71815 v3 BACKGROUND PAPER 15 (PHASE I) Financing Public Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns and Emerging Issues CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Karlis Smits, and Vivien Foster JUNE 2008 © 2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved A publication of the World Bank. The World Bank 1818 H Sreet, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. About AICD This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world’s knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. AICD will provide a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured, making it possible to monitor the results achieved from donor support. It should also provide a better empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms in Africa’s infrastructure sectors. AICD is based on an unprecedented effort to collect detailed economic and technical data on African infrastructure. The project has produced a series of reports (such as this one) on public expenditure, spending needs, and sector performance in each of the main infrastructure sectors—energy, information and communication technologies, irrigation, transport, and water and sanitation. Africa’s Infrastructure—A Time for Transformation, published by the World Bank in November 2009, synthesizes the most significant findings of those reports. AICD was commissioned by the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa after the 2005 G-8 summit at Gleneagles, which recognized the importance of scaling up donor finance for infrastructure in support of Africa’s development. The first phase of AICD focused on 24 countries that together account for 85 percent of the gross domestic product, population, and infrastructure aid flows of Sub- Saharan Africa. The countries are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Under a second phase of the project, coverage is expanding to include as many other African countries as possible. Consistent with the genesis of the project, the main focus is on the 48 countries south of the Sahara that face the most severe infrastructure challenges. Some components of the study also cover North African countries so as to provide a broader point of reference. Unless otherwise stated, therefore, the term “Africa� will be used throughout this report as a shorthand for “Sub-Saharan Africa.� The World Bank is implementing AICD with the guidance of a steering committee that represents the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Africa’s regional economic communities, the African Development Bank, the Development Bank of Southern Africa, and major infrastructure donors. Financing for AICD is provided by a multidonor trust fund to which the main contributors are the U.K.’s Department for International Development, the Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility, Agence Française de Développement, the European Commission, and Germany’s KfW Entwicklungsbank. The Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program