,Ad 37 7 - TH. Doc t of The World Bank Rlot No. P-6313-Tn MEORADM AMD RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTR ION AND DEVELOPIHRT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECRS ON A PROPOSED LOAN IN AN AMT EQUIVALENT TO US$118.1 lILLION TO THE KINGDOM OF THAI ND FuR A LAND TITLING III PROJECT AUGUST 30, 1994 MICROGRAPHICS Report No: P- 6313 TH Type: MOP Ths document has a resticted distnibution and my be used by reiients only In dw perfonwan of theik officid dudes. Its contents ay not othefwi be disclosed witbout Wordd Ban autorzation. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of February 23, 1994) Currency Unit - Baht (B) Bahtl.O0 = US$0.04 US$1.00 - Baht 25.S0 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 rai - 0.16 hectare 1 hectare (ha) = 6.25 rai ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AIDAB - Australian International Development Assistance Bureau CVA - Central Valuation Authority DOL - Department of Lands ICB - International Competitive Bidding LCB - Local Competitive Bidding LDD - Land Development Department LTP I - Land Titling I Project LTP II - Land Titling II Project LTP III - Land Titling III Project RFD - Royal Forest Department RTG - Royal Thai Government FISCAL YEAR OF BORROWER October 1 to September 30 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY THAILAND LAND TITLIRG III PROJECT Loan and Proiect Summary Borrower: Kingdom of Thailand Amounts US$118.1 million equivalent Terms: Repayable in 17 years, including five years of grace, at the Bank's standard variable interest rate Financing Plan: Local Poreian Total -____ us$ million ------ Government 76.8 5.6 82.4 AIDAB (Grant) 1.1 5.2 6.3 IBRD 82.1 36.0 118.1 TOTAL 16 46.8 206.8 Economic Rate of Return: Not applicable Poverty Catggory: Program of Targeted Interventions Staff Appraisal Report: Report No. 12866-TH 118t IBRD No. 25527 T document has a rest d ition and may be used by recipiens only in the oinne oftheir olacil dutes Its conten may not otha be disclosd vithout Word Bank attwl An. I MEMORANDUM AND RECOHMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOMNT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND FOR A LAND TITLING III PROJECT 1. I submit for your approval the following memorandum and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Kingdom of Thailand for the equivalent of US$118.1 million to help finance a Land Titling III Project. The lo&n would be at the Bank's standard variable interest rate, with a maturity of 17 years, including five years of grace. The project would be cofinanced by a AUD7.2 million (US$6.3 million equivalent) grant from the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB). 2. CountrylSector Background. About 801 of Thailand's population live ln rural areas, most of them depending directly on agriculture. Agriculture provides over 602 of employment but its contribution to the overall econo1i7 has been steadily declining, as reflected in 1992 in its 121 share of GDP (against 251 in 1981) and 301 of exports. During 1960-75, the sector performed exceptionally well and was able to achieve annual growth rates exceeding 5Z. Since 1975, the rate of growth of total domestic agricultural output has fallen progressively and in 1990, turned negative. Forest land has also been severely encroached. Although 401 of the total area of the country has been proclaimed as forest land, only 181 remains still relatively untouched. 3. As area expansion is no longer poss4ble, agricultural development must rely on increase of farm productivity. However, the switch to higher-velue agriculture necessitates capital investment in land improvements. Financial institutions provide medium and long term credit only against collateral, usually land which is covered by a full title deed. Thus, the millions of legitimate land owners who are still awaiting title deeds have little access to such credit. The limitations which this poses on potential farm investment and productivity improvement are significant f^- the national sconomy. 4. The Royal Thal Government (RTG) is unable to tax real property effectively, due to the lack of accurate cadastral maps. In addition, revenue collectico from land transaction fees and local taxes is affected by low valuations made by the Central Valatation Authority (CVA), a division of the Department of Lands (DOL). As these are also used for compensation of ex-propriated private property, fair and equitable compensations to property owners are not being provided. The institutional capacity for an effective national valuation function is inadequate. 