Profor is a multi-donor partnership supported by: JANUARY 2017 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY PAPERS WITH A FOCUS ON GENDER AND FOREST LANDSCAPES Annotated Bibliography of Key Papers with a Focus on Gender and Forest Landscapes Patti Kristjanson Poverty and Gender Advisor, PROFOR Introduction This annotated bibliography summarizes papers identified by the author as providing relatively recent and helpful evidence and thinking on the intersection of gender and forests (broadly defined to include landscapes with forests and agroforestry). It aims to be useful to, and save time and effort of, project designers, researchers, development practitioners and others with an interest in understanding the issues related to, and links between, forests and gender. It was developed through discussions with key forest experts, WBG staff and CGIAR researchers and government and non-governmental partners and a review of literature and web-based resources. In many cases, the summary was taken directly from an abstract or executive summary (sometimes shortened); in some cases I attempted to synthesize the key focus, content and lessons from the document; thus I am responsible for any omissions or errors. The authors and contributors captured below are gratefully acknowledged and thanked; in many cases, these documents are open access and freely available. The goal is that this information can and will be updated and improved if and when necessary. The web version will be on the PROFOR website and will be searchable by author names and keywords. Citation Summary of approach and findings Keywords Source/Link Agarwal, B. 2010. Much gender-forests research focuses mainly on women's near absence from forestry Women’s http://www.oxfordschol Gender and Green institutions. This interdisciplinary book turns that focus on its head to ask: what if participation, arship.com.myaccess.libr Governance. women were present in these institutions? What difference would that make? Would forest institutions, ary.utoronto.ca/view/10. Cambridge women's inclusion in forest governance - undeniably important for equity - also affect forest governance, 1093/acprof:oso/97801 University Press decisions on forest use and outcomes for conservation and subsistence? Are women's forest 99569687.001.0001/acp interests in forests different from men's? Would women's presence lead to better conservation, rof-9780199569687 forests and more equitable access? Does it matter which class of women governs? And social inclusion, how large a presence of women would make an impact? Answers to these questions India, Nepal, can prove foundational for effective environmental governance, yet they have been women, gender subject to little empirical investigation. In an analysis that is conceptually sophisticated and statistically rigorous, using primary data on community forestry institutions in India and Nepal, this book is the first major study to comprehensively address these wide-ranging issues. It traces women's history of exclusion from public institutions, the factors that constrain their effective participation, and how those constraints can be overcome. It outlines how strategic partnerships between forestry groups and other February 28, 2017 1 civil society institutions could strengthen rural women's bargaining power with community and government. And it examines the complexities of eliciting government accountability in addressing poor rural women's needs, such as for clean domestic fuel and access to the commons. Located in the interface of environmental studies, political economy and gender analysis, the volume makes significant original contributions to current debates on gender and governance, forest conservation, clean energy policy, critical mass and social inclusion. Agarwal, B. 2009. This paper focuses on addressing whether enhancing women's presence in community Forest institutions, https://ideas.repec.org/a Gender and forest institutions of forest governance improves resource conservation and regeneration? forest /eee/ecolec/v68y2009i1 conservation: The Based on the author's primary data on communities managing their local forests in conservation, 1p2785-2799.html impact of women’s parts of India and Nepal, it statistically assesses whether the gender composition of a gender participation in local forest management group affects forest conservation outcomes, after controlling composition, community forest for other characteristics of the management group, aspects of institutional functioning, community governance. forest and population characteristics, and related factors. The results show that groups forestry Ecological with a high proportion of women in their executive committee (EC)--the principal institutions, South Economics 68(11): decision-making body--show significantly greater improvements in forest condition in Asia, Nepal 1785-2799. both regions. Moreover, groups with all-women ECs in the Nepal sample have better forest regeneration and canopy growth than other groups, despite receiving much smaller and more degraded forests. Older EC members, especially older women, also make a particular difference, as does employing a guard. The beneficial impact of women's presence on conservation outcomes is attributable especially to women's contributions to improved forest protection and rule compliance. More opportunity for women to use their knowledge of plant species and methods of product extraction, as well as greater cooperation among women, are also likely contributory factors. Agarwal, B. 2001. In this paper, Agarwal attributes women’s limited voice and influence in forest Women’s voice, http://siteresources.worl Participatory governance regimes to gender inequalities in men and women’s personal and community dbank.org/INTENERGY/ Exclusions, household endowments. These inequalities manifest themselves in terms of women’s forestry, forest Resources/backgroundm Community low bargaining power vis-à-vis men in negotiating for their interests in forests at the governance, aterial1.pdf Forestry, and household and community levels. gender Gender: Analysis for inequalities, South South Asia and a Asia, women’s Conceptual bargaining power Framework. World Development 29(10):1623-1648. February 28, 2017 2 Agarwal, B. 2000. This paper demonstrates how institutions for natural resource management (such as Gender, http://binaagarwal.com/ Conceptualising community forestry groups), which appear to be participative, equitable and efficient, Environmental downloads/apapers/con environmental can be found lacking on all three counts from a gender perspective. It also examines institutions, ceptualizing_environmen collective action: possible gender differences in social networks, values and motivations. Although there Collective action, tal_collective_action.pdf why gender is little to suggest that women are inherently more conservationist than men, the Community matters. Cambridge distinctness of women’s social networks embodying prior experience of successful forestry groups, Journal of cooperation, their higher dependence on these networks (as also on the commons in Social networks Economics 24 (3): general), and their potentially greater group homogeneity relative to men, could 283-310. provide an important (and largely ignored) basis for organising sustainable environmental collective action. The paper also outlines the factors that can constrain or facilitate women’s participation in formal environmental management groups. Illustrative examples are drawn from rural South Asia. Agarwal, B. 2015. This paper argues that the power of numbers and implicitly shared interests can, in Community http://www.tandfonline. The power of themselves, go a long way towards improving outcomes for the disadvantaged, forestry groups com/doi/abs/10.1080/0 numbers in gender although a conscious recognition and collective articulation of shared interests can and within-group 3066150.2014.936007?j dynamics: further enhance effectiveness. The shift from implicitly shared interests to their gender dynamics ournalCode=fjps20 illustrations from collective expression, however, will require a concerted engagement with intra-group Community community forestry dynamics and processes of group formation and democratic deliberation. This paper forestry, South groups. Journal of focuses on intra-group interaction. It examines within-group dynamics through the Asia, intra-group Peasant Studies prism of gender and class. Drawing on the author's empirical results relating to dyamics, women’s 42(1): 1-20. community forestry groups in South Asia, it demonstrates that a critical mass of groups ‘women-in-themselves’ can make a notable difference even without a ‘women-for- themselves’ social consciousness. It also explores how horizontal linkages across local groups and their vertical representation via federations can enhance impact beyond the local. Aguilar, L., The first section explores some of the main themes currently concerning forests and Forests, gender, http://www.iucn.org/conte Quesada-Aguilar A, gender. The second section looks at case studies from around the world, demonstrating forestry institutions, nt/publication-forests-and- Shaw, D (eds). the wealth of learning and experience that is resulting from increased awareness and forest conservation, gender-available-download 2011. Forests and integration of gender issues within forestry work. The third and final section takes a forest management Gender. Gland: IUCN step back and examines issues and progress at the international and global levels, and forecasts future challenges and developments. February 28, 2017 3 Aguilar, L., Granat, This publication updates the 2008 Global Gender and Climate Alliance’s Training Climate change, https://www.climatelink M., & Owren, C. Manual on Gender and Climate Change gender, landscapes, s.org/resources/roots- 2015. Roots for the (https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/eng_version_web_final_1.pdf). policy, gender- future-landscape-and- future: The It presents the latest research, data, strategies, and results on gender and climate responsive way-forward-gender- landscape and way change policymaking and programming. Not a training manual, per se, Roots for the and-climate-change forward on gender Future still provides an array of simple, step-by-step guidance on gender and climate change. mainstreaming and gender-responsive approaches to climate change decision-making, Washington, DC: planning and projects at all levels. IUCN & GGCA Awono A, Ndoye O, In Cameroon, women as the primary gatherers and traders of non-timber forest NTFP, trade, http://www.cifor.org/pu Preece L, 2010. products (NTFPs) have limited access to processing technologies, marketing strategies capacity building, blications/pdf_files/articl Empowering and market information. The objective of this paper is to explore how CIFOR research perceptions, es/AAwono1001.pdf women’s capacity and capacity building efforts, implemented from 2000 to 2006, have been perceived by Cameroon for improved Cameroonian traders. An evaluation of the program took place in 2006 with thirty- livelihoods in non- eight traders out of seventy-two traders trained. Of the traders initially interviewed, 95 timber forest percent of them were women. Eighty-one percent of traders said their incomes product trade in increased as a result of the training received, 11 percent of traders mentioned a Cameroon. Int J negative impact and 8 percent reported no impact. The average increase in income for Social For 3:151- those who benefited was 55 percent. The quantity of, and revenues obtained from, 163. NTFPs increased from 2003 to 2004, but declined in 2005. These changes were related to decline or growth in gathering NTFPs, changes in demand, increased competition in the marketplace and poor health of