MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING DEVELOPMENT TRANSFORMING LANDSCAPES FOR RESILIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT IN ZAMBIA PROJECT INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN Danny Mwango +260 95 556 4850, P.O Box KL 25, Lusaka Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Table of Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... VI 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 THE TRALARD PROJECT ......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1 Project Development Objective ................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Project Components ......................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.2.1 Component 1. Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods ........................................................... 16 1.2.2.2 Component 2: Developing Infrastructure for Resilience and Market Access ..................................................... 17 1.2.2.3 Component 3. Management of Community Forests and Protected Areas ............................................................ 18 1.2.2.4 Component 4: Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring ...................................................................... 18 1.2.2.5 Component 5: Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC) ................................................................ 18 1.3 PESTS AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY ......................................................................................................................... 19 1.4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................... 19 1.5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN CONTEXT.......................................................................................... 20 1.6 PROJECT’S INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................... 20 1.6.1 Project Management Coordinating Unit ................................................................................................ 20 1.6.2 The Ministry of National Development Planning ............................................................................... 21 1.6.3 The National Climate Change Secretariat ............................................................................................. 22 1.6.4 The Zambia Environmental Management Agency ............................................................................ 22 1.6.5 The Local Authorities ...................................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.6 The Forest Department .................................................................................................................................. 23 1.6.7 The Water Resources Management Authority .................................................................................... 23 1.6.8 The Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit ................................................................................. 24 1.6.9 The Zambia Meteorological Department............................................................................................... 24 2 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION ............................................................................................... 25 2.1 DETAILED AND IN-DEPTH LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 25 2.1.1 World Bank Related Documents ................................................................................................................ 25 2.1.2 Zambian Legislative Documents ................................................................................................................ 25 2.2 INTERACTIVE DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 26 3 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT...................................................................................................... 27 3.1 HISTORY OF IPM .........................................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 3.2 PESTS AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.3 IPMP IN TRALARD PROJECT INVESTMENTS ................................................................................................... 28 4 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 WORLD BANK REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.2 NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT IN ZAMBIA........................................................................ 30 4.2.1 The Constitution of Zambia (Amendment), 2016............................................................................... 30 4.2.2 The Plant Pests and Diseases Act, Cap 231............................................................................................ 31 4.2.3 The Environmental Management Act, 2011 ......................................................................................... 31 4.2.4 The Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 .......................... 31 4.2.5 The Water Resources Management Act, 2011 ..................................................................................... 32 4.2.6 The Zambia Wildlife Act, No. 14 of 2015 ................................................................................................ 32 4.2.7 The Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015 ..................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.8 The Public Health Act, Cap 295 of 1930 ................................................................................................. 33 4.2.9 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2010 ................................................................................... 33 ii Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 4.3 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 33 4.3.1 The Stockholm Convention ........................................................................................................................... 33 4.3.2 The Rotterdam Convention........................................................................................................................... 33 5 COMMON PESTS IN PROJECT AREA ..................................................................................................... 34 5.1 WHAT PESTS ARE ................................................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 INSECTS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.1 American bollworm: (Helliothis armigera) .......................................................................................... 34 5.2.2 Aphids (aphididae) ........................................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.3 Army –worm (spodoptera sp.) .................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.4 Bean fly or bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia phaseoli) ...................................................................... 34 5.2.5 Beetles..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.6 Bugs (heteroptera sp.) .................................................................................................................................... 35 5.2.7 Cutworms (agritos sp.) ................................................................................................................................... 35 5.2.8 Grass hoppers (acridoidea) .......................................................................................................................... 35 5.2.9 Leaf hoppers (cicadellidae jassidae) ........................................................................................................ 35 5.2.10 Mites (tetranychidae)...................................................................................................................................... 35 5.2.11 Nematodes or eel worms (meloidogyne sp., Heterodera sp., Phatylenchus sp.) .................. 35 5.2.12 Stem- or Stalk borers (busseola fusca, sesamia, calamistris, chilo partellus)....................... 35 5.2.13 Thrips (thripidae) ............................................................................................................................................. 35 5.2.14 White fly (bemisia tabaci) ............................................................................................................................. 35 5.3 DISEASES .................................................................................................................................................................. 35 5.3.1 Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola) .................................................................................................... 36 5.3.2 Anthracnose (colletotrichum sp.) .............................................................................................................. 36 5.3.3 Bacterial blight (xanthonomus oryzae) ................................................................................................. 36 5.3.4 Common blight (xanthomonus phaseoli) and Halo bright (pseudomonas phaseolicola) 36 5.3.5 Damping off (pythium sp., Rhizoctania sp) ........................................................................................... 36 5.3.6 Downy mildew (Peronospora sp., plasmopora sp., pseudoperonospora sp.)......................... 36 5.3.7 Leaf spots .............................................................................................................................................................. 36 5.3.8 Loose smut (ustilago nuda) .......................................................................................................................... 37 5.3.9 Mosaic virus ......................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.3.10 Powdery mildew (odium sp., erysiphe sp) .............................................................................................. 37 5.3.11 Rust (uromyces sp., puccinia sp.) ............................................................................................................... 37 5.3.12 Wilt........................................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.3.13 Rust .......................................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.4 SEED BORNE DISEASES........................................................................................................................................... 37 5.5 WEEDS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38 6 PEST MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS ............................................................................................... 38 6.1 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PEST CONTROL.................................................................................................... 38 6.2 CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL .................................................................................................................................... 39 6.3 BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL ................................................................................................................................. 40 6.4 INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PEST CONTROL ..................................................................................................... 40 6.5 STATUS REVIEW OF PEST MANAGEMENT IN ZAMBIA ...................................................................................... 41 7 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 43 7.1 STEP 1: FIELD ASSESSMENT AND PEST IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................... 43 7.2 STEP 2: THRESHOLD DETERMINATION AND ACTION PLANNING ................................................................... 43 7.3 STEP 3: IPM IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................................................................... 43 7.3.1 Considerations under Physical/Mechanical Control ........................................................................ 43 iii Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 7.3.2 Considerations under Biological Control ............................................................................................... 44 7.3.3 Considerations under Chemical Control ................................................................................................. 44 7.3.4 Considerations under Cultural Practices ............................................................................................... 45 7.4 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................ 45 7.5 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ................................................................................................................... 46 7.5.1 Monitoring and Reporting ............................................................................................................................ 47 7.5.2 Proposed Budget................................................................................................................................................ 50 8 REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................... 51 9 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................. 52 9.1 APPENDIX 1: PRECAUTIONS FOR USING PESTICIDES ....................................................................................... 52 9.2 APPENDIX 2: PESTICIDES BANNED UNDER THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ..... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 9.3 APPENDIX 3: TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES ................................................. 54 9.4 APPENDIX 4: LABELLING OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES.............................................. 56 9.5 APPENDIX 5: STORAGE OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES.................................................. 58 9.5.1 WAREHOUSING .................................................................................................................................................. 58 9.5.2 STORAGE ............................................................................................................................................................... 58 9.6 APPENDIX 6: DISPOSAL OPTIONS FOR PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES .......................... 60 9.7 APPENDIX 8: INSTRUCTIONS FOR CLEANING UP SPILLS AND LEAKED PESTICIDES ...................................... 61 9.8 APPENDIX 9: LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES UNDER THE SAN, EPA, EU, POPS, PIC AND PAN ............. 62 List of Tables Table 5-1. Some important seed borne organisms of relevance in NRZ ................................................................ 37 Table 6-1: Insecticides recommended and used by different stakeholders ...................................................... 63 Table 6-2: Herbicides recommended and used by different stakeholders ......................................................... 68 Table 6-3: Fungicides recommended and used by different stakeholders ......................................................... 71 Table 6-4: Insecticides Phased out, Banned, or Restricted..................................................................................... 73 Table 6-5: Banned , Restricted Or No Longer In Use Pesticides That Are Still In Recommendation In Zambia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Table 7-1: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................................. 45 Table 7-2: Capacity Building Implementation Plan and Budget .............................................................................. 46 Table 7-3: IPMP Monitoring Plan............................................................................................................................... 48 Table 7-4: Cost for Implementing the IPMP ............................................................................................................ 50 iv Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ACRONYMS EMA Environmental Management Act EPA Environmental Protection Agency EU European Union ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan LC Lethal Concentration LD Lethal Dose MoA Ministry of Agriculture MNDP Ministry of National Development Planning MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet NGOs Non - Governmental Organizations OP Operational Policy PAN Pesticide Action Network PIC Prior Informed Consent PIU Project Implementation Unit NPCU National Project Coordination Unit PMP Pest Management Plan POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment SAN Sustainable Agriculture Network SCCI Seed Control and Certification Institute WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization ZAA Zambia Agrochemical association ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency v Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Background As a result of vulnerability of the impacts of climate variability and human activities, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the Ministry of National Development Plan (MNDP), and working with the World Bank has embarked on the Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project (the “Project”) for the Northern Region of Zambia (NRZ). The project aims to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enable climate-resilient growth in key economic sectors. For purposes of providing guidance on pesticide use to project beneficiaries as and when such need arises during project implementation, GRZ has prepared this Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP). The IPMP was prepared through literature review and is made up of an Introductory Chapter, a review of common pests which may be relevant to the project, a review of applicable pest management options and finally a management plan presenting recommendations on pest management under the TRALARD project. The TRALARD Project The Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project (the “Project”) aims to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enable climate-resilient growth in key economic sectors. The objective of the Project is to increase the ecosystem resilience and productivity within vulnerable landscapes and enhance the disaster related prepardness of Zambia. The project supports one of the poorest regions in the country by integrating livelihood improvements and climate resilience with natural resource sustainability. This Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development Project (TRALARD) targets fifteen districts in three provinces: Kawambwa, Lunga, Nchelenge, Samfya (Luapula Province); Chama, Lavushimanda, Mpika, Mafinga, Isoka, Kanchibiya (Muchinga Province); Chilubi, Mbala, Mungwi, Mpulungu, Nsama (Northern Province). The TRALARD project will promote a sustainable forest management impact program. It will build on the government’s vision to manage productive landscapes to enhance forest products and services for improved income generation, poverty reduction, job creation, protection and maintenance of biodiversity, and contribute to mitigation of climate change. Project Development Objective To improve natural resource management in select districts to support sustainable livelihoods, and in the event of an eligible crisis or emergency, to provide immediate and effective response to the eligibale crisis or emergency. Project Components The above Project Development Objective (PDO) will be achieved through activities under the following components: a) Component 1. Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods b) Component 2: Developing Infrastructure for Resilience and Market Access c) Component 3. Management of Community Forests and Protected Areas d) Component 4: Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring e) Component 5: Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC) (Standardized) Integrated Pest Management Plan Objective The project is preparing this IPMP to meet the requirements of OP/BP 4.09 which has been triggered. Specific objectives of the IPMP are: ▪ To review the relationship between pests and crop productivity vi Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ To identify common pests likely to affect implementation of the project ▪ To explore alternative ways of managing pests and recommend environmentally friendly and socially acceptable approaches to pest management in the APPSA program ▪ To identify issues of concern in pesticide use and recommend measures for enhanced public and occupational health and safety. Integrated Pest Management Plan Context The TRALARD Project is not designed to provide specifically any pesticides or agro-chemicals. However, it is anticipated that communities would likely to request assistance with increasing crop and livestock diseases which may require pest control. There could also be an expansion in cultured land as a result of canal rehabilitation, or the introduction of climate-resistant varieties which may require pest control. In such cases, the sub-projects may include the funding of pesticides or agro-chemicals necessary for the control. Project’s Institutional Framework Under Component 4 of the project: Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring, a Project Management Coordinating Unit (PMCU) will be established within the Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP) to implement most of the project’s investment sub-projects and activities – the required capacities for procurement, financial management, monitoring and evaluation, safeguards implementation, and sub-project and activity execution. Other responsible institutions directly involved in the implementation of the project components are: • The Ministry of National Development Planning • The National Climate Change Secretariat • The Zambia Environmental Management Agency • The Local Authorities • The Forest Department • The Water Resources Management Authority • The Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit • The Zambia Meteorological Department METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION This IPMP has been prepared in accordance with applicable World Bank safeguard policies related to pest management, and which involved the following activities, among others: ▪ Literature/ Data Gathering and Review; ▪ Public consultations and discussions with relevant sector institutions; ▪ Data collation and analysis, consisting of literature reviews; Determination of potential impacts; Identification of impact mitigation measures; Preparation of a Pesticide Management Plan; and Preparation of sub-project guidelines; and ▪ Review of comments from stakeholders. Regulatory Framework Preparation of the Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) to guide implementation of pest management interventions under the TRALARD project will have to satisfy both the national and World Bank requirements. World Bank Requirements World Bank requirements in relation to pest management are elaborated under Operational Policy (OP) 4.09. vii Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan National Guidelines for Pest Management in Zambia • The Constitution of Zambia (Amendment), 2016 • The Plant Pests and Diseases Act, Cap 231 • The Environmental Management Act, 2011 • The Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 • The Water Resources Management Act, 2011 • The Zambia Wildlife Act, No. 14 of 2015 • The Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015 • The Public Health Act, Cap 295 of 1930 • The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2010 International Agreements At the international level, Zambia is a signatory to both the Stockholm and the Rotterdam Conventions. Common Pests in Project Area The common pests and diseases that affect production of crops in NRZ are discussed below: Insects • American bollworm: (Helliothis armigera) • Aphids (aphididae) • Army –worm (spodoptera sp.) • Bean fly or bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia phaseoli) • Beetles • Bugs (heteroptera sp.) • Cutworms (agritos sp.) • Grass hoppers (acridoidea) • Leaf hoppers (cicadellidae jassidae) • Mites (tetranychidae) • Nematodes or eel worms (meloidogyne sp., Heterodera sp., Phatylenchus sp.) • Stem- or Stalk borers (busseola fusca, sesamia, calamistris, chilo partellus) • Thrips (thripidae) • White fly (bemisia tabaci) Diseases • Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola) • Anthracnose (colletotrichum sp.) • Bacterial blight (xanthonomus oryzae) • Common blight (xanthomonus phaseoli) and Halo bright (pseudomonas phaseolicola) • Damping off (pythium sp., Rhizoctania sp) • Downy mildew (Peronospora sp., plasmopora sp., pseudoperonospora sp.) • Leaf spots • Loose smut (ustilago nuda) • Mosaic virus • Powdery mildew (odium sp., erysiphe sp) • Rust (uromyces sp., puccinia sp.) • Wilt • Rust viii Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Seed borne Diseases The table below presents a list of some important seed borne organisms. The list is not exhaustive. Some important seed borne organisms of relevance in NRZ Crop Organism Disease Maize Fusarium spp Cob rot Diplodia spp Cob rot Erwinia stewartii Bacterial leaf blight Scleropthora microspora Downy mildew Sorghum Spacelotheca spp Claviceps Smut microcephala Ergot Claviceps purpureum Fusarium moniliform Ergot Seed rot Groundnuts Aspegillus spp Seed rot Fusarium spp Seed rot Beans Colletotrihum Anthracnose Lindermuthianum Pseudomonas Halo blight phaseseolicola Common blight Xanthomonus phaseoli Bean common mosaic virus Soya beans Peronospora manshuria Downy mildew Sclerotinia sclerotorium Stem rot Phomoosis sp Seed rot leaf Colletotrichum sp stem blight Pea Ascochyta pisi Leaf spot Mycosphaerella pisi Leaf spot Weeds Apart from insects and diseases, weeds are quite a significant pest which can significantly reduce crop yield if not properly managed. Pest Management Interventions There are four common approaches to pest control namely physical or mechanical, chemical control, biological control and integrated encompassing a range of interventions. Physical and Mechanical Pest Control This option entails use of physical or mechanical means to destroy or control the target pest. This option includes examples such as ▪ Weeding using hands or a hoe ▪ Weeding using a harrow ▪ Handpicking of pests e.g. removal of caterpillars or grasshoppers by hand ▪ Scaring away or trapping of birds ▪ Burning of crop residue ▪ Trapping of pests e.g. use of rodents or bird traps ▪ Putting up physical barriers e.g. a wire mesh or net to prevent pests from attacking the crop Chemical Pest Control ix Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan The chemical control option involves use of herbicides for weed control, insecticides for insect control or fungicides for disease control. Biological Pest Control The biological control option involves use of animals, insects, bacteria or viral agents which can either be predators (e.g. predatory bugs and spiders), parasites (e.g. some type of wasps) or pathogens (e.g. types of bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes) to feed on or attack the target pest species with the aim of killing or suppressing their growth and development. Integrated Approach to Pest Control The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) option involves the systematic application of more than one option for enhanced effectiveness and is based on the principle of ecosystem management to create a conducive environment for the crop and less so for the pest. Implementation Plan The preferred approach to pest management under the TRALARD project is IPM. This can be achieved by following a stepwise process elaborated below: • Step 1: Field Assessment and Pest Identification • Step 2: Threshold determination and Action Planning • Step 3: IPM Implementation - Considerations under Physical/Mechanical Control - Considerations under Biological Control - Considerations under Chemical Control - Considerations under Cultural Practices Institutional Roles and Responsibilities No. Institution Proposed Responsibility 1 Extension staff under the Provide training and other forms of knowledge transfer to farmers on the Ministry of Agriculture management of pests affecting their fields/crops including practical knowledge on IPM, knowledge on choice, safe use and disposal of pesticides 2 Participating farmers Control pests in their fields in compliance with the provisions of this IPMP and other applicable protocols 3 ZEMA, the Regulatory Agency in Effectively enforce the provisions of the Environmental Management pesticide management (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 Conduct awareness and sensitization campaigns on pesticides not allowed in the country and safe usage Conduct environmental monitoring for pesticide contamination and take corrective action were applicable. 4 Pesticide Dealers Ensure that only registered pesticides are sold Comply with the provisions of the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 on importation, transportation, storage distribution and disposal of pesticides Fully understand the pesticides in their custody including pesticide toxicity, health and safety hazards and environmental risks Provide information to farmers and other buyers on safe use and management of pesticides 5 Agro Chemical Association of Promote the safe use of pesticides by ensuring that all their members Zambia comply with the provisions of the PTS Regulations and other protocols x Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan relating to agro-chemical management including those of FAO, WHO, Rotterdam Convention, 6 Seed Control and Certification Enforce compliance with protocols for safe breeding and production of Institute (SCCI) seeds and ensure that only certified seed is on the market in compliance with the provisions of the Plant Variety and Seeds Act. 7 Zambia Bureau of Standards Enforce pesticide product standards by actively monitoring the market and testing products to ensure quality in efficacy and other aspects of the product Monitoring and Reporting The proposed plan for monitoring IPMP implementation is presented n the table below. IPMP Monitoring Plan IPMP Where How is /Frequency of Annual Responsibility Activity is the parameter measurement or Monitoring parameter to to be continuous? cost: (USD) be monitored monitored? /type of monitoring equipment ? Training in safe Training Review of Annual Included in Provincial Ext. use of programs and training project staff chemicals attendance documentati coordination lists on, trainee and interview management costs Training in IPM Training Review of Annual Included in Provincial Ext. programs and training project staff/Safeguards attendance program, coordination Specialists at PIU lists trainee and and NPCU interview management costs Ground water Borehole, Sampling Semi-annually To use existing Provincial pollution water well in and lab effective year after government extension target analysis use of project facilities staff/Safeguards fields/areas procured 6 000 Specialists as appropriate agrochemicals Surface water Runoff Sampling Semi-annually 6 000 Provincial pollution receiving and lab effective year after extension staff water body analysis use of project procured agrochemicals Soil soil in target Sampling Semi-annually 9,000 Provincial contamination fields and lab effective year after extension staff analysis use of project procured agrochemicals IPM adoption Commodity Social Annual effective 12 000 Provincial and research surveys first year of training Extension Staff/ effectiveness teams and and sensitisation Safeguards farmers Specialist xi Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Public and Workers and Incidence Each time Included in Farmers/ occupational surrounding reports/surv incidence is operational Provincial health and community eys reported costs Extension staff safety concerns /Safeguards such as Annual surveys in Specialist poisoning due surrounding to misuse or communities 15 000 improper handling of pesticides Occupational Workers Incidence Each time Included in Farmers/ Prov. health and reports/surv incidence is operational Extension safety concerns eys reported costs Officers such as injury due to poor working Inclusion of agenda conditions item in staff meetings TOTAL 48 000 Proposed Budget The table below gives an indicative budget for implementation of the plan. No Activity Cost (US $) 1 Training and Capacity Building Costs 1.1 Training, sensitization and Awareness in IPMP and its implementation 15,000 1.2 Training in safe and environmentally friendly pesticide use including (i) 30,000 understanding and interpretation of labels and symbols on pesticides, (ii) formulation, dosing and calibration of equipment, (iii) transportation, storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers and (iv) personal safety and hazard understanding for self protection 1.3 Training and sensitization in Biological control of pests 14,000 1.4 Development and enforcement of an occupational health and safety protocol 10,000 covering (1) mechanical control, chemical (2) control and (3) biological control aspects of occupational health and safety. 2 Monitoring and Reporting Costs 2.1 Water sampling and analysis ( surface water resource) 5,000 2.2 Water sampling and analysis (underground water resources) 5,000 2.3 Soil sampling 9,000 2.42 2.4 Monitoring of trial biological control programs 6,000 2.5 Monitoring of IPM adoption and implementation 6,000 Total Costs 100,000 xii Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND As a result of vulnerability of the impacts of climate variability and human activities, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) through the Ministry of National Development Plan (MNDP), and working with the World Bank has embarked on the Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project (the “Project”) for the Northern Region of Zambia (NRZ). The project aims to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enable climate-resilient growth in key economic sectors. For purposes of providing guidance on pesticide use to project beneficiaries as and when such need arises during project implementation, GRZ has prepared this Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP). This IPMP has been prepared in compliance with the provisions of the World Bank Operational Policy 4.09 triggered by some activities proposed under the Transforming landscapes for resilience and development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project (the “Project”) for the NRZ. The project’s sub-components that have triggered the preparation of the IPMP are under Component 1: Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods. These activities include the promotion of alternative livelihoods and includes increased small ruminant, agroforestry, agro-processing, aqua culture, fingerlings production, fish processing, mushrooms production, and other service industries that are non-natural resource dependent and culturally acceptable activities. Activities under this component will be implemented through a program that (a) encourages farmers to adopt diverse and climate resilent farming practices, (b) advances technologies to introduce more efficient processing, and (c) helps reduce post-harvest loss. This component includes construction of bulking centers, rice and sorghum processing facilities, fish farming and fish caging, rearing of poultry, ruminants and fingerlings, growing of pastures, processing and packaging of non-forest products and farm produce; fruit orchards, fruit nurseries, mechanized gardening and farming of high value crops; and mushroom growing. In view of the above there is need for effective management of pests in a manner that does not pose health and safety risks to the farmer, users of products, the public and the environment – water, soils and biodiversity inclusive of which this IPMP addresses. The IPMP was prepared through literature review and is made up of an Introductory Chapter, a review of common pests which may be relevant to the project, a review of applicable pest management options and finally a management plan presenting recommendations on pest management under the TRALARD project. 1.2 THE TRALARD PROJECT The Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project (the “Project”) aims to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enable climate-resilient growth in key economic sectors. The objective of the Project is to increase the ecosystem resilience and productivity within vulnerable landscapes and enhance the disaster related prepardness of Zambia. The project supports one of the poorest regions in the country by integrating livelihood improvements and climate resilience with natural resource sustainability. Key interventions focus on the following: (a) the protection of livelihoods from the effects of climate change on water and land resources; improved adaptive response to water scarcity through irrigation and water-saving techniques; (b) mainstreaming climate change considerations into sectoral investment plans and policies regarding water and land use management; (c) enhanced disaster risk management capacity in a changing climate and improved understanding of and advocacy for climate change implications within various sectors or different sectors. 13 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan The project is part of the Resilient Landscapes for Development Program in African Drylands and contributes to the landscape pillar of the Africa Climate Business Plan, with a focus on reducing climate risks and vulnerabilities through a mix of interventions. In support of Zambia’s climate change programmatic objective, the TRALARD Project has been designed and aims to reduce livelihood vulnerability and enable climate-resilient growth in key economic sectors. The project will build on the lessons learnt from the successful Zambia Strengthening Climate Resilience (PPCR Phase II) project already under implementation in Zambia, upscaling it and extending it to all rural areas of Zambia in a phased approach to additional provinces in the northern part of the country. The focus will be on ensuring sustainability of poor rural community livelihoods in an environment already highly stressed by climate change and expected to undergo further important changes in the next decades. By improving agricultural and forestry practices, the project will simultaneously yield climate mitigation benefits and will complement the Zambia Integrted Forest Landscape Project which is helping to create an enabling environment for emissions reductions purchases in the Eastern Province. The project aligns with key national strategies and the country’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). The proposed project has been conceived around four components through which it will offer a menu of interrelated activities which can be tailored to the participating targetted province. The Project will be implemented in a phased approach. Targeted provinces and districts will be rolled into the programme based on resource mobilization. The Phase I focus will be on Luapula, Muchinga and Northern Provinces1, and deepen the current ongoing investment in Western province with subsequent scaling up to other parts of the country. This Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development project (TRALARD) targets fifteen districts in three provinces: Kawambwa, Lunga, Nchelenge, Samfya (Luapula Province); Chama, Lavushimanda, Mpika, Mafinga, Isoka, Kanchibiya (Muchinga Province); Chilubi, Mbala, Mungwi, Mpulungu, Nsama (Northern Province). The TRALARD project will promote a sustainable forest management impact program. It will build on the government’s vision to manage productive landscapes to enhance forest products and services for improved income generation, poverty reduction, job creation, protection and maintenance of biodiversity, and contribute to mitigation of climate change. 