5. To address these concerns, the Government enacted a Land Code in 1954 to consolidate prior land laws and establish a legal framework for a land administration sy tem designed to control land use, determine ownership, and generate revenues from land. DOL vas strengthened to implement the system, but by the 1970s the demand for land titling had increased sharply, exceeding DOL's capability. As an interim measure, DOL issued land use certificates, which are now being converted to title deeds. To speed up title issuance, in 1984 the Government initiated a 20-year Accelerated National Cadastral Mapping and Land - 2 - Titling Program. The first and second phases were supported by th. Bank under Land Titling I and II Projects (Ln. 2440-TH and Ln. 3254-TH), with AIDAB grant cofinancing for technical assistance and training. 6. LTP I covered Bangkok and 9 provinces in the north and northeast, and LTP II an additional 30 provinces mainly in these two regions. Project activities included cadastral surveying and mapping, issuance of title deeds, improvement of land administration, strengthening of DOL and CVA, and technical assistance and training. LTP I focused on the introduction of new technology, while LTP II concentrated on its consolidation and on laying down the framework for institutional changes. The PCR of LTP I concluded that the project had substantially achieved its objectives (79Z of eligible parcels issued with titles). Decentralization of land administration from province to branch office level was successful, providing the public with more efficient and effective land administration services. Government reveaues from land transaction fees increased cor.siderably as a direct result of the project. Cofinancing of technical assistance and training by AIDAB played a critical role in the success of the project. Socio-ecc'omic studies completed for LTP I have shown that land values, access to institutional credit, amounts borrowed per family, use of farm inputs and income, and cultivated areas significantly increased due to titling. These studies have confirmed results obtained from previous Bank-financed studies on the direct correlation of land values, farm investment and productivity with land tenure security. LTP II is still underway. Land titling activities are on track, and technological innovations introduced under LTP I have been consolidated. Pilot projects in land and management information systems have been successfully tested, while a strategic plan for the development of a national valustion function has been prepared. These activities would be implemented under LTP III. 7. Lessons Learned from Previous Bank Operations. A review by the Environment Department of Bank experience with rural land titling projects reported that, except for the Thailand projects, the 12 operations surveyed performed poorly. The main problems were: lack of political support; conflicting bureaucratic priorities; lack of institutional capacity or support; and complex, multiple objectives, of which titling was only an adjunct. By contrast, the Thailand projects were relatively successful, due to: full political and institutional support; focused titling objective; Government commitment of adequate resources; and relatively favorable land policy environment. Effective technical assistance and training were also factors. Experience from the Thailand projects showed that their clear success needs to be sustained by long term institutional changes, including improvements in administrative and management practices, human resource management and development programs, and integration of national land use and classification policies. The proposed project addresses these issues. 