the traders. The revenue gained from NTFPs was used for basic household needs—school fees, food and health costs. Investments in home improvements and household goods were also popular, but many traders also invested in phones, televisions and radios. These results indicate that a capacity building programme could reduce the constraints faced by traders by providing them with marketing information, accounting tools and processing and storage technology skills. A cost effective market information system could then be developed and scaled up. Banana AY, Over the past century, the management of forest resources in Uganda has vacillated Community forest http://www.cifor.org/publ Bukenya M, from a centralised to a decentralised approach. With the Forest Act in 1993, the management, ications/pdf_files/WPaper Arinaitwe E, Biabwa country began a new round of governance reforms that devolved ownership and Uganda, gender, s/WP87CIFOR.pdf B, Ssekindi S. management of central forest reserves to local governments. Four years later, the Local tenure, forest user Gender, tenure and Government Act transferred management functions over forest reserves to the groups community forests districts and sub-counties. By 2000, however, the deforestation rate already the February 28, 2017 4 in Uganda. CIFOR highest in eastern Africa had accelerated. Despite the trend toward greater Working Paper 87. participation of communities in forest management, women have been largely shut out Bogor, Indonesia: of decision-making. Yet women are important actors, depending on forest resources CIFOR. for subsistence, as safety nets and even for income. Through this study, the researchers wish to contribute toward improving women’s tenure rights to forests through their increased participation in community forest user-groups with regard both to decision making and livelihood benefits. Bechtel, J. 2010. This white paper describes the links between gender, poverty and the Gender, poverty, https://www.macfound. Gender, poverty environment/biodiversity. It suggests that men and women throughout the developing biodiversity, grant org/media/files/CSD_GE and the world are adversely affected by the loss of biodiversity, particularly through the loss of making NDER_WHITE_PAPER.pdf conservation of access to open access and common property resources, including forests. Women are biodiversity: A most severely impacted and these impacts include increased household labor, review of issues and increased poverty, and impaired health. It also discusses how the roles, knowledge, and opportunities. skills of rural men and women differ with respect to forest use and management. MacArthur Opportunities for the MacArthur Foundation to ensure that gender and poverty Foundation linkages are incorporated in conservation and sustainable development opportunities Conservation are presented: 1) through grant making (aimed at improved tenure rights, access to White Paper Series. markets, sex-disaggregated data efforts); 2) internal and external partner capacity building; 3) catalyzing change with strategic gender partners; and 4) promoting cross- sector solutions. Belcher, B., Ruíz- Understanding of the role and potential of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for NTFP, global, Pérez M., livelihood improvement and conservation has been hindered by a lack of a clear comparative Achdiawan, R. 2005. theoretical framework and a functional typology of cases. To help fill this gap, we did a analysis, Global patterns and comparative analysis of 61 cases of conservation, trends in the use commercial NTFP production in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Cases were commercial- and management of documented using a standardized set of descriptors organized into categories ization, livelihood commercial NTFPs: describing various aspects of the production-to-consumption system. Exploratory Strategies, forest Implications for analysis yielded useful case groupings by: (a) household economic strategy; and (b) value chain livelihoods and NTFP production strategy. These groups and their key characteristics are used as a conservation. basis for discussing the development and conservation implications of NTFPs. World Development 33: 1435-1452. February 28, 2017 5 Bose, P. 2015. India became the first country in the world to adopt an agroforestry policy. The Agroforestry http://www.ingentaconn India's drylands National Agroforestry Policy 2014 is expected to improve farm productivity and the policy, India, ect.com/contentone/cfa/ agroforestry: a ten- livelihood of marginal farmers. Using gender and social diversity dimensions of a drylands ifr/2015/00000017/A00 year analysis of micro-politics framework, this paper examines the impact of 10 years of dryland agroforestry, 404s4/art00008 gender and social agroforestry on land and tree tenure and climate variability. This ethnographic study landscape diversity, tenure used participatory techniques to collect data from 105 households in six villages of management, and climate contiguous tribal districts of Rajasthan and Gujarat in western India. The study was women’s decision- variability. conducted over two 3-year phases: phase one (1999–2001), the agroforestry making International implementation stage, and phase two, 10 years later (2009–2011). The analysis Forestry Review examines land ownership, decision-making of men and women, and who controls the 17(4): 85-98. collection and marketing of resources, how and why. This study makes three main recommendations for drylands agroforestry: promote social inclusion in institutional governance; acknowledge local integrated landscape strategies to cope with climate vulnerability; and recognise equitable tenure rights and sharing of resources. Brown K, Lapuyade This paper explores divergent perceptions and experiences of social, economic and Gender, NTFPs, DOI: S. 2001. A livelihood environmental change by men and women in southern Cameroon. It finds shifts in women, 10.1002/jid.802 from the forest: cropping patterns towards more crops sold for cash, especially cassava and plantain. Cameroon, forest gendered visions of Men have been more successful at diversifying their livelihoods than have women. The products social, economic result is that women are becoming increasingly dependent on utilizing non-timber and environmental forest products for cash in order to meet their livelihood needs. However pressures on change in southern forest are increasing for a number of reasons and access to land and trees is becoming Cameroon. constrained, so future benefits from forest products will be contingent on clear, well Journal of defined and enforced community property rights. International Development 13, 1131-1149. Bruce, J. 2012. This paper explores how benefits from REDD+ initiatives can be shared equitably with REDD+, land http://www.profor.info/ Identifying and local partners. One of the challenges associated with sharing benefits from sales of rights, forest sites/profor.info/files/do Working with carbon and other REDD+ activities is identifying and engaging intended recipients tenure, cs/2_Identifying%20and Beneficiaries When when rights to the resources are unclear. This paper explores the substantive legal Madagascar, %20Working%20with% Rights are Unclear. issues and procedural options for identifying beneficiaries in such contexts and ways of Ethiopia, Brazil 20Beneficiaries%20whe Washington DC: working with them despite the legal uncertainty. It gives considerable attention to n%20rights%20are%20 PROFOR. process, an approach reflecting the diversity of the situations on the ground. To unclearv2.pdf February 28, 2017 6 explore these issues, the paper draws upon several relevant bodies of learning on forestry projects and programs, including the literatures on land, tree and forest tenure, legal pluralism, forest project design and implementation, the protection of indigenous peoples, and resettlement issues associated with development projects. The paper also explores how contracts or agreements could be used to work with the beneficiaries and clearly capture the different parties’ rights and responsibilities. It examines experiences discussed in the literature, and reviews three good practice projects (The Makira Forest Protected Area Project in Madagascar, the Humbo Community-Managed Natural Regeneration Project in Ethiopia, and the Juma Reserve REDD Project in Brazil). Lessons are drawn from both those projects and earlier relevant experiences. Buchy, M. 2012. This report examines how gender perspectives are being integrated in the forest Forest policies, http://www.fao.org/filea Securing Women’s policies of eight APFC member countries – two from South Asia (Nepal and Sri Lanka), South Asia, dmin/templates/rap/file Tenure and and six from Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Cambodia, Fiji, Indonesia, Philippines, Southeast Asia, s/meetings/2015/15021 Leadership for Thailand and Vietnam). Despite enabling institutional mechanisms and legal gender equality, 2_final_report.pdf Forest Management: frameworks to promote gender equality in all eight member countries, Nepal and the gender-sensitive A Summary of the Philippines are considered relatively more progressive in integrating gender forest policies Asian Experience. perspectives in their forest policies and strategies. While they could serve as good Washington DC: examples in the region, they also face a number of challenges in effectively Rights and implementing gender-sensitive forest policies and strategies. The analysis suggests Resources that having gender-integrated forest policies alone is not enough to reduce pervasive Initiative, gender inequalities in forestry; they must be supported by technical expertise for Food and facilitating gender-sensitive policy implementation and practice. Clear targets, gender Agriculture guidelines, strategy and action plans supported by adequate budgets and institutional Organization. mechanisms in forestry departments and agencies must be in place so that gender mainstreaming becomes an achievable milestone within a set timeframe. Common challenges in mainstreaming gender to achieve gender equality in forestry include: gendered norms and cultural prejudices that reinforce forestry as a male profession, lack of evidence-based research and gender-disaggregated data, limited technical capacity and expertise (even within the gender working groups and focal points), limited budget to implement gender-focused activities and women’s limited representation in decision-making. The report recommends: 1) convening national dialogues and consultation meetings to discuss gender gaps in forest policies and practices and to promote learning networks; 2) conducting gender-sensitive research and developing capacity of relevant stakeholders; 3) establishing gender working February 28, 2017 7 groups; 4) reviewing and re-engineering existing management structures to create more gender-balanced forestry institutions and to increase women’s representation in decision-making; and 5) setting up gender-sensitive monitoring and evaluation systems with gender-responsive budgeting. Catacutan D, Naz F, This article begins with an overview of women and agroforestry, followed by a review Gender, women, http://www.ingentaconn Nguyen HT. 2015. of the Vietnamese situation in agriculture and forestry, highlighting the gap in agroforestry, ect.com/content/cfa/ifr/ The gender agroforestry literature in the Vietnam context. It assesses the compatibility of Vietnam 2015/00000017/A0040 dimensions of agroforestry interventions with the lives of ethnic minority women in Northwest 4s4/art00003 agroforestry Vietnam. The authors’ emphasis is primarily on the respective roles men and women adoption in play in different agroforestry and other crop production, and the benefits from