1.2.1 Project Development Objective To improve natural resource management in select districts to support sustainable livelihoods, and in the event of an eligible crisis or emergency, to provide immediate and effective response to the eligibale crisis or emergency. The above Project Development Objective (PDO) will be achieved through activities under the following components: f) Component 1. Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods g) Component 2: Developing Infrastructure for Resilience and Market Access h) Component 3. Management of Community Forests and Protected Areas i) Component 4: Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring j) Component 5: Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC) (Standardized) 1 Northern Province was split into Northern Province and Muchinga Province in 2011. Accordingly, many of the statistics are not yet available for both provinces, and thus Northern Province typically includes Muchinga Province. 14 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Through these components, TRALARD will offer a selection of interrelated activities that can be tailored to the needs of participating areas. The project also includes standard Contingency Emergency Response component. 1.2.2 Project Components TRALARD comprises five components; (1) Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods; (2) Developing Infrastructure for Resilience and Market Access; (3) Management of Community Forests and Protected Areas; (4) Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring, and (5) Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC). Figure 1-1 presents the project’s theory of change. Many of the communities in the northern region derive their livelihoods from the natural resource base particularly through subsistence agriculture, fishing and exploitation of forest resources. All districts experience issues of land degradation, deforestation, declining agricultural productivity and soil erosion. Thus, unless the value of these natural resources is increased and captured by local people, these resources will continue to be degraded through neglect, inefficient or illegal use, or replacement by low value land use options. The TRALARD project will promote a sustainable forest management impact program. It will build on the government’s vision to manage productive landscapes to enhance forest products and services for improved income generation, poverty reduction, job creation, protection and maintenance of biodiversity, and contribute to mitigation of climate change. Activities Outputs Intermediate Long-term outcomes Objectives Outcomes Component 1: - New individual/group activities - Diversified sources of income Enhanced adaptive and - Small grants to diversify pursuing diversified livelihoods - Increased profits from farming transformative capacity of livelihoods - Improved farming productivity, - Broader engagement in communities - Access to inputs to improve better post-harvest management economic activities including of productivity and post-harvest - Productive infrastructure vulnerable and marginalized Increased economic self- - Implement productive expands livelihoods opportunities groups reliance of rural communities infrastructure projects - Savings clubs, participation in - Improved management of - Educate on access to insurance programs finances and financial risks financial services - Community-local authorities Improved planning capacity - Train on climate risks interaction on climate risks planning and action Component 2: - Infrastructure for resilience - Connectivity to services during Strengthened adaptive and Enhanced resilience - Implement infrastructure for constructed/rehabilitated climatic events absorptive capacity of of communities to resilience projects - Expanded/improved network of - Expanded access to markets for communities climatic impacts. - Install/upgrade hydromet hydromet stations subsistence farmers stations - New hydromet information - Improved water management for Decreased economic impact - Support meteorological and services domestic use and farming from climatic events Improved emergency services - Equipped emergency service - Enhanced access to weather landscapes - Raise awareness on - Increased awareness of information and preparedness to management. climate change risks Zambians about climate change climatic events risks and coping strategies Component 3: - Organize Community - Newly set CFN groups and NFR - Effective management of Sustainable management of Forest Management groups areas community forests forests, restoration of and Natural Forest - New basic infrastructure, trained - Expanded opportunities for deforested area beyond Regeneration areas personnel and equipment to responsible forest use project areas. - Support basic infrastructure continuously service PAs in the - Regeneration of degraded forest and services in two major north and south areas and their increased role in Ecosystems of protected landscapes comprising livelihoods areas conserved, providing protected areas - Improved PA management and new environmentally sound maintenance economic opportunities. Figure 1-1. Theory of Change The project will use a community-led landscape approach – that is, an integrated approach to sustainably manage land, forest and water resources for multiple purposes and functions. The components are defined with a view of reversing degradation through adaptation and alternative livelihoods measures, improving management of the protected areas estate, and improving infrastructure for resilience and facilitating creation of new opportunities through more developed market access. 15 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan TRALARD aims to improve the livelihoods and resilience of rural communities by improving the management of the rich natural resource base that rural communities are dependent upon through: (a) diversification and increased sustainability of rural livelihoods; (b) improved management of protected areas and surrounding landscapes; and (c) improved forest management through the creation of community managed forests. The project also supports ward level development planning, technical assistance (TA), workshops, and trainings aimed at capacity building and institutional development. 1.2.2.1 Component 1. Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods This component is designed to create conditions for poverty stricken communities facing climatic impacts to strengthen their resilience through the adoption of diversified livilihoods that are (a) better adjusted to climate changes, (b) less dependent on natural resources and (c) provide more varied and reliable sources of income. This component also supports ward level development planning, technical assistance (TA), workshops, and trainings aimed at capacity building and institutional development. Within TRALARD, the livelihoods component is indelible from the efforts to improve infrastructure for resilience, facilitate community forest management practices, strengthen protected areas and establish national hydro-meteorological system. The activities under this component have direct connection to the efforts to alleviate the pressure on protected areas and national forests. In addition, to complement and multiply positive effects of diversified and more sustainable livelihoods, TRALARD intends to improve small infrastructure helping communities withstand the pressures of natural disasters, harness the postive side of the climate risk and establish better access to markets. The implementation of activities under this component pursues the following objectives: (i) increase smallholder production and improve productivity; (ii) diversify value chains; (iii) mitigate farmers risks through the introduction of basic financial services; and (iv) facilitate adoption of alternative livelihoods as sustainable and resilient activities with reduced reliance on natural resources. To achieve these objectives, the following subcomponents stipulating complementary and mutually reinforcing activities have been determined: (1) Diversifying livelihoods and improving farming practices; (2) Developing productive infrastructure for sustainable livelihoods; (3) Strengthening communities and expanding services. In composition, these activities form an integrated approach to alleviating the problem of vulnerability of rural communities to growing climate change impacts and help strengthen their resilience and adaptive capacity. As an accompanying and equally important effect, their implementation is anticipated to elevate economic well- being of targeted communities. Subcomponent 1.1. Diversifying livelihoods and improving farming practices Activities under this subcomponent will be implemented through a program that (a) encourages farmers to adopt diverse and climate resilent farming practices, (b) advances technologies to introduce more efficient processing, and (c) helps reduce post-harvest loss. These activities will be funded through small grants prorgam to strengthen community climate resilient adaptation. The small grants will fund priority adaptation sub-projects identified through the process of participatory community natural resource management and climate resilient planning. Grants will be available at the ward, community/group, and individual innovators (champions’) levels and will be disbursed directly to beneficiaries. At the community/group level, the interventions will equally target women-headed households, as well as households classified as very or extremely vulnerable. Subcomponent 1.2. Developing productive infrastructure for sustainable livelihoods This subcomponent is closely related to the task of diversifying livelihoods and foresees realization of a series of small projects determined in consultations with provincial administrations. The preliminary list of productive infrastructure projects identified in consultations with the representatives of provincial and national authorities includes construction of bulking centers, rice and sorghum processing facilities, fish farming and fish caging, rearing of poultry, ruminants and fingerlings, growing of pastures, processing and packaging of non-forest 16 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan products and farm produce; water harvesting and purification installations, solar powered water facilities, building dip tanks, restocking of water bodies, quarrying, sand mining; fruit orchards, fruit nurseries, mechanized gardening and farming of high value crops; beekeeping, propagation of caterpillars, mushroom growing, and artefact production, photographic tourism, game viewing, tour guiding, small traditional tourism accommodation. Subcomponent 1.3. Strengthening communities and expanding services This subcomponent strengthens and in most locations introduces financial services such as savings clubs and insurance against climate change impacts; informs, educates and trains communities to assess their natural resources assets and improve plannig in using them sustainably and effectively; provides tenchincal assistance and training and faciliates formalizing community and producer groups for more inclusive and participatory decision-makinmg proces. Activities under this subcomponent build on the Zambia Strengthening Climate Resilience project (PPCR) Climate Risk Adaptation Facilitating Teams (CRAFT) process. For their implementation, the project will procure specialized NGOs and other experienced actors already working in project areas. 1.2.2.2 Component 2: Developing Infrastructure for Resilience and Market Access Activities under this component aim to support and improve Luapula, Muchinga, and Northern Provinces (LMN) infrastructure in vulnerable areas suffering from the lack of investments and, in addition, adversely impacted by climate changes. Impacts include drastic changes in rainfall patterns resulting in floods and droughts, shortages in water, changes in wind patterns, lack of passable roads and damaged bridges leaving entire communities cut off from the basic services and goods during floods whose durations are becoming protracted. This increases the likelihood of lack of water and nutrition, spikes in diseases, and livestock loss. In addition, this component through the development of value chains helps identify ways to improve market access for primary producers who often lack opportunities and/or knowledge on the ways to make their products accessible to the market. In addition, this component includes activities to modernize elements of the national hydro-meteorological system of Zambia. Subcomponent 2.1. Investments in resilience enhancing infrastructure This subcomponent will address the deficit of resilient infrastructure in the areas most vulnerable to climate change impacts. Jointly with the provincial authorities, the team identified districts most vulnerable to natural disasters induced by climatic changes and further exacerbated by abject poverty prevalent in the LMN. Impacts include drastic changes in rainfall patterns resulting in floods and droughts, shortages in water, changes in wind patterns, lack of passable roads and damaged crossing points leaving entire communities cut off from the basic services and goods during floods whose durations are becoming increasingly protracted. This increases the likelihood of lack of water and nutrition, spikes in diseases, and livestock loss. In addition, this component through the development of value chains helps identify ways to improve market access for primary producers. To strengthen the resilience of communities to climatic changes and their adaptive capacity, the team has determined in consultations with the provincial planning departments and national sector ministries the most impactful activities which would (a) support and improve basic infrastructure and (b) help address poverty in vulnerable areas. These activities have been aggregated thematically and geographically to implement them in integrated way. In pursuit of complementarity and mutually reinforcing effect of the project components, infrastructure for resilience is set to be implemented simultaneously with activities to diversity livelihoods and to support the establishment of Community Forest Management (CFM). Subcomponent 2.2. Strengthened Climate hydro-meteorological information This subcomponent is national in scope and will be underpinned by the Hydro-meteorological Services Master Plan (HSMP) developed through the optimization design study, that was overseen by the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection between February and October 2016. The subcomponent will build on and is synergistic with ongoing activity under the Zambia PPCR that is developing a climate information dissemination platform for use for decision making at national and local level. The HSMP 17 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan is based on the overall assessment of the national hydro-meteorological monitoring and forecasting network. It identifies investment needs for enhanced hydrological and meteorological systems to improve monitoring, forecasting climate and weather conditions and deliver more relevant, timely, and accurate information at all levels. 1.2.2.3 Component 3. Management of Community Forests and Protected Areas Under this component, the project pursues the objective of establishing Community Forest Management groups as well as Natural Forest Regeneration areas to more effectively manage available forests and to create minimal necessary conditions for restoring deagraded forest areas to ultimately improve and diversify livelihoods through responsible and sustainable use of natural resources by communities. In addition, this component adresses the problem of insufficient funding of the established protected areas in the LMN. Main activities include developing basic infrastructure, strengthening capacity and management to protect and preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Subcomponent 3.1. Community Forest Management and Natural Forest Regeneration This subcomponent supports the implementation of two types of community-driven sustainable forestry activities: Community Forest Management (CFM) and Natural Forest Regeneration (NFR). They include identifying, adoption, restoration, management and usage of forest areas. CFM is a small to medium scale effort stipulating creation of legal entities, development of management plans and establishment of community forest management groups (CFMG) to manage and use specified forest areas at community level. Simultaneously, this subcomponent intends to promote among communities the establishment of areas for Natural Forest Regeneration (NFR) – low cost grass-root initiative under the authority of local traditional leaders to create conditions for fast, unimpeded regeneration of forests and their further usage to meet community needs in an environmentally considerate manner. Subcomponent 3.2. Improved Management of Protected Areas and National Forest Reserves This activity supports the effective and sustainable management of two important conservation landscapes, the Nsumbu National Park/Mweru Wantipa National Park/Lusenga Plain National Park/Tondwa Game Management Area Landscape (hereinafter the Northern Landscape), and the Lavushi Manda/Bangweulu Landscape/Mpumba Conmmunity Conservancy (hereinafter the Southern Landscape). The broader conservation landscapes include interconnected networks of protected areas including (i) national parks, (ii) game management areas, and (iii) national forest reserves. The project will support a landscape approach to the sustainable management of the ecosystems to preserve the biodiversity and ecosystem services for the well- being of people with focus on forest dependent communities and potenital to develop tourism opportunities. 1.2.2.4 Component 4: Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring This component will finance TA, works, goods, workshops, and operational costs to support the project’s day- to-day implementation and management, including procurement, FM, environmental and social safeguards, and preparation of annual work plans and organization of audit reports. The component also includes the design and implementation of a communication strategy to report on the project results and to raise awareness about land degradation, restoration and climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. It also supports the M&E system to report on the project’s expected results (disaggregating by gender, where appropriate) and systematizes the project’s lessons learned. The component also finances impact evaluation to assess project’s impacts on specific elements such as adopted livelihoods. 1.2.2.5 Component 5: Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC) This contingency component can be triggered by a joint Government and World Bank agreement in case of an emergency. This component had been embedded in the project to finance early recovery and/or specific emergency works, goods, and services, in case of eligible emergencies/crises/disaster caused by natural or man- made hazard including public health crisis. The mechanism is designed to support enhancement of preparedness, early recovery activities, and provision of rapid response to disaster that can be implemented in 18 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan a relatively short period. This component was considered necessary because of the inherent risks in Zambia’s current socioeconomic and climate related hazards (unexpected flooding or drought, an aggravation of the state of fragility, as a result of influx of large groups of displaced people, including both (cross boarder and internal displacements) that could potentially shift priorities. Reallocation of funds to CERC can only be done when there is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society causing widespread human, economic, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Following such a disaster event where both the region and national resources cannot sufficiently and adequately address the situation, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) may trigger activation of CERC according to national law and subject to the World Bank’s activation policy. 