be reduced by 17%, and more people will use public transport. This will also lead to increasing safety of both passengers and cars, decreasing Source: gds.ro greenhouse gas emissions, lowering maintenance costs for cars, and increasing safety for traffic participants. A few additional large projects seeking to tackle traffic congestion and The rehabilitation of road infrastructure on the North-South axis ease transport flow in the city are under way. The city authorities are will improve the traffic and urban transport to the industrial platforms. currently implementing a new traffic management system, covering 16 of The project is developed with support from 2007-2013 ROP funds, with a the most crowded intersections in the city. This is a component of a larger total cost of RON 83.8 million. The main works include the rehabilitation project developed with support from the 2007-2013 ROP, aiming to and modernization of a few streets (Bariera Vâlcii, Caracal Street, and improve access of the labor force to the two industrial platforms by Râului streets), building new bike paths, and expanding on the public modernizing public transportation. utility infrastructure. 40 Rehabilitation of infrastructure in Craiova Work in progress at the underground passage in downtown Craiova Source: www.gds.ro Source: www.oradedolj.oradestiri.ro Solid Waste It is expected that the travel time to the industrial area will come down by The solid waste service in Craiova is under the public and private sectors. 30%, while the public transport ridership should increase by 6%. The solid waste collection is managed by Salubritate, a company under the There is another project with support from 2007-2013 ROP that city government, while the landfill is operated by Ecosud, a private entity. aims to tackle the traffic congestion on the North-West axis in Craiova. A Salubritate was established in 2011 under the Craiova Local number of 8 kilometers of roads (i.e., Olteniei and Tineretului Boulevards, Council, and it is in charge with the collection of solid waste in Craiova and and Pelendava, Brestei, Amaradia, and Toamnei streets) will be in a few localities in Dolj County, as well as with the transportation to the rehabilitated and upgraded. It is expected that travel time will go down by eco-framed landfill in Mofleni, located on the city outskirts. Salubritate 12%, boosting instead the public transport commuters by 8%. A number caters to approximately 200,000 people in Craiova, of which 162,000 in of 14 stops will be modernized, 800 parking spots will be set up, in residential buildings and 42,000 residing in houses. By the end of 2012 the addition to six dedicated parking spots for taxis. company had 19,617 contracts households, 438 with residential buildings, Finally, an underground passage of 405 meters developed with 2,750 with economic agents, and 185 agreements with municipal support from 2007-2013 ROP funds between the intersection of Arieș, buildings. Cuza, and Împăratul Traian streets will improve the traffic in the city In 2012, the solid waste collected in Craiova amounted to 81,665 center. tons. Each citizen in Craiova produces 334.7 kilograms of waste annually. The underground passage will reduce the travel time by 14%, will Craiova generates less garbage than some cities in the region with similar make a clear separation of lanes and travel directions, and will also climate, such as Belgrade, Banja Luka, Sarajevo, but more solid waste improve the number of people using public transport by 7%. compared to other localities in Eastern Europe, including Skopje or Gaziantep. When compared to other growth poles, solid waste generation in Craiova is similar to Cluj-Napoca and Brașov, but higher than in Timișoara or Ploiești. 41 Waste per capita - kg/person Containers for solid waste selective collection But despite such efforts, the percentage of recycled waste is not very high. Residents living in households are more reluctant to separate organic waste from recyclable garbage than those living in residential buildings. At Solid waste is collected daily in the downtown area and every other day the same time, people in poor communities sometimes steal from the elsewhere in the city. On average, a truck collects daily from 20,000 trash bins up to 75% of their content. Therefore, when trucks come to pick people in residential buildings. At present, Salubritate picks up the up the garbage, containers are almost empty. garbage from the households once a week, but it plans to increase the Only 16,000 tons of recyclable waste was collected in 2012, frequency to two times in the future. The solid waste is collected every which accounts for only 3.5% of the total amount of garbage generated in day from farmers markets, hospitals, and economic agents. the city. Craiova has one of the lowest selective collection rates from the The city government made great efforts to implement selective TRACE database compared to cities with similar Human Development collection in the city in 2011. At that time, Salubritate placed 136 igloo- Index. This figure is twice as low as in București and six times less than in type containers of 2.5 cubic meters capacity throughout the city, where Bratislava. It is one of the lowest per figures among the growth poles, people could dump plastic, paper and metal waste. There have been 62 similar to Iași and Constanța, as it is about eight times less than in Cluj- bins designated for paper, 62 for plastic and metal, and 12 for glass. In the Napoca, and four times less than in Timișoara. second half of 2012, the number of containers increased by 114 igloos. Most of the recycled waste was paper and cardboard, i.e., 168 Today, selective collection is done through 250 containers (100 for paper, tons. 27 tons of plastic have been recycled, in addition to 24 tons of 119 for plastic and metal, and 31 for glass), placed in 87 locations around metals and aluminum. Collection of glass is the most problematic. The city the city. In addition, 20 streets in Craiova are directly involved in the has tons of glass bottles that need to be recycled, but Salubritate cannot selective collection process. The solid waste operator distributes plastic sell them because of lack of demand in this respect. There are only a bags to people, so they can separate organic waste from recyclable handful of companies in the country where glass bottles could be garbage. recycled. However, the requirements (only colorless bottles) and high transport-related costs are discouraging Salubritate to send the bottle glasses away. 42 Percentage of recycled waste of 2013, are RON 7 (VAT included) for customers in residential buildings, and RON 76.8 including VAT per cubic meter of solid waste for economic 26 agents. Individual households pay different tariffs - EUR 2 per 100 kilograms of waste. Salubritate faces some challenges in collecting the tax revenues from the population; only 85% of the domestic customers pay the solid waste dues in time. The tipping fee at the landfill is EUR 21 per ton. The company operates with approximately 30 trucks and big dump trucks, of which 20 compacting trucks, each of them loading up to 20 cubic meters of waste. The trucks are equipped with GPS systems that help optimize the pick-up and transportation process. In addition, the company has 5 dump trucks that are used to pick-up construction and demolition waste, as well as biodegradable trash from parks and gardens. The compactor fleet comprises of 7 DAF trucks of seven years old, 7 Hazardous waste from hospitals is collected separately by two private Renault of five years old, and 6 old Romanian trucks manufactured at the companies. Construction and demolition waste poses serious challenges now-defunct Roman Brasov factory. Part of the truck fleet has reached the to the solid waste operator. As there is no law regulating this matter, so limit of the life cycle and needs to be replaced. The company has the construction companies simply dump the construction waste at the city financial potential to modernize only four trucks in 2013. limits. In 2012, around 800 tons of construction waste was disposed near the landfill at Mofleni. The city government plans to tackle this problem in Garbage truck in Craiova the near future. As per EU regulations and the national environment legislation, cities should recycle 15% the solid waste. If this target is not met, penalties are applied (RON 100 per ton). In 2012, Craiova managed to achieve the required target, as the soil and biodegradable waste collected from parks and gardens and loam soil used for cemetery was accounted as recyclable waste. The good news is that Craiova has been actively involved in collecting electronic equipment, such as radios, TV sets, fridges, computers etc. The municipality organizes such collection campaigns a few times a year, to make sure that Craiova is able to meet the target set to 4.5 kilograms per person per year. Incentives are awarded to people who win the competition of delivering the highest amount of electronics. The company uses almost 280,000 liters of diesel annually (on average One of the last campaigns was relatively successful – the city managed to 23,000 liters per month), the equivalent of USD 500,000, to operate the collect 17.4 tons of electronics. In April 2013, the Craiova Local Council approved the increase of 26 solid waste collection monthly tariffs in order to help Salubritate to Information on the new tariffs for solid waste collection and transportation in overcome financial problems. The new tariffs, effective as of the summer Craiova is available at: http://www.salubritate-craiova.ro/tarife.html 43 truck fleet covering collection and transportation activities. The monthly hectares, and is takes up to two years to reach its filling capacity. The expenditure to run the company is RON 2.1 million, of which 6.5% is spent construction of each cell requires EUR 500,000 investments. on fuel, 39% on salaries, while 50% goes for the tipping fee at the landfill. The recycling activities are not bringing too many revenues The landfill in Mofleni because the tariffs for recyclable items are fairly low. The company sells PET bottles for RON 0.92 per bottle, and it receives RON 3 per kilogram of metal, and RON 0.21 per kilogram of paper of cardboard. At the end of 2012, Salubritate managed to sell 96 tons of paper and 17.4 tons of plastic. In the future, the city government plans to modernize the solid waste sector and provide better services to city residents. One of the main actions included in the Solid Waste Master Plan is installing underground platforms. This innovative trash bins have been already installed in Ploiești. Craiova plans to spread 759 buried platforms of 3 and 5 cubic meters capacity across the city, covering 438 ecological household platforms. 509 platforms would be dedicated to organic waste, 110 to plastic (PET), 110 for paper, and 30 to glass. A number of 30 platforms will make available 4 types of containers for organic waste, paper, PET, and glasses. Once the buried platforms will be implemented in Craiova, the city government must find a solution for dealing with the construction and demolition waste, and prevent such trash from being dumped into the new garbage bins. At the same time, the local public administration wants to improve the selective collection rate in the city by organizing public campaigns to raise awareness in this regard. Approximately 94,000 tons of solid waste was dumped at the landfill in The landfill is located at Mofleni, just a few kilometers from the 2012. About 90% comes from Craiova and some other localities. On city center, and is managed by Ecosud, a private company that has signed average, there are 260 tons dumped daily at the landfill, a figure that concession agreement with the City Hall Craiova to operate the facility for came down jn recent years. Until 2009, 350 tons of solid waste used to be 39 years. The landfill was built in 2005 in partnership with the City Hall, disposed daily in the landfill. This has to do with the decrease of solid which provided the 54 hectares of land. The solid waste deposit is waste generation due to the economic crisis, as people have less money included in the Solid Waste Master Plan for Dolj County, a project of EUR to spend on food and other goods. Approximately 60 trucks come to the 50 million developed with support from the Environment Operational landfill site to discharge the waste collected from Craiova and other areas. Programme and coordinated by the Dolj County Council. Half the Although the landfill does not have a sorting station or a investments will be channeled to the Craiova area. When the project will composting facility yet, approximately 35 to 40 tons of plastic items be completed it will cater for all 111 localities within Dolj County. (including plastic bottles) are collected manually by 15 employees every The landfill has 30 cells of which three have been already filled. month. The people are incentivized to keep some of recyclable items after Currently, Ecosud is using the fourth cell. Each cell is spread over of 1.3 they met the target. The Master Plan includes compost and sorting stations. Just like the Vitalia landfill in Ploiești, the dumping facility at 44 Mofleni has a reverse osmosis leachate treatment plan where the treated to Filiași (a city in the metropolitan area), whereas the rest of shares wastewater that comes from the landfill is discharged. belong to other localities to which Apă Oltenia caters. Apă Oltenia is a regional water operator responsible for the Leachate treatment plant at the landfill distribution of treated potable water and management of sewage wastewater in Craiova and surrounding localities. The company caters to 10 localities from the wider metropolitan area, grouped under an Intercommunity Development Association. It is expected that a few more localities will be joining this group in the near future. Besides Craiova, the company is delivering water to other communities in Dolj County. Some of the large industrial plants in Craiova (such as Ford) are taking water directly from Apă Oltenia or from the water source, as it is the case of CE Oltenia. The length of the water network is 475 kilometers of pipelines made of steel and carbon. Most of the pipelines are old, some even from th the beginning of the 20 century. Water source Izvarna The landfill is currently developing a biogas station facility. Experts have already assessed the biogas potential capacity of the three cells that are already filled. At present, it is too early to know the potential installed capacity of the biogas station. Anyway, it has been already planned that once the plant will be operational part of the electricity produced will be sold to the district heating plant in the city. Four transfer stations should be built in the wider metropolitan area, including one in Ișalnița and one in Vârvor, to improve the solid waste operations in the region. Upon signing the contract for the Master Plan, the Dolj County managers will launch the tender to choose the operator of the solid waste integrated program. Source: apaoltenia.ro Water Sector Potable Water The water catered to Craiova comes from both overground and The water sector in Craiova, both potable and wastewater, is managed by underground sources. Since 1976, the over-ground water source for Apă Oltenia, a public company whose main shareholder is the Craiova City Craiova is Jiul river- Ișalnița, amounting to 42% of the total water delivered Hall with 75% of shares. 15% of shares belong to Dolj County Council, 7% to the city. The flow capacity is 900 liters per second. The water is taken from Jiul river and further moved into the reservoir at Ișalnița, from where 45 it is transmitted to Șimnic where is getting mixed with other waters. The Currently, the company operates with several pumps of different sizes, underground sources are mostly drains and spring waters. 38% of the varying from 3 kWh to 400 kWh. There is one oversized pump in Ișalnița, water in Craiova comes from a large spring water source, Izvarna, located in addition to few smaller pumps ranging from 3 to 160 kWh. There are a in Gorj County, about 117 kilometers from Craiova. number of four pumps at Șimnic of 90 kWh each; two of them are used Izvarna has supplied water to Craiova since 1967, currently with a only during the nighttime about four times a month. The water station at flow of 760 liters per second. Because it springs straight from the Făcăi has an oversized pump of 160 kWh that runs for about 10 hours day, mountains, Izvarna is very good quality water that requires only a little and few smaller pumps of 37 kWh and 2.2 kWh capacities. The water chlorination. station at Secui operates with five pumps between 55 kWh to 90 kWh The water comes through a gravitational system to the reservoir capacities. at Șimnic where the chlorination process takes place. The other 20% of Over time, Apa Oltenia was able to upgrade and expand the the water catered to Craiova comes from small underground sources, such water system with support from ISPA funds and EBRD loans, totalizing as small depth drains and wells. The water captured from the drains is over EUR 70 million. Overall, more than 61 kilometers of water pipes have chlorinated at Făcăi and then is gets pumped into the distribution system been rehabilitated in the last decade and meters have been installed in of Craiova. most of the residential buildings in Craiova. There are five reservoirs at Simnic, each of them with 5,000 cubic Currently, almost 90% of the customers have water meters and meters capacity, in addition to three large storages of 10,000 cubic meters can control the water consumption from their apartments. As a result of each. Overall, the maximum water stored in these reservoirs can go up to metering, pumping efficiency has improved by 43%. For instance, the 55,000 cubic meters. Around 10,000 cubic meters of water are normally pumping activity at the Ișalnița water station came down from four in stand-by. On average, the water flow for gravitational water can reach oversized pumps to only two pumps. to 1,600 cubic meters per hour and 2,000 cubic meters per hour through pumping. Most of the water catered to Craiova needs to be pumped. Most apartments in Craiova now have water meters Expanding water network performed by Ap ă Oltenia Source: www.apaoltenia.ro Source: apometre.wordpress.com 46 The water consumption in Craiova amounts to 213 liters per person per system would facilitate better monitoring the water network and increase day. In 2012, the annual water production for Craiova was 25.5 million the overall efficiency of the system. The company hopes that such a cubic meters, which required 9,281,531 kWh of electricity. On average, system would be purchased with support from the next financial 0.35 kWh is necessary to produce one cubic meter of drinking water. This programming of structural funds. figure places Craiova in the middle of the TRACE database compared to cities with a similar climate. For example, Craiova performs better than Percentage of non-revenue water Sarajevo, Belgrade or Pristina. The city has similar figures to Cluj-Napoca, lower than Iași and Constanța, but higher compared to Brașov, Ploiești, and Timișoara. Energy density to treat potable water - kWhe/m3 Water tariffs RON/cubic meter (without VAT) - 2013 Most of the water pumps operate during the nighttime because the electricity is cheaper by 60%. On average, Apa Oltenia spends RON 90,000 monthly on electricity to pump the water. The overall expenditure for water utility amounted to a little over USD 13 million. 