and Northwest Vietnam. barriers to women’s more equal involvement in such systems, especially as women International appear to be more interested in agroforestry than men. They conclude with some Forestry Review, specific recommendations for improvements in agroforestry interventions, aiming for 17(4): 22-32. a more equitable approach. Coleman, E. A. and The paper examines what determines women’s participation in forestry institutions Forest governance, http://www.academia.ed Mwangi, E., 2013. and the effects of women’s participation on institutional outcomes (particularly on forestry u/14002330/Womens_p Women’s levels of conflict and fairness of rules). The paper draws on a theoretical framework institutions, articipation_in_forest_ma participation in developed by Bina Agarwal (2001) which suggests that the following six factors women’s nagement_A_cross- forest management: explain women’s participation in forest governance: (i) rules that exclude entry of participation, country_analysis A Cross-Country women into the participatory process; (ii) social norms such as segregation, division of gender gap, Analysis. Global labor or gendered biases; (iii) social preferences that give more weight to men’s women, Bolivia, Environmental participation than women’s; (iv) entrenched claims by men who are hesitant to give Mexico, Kenya, Change 23 (1): 193– power to women; (v) few personal endowments of property or social networks that Uganda 205. would allow effective participation from women, and; (vi) household endowments or attributes that prevent effective participation (such as caste position or social status). The analysis is based on a detailed household survey conducted with 1433 households in Bolivia, Kenya, Mexico and Uganda and a more aggregated data set from forest associations investigated by the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) program in 10 countries. The results show that women’s participation is likely when institutions exist that are less exclusionary, when households have more education, and when there is a low level of economic inequality in general and across genders in particular. The study found that a history of women’s participation, especially when women are seated on forest February 28, 2017 8 councils or hold leadership positions, is correlated with less disruptive conflicts. At the individual level, the data implies a need to increase women’s access to education and skills. At a more aggregated level, institutional support to reduce the gender gap is necessary. Supply-side interventions that target gender bias in selection of council members and their leaders can help to increase the proportion of women serving in councils and as leaders. However, because barriers may originate from discriminatory attitudes and practices that are rooted in cultural norms (and not only the design of institutions), the provision of training, skills, and information for both men and women may be required. Colfer, C.J.P., Elias, From a broad review of 670 publications on gender and forests, ∼130 were found to Gender equity, http://www.ingentaconn M., Jamnadass, R. address the world's dry forests. These were examined with the intent to extract women, dry ect.com/content/cfa/ifr/ 2015. Women and gendered social, cultural, political and economic patterns of relevance in such forests. forests, fuelwood, 2015/00000017/A0020 men in tropical dry Seven interrelated themes recurred in this literature: 1) population pressure, 2) non-timber forest 2s2/art00006 forests: a migration, 3) intra-familial and inter-group conflict, 4) hierarchy and significant power products, preliminary review. differences, 5) strict gender differentiation, 6) commercialization of crops and NTFPs, collective action International and 7) fuelwood collection. Based upon these themes, the uniqueness of each situation Forestry Review, and the importance of fine tuning any approach to local realities to generate outcomes 17(2): 70-90. that can benefit women, we propose four promising ways to enhance the prospects for gender equity in dry forest areas: 1) a strengthening of groups and collective action, 2) explicit challenges to traditional gender norms, 3) a focus on products and spaces that interest women, and 4) addressing migration and population issues. Colfer C, Catacutan This introductory chapter suggests that the issues examined in this collection Gender box, http://www.cifor.org/lib D, Naz F. 2015. demonstrate strong similarities between forestry- and agroforestry-related gender women, men, rary/5736/gender-in- Introduction: concerns globally. The range of issues addressed in the papers point to the importance agroforestry, agroforestry-special- Contributions and of addressing issues beyond straightforward tree management and that gender must forest issue/ gaps in gender and be taken more seriously in agroforestry efforts. The papers report data and analyses management, agroforestry. based both on fieldwork and on literature that show the dangers that can characterize collective action Special Issue: agroforestry efforts (despite the many positive features of such systems). They also Gender in provide valuable lessons for scaling up the benefits of agroforestry. It concludes that Agroforestry, 17(4): building on collective action — both women’s and men’s — is a key strategy. 1-10. February 28, 2017 9 Colfer, C and This document is designed to aid foresters and other natural resource managers Gender box, forest http://www.ingentaconn Minarchek, K, Daro, desiring to more effectively integrate gender in (primarily tropical) forest management, ect.com/search/article?o R. 2013. management. It identifies 11 issues that have been highlighted in the literature on macro, meso, ption1=tka&value1=Intr Introducing ‘the gender. Sample issues, though potentially relevant at all scales – macro, meso, and micro scales od\\\ gender box’: A micro – are examined, each at a particular scale, as shown in the 'Gender Box'. The framework for purpose is to highlight both the importance of and the interactions among scales, as we ucing+%E2%80%98the+ analysing gender consider the lives of individual women and men in forests. Frequent reference is made gender+box%E2%80%9 roles in forest to the literature, both as a guide for users and as a mechanism to show clearly what 9%3a+A+framework+for management. gender researchers have found relevant pertaining to the sample issues. Brief +analysing+gender+roles International suggestions for ways forward are provided in closing. +in+forest+management Forestry Review &pageSize=10&index=1 15, 1–16. Colfer C, Analyses of intra-household decision-making in Sulawesi are linked to gender issues Gender, landscape http://www.cifor.org/lib Achdiawana R, shown to affect involvement in landscape management. These include agriculture, management, rary/5672/the-balance- Roshetko J, food, money, life chances, and attitudes toward domestic violence. The picture Sulawesi, women’s of-power-in-household- Mulyoutami E, portrayed is encouraging, showing the social sophistication of a group often agency decision-making- Yuliani L, Mulyana marginalized: This group shows considerable female involvement in decision-making encouraging-news-on- A, Moeliono H, Erni and strongly democratic elements. Three issues that need greater attention are gender-in-southern- E. 2015. The identified for equitable landscape management to result: women’s spheres of decision- sulawesi/ Balance of Power in making must be ascertained and taken into account, men’s involvement in care needs Household to expand, and women’s agency requires enhancement and external support. Decision-Making: Encouraging News on Gender in Southern Sulawesi. World Development 76: 147-164. Colfer C, Basnett B, This book is a compilation of research that examines gender issues related to forest Gender, forest http://www.cifor.org/lib Elias M. 2016. management and conservation. It is an edited collection of academic analyses of gender management, rary/6077/gender-and- Gender and Forests: conditions as related to forests, focused on the tropics, providing case materials and conservation, forests-climate-change- Climate change, cross-site analyses from many different countries. Issues covered include access to intra-household tenure-value-chains-and- gender, value natural resources, day-to-day economic activities, access to cash, available economic dynamics, tropics emerging-issues/ chains and alternatives, norms of behavior, formal laws/policies, cultural/religious trends, access emerging issues. to education, intra-household dynamics, domestic roles and demographic issues. Earthscan from February 28, 2017 10 Routledge. London and New York. 320 pp. Colfer C, Basnett B, This reader is a prequel to the first collection of gender and forests work: Gender and Gender, forests, Elias M. 2016. Forests: Climate change, Tenure, Value Chains, and Emerging Issues. Here, the climate change, Gender and Forests compilation of gender analyses identified five additional features of importance in tree tenure, forest Volume 2. addition to the 11 identified in the first volume: knowledge (of an informal and/or value chains forthcoming traditional nature); involvement in management processes; leadership; networks/groups; and violence against women. Colfer, C., This review provides methodological guidance to improve capacity to address gender http://www.cifor.org/pu Minarchek, R. 2012. in forests, in a practical, timely and useful way. The targeted audience includes blications/pdf_files/OccP Women, men and researchers as well as natural resource, development and conservation managers. It apers/OP-80.pdf forest research: a provides a range of methodologies as well as a discussion of the substance and topics review of addressed as an awareness-building strategy; besides methodological uncertainty, approaches, many researchers and managers express uncertainty about relevant topics relating to resources and gender and forests. methods for addressing gender. Occasional Paper 80. Bogor: CIFOR. Coulibaly-Lingani, There is an increasing understanding that forests and the forestry sector are key Forest http://povertyandconser P., Tigabu, M., elements in poverty reduction strategies in Africa. However, issues of equity between management, vation.info/en/biblio/b1 Savadogo, P., various forest users are becoming a major challenge to environmental development, gender, Burkina 844 Oden, P.C., forest management and poverty reduction. This paper presents an analysis of Faso, forest users, Ouadba, J.M. 2009. household representatives' socio-economic determinants and other constraints on equity, poverty, Determinants of accessing forest products, based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of NTFPs access to forest 1865 respondents in seven districts of the Sissili province, southern Burkina Faso. products in Three logistic regression models were developed to examine determinants of access to southern Burkina the forest for collecting fuelwood, grazing livestock and collecting non-timber forest Faso. Forest Policy products (NTFPs). The results showed that access to forest products is associated with and Economics individual characteristics. Age, ethnicity, occupation and sources of income were 11:516–524. significant determinants of access to all types of forest products. Access to the forest for grazing livestock was further influenced by gender and household size, while access to NTFPs was influenced by gender, household size and education level of the February 28, 2017 11 respondents. The formal forest law that precludes grazing in the forest, and customary rules and regulations pertaining to land tenure, were reported to be serious constraints to forest access for women and migrant people. Understanding the factors influencing access to products from commonly-owned forest