1.3 PESTS AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY The term pest in crop production refers to external biological agents that compete with and interfere with the proper growth and development of a target crop. Examples include weeds, insects and disease pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Damage to the crop may arise from competition for available nutrients, water, light or space or may manifest by way of harm where a particular pest subsists and feeds on the plant or transmits disease pathogens. Pests can thus either directly harm the plant or may pave way for secondary infestation by disease or other pests. Arising from this damage the crop may not be able to realize its full productive potential or may even die. Pest management is thus vital for sustained agricultural productivity because without proper pest management a farmer’s effort can be of no benefit. Pests affect food crops, causing significant losses to farmers and threatening food security. Outbreaks and upsurges can cause huge losses to crops and pastures, threatening the livelihoods of vulnerable farmers and the food and nutrition security of millions at a time. Plant pests and diseases spread in three principal ways: ▪ trade or other human-migrated movement ▪ environmental forces – weather and windborne ▪ insect or other vector-borne – pathogens 1.4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVE The project is preparing this IPMP to meet the requirements of OP/BP 4.09 which has been triggered. This Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) has been prepared as a supplement to the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). It is meant to be used as a guide to pest management in the food legume crops technology development and dissemination activities of the project. The Plan has been prepared in compliance with the WB’s Operational Policy 4.09, the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, 2013 (Statutory Instrument no. 112 of 2013 under the Environmental Management Act (No. 12 of 2011), the Plant Pests and Diseases Regulation Act (CAP 231 of the Laws of Zambia). Specific objectives of the IPMP are: ▪ To review the relationship between pests and crop productivity ▪ To identify common pests likely to affect implementation of the project ▪ To explore alternative ways of managing pests and recommend environmentally friendly and socially acceptable approaches to pest management in the APPSA program ▪ To identify issues of concern in pesticide use and recommend measures for enhanced public and occupational health and safety. The IPMP is an approach that establishes a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks. 19 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan IPMP is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment. 1.5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN CONTEXT The TRALARD Project is not designed to provide specifically any pesticides or agro-chemicals. However, it is anticipated that communities would likely to request assistance with increasing crop and livestock diseases which may require pest control. There could also be an expansion in cultured land as a result of canal rehabilitation, or the introduction of climate-resistant varieties which may require pest control. In such cases, the sub-projects may include the funding of pesticides or agro-chemicals necessary for the control. Should this prove necessary, the project would a) require that the mitigation plans under the sub-grant agreements include the recommended management measures specified in the IPMP (depending on the prevailing crop); b) not fund any of pesticides that are phased out, banned or restricted; and c) promote the use of integrated pest management techniques and the safe use, storage and disposal of agro-chemicals as appropriate. Thus, the Plan provides guidance for the management of pests for major crops grown in the NRZ. The IPMP provides: a) a list of the most common pests to crops grown in the project area; b) various approaches to pest management; c) a list of commonly used pesticides in the agricultural sector in Zambia; d) a list of pesticides phased out, banned, or restricted; and e) those that are banned, restricted, or no longer in use, but are still recommended in Zambia. Under Pest Management OP4.09, the Bank uses various means to assess pest management in the country and support PM and the safe use of agricultural pesticides. In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach. 1.6 PROJECT’S INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 1.6.1 Project Management Coordinating Unit Under Component 4 of the project: Project Management, Coordination, and Monitoring, a Project Management Coordinating Unit (PMCU) will be established within the Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP). The PMCU will report to the Permanent Secretary (PS) of MNDP and will be granted a high degree of autonomy to ensure efficient and timely implementation of the project. The PS may delegate his authority to a senior officer (director level), to whom the PMCU will directly report. The PMCU will be granted operational autonomy to apply rules, criteria, and procedures agreed with the World Bank. The PS, as the accounting officer of MNDP, will delegate financial management, procurement, tender evaluation, selection and contracting responsibilities to the PMCU. Notwithstanding these provisions, the PMCU’s actions will be accountable to the MNDP and subject to review by the Office of the Auditor General. The PMCU is a transitional entity. One of its important roles will be to support development within the current and successor agencies – which would typically implement most of the project’s investment sub-projects and activities – the required capacities for procurement, financial management, monitoring and evaluation, safeguards implementation, and sub-project and activity execution. In the interim, the PMCU will undertake 20 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan these roles on behalf of those agencies through the services of consulting firms, or by procuring an appropriate Implementation Support Consultancy that would be embedded within each agency. The core roles of the PMCU are fiduciary (procurement and financial management), management and coordination, reporting, monitoring and evaluation, the application of the Investment Framework (including safeguards frameworks), and monitoring of and technical support to the project. It will review the results and recommendations of each pre-feasibility and feasibility study, apply the Investment Framework and make recommendations on investment ready sub-projects. The PMCU will ensure the application of social and environmental frameworks (ESMF and RPF) by assessing the capacity of sponsor agencies to prepare safeguards instruments and to implement safeguards requirements (as the case may be). In the event that sponsor agencies are found to have insufficient capacity in these areas, it will work with the agency to prepare a support plan and TORs, as well as procure the additional required services. The PMCU will monitor the activities of all agencies involved in the project and their consultants, evaluate performance, propose measures to enhance performance and ensure timely implementation, and provide regular reporting to the World Bank. Other responsible institutions directly involved in the implementation of the project components are indicated in the Figure 7-1 below: Figure 1-2. Project Institutional Framework 1.6.2 The Ministry of National Development Planning The Ministry of National Development Planning is broadly responsible for the following functions: ▪ Coordinating the setting of the national vision, goals and development priorities and engender consensus among various stakeholders; ▪ Facilitating the preparation of long and medium term national development plans in order to promote economic diversification and rapid socio-economic growth and development; 21 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of national development plans, programmes and projects in order to ensure timely implementation, value for money and attainment of set objectives; ▪ Coordinating the production and dissemination of quality official statistics for timely policy intervention, planning, decision making and research; ▪ Coordinating project identification, design and appraisal of public investments to facilitate attainment of set objectives; ▪ Coordinating the production and dissemination of quality official statistics for timely policy intervention, planning, decision making and research; ▪ Coordinating project identification, design and appraisal of public investments to facilitate attainment of development The ministry oversees the implementation of the 7NDP which has been discussed under section 2.1.2 of this report. The Ministry houses the Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Secretariat. The MNDP will host the NPCU, where the Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist is based. The ministry will also oversee the implementation of the project and the ESMF. 1.6.3 The National Climate Change Secretariat The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) under the Ministry of National Development Planning was established by GRZ as a mechanism for a coordinated approach to adaptation and mitigation against the effects of climate. Its main purpose is to facilitate the coordination of all climate change activities being undertaken by the government, the private sector, civil society and cooperating partners in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the National Climate Change Response Strategy. The NCCS has the mandate to coordinate all climate change activities across sectors in Zambia. The Secretariat was established to execute the following functions: ▪ Establish long term institutional arrangement for climate change in Zambia ▪ Coordinate climate change activities in Zambia The following are the functions of the Zambia National Climate Change Secretariat: ▪ To Facilitate activities leading to the Government’s decision on the long-term institutional arrangement for climate change coordination in Zambia. ▪ To coordinate, in the interim, the implementation of climate change activities across sectors and projects ▪ To facilitate and coordinate mainstreaming, analytical works, communication and knowledge management related to climate change and disaster risk reduction. ▪ To facilitate access to climate funds (both domestic and global) and ensure their efficient utilization ▪ Important to note is that under the long-term arrangements, the Secretariat will be managed by a multi- stakeholder Board; the National Climate Change and Development Council. The implementation of the investment projects and thus the operation of the ESMF will be overseen by the NCCS through the NPCU. 1.6.4 The Zambia Environmental Management Agency The Environmental Management Act establishes the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). ZEMA is a statutory body and the following are the main functions of ZEMA: ▪ Integrated environmental management and the protection and conservation of the environment and sustainable management and use of natural resources; ▪ The prevention and control of environmental pollution and environmental degradation; ▪ Provide for public participation in environmental decision making and access to environmental information ▪ Undertaking environmental auditing and monitoring; and 22 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ Facilitating the implementation of international environmental agreements and conventions to which Zambia is a party. In line with the EMA, all environmental assessment reports are supposed to be submitted to ZEMA for review, after which ZEMA undertakes verification inspection and consultations with the interested and affected parties (IAPs) as well as with authorizing agencies such as WARMA for water projects, Energy Regulation Board for energy projects, FD for projects affecting forests, planning authorities, prior to making a decision. Thus, in the event that the individual projects trigger environmental assessments, the reports will also need to be submitted to ZEMA for approval. ZEMA also carries out periodic environmental audits of the approved projects. 1.6.5 The Local Authorities The Local Government Act provides for the establishment of Councils in districts, the functions of local authorities and the local government system. Some of these functions relate to district planning, pollution control and protection of the environment. During the planning and implementation of project interventions, it is imperative that the projects comply with the planning specifications and any relevant by laws set up by the relevant local authorities. 1.6.6 The Forest Department According to section 5 of the Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015, the main function of the Forest Department is the rationalisation of the exploitation of forest resources and the promotion of sustainable forest management. Other functions include the following: a. control, manage, conserve and administer National Forests, Local Forests and botanical reserves; b. adopt and promote methods for the sustainability, conservation and preservation of ecosystems and biological diversity in forest areas and open areas; c. collect, compile and disseminate information on forest resources in any area and advise on areas requiring afforestation, re-forestation and protection of flora threatened or in danger of extinction; d. establish and promote the establishment of plantations; e. devise and implement participatory forest management approaches for indigenous forests and plantations involving local communities, traditional institutions, non- governmental organisations and other stakeholders, based on equitable gender participation; f. facilitate equitable access to forest resources for commercial, recreational and indigenous use; g. promote and regulate beekeeping; Since some of the project interventions as indicated of this document interface with those of the Forest Department, the creation of partnerships with the local communities and relevant civil society for effective forest management will be effective in promoting community-based natural resource management and sustainable livelihoods such as beekeeping if the Forest Department is consulted and involved. 1.6.7 The Water Resources Management Authority Some of the functions of the Water Resources Management Authority as enshrined in the Water Resources Management Act of 2011, is to ensure the management, development, conservation, protection and preservation of the water resource and its ecosystems; provide for the equitable, reasonable and sustainable utilisation of the water resource; ensure the right to draw or take water for domestic and non- commercial purposes, and that the poor and vulnerable members of the society have an adequate and sustainable source of water free from any charges; and create an enabling environment for adaptation to climate change. Among the functions of the Authority are included the following: 23 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ ensuring extensive participation in interagency and intra-agency research planning related to climate change; and ▪ investing in climate change education on water issues and supporting the sharing of information about Government and local responses to water impacts of climate change. The proposed project interventions are directly linked to functions of the Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA). The key interventions of the project seek to achieve the following: (a) the protection of livelihoods from the effects of climate change on water and land resources; improved adaptive response to water scarcity through irrigation and water-saving techniques; (b) mainstreaming climate change considerations into sectoral investment plans and policies regarding water and land use management; (c) enhanced disaster risk management capacity in a changing climate and improved understanding of and advocacy for climate change implications within various sectors or different sectors. The establishment of projects for the promotion of sustainable water management practices will require that WARMA is directly involved. Any infrastructure for water harvesting measures such as dams, canal, will require that permission is sought from the Authority. It is important that WARMA is consulted and involved for the above stated project interventions. 1.6.8 The Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit The Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU) is vested in the Office of the Vice President and was created in 1994. The following are the objectives of DMMU: ▪ To put in place appropriate preparedness measures in order to manage disasters effectively and efficiently. ▪ To activate response mechanism for effective and timely search and rescue operations in order to save life and reduce damage to property. ▪ To put in place measures to restore livelihoods and other life support systems to affected communities. ▪ To mitigate the disruptive and destructive effects of hazards and all disasters in order to reduce their impact on vulnerable communities, assets and the environment ▪ To put in place preventive measures in order to reduce the negative effect of hazards and strengthen the national capacity for disaster management in order to avoid the adverse impact of hazards. ▪ To effectively co-ordinate disaster management activities through a body of procedures and practices in order to avoid duplication of efforts and resources at all levels. In view of the fact that the interventions are helping the target beneficiaries to improve their capacity to prevent or respond to climate change induced disasters, it is important that DMMU is actively involved in the implementation of the project interventions. 1.6.9 The Zambia Meteorological Department The Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD), under the Ministry of Transport and Communication, is charged with the responsibility of weather observation, analysis and prediction, for purposes of protecting life and property, safeguarding the environment, provision of advice and assessment for policy formulation as well as contribution to sustainable development. In Zambia, ZMD is the National Meteorological Service and the primary provider of meteorological services. The department has offices in every Provincial capital and some districts, and it is responsible for providing weather and climate information to the public and various sectors of the economy. ZMD is also the custodian of the official records of Zambian Weather and Climate. Some of the functions and responsibilities of ZMD are: a) To process and analyze meteorological data for use in the planning of economic development and rational exploitation of natural resources; 24 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan b) To provide meteorological services for the development of agriculture, water resources and other weather- sensitive economic sectors; c) To conduct research in meteorology and co-operate with organizations concerned with meteorological research and applications; The ZMD will be involved in all the components of the interventions but particularly critical in the implementation of sub-component which aims to Strengthen benefitial use of hydro-meteorological services. The following section illustrates how relevant ZMD is to the project: Agriculture: Prior to the commencement of each Rainy Season, the ZMD issues a Seasonal Rainfall Forecast in order to provide some indication of the quality (timing and nature of the rains) of the coming season. Farmers use the forecast to choose the best planting date, cropping strategies, tillage practices, etc. The Crop-Weather Bulletin is a popular publication which helps farmers to follow the performance of the rainy season (e.g. as it related to dry spells, number of rainy days, etc) every ten days during the crop growing period. Water Resources Management: The design of drainage systems in towns and cities depends on past records of rainfall intensity. Special problems arise in the replacement or renewal of many civic facilities, e.g. storm water disposal systems, many of them designed and built many years ago, which must now be re-designed to cope with the changing patterns of runoff, due to the greater density of buildings and hard-paved areas, Knowledge of the quantity of water delivered by short heavy falls of rain is essential for such planning. Scheduling of irrigation is more economical when meteorological data is used. The weather statistics often required are evaporation, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration. 