63% of the overall expenditures cover the salaries for the company’s 1,030 employees. The percentage of water losses (36.4%) places Craiova on the lower side of the TRACE database. Craiova performs better than other cities in the region, such as Cluj-Napoca, Constanța or Timișoara, but there Source: ANRSC is room for improvement compared to ot her localities, including Ploiești and Iași. One of the culprits for the water losses is the old network, but As everywhere else in the country, the water tariffs are proposed by the also the lack of a SCADA system. Currently, the monitoring of the network company and approved by the Local City Council and the Public Service distribution pipes is done manually, which makes harder to notice all the Utility Regulatory Authority (ANRSC). The tariffs must take into account leakages that may occur on the pipes and respond promptly. A SCADA 47 the degree of affordability to the people. At present, people pay RON 2.75 Currently, the company is implementing a large project of RON 630 million per cubic meter of potable water (without VAT). This figure is comparable with support from EU structural funds targeting the rehabilitation and to most of the growth poles in the country (see below). The tariff for expanding the potable and wastewater and sewage network in Dolj. wastewater is RON 1.65 per cubic meter, of which 0.7 RON is due for Among the projects covered: building 15 kilometers of new water network sewage. in the metropolitan area, 35 kilometers of pipes from Ișalnița to Filiași, In the past, there have been some difficulties in collecting water rehabilitation of Ișalnița waste water plant, and upgrading of sludge revenues from the Intercommunity Development Association, but this collection in Craiova. Anyway, more money is needed for the company to issue has been sorted out recently as the communities started paying become a truly regional operator, able to provide water services to both some of their debts. Now the bill collection rate went up to 90%. Dolj and Gorj. However, there are still some issues, as some clients do not declare the In the short term, the company will be focusing looking to actual amount of water they consumed. At the same time, many improve the efficiency of the water pumps. Most of the pumps are customers do not pay according to the amount of water they consumed, oversized and require high-energy intensity. Hence, they need to be but based on the overall consumption in the building, which is equally replaced with smaller pumps with 3.5 kWh and 7.5kwh electrical capacity, divided among all users. The average consumption of potable water in a fact that would facilitate bringing down the overall energy consumption. residential buildings is 4 cubic meters of water per month, and 6.3 cubic The company is thinking to partner with an Energy Service Company meters including wastewater. The city needs on average about 1,700 cubic (ESCO), willing to invest in the new pumps and recover the investments meters to cover the daily water needs. later. The water pumps are not very expensive and so the ESCO could recover the investments in a year or two. At the same time, Apa Oltenia is Rehabilitation of water network performed by Ap ă Oltenia also thinking to focus on educating people on how to use water more efficiently. Wastewater The wastewater treatment plant belongs to the City Hall and is managed by Apa Oltenia. The facility is spread over 20 hectares and is located at the city outskirts, in Făcăi. The new wastewater treatment facility was completed in 2012, as part of a EUR 35 million project funded through ISPA. The facility caters to about 70% of the people in Dolj County. However, not all households in the county are connected to the sewage system. The water flow on dry days amounts to 129,600 cubic meters per day, while the maximum water flow per hour is 9,000 cubic meters. The maximum water flow in rainy days is 18,000 cubic meters per hour. In 2012, the wastewater consumption in Craiova was 34 million cubic meters, by 8 million cubic meters more than the amount of potable water produced. The difference is explained by the fact that the company does not have storm water drainages, and so rainwater goes straight into Source: www.apaoltenia.ro the system without any separation. The industrial plants have their own drainages and sent the wastewater directly to the wastewater treatment 48 plant. The new wastewater facility is equipped with a SCADA system that pipes, a fact that would significantly contribute to reducing the overall allows for a very efficient monitoring of the wastewater network. losses in the water system. Craiova performs better than most of the cities within the TRACE database. Energy density to treat wastewater - kWhe/m3 Wastewater treatment plant at Făcăi Source: www.apaoltenia.ro Biogas digester at the wastewater treatment plant near Craiova The city has the same energy consumption as Brașov, which is the lowest among the seven growth poles. Apă Oltenia needs only 0.06 kWh of electricity to treat one cubic meter of wastewater, a figure that places Craiova in the lower side of the TRACE database. In 2012, the company consumed almost 4 million kWh of electricity for treating 34 million cubic meter of wastewater. Perhaps the most noteworthy aspect about the new wastewater treatment plant is its capability of producing biogas. Running the biogas plant would be a function of how efficient the collection of sewage/mud will be. The biogas digester has a capacity of 10,000 cubic meters and can potentially generate up to 600 kW of electricity – 27 cubic meters per hour of biogas. In the future, Apa Oltenia plans to continue investing in expanding the wastewater network in Dolj and Gorj counties, in order to be able to increase access of people to sewage services. Likewise, the company is interested to rehabilitate and upgrade the existing wastewater 49 50 Energy Efficiency Recommendations supply company with CE Oltenia. After the merger will be completed and the debts will be written off, the City Hall will look into ways to improve TRACE is a tool that allows for the estimation of energy savings potential the secondary pipelines performances. “Public Transport,” a domain in different service areas by benchmarking the performance of a city under the Craiova City Hall, can achieve important potential savings. Other against other cities with similar characteristics, such as climate, areas with a good potential of energy savings as highlighted by TRACE are population, or Human Development Index. For example, energy “Street Lighting” and “Municipal Buildings”, both sectors under the consumption per street light pole in Craiova was compared to TRACE data municipality control. The “Water” sector has a good energy saving on other cities with a similar climate. The energy savings potential with potential but the city managers believe that modernization of the water regard to street lighting in Craiova was calculated using a method that infrastructure throughout Dolj County will be able to help improve the factored in the cities that performed better than the city, and the degree overall system’s performances. Also, TRACE has identified some saving to which these cities performed better. The more information is available potential regarding “Solid Waste,” which is under a mixed private and in the TRACE database, the better results it can provide. So far, TRACE has public management. data on almost 100 cities, which allows for good comparisons. The level of local control also determines the energy saving Sector prioritization potential. The more control local public authorities have over a particular service area, the higher the energy saving potential. Like in many cities in Romania, in Craiova some public utility services are managed by the city itself, whereas some others stay with the private sector or they are regulated at the national level. For instance, solid waste is managed both by the City Hall and the private, as the collection of waste is under the city government, whereas the landfill belongs is operated by private company. The city has very little influence over the energy sector, as the Government at the national level decides policies and regulations. “Private vehicles” is another service area where the local level of control was considered low. In this sector the Government takes the policies and decisions, with limited scope for local involvement. After the saving potential for each sector was calculated, a sector prioritization was done in TRACE, based on the amount of savings potential. The sectors with the largest energy savings potential in Craiova are “Private Vehicles,” “District Heating,” “Potable Water”, “Public All priorities identified by TRACE were presented and discussed with local Transportation,” “Street Lighting,” and “Municipal Buildings.” The sector public administration officials. A number of eight recommendations have with the highest potential of energy savings in Craiova is “Private been highlighted, and these will be discussed in more detail in the Vehicles”, although the local public administration does not have mu ch sections below. control over this area. Although “District Heating” has the second highest From the get-go it has to be mentioned that all recommendations potential of energy savings, the City Hall decided not to take it into made in this section should be seen as indicative, not as normative. While consideration for now because of the upcoming merger of the heating the TRACE tool enables a quick overview of key energy efficiency issues 51 within a municipality, it does not provide an in-depth analysis of each in the city and make it more attractive to the residents of Craiova. From sector. For example, in most studied cities, the sector with the highest purchasing fuel efficient and less polluting rolling stock and expanding on energy savings potential was district heating. Obviously, achieving higher the non-motorized public transport network to improving traffic flow in savings in this sector usually also entail high costs. These costs may the city – all these efforts would fall mostly within the scope of what the outweigh potential benefits, and may not warrant investments in the local public administration is already undertaking, or is planning to carry sector. Also, if people continue to de-branch themselves from the system, out in the near future. any investments done to rehabilitate the network may be nothing more In addition, relevant stakeholders in the city should establish a than wasted money. database with key transport indicators. Such indicators should include the Similarly, urban transport recommendations should ideally have basic information related to transport modal split in the city, as to an urban mobility plan at their foundation (EBRD is in fact supposed to document how many people use public transport, how many walk or bike, prepare mobility plans for all seven growth poles and Bucharest). The and how many rely on their private vehicles to commute. This information recommendations made in this report are general in nature and draw on a is vital for every city in order to prepare a comprehensive mobility plan pre-defined list of proposed interventions in the TRACE tool. These that should be the foundation for developing a sustainable transport recommendations should be viewed by local authorities as an indication network. The Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration of what could be done to improve their city’s energy performance and is working with the EBRD to prepare mobility plans for all seven growth reduce the city’s energy bill. The decision to actually implement a poles and București. recommendation or not should be done only after a comprehensive feasibility study is completed. For example, the development of a bike Public Transport Development network may have the adverse effect of reducing the share of people who One of the main TRACE recommendations made to the city of Craiova is to use public transport instead of reducing the number of people who advance the development of a modern and safe public transport. This commute by private vehicles. would not only provide citizens with better quality services, but it would Lastly, energy efficiency interventions should not be viewed or also reduce the use of private vehicles and, instead, encourage people to conceived in a vacuum. Often, energy efficiency interventions have ride buses and trams. Relying more on public transportation would benefits that cross sectors. For example, improving the public transport significantly reduce the fuel consumption, improve air quality in the city, network, will not only encourage a more energy efficient commuting and overall, increase the quality of life for the residents of Craiova. options, but it could also improve quality of life, help boost local This ambitious goal can be achieved by implementing a set of economies, and enable poor and marginalized communities better access measures, such as giving priority to public transport vehicles over private to opportunities. In the same vein, interventions that aim to improve the cars, creating special signaling for buses, introducing e-ticketing, providing energy efficiency of a municipal building could be done in tandem with passengers with useful information about bus schedules, and establishing retrofits that make these buildings more resilient to disasters. better urban planning policies and regulations. Some of these measures are already in implementation, while city managers should consider Urban Transport putting into practice additional tools that could bring up the public One of the main areas of intervention with significant potential for energy transport ridership. savings for Craiova, as identified by TRACE, is urban transportation. A The local transport authority has sought to improve the public series of initiatives promoted by the local government that are to be transport conditions in the city and reduce the fuel consumption, trying to implemented in the immediate future aim to improve the public transport optimize the public transport network, but also striking a balance between 52 transport capacities and passengers flow. The economic development of government hopes that purchasing new rolling stock would become the city influenced passenger flows and, thus, the company established eligible under the financial programming of the ROP for the period 2014- optimal bus routes, adjusted to meet the demand. One of the main 2020, as other EU Member States have been able to use structural funds priorities for the local government is renewing the bus fleet. The current for such purposes. public transport fleet managed by RATC is on average 30-35 years old. Still, EU funds will not be enough for the entire fleet, and the Most of the buses are old, very polluting, and fairly uncomfortable. Some local policy makers should figure out some alternative options. Moreover, buses are second-hand and their life cycles were already almost the renewal of the public transport fleet should be coordinated with the exhausted at the time of purchase. Moreover, maintenance costs of such modernization and rehabilitation of the public transport infrastructure. In old rolling stock are very high, and the public transport company spent a this way, local authorities will not only increase the overall efficiency of lot over the years for repairing the fleet. The local public authorities are the system, but also its attractiveness to people. The ultimate goal is to committed to invest in the modernization of the public transport fleet and have more people using the public transport. In order to make things they are encouraged to follow through with such initiatives in order to happen, public transportation must be accessible, comfortable, and safe. make the public system more accessible, more attractive, and more For the next procurement of buses it is important to look into comfortable for the city residents. enforcement of vehicle emissions standards. New vehicles should comply In the short run, city managers should focus on replacing those with high-level European emission standards, such as Euro 4 or Euro 5. buses that had reached the end of their life cycle. In the long run, the Such criteria should not only help improve local air quality, but also lower ambitious goal is to develop a clean bus fleet by replacing the old stock fuel consumption. The higher the vehicle emission standard, the less fuel with 200-250 new, modern, energy-efficient vehicles. it is likely to consume and the higher the reductions in the emission of fine particles, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, CO2, and other pollutants. Lower Natural gas buses operating in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area emissions result in higher air quality and lower the risk of respiratory diseases associated with air pollution. Another priority for Craiova is to keep the tram network alive. Trams are the most efficient means of transportation, as they operate on low costs, require small energy consumption, and can carry a large number of passengers. Currently, a large project regarding the rehabilitation of 11 kilometers of tram network, connecting the industrial platforms in the city, is under implementation. Once the rehabilitation of the tram network will be completed, the City Hall is planning to buy new, modern, efficient trams. The local government hopes to be able to initially buy about 20 tram cars. In the future, the plan is to expand the tram network to the airport. Source: www.fastcoexist.com Also, the local government is considering introducing trolleybuses, another efficient and less costly means of transportation. Some concrete steps have already been taken toward this end. Recently, Not in the least, the City Hall wants to expand the public transportation in the Craiova Local Council approved the funds (about RON 6 million) for the wider metropolitan area, and link Craiova to the neighboring purchasing the first batch of new buses. These will be operating on natural communes, up to Pielești, about 30 kilometers far from Craiova. gas and will be equipped with air conditioning systems. The city 53 New trams