8. Rationale for Bank Involvement. The project is a central part of the country assistance strategy for Thailand, which focuses on four areass infrastructure development; poverty alleviation and improving income distribution; human resource development; and environmental and natural resource management. The project addresses the last three areas. The Thailand Poverty Assessment of June 1993 reported that Thailand was the only country out of six in East Asia that failed to make significant advances in reducing poverty in the late 1980s, despite the economic boom. Also, 95? of employed household heads who are below the poverty line are in agriculture, and 28? of farming families - 3 - nationally fall below the poverty line of US$173 per capita. Regional differences are also widening, with poverty incidence in the northeast remaining unchanged and the highest at 332. Through provision of secure documented land tenure to mainly rural families (and over 502 of the project provinces are from the poorer northeast region), the project would assist in alleviating poverty of the least privileged people in the country by opening access to institutional credit and thus increasing farm productivity and income. To ensure the sustainability of technical and institutional capacity, the project will support a comprehensive human resource management and development program for DOL. Project support to ground survey and demarcation of forest boundaries in the project area, which includes over 25% of the country's provinces, will represent the first comprehensive initiative by the Royal Forest Department (RFD) to clearly delineate its forest areas and provide a sound basis for enforcement of forest protection. In addition, project support to the Land Development Department (LDD) for the demarcation of steeply sloping land is a first comprehensive Government effort to ensure that vulnerable watershed areas are not issued with title deeds. Finally, due to resource constraints, the Government still requires external assistance to enable it to complete the national land titling program on an accelerated schedule. The project will *±.lp to fill in the resource gap. 9. Pro1ect Obiectives. The project aims to provide secure land tenure to eligible land owners, develop the long term sustainability of DOL' a institutional capacity, improve land administration service delivery, and develop an effective national property valuation function. 10. Proiect Description. The five-year project would support the third phase of the Government's Accelerated National Cadastral Mapping and Land Titling Program. It would mainly cover some 19 provinces, including 10 provinces in the northeast, 7 provinces in the north, and 2 provinces in the central region. The project components are: (a) land titling, including rural and urban cadastral survey and mapping, parcel adjudication, and title deed production and distribution (681 of total base costs); (b) improving DOL service delivery, focusing on decentralization and strengthening of land administration (1OZ of total base costs); (c) strengthening DOL, with emphasis on ma- ement and development of human resources and information systems (10 of total base costs); (d) developing CVA, through implementation of the first phase of CVA's strategic plan (91 of total base costs); and (e) provision of technical assistance, training and studies (32 of total base costs). 11. Proiect Implementation. The proposed project would be carried out by DOL. The project cost is estimated at US$206.8 million equivalent, with a foreign exchange component of US$46.8 million equivalent (23Z), including taxes and duties estimated at about US$9.4 million equivalent. The total external financing required is US$124.4 million, of which the Bank would finance US$118.1 million equivalent (771 of the foreign exchange and 512 of the local costs), and AIDAB an equivalent of US$6.3 million. A breakdown of costs and the financing plan are shown in Schedule A. Amounts and methods of procurement and of disbursements, and the disbursement schedule are shown in Schedule D. A timetable of key project processing events and the status of Bank Group operationo in the Thailand are given in Schedules C and D, respectively. A map is also attached. The Staff Appraisal Report, No. 12866-TH dated August 30, 1994, is being distributed separately. 12. Project Sustainability. One of the project's main ob5ectives is to ensure the long term sustainability of investments and improvements made in land administration under LTP I and II by supporting institutional changes, focusing on human resource management and development, and improvement of administration and management practices. 