2 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION This IPMP has been prepared in accordance with applicable World Bank safeguard policies related to pest management, and which involved the following activities, among others: ▪ Literature/ Data Gathering and Review; ▪ Public consultations and discussions with relevant sector institutions; ▪ Data collation and analysis, consisting of literature reviews; Determination of potential impacts; Identification of impact mitigation measures; Preparation of a Pesticide Management Plan; and Preparation of sub-project guidelines; and ▪ Review of comments from stakeholders. 2.1 DETAILED AND IN-DEPTH LITERATURE REVIEW Review on the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken and helped in gaining a further and deeper understanding of the proposed project. A desk review of the Zambian legal framework and policies related to pesticide use was also conducted in order to the relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation. Among the documents that were reviewed in order to familiarise and further understand the project included: 2.1.1 World Bank Related Documents ▪ World Bank Project documentation for the TRALARD Project ▪ World Bank TRALARD Draft Project Appraisal Document (PAD) ▪ World Bank Safeguards Policy OP 4.09 ▪ World Bank IPMP documents for other agricultural projects 2.1.2 Zambian Legislative Documents ▪ The Constitution of Zambia ▪ The Environmental Management Act ▪ The Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations ▪ The Plant Pests and Diseases Regulation Act 25 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations ▪ The Water Resources Management Act ▪ The Forests Act ▪ The Lands Act ▪ The Urban and Regional Planning Act ▪ The Public Health Act ▪ The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2.2 INTERACTIVE DISCUSSIONS Stakeholder consultation formed part of the methodology in preparing this IPMP where a list of all the project interested and affected stakeholders was prepared and stakeholder engagement was undertaken through interviews (face-to face) and a workshop will be held with these key stakeholders in February 2019. The stakeholder consultation was significant to the preparation of this IPMP and formed the basis for the determination of potential project impacts and design of viable mitigation measures. 26 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 3 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT This section describes in brief the IPM approach and then links the strategic issues under the TRALARD that have implications for pests and pesticides management with the IPM approach. The conventional approach to use of pesticides has the following drawbacks: a) Human toxicity; poisoning and residue problems b) Destruction of natural enemies and other non-target organisms c) Development of resistance in target organisms d) Environmental pollution and degradation e) Pesticides are expensive and good management of their use requires skills and knowledge Because of the drawbacks of reliance on pesticides, a crop protection approach is needed that is centred on local farmer needs that are sustainable, appropriate, environmentally safe and economic to use. Such approach is called Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In 1967, FAO defined IPM as “a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible, and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury”. 3.1 PESTS AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY The term pest in crop production refers to external biological agents that compete with and interfere with the proper growth and development of a target crop. Examples include weeds, insects and disease pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Damage to the crop may arise from competition for available nutrients, water, light or space or may manifest by way of harm where a particular pest subsists and feeds on the plant or transmits disease pathogens. Pests can thus either directly harm the plant or may pave way for secondary infestation by disease or other pests. Arising from this damage the crop may not be able to realize its full productive potential or may even die. Pest management is thus vital for sustained agricultural productivity because without proper pest management a farmer’s effort can be of no benefit. Pests affect food crops, causing significant losses to farmers and threatening food security. Outbreaks and upsurges can cause huge losses to crops and pastures, threatening the livelihoods of vulnerable farmers and the food and nutrition security of millions at a time. Plant pests and diseases spread in three principal ways: ▪ trade or other human-migrated movement ▪ environmental forces – weather and windborne ▪ insect or other vector-borne – pathogens The requirement for adoption of IPM in farming systems is even emphasized in the WB OP 4.09, which supports safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management aspects, such as the use of biological and environmental friendly control methods. The following are key preconditions for an IPM approach which will be adopted by all the sub projects within TRALARD Project that will be screened and found to require pesticide use: a) Understanding of the ecological relationships within a farming system (crop, plant, pests organisms and factors influencing their development b) Understanding of economic factors within a production system (infestation: loss) Understanding of socio-cultural decision-making behavior of the farmers (traditional preferences, risk behavior) c) Involvement of the farmers in the analysis of the pest problems and their management 27 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan d) Successive creation of a legislative and agricultural policy framework conducive to a sustainable IPM strategy (plant quarantine legislation, pesticides legislation, pesticide registration, price policy) This IPMP for TRALARD has been developed by following and applying the key elements of an IPM program namely: a) Ensuring that sub project investments under TRALARD use of available, suitable, and compatible methods which includes resistant varieties, cultural methods (planting time, intercropping and crop rotation), biological control, safe pesticides etc. to maintain pests below levels that cause economic damage and loss b) Ensuring that sub project investments under TRALARD conserve the ecosystem to enhance and support natural enemies and pollinators c) Ensuring that sub project investments under TRALARD integrate the pest management strategies in the farming system d) Ensuring that sub project investments under TRALARD conduct analysis based on pests and crop loss assessments 3.2 IPMP IN TRALARD PROJECT INVESTMENTS This Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) addresses the TRALARD’s need to promote ecosystem approach in pest management where sub project investments will entail the use of pesticides. The project’s sub-components that have triggered the preparation of the IPMP are under Component 1: Promoting Diversified, Resilient, Sustainable Livelihoods. These activities include the promotion of alternative livelihoods and includes increased small ruminant, agroforestry, agro-processing, aqua culture, fingerlings production, fish processing, mushrooms production, and other service industries that are non-natural resource dependent and culturally acceptable activities. Activities under this component will be implemented through a program that (a) encourages farmers to adopt diverse and climate resilent farming practices, (b) advances technologies to introduce more efficient processing, and (c) helps reduce post-harvest loss. This component includes construction of bulking centers, rice and sorghum processing facilities, fish farming and fish caging, rearing of poultry, ruminants and fingerlings, growing of pastures, processing and packaging of non-forest products and farm produce; fruit orchards, fruit nurseries, mechanized gardening and farming of high value crops; and mushroom growing. In view of the above there is need for effective management of pests in a manner that does not pose health and safety risks to the farmer, users of products, the public and the environment – water, soils and biodiversity inclusive of which this IPMP addresses. Therefore, this IMPF will ensure that this sub project and others yet to be identified apply the elements of IPM as described above and the preconditions for the same in order to minimise the adverse impacts associated with pesticide use in the agriculture sector. It is for this reason, that every sub project investment that is screened and found that pesticides use is certain, an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) will be developed as a mandatory requirement. This approach will benefit the TRALARD sub projects in terms of enhancing good human and environmental health, and improving economic well-being of the farmer. Finally the IPMP has been designed with focus on the general principles of IPM and every sub project investment that will have components of pesticide use will be required through enforcement, monitoring and review to follow these principles namely;- a) The prevention and/or suppression of harmful organisms should be achieved or supported among other options especially by: • Crop rotation, 28 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan • Use of adequate cultivation techniques (e.g. stale seedbed technique, sowing dates and densities, under-sowing, conservation tillage, pruning and direct sowing) • Use, where appropriate, of resistant/tolerant cultivars and standard/certified seed and planting material • Use of balanced fertilisation, liming and irrigation/drainage practices • Preventing the spreading of harmful organisms by hygiene measures (e.g. by regular cleansing of machinery and equipment) • Protection and enhancement of important beneficial organisms, e.g. by adequate plant • Protection measures or the utilisation of ecological infrastructures inside and outside production sites. b) Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools, where available. Such adequate tools should include observations in the field as well as scientifically sound warning, forecasting and early diagnosis systems, where feasible, as well as the use of advice from professionally qualified advisors. c) Based on the results of the monitoring, the users have to decide whether and when to apply plant protection measures. Robust and scientifically sound threshold values are essential components for decision making. For harmful organisms, threshold levels defined for the region, specific areas, crops and particular climatic conditions must be taken into account before treatment, where feasible. d) Sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods must be preferred to chemical methods if they provide satisfactory pest control. e) The pesticides applied shall be as specific as possible for the target and shall have the least side effects on human health, non-target organisms and the environment. f) The professional user should keep the use of pesticides and other forms of intervention to levels that are necessary, e.g. by reduced doses, reduced application frequency or partial applications, considering that the level of risk in vegetation is acceptable and they do not increase the risk for development of resistance in populations of harmful organisms. g) Where the risk of resistance against a plant protection measure is known and where the level of harmful organisms requires repeated application of pesticides to the crops, available anti-resistance strategies should be applied to maintain the effectiveness of the products. This may include the use of multiple pesticides with different modes of action. Based on the records on the use of pesticides and on the monitoring of harmful organisms, the professional user should check the success of the applied plant protection measures. 29 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 4 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Preparation of the Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) to guide implementation of pest management interventions under the TRALARD project will have to satisfy both the national and World Bank requirements. 4.1 WORLD BANK REQUIREMENTS World Bank requirements in relation to pest management are elaborated under Operational Policy (OP) 4.09. The policy places emphasis on pest management within the context of environmental management. To that effect it puts preference to use of biological or integrated approach and less so on synthetic chemical use. Qualifying projects will have to consider this and make informed decisions aided by consideration of other factors during the project's environmental assessment process. The Bank will only fund projects which do not involve use of pesticides or where use of such is included it should be justified and supported with demonstrated capacity starting at the country level covering the regulatory framework and institutional capacity for monitoring and enforcing safe, effective, and environmentally sound use of pesticides. It is also desirable to have demonstrated knowledge of IPM by the beneficiary institution or people implementing a subproject. As noted earlier, IPM approaches use a combination of biological control, physical and mechanical control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest and to some degree limited use of pesticides. In endorsing the use of pesticides the Bank will require evidence to the effect that the pesticides being used meet the following criteria: ▪ They must have negligible adverse human health effects. ▪ They must be shown to be effective against the target species. ▪ They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. ▪ Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. ▪ Highly toxic or hazardous pesticides may not be used and these include formulated products that fall in WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly. 4.2 NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT IN ZAMBIA Zambia does not endorse indiscriminate use of pesticides and to that effect promotes an integrated pest management approaches. Although agricultural policies put emphasis on agricultural productivity including promotion of pesticide use to address the low productivity issue, safe use of such chemicals is encouraged. Specifically, the following pieces of legislation have direct relevance and give guidance on pest management. 4.2.1 The Constitution of Zambia (Amendment), 2016 The Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of Zambia and any other law and customary practice that is inconsistent with its provisions is considered void. Section 255 of the Constitution sets out the principles that underpin the management and development of Zambia’s environment and natural resources. Thus, the application of pesticides requires that human health and the environment are protected in line with the principles on which the constitution is based. 30 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 4.2.2 The Plant Pests and Diseases Act, Cap 231 This Act provides for prevention of the introduction of pests and diseases into the country and the spread thereof. The Act further provides for designation of certain pests and disease vectors as requiring destruction. The Act is enforced by the Phyto-sanitary Services Department under the Ministry of Agriculture. 4.2.3 The Environmental Management Act, 2011 The principal legislation governing environmental management in Zambia is the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011. The Act provides for the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment, and the prevention and control of pollution. Part IV which deals with environmental protection and pollution control, particularly Division 5 of the Act deals with pesticides and toxic substances. The Act demands that a person who intends to manufacture, import, export, store, distribute, transport, blend, process, re-process or change the composition of a pesticide or toxic substance or who intends to re- process an existing pesticide or toxic substance for a significantly new use, shall apply to the Agency for a license. With respect to pesticides, the functions of ZEMA are to: a) control the importation, exportation, manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, use, packing, transportation, disposal and advertisement of pesticides and toxic substances; b) provide for the labelling and packaging of pesticides and toxic substances; c) review the use and efficacy of pesticides and toxic substances; d) provide for the monitoring, in the environment, of pesticides and toxic substances and their residues; e) establish laboratories for pesticides and toxic substances; f) establish and enforce procedures and regulations for the storage of packages and containers of pesticides or toxic substances; g) collect data from industries on the production, use and effects on human health and the environment, of pesticides and toxic substances; 4.2.4 The Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 There are several parts in this statutory instrument giving regulatory powers to ZEMA to control the discharge of water pollutants, air emission pollutants, pesticides and other toxic substances, waste (both municipal and hazardous) and ozone depleting substances. The part of relevance to the project V. Part V of the SI 112 of 2013, controls the manufacture, import, export, storage, distribution, transport, blending, processing, re-processing or changing the composition of a pesticide or toxic substance or re-process an existing pesticide or toxic substance for a new use through a licensing system. A person who intends to do any of the above activities is required to apply to ZEMA for a pesticide and toxic substance license in Form VIII set out in the First Schedule of the regulations. Schedules 10 through 13 provide guidelines on the transportation, labelling, storage and disposal options for pesticides and toxic substances in Zambia. These requirements all need to be complied with as a matter of statutory requirement. However, ZEMA’s enforcement capacity is inadequate and cases of non-compliant are common with dealers selling repackaged pesticides without proper labelling, some labels lacking vital information while the registration process rarely includes testing and verification of the efficacy and hazard characteristics of the pesticides under consideration. Of serious concern is the fact that a list of banned or strictly restricted pesticides is non-existent thereby rendering the registration process to be porous. This therefore means that not all pesticides registered and allowed by ZEMA may necessarily be allowable under the PPCR Phase II project which would not sponsor pesticides category 1a and 1b of the WHO classification. 