operating in Oradea Screen displaying information about bus routes in Craiova Source: www.realitatea.net In addition, there are a few other ways to increase the use of public transportation and attract more people to ride buses and trams. The local authorities have already begun implementing the e-ticketing system, as Source: www.tramclub.org part of a pilot project under the CIVITAS program. Initially, the e-ticketing was introduced on a few bus routes in the city, but the local government Another way of improving the public transport is by establishing dedicated is thinking of expand it for the entire public transport fleet. E-ticketing is bus lanes. These will give priority to buses at intersections and enable not only reduces the cost of travel and help more people ride the bus and them to bypass traffic congestion and, thus, reduce the travel time. In commute, but also provides support for revenue collection and transfers, addition, special infrastructure for bus-priority signaling should also be as well as for counting passenger. A few cities in Romania, including considered. This system is linked to buses via transponders that use GIS București, Arad, and Timișoara, have implemented this accessible, information, and can help the flow of approaching buses either by modern, efficient way of paying for public transport. Under CIVITAS, a few extending green lights for them or by cutting down the cycle for cars. dozen bus stops in Craiova have been equipped with electronic screens Not in the least, city authorities in Craiova may consider changing displaying useful information about the bus route, schedules, delays, etc. some of the current planning regulations. For instance, in order to obtain This TRACE recommendation encourages the local government of planning permits, developers should be able to show how a new Craiova to expand such displaying screens to all bus stops in the city, as to development links to the existing or planned public transport network. At help passengers to better plan their trips. RATC is considering the same time, allowing higher densities of development next to well- rehabilitating the bus stops in a cost-effective manner by involving served public transport corridors can create a good base for public advertising companies, who would be interested in investing in the transport and should be used in connection with other planning measures, waiting platforms. This approach should be beneficial for both parties. The such as capping parking provision to residential and office buildings. Some advertising companies will place ads and posters in the bus stops, while cities around the world, including Curitiba in Brazil, encourage high- RATC will have of new, modern waiting platforms. density residential and commercial development around and within walking distance of transit stops, with lower densities elsewhere in the city. 54 Dedicated bus lanes in Los Angeles large pedestrian walk, is currently under implementation. The total value of the project is EUR 48 million with support from ROP 2007-2013, of which the city government contribution amounts to EUR 3.5 million. One of the main components of this project, spanning over 12.5 hectares, is the development of pedestrian area comprising 11 streets (i.e., Nicolaescu-Plopșor, Th. Aman, Panait Moșoiu, Frații Buzești, Roman Rolland, România Muncitoare, Traian Demestrescu, Olteț, Lipscani, Dreptății, and România Muncitoare alley). 2.3 hectares of streets and sidewalks will be modernized. In addition, the Lipscani street will become a venue for exhibitions, trade fairs, arts, cultural and sports events, while two new markets will be set up in Buzești and Femina streets. 43 video- cameras will be installed to monitor the area, ensuring safety of people. A series of amenities will be installed, including fountains, mobile green-flower pots, benches, street lighting lamps, public restrooms, and trees. The City Hall plans to offer substantial tax exempt to owners of Source: www.laist.com private historical buildings located in the neighborhood, who would be willing to rehabilitate and renovate their houses on their expenses. Non-Motorized Transport Modes Municipalities that invested in pedestrian network helped raise the quality One of the main TRACE recommendations made to city managers in of life in the cities, and also stimulated business development. Cluj- Craiova is to encourage and expand the non-motorized transport Napoca is a good example in the regard. After Piața Muzeului in the city infrastructure by building pedestrian networks and dedicated lanes for center was turned into a pedestrian area, not only did pedestrian traffic bicyclists. An efficient non-motorized transportation with zero fuel go up, but the number of businesses and business activities in the area consumption helps reducing pollution, improves air quality, and is good also increased substantially. for people’s health. With an initial investment of USD 1,000,000 over a two-year implementation period of time, such programs can achieve Piața Muzeului, before (left) and after (right) pedestrianization energy potential savings between 100,000 and 200,000 kWh per year. This TRACE recommendation aims to help the city government to encourage and promote the use of fuel free means of transportation, helping people become more open toward a healthier, more efficient, and more prosperous environment by walking and biking, and, gradually, enable them to rely less on their private vehicles. Pedestrian areas not only provide city residents with better and healthier alternatives of means of transportation, but they also stimulate local business by increasing the number of restaurants and shops in dedicated areas. The local government is already pursuing some of these Source: http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2011/10/planwerk/ measures recommended by TRACE. A large project targeting the rehabilitation of the historical center, including the development of a 55 Today this pedestrian area in Cluj-Napoca is gathering several leisure and been developed in partnership with a commercial bank by a few entertainment places, such as restaurants, bars, shops, and service stores, municipalities in Romania, such as Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, and București, and it has become one of the most popular spots in the city. and it runs very successfully, especially in the summer time. Streets in the city center will become a large pedestrian area “I Velo” docking station in Parcul Herăstrău in București Source: www.freerider.ro Source: www.craiovaforum.ro Encouraging citizens to use bicycles by expanding on the existing bike Traffic Restraint Measures lanes is the second main priority of the local public administration when it Another important recommendation made by TRACE to the public comes to non-motorized transport. Building a new bike network is part of authorities of Craiova is about curbing private car usage and replacing it a EUR 8.2 million (VAT included) project developed on the East-West axis with more sustainable, efficient, and less costly means of transportation. of the city. Bike lanes will be built on the route from Peco Severinului to The increase in the number of private cars in the city should be contained Electroputere Passage via Severinului and Calea București streets. The by measures that would induce people to turn to other means of bike networks will be set up on the sidewalks, and will have one meters transportation, such as buses, trams, biking, and walking. Such options width for double paths, and one meter for one lane. The width of would lead to traffic decongestion, less fuel consumption, and make a sidewalks will be reduced, maintaining the trees and street lighting pillars cleaner, healthier environment. alignment. In this way, the bike lanes will look like small alleys bounded by Craiova is currently implementing a number of large curbs. The tender for choosing the construction company to implement infrastructure projects aimed at improving traffic in the city. Among these, the project is under way. In addition, there are plans to build 11,000 a tunnel is aimed at decongesting traffic in the city center, and a few road square meters of bike network along Râului and Caracal streets, as part of infrastructure rehabilitations are planned to cover the connections to the the project aimed at improving the traffic on North-South axis in the city. industrial platforms in the city outskirts. The rehabilitation of the roads on Local authorities may think about organizing a docking station in the city the North-South axis will improve traffic and urban transport to the center, from where people could rent bicycles. The "I velo" project has 56 industrial platforms, while a similar project is designed to alleviate traffic model and consider banning the old, polluting inter-regional buses too, or between the North and West parts of Craiova. At the same time an at least limiting their access to peripheral areas. Another efficient way of underground passage will improve the traffic in downtown area as well as dealing with traffic congestion is by establishing the so-called in other parts of the city. Once these projects will be completed, the “environmental islands”, an area where private cars are restricted, and waiting time at intersections will be eliminated, greenhouse gas emissions instead, the flow of public transport, cyclists and pedestrians is will decrease, and maintenance cost of vehicles will be lowered. It is likely encouraged. Such “environmental islands” consist in a few streets in that the travel time to the industrial areas in the city outskirts will come certain parts of the city, where some measures are conceived to prohibit down by 10 to 30%, while the public transport ridership would increase by and penalize the access of private vehicles in designated areas, and reduce up to 12%. the amount of space available for private cars. One way to deal with traffic congestion is by enforcing certain Not in the least, a number of civic initiatives organized by the speed limits. The public administration in Craiova has already restricted local government may also contribute in curbing the use of private cars. the speed to 30-40 kilometers per hour in some areas in the city center. The City Hall may think about setting up “no driving days” to educate and Such limitations should be enforced throughout the downtown area, a lead by example, actions to which people could participate voluntarily. measure which would perhaps discourage traffic. At the same time, the Craiova could learn from best practices from other cities around the local administration could take into consideration hiking the parking tariffs world, such as city of Puerto Princesa in the Philippines, where the local in the center of Craiova. By increasing the parking fee, some people would government has restricted tricycles in the downtown district on a certain be discouraged to drive their cars in the downtown area. day of the week. Sign limiting the speed limit to 30 kilometers/hour Municipal Buildings Municipal Buildings Benchmarking Program One of the main recommendations the TRACE team makes to most public administrations in Romania where the tool has been implemented is the need for a municipal buildings energy database, where all energy-related information can be tracked and monitored. Craiova is no exception. Without a proper energy database in place, it is very difficult to implement any energy efficiency program. One cannot know if energy efficiency investments were indeed effective if it is not clear how much energy buildings consumed before and after the interventions. Most of local authorities in cities where TRACE has been implemented do not have a proper and reliable database on the buildings they administer (e.g., Source: lorencic.ro schools, kindergartens, hospitals, public administration offices, cultural centers, social assistance and sport facilities), on electricity and heat The local government could think about restricting access of inter-regional consumption, in addition to floor area. buses in the city. A ban as such is enforced in Cluj-Napoca, where local Like many other cities in Romania, Craiova does not collect basic authorities limited the buses operating in the wider metropolitan area to indicators on the municipal buildings that are managed by the City Hall, only three “legal” stops in the city. The Craiova City Hall should look at this 57 data that would allow identifying where energy efficiency programs are Moreover, the data on energy consumption will be very useful most suitable. for the local government when they will apply for ROP 2014-2020 funds, where energy efficiency will be one of the most important pillars of the Victor Babeș Hospital is under the management of the City Hall program. The next ROP financial programming will allow municipalities to apply for funds that could help improve the overall energy efficiency of their cities by lowering the energy bills, save money for the city budget, and thus, help the city become more efficient. Frații Buzești National College in Craiova Source: www.vbabes-cv.ro For instance, the city was able to provide data on the expenditure for the total energy consumption related to municipal buildings, but there was not a split between electricity and heating, the amount of kWh and Gcal that has been actually consumed associated to expenses, nor information about the floor area in connection to such costs. Although some Source: www.editie.ro information on energy consumption on schools and hospitals was available, these data were scarce, incomplete, somewhat unreliable, and, The municipal building benchmarking process should include a database poorly organized. consisting of a series of specific information including type of This issue can be addressed through setting up a proper, clear, construction, date of the construction and renovation or rehabilitation (if well-organized database that could be used to further prepare an efficient applicable), floor area, type of heating, information on electricity, heating, analysis on the energy saving potential of these buildings. The database and water utility bills in the recent years, as well as cooling, heating and should include some basic information regarding the surface area of the lighting system modes. buildings, the annual electricity and heating consumption, and the energy A small dedicated team within City Hall and a few external savings accomplished after renovation or thermal rehabilitation work has consultants could be assigned with responsibilities to prepare this full been performed. Although local authorities in Craiova pay for electricity audit of municipal buildings, with support from several departments and thermal energy bills, they do not have a clear, easily accessible picture within the local public administration. The data should be published and about the amount of energy actually consumed in these buildings and updated on a regular basis to enable competitions among building about how these energy expenditures could be decreased. managers and open the path for productive exchange of information and 58 cooperation. Such a database is also valuable in benchmarking buildings consumption was reviewed every month and all deviations and against each other and determining where is the highest potential in performances were communicated to the public through a display terms of energy savings at the lowest cost. At the end of the day, the campaign. Subsequently, the City Hall of Lviv established a new energy analysis should identify the most appropriate energy saving options. Also, management unit and trained all personnel with responsibilities on the database could be very useful for the local public administration to building utility use in an administrative division, unit, or building. perform an audit of the municipal buildings in the city and then to prioritize buildings for retrofitting. Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit Once the municipal building benchmarking is prepared, the next step the Petrache Poenaru School in Craiova city management in Craiova should take into consideration is an audit and retrofit process. This could enable cost savings in municipal buildings, while also reducing the carbon footprint of the city. The building audit is targeting specific energy consumption for end users and activities, such as computers, lighting, air conditioning and heating systems, etc. Depending on results, the local public administration may have to allocate money for energy efficiency upgrades, purchase of new equipment, and some building renovation. The retrofit program can be executed in a cost-effective manner by involving Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), which will pay for the initial cost of the upgrades and will share in the savings from the retrofits. Audit and retrofit programs make a great impact on energy savings, as studies show that the reductions can go down to as much as a 25% of the initial consumption. In recent years, the city government of Craiova has actively Source: www.gds.ro supported energy savings and encouraged both private and public buildings to be proactive and save energy in any of its forms. Quite a few The TRACE analysis includes several different models that the local steps have been taken in this respect – e.g., renovation and thermal government should look at when organizing the benchmarking process rehabilitation work and the replacement of classical heating systems with (see Annexes). The Ukrainian city of Lviv is a good example that an green energy-based equipment. Rehabilitation work has been performed efficient benchmarking could achieve considerable energy savings. The on a number of education facilities in the city. A few municipal buildings, city was able to reduce the annual energy consumption in its all 530 public including social assistance facilities, have replaced their classical heating buildings by 10% and cut water consumption by 12% through a system with those using solar and geothermal energy, a process that has Monitoring and Targeting program to control energy and water use. As of led to significant reduction in energy bills. Some of this rehabilitation work 2010, the program achieved savings of USD 1.2 million with minimal costs. has been done with support from the 2007-2013 ROP. In the near future, The program provided the city management with monthly consumption the local government is planning to rehabilitate and renovate some of the data for district heating, natural gas, electricity and water in all municipal municipal buildings in Craiova with support from EU structural funds. One buildings. This information was able to determine annual goals based on of the main priorities is the rehabilitation of an historical building in the historical consumption and negotiations on an adjustment. The city center hosting the Carol I National College and the Elena Teodorini Lyric Theater. 