and the Water and Sanitation Program provided technical support on data collection and analysis pertaining to their respective sectors. A group of distinguished peer reviewers from policy-making and academic circles in Africa and beyond reviewed all of the major outputs of the study to ensure the technical quality of the work. The data underlying AICD’s reports, as well as the reports themselves, are available to the public through an interactive Web site, www.infrastructureafrica.org, that allows users to download customized data reports and perform various simulations. Inquiries concerning the availability of data sets should be directed to the editors at the World Bank in Washington, DC. FINANCING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Table 1. Public infrastructure spending: aggregates Total fiscal spending Capital investment US$ millions GDP share Spending per US$ millions GDP share Invst per capita Country Name per annum (%) capita (US$) per annum (%) (US$) Benin 274.69 8.08 41.24 99.71 3.04 14.97 Burkina Faso - - - - - - Cameroon 716.49 5.40 60.74 213.55 1.86 18.10 Cape Verde 145.48 17.99 442.41 49.24 6.64 149.73 Chad 173.91 5.90 29.10 119.03 3.96 19.92 Congo, Dem. Rep. 30.38 0.48 0.69 - - - Côte d'Ivoire 547.40 3.64 40.19 144.12 1.13 10.58 Ethiopia 1,102.91 11.77 20.14 444.83 4.81 8.12 Ghana 717.38 9.45 31.44 221.17 2.80 9.69 Kenya 1,288.72 9.70 46.96 308.71 2.20 11.25 Lesotho 46.37 4.69 36.73 2.20 0.21 1.74 Madagascar 390.46 8.16 27.46 141.73 2.98 9.97 Malawi 156.76 8.50 13.50 43.09 2.36 3.71 Mozambique 436.95 8.65 26.83 215.58 4.32 13.24 Namibia 495.06 12.40 280.42 104.89 2.35 59.41 Niger 139.77 5.46 13.91 91.46 3.53 9.10 Nigeria 2,739.51 4.98 31.54 1,875.59 3.38 21.60 Rwanda 77.99 3.94 8.17 43.63 2.19 4.57 Senegal 462.06 8.48 56.48 283.21 4.27 34.62 South Africa 15,711.84 8.75 519.05 3,587.90 2.19 118.53 Tanzania 728.11 7.20 23.60 140.54 1.45 4.56 Uganda 498.53 7.48 21.24 318.26 4.77 13.56 Zambia 531.73 8.80 50.09 266.99 4.25 25.15 Middle income 17,735.81 8.86 550.51 4,044.10 2.20 125.53 Oil exporting 6,842.61 5.44 76.15 3,838.78 3.16 42.72 Low income, nonfragile 7,539.33 8.74 34.95 2,900.25 3.26 13.45 Low income, fragile 1,245.73 3.44 46.56 241.51 0.80 9.03 Low income, coastal 5,623.39 8.06 46.92 1,774.17 2.49 14.80 Low income, landlocked 4,000.42 8.39 27.36 1,856.80 3.92 12.70 Total, 24 countries 27,412.50 7.74 231.74 8,715.44 2.62 73.68 Total excluding South Africa 11,700.66 6.74 39.70 5,127.54 3.04 17.40 Total excluding South Africa and Nigeria 8,961.15 7.93 43.11 3,251.95 2.83 15.64 1 FINANCING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Table 2. Infrastructure spending by country and institution: aggregates US$ millions per annum GDP share (%) Investment Current Investment Current Country Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Budget Budget Budget Budget enterprises enterprises enterprises enterprises Benin 13.11 86.60 3.70 171.28 274.69 0.38 2.66 0.10 4.94 8.08 Burkina Faso — — — — — — — — - - Cameroon 