31 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 4.2.5 The Water Resources Management Act, 2011 The Water Resources Management Act was developed to establish the Water Resources Management Authority and define its functions and powers; provide for the management, development, conservation, protection and preservation of the water resource and its ecosystems; provide for the equitable, reasonable and sustainable utilisation of the water resource; ensure the right to draw or take water for domestic and non- commercial purposes, and that the poor and vulnerable members of the society have an adequate and sustainable source of water free from any charges; create an enabling environment for adaptation to climate change; provide for the constitution, functions and composition of catchment councils, sub-catchment councils and water users associations; provide for international and regional co- operation in, and equitable and sustainable utilisation of, shared water resources; provide for the domestication and implementation of the basic principles and rules of international law relating to the environment and shared water resources as specified in the treaties, conventions and agreements to which Zambia is a State Party. Among the functions of the Authority are included the following: ▪ ensuring extensive participation in interagency and intra-agency research planning related to climate change; and ▪ investing in climate change education on water issues and supporting the sharing of information about Government and local responses to water impacts of climate change. The sub project interventions where pesticides may be applied will ensure that the water resource is not contaminated to protect existing ecosystems. 4.2.6 The Zambia Wildlife Act, No. 14 of 2015 The Zambia Wildlife Act was promulgated among other functions to: ▪ provide for the establishment, control and management of National Parks, bird and wildlife sanctuaries and for the conservation and enhancement of wildlife eco-systems, biological diversity and objects of aesthetic, pre-historic, historical, geological, archaeological and scientific interest in National Parks; and ▪ provide for the sustainable use of wildlife and the effective management of the wildlife habitat in Game Management Areas. Inappropriate application of pesticides has potential to pollute ecosystems and biological diversity, which includes wildlife. 4.2.7 The Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015 The Forest Act provides for the establishment and declaration of National Forests, Local Forests, joint forest management areas, botanical reserves, private forests and community forests; provide for the participation of local communities, local authorities, traditional institutions, non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders in sustainable forest management; provide for the conservation and use of forests and trees for the sustainable management of forests ecosystems and biological diversity; and establish the Forest Development Fund. The Act also provides for the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Water Fowl Habitat, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa and any other relevant international agreement to which Zambia is a party. 32 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan The Act is the main legal instrument for the establishment, control, utilization and management of forests. The act provides for the establishment of the Forestry Department whose main function is for the promotion of sustainable forest management. 4.2.8 The Public Health Act, Cap 295 of 1930 This Act provides for the prevention and suppression of diseases and the general regulation of all matters connected with public health in Zambia. Amongst other things, the Act prohibits anyone from causing a nuisance, where nuisances are given to include: ▪ The pollution of potable water; ▪ Any collection of water or any cesspit, latrine or urinal found to contain mosquito larvae; ▪ Any collection of water, sewage or waste which permits or facilitates the breeding of parasites, insects or other agents which may lead to the infection of people or domestic animals; ▪ The accumulation or deposit of waste which is offensive or injurious or dangerous to health; ▪ The discharge or noxious matter or waste water into a water course not approved for the reception of such discharge; ▪ Premises without sufficient lighting or ventilation; ▪ Dangerous buildings and overcrowded premises; ▪ Factories giving rise to smells and effluents which are offensive or dangerous to health. GRZ will ensure that the environs of the project are in sanitary conditions and does not generate conditions that can lead to the proliferation of vermin, fly strike or other nuisances. This legislation will also govern the disposal of solid waste and wastewater generated arising from pesticide use. 4.2.9 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2010 This Act is promulgated to establish the Occupational Health and Safety Institute and provide for its functions; provides for the establishment of health and safety committees at workplaces and for the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; provide for the duties of manufacturers, importers and suppliers of articles, devices, items and substances for use at work; provide for the protection of persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety arising from, or in connection with, the activities of persons at work. While it is true that some the carrying out of some interventions will be done by the communities, there is a possibility for some interventions to be contracted out. When the former occurs, the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act will thus apply. Even when activities are carried out at community level, there will be need to provide for the protection of persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety arising from, or in connection with, the activities of persons at work. The health and safety risks of pesticide application will need to be taken into account, Material Safety data Sheets (MSDS) observed, and the health and safety of employees safeguarded. 4.3 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS At the international level, Zambia is a signatory to both the Stockholm and the Rotterdam Conventions. 4.3.1 The Stockholm Convention The Stockholm convention restricts parties from production and use of pesticides classified as Persistent Organic Compounds (POPs). These chemicals are restricted because of their chemical characteristics of not only being toxic but equally persistent with high potential for bioaccumulation. 4.3.2 The Rotterdam Convention The Rotterdam Convention on the other hand provides for Prior Informed Consent and requires that any country exporting the pesticides listed under the Convention notify the recipient country in writing and get their prior written consent before the chemicals are exported. Appendix 9 is a list of pesticides banned or severely restricted by the United States of America (Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the European 33 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Union (EU), the Stockholm Convention (for POPs) and the Rotterdam Convention (PIC), Pesticide Action Network (PAN) and the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN). 5 COMMON PESTS IN PROJECT AREA This chapter presents common pests and diseases that affect production of crops in NRZ. Communities in NRZ mainly grow legumes which include common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), groundnuts (Arachis hypogeae), soybeans (Glycine max) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Non-legume crops include grains such as maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour), and rice (Oryza sativa), as well as tomatoes and okra. All these crops are vulnerable to pest attack. 5.1 WHAT PESTS ARE Pests are organisms that damage or interfere with desirable plants in our fields and orchards, landscapes, or wildlands, or damage homes or other structures. Pests also include organisms that impact human or animal health. Pests may transmit disease or may be just a nuisance. A pest can be a plant (weed), vertebrate (bird, rodent, or other mammal), invertebrate (insect, tick, mite, or snail), nematode, pathogen (bacteria, virus, or fungus) that causes disease, or other unwanted organism that may harm water quality, animal life, or other parts of the ecosystem. 5.2 INSECTS 5.2.1 American bollworm: (Helliothis armigera) American bollworm larvae feed on bud, flowers and bolls of cotton, on tomato, on bud and pods of beans and peas, on the milky-ripe grain of maize cobs, sorghum and wheat. Also sunflower and groundnuts may be severely attacked. The larvae bore into and feed on the inner parts of the fruits or plant, often with the hind part of the body exposed. 5.2.2 Aphids (aphididae) Aphids are small, soft bodied, more or less pear shaped polyphagus insects. They live in colonies on different parts of the plant, mostly on young shooters and leaves. They pierce and suck the plants and also produce a sugary extract which encourages the development of “sooty mould”. They also transmit viruses. 5.2.3 Army –worm (spodoptera sp.) Army worms feed on plants of numerous families including, groundnuts, maize, beans, sorghum, wheat, tobacco, tomato, rice and okra. The older stages of the caterpillars devour the leaves of their hosts completely or leave only the midrib, while young caterpillars crap off the tissue on one side of the leaves so that they dry up. 5.2.4 Bean fly or bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia phaseoli) This is the significant pest on beans. The small, black flies insert their eggs into the primary leaves of the seedlings. They attack the petiole and main stem to the base of the stem, where the feeding causes the swelling and cracking of the stem. Young plants when attacked start wilting and eventually die. 5.2.5 Beetles Beetles feed on various parts of many crops. They cause damage to the leaves and they can also destroy the flowers so that fruit and seed setting is affected. For example, lady birds (epilachna sp.) may skeletonise the leaves of maize, wheat and cucurbits, and may cause them to shrivel dry up. Blister beetles, or pollen beetles (mylabris sp.), black with red orange or yellow transverse bands, feed on the flowers of crops such as groundnuts, cowpea, beans, pasture legumes and okra, and are able to completely destroy the fruit and prevent seed setting. 34 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 5.2.6 Bugs (heteroptera sp.) Bugs are very destructive pests which may cause great damage to many crops and are found sucking on leaves, stems, petioles, flowers and buds causing whole plants to wilt, dry up and eventually die. The grains and seeds of cereals, especially rice, wheat, sorghum and sunflower, are important sources of food for a number of bug species. 5.2.7 Cutworms (agritos sp.) Cutworms may cause considerable damage in nurseries and newly planted fields by cutting the roots and lower stems of seedlings. During the day they remain hidden in the soil, near their host. 5.2.8 Grass hoppers (acridoidea) They chew the leaves of plants and will attack a wide range of crops. They can also be transmitters of virus. 5.2.9 Leaf hoppers (cicadellidae jassidae) Leaf hoppers generally live in scattered colonies on the underside of leaves where they suck the sap, and damage the plants through their feeding and toxic salivary. They are probably more damaging as vectors of virus diseases. Their main hosts are maize, cotton, rice and groundnuts. 5.2.10 Mites (tetranychidae) Mites are tiny, yellow or cream coloured and feed on the underside of the leaves and also produce a speckling of very small, white or yellowish spots on the leaves. The spider mites attack numerous plants for including beans, cotton, groundnuts, tomatoes, egg -plant and cucurbits. 5.2.11 Nematodes or eel worms (meloidogyne sp., Heterodera sp., Phatylenchus sp.) These are whitish transparent microscopic, cylindrical worms and spend some of their time in the soil, penetrating the roots of the plants forming galls (root knot nematodes.). The root system is eventually stunted and reduced. Nematodes attack a great number of plant species, including beans, potatoes, sunflower, etc. 5.2.12 Stem- or Stalk borers (busseola fusca, sesamia, calamistris, chilo partellus) These borers feed as young larvae on the leaves while the older larvae bore into stems and inflorescences, and cause so called dead heart effect. Stalk borers are severe pests on maize, sorghum and wheat. 5.2.13 Thrips (thripidae) These are small slender insects, 1-2mm long that pierces and suck the leaves of onions, tobacco, groundnuts, Lucerne and green legumes. 5.2.14 White fly (bemisia tabaci) This is a tiny white insect with about 1mm in length, they live in colonies on the underside of the leaves where they suck the sup and causes leaf fall etc. direct injury is caused to many including cowpeas. They also transmit viruses. 5.3 DISEASES Crops targeted under the program are susceptible to many diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, micro plasma and nematodes. These organisms survive and propagate in various ways and may survive on plant residue, in soil, in alternate host and in or on the seed of plants. Key diseases of the target crops are as listed below: 35 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 5.3.1 Angular leaf spot (Isariopsis griseola) Angular leaf spot causes angular, dark brown lesions on bean leaves, which can be so numerous that the leaf is given a checker board appearance. A characteristic symptom is a production of black spore-masses on the underside of the leaf. 5.3.2 Anthracnose (colletotrichum sp.) This is common on many hosts such as beans, soya beans, cucumber, sorghum, tobacco and wheat. It causes seed destruction, cotyledon spotting and foliage browning. On leaves it often starts as dark green, water soaked spots, which enlarge and become brown with darker borders. Dead portions of veins may be seen on the underside. On bean pods, the sunken, pink coloured cankers are conspicuous. 5.3.3 Bacterial blight (xanthonomus oryzae) Bacterial blight appears only on rice leaves first as watery, dark green stripes, which latter become light brown. 5.3.4 Common blight (xanthomonus phaseoli) and Halo bright (pseudomonas phaseolicola) These are both bacterial diseases of beans which may be seed borne and share many similarities in the symptoms and action. First, small water soaked spots appear on the leaves, and then the lesions turn brown and increase. In halo blights the spots can be surrounded by broad yellow circles. Spots also appear on stems where they turn into a reddish colour. On pods, small water soaked spots appear and grow larger. The tissue around each spot is reddish-brown. Finally, the spots dry and form sunken areas covered with dry bacterial ooze. All kind of beans from soya beans to French beans are affected. 5.3.5 Damping off (pythium sp., Rhizoctania sp) These are soils inhabiting fungi affecting near the soil line and thereby killing vary young seedlings before or just after emergence. 5.3.6 Downy mildew (Peronospora sp., plasmopora sp., pseudoperonospora sp.) Downy mildews attack Lucerne, and soya beans. First symptom is a mottling with pale green areas all over the leaf. The spots soon become yellow and angular in contrast to the otherwise green blade. The entire leaf dies quickly. 5.3.7 Leaf spots Leaf blight on sorghum, maize, wheat and rice caused by helminthopsorium sp., develops long pale brown spots on leaves which may spread and kill the leaves. The ears and stems may also be infected. Leaf spots are caused by many different pathogens and appear on many crops sometimes very severely. In general, these lesions first appear on the older and lower leaves and then move upwards. They usually start as small, mostly brown, round spots which increase in number and size causing withering and premature defoliation. Leaf spot of groundnuts (cercopora sp.) are small, round, brown spots increasing in numbers causing defoliation of the leaves. The yield and quality of nuts may be drastically reduced. Long pale brown spots with reddish edges on sorghum are caused by cercospora sp. Leaf spots of various shapes and colours on sunflower, tomato, soya bean, sweet potato and wheat are caused by septoria sp. 36 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 5.3.8 Loose smut (ustilago nuda) This is a seed borne disease of wheat and other cereals where the infection is carried inside the seed. When infected seed is planted, the mycelium of the pathogen keeps pace with the growing point of the host plant and at flowering the ear is almost completely replaced by a mass of dark brown spores. These spores are dispersed by the wind and may infect the ovary of florets on neighbouring plants. The germinating spores penetrate the ovary wall and complete the infection cycle. Control is by use of systemic fungicides capable of penetrating the seed and controlling the internal infection, or resistant varieties and certified seed. 5.3.9 Mosaic virus Cause a mottling of light green areas and dark green patches of affected leaves. The leaves develop irregularly. The leaf edges are usually curled downwards and sometimes become very narrow. Fruits may have odd shapes and yield is reduced. The disease may be seed borne and attacks a wide range of host plants. 5.3.10 Powdery mildew (odium sp., erysiphe sp) Symptoms are first seen as white powdery pustules on either upper or lower leaf surfaces, soon covering the whole leaf which turns necrotic. Powdery mildew is very destructive during the dry season, particularly on tobacco, wheat, peas, cucurbits and okra. 5.3.11 Rust (uromyces sp., puccinia sp.) This disease causes yellowish, orange, red or brown, slightly raised pustules, appearing on the leaf surfaces. Rusts are particularly important pathogens of members of the graminae family i.e. cereals and pasture grasses, but also many other crops, such as beans, peas, tobacco, sunflower, Lucerne, eggplant and sweet potatoes may be attacked, sometimes severely. They have complex life cycles frequently involving alternate hosts. 5.3.12 Wilt Wilt can be caused either by fungal (e.g. fusarium spp., verticillium spp.), or bacterial organisms (e.g. xanthomonas spp.pseudomonas spp., erwinia spp.). Infected plants appear generally unhealthy, chlorotic, and wilt. The initial symptoms are a yellowing of the foliage and a gradual wilting and withering, and ultimately the plant becomes permanently wilted and dies. Wilts cause very serious losses in cotton, tobacco, potatoes, groundnut, sunflower, maize, cucumber, eggplant, cassava, etc., particularly under wet conditions. 5.3.13 Rust Common rust (puccinia sorgi) is a fungus which produces small powdery pustules on the leaves of maize and other plants. Alternative host is oxalis sp. Other diseases of significant effect on maize include Southern rust (puccinia polysora) which is a fungus producing small pustules, lighter in colour than puccinia polysora). Others are Leaf blight (helminthosporium turcicum), a fungal disease producing slightly oval small spots on the leaves, later increasing in size as well as Stalk rot (diplodia maydis) a fungus causing browning of the pith of internodes which are easily broken. The cobs may also be affected. One viral disease of significant importance to maize is Maize streak virus which is transmitted by leaf hoppers and causes yellow streaks along the veins and stunted growth. 