resources could form the basis for developing, modifying and targeting policy instruments that promote equitable access. Policies should particularly encourage the direct involvement of vulnerable and marginalized groups (women and migrants) in forest management activities. Elias M, Jalonen R, Participatory research on forests has been commended for fostering social learning, Participatory http://www.tandfonline. Fernandez M, innovation, community empowerment, social inclusion, and leading to more research, gender, com/doi/full/10.1080/1 Grosse A. 2016. sustainable resource management. Yet, critiques of participatory approaches – and of social learning, 4728028.2016.1247753 Gender responsive the simplistic ways they are, at times, employed to address gender and social exclusion local knowledge, participatory – also abound. These call for new strategies to meaningfully engage socially forestry, Asia, research for social differentiated men and women in research on natural resource management. This Africa learning and special issue focuses on the nexus between gender and participatory research in forest sustainable forest and woodland management. It examines: (1) the diversity of stakeholders’ forest- management. related knowledge, skills, needs and priorities in forest-dependent communities Forests, Trees and through the use of gender-responsive participatory approaches, and (2) choices in Livelihoods: 1-12. research design that can foster inclusive participation, knowledge sharing and social learning within and among social groups. In this introductory paper, we position the special issue in relation to critiques regarding the lack of attention to gender in participatory research. We then summarize the authors empirical findings, contextually rooted across four African and Asian countries, and their importance for understanding the value, opportunities and challenges of working with participatory methods, both from the perspective of the researchers and of the research participants. The papers illustrate that traditional ecological knowledge is neither homogeneously distributed within communities nor concentrated among socially more powerful groups who, in the absence of a gender-responsive approach, are often the ones selected as research participants. The authors offer an optimistic view of the potential participatory methods hold, when applied in a gender-responsive way, for sharing knowledge and promoting inclusive social learning on forests and tree resources. Papers demonstrate the need to carefully consider when to create segregated or mixed spaces – or indeed both – for participants to create situations in which social learning within and across diverse social groups can occur. February 28, 2017 12 Elias M. 2015. This study focuses on conservation of the African shea tree in Burkina Faso. Although Conservation, shea DOI: Gender, knowledge- men are more visible as tree managers, pruning or felling shea trees during land nuts, shea butter, 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015. sharing and clearance for agriculture, women provide valuable knowledge that guides these gender, women, 01.006 management of activities, and they have acquired this knowledge by collecting shea nuts and Burkina Faso shea (Vitellaria transforming them into butter, which is women’s most important source of dietary fat. paradoxa) The study reveals that gender norms result in men and women having both different parklands in and overlapping knowledge about this resource. Whereas most women believe that the central-west best shea nuts for making butter always come from the same trees, men do not Burkina Faso. consider this to be their concern and are therefore unable to identify trees producing Journal good-quality nuts. When it comes to tree management and conservation however, men of Rural Studies and women collaborate and consult with each other to achieve better informed 38:27–38. management strategies. Rising demand for shea butter in international markets has led to development projects that promote collective marketing. In order for these projects to foster gender equity, they need to work with both men and women, based on an understanding of the different roles they play and how this influences intra-household knowledge sharing. As the value of shea butter increases, gender norms governing who produces and sells the butter and who knows how to select the best trees will no doubt change. Already, men are showing greater interest in the shea nut trade and seeking to acquire expert knowledge about nut quality from their spouses. Evans K, Flores S, This paper analyzes sex-differentiated use, decision-making and perceptions regarding women's http://www.sciencedirec Larson AM, communal forests in indigenous communities of Nicaragua’s Atlantic coast. Methods participation, t.com/science/article/pii Marchena R, Muller include a survey, focus groups, participant observation and adaptive collaborative gender, /S0277539515301783 P, Pikitle A. 2016. management processes over a two-year period. Results revealed that while a higher Nicaragua, forest Challenges for percentage of men than women participate in the harvest of eight forest products, governance, women's women participate substantially in product sales and have some control over income. Community-based participation in A majority of men and women believe that women participate in decision-making, but forest communal forests: that participation was of low efficacy. Women face significant obstacles to effective management, Experience from participation in forest decision-making in the community: weak community indigenous people, Nicaragua's organization, pressure by spouses, difficulty organizing among themselves and natural resources, indigenous informal sanctions. Improving meaningful participation of women in decision-making participation territories. requires addressing challenges and obstacles at multiple levels; obstacles at the Women’s Studies communal level, where the future of the forests will be decided, cannot be overcome International without attention to the household. Forum: 1-10. February 28, 2017 13 FAO. 2013. Forests, This background paper discusses the following key points: http://www.fao.org/forest food security and 1) Forests and agroforestry systems are not gender-neutral. Compared with men, ry/37071- gender: linkages, women are frequently disadvantaged, for a range of interrelated cultural, socio- 07fcc88f7f1162db37cfea4 disparities, and economic and institutional reasons, in their access to and control over forest resources 4e99b9f1c4.pdf priorities for action. and in the availability of economic opportunities; 2) Women often have highly Background paper specialized knowledge of tress and forests in terms of their species diversity, presented at the management and uses for various purposes, and conservation practices. International Compared with men, women’s knowledge tends to be linked more directly to Conference on household food consumption and health, which is particularly important during food Forests for Food crises; 3) Women tend to play specific roes in forestry and agroforestry chains. These Security and are important for their incomes, and in turn in for the well-being and food security of Nutrition, FAO, their households. However, women’s roles in forestry value chains are generally poorly Rome, Italy. supported by policy-makers and service providers. The persistent lack of gender- disaggregated data further compounds this problem; 4) Empowering women in the forest sector can create significant development opportunities for them and generate important spill-over benefits for their households and communities. Efforts to enhance women’s participation in forest-related institutions should be strengthened because women can help to maximize synergies between the forest sector and food security for the benefit of all. Gurung, J, K. Giri, A. This assessment finds that women have not been systematically identified as Gender, REDD+, http://gender- B. Setyowati, and E. stakeholders in REDD+ initiatives and, consequently, have not been involved in related Southeast Asia, climate.org/wp- Lebow. 2011. discussions and activities. Additionally, gender issues have not been specifically Cambodia, content/uploads/docs/p Getting REDD+ identified by key actors as having any relevance to the sector. Therefore the focus of Indonesia, ublications/Gender_RED Right for Women. An this assessment shifted to identifying the constraints to and opportunities for women‘s Vietnam, Nepal, D_Asia_Regional_Analysis analysis of the participation in REDD+ initiatives, particularly as country REDD+ readiness plans are forest .pdf barriers and being developed, as well as revealing the potential impacts of gender relations on management, opportunities for REDD+ initiatives and vice versa. It reviews both community-based approaches and NTFPs, forest women’s commercial forestry approaches in four Asian countries —Cambodia, Indonesia, rights and participation in the Vietnam and Nepal—and reviews the issues in these countries as well as in the resources REDD+ sector in Mekong, insular Southeast Asia, and South Asia sub-regions. Asia. Washington DC: USAID. February 28, 2017 14 Gurung DD, Bisht S . The report examines the impacts of climate change on gender relations keeping the Gender, climate http://www.wocan.org/s 2014. Women’s broad framework of the climate risk sectors identified by the Government of Nepal’s change, Nepal, ites/default/files/Wome empowerment at Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (which is part of the global Pilot Program for forests, n_Empowerment_Adapta the frontline of Climate Resilience) as its base. The Government of Nepal has identified quantity and biodiversity, tion_ICIMOD_CICERO_W adaptation: quality of water; food security and; ecosystem health as the three most critical climate women’s OCAN%202014.pdf emerging issues, risk sectors. The report analyses the gaps, needs, opportunities, and emerging issues in empowerment, adaptive practices, relation to water; agriculture and food security and; forest and biodiversity in terms of natural resource and priorities in women’s material condition and position and the challenges these present in the management, food Nepal. ICIMOD process of women’s empowerment. Besides these, the report looks at key governance security, Working Paper issues in natural resource management. ecosystem health, 2014/3. It finds evidence across Nepal of positive signs of adaptation processes in action, water Kathmandu, Nepal. including the following community-level adaptive practices: • Use of local technology such as mobile phones to obtain information on available resources and new adaptation technologies • Use of local networks to mobilize technical and financial resources for adaptation • Garnering of men’s support for household and community work • Use of plastic greenhouses to protect seedlings from heavy rain, frost, and blight • Rainwater harvesting • Altering sowing times for crops • Use of mixed cropping systems to reduce the risk of complete crop failure (e.g., maize planted with beans or cowpeas) • Intensive planting of improved fodder grass • Shifting to other cash crops such as broom grass, ginger, and sugarcane • Use of agricultural residue and dung to make up for the fuelwood deficit particularly in Terai • Planting of fuelwood and fodder species on private land • Community seed banking • Opting for wage labour and small non-farm businesses • Saving food for disasters Adaptive practices promoted by state and non-state institutions include: • Use of innovative approaches like Reflect and Pathshala, which use the concept of adult literacy to disseminate new knowledge and create gender awareness • Good agroforestry practices and stall feeding • Non-timber forest