67.82 145.74 5.62 497.32 716.49 0.46 1.40 0.06 3.48 5.40 Cape Verde 23.70 25.54 2.46 93.78 145.48 2.75 3.89 0.26 11.10 17.99 Chad 119.03 — 7.81 47.07 173.91 3.96 — 0.22 1.71 5.90 Côte d'Ivoire 144.12 — 12.98 390.30 547.40 1.13 — 0.09 2.42 3.64 Congo, Dem. Rep. — — — 30.38 30.38 — — — 0.48 0.48 Ethiopia 397.61 47.22 150.75 507.33 1,102.91 4.32 0.49 1.76 5.20 11.77 Ghana 55.15 166.01 30.88 465.33 717.38 0.64 2.16 0.42 6.23 9.45 Kenya 124.96 183.74 57.64 922.38 1,288.72 0.91 1.29 1.01 6.49 9.70 Lesotho 0.18 2.02 12.76 31.41 46.37 0.02 0.18 1.55 2.94 4.69 Madagascar 141.73 — 4.25 244.48 390.46 2.98 — 0.09 5.10 8.16 Malawi 26.39 16.70 8.16 105.52 156.76 1.44 0.92 0.44 5.70 8.50 Mozambique 215.58 — 11.28 210.08 436.95 4.32 — 0.22 4.10 8.65 Namibia 17.96 86.93 42.51 347.66 495.06 0.32 2.03 2.73 7.32 12.40 Niger 53.44 38.02 3.88 44.44 139.77 1.93 1.60 0.13 1.80 5.46 Nigeria 1,655.10 220.49 148.23 715.68 2,739.51 2.93 0.46 0.24 1.35 4.98 Rwanda 43.63 — 2.72 31.63 77.99 2.19 — 0.14 1.61 3.94 Senegal 283.21 — 35.93 142.93 462.06 4.27 — 1.20 3.01 8.48 South Africa 995.88 2,592.02 2,391.69 9,732.25 15,711.84 0.45 1.74 1.21 5.35 8.75 Sudan — — — — — — — — - - Tanzania 121.23 19.31 130.36 457.21 728.11 1.26 0.19 1.29 4.45 7.20 Uganda 196.96 121.30 54.34 125.93 498.53 2.72 2.05 0.77 1.95 7.48 Zambia 194.63 72.36 100.18 164.56 531.73 2.90 1.35 1.26 3.29 8.80 Middle income 1,120.90 2,923.19 2,669.63 11,022.09 17,735.81 0.45 1.74 1.26 5.41 8.86 Oil exporting 3,087.51 751.27 338.49 2,665.34 6,842.61 2.52 0.64 0.34 1.95 5.44 Low income, nonfragile 2,067.83 832.42 657.90 3,981.18 7,539.33 2.25 1.01 0.88 4.60 8.74 Low income, fragile 241.51 - 26.47 977.74 - 0.80 - 0.08 2.57 3.49 Low income, coastal 1,227.39 546.78 322.30 3,526.92 5,623.39 1.69 0.80 0.66 4.92 8.06 Low income, landlocked 1,363.69 493.10 500.03 1,643.60 4,000.42 2.76 1.16 1.00 3.47 8.39 Total, 24 countries 4,891.41 3,824.03 3,218.13 15,478.93 27,412.50 1.37 1.25 0.88 4.24 7.74 Country average ex. RSA 2.27 0.77 0.55 3.15 6.74 Country average ex. RSA and Nigeria 1.85 0.99 0.75 4.34 7.93 Note: Rehabilitation included in Investment, O&M included in current spending. Sectors included are water and sanitation, power, ict and transport. 2 FINANCING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Table 3. Public infrastructure spending by country and institution: WSS US$ millions per annum GDP share (%) Investment Current Investment Current Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Country Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Benin — 11.43 — 14.85 26.28 — 0.27 — 0.36 0.62 Burkina Faso — — — — — — — — — - Cameroon 4.55 31.41 0.08 48.25 84.29 0.03 0.43 0.00 0.33 0.79 Cape Verde 8.71 — 0.64 — 9.35 1.02 — 0.04 — 1.06 Chad 14.07 — 0.19 — 14.27 0.35 — 0.01 — 0.35 Côte d'Ivoire 12.96 — 6.97 47.37 67.30 0.11 — 0.05 0.29 0.45 Congo, Dem. Rep. — — — — — — — — — - Ethiopia 75.27 — 123.22 — 198.49 0.74 — 1.28 — 2.02 Ghana 10.29 18.83 3.55 48.99 81.66 0.12 0.24 0.05 0.76 1.16 Kenya 33.56 — 12.28 — 45.84 