5.4 SEED BORNE DISEASES Pathogens carried on or in seeds has an opportunity for early infection of the crop and act as a centre from which a disease can spread. Infected seed can be the means of introducing the disease into areas previously free, if special measures are not taken to control the importation. Table 5-1 presents a list of some important seed borne organisms. The list is not exhaustive. Table 5-1. Some important seed borne organisms of relevance in NRZ Crop Organism Disease Maize Fusarium spp Cob rot 37 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Diplodia spp Cob rot Erwinia stewartii Bacterial leaf blight Scleropthora microspora Downy mildew Sorghum Spacelotheca spp Claviceps Smut microcephala Ergot Claviceps purpureum Fusarium moniliform Ergot Seed rot Groundnuts Aspegillus spp Seed rot Fusarium spp Seed rot Beans Colletotrihum Anthracnose Lindermuthianum Pseudomonas Halo blight phaseseolicola Common blight Xanthomonus phaseoli Bean common mosaic virus Soya beans Peronospora manshuria Downy mildew Sclerotinia sclerotorium Stem rot Phomoosis sp Seed rot leaf Colletotrichum sp stem blight Pea Ascochyta pisi Leaf spot Mycosphaerella pisi Leaf spot 5.5 WEEDS Apart from insects and diseases, weeds are quite a significant pest which can significantly reduce crop yield if not properly managed. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, and light and impair the efficiency of field machinery. Yield losses due to weed competition occur mainly during the initial stages of growth and early weed control gives the greatest increase in the yield. 6 PEST MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS Ensuring sustained crop production require effective and timely control of pests which can cause crop damage or interfere with its growth either directly e.g. insects or indirectly by disease pathogens which spread diseases. Only then will the crop grow well to realise its full yielding potential. There are four common approaches to pest control namely physical or mechanical, chemical control, biological control and integrated encompassing a range of interventions. 6.1 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PEST CONTROL This option entails use of physical or mechanical means to destroy or control the target pest. This option includes examples such as ▪ Weeding using hands or a hoe ▪ Weeding using a harrow ▪ Handpicking of pests e.g. removal of caterpillars or grasshoppers by hand ▪ Scaring away or trapping of birds ▪ Burning of crop residue ▪ Trapping of pests e.g. use of rodents or bird traps ▪ Putting up physical barriers e.g. a wire mesh or net to prevent pests from attacking the crop The advantages associated with this option are: ▪ Reduced risk of harm to Non Target Plant Species due to high precision in the selection of target pest species provided the workers are well trained and committed. ▪ Reduced risk of harm to Fauna species due to high precision in the selection of target species provided the workers are well trained and committed. ▪ Reduced pollution risks (soil, water and air) in that the activity does not involve the discharge of polluting substances nor are residuals pollutants expected. 38 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ Immediate results as the pest factor is immediately removed leaving the crop free and without interference to its growth: ▪ Reduced cost of monitoring compared to chemical or biological control methods ▪ Lesser demand on expertise as activities such as hand pulling/picking, burning and digging/uprooting can be done by anyone with minimal training provided they are physically fit. ▪ Less demand on sophisticated equipment as simple tools which can easily be used compared to chemical or biological means which may require relatively sophisticated equipment and technology transfer. ▪ Employment creation as more people will be required to implement a physical/mechanical pest control program compared to use of chemicals and or biological means. Key disadvantages include: ▪ Labour Intensive as it requires a lot of people to accomplish and make any meaningful impact. ▪ Increased Occupational Health and Safety Risks e.g. injury from snake bites, pricks and injury from use of sharp tools. ▪ Slow and takes long to accomplish thereby making the methods less efficient and best suited for targeting control in small areas. ▪ Require repeated action to eliminate or stabilize populations below injury level as the seed bank (weeds). ▪ Very difficult if not impossible to directly address disease infestation. ▪ May in itself contribute to more infestation e.g. when hand or mechanical weeding is done when the grass seed has matured and the action acts to enhance dispersal. 6.2 CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL The chemical control option involves use of herbicides for weed control, insecticides for insect control or fungicides for disease control. These chemicals may be applied using aerial spray, tractor drawn boom spray or by knapsack sprayer targeting foliage or soil depending on nature of chemical action, level of infestation, age of the plant and size of the target area to be controlled. Tables 6-1 up to 6-4 provide a list of pesticides identified to be in general use during the study for preparation of agricultural projects in Zambia, funded by the World Bank, while Table 6-5 present a listing of banned pesticides still in use in the agricultural sector in Zambia. Amongst the key advantages of chemical control include: ▪ Ability to control large areas with ease as pesticide application can be done covering a large area with ease within a short period of time. ▪ Effective control potential due to high potent formulations readily available on the market thereby making pest control programs effective. ▪ Relatively less labour intensive as pesticide applications require less labour per unit area controlled compared to physical or manual control. This makes it easy to implement on a large scale with less labour. ▪ Quick manifestation of control results in comparison to biological control thereby allowing for quick restoration of plant growth and productivity. The key disadvantage of the chemical approach to pest control is pollution and health considerations together with uncertainty on the chemical’s effect on valued non target plant and animal species. Other disadvant ages include: ▪ Increased Occupational health and Safety Risks e.g. chemical poisoning if not properly handled. ▪ Soil and water contamination thereby limiting the use to which the available water and land can effectively be put to. ▪ Long term residual effects as some chemicals have potential to remain potent in the environment for a long time thereby limiting other land use activities. ▪ Public Health concerns equally count among the disadvantages of pesticide use as many pesticides have been discovered to have carcinogenic effects apart from causing reproductive and growth problems as these chemicals ate taken up by humans through the food chain. 39 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ Chemical resistance can also be triggered where chemicals are continuously used for specific target species thereby rendering the chemical ineffective in the long run. 6.3 BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL The biological control option involves use of animals, insects, bacteria or viral agents which can either be predators (e.g. predatory bugs and spiders), parasites (e.g. some type of wasps) or pathogens (e.g. types of bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes) to feed on or attack the target pest species with the aim of killing or suppressing their growth and development. For example, Lady Beetles feed on aphids. In most cases control is achieved when the population level of the introduced biological agent has reached its peak to overwhelm the target pest species being controlled. The advantages of biological control include: ▪ Cheap to run once established as there are no incremental costs and invasive control remain effective over time ▪ Pollution free as the control method does not present pollution risks to the environment even though the potential of the agent mutating to attack and contaminate other species cannot be ruled out. Amongst the key disadvantages are: ▪ High capital investment in breeding the biological control agent to critical population levels for effective control ▪ Risk of the control agent attacking the non- target plant or animal species. ▪ The need for long term monitoring of after effects is another disadvantage as the behaviour and characteristics of a given biological control agent can change over time and become invasive thereby affective beneficial plant and animal species. ▪ Delayed manifestation of results as biological control takes long to reach equilibrium and may not be ideal where results are needed in a short period of time 6.4 INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PEST CONTROL The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) option involves the systematic application of more than one option for enhanced effectiveness and is based on the principle of ecosystem management to create a conducive environment for the crop and less so for the pest. The approach is effective in that a health crop will have better resilience and ability to withstand pest attack or competition than a weak plant. Consequently, apart from proper and well measured integration of the physical/mechanical, chemical and biological it also embraces cultural practices aimed at manipulating environmental conditions such as proper provision of nutrients and water, crop rotation, intercropping, strip/alley cropping, use of natural pest repellents, use of resistant varieties, use of natural/plant based pesticides as opposed synthetic ones etc. This option is noted to be more effective than any single method because of the combined effect of the various control methods incorporated. It also focuses on pest specific interventions thereby limiting harm to non-target species, the environment and human life in general. The main disadvantage of this option is that it is more expensive than any single option due to incremental activities required. It also requires the based on a full understanding of each target pest’s life cycle in order to identify the best point of intervention and as such takes long to effectively develop. However, the approach can cost effective if well planned with constant monitoring of crop fields thereby allowing for selection of the best option or combination of options capitalizing on more environmentally friendly and effective low cost interventions. One major challenge in implementing the IPM approach to pest management is lack of knowledge about IPM, its practice and full benefits amongst the majority of farmers and service providers of the agricultural extension service inclusive. It should however be appreciated that aspects of IPM are unconsciously implemented as these constitute part of the traditional way of farming e.g. intercropping and crop rotations as well as shifting 40 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan cultivation and fallowing. However, the practice is not applied to its full whether on the part of the commercial or subsistence farmers. Similarly, at research level the practice does not receive the attention it deserves. 6.5 STATUS REVIEW OF PEST MANAGEMENT IN ZAMBIA Pests continue to present a major challenge in crop production in Zambia. Consequently, pest management is one of the major aspects of crop management in Zambia. Whilst appreciating the benefits of adopting an IPM approach to pest management, knowledge about the full benefits and practice of IPM is generally lacking. It should however be appreciated that aspects of IPM are implemented as these constitute part of the traditional way of farming e.g. intercropping and crop rotations as well as shifting cultivation and fallowing. However, the practice is not applied to its full whether on the part of the commercial or subsistence farmers. The most widely applied mode of pest control constitutes physical/mechanical mostly by resourced poor small scale farmers and chemical control (mostly by resource rich commercial farmers and moderate resource rich emergent farmers). Biological control is very limited in both cases. Unlike trends in chemical use where more and more farmers are adopting pesticide use including small scale farmers biological control remain static in its application even though aspects of its may be taking place in fields without the conscious knowledge of the farmers. The growing trend in pesticide use however raises concern regarding occupational, public and environmental health. A survey conducted on some farmers and agro dealers during a project review exercise for the Conservation Agricultural Project implemented under the Conservation Farming Unit of the Zambia National Farmers Union showed that only basic information on pesticide use exists. It was further revealed that much of this information was limited to occupational health and little information was made available concerning public and environmental health such as the fate of herbicides in the soil, potential for surface and ground water contamination and the implications thereof. Information on the long term effects (e.g. mutagenic, carcinogenic and reproductive effects) was also not so much availed together with information on what to do in case of acute effects such as poisoning in direct ingestion cases. Other observations made included the following: ▪ Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are not readily available. Most agro dealers, especially small scale dealers do not stock them and some do not even know them. Even large dealers too do not make these readily available. ▪ Information on MSDS is too detailed in some cases and may contain user unfriendly information and does not encourage many users to read. In other cases the information is scanty and does not contain all the important information about the product and its effects yet in other cases the information is contradictory from manufacturer to manufacturer ▪ Labels (which should ideally contain vital information from MSDS) on some products are not user friendly – too small to read and language too technical ▪ The different formulations of the same product e.g. Atrazine has 25%, 42%, 90% etc formulations by different manufacturers and this present a challenge to the user since he/she has to deal with one chemical bearing different product formulations whose degree of effects/effectiveness are different due to varying concentrations. This situation becomes more challenging when calibrating sprayers to ensure correct concentration of the chemical sprayed ▪ Information on herbicide use does not in most cases include the aspect of sprayer calibration yet this information has a strong bearing on correct dosage application. ▪ The tendency by agro dealers to offer an alternative where the farmer’s preferred or known product choice is unavailable presents a challenge to application of the acquired knowledge in that the new product may present knowledge requirements which are not yet possessed by the user thereby increasing the risk of poor handling/management and consequent risks. ▪ The hurried manner in which agro dealers provide the information on the use of agro chemicals in general is inadequate to facilitate adequate knowledge for effective use of the product. Practical demonstrations are vital in most cases for effective learning but agro-dealers are not readily available for this purpose. 41 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan In view of the above it is desirable that: ▪ The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) and other players such as the Zambia Agrochemical Association (ZAA) be included in the implementation of the TRALARD project to build capacity and put in place an effective monitoring system that ensure that only registered herbicides are being distributed to farmers and that formulations are maintained in their registered state (without re-formulation) and that farmers acquire appropriate knowledge in the use of pesticides. ▪ All dealers should have in possession Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals being sold and this information should be explained to buyers. An MSDS is a source of information on likely hazards that may arise from the use of chemicals. Generally, an MSDS should contain information such as: - Pesticide Identification (Name of the substance/trade name; preparation/other ingredients. - Name, address and telephone of company/supplier - Composition and information on ingredients - Hazards identification - First aid measures - Fire-fighting measures - Spillage, accident release measures - Handling and storage - Exposure controls and personal protection - Physical and chemical properties - Stability and reactivity - Toxicological information - Ecological information - Disposal considerations - Transportation information - National regulations and references - Other information deemed appropriate. Further, a simplified sheet should be made available to target farmers in a language easily understood by them. Farmers interviewed and some dealers were unable to confirm availability of MSDSs. 42 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 7 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR TRALARD The preferred approach to pest management under the TRALARD project is IPM. This section provides guidance on how best to maximize pest management interventions with minimal negative impacts on the environment and human health using the principles of IPM. The section is not meant to provide a detailed prescription of cultural practices required to raise each target crop as such information is very well appreciated by both research teams and farmers. Further, cultural practices differ widely depending on the characteristic of each particular crop species being grown and the agro-ecological and other environmental conditions prevailing at each particular site. Rather, the section is meant to bring to the fore vital IPM considerations for incorporation in prevailing cultural practices applicable at each project site. It should be noted that IPM cannot be applied as a cast transplant of interventions and practices, rather it is a set of interventions developed based on a good understanding of prevailing environmental and other conditions at a given field incorporating the most fitting aspects of IPM tools commensurate with resources at the farmer’s disposal. This can be achieved by following a stepwise process elaborated below: 7.1 STEP 1: FIELD ASSESSMENT AND PEST IDENTIFICATION The first step in IPM is crop or field monitoring involving observations of the field and immediate surroundings to identify the presence of pests or conditions which may be conducive for pest proliferation within the context of prevailing cultural practices. This exercise should be carried out at every stage of the crop calendar starting at harvest through field preparation up to harvest time again. This exercise may involve walking through each field randomly or following a transect pattern taking note of pest infestation, growth stage and rates of infestation for each pest species in a given crop. The information collected can then be recorded and ranked to give an indication of relative prevalence for each category of pest. Pests recording a higher level of infestation will in this way be prioritized for action while giving not losing site of the need to address the other pests too though prevailing at a relatively lower rate of infestation. The importance of conducting an all year round monitoring of pests is to ensure collection of adequate information for planning purposes. This is because effective IPM requires timely planning. For example, identification of pests prevailing at harvest time and their pattern of growth will help to plan the next crop with a view to controlling the identified weeds in a timely manner. The historical data collected through such monitoring will thus provide vital information in planning the best combination of IPM interventions. 