13. Aereed Actions. The following assurances were provided at negotiations: (a) by January I, 1995, DOL, RFD, and LDD would appoint joint survey teams to carry out forest boundary demarcation; (b) DOL would, by January 1, 1995, formulate and implement a policy to address during the field adjudication process issues of deceased and absentee landowners and parcels held in mortgage; (c) DOL would, by January 1, 1995, formulate and implement a policy for improving provincial and branch land office records management; (d) DOL would, oy October 1, 1995, submit to the Bank an appropriate human resource management and development program; and (e) DOL would, by October 1s 1997, prepare an implementation plan for the continued development of CVA from project completion to full development. 14. Environmental Asiects. The project has a "B" rating, but the entironmental impact is expected to be positive. The physical demarcation of forest and watershed area boundaries aims at ensuring that titling is not carried out inside those areas. Cles2 boundaries agreed by all concerned RTG agencies vill provide a sound basis for implementation of forest protection. Secure land tenure and a freely transferable title deed provide the incentive for asset capitalization through land improvements and for protection against degradation due to unsustainable land use practices. Land titling activities near forest and watershed boundaries will be closely monitored to prevent accidental titling inside forest areas. 15. Prosraom Obiective CateRories. The project supports the main objectives of poverty alleviation, natural resource kanagement and human resource development. Accelerated land titling aims at poverty alleviation by providing title deeds to legitimate private and predominantly rural land owners, thereby opening the way for them to in_.itutional credit and to land Improvements and increased productivity. The clear demarcation of forest and protected watershed area boundaries is an important step in environmental and natural resource management. Finally, the project's human resource development activities are key to the sustainability of land administration. 16. Project Benefits. An estimated 1.1 million predominantly rural families from amongst the poorest sections of the population would directly benefit from the project by receiving some 3.4 million title deeds. However, these benefits do not lend themselves to conventional rate of return analysis. The evaluation of LTP I showed that increased security of tenure led to higher land values and easier access to institutional credit, increased input use end on-farm investments, higher productivity and beneficiary incomes, and increased government revenues. Other benefits include the various outputs of the project (e.g. land titles, aerial photomaps, cadastral maps), which can be used by other development agencies, and more accessible, efficient end timely land administration service to the public. Environmental benefits are also expected. The Troject will finance socio-economic and environmental impact studies to measure project impacts on these parameters. 17. Risks. There are no project risks, as the pr,ject would be the third phase of a successful national program. Government is strongly committed to supporting this program by providing adequate re ourcos, and the necessary experience has been gained under the first two phases to address adequately any unforeseeable implementation problems. 18. Recommendation. I am satisfied that the proposed lean would comply with the Articles of Agreement of Bank and recommend that the Executive Directors approve it. Lewis T. Preston President Attachments Washington, D.C. August 30, 1994 -6- Schedule A THALAN LAND TITLING III PROJECT Estimated Costs and Financing Plan (US$ million) Local Foreign Total Estimated Protect Cost ja Land Titling 96.6 22.3 118.9 Improving Service Delivery 14.5 2.6 17.1 Strengthening DOL 9.8 7.7 17.5 Developing CVA 10.8 4.3 15.1 Technical Assistance and Overs. Training 1.1 5.2 6.3 Studies 0.5 0.0 0.5 Base Cost 133.3 42.1 175.4 Physical contingencies 1.6 1.3 2.9 Price contingencies 25.0 3.5 28.5 Total Prolect Cost 159.9 46.9 206.8 Financing Plan Government 76.8 5.6 82.4 AIDAB 1.1 5.2 6.3 IBRD 82.1 36.0 118.1 Total 160.0 46.8 206.8 /a Including taxes and duties equivalent to US$9.4 million. -7- Schedule B Page 1 of 2 THAILAND LARD TITLING I-I PROJECT Summary of Proposed Proc'.rement A:ran,oments (US$ million) Category of Expenditure ICB LCB Other N.B.P. Total Cost 1. Works 1.1 Buildings - 16.5 - - 16.5 (-) (14.0) C-) (-) (14.0) 2. Goods 2.1 Vehic., Furn., Equip. 