product (NTFP) planting and harvesting methods • Leasing land to poor, particularly women and marginalized groups, with inputs February 28, 2017 15 • Agricultural subsidies and technical inputs (District Agriculture Development Office) • Application of integrated pest management • Construction of conservation ponds and water sources and sprinkle irrigation • Seed conservation, seed banking, use of drought resistant varieties • Home gardens • Seasonal riverbank farming • Private crop insurance • Introduction of improved varieties of fodder grasses • Strengthening capacity of existing community-based organizations, civil society organizations and NGOs on tackling climate change Hoskins M. 2016. This chapter provides a retrospective on gender and forestry by Marilyn Hoskins, who Gender and the FAO’s work on community forestry—one of the first of its kind—for twelve years, roots of community beginning in 1984. She documents the early and then-new understandings of women’s forestry. In: Colfer roles in forestry and in forests. The chapter highlights a number of troubling issues et al. (eds). Gender that remain today, despite significant progress. and Forests: Climate change, tenure, value chains and emerging issues. Routledge, Earthscan. Hottle, R. 2015. This paper outlines the development of a women-led agroforestry and improved Honduras, women, https://ccafs.cgiar.org/es Women-led cookstoves project in Honduras. The analysis aims to contribute to learning for future agroforestry, /publications/women- agroforestry and projects, especially projects aiming to improve gender relations. The project intended cookstoves, low led-agroforestry-and- improved to increase gender equity among smallholder farmers while reducing greenhouse gas emissions clean-cookstoves- cookstoves in emissions through agroforestry and fuel-efficient stoves. The project was successful agriculture, honduras-field- Honduras: Field due to a) participating farmers’ experience with innovation and research; b) climate change, evaluation-farmer-led- evaluation of engagement of men in women-led activities to enable slow, organic changes in gender mitigation gender#.V6jHU47Q-TQ farmer-led gender- relations within the implementing organization, farmers’ organizations and transformative households; and c) the strong history, knowledge and working relations that the strategies for low implementing organization had with farmers on the ground. Areas for improvement emissions include harnessing farmers’ knowledge of crop breeding and research to test a wider agriculture. CCAFS range of coffee varieties under different conditions, and improving data collection Working Paper No. systems. The main technical findings cover topics from micro-catchment to integrated February 28, 2017 16 125. CCAFS: pest management to micro- financing. This report includes an explanation of the Copenhagen, community’s needs; a description of the technical, social, scientific and economic Denmark. innovations employed in the execution of the project; and a series of recommendations to aid in the development of future projects. Ingram V, Studies focusing on the relationship between forests, trees, and agroforestry (FTA) Forests, trees, http://www.cifor.org/lib Haverhals M, chains and gender, the factors that influence this relationship, and the nature of agroforestry, FTA rary/6077/gender-and- Petersen S, Elias M, interventions seeking to enhance gender equality in FTA chains, are lacking. A more value chains, forests-climate-change- Basnett B, Phosiso systematic understanding of the information available, the products and regions gender equality, tenure-value-chains-and- S. 2016. Gender studied, and the nature and impacts of interventions can result in better targeted emerging-issues/ and forest, tree and research and interventions in FTA chains. To address this knowledge gap, this paper agroforestry value presents a review of the literature on gender and FTA value chains with a focus on chains: evidence three research questions: from literature. In: 1. Where do gender differences exist within FTA value chains and what do they consist Colfer et al. (eds). of? Gender and Forests: 2. What factors influence these gender differences? Climate change, 3. What kind of FTA value chain interventions have been made and how can future tenure, value chains interventions be more gender equitable? and emerging issues. Routledge, Earthscan. Ingram V, Schure J, A large scale study focusing on forest product value chains in the Congo Basin showed Forest product DOI: Chupezi Tieguhong that, as forest products increased in value, men appropriated more of these, value chains, 10.1080/14728028.2014 J, Ousseynou N, particularly the most profitable ones. Women, who tended to harvest products more gender, .887610 Awono A, Midoko for domestic consumption, were handicapped by the lack of customary ownership of agroforestry value Iponga D. 2014. valuable trees as well as by difficulties in accessing credit. chains, Congo Gender implications Basin of forest product value chains in the Congo Basin. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 23(1–2):67–86. February 28, 2017 17 Kalaba, F.K. This paper investigates the use of forest provisioning ecosystem services (FPES) in Forest http://povertyandconser Quinn, C.H. coping with stresses and shocks in rural households of Miombo woodland systems. It provisioning vation.info/en/biblio/b2 Dougill, A.J. 2013. assesses the influence of socio-economic factors (wealth and gender) in households' ecosystem 260 The role of forest coping decisions. The study employs a mixed methods approach by combining focus services (FPES), provisioning groups meetings, in-depth interviews, and interviews of 244 households stratified by Zambia, climate ecosystem services household wealth classes and gender of household heads in Copperbelt province, change, climate in coping with Zambia. The results show that households face multiple shocks and that FPES are the shocks, charcoal, household stresses most widely used coping strategy used by households facing idiosyncratic shocks, by forest and shocks in households, followed by kinship. A higher proportion of poor and intermediate management, Miombo woodlands, households rely on FPES to cope with various shocks than their wealthier forest Zambia counterparts. When stratified by gender, more male-headed households used FPES conservation, Ecosystem Services than female-headed households. With respect to coping with household food stresses, REDD+ 5: 143-148. charcoal production and sale is the most widely used strategy, followed by off-farm activities and remittances. In designing forest management strategies aimed at reconciling forest conservation and rural development, such as reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) schemes, it is vitally important that alternate coping strategies are made available to rural households to reduce pressure on forests. Khadka M, Karki S, Gender consideration in REDD+ is important in mountainous countries like Nepal, Nepal, REDD+, http://www.bioone.org/d Karky BS, Kotru R, where the majority of the rural population, especially women and socioeconomically gender, forest oi/abs/10.1659/MRD- Darjee KB. 2014. disadvantaged households, depend on forests for many of their subsistence needs. Any access, forest use JOURNAL-D-13-00081.1 Gender equality changes in forest access or use rights or rules as a result of REDD+ impacts rights, challenges to the marginalized people whose inclusion, voice, and access to and control over forest marginalized REDD+ initiative in resources are influenced by deeply gendered power relations and socio-institutional peoples, forest Nepal. Mt Res Dev practices in Nepali society. This article analyzes ways the REDD+ initiatives in Nepal management, 34(3):197–207. have considered gender issues identified in earlier studies. The main finding is that the gender imbalances REDD+ policy process is inadequate to account for underlying power dynamics, and thus is unable to achieve equity goals. In the absence of accounting for power, the consideration of gender issues in forest management by explicit inclusion of women in the payment criteria and policy discussions within REDD+ programs, including the REDD+ payment pilot project, is insufficient to redress gender imbalances. Forest actors such as the government and other project implementers—including community institutions—lack strategies and responsibilities for applying REDD+ initiatives that are gender equitable and ensure REDD+ benefits and decision-making opportunities for women and other marginalized people. To tap the potential of REDD+ to contribute February 28, 2017 18 to both climate change mitigation and mountain development, efforts are needed to make REDD+ national strategy- and policy-making gender sensitive. The critical areas to be addressed in Nepal include framing the REDD+ strategy within the forest ministry's Gender and Social Inclusion Strategy 2008, and then by judicious implementation, ensuring access of poor and disadvantaged women and men to forest resources, carbon funds, and decision-making roles in order to undermine entrenched unequal relations. Kiptot E. 2015. This paper summarizes relevant literature on gender and agroforestry throughout Gender, http://www.ingentaconn Gender roles, much of Africa. It gives an overview of tree species preferences by gender, gendered agroforestry, ect.com/content/cfa/ifr/ responsibilities, and rights to, and involvement in, harvesting and processing of agroforestry products, norms, tree 2015/00000017/a00404 spaces: implications spaces for gendered ownership, and the gendered marketing of agroforestry products. species s4 for agroforestry It concludes that there is a the need to understand sociocultural norms and taboos, and research and a careful species prioritization. It calls for maximizing products coming from both development in men’s and women’s spaces, fitting in with existing social norms, but also for a Africa. transformative process to widen women’s scope. The appropriateness of technology is International another important concern, including better means of processing forest products, as is Forestry Review the lack of available and accessible micro-credit for women, using something other 17(4): 11-21. than land as collateral. Kiptot, E., and This article reviews the involvement of women and men in agroforestry. Women, http://link.springer.com Franzel, S. 2012. The review shows that agroforestry has the potential to offer substantial benefits to agroforestry, /article/10.1007/s10457 Gender and women; however, their participation is low in enterprises that are considered men’s timber, fruits, -011-9419-y Agroforestry in domain, such as timber, and high in enterprises that have little or no commercial value, gender equity Africa: A Review of such as collection of indigenous fruits and vegetables. It gives recommendations on Women’s how to promote gender equity in agroforestry so that women benefit fully. Participation. Agroforestry Systems 84(1): 35– 58. Kiptot, E., Franzel, This paper reviews agroforestry’s contribution to food security from a gender Agroforestry, food http://www.sciencedirec S., DeGrande A. perspective. Emphasis is placed on women’s contribution relative to men and the security, fodder t.com/science/journal/1 2014. Gender, challenges they face. Agroforestry practices examined include fodder shrubs, ‘fertilizer shrubs, fruit, 8773435/6 Agroforestry and trees’ and indigenous fruit trees. In examining the practices, we highlight women’s and Africa Food Security in men’s involvement in Africa. Current management, utilization and marketing of agroforestry products. The review shows Opinion in that agroforestry makes a substantial contribution to food security. Furthermore, February 28, 2017 19 Environmental