59 Germany provides a couple of successful examples in improving energy Carol I National College & E. Teodorini Lyric Theatre in Craiova efficiency in municipal buildings and reducing related costs. The city government of Berlin, in partnership with the Berlin Energy Agency, managed the retrofit of public and private buildings by preparing tenders for work that would guarantee reductions in emissions. The public retrofit tenders require an average of 26% greenhouse gas reduction, so that winning Energy System Companies (ESCOs) must deliver sustainable energy solutions. Under this program, 1,400 buildings have been upgraded so far at no cost to owners, managing to have more than 60,400 tons per year in CO2 reductions, and generate substantial savings. In another successful story, the City of Frankfurt signed a contract with a private company to install and operate an energy-management system for three main municipal buildings to diminish the energy and water expenditures and decrease the greenhouse gas emissions. The company invested USD 680,000 in control equipment. The capital invested was recovered from energy savings (54%) over a period of eight At the same time, the local authorities have applied for ROP 2007-2013 years, while the remaining 46% was expected to reduce the operating funds to thermally rehabilitate 93 residential buildings in the city. The City costs for the buildings. Compared to the previous annual costs of USD 1.7 Hall hopes that similar projects will become eligible for EU funding in the million, the potential annual cost reduction was estimated to USD 2014-2020 programming period. 217,000. Thermally rehabilitated residential buildings in Craiova Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan One of the recommendations made through TRACE to the public administration in Craiova is to develop an Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan. This would help reduce the energy consumption and decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions, and would lead to a healthier environment and a better quality of life for citizens. A well-designed plan with a set of concrete measures aimed to tackle energy consumption could also help enhance the economic competitiveness of the city and open ways to greater local energy independence. The plan could be a good opportunity to translate various initiatives into a coherent plan for city-wide energy efficiency. At the end of the day, the strategy can be used as an internal and external promotion tool for the city to gain support for future work on energy efficiency. In line with this TRACE recommendation, the local government of Source: www.gds.ro Craiova seeks to reduce energy consumption and make the city become 60 more sustainable and efficient. To this end, the city managers are involved in the execution of the strategy, but also the stakeholders who determined to prepare a SEAP sometimes next year. This should have a will be affected by the strategy. few important sections targeting the energy consumption in the public Achieving the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions specified in service areas, including district heating, transport, municipal buildings, the plan requires careful monitoring, in order to ensure that intermediate street lighting, and solid waste. The measures taken in each of these targets are reached and that progress is made towards overall strategy sectors should include certain indicators, such as total city energy use, goals. A monitoring plan and a host of performance indicators that can be overall savings achieved from energy efficiency initiatives, and percentage tracked at regular intervals are necessary. The measures must be of energy efficiency initiatives for which data is collected every year. accompanied by targets that should indicate the level of expected progress over a given timeline, together with an effective monitoring plan. Monitoring should take into consideration performance indicators, means of measurement and validating measuring processes, a schedule for measurement activity, and assignment of responsibilities. The TRACE indicators offer a very good starting point, with a number of energy efficiency key performance areas, such as urban transport, municipal buildings, street lighting, water, solid waste, power - that can be used to monitor the city’s energy performance. But other indicators could be introduced in the action plan, such as those with regard to energy efficiency in private buildings and industrial enterprises. Several cities in Europe and around the world have prepared their energy action plans, setting clear targets on how to reduce energy consumption, and the measures that should be implemented to help the Source: genesys-project.eu municipalities meet such goals. For instance, in order to reduce the energy consumption by 30% by 2015, the City of Philadelphia has adopted a The strategy should put together measurable and realistic targets, set out number of measures that helped the municipality make tremendous well defined timeframes, and clearly assign responsibilities. The plan progress. These measures included a wide range of activities from should outline what specific actions should be taken to reduce energy retrofitting municipal buildings, replacing the municipal vehicle fleet, consumption and what are the projects that should be implemented to encouraging conservation among employees, installing LED light-bulbs, this end. developing energy efficiency building guidelines to providing tax Ideally, the plan should state from the beginning the potential incentives to energy efficiency star performers, creating neighborhood amount of greenhouse gas emissions that would be reduced as a result of competitions to reduce energy use, developing a citywide energy the implementation of each project, together with the costs incurred, and efficiency marketing campaign, and building energy efficient public the timeframe for project implementation. Not in the least, the action housing. plan should mention the people within the local public administration Thousands of cities in Europe have become signatories to the responsible with the monitoring and implementation of the plan. The Covenant of Mayors, the mainstream European movement established in energy efficiency strategy should be developed collaboratively by 2008 that brings together local and regional authorities committed to representatives from across the municipality and other groups who will be increase the energy efficiency of their municipalities, as well as the use of renewable energy resources. 61 The capital of Sweden is one of the signatories to the Covenant of Mayor. The city of Stockholm has prepared an integrated city planning and management plan, with comprehensive urban vision, environmental programs, and concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and tackle climate change. The plan was implemented in the southern district of Hammarby Sjöstad, which aims to become twice as sustainable as Swedish best practices in 1995. The district integrated resource management (i.e., waste, energy, water, and sewage) through systematic stakeholder collaboration, and has transformed the linear urban metabolism into a cyclical one. The first assessments show that the Swedish district has achieved 28% to 42% reductions in non-renewable energy use, in addition to 29% to 37% reductions in global warming potential. Such positive results could be replicated in Craiova, provided that policymakers follow through with the right measures. Source: europa.eu Procurement Guide for New Street Lights This TRACE recommendation is meant to help the city produce a specific The main target of this process is to reduce local greenhouse gas procurement guide for the street lighting system. The guidelines emissions by 20% by 2020 and, thus, make the cities more climate- associated to a new lighting technology can help deliver the same lighting friendly. After the mayor signs the Covenant of Mayors, the local levels for lower energy consumption, reduce related carbon emissions, as government prepares actions plans that translate the political well as the operational costs. The improved design life also lowers commitments into actions and concrete measures. Currently, there are maintenance requirements and costs and decreases interruptions to 4,759 signatories to the Covenant of Mayors, comprising more than 169 service, thereby improving public health and safety. 200,000 kWh in million inhabitants across Europe. More than half of the signatory cities energy savings per year could be achieved with an initial investment of have already submitted their Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP) to less than USD 100,000. Brussels. As of June 2013, there are 62 small and large cities from This recommendation builds on the city’s current steps of Romania who have signed the political commitment to reduce the energy selecting the new street lighting provider as such guidelines will help consumption by 2020. 28 of these cities have submitted their SEAPs to the design a better, efficient solution for Craiova. In the near future, the local Covenant of Mayors. public authorities have ambitious plans to change the existing sodium Four of the seven growth poles in Romania have become vapor-based lamps with LED bulbs, which are more efficient but also signatories to the Covenant of Mayors, namely Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, more costly. To this end, the city needs to prepare guidelines that will set Brașov and Ploiești. Three of them - Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Brașov - clear, strict rules about what the street lighting provider should follow have submitted their SEAPs to Brussels, and so far only the plan prepared through, as to improve the overall efficiency of the system and reduce the by Brasov has been approved. Overall, the Covenant of Mayors approved related costs. 11 SEAPs submitted by Romanian cities, namely Moinești, Vaslui, Alba- The city government could consider preparing a manual about Iulia, Bistrița, Mizil, Slobozia, Brașov, Arad, Aiud, Râmnicu Vâlcea, and Baia the street lighting design, inspired by IESNA (Illuminating Engineering Mare. 62 Society of North America) best practices for visibility and safety best practices in maintenance contracts and by joint procurement of new guidelines. This should set up certain parameters regarding illumination, technologies for street lighting and signaling. The procurement guideline pole spacing and lamp type, as well as dimming or illumination operations outlined the minimum and desired specifications for street lighting during night time for all types the streets in the city. technologies in order to achieve the carbon emissions and cost reductions required. The project was expected to save the region GBP 11 million Street lighting in downtown area in Craiova (almost EUR 13 million) across highways maintenance and improvements by 2011. Awareness Raising Campaigns Finally, the last TRACE recommendation made to the local public administration of Craiova is about helping citizens to become more aware about the benefits of energy efficiency, and make them act to this end. The aim of this recommendation is to encourage the city government to use public education and training campaigns in order to increase citizens’ awareness and understanding of the need of reducing energy consumption, as well as change their attitude with regard to energy efficiency. The municipality should provide citizens with accessible information related to energy efficiency in such a manner as to determine people to adjust their behavior and be more aware about how important Source: www.panoramio.ro is for the city to become more efficient and sustainable. With an initial investment between USD 100,000 and USD 1 million, public awareness Subsequently, the tender for choosing the new street lighting provider campaigns could bring about 100,000 to 200,000 kWh per year of energy should include specific requirements with regard to design, installation, savings. maintenance, and operational costs. The future concession agreement Promoting energy efficiency can be done in several ways, from should be signed for a period of more than 10 years, as to give the street advertising campaigns, public events and features in the local media to lighting operator enough time to recover the investments. The contract dedicated websites, training programs in schools, community and should have strict requirements for illumination, and should entice businesses centers, and an energy efficiency champion program. While competition in the private sector to provide the lowest operational cost the main benefits of such public actions would be the changing in the possible. Finally, the procurement submissions should include very behavior of the city residents, the indirect payback would be translated important criteria of providing a seven year life cycle analysis of first into reduced pressure on energy infrastructure, smaller amount of equipment cost, maintenance expenses, and energy expenditures. greenhouse gas emissions, better air quality, and financial savings. The Midlands region in the United Kingdom is a good example One way of increasing public awareness is through specific about improving energy efficiency by using best practice procurement training programs. The City Hall could partner with an education and network. Nine councils from Midlands partnered with the Midlands training provider to develop training programs that could be rolled out in Highways Alliance to achieve energy efficiency savings for major and schools and offices. The primary targets should be the big energy users, medium highways and professional civil engineering services, by sharing such as offices, manufacturing plants, and so forth. In addition, other 63 stakeholders should be invited to join the programs, including non-profit solid waste operator, should organize public campaigns and teach the organizations, utility companies, and businesses. people about selective collection through leaflets and information displayed on posters throughout the city. This is expected to improve the Promoting selective collection in Altamira in Mexico city’s selective collection rate. Promoting solid waste recycling Source: www.pcwastemgmt.com The same approach could be used with regard to promoting non- motorized transportation. For example, once the new dedicated paths will be built, people should be encouraged to rely more on bicycles and use less their private cars. The City Hall and RATC should organize information campaigns to increase awareness on the benefits of the public transport. Source: factreports.revues.org Such campaign should focus on promoting public transport as a reliable, fast comfortable, safe, cheap, and accessible means of transportation in Another way of promoting energy efficiency is through public education comparison to other transport modes (private vehicles). campaigns that could spread the word about the benefits related to less energy consumption. The local public administration should approach an Promoting public transport advertising and marketing company to work out together a strategy for providing energy efficiency related information to the city residents. People can learn how to become more mindful about using energy and cut off the unnecessary consumption from a series of communication tools, such as posters, billboards and leaflets spread across the city, but also from announcements in the local media and advertisements. Sometimes, it is useful to involve a public utility or a business company to help finance such campaigns. One area in Craiova that could be among the main targets of such campaigns is the solid waste selective collection process. Once the buried trash bins will be installed, the city residents should be educated to separate organic garbage from recyclable waste, and place the items in Source: www.irenesoo.wordpress.com; www.bangalore.citizenmatters.in the colored bins accordingly. The Craiova City Hall and Salubritate, the 64 such as visits to schools, information display, widespread media coverage, competitions, a “Car Free Day,” and an offer of CFL light bulbs. No t only that the campaign did help significantly increase the number of requests on energy efficiency from people, but it did encourage the county residents to choose sustainable energy and transport options in the future. The cost of the campaign was less than USD 5,000, in addition to prizes and sponsorships provided by local companies and other energy related entities. Promoting water efficiency in Miami Source: www.keepcalm.o-matic.co.uk Another interesting and efficient method that could help raising awareness with regard to efficiency is through local energy efficient champions, individuals who could teach people about the importance and benefits of this matter. The City Hall recruits and trains, on volunteer basis, individuals, local public authority figures or different local entities (e.g., non-profit organizations, businesses, or health trusts) to have them spread the word about the benefits of reducing energy consumption and spending. These champions become the frontline vectors in promoting energy efficiency, and they make presentations and deliver speeches during dedicated sessions, or distribute leaflets and inform people about simple ways to save energy. The energy efficiency champions should be in touch with a designated person from the City Hall who should provide them with both Source: miamidade.gov knowledge and logistical support, but also monitor progress of each champion involved in the program. In addition, the local public administration should also monitor the overall effectiveness of the program. They should take into account the number of people participating in training programs, number of hits to energy efficiency websites, articles in the media about energy efficiency in the city, and number of champions trained. The County of Meath, Ireland, is a good example of how public campaigns on energy efficiency can make people become more interested in the subject. The local authorities extended its Energy Awareness Week to all residents of the County of Meath by using a dynamic campaign to raise public awareness among consumers through a variety of activities, 65 66 67 68 Detailed Recommendations from TRACE Improving Energy Efficiency in Craiova, Romania Annex 1: Public Transportation Development /70 Annex 2: Non-Motorized Transport Modes /74 Annex 3: Traffic Restraint Measures /78 Annex 4: Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit /81 Annex 5: Municipal Buildings Benchmarking /85 Annex 6: Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan /93 Annex 7: Procurement Guide for New Street Lights /96 Annex 8: Awareness Raising Campaigns /99 Annex 9: List of abbreviations for cities in the TRACE database /104 69 ANNEX 1: Public Transport Development DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Develop or improve the public transport system and take measures to increase its accessibility Energy Savings Potential and use. Public transport achieves lower emissions per capita than private cars, and has the > 200,000 kWh/annum potential to provide equitable transport network. First Cost A reduction in the number of private vehicles in circulation can lower emissions and improve air > US$1,000,000 quality. Speed of Implementation > 2 years IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Co-Benefits Implementation Reduced carbon emissions Methodology Improved air quality Activity Enhanced public health & safety The City Authority establishes dedicated bus priority measures. This enables buses to bypass traffic queues enhancing their reliability and Bus priority journey times. There are a range of measures including bus lanes and priority at junctions that could be implemented. See the Bogota case study for further details. The City Authority invests in the necessary infrastructure for bus-priority signalling. Such systems are linked to buses via transponders which use Signalling GIS information, and favour the circulation of approaching buses either by extending green lights for buses or by shortening cycle for cars. The City Authority provides good quality passenger waiting facilities and as well as good information services. The provision of real-time bus Information countdown information allows users to understand and manage waiting times. These services enhance the attractiveness of public transport. The City Authority invests in the necessary infrastructure for electronic ticketing. This allows for use of multiple buses within a given amount of Operations time with one ticket, reducing the cost of travel, putting buses within the reach of the poorest, while attracting a wider patron base, when in combination with other modes, such as heavy rail or metro. 