16.8 1.5 - - 18.3 (13.0) (1.0) (-) (-) (14.0) 2.2 Materials k. - 18.1 2.0 - 20.1 (-) (11.7) (1.3) t-) (13.0) 3. Service Contracts 3.1 Aerial Photography 9.5 - - 9.5 (9.5) (-) (-) C-) (9.5) 4. Consultancies 4.1 Studies c/ - _ 0.5 _ 0.5 (-) C-) (0.5) (-) (0.5) 4.2 IS Consultants el - - 2.7 - 2.7 - _ -) (2.7) (-) (2.7) 4.3 T. A. & Ov. Tr. - - - 6.3 6.3 (-) (-) (-) C-) (-) 4.4 Local Training e/ - - 3.8 2.6 6.4 (-) C-) (3.5) C-) (3.5) 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 Title Develop. fl - - 100.8 - 10C.8 (-) C-) (60.9) (-) (60.9) 5.2 Recurrent Costs Ej L - - 25.7 25.7 TOTAL 26.3 36.1 109.8 34.6 206.8 (22.5) (26.7) (68.9) (-) (118.1) jl Figures in parenthesis represent IBRD financing; N.B.F. N ot Bank-Financed b/ Includes US$17.0 million for procurement of boundary mark stones under LCB, and US$2.0 million for procurement of small items by prudent shopping L Services to be provided under World 8ank Cuidel7nes for the Use of Consultants g& Procured In accordbnce with AIDAB regulations eL Includes US$1.2 million for establishment of valuat7on degree courses to be contracted directly with a Local university, and USS2.6 million for scholarships for survey engineering and valuation degree courses t/ Not subject to procurement it Fully financed by Government -8- Schedule B Page 2 of ^ Disbursement Categories: Amount of the Loan Allocated 2 of (Expressed in Expenditures Category Dollar Eauivalent) to be Financed (1) Civil Works 12,200,000 852 (2) Aerial Photography g,.O,Qooo 1002 (3) Vehicles, Furniture, Equipment and Materials 22,000,000 1002 of foreign expenditures, 1001 of local expenditures (ex- factory cost) and 65% of local expenditures for other items procured locally. (4) Title Develop. Costs 52,000,000 657' (5) Consultant Services. 3,200,000 1001 Under Part B.3 of the Project and studies under Part P of the Project (6) Training under Parts E.2 (a) and E.2 (b) of the Project 2,200,000 1001 (7) Unallocated 17.000.000 TOTAL 118.100.000 Estimated Bank Disbursementss FY95 FY96 1Y97 FY98 FY99 FY00 Annual 5.9 24.8 23.6 23.6 23.7 16.5 Cumulative 5.9 30.7 54.3 77.9 101.6 118.1 -9- Schedule C THAILAND LAND TITLING III PROJECT Timet_ble of Key Project Prpcessina Events (a) Time taken to prepare the project: 8 months (April-November 1993) (b) Prepared by: Government, with AID/BIBank assistance (c) First Bank mission: August 1993 (d) Appraisal mission departures February 1994 (e) Negotiations: July 1994 (f) Planned date of effectivenesss November 1994 Cg) List of relevant PCRs and PPARs: PCR No. 11896 Credit/Loan No. Proiect PCR Date PPAR No. La. 2440-TH Land Titling I Project June 3, 1993 N/A This report is based on the findings of a joint World Bank/Australian International Development Assistance Bureau (AIDAB) appraisal mission which visited Thailand in February 1994. The mission included Me3srs. Y. Wong (Mission Leader), T. Lohavisavapanich (Economist, FAO/CP), L. Holstein (Land Administration Specialist, Consultant), T. Jankowski (Property Valuation Specialist, Consultant), and A. Zola (Resource Economist, Consultant) from the Bank, and Messrs. D. Barber (Director, Program Development S.E. Asia) and A. Rowell (Australian Embassy, Bangkok) from AIDAB. Peer reviewers were Messrs. G. Feder (AGRAP) and A. Nishio (EA3G). The document was cleared by Ms. Pamela Cox (Chief, EALAN) and Mr. C.E. Madavo (Director, EAO). - 10 - Schedule 0 Page 1 of 2 STATUS OF BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN THAILAND A. STATEMENT OF aANK LOANS AND IDA CREDITS la (As of June 30, 1994) Amount (US$ million) Loan or (less cancellationsl Credit Fiscal Undis- Number Year Borrower Purpose I8RO IDA bursed Ninety-two loans and six credits fully disbursed 3.548.54 115.42 Of which SALs. SECALs and Program Loans 2097 1982 Kingdom of Thailand SAL I 150.00 2256 1983 Kingddm of Thailand SALII 175.50 325.50 2520 1985 Kingdom of Thailand Regional Cities Development 20.33 .44 3138 1990 Elec. Gen. Auth. of Thailand Power System Dev. ll 94.00 6.83 3220 1990 Kingdom of Thailand Highways Sector III 50.00 3.80 3254 1991 Kingdom of Thailand Land Titling II 30.00 3.77 3294 1991 Kingdom of Thailand Tax Computerization 32.00 25.89 3404 1992 Provincial Elec. Authority Distribution System Upgrading 40.00 34.16 3423 1992 Elec. Gen. Auth. of Thailand Third Power System §4.00 8.12 3446 1992 Kingdom of Thailand Highway IV 177.50 67.93 3508 1993 Petroleum Authority of Thailand Gas Transmission 105.00 62.14 