0.24 — 0.08 — 0.32 Lesotho 0.05 1.18 2.32 5.41 8.95 0.01 0.10 0.28 0.47 0.85 Madagascar 12.47 — 0.29 — 12.76 0.26 — 0.01 — 0.27 Malawi 0.96 2.37 0.75 14.32 18.40 0.05 0.13 0.04 0.76 0.99 Mozambique 50.17 — 4.29 — 54.46 1.07 — 0.08 — 1.15 Namibia 2.35 9.15 13.05 116.66 141.20 0.04 0.23 0.22 2.39 2.88 Niger 27.12 26.61 0.02 10.72 64.48 0.97 1.16 0.00 0.42 2.55 Nigeria 355.49 — 14.37 — 369.86 0.63 — 0.02 — 0.65 Rwanda 10.99 — 0.64 5.25 16.88 0.58 — 0.03 0.27 0.88 Senegal 82.18 — 9.41 3.33 94.92 1.29 — 0.22 0.05 1.56 South Africa 82.21 32.65 1,543.27 330.31 1,988.44 0.04 0.02 0.83 0.21 1.09 Sudan — — — — — — — — — - Tanzania 32.66 — 10.81 3.94 47.41 0.31 — 0.11 0.05 0.47 Uganda 41.51 — 13.06 — 54.57 0.58 — 0.18 — 0.77 Zambia 66.28 0.47 28.59 6.50 101.84 1.04 0.01 0.39 0.14 1.58 Middle income 100.90 46.41 1,708.21 488.59 2,344.11 0.04 0.02 0.81 0.26 1.14 Oil exporting 628.20 67.24 45.91 273.39 1,014.73 0.51 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.77 Low income, nonfragile 489.85 66.16 228.94 119.54 904.49 0.53 0.08 0.24 0.15 1.01 Low income, fragile 25.39 - 16.56 112.60 154.55 0.09 - 0.05 0.29 0.43 Low income, coastal 260.90 33.70 53.00 131.93 479.52 0.37 0.04 0.08 0.19 0.68 Low income, landlocked 372.47 49.39 278.75 61.70 762.31 0.73 0.12 0.55 0.13 1.54 Total, 24 countries 923.86 134.10 1,787.79 655.89 3,501.63 0.27 0.04 0.47 0.19 0.96 Country average ex. RSA 0.49 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.85 Country average ex. RSA and Nigeria 0.40 0.11 0.18 0.27 0.97 Source: AICD, Fiscal Database (2008) Note: Rehabilitation included in Investment, O&M included in current spending. 3 FINANCING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Table 4. Public infrastructure spending by country and institution: power US$ millions per annum GDP share (%) Investment Current Investment Current Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Country Name Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Benin 1.68 28.32 0.77 70.43 101.19 0.05 0.76 0.02 2.06 2.88 Burkina Faso — — — — — — — — — - Cameroon 5.67 1.99 0.08 173.05 180.78 0.04 0.03 0.00 1.16 1.23 Cape Verde 4.60 11.49 0.34 32.45 48.87 0.53 1.79 0.04 3.88 6.25 Chad 7.61 — 6.66 29.59 43.86 0.41 — 0.19 1.03 1.63 Côte d'Ivoire — — — 342.92 342.92 — — — 2.12 2.12 Congo, Dem. Rep. — — — — — — — — — - Ethiopia 21.80 — 9.69 414.43 445.91 0.30 — 0.17 4.07 4.54 Ghana 17.08 58.48 13.16 127.74 216.46 0.20 0.80 0.18 1.70 2.88 Kenya 65.42 83.21 28.40 380.31 557.34 0.48 0.60 0.81 2.69 4.57 Lesotho 0.00 0.80 0.07 20.61 21.48 0.00 0.09 0.01 1.96 2.05 Madagascar 10.29 — — 121.60 131.89 0.22 — — 2.54 2.76 Malawi 0.52 14.07 0.30 46.90 61.79 0.03 0.78 0.02 2.57 3.39 Mozambique 35.49 — 2.58 63.02 101.09 0.75 — 0.05 1.24 2.05 Namibia 0.92 58.47 0.63 59.10 119.12 0.02 1.34 0.01 1.26 2.62 Niger 1.06 11.38 0.05 30.00 42.49 0.04 0.44 0.00 1.19 1.66 Nigeria 504.51 220.49 47.43 681.86 1,454.29 0.85 0.46 0.08 1.28 2.68 Rwanda 9.18 — 0.31 21.02 30.51 0.43 — 0.02 1.05 1.50 Senegal 41.29 — 18.24 139.60 