women are as actively involved as men; however, their level of participation and Sustainability 6: benefits are constrained by cultural norms 104-109. and lack of resources. For women to benefit fully from agroforestry and hence contribute to food security, the authors recommend more investment in: 1) Research on the domestication of important agroforestry species, particularly ones which are managed and controlled by women;2) Research on policy, especially land and tree tenure; 3) Development of appropriate gender-responsive agronomic and processing techniques; 4) Training more women extension officers, particularly important in communities that prohibit male extension officers from interacting with women farmers; 5) Adapt gender-responsive techniques and methods to the local context; 6) Equip all extension staff with the knowledge and skills to address men and women farmers equitably; 7) Targeting women’s enterprises, to facilitate their engagement in collective action; 8) Targeting women’s groups for assistance, that is, link them to micro-credit institutions and markets. Larson AM, Dokken This study was carried out in forest sites in Brazil, Cameroon, and Vietnam, where Gender, women, DOI: T, Duchelle AE, there are projects on REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest forests, Brazil, 10.1505/146554815814 Atmadja S, degradation). It found that women’s participation in meetings is not as important in Cameroon, 725031 Resosudarmo IAP, determining equitable access to information and empowered decision making as are Vietnam, forest Cronkleton P, the norms governing power relations between men and women, which shape how governance, Cromberg M, knowledge is shared and who uses it. Women who actively used forest resources and REDD+, forest use Sunderlin WD, played a role in rulemaking were involved in project meetings and REDD+ payment Awono A, Selaya G. mechanisms. But, the projects failed to address gender norms that limit women to just 2015. The being physically present in meetings without playing an overt role in decision making. role of women in As a result, women knew less about REDD+ project interventions than men and were early REDD+ less prepared to take advantage of the opportunities. They were especially implementation: disadvantaged by the projects’ tendency to overlook the fact that women’s use of forest Lessons for future resources differs from that of men. Clearly, women’s participation was insufficient to engagement. correct this oversight because of the gender norms governing women’s voice in public International spheres and dictating gendered interests in forest use. Forestry Review 17(1):43–65. February 28, 2017 20 Mai, Y.H.; Mwangi, This review charts out recent developments in gender research in forestry research, Gender, forestry http://www.cfa- E.; Wan, M. 2011. with a focus on tropical and dry forests in developing countries. It reviews 121 research, dry international.org/interna Gender analysis in publications extracted from the Web of Knowledge database and publications by the forests, tional_forestry_review.ph forestry research: Center for International Forestry Research. It shows that over the past decade (2000– community p looking back and 2011), gender-focused forestry research has been dominated by studies that evaluate forestry, forest thinking ahead men’s and women’s participation in community forestry initiatives and the products, South International commercialisation of forest products and market access. Community forestry studies Asia Forestry Review, were mainly conducted in South Asia, and market access studies in Africa. The 13(2): 245-258. geographical spread of studies is uneven, with most studies in India and Nepal. We suggest that the observed patterns relate to recent devolution reforms of forest management, which have a longer tradition in South Asia. The patterns also relate to the focus on poverty reduction efforts that gained widespread prominence in the 1990s. Integrating gender into forestry research is constrained by the broad perception that forestry is a male-dominated profession, a lack of clarity among researchers of the concept of gender, and a lack of technical skills, interest and/or awareness of gender. Key knowledge gaps are identified. Manfre, C and D. This guide provides forests researchers and project/program designers with an Gender, forests, http://www.cifor.org/pu Rubin. 2012. introduction to the concept of gender and the gender dimensions of key forests issues. research methods blications/pdf_files/Book Integrating Gender Short thematic briefs outline the key dimensions of various topics including climate s/BCIFOR1203.pdf into Forestry change, REDD+, and value chains. Gender-related research questions and methods for Research. A Guide conducting gender analysis are also described. The guide also provides tips and advice for CIFOR Scientists for building the right research team and gender-sensitive field strategies. and Program Administrators. Bogor: CIFOR. Masika R, Joekes S. This report explores linkages between gender, poverty and the environment. Gender Sustainable https://www.ids.ac.uk/i 2001. analyses are seen as important because experiences of poverty and environmental development, dspublication/environme Environmentally change are gender-differentiated, environmental security is mediated by gender environment, ntally-sustainable- Sustainable relations, and women and men have both conflicting and complementary interests and gender, poverty, development-and- Development and roles in environmental management. There are significant differences between gender relations, poverty-a-gender- Poverty: A Gender women’s and men’s experience of poverty and environmental change because of natural resource analysis Analysis. Institute gender inequalities in access to environmental resources, including: land and common management for Development property resources; command over labour, e.g. allocation of labour time; capacity to Studies (IDS). diversify livelihood strategies, e.g. accumulating savings and market oriented activities; February 28, 2017 21 BRIDGE Report 52. and decision-making powers. This implies that there is a need to widen the range of 23pp. choices available to poor men and women taking into consideration gendered differences in rights over land and resources to enhance environmentally sustainable development. Effective natural resources management requires participatory approaches that take into account the different activities of household members, the impact of their different uses of natural resources on the environment, and the gendered interests and incentives for natural resource management. It is clear that more detailed research is required to establish the links between gender and environmental management in different contexts. McDougall et al. This article draws on multi-year, multi-case research in Nepal that sought to Forest governance, http://link.springer.com 2013. Engaging investigate and address this marginalization. Specifically, the article analyzes the gender, women, /article/10.1007%2Fs10 women and the influence of adaptive collaborative governance on the engagement of women and the Nepal, adaptive 460-013-9434-x poor: adaptive poor in community forestry decision-making. Adjustments to governance processes collaborative collaborative and arrangements and consequent changes in engagement is explored, in terms of: governance governance of efforts made by female and poor members to be involved, express views and exercise community forests rights; leadership roles played by female and poor members; and the extent to which in Nepal. the user groups’ priorities and actions reflect the marginalized members’ interests and Agriculture and needs. The main finding is that the engagement of women and the poor increased Human Values 30 across sites with the shift from the status quo to adaptive collaborative governance, (4): 569-585. although not without challenges. The article explores interconnected factors underlying the changes, and considers these through the lens of the “three-gap analysis of effective participation.” This leads to specific insights concerning the conceptualization and strengthening of engagement in community forestry including the central roles of power and learning. Mwangi, E., R. This paper presents a comparative study of forest management across four countries Forest http://www.ecologyands Meinzen-Dick, and in East Africa and Latin America: Kenya, Uganda, Bolivia, and Mexico. It focuses on one management, ociety.org/vol16/iss1/ar Y. Sun. 2011. question: Do varying proportions of women (low, mixed, high) in forest user groups women, forest t17/ Gender and influence their likelihood of adopting forest resource enhancing behavior? The authors user groups, sustainable forest found that higher proportions of females in user groups, and especially user groups Kenya, Uganda, management in East dominated by females, perform less well than mixed groups or male dominated ones. Bolivia, Mexico Africa and Latin We suggest that these differences may be related to three factors: gender biases in America. Ecology technology access and dissemination, labor constraints faced by women, and a possible and Society 16(1): limitation to women’s sanctioning authority. Mixed female and male groups offer an 17. avenue for exploiting the strengths of women and men, while tempering their individual shortcomings. February 28, 2017 22 Mwangi, E. and This special feature of the International Forestry Review (IFR) focuses on forestry and Forestry, gender, http://www.ingentaconn Y.H.Mai. 2011. gender. Drawn from a wide variety of contexts in Africa, Asia and Latin America, forest ect.com/contentone/cfa/ Introduction to the papers in this special issue explore the gendered dimensions of diverse topics from management, ifr/2011/00000013/000 Special Issue on multiple empirical perspectives. They highlight advances made by women in forest women, forest 00002/art00001 Forests and Gender. resource management and benefits and consider some of the core challenges to user groups, International women’s involvement in various aspects related to the use, sale and management of markets, forest Forestry Review13 these resources. Some of the questions addressed include: policy (2): 119-122. • What are the gendered impacts of climate variability? • What are the constraints for women’s involvement in markets and how can access to markets be improved? • In what ways are women involved in policy processes and decisions related to climate mitigation and forest devolution? • How have tenure reforms and certification influenced women’s rights and access to forest resources? • Do different proportions of men and women in user groups influence how forests are managed, the kinds of products harvested and overall access arrangements? • How do women’s movements emerge and evolve—with what policy impacts? • What gender-relevant topics and themes have been of interest in the past decade and what new investments are needed to keep abreast with new demands in the forestry sector? Mukasa C, This brief describes the gender-equitable outcomes achieved in forest and trees use Community http://www.cifor.org/publ Tibazalika A, and management in several sites in Uganda where an ‘adaptive collaborative forestry, women’s ications/pdf_files/infobrief Mwangi E, Banana management’ approach has been taken over the last 6 years. Key messages are: tenure rights, /6249-infobrief.pdf AY, Bomuhangi A, 1) Although women’s rights and participation may be granted by statute, they are not Uganda, adaptive Bushoborozi J. automatically exercised or implemented due to cultural norms, lack of capacities or collaborative 2016. inadequate budgets; 2) In the absence of effective implementation of gender equitable management, tree Strengthening