70 The City Authority links development densities to public transport availability and funding. The City Authority reviews the city's zoning ordinances and considers making the following changes: Increase the permitted floor area ratio/ plot ratio on sites located near public transport hubs. In areas where it is appropriate re-zone single-use lands to allow Planning multiple uses on the same site. Allowing higher densities of development regulations & along well-served public transport corridors creates a patron base for guidelines public transport and can be used in combination with other planning measures, such as capping parking provision to residential and office buildings, thus discouraging car use. Developers are required to show how a new development links to the existing or planned public transport network in order to gain planning permission. See the Curitiba case study for further details. The City Authority subsidizes travel on public transport. In certain areas Subsidies this can provide an incentive for people to use public transport. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform surveys of public transport passenger numbers;  Determine mode share of people travelling in area or city. 71 CASE STUDIES BRT system, Bogota, Colombia Source: ESMAP (2009). "Good practices in city energy efficiency: Bogota, Colombia - Bus Rapid Transit for Urban Transport Energy", available online from http://esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/Bogota_Case_Study_020310.pdf With the completion of its first two phases, the TransMilenio BRT system serves about 1.5 million passengers every day and has city-wide fuel consumption by 47%. Key success factors have been city-wide comprehensive planning of infrastructure, use of state-of-the-art technologies, implementation of a variety of design features to accommodate high volumes of passengers, and the use of a simple single price faring system. It does not require subsidies for operation - these are fully covered by fares. The project's capital cost totalled USD 240 million. The system is managed by a company which was set up by the Mayor, but runs independently from the city administration. While the company is in charge of all planning, maintenance and construction of infrastructure as well as organizing of schedules of bus services, buses and drivers are contracted through private firms, resulting in a complex but innovative management structure. Land Use and Public Transport Planning, Curitiba, Brazil Source: World Bank (2010). "Curitiba, Brazil - Cost Is No Barrier to Ecological and Economic Urban Planning, Development, and Management . In ECO2 Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities, p. 169-182." Available online at: www.esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/CS_Curitiba.pdf The case of Curitiba, Brazil, shows that cost is no barrier to ecological and economic urban planning, development, and management. Curitiba has developed a sustainable urban environment through integrated urban planning. To avoid unplanned sprawl, Curitiba directed urban growth linearly along strategic axes, along which the city encouraged high density commercial and residential development linked to the city’s integrated master plan and land use zoning. Curitiba adopted an affordable but innovative bus system rather than expensive railways that require significant time to implement. Curitiba’s efficient and well-designed bus system serves most of the urban area, and public transportation (bus) ridership has reached 45 percent. The city now has less traffic congestion, which has reduced fuel consumption and enhanced air quality. The green area has been increased, mainly in parks that have been created to improve flood prevention and through regulations that have enabled the transfer of development rights to preserve green areas and cultural heritage zones. Linking development densities to public transport availability, Curitiba, Brazil Source: Rabinovitch, J. (1992) "Curitiba: towards sustainable urban development", Environment and Urbanization, Vol.4 (2) pp. 62-73 Curitiba's Master Plan integrated transportation with land use planning. Zoning laws are used to direct linear growth by attracting residential and commercial density along a mass transportation lane. High-density residential and commercial development is permitted within walking distance of stops, with much lower densities elsewhere in the city. The city's central area is partly closed to vehicular traffic, and pedestrian streets have been created. In addition, a strict street hierarchy safeguards the right of way for the current BRT, which has significantly contributed to the success of the transportation network. Integrated urban planning and efficient resource use, Singapore Good practices in City Energy Efficiency: Eco2 Cities - Land and Resource Management in Singapore, available online http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1230 72 Singapore is an island city-state at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. With a limited land area of 700 square kilometers and a population of 4.8 million, Singapore has become developed because of innovative urban planning integrated with the efficient use of land and natural resources. Singapore’s small size poses challenges related to the availability of land and natural resources. To optimize land use, Singapore promotes high-density development not only for businesses and commercial entities, but also for residential structures. High density lends itself to higher economic productivity per unit of land and facilitates the identification of green spaces and natural areas for preservation. Furthermore, high-density development has translated into greater use of public transportation as major business, commercial, and residential areas are well connected to an integrated public transportation network. In 2004, public transportation as a share of all transportation modes during morning peak hours reached 63 percent. The significant use of public transportation helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. High public transportation ridership also means Singapore has been able to recover all public transportation operating costs from fares, a feat achieved only by Hong Kong, China, and by Singapore among modern, highly developed cities. Integrated regional urban planning, Auckland, New Zealand Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Eco2 Cities - Integrated Regional Urban Planning in Auckland, available online http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1227 The interconnectedness of national and local Auckland issues (such as housing and education) with growth and innovation and the major required investments (particularly in land transport) have created complex and difficult issues among multiple authorities. D espite Auckland’s importance to the New Zealand economy and the areas of common interest, such as transportation and energy provision, the national government did not initially play a close role in directing regional and local government planning. Concern emerged that, without agreement on an overarching regional strategy and framework, decision making in the region could become ad hoc and adversarial if each stakeholder tried to have a say from a narrow perspective and without viewing the region as a whole. As a result, there was a clear need for coordinated strategic planning across the Auckland Region to ensure that Auckland would be able to remain competitive in today’s globalized world. The response involved the preparation of a regional growth strategy in 2001 that aimed to provide a vision of what Auckland could be like in 50 years. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Public Transport Authority Western Australia (2009). "Bus Priority Measures Principles and Design" A guidance document for planning bus priority methods and approaches. Available online from http://www.pta.wa.gov.au/PublicationsandPolicies/DesignandPlanningGuidelines/tabid/109/Default.aspx Transport for London (2006). "Accessible bus stop design guidance" A guidance document for designing bus stops which help make boarding easier for passengers. Available online from http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/accessibile_bus_stop_design_guidance.pdf 73 ANNEX 2: Non-motorized Transport Modes DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Non-motorised transport modes have zero operational fuel consumption and require low capital Energy Savings Potential costs for implementation. In addition to improving the health of users, their use reduces noise 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum pollution and improves air quality. First Cost > US$1,000,000 Benefits include improved air quality, lower operating costs for users and providers, and lower Speed of Implementation infrastructure requirements. > 2 years Co-Benefits IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Reduced carbon emissions Implementation Improved air quality Methodology Enhanced public health & safety Activity The City Authority pedestrianizes networks of streets or larger city areas. Either permanent or temporary, the closure of streets to motor vehicles increases public awareness of non-motorised modes and removes noisy and polluting vehicles, as well as creating opportunities for street markets Pedestrianization and other initiatives. The City Authority researches the feasibility and probable take-up from origin and destination surveys, existing mode splits, and subsequently designs networks to suit commuting patterns and local/neighbourhood travel. See Oxford case study for further details. The City Authority includes dedicated cycle / walking route networks in its transportation or city land use plans. Replacement or reservation of rights- of-way in new-built areas creates the necessary conditions for adopting Dedicated non-motorised modes that may otherwise be less favoured if roads cater networks to cars only. The key to success is the linkage of cycle and pedestrian networks at local level, and the quality of the environment provided, that requires good drainage and adequate lighting and shading. See Bogota case study for further details. The City Authority makes micro credits available which can be used to Microcredits increase the ownership of bicycles. Increased cycle ownership can have 74 significant financial benefits to low-income workers who may no longer be dependent upon expensive, inefficient and infrequent public transport. See Lima case study for further details. The City Authority introduces bicycle rental programs which provide bicycles on demand for a fee. The key factor for success to is the setting of tariffs that encourage use as well as security procedures that avoid and penalise theft. Registered-user schemes require a credit card or bank Rental programs details of users, but are not necessarily open to all. Non-registered user schemes are more flexible, but more open to abuse. Branding of bicycles and facilities can create revenue for local authority. See Paris case study for further details. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform surveys of the number of cycles in circulation by using traffic counters on roads and cycle lanes;  Determine the mode share of people travelling in the area or city;  Determine KPIs such as % non-motorised transport mode, modal shift, km of dedicated cycle/walking infrastructure, take- up of cycle promotion schemes by analysing registers of subsidies. 75 CASE STUDIES Pedestrianization with road closures, Oxford, England European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (2004). "Reclaiming city streets for people: Chaos or quality of life?", available online from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/streets_people.pdf The main retail streets have been fully pedestrianized, while other through roads in the central area are only accessible to buses and pedestrians. The adoption of a step by step, integrated approach to the implementation of the road closure program has been seen as critical to the success of the significant road space reallocation element of the scheme. Opposition to the USD 6 million scheme was raised most notably on the basis that traffic congestion on two key routes in the city would worsen, as well as from retailers concerned about delivery access and trade levels. These concerns were attended to via an extensive consultation process and an effective publicity campaign prior to the implementation of the scheme. This included leaflets, advertisements on buses, city-wide poster boards, and a series of press releases. Dedicated cycle network, Bogota, Colombia C40 Cities (2010). "Bogota, Colombia: Bogota's CicloRuta is one of the most comprehensive cycling systems in the world", available online from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/bogota_cycling.jsp CicloRutas is considered a unique cycling network where design has taken the topography of the city into consideration in order to create maximum flow and function (manmade and natural features, hills, waterways, parklands, essential facilities). In a period of just 7 years, following an investment of USD 50 million, the use of bicycles on the network increased by more than 268%. CicloRutas plays an important role for lower income groups, as more than 23% of the trips made by the lowest income group in the city are by walking or by bike. The development of CicloRutas has also helped to recover public space along riverbanks and wetlands, as for many years the city's wetlands were occupied by illegal settlements. Bicycle micro credits, Lima, Peru ICLEI (2009). "Case study 46: Assistance to purchase bicycles - Lima, Peru" in Sustainable Urban Energy Planning: A handbook for cities and towns in developing countries, available online from http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2839 In 1990, the Municipality of Lima set up a micro-credit programme to help low income citizens purchase bicycles. By saving on daily public transportation costs, workers can see their income effectively rise more than 12% once the loan is paid off. In order to enhance the success of the program, efforts have been made at standardizing the use of bicycles in the city. Actions to achieve this have so far consisted of the development of a manual of technical standards for the design and planning of cycle ways. Bicycle rental, Velib, Paris, France C40 Cities (2010). "Paris, France Velib - a new Paris love affair", available from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/paris_cycling.jsp Paris launched a 24/7 cycle hire scheme through Velib; a public private partnership between the city of Paris and a company led by a major 76 advertising group. Users must purchase a subscription by day, week or year, and bike rental is free for the first half hour of every individual trip, after which it costs a fixed rate. The increasing price scale ensures the bikes are kept in circulation. Notably, the City of Paris generates revenues from the project without any investment (which cost USD 108 million). The public-private partnership is the reason for this success, with the private company paying operating costs plus rights to advertising space to the City, funded by advertising revenues. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Sustrans (2007). "Technical guidelines for the development of cycle facilities" A series of guidance documents for professionals on the details of bicycle network design. Available online from http://www.sustrans.org.uk/resources/design-and-construction/technical- guidelines Transport for London (2010). "London Cycling Design Standards" A guidance document for designing to reduce barriers to cycling, in order to support road safety targets. Available online from http://www.tfl.gov.uk/businessandpartners/publications/2766.aspx 77 ANNEX 3: Traffic Restraint Measures DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Discouraging potential drivers from using their cars leads to fewer cars in circulation. This Energy Savings Potential encourages people to use alternative modes, which in turn will increase their viability (increased 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum public transport patronage for example). First Cost US$100,000-1,000,000 Removing vehicles from circulation reduces fuel use and reduces the need for road space. Speed of Implementation 1-2 years IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Co-Benefits Implementation Reduced carbon emissions Methodology Improved air quality Activity Enhanced public health & safety The City Authority imposes blanket bans. Possible types of blanket bans include vehicle-type bans which exclude entire vehicle categories from circulation; or license plate bans, by which certain number plates are Blanket bans banned from circulation. Weaknesses of license plate bans are that they tend to result in wealthier residents purchasing second cars, not only negating the aims of the ban, but thereby also disadvantaging those with lower incomes. See Guangzhou case study for further details. The City Authority rations permits. The establishment of quotas for private vehicles allows for only a certain number of vehicle registrations over a given period of time. However, as demand for cars tends to be inelastic, this Licensing often results in very high purchase prices for the licenses - a mechanism which favors the wealthy and marginalizes the lower income brackets of society. See Singapore case study for further details. The City Authority sanctions and encourages 'no-driving days' to educate and lead by example. Participation in these initiatives is voluntary, however, Civic initiatives and therefore not enforceable. See Puerto Princesa case study for further details. 