3598 1993 Metropolitan Elec. Authority Distribution System & Energy 109.0Q 0.00 101.90 Total 4,260.37 115.42 314.99 of which has been repaid 2.575.30 11.23 Total Now Held by Bank and IDA 1,685.07 104.19 Amount sold 193.91 of which repaid 182.40 Total Undisbursed 314.99 *349 la The status of the projects listed in Part A is described in a separate report on all IBROIiDA.financed projects in execution. which is updated twice yearly and circulated to the Executive Directors on April 30 and October 31. Indicates SAUSECAL Loan and Credits. - 11 - Schedule D Page 2 of 2 B. STATEMENT OF IFC INVESTMENTS (As of June 30, 1994) Total Undisbursed held including Original Commitments by IFC participants' Fiscal Loan Equity Total (at cost) portion Year Obligor Type of Business .. US$ million 1959 Concrete Prod. & Aggregate Co. Ltd. Cement & Const. Materials 0.3 0.3 1964171 Ind. Fin. Corp. of Thailand Development Finance 0.4 0.4 1969/76/ Siam Cement Group Cement & Const. Materials 29.7 3.1 32.8 78/80/85 1977 The Mutual Fund Co. Ltd. Financial Services 0.6 0.6 1977 United Sugar Terminal Food & Food Processing 2.5 0.2 2.7 1978 Small & Medium-Scale Industrial Money & Capital Markets 2.0 2.0 1979 Thai Orient Leasing Co. Money & Capital Markets 0.2 0.2 Enterprises 1979/80/ Bangkok Glass Industry Glass Containers 9.9 0.4 10.3 83 1979/81/ Siam City Cement Cement & Const. Materials 268.1 6.1 274.2 30.0 85/87191 1983 Sea Minerals Limited Offshore Tin Exploration - 0.6 0.6 1984 Thailand Tantalum Mining 53.5 3.4 56.9 1984 World Aquaculture Food & Food Processing 3.1 0.6 3.7 1984/861 National Petrochemical Chemicals & Petrochemical 35.0 0.6 35.6 28.5 88/89/93 1985/91 SEAVI Project Money & Capital Markets 2.5 2.5 1.5 1986 Mashbumi Limited Mining - 0.1 0.1 1986 Phya Thai II Hospital Health Care 4.2 0.8 5.0 - 1987t88 The Thailand Fund Money & Capital Markets - 26.8 26.8 1987190 Northeast Agriculture Food & Food Processing 1.6 0.5 2.1 0.5 1988 HMC Polymers Company Petrochemical 26.0 1.5 27.5 9.0 1988 Phansrivivat Company Ltd. Palm Oil 3.6 1.1 4.7 1.1 1989 Peroxythai Limited Chemicals & Petrochemicals 10.7 10.7 8.0 1989 The Thai Prime Fund Financial Services - 15.0 15.0 1990 Collection Industrial Manufacturing * 0.5 0.6 0.5 1990 Ladprao General Hospital Health Care - 0.3 0.3 0.3 1990 SCB Equity Line Money & Capital Markets - 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 1990 Siam Asahi Technoglass Color TV Glass Bulbs 8.3 8.3 8.3 5.4 1990 TFB Equity Line Money & Capital Markets 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1990 Top Easy Company Manufacturing 0.2 0.2 0.2 1992 Krung Thai IBJ Leasing Money & Capital Markets - 0.4 0.4 0.4 1992 Shin Ho Paper Paper Products 56.0 6.0 62.0 28.0 1992/93 Ayudhya Leasing Money & Capital Markets 0.6 0.6 0.6 1992/93 Bank of Asia Money & Capital Markets 20.0 6.1 26.1 23.6 17.5 1993 Central Plaza Hotel Tourism 15.7 15.7 14.0 1993 Central Su Khontha Tourism 7.0 - 7.0 7.0 1993 Samui Beach Company Tourism 8.0 8.0 8.0 3.0 1993 Thai Baroda Industries Textiles 0.8 0.8 0.8 1993 Wing Fat Group Co. Manufacturing - . 2.5 - 1994 Bumrungrad Medical Center Health Care 60.0 2.2 62.2 27.2 62.2 1994 Chao Khun Agro Products Food & Food Processing 0.4 - 0.4 1994 Dhana Siam Finance Money & Capital Markets 30.0 30.0 30.0 15.0 1994 Soon Hua Seng Advance Forestry 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1994 Star Petroleum Refining Energy 450.0 450.0 100.0 405.0 1994 Tuntex Petrochemicals Petrochemicals 157.5 - 157.5 20.0 72.5 Total Gross Commitments 1.24d.7 123.5 1.372.2 378.2 608.4 Less than US$0.6 million. _TOJ 1014' | THAILAND LAND TITLING III PROJECT MYAN MAR CADASTTAL COVERAGE PRIOR TO [AND TITUNG PROJECTS 20'4 S 3 ' .-/* _ / PROVINCES UNDER iAND TTLING III PROJECT PROVINCES UNDER LAND TITING 11 PROJECT PROVINCES UNDER LAND TITLING I PROJECT - p r-- PROVINCE BOUNDARIES r " -.-,- * >,) s ;.REGON BOUNDARIES S ) Chi3 * t M 8 ; L A O -*-)`INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ~ L~LAO '.s Is $ -% PEOPLE'S DEM. REP W hS,,t}l h _,, RWA,,A'\X., ,. t TRO N 9IJ. 0 K, tZ & *Xtffid -v-, I CEN . EN K~~~~~~~~ -12' K1 S O ' j 'flSOUTH Gulf of Thal/ando VIET NAM 84 7 7 h , 8- >WS~~.- bef t9 \ \ A (~~~~~~~~~~~~k TAL ND ') ?, A +_.-t ;4/~~~~~~(1- "t CHINvA MYANMAR t~ 3-h omdrirbn&ow7 n oyo7erii7l7i8 > , >X A L A YSIAEOP _. MALAYSIATHAILAND Sea I South 0 IV0 200 300 V /" C,aSe y cdg- A.00 aEo - Ioo>c,,o, V SNAPORE a, 100' A MALAY SA IN~EIA