199.13 0.69 — 0.76 2.96 4.40 South Africa 0.59 631.95 12.42 2,416.41 3,061.37 0.00 0.38 0.01 1.46 1.85 Sudan — — — — — — — — — - Tanzania 21.95 1.46 40.94 231.34 295.69 0.27 0.01 0.39 2.25 2.92 Uganda 24.50 120.92 8.14 103.33 256.89 0.34 2.04 0.11 1.58 4.07 Zambia 5.44 63.16 3.58 126.91 199.10 0.30 1.22 0.09 2.68 4.30 Middle income 6.59 758.97 14.53 2,731.00 3,511.09 0.00 0.41 0.01 1.47 1.89 Oil exporting 859.94 465.77 90.84 1,564.33 2,980.87 0.68 0.42 0.07 1.25 2.43 Low income, nonfragile 283.29 422.16 139.78 2,079.32 2,924.55 0.36 0.52 0.32 2.39 3.59 Low income, fragile - - - 815.09 815.09 - - - 2.12 2.12 Low income, coastal 215.12 190.93 115.90 1,644.68 2,166.64 0.32 0.28 0.35 2.25 3.21 Low income, landlocked 104.80 351.43 37.01 1,245.40 1,738.64 0.28 0.85 0.11 2.60 3.84 Total, 24 countries 779.57 1,306.20 193.77 5,632.62 7,912.16 0.25 0.41 0.09 1.63 2.38 Country average ex. RSA 0.50 0.44 0.17 1.80 2.90 Country average ex. RSA and Nigeria 0.27 0.43 0.23 2.13 3.05 Source: AICD, Fiscal Database (2008) Note: Rehabilitation included in Investment, O&M included in current spending. 4 FINANCING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Table 5. Public infrastructure spending by country and institution: ICT US$ millions per annum GDP share (%) Investment Current Investment Current Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Country Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Benin — 40.89 0.81 46.69 88.39 — 1.45 0.02 1.40 2.87 Burkina Faso — — — — — — — — — - Cameroon — 100.19 — 90.46 190.66 — 0.83 — 0.65 1.48 Cape Verde 0.01 — 0.00 — 0.01 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 Chad 0.20 — 0.25 13.74 14.19 0.01 — 0.01 0.56 0.58 Côte d'Ivoire — — — — — — — — — - Congo, Dem. Rep. — — — — — — — — — - Ethiopia 37.80 47.22 0.08 54.03 139.12 0.35 0.49 0.00 0.71 1.55 Ghana 0.49 58.63 2.77 172.50 234.39 0.01 0.76 0.04 2.18 2.99 Kenya — 47.74 — 275.66 323.39 — 0.34 — 1.94 2.28 Lesotho 0.02 0.04 0.50 1.62 2.18 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.14 0.21 Madagascar 1.70 — 2.80 — 4.49 0.03 — 0.06 — 0.09 Malawi 0.19 — 1.61 — 1.79 0.01 — 0.09 — 0.10 Mozambique 0.17 — 0.97 80.60 81.74 0.00 — 0.02 1.68 1.70 Namibia 3.65 16.57 21.89 118.48 160.59 0.06 0.39 0.37 2.50 3.32 Niger 0.12 — 0.01 — 0.13 0.00 — 0.00 — 0.00 Nigeria 15.07 — 8.57 — 23.63 0.02 — 0.01 — 0.03 Rwanda 0.47 — 0.65 — 1.11 0.03 — 0.03 — 0.06 Senegal 8.48 — 0.82 — 9.30 0.15 — 0.01 — 0.16 South Africa 3.31 934.44 163.08 2,404.36 3,505.19 0.00 0.60 0.07 1.44 2.11 Sudan — — — — — — — — — - Tanzania 2.18 — 1.93 104.81 108.93 0.02 — 0.02 1.03 1.07 Uganda — — 0.11 — 0.11 — — 0.00 — 0.00 Zambia 0.06 — — — 0.06 0.00 — — — 0.00 Middle income 7.56 1,027.19 200.32 2,726.55 3,961.62 0.00 0.59 0.08 1.45 2.12 Oil exporting 31.36 193.57 50.91 369.17 645.01 0.02 0.13 0.03 0.24 0.42 Low income, nonfragile 57.22 215.49 13.92 813.60 1,100.22 0.06 0.26 0.02 0.97 1.31 Low income, fragile — — — — — — — — — - Low income, coastal 17.98 203.34 13.95 939.32 1,174.60 0.03 0.31 0.02 1.36 1.72 Low income, landlocked 64.77 79.19 4.12 90.61 238.69 0.12 0.16 0.01 0.23 0.51 Total, 24 countries 73.90 1,245.73 206.84 3,362.95 4,889.42 0.02 0.40 0.05 1.01 1.48 Country average ex. RSA 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.56 0.81 Country average ex. RSA and Nigeria 0.05 0.32 0.03 0.97 1.37 Source: AICD, Fiscal Database (2008). Note: Rehabilitation included in Investment, O&M included in current spending. 