78 MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Perform traffic surveys of the number of vehicles in circulation pre- and post-implementation;  Determine the mode share of people travelling in an area or the city;  Collate registration data of users to paid schemes or voluntary schemes;  Perform statistical analysis of rate of growth of car registration data. CASE STUDIES Vehicle bans: Motorcycle ban, Guangzhou, China Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (2008). "Case study: motorcycles in Guangzhou", available online from http://www.itdp.org/documents/Guangzhou%20Case%20Studies%20-%20Motorcycles%2015-Sep-08.pdf Motorcycles have been completely banned in the City of Guangzhou. The ban was implemented in phases, beginning with a moratorium on new licenses, extending to various roads and time periods. Gradual implementation has been crucial to allow time for the public to adapt, and efficient supply of additional infrastructure/services has supported the induced modal shift. Many motorbike riders have shifted to bicycles and buses, and cycle rickshaws have also emerged as a popular substitute. Road accidents have dropped by 40% since the initial implementation of the ban. Rationing, Singapore, Singapore Sustainable Urban Transport Project (2010)."The Vehicle Quota System in Singapore", available online from http://www.sutp.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1582 Singapore fixes the number of new vehicles allowed for registration. Potential buyers need to bid for a non-transferable license, which entitles them to own a vehicle for a fixed number of years. The scheme had to be modified soon after implementation to safeguard against speculative action. The licenses used to be transferable and within the first two months of the first round of release, 20% changed hands in "buy and sell" transactions with speculators making sizable profits of up to S$5000. As the rationing system does not control annual 79 mileage, the success of the rationed registration in limiting vehicle usage has been dependent on support from other traffic restraint measures, such as high road tolls, parking fees, and electronic road pricing. No-driving days, One Day Rest, Puerto Princesa, Philippines ICLEI (2001). "Vehicular Reduction Strategy for Air Pollution Prevention and Climate Change Mitigation; A Case of Puerto Princesa City, Philippines", available online from http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=1193 Introduced as part of a zoning and rerouting, this program stipulates a one day rest for tricycle drivers in the central business district. Regulation of illegally operated tri-cycles is a major impediment, as enforcement irregularities pose questions of inequality between illegal and legal tri-cycle taxi drivers. Furthermore, the income potential of those who comply with the rest day is lost to the illegal operators TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Sierra Club of Canada (2001). "How to Stage a Car Free Day In Your Community" A guidance document for preparing and planning a community-driven car free day. Available online from http://www.worldcarfree.net/wcfd/documents/cfd_howto.pdf 80 ANNEX 4: Municipal Buildings Audit and Retrofit DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Develop an audit and retrofit program focused on all Offices to survey and implement Energy Savings Potential opportunities for energy efficiency retrofits and upgrades. The benefits of the program will be > 200,000 kWh/annum cost savings for municipal government offices and reduction in carbon footprint of the CA. The First Cost program will identify immediate savings opportunities, and implement rapid payback items to > US$1,000,000 yield cost savings that can go to other municipal services. Speed of Implementation 1-2 years IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Co-Benefits Implementation Reduced carbon emissions Methodology Improved air quality Activity Enhanced public health & safety Identify Offices Identify a CA staff position or hire a new position to be responsible for Increased employment opportunities Program Leader execution and delivery of energy efficiency projects in municipal office Financial savings buildings. This individual must be able to work across agencies, understand building systems and manage subcontractors. Identify Preliminary Using results from the Benchmarking Program or data collected on office Opportunities buildings by Office Program staff, identify preliminary opportunities for energy efficiency such as: new lighting systems, new air conditioning systems, new heating systems, new computers, server cooling opportunities, etc. Offices buildings can be more complex buildings and can have a high variety of system types, for example some may have simple window A/C (or no A/C) and others may have larger central A/C systems with chillers, cooling towers, air handlers and ductwork. Perform Detailed Walk through a variety of office buildings to identify specific energy Energy Audits efficiency opportunities across the following end-uses and activities:  lighting systems  air conditioning systems  heating systems  computers 81  server rooms and cooling of servers  appliances (water cooler, fridge, vending machines) The Municipal Offices EE Spreadsheet includes estimation methods for energy efficiency potential for offices which includes equipment retrofits, behavioural changes (turning lights off, heating set points, time of operation, etc.) and procurement guidelines. Set Budget and Allocate budgets for energy efficiency upgrades in municipal office Requirements buildings. Combining upgrades with natural building renovations tends to be the best use of limited financing. For example if a new roof is required due to leaks, this is a good time to add insulation and white roof; or if new windows are being installed they could be upgraded to highly insulated windows using Office Building Energy Efficiency Program funds. Alternatively contracts may be set up with Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) who will pay for the first cost of the upgrades and will share in the savings from the retrofits. Design Retrofits / Considering the benchmarking data, detailed energy audits and Upgrades budgetary constraints, design retrofits, equipment replacement and renovation upgrades specifically for each building. Hire Contractor to Prepare an RFP for mechanical or electrical contractors to bid on the Implement retrofit projects. Combining a large number of similar retrofits across Retrofits dozens of office buildings will allow the CA to obtain economies of scale and quality assurance with lower overheads. Alternatively prepare a RFP and award an energy service contract to a private company (ESCO) who will guarantee energy savings, put forward the initial investment, and share future savings with the CA. Verify Retrofit and Walk through and verify each construction project has been performed Performance per the specifications in the energy efficiency retrofit RFP. Continue to collect electricity and heating bills for each building with improved systems and compare to historical data. 82 MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  $/m2 - Benchmark annual energy cost on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings.  kWhe/m2 - Benchmark annual electrical energy consumption on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings in the city.  kWht/m2 - Benchmark annual heating energy consumption on a per-square-meter basis for all municipal office buildings in the city.  $/yr saved - aggregate total energy savings generated through the life of the program. CASE STUDIES Model for Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Berlin, Germany http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/berlin_efficiency.jsp The City of Berlin in partnership with Berlin Energy Agency (BEA) has pioneered an excellent model for improving energy efficiency in buildings. They project manage the retrofit of public and private buildings, preparing tenders for work that will guarantee reductions in emissions. CO2 reductions of an average 26% are written into the public retrofit tenders so that winning Energy Systems Companies (ESCOs) must deliver sustainable energy solutions. 1,400 buildings have so far been upgraded, delivering CO2 reductions of more than 60,400 tonnes per year - these retrofits cost the building owners nothing - and the buildings make immediate savings. Internal Contracting, Stuttgart, Germany http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/buildings/stuttgart_efficiency.jsp Stuttgart saves around 7200 tonnes of CO2 each year through an innovative form of internal contracting, making use of a revolving fund to finance energy and water-saving measures. The city is able to reinvest savings directly into new activities, creating a virtuous circle of environmental improvements and emissions reductions. 83 EU and Display Campaign Case Studies http://www.display-campaign.org/page_162.html The European Display Campaign is a voluntary scheme designed by energy experts from European towns and cities. When started in 2003 it was initially aimed at encouraging local authorities to publicly display the energy and environmental performances of their public buildings using the same energy label that is used for household appliances. Since 2008 private companies are also encouraged to use Display for their corporate social responsibility CSR activities. Energy Management System, Frankfurt, Germany http://www.managenergy.net/download/r164.pdf In 1996 the City of Frankfurt (Building department) entered into a contract with a private company to install and operate an energy-management system (EMS) for the city hall (Romer), Paulskirche and Museum "Schirn". The goal of the project is to reduce the costs for energy- and water as well as the CO2-emissions. Based on the annual costs of 2.6 Million DM in 1992/1993 the potential cost reductions were estimated to be approximately 320,000 DM per year. To reach these cost savings an investment of 1 Million DM for control equipment was necessary. Repayment of the invested capital will be provided from the energy savings (54%) over a period of 8 years. The remaining 46% will reduce the operating costs for the buildings. Energy Efficient Office of the Future (EoF), Garston, UK http://projects.bre.co.uk/envbuild/index.html The new Environmental Building at Garston was built as a demonstration building for the Energy Efficient Office of the Future (EoF) performance specifications, drawn up by a number of companies representing the manufacturers, designers and installers of building components and the fuel utilities, as part of the EoF project run by BRECSU. A key part of this specification is the need to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 30% from current best practice. Air conditioning is not used in the new building - the major energy consumer in many existing office buildings. Other savings will be made by making better use of daylighting and by using the building's 'thermal mass' to moderate temperatures. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance EU LOCAL ENERGY ACTION Good practices 2005 - Brochure of good practice examples from energy agencies across Europe. http://www.managenergy.net/download/gp2005.pdf ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf Energy Conservation Buildings Code provides minimum requirements for the energy efficient design and construction of buildings and their systems. http://www.emt-india.net/ECBC/ECBC-UserGuide/ECBC-UserGuide.pdf 84 ANNEX 5: Building Benchmarking DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Develop a municipal buildings energy benchmarking program which collects and reports on an Energy Savings Potential annual basis the energy use, energy bills, water use, water bills, floor areas, and names of 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum building facility managers (if any). The goal of the program is to identify the highest energy First Cost intensive buildings in the CA portfolio so as to focus on the best energy efficiency opportunities. < US$100,000 The benefits of the program are to use energy efficiency program resources most effectively and Speed of Implementation to spend time and money on the easy wins first. The program will also establish annual data for 1-2 years use in energy/carbon footprint for municipal operations. Co-Benefits Reduced carbon emissions This recommendation is best-suited to larger cities with the size and capacity to implement such Efficient water use a program. Regular monitoring and analysis of building energy consumption and identifying Improved air quality improvement opportunities is a good starting point for most cities. However, setting a proper Financial savings benchmark requires detailed analysis because similar buildings can have significantly varying underlying factors, for example, types of tenants, occupancy density (people per square metre). IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity Appoint, or allocate 1-2 staff with the skills, experience and personality Appoint required to be able to gather a wide variety of data from many Benchmarking departments across the city administration. Alternatively hire an external Leader consultant as a leader for the below activities. Define essential and desirable information useful for an energy benchmarking database. Electricity bills are only one part of the benchmarking database, and many other key data points are required to Identify contextualize the information. Data may include: Benchmarking  building name and address Requirements  electrical, gas, water utility account numbers  electrical, gas, water utility bills for past 3 years  building floor areas 85  energy and water meter locations and associated floor areas  date constructed and date of major renovation  building facilities manager (if any)  building heating, cooling, lighting system types Set up an efficient process to collect data for the database. Identify which department and which individuals are likely to have access to desired information. Define which data should be collected every year and set up Set data collection a method to receive the data every year. Set up a method to check and strategy verify data and allow time for validation. Some data may not exist in CA departments, and if so, primary data must be collected by Benchmarking Team (i.e. floor areas, areas allocated to meters) Appoint junior staff to begin the arduous process of requesting data, receiving data, checking data, and collecting primary data from the source. Begin collecting Alternatively write an RFP and award a contract with a specific scope of data work to gather energy benchmarking data for all municipal buildings. Data can be stored in spreadsheets or dedicated energy software tools. Care should be taken to ensure quality checks are undertaken at a detailed level to ensure accuracy of data entry. Conduct an analysis of collected data to ensure accuracy and begin to identify opportunities. Some examples of analysis include:  compare kWh/m2/yr electricity consumption by building type  compare kWh/m2/yr heating energy by building type Analyze and  compare total $/m2/yr energy consumption by building type Interpret Data Starting with buildings with the highest and lowest performance, verify the floor areas allocated to the utility meters and note any special situations which may increase or decrease energy use (server rooms, unoccupied space, renovations, etc.) Formulate a The results of the analysis stage must be used to formulate a benchmark Bespoke suitable for the underlying factors affecting energy use in the city. This is 86 Benchmark required as these factors may vary significantly from city to city and between different buildings. These factors could include:  types of tenants  occupancy density (persons/m2)  building energy management This benchmarking is usually done for the purposes of building labeling. See Singapore case study for further details. One of the most significant motivators for energy efficiency in building operations is peer pressure as no building owners or operators want to be Present seen as having the worst performing buildings. So sharing building energy Benchmarking intensity internally across departments and operators will inherently Internally improve energy consumption. This will also allow operators to share experiences to allow knowledge sharing across the CA. The boldest statement to show leadership in building energy efficiency is to publish energy performance data to the public, press, voters, and potential political opponents. This last stage of the benchmarking Publish program may be many years after the commencement of the program Benchmarking when the data shows improvements and tells a good story of progress Publically toward efficiency in government operations. The CA could then challenge (or require as some cities have begun to do) private building owners to benchmark their buildings and publish their results. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. 