statutes, negotiation and facilitation by trusted intermediaries can begin to strengthen planting, forest women’s tenure women’s rights and participation, and lower transaction costs of collective action; 3) management, rights and Adaptive Collaborative Management (ACM), which aims to level the playing field, restoration of participation in resolve conflict, foster collaboration and negotiation, and build skills and capacities, is degraded forests community forestry a viable way to promote gender equity, even among communities that are strongly CIFOR Info Brief No. patriarchal and characterized by cultural practices that exclude women from tree 155. DOI: planting and land ownership; 4) Men are important actors for strengthening women’s 10.17528/cifor/ rights and overall empowerment. Mixed groups of men and women can be February 28, 2017 23 006249 viable pathways for women’s empowerment as opposed to women’s only groups; 5) ACM facilitation has opened up opportunities to improve local livelihoods and demonstrated gains to sustainable forest and land management, especially on-farm tree planting and the restoration of degraded forests. Mukasa, C., This review of policy, legal and institutional forestry-related issues in Uganda found Forestry, gender, http://webdoc.sub.gwdg. Tibazalika, A., that women’s participation in forest governance is lagging behind men’s. The National community forest de/ebook/serien/yo/CIF Mango., A. and Forest Authority (NFA) has made some progress in implementing community forest management, OR_WP/WP89.pdf Muloki, H.N., 2012. management, which has reduced forest degradation. However, collaborative forest women, forest Gender and forestry management (CFM) is only implemented in a few of Uganda’s central forest reserves; user groups, in Uganda: policy, the NFA lacks adequate institutional and human capacity to ensure that men, women, markets, forest legal and youth and the poor are actively involved in CFM processes. Only 7% of the land in policy, Uganda institutional Uganda is owned by women, limiting their participation in private forest management frameworks. and tree planting. While opportunities exist for women to participate in tree planting CIFOR Working schemes supported by the NFA either on private land or in central forest reserves, Paper 89. Bogor: women’s limited control over productive resources, including land, also affects their CIFOR. access to credit facilities that are crucial for initial investment. This occurs because one must first have financial resources to be allocated land from the central forest reserves for private tree planting and management. Recommendations are made for environmental and forest-related policy makers. Nightingale, A. J., Community forestry (CF) has successfully promoted sustainable resource use across Community http://www.forestrynep 2002. Participating Nepal. But to what extent do the programmes fulfill the goal of providing resources for forestry, forest al.org/biblio/1920 or just sitting in? the poorest of the poor? Although some attention has been paid to the issue of management, The dynamics of participation of women and marginalized castes within CF, there is no or limited gender, women, gender and caste in investigation into how such members participate, the extent to which they influence Nepal community management decisions and the implications of this for sustainable resource forestry. management. This article first outlines why equating gender with women is Journal of Forestry problematic and then highlights the importance of integrating other forms of social and Livelihoods difference into an understanding of social power. Using case study data from north- 2(1): 17-24. western Nepal, it is shown how the implementation of community forestry needs to take into account pre-existing social relations for the programmes to be universally successful. February 28, 2017 24 Paumgarten F, The prevalence and ranking of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) as safety-nets has non-timber forest http://www.cifor.org/libra Shackleton CM. been well discussed, but rarely quantified. We report on group discussions and products, ry/3547/the-role-of-non- 2011. The role of household interviews in two South African villages to assess the frequency and nature household timber-forest-products-in- non-timber forest of shocks and stresses over a 2-year period and the coping strategies employed, surveys, poverty household-coping- products in stratified by household wealth and gender of the de jure household head. Overall, alleviation, strategies-in-south-africa- household coping kinship was the most widely adopted coping strategy, and NTFPs were the fifth most livelihoods, the-influence-of- strategies in South prevalent (employed by 70% of households). There were relatively few differences in gender, tenure, household-wealth-and- Africa: the influence the nature of shocks or responses between male- and female-headed households. rural economy, gender/ of household wealth Wealth influenced the experience of shocks or stresses as well as responses. Poorer South Africa and gender. households have fewer options with the increased use or sale of NTFPs being the Popul Environ second most commonly adopted strategy. Increased use and sale of NTFPs is a 33(1):108–131. common manifestation of the safety-net function. To reconcile long-term economic development and biodiversity conservation, it is important to understand people’s use of natural resources and the factors that affect this use, including their responses to shocks and stresses. Peach-Brown, C. The Congo Basin region of Central Africa contains the second largest contiguous REDD+, Congo http://www.cifor.org/pu 2011. Gender, tropical rainforest in the world, which is an important source of livelihood for millions Basin, climate blications/pdf_files/articl climate and REDD+ of people. It is also important for climate change adaptation, as well as mitigation change, es/ACIFOR1101.pdf in the Congo Basin policies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). adaptation, forest forests of Central Men and women relate to and use the forest differently and so may experience the access, forest Africa. International effects of climate change and REDD+ policies differently. Investigations through semi- management Forestry Review, structured interviews and document reviews in three countries of the region revealed 13(2), 163–176. that women have had limited participation in discussions on issues of climate change or REDD+. There is some evidence that gender consideration will become part of future national REDD+ strategies. Strategies to foster the effective participation of all stakeholders are essential to ensure that gender dimensions are addressed in issues of climate change, forest access, forest management and distribution of carbon benefits. Rao, S. 2016. A guide with recommended indicators to help answer: “What are the gender Forests, gender, https://cgspace.cgiar.org Indicators of differences in control over key resources in the agricultural production process?” This rights, indicat /handle/10568/75779 gendered control includes indicators of women’s ability to exercise rights over forest and other over agricultural resources, as well as equivalent indicators for men’s ability to exercise rights over resources: A guide these same resources; both are necessary to measure changing gender gaps. It also for agricultural includes measures of women’s and men’s ability to control household income and policy and research. participate in extra-household collective decision-making processes. Forest-related Working Paper No. indicators include: Proportions of women and men able to access firewood to the February 28, 2017 25 1. CGIAR Gender desired degree; Number of hours (per week, per person) for women and for men in the and Agriculture household, spent on collecting firewood; The proportion of women and men who are Research Network, members of a forest user group; The proportion of women and men who report CGIAR Consortium attending forest user group meetings; The proportion of women and men who report Office and speaking at meetings of the forest user group. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Cali, Colombia. 74 p Rocheleau, D., & This paper proposes a revision of the concept of property commonly associated with Tree tenure, http://genderandsecurit Edmunds, D. 1997. land in analyzing the gender dimensions of tree tenure. Unlike two-dimensional maps women, property y.org/projects- Women, men and of land ownership, tree tenure is characterized by nested and overlapping rights, rights, Africa, resources/research/wo trees: Gender, which are products of social and ecological diversity as well as the complex forests, trees men-men-and-trees- power and poverty connections between various groups of people and resources. Such complexity implies gender-power-and- in forest and that approaches to improving equity using concepts of property based on land may be property-forest-and- agrarian too simplistic. Rather than incorporating both women and trees into existing property agrarian landscapes. World frameworks, we argue that a more appropriate approach would begin by recognizing Development, legal and theoretical ways of looking at property that reflect the realities and 25(8), 1351–1371. aspirations of women and men as well as the complexity and diversity of rural landscapes. Through a selective review of the literature, particularly in Africa, and illustrative case studies based on our fieldwork, we explore the “gendered” nature of resource use and access with respect to trees and forests, and examine distinct strategies to address gender inequalities therein. A review of the theoretical and historical background of land tenure illustrates the limitations of “two-dimensional” maps associated with land tenure in delineating boundaries of nested bundles of rights and management of trees and forests by different actors. The introduction of gender adds another dimension to the analysis of the multidimensional niches in the rural landscape defined by space, time, specific plants, products, and uses. Gender is a complicating factor due to the unequal power relationships between men and women in most societies. These power relationships, however, are subject to change. Rather than adopting an artificial dichotomy between “haves” and “have nots” (usually linked with men and women, respectively, in discussions of land tenure), we argue that gendered domains in tree tenure may be both complementary and negotiable. If resource tenure regimes are negotiable, they can be affected by changes in power relations between men and women. This idea has important policy implications. In February 28, 2017 26 many discussions of tenure, rights are often assumed to be exogenous or externally determined. The negotiability of tenure rights gives policy makers and communities another lever with which to promote a more equitable distribution of rights to the management and use of natural resources. Stiem L, Krause T. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with its extensive forest cover is the biggest DRC, forest, http://www.ingentaconn 2016. Exploring the target country for the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation gender, forest ect.com/contentone/cfa/ impact of social (REDD+) mechanism in Africa. Despite high levels of gender inequality in rural DRC, governance, forest ifr/2016/00000018/000 norms and the impacts of REDD+ interventions on gender have not been sufficiently addressed. management, 00001/art00009 perceptions on This study examines the gender dimension at two project sites in the Equateur women’s women’s Province. Focus group discussions and individual interviews reveal that women spend empowerment participation in as much time as men in the forest. Nonetheless, men's activities in the forest are often customary forest much more highly valued. This systemic devaluation of women's work, and their and land knowledge about the forest, legitimises men's dominance in forest governance. The governance in the results of this study finds that alongside investment in women's education, which is Democratic central for women's empowerment and their participation in forest management, local Republic of Congo- opinion leaders who shape social norms and perceptions, such as church-based Implications for organisations, are indispensable partners to make REDD+ more equitable. REDD. International Forestry Review 18(1): 110-122. Sun, Y., E. Mwangi This paper assesses the relative value of different gender combinations in user groups Gender, forest Http://www.cfa- and E. Meinzen- designed for forest management. Using IFRI’s (International Forestry Resources and management, international.org/interna Dick. 2011. Is Institutions) long-term dataset from 15 countries, these authors analyze the Kenya, Uganda, tional_forestry_review.ph Gender an quantitative data from Kenya, Uganda, Mexico and Bolivia, along with focus group Mexico, Bolivia, p Important Factor discussions, to investigate the relationships between gender composition (all male, all forest user groups, Influencing User female or mixed) of user groups and forest management between 1993 and 2008. They forest access, Groups’ Property examine rule-making, enforcement and exclusivity of access to forests. forestry Rights and Forestry Monitoring/sanctioning, regeneration activities and technological improvements are governance Governance? explored in Mwangi et al. 2011. Empirical Analysis from East Africa and Latin America. International Forestry Review 13(2): 205-219. February 28, 2017 27 Sun, Y., Mwangi, E., This brief highlights the following key points: 1) Management of forests is intimately Forest governance, http://www.cifor.org/pu Meinzen-Dick, R., linked to the rights and access of forest-dependent women and their families; 2) gender, women, blications/pdf_files/Infob Bose, P., Shanley, P., Reforms in forest tenure in Africa, Asia and Latin America neglect the property rights forest tenure, rief/3750-infobrief.pdf Cristina da Silva, F., of women and their rights of access to forest resources and women have little say in property rights, MacDonald, T. 2012. forest governance; 3) The male-female balance in forest management groups forest Forests, Gender, influences forest governance. The dynamics of mixed-gender groups are not well management Property Rights and understood; 4) The interface between environment and health offers a strategic groups Access, CIFOR Info opportunity to build on the strengths of forest-dependent women, mobilise support brief No. 47. CIFOR: across sectors and political scales, and converge lay and professional knowledge for Bogor, Indonesia. forest governance that takes women’s interests and needs into account; 5) Gender is just one factor in inequity and women are more likely to make progress by taking part in decision-making processes than working outside them. Sunderland T, This large-scale study uses a multi-case dataset with sites in Africa, Latin America and Forest product http://www.sciencedirec Achdiawan R, Asia to question current assumptions about the gender differentiation of forest use, gender, t.com/science/article/pii Angelsen A, product use. It tests some of the commonly held ideas on how men and women access, livelihoods, global /S0305750X14000692 Babigumira R, manage, and use different forest products. The findings show significant gender comparative study Ickowitz A, differentiation in the collection of forest products, which seems to support the claim Paumgarten F, that there are distinctive “male” and “female” roles associated with the collection of Reyes-García V, forest products. However, they also found that men play a much more important and Shively G. 2014. diverse role in the contribution of forest products to rural livelihoods than previously Challenging reported, with strong differences across tropical Asia, Africa, and Latin America. perceptions about men, women, and forest product use: a global comparative study. World Dev., 64: S56–S66. Villamor GB, van While decision-making processes of land managers drive land-use change and affect Land use, http://ac.els- Noordwijk M, the provision of ecosystems services, there is no concrete understanding of whether ecosystems cdn.com/S18773435130 Djanibekov U, gender specificity in decision-making influences the multifunctionality of landscapes. services, gender, 01760/1-s2.0- Chiong-Javier MA, The authors distinguish eleven elements in a typical management cycle. They discuss multifunctionality, S1877343513001760- Catacutan D. 2014. gaps in gendered knowledge, preferences, risk taking and access to innovation in landscapes, main.pdf?_tid=6ee5c960- February 28, 2017 28 Gender differences land-use decision making. Male and female responses in the adoption of agroforestry agroforestry, 5cb5-11e6-9a5f- In land-use practices and other investment opportunities reflect differing exposure to and agent-based 00000aacb35d&acdnat= decisions: shaping perceptions of risk. They suggest research approaches such as agent-based modeling modeling, role 1470584680_da56651e4 Multifunctional and role-playing games are useful for studying gendered behavior in land-use playing games 0d3f37c603a4d36ac3cea landscapes? Current decisions, as they can assist researchers to explicitly and empirically potentially bf Opinion in compare self-reinforcing behaviors or feedback loops with local impacts on ecosystem Environmental services. Sustainability, 6:128–133. Villamor GB, This empirical study shows that women approached very positively external agents Tropical forest, http://dx.doi.org/ Desrianti F, promoting new land-use options and outperformed men in meeting income targets. gender, land use 10.1007/s11027-013- Akiefnawati R, practices, 9478-7. Amaruzaman S, van Indonesia Noordwijk M. 2013. Gender influences decisions to change land use practices in the tropical forest margins of Jambi, Indonesia. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change: 1-23. Villamor GB, While Indonesia is experiencing a rapid land use transition due to export-oriented gender equality, http://www.ingentaconn Aklefnawat R, Van growth in agricultural products such as palm oil and natural rubber, there is no clear matrilineal ect.com/content/cfa/ifr/ Noordvijk M, understanding of how shifts in farming practices influence gender-specific roles and kinship, rubber 2015/00000017/A0040 Desrianti F, preferences. In a partially matrilineal society on Sumatra where rice production for agroforestry, 4s4/art00006?crawler=t Pradhan U. 2015. subsistence purposes, in an agroforestry landscape, is traditionally considered the oil palm, rue&mimetype=applicati Land use change women’s domain and responsibility, 202 households were surveyed about their Indonesia on/pdf and shifts in gender perceptions of gender-specific agricultural roles. Over time, rice fields have been roles in central converted to oil palm. Lowland women have increasingly significant roles in rubber Sumatra, Indonesia agroforestry in addition to collecting firewood, medicinal plants and wild fruit for International household consumption, whereas men are typically occupied in monoculture oil palm Forestry Review Vol. or rubber production. As land use patterns rapidly change, particularly in the February 28, 2017 29 17 (S4): 61-75. lowlands, the responsibility of rubber agroforestry systems is shifting from men to women with consequences for gender division of labour and decision-making. Vira B, Wildburger, With the establishment of the Global Forest Expert Panels (GFEP) initiative in the year Forest policy, http://www.un.org/en/z C, Mansourian S 2007, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF) created an international GFEP, CPF, tree- erohunger/pdfs/GAR%2 (eds.) 2015. mechanism that effectively links scientific knowledge with political decision-making on based systems, 0forests%20trees%20lan Forests, Trees and forests. The GFEP responds directly to key forest-related policy questions by food security, dscapes%20FSN.pdf Landscapes for consolidating available scientific knowledge and expertise on these questions at a nutrition, forests, Food Security and global level. It provides decision-makers with the most relevant, objective and accurate landscapes Nutrition. A Global information, and thus makes an essential contribution to international forest Assessment Report. governance. This report presents the results of the fourth global scientific assessment IUFRO World Series undertaken so far in the framework of GFEP, and was prepared by internationally Volume 33. Vienna. recognized scientists from a variety of biophysical and social science disciplines. 172 p. Previous assessments addressed the adaptation of forests and people to climate change; international forest governance; and the relationship between biodiversity, carbon, forests and people. This assessment includes chapters on: forests, trees and landscapes for food security and nutrition; understanding the roles of forests and tree- based systems in food provision; the historical, environmental and socio-economic context of forests and tree-based systems for food security and nutrition; drivers of forests and tree-based systems for food security and nutrition; response options across the landscape; and public sector, private sector and socio-cultural response options. WOCAN, 2016. This report examines specific challenges and barriers that prevent the inclusion of REDD+, women, Joint regional initiative Scoping study of women and the integration of gender perspectives in REDD+ in Asia-Pacific, identifies Asia-Pacific, forest for women’s inclusion in good practices for practical entry points, analyzes existing good practices and shares knowledge through management REDD. strengthening multi-sectoral and stakeholder dialogues for the replication of successful outcomes. WOCAN/UNDP/UN- women’s inclusion REDD/LEAF (USAID). in forest and other http://www.wocan.org/r natural resource esources/scoping-study- management womens-inclusion-REDD sectors. Wunder, S. 2001. This paper explores the ``state-of-the-art'' of the two-way causal links between poverty Poverty http://are.berkeley.edu/ Poverty alleviation alleviation and natural tropical forests. Micro impacts of rising poverty can increase or alleviation, ~cmantinori/wunder200 and tropical slow forest loss. At the macro level, poverty also has an ambiguous effect, but it is tropical forests, 1.pdf forests— probable that higher income stimulates forest loss by raising demand for agricultural sustainable forest February 28, 2017 30 what scope for land. The second question is what potential forest-led development has to alleviate a development synergies? country's poverty, in terms of producer benefits, consumer benefits and economy-wide World Development employment. Natural forests widely serve as ``safety nets'' for the rural poor, but it 29: 1817- proves difficult to raise producer benefits significantly. Urban consumer benefits from 1834. forest, an important target for pro-poor agricultural innovation, are limited and seldom favor the poor. Absorption of poor, unskilled labor is low in forestry, which tends to be capital-intensive. Natural forests may thus lack comparative advantage for poverty alleviation. There are few ``win-win'' synergies between natural forests and national poverty reduction, which may help to explain why the loss of tropical forests is ongoing. This may have important implications for our understanding of ``sustainable forest development'' and for the design of both conservation and poverty-alleviation strategies. February 28, 2017 31