5 FINANCING PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—CROSS-COUNTRY ANNEX Table 6. Public infrastructure spending by country and institution: transport US$ millions per annum GDP share (%) Investment Current Investment Current Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Nonfinancial Nonfinancial Total Country Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Budget enterprises Benin 11.44 5.97 2.12 39.31 58.83 0.33 0.18 0.06 1.13 1.70 Burkina Faso — — — — — — — — — - Cameroon 57.60 12.15 5.45 185.55 260.75 0.39 0.11 0.06 1.35 1.91 Cape Verde 10.38 14.05 1.49 61.33 87.25 1.19 2.10 0.18 7.21 10.69 Chad 97.16 — 0.71 3.73 101.60 3.20 — 0.02 0.12 3.34 Côte d'Ivoire 131.16 — 6.02 — 137.18 1.01 — 0.04 — 1.06 Congo, Dem. Rep. — — — 30.38 30.38 — — — 0.48 0.48 Ethiopia 262.74 — 17.77 38.87 319.38 2.93 — 0.31 0.43 3.67 Ghana 27.30 30.07 11.40 116.10 184.87 0.32 0.36 0.15 1.59 2.42 Kenya 25.98 52.80 16.96 266.41 362.15 0.19 0.35 0.13 1.86 2.54 Lesotho 0.11 — 9.88 3.77 13.76 0.01 — 1.20 0.37 1.58 Madagascar 117.28 — 1.16 122.89 241.33 2.46 — 0.02 2.56 5.05 Malawi 24.72 0.26 5.50 44.30 74.78 1.35 0.01 0.30 2.37 4.03 Mozambique 129.75 — 3.44 66.46 199.65 2.50 — 0.07 1.18 3.75 Namibia 11.04 2.75 6.94 53.43 74.15 0.20 0.07 2.13 1.18 3.57 Niger 25.14 0.02 3.79 3.71 32.67 0.91 0.00 0.13 0.20 1.24 Nigeria 780.03 — 77.87 33.82 891.72 1.42 — 0.13 0.07 1.61 Rwanda 22.99 — 1.13 5.36 29.49 1.16 — 0.06 0.28 1.50 Senegal 151.25 — 7.46 — 158.71 2.15 — 0.21 — 2.36 South Africa 909.78 992.98 672.93 4,581.17 7,156.85 0.41 0.74 0.31 2.24 3.70 Sudan — — — — — — — — — - Tanzania 64.44 17.85 76.68 117.12 276.09 0.66 0.18 0.78 1.12 2.73 Uganda 130.94 0.38 33.03 22.60 186.96 1.80 0.01 0.46 0.37 2.64 Zambia 122.85 8.73 68.00 31.15 230.74 1.56 0.12 0.78 0.47 2.92 Middle income 1,005.85 1,090.62 746.58 5,075.94 7,918.99 0.41 0.72 0.36 2.23 3.71 Oil exporting 1,568.02 24.70 150.83 458.45 2,201.99 1.30 0.02 0.21 0.30 1.83 Low income, nonfragile 1,237.46 128.62 275.27 968.72 2,610.07 1.30 0.14 0.30 1.08 2.83 Low income, fragile 216.12 - 9.92 50.06 276.10 0.70 - 0.03 0.15 0.88 Low income, coastal 733.39 118.80 139.45 810.99 1,802.63 0.97 0.16 0.21 1.12 2.46 Low income, landlocked 821.65 13.09 180.15 245.89 1,260.78 1.63 0.02 0.34 0.50 2.50 Total, 24 countries 3,114.08 1,138.01 1,029.73 5,827.47 11,109.29 0.84 0.40 0.27 1.42 2.92 Country average ex. RSA 1.24 0.07 0.24 0.63 2.18 Country average ex. RSA and Nigeria 1.13 0.12 0.30 0.97 2.53 Source: AICD, Fiscal Database (2008). Note: Rehabilitation included in Investment, O&M included in current spending 6