87 Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  kWhe/m2 - annual electrical energy intensity by type of building (Schools, Offices, Residential, Hospital, Misc);  kWht/m2 - annual heating energy intensity by type of building;  $/m2 - annual energy cost intensity by type of building. CASE STUDIES Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings, Kiev, Ukraine Source: ESMAP (2010). "Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Kiev, Ukraine - Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings", available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/656 Under the Kiev Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Project, 1,270 public buildings in the city of Kiev--including healthcare, educational and cultural facilities—were retrofitted with cost-effective, energy-efficiency systems and equipment. The project focused on the supply-side, such as automation and control systems, and demand-side measures, including installation of metering and weatherization, as well as a sound heating tariff policy. The project was undertaken by the Kiev City State Administration (KCSA). Savings from the retrofitting were estimated at 333,423 Gigacalories (Gcal)/year by 2006--normalized by degree/days in the base-line year--or about a 26% savings compared to the buildings’ heat consumption before the project. These upgrades also improved the buildings’ comfort level, helped fost er an energy efficiency services industry, and raised public awareness of the importance of energy efficiency. The project cost US$27.4 million and was financed through a World Bank loan, Swedish Government grant, and KCSA funds. Based on the project’s success, many other cities in Ukraine have requested information on the project and expressed interest in implement ing similar ones for their public buildings. Building Energy Efficiency Master Plan (BEEMP), Singapore http://www.esu.com.sg/pdf/research6_greece/Methodology_of_Building_Energy_Performance_Benchmarking.pdf http://www.bdg.nus.edu.sg/BuildingEnergy/energy_masterplan/index.html The Inter-Agency Committee on Energy Efficiency (IACEE) report identified strategic directions to improve the energy efficiency of the buildings, industries and transport sectors. The Building Energy Efficiency Master Plan (BEEMP), formulated by the Building & Construction Authority (BCA), details the various initiatives taken by the BCA to fulfil these recommendations. The plan contains programmes and measures that span the whole life cycle of a building. It begins with a set of energy efficiency standards to ensure buildings are designed right from the start and continues with a programme of energy management to ensure their operating efficiency is maintained throughout their life span. The BEEMP consists of the following programmes:  Review and update of energy standards  Energy audit of selected buildings  Energy efficiency indices (EEI) and performance benchmark  Energy management of public buildings 88  Performance contracting  Research and development Energy Smart Building Labelling Programme, Singapore http://www.e2singapore.gov.sg/buildings/energysmart-building-label.html The Energy Smart Building Labelling Programme, developed by the Energy Sustainability Unit (ESU) of the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the National Environment Agency (NEA), aims to promote energy efficiency and conservation in the buildings sector by according recognition to energy efficient buildings. The Energy Smart Tool is an online benchmarking system that can be used to evaluate the energy performances of office and hotel buildings. It enables building owners to review the energy consumption patterns within their buildings and compare them against the industry norms. An Energy Smart Building Label, reviewed every three years, is awarded to winners as part of an annual awards ceremony. Apart from helping to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions within the buildings sector, Energy Smart Buildings stand to:  Reap energy savings due to active energy management  Enjoy higher satisfaction levels by occupants  Enhance the company's corporate image Municipal Energy Efficiency Network, Bulgaria http://www.munee.org/files/MEEIS.pdf Thirty-Five Bulgarian cities have established the Municipal Energy Efficiency Network (MEEN). EnEffect is the Secretariat of the Network. Since April 2001, MEEN has admitted four municipal associations as collective members. In order to create a successful municipal energy plan, MEEN promotes the development of two key elements: an energy database and a training program for municipal officials. General information is collected into municipal "Passports". This information is gathered through surveys of various organizations and entered into a database, or energy efficiency information system (EEIS). The EEIS has two layers: database and analysis. The database, a Microsoft Access application, contains objective, technical information, and the analysis contains non-technical information, such as financial, institutional and regulatory documents generated at the national level. This information is organized into three categories: municipality-wide consumption, site-specific consumption, and municipality-wide production. Energy Management Systems in Public Building, Lviv, Ukraine Source: ESMAP (2011). "Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Lviv, Ukraine - Energy Management Systems in Public Buildings", available online from http://www.esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/Lviv%20Buildings%20Case%20final%20edited%20042611_0.pdf The Ukrainian city of Lviv was able to reduce annual energy consumption in its public buildings by about 10 percent and tap water consumption by about 12 percent through a Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) program to control energy and water consumption. This generated an estimated net savings of 9.5 million UAH (US$1.2 million) as of 2010. The M&T program was launched in December 2006 and became fully operational by May 2007. It provided the city management with monthly consumption data for district heating, natural gas, 89 electricity and water in all of the city’s 530 public buildings. Under the program, utility use is reported and analyzed monthly; targets for monthly utility consumption are determined annually based on historical consumption and negotiations on an adjustment (in cases of foreseeable changes in consumption patterns). Actual consumption is reviewed monthly against the target, with deviations spotted and acted upon immediately and the performance of buildings is communicated to the public through a display campaign. The M&T program achieved significant savings with minimal investment and recurring program costs. These utility bill reductions have been valuable in light of fiscal constraints and increasing energy prices. The program benefited from a crucial initial condition where most of the city’s public buildings were already metered for energy and water consumption and that the city had been collaborating with international aid programs in municipal energy since the late 1990s. Strong city government leadership and commitment were key success factors of Lviv’s public buildings e nergy and water M&T program. A new Energy Management Unit (EMU) was established within the city administration and resources were mobilized to train all personnel with line responsibility on building utility use in an administrative division, unit, or building. The M&T system established responsibility, created transparency, and enabled informed control of energy and water use in public buildings, laying a solid foundation for sustained improvements in energy and water efficiency. Public Building Energy Management Program, Lviv, Ukraine http://www.ecobuild-project.org/docs/ws2-kopets.pdf As part of the Energy Efficiency Cities of Ukraine initiative, launched in 2007 as initiative of 4 cities, supported by MHME, NAER and European Association of local authorities "Energie-Cites", Lviv has promoted sustainable energy policy and action plans at a local level. The city has developed a Public Building Energy Management Program through the Energy Efficiency Cities of Ukraine initiative. These involve regular data gathering through various agencies and a subsequent monitoring and analysis of building energy consumption in order to identify easily achievable improvement opportunities. SMEU Software, Romania http://www.munee.org/files/SMEU-romania.pdf The SMEU software was created to set priorities for municipal energy action plans and to assess global energy costs and consumption. The goal of this software is to gather, organize and use energy data so that decision-makers could analyze trends in energy use by consumers and by resources and accurately predict the energy budget for the following period. The SMEU software divides data into individual and interacting modules to collect data on various aspects of the energy cycle. The Locality Module collects information on an annual basis, including area, population, and average temperature, as well as general information on the municipality such as number of buildings and number of dwellings per building. NYC Greener Buildings, USA http://council.nyc.gov/html/releases/prestated_4_22_09.shtml New York City Municipal Buildings were benchmarked for Energy Efficiency. The project, initiated on December 9, 2009 with the passage of 90 the "Greener, Greater Buildings Plan" (formally known as Intro. No. 476-A, Benchmarking Energy and Water Use), puts the city at the head of a national effort to improve building energy efficiency aimed at reducing America's carbon footprint and its use of highly pollutive fossil fuels to generate electricity. The project used the U.S. Environmental Agency's (EPA's) Energy Star Portfolio Manager energy management tool, which is integral to the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification process, as established and managed by the U.S. Green Building Council, or USGBC. The Plan aims to reduce the city's total carbon footprint by 30 percent by 2030 (originally 2017), with five percent of that reduction coming from government, commercial and residential building. After the initial phase is completed, building owners will be required to benchmark yearly. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance Target Finder helps users establish an energy performance target for design projects and major building renovations. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_finder Portfolio Manager is an interactive energy management tool to track and assess energy and water consumption across the entire portfolio of buildings. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager A presentation by Berlin Energy Agency on Berlin's Energy Saving Partnership - "a Model of Success" , June 29th, 2010. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/305499-1280310219472/CArce_BEA_ENG.pdf Energy Efficient City in Russia: Workshop Proceedings, June 2010. A guidance document for Preparing, Financing and Implementing Municipal Energy Efficiency Programs. http://www.esmap.org/esmap/sites/esmap.org/files/Russia%20EE%20Cities%20Proceedings%20ENG%20080210.pdf 91 ANNEX 6: Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan ATTRIBUTES Energy Savings Potential DESCRIPTION 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum Develop a comprehensive energy efficiency strategy and action plan for the municipality. The First Cost strategy should have measurable and realistic targets, set out timeframes and assign US$100,000-1,000,000 responsibilities. It should be developed collaboratively by representatives from across the Speed of Implementation municipality and other groups who will be affected by the strategy. < 1 year Co-Benefits A municipal energy efficiency strategy will help bring together a diverse range of initiatives into a Reduced carbon emissions coherent plan for city-wide energy efficiency. By presenting a single action plan, the strategy will Improved air quality also make it easier to monitor progress. The strategy can also be used as an internal and external Enhanced public health & safety publicity tool for the municipality to promote and build support for their work on energy Increased employment opportunities efficiency. Financial savings Security of supply IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity The mayor issues a mayoral decree for an interdepartmental energy Mayoral decree efficiency review and strategy. The city authority introduces regulations requiring that the public Regulation (Annual organizations report on total energy usage, measures taken to improve EE Reports) energy efficiency and the impact of efficiency measures on an annual basis. The city authority appoints a senior officer to monitor energy usage and efficiency within city authority departments and public organizations. Appoint EE officer Incorporate the collection and management of data into the job descriptions of those municipal employees with responsibility for energy efficiency initiatives. 92 MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Total city authority energy use;  Total efficiency savings achieved from energy efficiency initiatives;  Percentage of energy efficiency initiatives for which data is collected every year;  Set targets for the city authority for each KPI, for example, improve KPI performance by 20% in 5 years. Produce annual reports on progress towards set targets. Monitor and update the action plan on a regular basis. CASE STUDIES Municipal Initiatives to address Climate Change, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA Connecticut General Assembly "Municipal Initiatives to address Climate Change" http://www.cga.ct.gov/2010/rpt/2010-R-0300.htm Regional Plan Association, Copy of Mayor's Executive Order http://www.rpa.org/bgreen/BGreen_2020_Executive_Order.pdf Regional Plan Association "BGreen 2020: A Sustainability Plan for Bridgeport, Connecticut" http://www.rpa.org/bgreen/BGreen-2020.pdf In 2008, the mayor issued an executive order that established a goal for the city government to reduce its annual GHG emissions from a 1990 baseline by 7% by 2012 and 20% by 2020, in accordance with the city's Plan of Conservation and Development. In order to meet this goal, the executive order required the city to obtain at least 25% of its electricity from renewable resources by 2012 and for all new major city construction and major renovation projects to earn at least a silver rating under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program, or its equivalent under similar rating systems. The order established a Sustainability Community Advisory Committee, which is charged with:  overseeing the completion of a city-wide and municipal government GHG inventory,  making recommendations to the mayor and the city on how to meet the city's sustainability goals,  preparing educational materials for households and businesses describing climate change and actions they can take to promote sustainability, and  identifying economic and workforce development opportunities associated with green jobs. 93 The city, in collaboration with the Bridgeport Regional Business Council, has developed a program to promote sustainability. The program includes specific measures around auditing energy use, reducing total building footprint within the city, using advanced waste treatment techniques, and analysing the feasibility of installing renewable energy systems on public and private buildings. Since the order was issued, the city and the Regional Business Council have also developed a comprehensive sustainability plan, BGreen2020. The plan was developed following an 18-month planning process with a Community Advisory Committee and five technical subcommittees. The process involved over 200 participants from city, state, and federal governments, businesses, and civic and neighbourhood groups. The plan is a comprehensive strategy to improve the quality of life, social equity, and economic competitiveness while reducing GHG emissions and increasing the community's resilience to the impacts of climate change. Energy Efficiency Strategy, Spain European Commission - Saving & Energy Efficiency Strategy in Spain http://ec.europa.eu/energy/demand/legislation/doc/neeap/es_neeap_en.pdf Evaluate Energy Savings http://www.evaluate-energy-savings.eu/emeees/en/countries/Spain/index.php Spain's Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency Strategy 2008-2012 (E4), which constitutes its National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), aims to achieve security of supply in terms of quantity and price with some basic levels of self-sufficiency, taking into consideration the environmental impact and economic competitiveness. The plan identifies 7 sectors including: agriculture, buildings, domestic and office equipment, industry, public services, transport, and energy transformation. Within each of these sectors, it sets out sets out strategic objectives as well as the route that energy policy should take to achieve these objectives. The Plan establishes a primary energy saving of 24,776 ktoe in 2012 as quantified energy objective in opposition to the scenario which was used as the base for the initial Plan 2004-2012, involving 13.7%. The plan also monitors progress against previous action plans, identifies investment and the potential for improvement in each sector, and sets targets for the immediate future. The financing of the Plan is via investments in the private sector and in public services, and are therefore passed on to the end- users (consumers) and employers, who make investments which improve the processes or equipment that they bring to the market, so the services that they provide are carried out with less consumption of energy. Energy and resource saving program, Brisbane, Australia Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Eco2 Cities: Energy and Resource Saving Program in Brisbane, available onlinehttp://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1225 Brisbane’s population is expected to continue to grow over the next two decades. In 2007, the Brisbane City Council issued Brisbane’s Plan for Action on Climate Change and Energy, which delineates the selected actions to be achieved in the short term (about 18 months) and the long term (more than five years). Brisbane has three major challenges: climate change, high peak oil demand, and greenhouse gas emissions. Analyses suggest that, if Brisbane responds intelligently to these challenges, the city may generate significant economic benefits by developing sustainable industries, while saving resources. Brisbane is actively introducing various approaches to sustainable 94 development. In addition, in the city’s “Our Shared Vision: Living in Brisbane 2026” policy document, authorities have committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions in half, reusing all wastewater, and restoring 40 percent of the natural habitat by 2026. Integrated resource planning and management, Stockholm, Sweden Good Practices in City Energy Efficiency: Eco2 Cities - Integrated Resource Management in Stockholm, available online http://www.esmap.org/esmap/node/1228 The City of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, has pursued integrated city planning and management to become a sustainable city. The city has a comprehensive urban vision, environmental programs, and concrete action plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and tackle climate change. It implements integrated urban planning approaches that consider ecological benefits and efficient resource use. The ongoing redevelopment in the city’s southern district, Hammarby Sjöstad, is a good model for understanding integrated app roaches to sustainable urban planning and redevelopment. The area aims to be twice as sustainable as Swedish best practice in 1995. The area implements integrated resource management (waste, energy, water, and sewage) through systematic stakeholder collaboration and has transformed the linear urban metabolism into a cyclical one known as the Hammarby Model. According to Grontmij AB, a private consultancy firm in Stockholm, primary assessments of the initially developed districts of Hammarby Sjöstad show that the area has achieved, for example, 28 to 42 percent reductions in nonrenewable energy use and 29 to 37 percent reductions in global warming potential. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance N/A 95 ANNEX 7: Procurement Guide for New Street Lights DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Traditionally used incandescent bulbs in street lights, are highly inefficient in that they produce Energy Savings Potential little light and much heat energy from their significant power consumption. They are often also > 200,000 kWh/annum poorly designed, emitting light equally in all directions unnecessarily, including the sky above, First Cost which further increases their energy inefficiency. New bulb technologies, can often significantly < US$100,000 increase their efficiency as well as extending their design life. Traditionally used luminaires Speed of Implementation usually have short design lives of about five years, requiring frequent replacement. The aim of < 1 year this recommendation is to produce a guide to inform the procurement of new bulbs when Co-Benefits replacing faulty ones. Reduced carbon emissions Enhanced public health & safety The replacement of lighting technology can deliver the same lighting levels for lower energy Financial savings consumption, reducing associated carbon emissions as well as operational costs. The improved design life also reduces maintenance requirements and costs and further reduces interruptions to service, thereby improving public health and safety. IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity Prepare a design manual for public street lighting which follows best practice IESNA public lighting for visibility and safety guidelines. The Improved Street design manual should include parameters for illumination, pole Lighting Design spacing recommendations, luminaire and lamp type Manuals recommendations and dimming or time of night illumination operations for all types of streets in the city. Prepare an RFP for energy service companies (ESCOs) to bid on Energy Service providing street lighting illumination for the city. The requirement Contracts for new should include design, installation, maintenance and operational street lighting (energy) costs. The contracts should be for a long time period (more installations than 10 years) and include strict requirements for illumination (minimums and maximums). The goal of the contracts will be to entice 96 competition in the private sector to provide the lowest operational cost possible. Life Cycle Cost analysis Require all procurement submissions for purchasing of new street lighting component in installations, lamp replacement purchases, or maintenance costs to procurement provide a life cycle analysis of first cost, maintenance costs and energy submissions costs over the span of 7 years. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Lumens / Watt - efficacy of illumination for the current design standards for lamp procurement  Watts / km - averages for different street widths and types CASE STUDIES Midlands Highway Alliance (MHA), UK http://www.emcbe.com/Highways-general/idea%20case%20study.pdf Working under the East Midlands Improvement and Efficiency Partnership (EMIEP), the Midlands Highways Alliance (MHA) will save the region GBP11 million across highways maintenance and improvements by 2011. Supported by Constructing Excellence, the nine councils in the region and the Highways Agency have been making efficiency savings through a best practice procurement framework for major and medium sized highways schemes and professional civil engineering services, sharing best practice in maintenance contracts and by the joint procurement of new technologies such as street lighting and signage. The document outlines the minimum and desired specifications for street lighting technologies in order to achieve the carbon emissions and cost reductions required. 97 "Lighting the Way" Project, Australia http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/ANZ/CCP/CCP-AU/EnergyToolbox/lightingtheway.pdf Australia is committed to reducing its growth in greenhouse emissions. Currently initiatives are underway at all levels of government to improve the efficiency of public lighting, including State and local government trials of more efficient public lighting. Public lighting of minor roads is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions for local government. There are many opportunities to improve the quality of the lighting while reducing both the costs and greenhouse emissions. The various stakeholders have produced a procurement guide, "Lighting the Way", which provides information to assist local governments in improving the public lighting of minor roads in their communities while reducing their greenhouse emissions, lowering their costs and decreasing their liability and risk. These outcomes can be achieved through use of energy efficient solutions that provide better service in street lighting and comply with Australian Standards (AS/NZS 1158). It outlines technical and other issues related to energy efficient lighting. It also provides some guidance for councils on techniques to improve their ability to negotiate public lighting issues with distribution businesses. A number of lamp types offer considerable advantages over the standard 80 watt mercury vapour lamps in terms of power consumption, lumen depreciation, light output, maintenance, life span, aesthetics and performance in various temperatures. TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance European Lamp Companies Federation. "Saving Energy through Lighting", A procurement guide for efficient lighting, including a chapter on street lighting. http://buybright.elcfed.org/uploads/fmanager/saving_energy_through_lighting_jc.pdf New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. "How to guide to Effective Energy-Efficient Street Lighting" Available online from http://www.rpi.edu/dept/lrc/nystreet/how-to-officials.pdf ESMAP Public Procurement of Energy Efficiency Services - Guide of good procurement practice from around the world. http://www.esmap.org/Public_Procurement_of_Energy_Efficiency_Services.pdf 98 ANNEX 8: Awareness Raising Campaigns DESCRIPTION ATTRIBUTES Public education and training campaigns will increase the public's awareness and understanding Energy Savings Potential of the benefits of energy efficiency and can help change attitudes towards energy efficiency. 100,000-200,000 kWh/annum Providing information on easy ways to be more energy efficient can help modify citizen behavior First Cost and contribute to overall energy-savings. This can be achieved through: US$100,000-1,000,000  Advertising campaigns Speed of Implementation  Public events < 1 year  Articles in the local press Co-Benefits  User-friendly website providing information about energy efficiency Reduced carbon emissions  Training programs in schools, community centres and businesses Improved air quality  An 'energy efficiency champion' program Enhanced public health & safety Financial savings Key benefits are more efficient energy behaviours by residents leading to reduced energy Security of supply consumption within the city. Indirect benefits include reduced pressure on energy infrastructure, reduced carbon emissions and better air quality. IMPLEMENTATION OPTIONS Implementation Methodology Activity Working with an experienced education/training provider, the city authority develops training programs which can be rolled out in schools Targeted training and offices. These programs should target big energy users, for example, programs offices. These programs can also be implemented through a partnership with other organisations, such as utility companies, businesses and NGOs. Working with an advertising and marketing company experienced in public education campaigns, the city authority develops a strategy for providing Public education information on energy efficiency to all residents. This can include posters, campaigns billboards and leaflets, as well as public media announcements and advertisements. A partnership can be created with a business or utility company to help finance this. 99 The city authority recruits local energy efficiency champions and trains them to teach people about the importance and benefits of energy efficiency. Champions can be anyone interested in spreading the message about energy efficiency, for example, local authorities, businesses, local community groups, NGOs, health trusts, school children and other individuals. This implementation activity can be carried out in a number of ways:  Ask champions to come to a 'train the trainer' course and provide Energy efficiency them with support to run sessions within their own community. champions  Teach champions about simple ways to save energy, and then give them leaflets to distribute in their community. Ensure that champions inform people that they are the local contact for any energy efficiency questions. Since energy efficiency champions are often volunteers, an officer should be appointed to provide support and encouragement, conduct regular follow ups and monitor progress of each energy efficiency champion program. MONITORING Monitoring the progression and effectiveness of recommendations, once implemented, is fundamental to an accurate understanding of their value over the longer term. Where the CA implements a recommendation a target (or set of targets) should be defined that indicates the level of expected progress over a given timescale. At the same time a monitoring plan should be designed. The monitoring plan does not need to be complicated or time consuming but should, as a minimum, cover the following aspects: identification of information sources, identification of performance indicators, a means of measurement and validating measuring equipment or processes, record keeping protocols, a schedule for measurement activity (daily, weekly, monthly etc.), assignment of responsibilities for each aspect of the process, a means of auditing and reviewing performance and finally, establishment of reporting and review cycles. 100 Some suggested measures that relate specifically to this recommendation are as follows:  Number of people participating in training programs annually  Number of hits to city energy efficiency website monthly (if developed) or number of requests for energy efficiency measures  Number of articles in the press about energy efficiency  Number of energy efficiency champions trained (if this option is chosen) CASE STUDIES PlaNYC, New York www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/plan/energy.shtml ; www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/downloads/pdf/planyc_energy_progress_2010.pdf. PlaNYC is a comprehensive sustainability plan for the city's future. The plan puts forth a strategy to reduce the city's greenhouse gas footprint, while also accommodating a population growth of nearly one million, and improving infrastructure and environment. Recognizing the importance to reduce global carbon emissions, and the value of leading by example, New York has set the goal of reducing its citywide carbon emissions by 30% below 2005 levels. Within the Energy sector of the plan, the city has an initiative to undertake extensive education, training, and quality control programs to promote energy efficiency. By 2010, the city launched an energy awareness campaign, and set up training, certification, and monitoring programs. The plan proposes that these measures will be delivered through a series of partnerships until an Energy Efficiency Authority is established. Energy Efficiency Office, Toronto, Canada City of Toronto http://www.toronto.ca/energy/saving_tips.htm The Energy Efficiency Office in Toronto provides energy saving tips for households, businesses and developers on the city's website. As an example, the Energy Efficiency Office conducts the Employee Energy Efficiency at Work (E3@Work), an awareness program designed to save money and promote energy efficiency practices by managing office equipment power loads. Developed and implemented by the City of Toronto in 2002, the program is being promoted to business establishments and offices across the city. The goal is to reduce energy consumption and building operating costs, improve energy security and reliability and help preserve the environment. Low Carbon Singapore, Singapore Low Carbon Singapore http://www.lowcarbonsg.com "Low Carbon Singapore" is an online community dedicated to help Singapore reduce its carbon emissions and move towards the goal of a low carbon economy. The project aims to educate individuals, communities, businesses and organisations on issues relating to climate change, global warming and clean energy, providing information, news, tips and resources on various ways to reduce carbon, including adoption of clean energy and energy efficient behaviours and technologies. Low Carbon Singapore is published by Green Future Solutions, 101 a Singapore-based business that promotes environmental awareness and action for a green future through a network of green websites, events, presentations, publications and consultancy. Carbon Management Energy Efficiency (CMEE) Programme, Walsall Council, UK Walsall Council http://www.walsall.gov.uk/index/energy_awareness_staff_presentations.htm Walsall Council has been rolling out energy awareness training by the Carbon Trust under their funded Carbon Management Energy Efficiency (CMEE) programme, including:  Energy surveys of the council's least energy efficient buildings  Evaluating feasibility of combined heat and power (CHP) generation at the council's leisure centres  Raising staff awareness through a number of energy presentations to senior managers, building managers, school caretakers and a number of the council's general staff. A total of 226 staff were trained in this round using presentations developed by the Carbon Trust and adapted, with the help of some of the environmental champions, to reflect Walsall Council's needs. The aim of the CMEE programme is to identify and achieve significant carbon savings throughout the council and as a consequence financial savings too. By reducing their energy spent, the council will also reduce the number of carbon credits it has to buy under the Carbon Reduction Commitment, which entered into force in 2010. Siemens Energy Efficiency Academy, Brisbane, Australia Siemens: http://aunz.siemens.com/EVENTS/ENERGYEACADEMY/Pages/IN_EnergyEfficiencyAcademy.aspx ; http://www.siemens.com/sustainability/report/09/pool/pdf/siemens_sr_2009.pdf. The Siemens Energy Efficiency Academy brings together some of the leading international and local experts to share their insights on government policy, emerging technologies, market drivers and best practice implementation. Apart from adopting and showcasing its own energy efficient practices, it runs regular training programs for businesses across topics such as:  Incentive schemes: Market mechanisms, grants and funding explained  Building winning business cases for energy efficiency  Energy Efficiency Policy in Australian Governments  Next generation technology - What's next?  Best practice implementation for variable speed drives and power quality  Energy monitoring in Industrial and Commercial facilities Energy Awareness Week, Meath, Ireland ManagEnergy "EU LOCAL ENERGY ACTION: Good practices 2005" http://www.managenergy.net/download/gp2005.pdf In 2004, the Meath Energy Management Agency's (MEMA) extended its Energy Awareness Week to everyone who lived or worked in the County of Meath, Ireland, using a concentrated burst of media campaigning to raise energy awareness among consumers. Visits to schools, 102 information displays, widespread media coverage, competitions, a 'Car Free Day' and an offer of free CFL light bulbs encouraged participation at all levels. The campaign dramatically increased requests for information from the energy agency. The competitions and promotions also improved local knowledge of energy efficiency, and encouraged people to choose sustainable energy and transport options in the future. Energy Awareness Week activities were coordinated and carried out by MEMA with the support of the Environment Department of Meath County Council. The direct costs for the campaign were US $ 4,470. This covered printing and copying of promotional materials, prizes, and provision of reflective jackets for walking bus participants. Additional prizes and sponsorship were provided by local companies and by Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI). TOOLS & GUIDANCE Tools & Guidance "EU LOCAL ENERGY ACTION: Good practices 2005" http://www.managenergy.net/download/gp2005.pdf 103 ANNEX 9: List of abbreviations for cities in the TRACE database City Country City Abbreviation City Country City Abbreviation 1 Addis Ababa Ethiopia ADD 38 Karachi Pakistan KAR 2 Amman Jordan AMM 39 Kathmandu Nepal KAT 3 Baku Azerbaijan BAK 40 Kiev Ukraine KIE 4 Bangkok Thailand BAN 41 Kuala Malaysia KUA Lumpur 5 Belgrade Serbia BE1 42 Lima Peru LIM 6 Belo Brazil BEL 43 Ljubljana Slovenia LJU Horizonte 7 Bengaluru India BEN 44 Mexico Mexico MEX City 8 Bhopal India BHO 45 Mumbai India MUM 9 Bratislava Slovakia BRA 46 Mysore India MYS 10 Brasov Romania BR1/BRA 47 New York USA NEW 11 Bucharest Romania BUC 48 Odessa Ukraine ODE 12 Budapest Hungary BUD 49 Paris France PAR 13 Cairo Egypt CAI 50 Patna India PAT 14 Cape Town South CAP 51 Phnom Cambodia PHN Africa Penh 15 Casablanca Morocco CAS 52 Ploiesti Romania PLO 16 Cebu Philippines CEB 53 Pokhara Nepal POK 17 Cluj-Napoca Romania CLU 54 Porto Portugal POR 18 Colombo Sri Lanka COL 55 Pune India PUN 19 Constanta Romania CON 56 Quezon Philippines QUE City 20 Craiova Romania CRA 57 Rio de Brazil RIO Janeiro 21 Dakar Senegal DAK 58 Sangli India SAN 22 Danang Vietnam DAN 59 Sarajevo Bosnia and SAR Herzegovina 23 Dhaka Bangladesh DHA 60 Seoul South Korea SEO 24 Gaziantep Turkey GAZ 61 Shanghai China SHA 25 Guangzhou China GUA 62 Singapore Singapore SIN 104 26 Guntur India GUN 63 Sofia Bulgaria SOF 27 Hanoi Vietnam HAN 64 Surabaya Indonesia SUR 28 Helsinki Finland HEL 65 Sydney Australia SYD 29 Ho Chi Minh Vietnam HO 66 Tallinn Estonia TAL 30 Hong Kong China HON 67 Tbilisi Georgia TBI 31 Iasi Romania IAS 68 Tehran Iran TEH 32 Indore India IND 69 Timisoara Romania TIM 33 Jabalpur India JAB 70 Tokyo Japan TOK 34 Jakarta Indonesia JAK 71 Toronto Canada TOR 35 Jeddah Saudi JED 72 Urumqi China URU Arabia 36 Johannesburg South JOH 73 Vijaywada India VIJ Africa 37 Kanpur India KAN 74 Yerevan Armenia YER 105