7.2 STEP 2: THRESHOLD DETERMINATION AND ACTION PLANNING Results of field assessment conducted should lead to a determination of whether or not action is needed to address the pest or condition prevailing as well as decision making on when to institute such action. Where a pest is present an assessment of the level of infestation is made and if it reaches a threshold of potential damage appropriate preventive action should be taken against that particular pest or a combination of pests using any or a combination of biological, cultural, physical/mechanical and chemical management tools. In this way, rather than having a fixed scheduled program of e.g. chemical spray, results of monitoring should help decide if or not action should be taken and the nature and level of action to be taken. Similarly, results of environmental conditions monitoring will be used to determine and assess if or not the prevailing conditions favour pest infestation or plant growth based on which action can be taken to manipulate the ecosystem or environmental conditions in favour of the crop. 7.3 STEP 3: IPM IMPLEMENTATION The implementation stage will involve application of one or a mix of IPM interventions identified as best suiting under prevailing circumstances. Below are a number of considerations to be borne in the implementation of choice interventions. 7.3.1 Considerations under Physical/Mechanical Control ▪ Develop and strictly enforce adherence to safety rules and codes of conduct; 43 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ Provide training to all staff on occupational health and safety as well as on ensuring personal protection and safety; ▪ Provide appropriate safety gear; ▪ Reduce the harmful characteristics of impact sources by devising less harmful ways of effecting project activities ▪ Localize project impacts as much as possible by taking precautions in effecting project activities so as to limit effects on non-target elements of the environment ▪ Explore ways and means of enhancing the resilience and regenerative/recovery capacity of impacted elements of the environment deemed useful ▪ Streamline Better Management Practices as an integral part of project implementation. 7.3.2 Considerations under Biological Control ▪ Use proven host specific biological control agents, ▪ Conduct specificity tests in the host environment before release, ▪ Quarantine biological control agents undergoing specificity test. ▪ Develop and strictly enforce adherence to safety rules and codes of conduct; ▪ Provide training to all staff on occupational health and safety as well as on ensuring personal protection and safety; Provide appropriate safety gear; Provide First Aid medical facilities; ▪ Recruit qualified First Aid Attendants; Maintain emergency responsiveness ▪ Reduce the harmful characteristics of impact sources by devising less harmful ways of effecting project activities ▪ Localise project impacts as much as possible by taking precautions in effecting project activities so as to limit effects on non-target elements of the environment ▪ Explore ways and means of enhancing the resilience and regenerative/recovery capacity of impacted elements of the environment deemed useful ▪ Streamline Better Management Practices as an integral part of project implementation. 7.3.3 Considerations under Chemical Control ▪ Consider both human health and environmental effects of target pesticides before use ▪ Sensitize and train workers on pesticide management, calibration of sprayers, ▪ Develop and enforce protocols for safe use of pesticides ▪ Avoid direct spray on water bodies, ▪ Avoid washing sprayers in natural water bodies, ▪ Avoid spraying during windy conditions, wear personal protective gear (appropriate respirators), avoid spraying in areas close to settlements and other populated areas, use wetting agents to minimize dripping ▪ Use only recommended pesticides at recommended application rates. Do not overdose, ▪ Contain any spills and clean up (Appendix 8) to avoid contamination of the environment ▪ Dispose of chemical containers properly ▪ Develop and strictly enforce adherence to safety rules and codes of conduct; ▪ Provide training to all staff on occupational health and safety as well as on ensuring personal protection and safety; ▪ Provide appropriate safety gear; ▪ Reduce the harmful characteristics of impact sources by devising less harmful ways of effecting project activities ▪ Localise project impacts as much as possible by taking precautions in effecting project activities so as to limit effects on non-target elements of the environment ▪ Explore ways and means of enhancing the resilience and regenerative/recovery capacity of impacted elements of the environment deemed useful ▪ Streamline Better Management Practices as an integral part of project implementation. ▪ Store pesticides under lock and key on impermeable surface that is bundled ▪ Wash hands before eating, drinking or using the toilet. 44 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan ▪ Remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside, wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing." Appendices 1 and 8 further elaborates considerations needed in chemical control of pests. 7.3.4 Considerations under Cultural Practices ▪ Timely removal of weeds before they seed to reduce seed bank build up ▪ Cleaning of equipment to eliminate potential sources of infestation ▪ Use of clean seed free of pests and diseases ▪ Cleaning the field before planting. This can be done e.g. by allowing weeds to germinate before planting after which they can be controlled by a choice of appropriate herbicide or cultivation and planting thereafter ▪ Avoid clearing and burning non target plants ▪ Control erosion by limiting land clearing and setting up sediment traps along storm ways ▪ Develop and strictly enforce adherence to safety rules and codes of conduct; ▪ Reduce the harmful characteristics of impact sources by devising less harmful ways of effecting project activities ▪ Localize project impacts as much as possible by taking precautions in effecting project activities so as to limit effects on non-target elements of the environment ▪ Explore ways and means of enhancing the resilience and regenerative/recovery capacity of impacted elements of the environment deemed useful ▪ Streamline Better Management Practices as an integral part of project implementation. ▪ Provide training to all staff on occupational health and safety as well as on ensuring personal protection and safety; ▪ Provide appropriate safety gear; 7.4 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Implementation of the IPMP under the TRALARD project will require effective participation of key players in a coordinated manner under the leadership of Ministry of National Development Planning. Key players in this regard and their roles are presented in table below: Table 7-1: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities No. Institution Proposed Responsibility 1 Extension staff under the Provide training and other forms of knowledge transfer to farmers on the Ministry of Agriculture management of pests affecting their fields/crops including practical knowledge on IPM, knowledge on choice, safe use and disposal of pesticides 2 Participating farmers Control pests in their fields in compliance with the provisions of this IPMP and other applicable protocols 3 ZEMA, the Regulatory Effectively enforce the provisions of the Environmental Management Agency in pesticide (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 management Conduct awareness and sensitization campaigns on pesticides not allowed in the country and safe usage Conduct environmental monitoring for pesticide contamination and take corrective action were applicable. 4 Pesticide Dealers Ensure that only registered pesticides are sold Comply with the provisions of the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations, SI 112 of 2013 on importation, transportation, storage distribution and disposal of pesticides Fully understand the pesticides in their custody including pesticide toxicity, health and safety hazards and environmental risks Provide information to farmers and other buyers on safe use and management of pesticides 5 Agro Chemical Association of Promote the safe use of pesticides by ensuring that all their members comply Zambia with the provisions of the PTS Regulations and other protocols relating to agro- chemical management including those of FAO, WHO, Rotterdam Convention, 45 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 6 Seed Control and Certification Enforce compliance with protocols for safe breeding and production of seeds Institute (SCCI) and ensure that only certified seed is on the market in compliance with the provisions of the Plant Variety and Seeds Act. 7 Zambia Bureau of Standards Enforce pesticide product standards by actively monitoring the market and testing products to ensure quality in efficacy and other aspects of the product 7.5 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING A number of capacity building interventions will be required under the project in order to ensure effective implementation of the IPMP in an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable manner. The following interventions are hereby proposed: ▪ Training of staff in the life cycle management of pesticides covering selection, usage and safe disposal of containers. Trainees should be sensitized enough to use only pesticides with authentic and clear labels showing all the necessary information including expiry dates, occupational/public health and safety as well as basic environmental safeguards. This will also help avoid adulteration and sale of expired herbicides. ▪ Building capacity in ZEMA for enhanced monitoring of importation, production, distribution and use of pesticides ▪ Training/Sensitisation in the use of personal protective equipment, treatment of any pesticide poisoning, interpretation of material safety data sheets and labels on pesticide containers and safe storage of pesticides ▪ Training in First Aid and Emergency Response with a focus on treatment of chemical poisoning and pesticide spill management ▪ Sensitisation on weather and other environmental related considerations insecticide application e.g. avoiding spraying when it is about to rain, when it is windy, when it is too hot or when the soil is wet or in ponded areas or areas close to water sources (e.g. rivers, dambos, wells, etc) and populated areas. ▪ Training will be provided in both formal and informal settings including Field Days as appropriate in meeting the specific training objectives. A training needs assessment would help in setting the training agenda and ensure that the training sessions area relevant and tailored to answer to farmers’ pressing information needs. Table below is a Capacity Building Implementation Plan for the proposed IPMP. Table 7-2: Capacity Building Implementation Plan and Budget No. Activity Start Date End Responsibility Proposed Date budget (US $) 1 Training in safe and environmentally friendly Year 1 Year 3 Provincial Provided in total pesticide use including (i) understanding and (formal Government staff/ budget interpretation of labels and symbols on training) Safeguards pesticides, (ii) formulation, dosing and Specialists calibration of equipment, (iii) transportation, Year 1 Year 5 storage and disposal of pesticides and (Awareness pesticide containers and (iv) personal safety and and hazard understanding for self-health sensitisation) protection 2 Construction /rehabilitation of basic Year 2 Year 3 Safeguards 10 000 pesticide storage facilities Specialist at PIU/ Safeguards Specialist at NPCU 46 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan No. Activity Start Date End Responsibility Proposed Date budget (US $) 3 Training, sensitization and Awareness in Y 1 (formal Year 4 Provincial provided in total IPM and its implementation training) Staff/Safeguards budget Specialists Year 1 (Awareness Year 5 and sensitisation) 4 Development and enforcement of an Year 1 Y1 Safeguards provided in total occupational health and safety protocol Specialists budget covering (1) mechanical control, chemical (2) control and (3) biological control aspects of occupational health and safety. Total 29 000 7.5.1 Monitoring and Reporting Effective implementation of the IPMP will require regular monitoring of its implementation for timely corrective actions. Monitoring will cover all aspects of the IPMP implementation starting at the field level where all participating institutions will monitor aspects such as: • Implementation of proposed capacity building interventions • Adoption and Effectiveness of the chosen combination of IPM interventions e.g. by monitoring the number of research and seed production programs implementing IPM and level of effectiveness • Environmentally friendliness of applied IPM interventions e.g. by monitoring the prevalence/survival of non-target plant and animal species • Soil and water contamination • Public and occupational health and safety e.g. Incidences of poisoning or injury Monitoring results will be used to improve implementation of the IPMP through documentation of lessons learnt on the most effective, environmentally friendly and cost effective combination of interventions. 47 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan The proposed plan for monitoring IPMP implementation is presented on Table 5-3 below. Table 7-3: IPMP Monitoring Plan IPMP Activity Where How is parameter to /Frequency of Annual Monitoring Responsibility is the parameter to be monitored/type of measurement or cost: (USD) be monitored? monitoring continuous? equipment? Training in safe use of Training programs Review of training Annual Included in project Provincial Ext. staff chemicals and attendance lists documentation, trainee coordination and interview management costs Training in IPM Training programs Review of training Annual Included in project Provincial Ext. and attendance lists program, trainee coordination and staff/Safeguards interview management costs Specialists at PIU and NPCU Ground water Borehole, water well Sampling and lab analysis Semi-annually To use existing Provincial extension pollution in target fields/areas effective year after government facilities staff/Safeguards as appropriate use of project 6 000 Specialists procured agrochemicals Surface water pollution Runoff receiving Sampling and lab analysis Semi-annually 6 000 Provincial extension water body effective year after staff use of project procured agrochemicals Soil contamination soil in target fields Sampling and lab analysis Semi-annually 9,000 Provincial extension effective year after staff use of project procured agrochemicals IPM adoption and Commodity research Social surveys Annual effective 12 000 Provincial Extension effectiveness teams and farmers first year of training Staff/ Safeguards and sensitisation Specialist 48 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Public and Workers and Incidence Each time Included in Farmers/ Provincial occupational health surrounding reports/surveys incidence is operational costs Extension staff and safety concerns community reported /Safeguards Specialist such as poisoning due to misuse or improper handling of pesticides Annual surveys in 15 000 surrounding communities Occupational health Workers Incidence Each time Included in Farmers/ Prov. and safety concerns reports/surveys incidence is operational costs Extension Officers such as injury due to reported poor working conditions Inclusion of agenda item in staff meetings TOTAL 48 000 49 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 7.5.2 Proposed Budget Effective implementation of the IPMP will require adequate provision of funds to cover planned activities. Table 5-4 below gives an indicative budget for implementation of the plan. It should however be noted that the adopted IPM approach in practice will mean spreading pest management costs across all aspects of crop management in breeding, seed multiplication, demonstration fields and postharvest management of crop. Therefore, only aspects aimed at capacity building and monitoring are included here as elaborated in the implementation and monitoring plans in the preceding sections. Cost for Implementing the IPMP No Activity Cost (US $) 1 Training and Capacity Building Costs 1.1 Training, sensitization and Awareness in IPMP and its implementation 15,000 1.2 Training in safe and environmentally friendly pesticide use including (i) 30,000 understanding and interpretation of labels and symbols on pesticides, (ii) formulation, dosing and calibration of equipment, (iii) transportation, storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers and (iv) personal safety and hazard understanding for self protection 1.3 Training and sensitization in Biological control of pests 14,000 1.4 Development and enforcement of an occupational health and safety protocol 10,000 covering (1) mechanical control, chemical (2) control and (3) biological control aspects of occupational health and safety. 2 Monitoring and Reporting Costs 2.1 Water sampling and analysis ( surface water resource) 5,000 2.2 Water sampling and analysis (underground water resources) 5,000 2.3 Soil sampling 9,000 2.42 2.4 Monitoring of trial biological control programs 6,000 2.5 Monitoring of IPM adoption and implementation 6,000 Total Costs 100,000 50 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 8 REFERENCE • Project Documentation for TRALARD • World Bank OP 4.09 • Crop Protection Handbook 2009 MEISTER PRO • THE WHO RECOMMENDED CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES BY HAZARD and GUIDELINES TO CLASSIFICATION 2009 • Major crop Diseases Manual of Zambia • Zambia Seed Technology Handbook • Agricultural Field insect Pest of Zambia and Their Management • Improved Vegetable Production Practices for Smallholder Farmer in Zambia • GRZ, 1997, Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, Government Printers • GRZ, 2011, Environmental Management Act, Government Printers • GRZ, 2016, The Second National Policy on Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock 51 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9 APPENDICES 9.1 APPENDIX 1: PRECAUTIONS FOR USING PESTICIDES Pesticides are poisonous and must be used with caution. READ THE LABEL BEFORE OPENING A PESTICIDE CONTAINER. Follow all label precautions and directions, including requirements for protective equipment. Apply pesticides only on the crops or in the situations listed on the label. Apply pesticides at the rates specified on the label or at lower rates. Avoid using pesticides where alternative options work. Use the right equipment Legal Responsibility: The user is legally responsible for any damage due to misuse of pesticides. Responsibility extends to effects caused by drift, runoff, or residues. Transportation: Do not ship or carry pesticides together with food or feed in a way that allows contamination of the edible items. Never transport pesticides in a closed passenger vehicle or in a closed cab. Storage: Keep pesticides in original containers until used. Store them in a locked cabinet, building, or fenced area where they are not accessible to children, unauthorized persons, pets, or livestock. DO NOT store pesticides with foods, feed, fertilizers, or other materials that may become contaminated by the pesticides. Container Disposal: Dispose of empty containers carefully. Never reuse them. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Consult your county agricultural commissioner for correct procedures for handling and disposal of large quantities of empty containers. Protection of Non pest Animals and Plants: Many pesticides are toxic to useful or desirable animals, including honey bees, natural enemies, fish, domestic animals, and birds. Crops and other plants may also be damaged by misapplied pesticides. Take precautions to protect non pest species from direct exposure to pesticides and from contamination due to drift, runoff, or residues. Certain rodenticides may pose a special hazard to animals that eat poisoned rodents. Posting Treated Fields: For some materials, restricted entry intervals are established to protect field workers. Keep workers out of the field for the required time after application and, when required by regulations, post the treated areas with signs indicating the safe re-entry date. Check with your county agricultural commissioner for latest restricted entry interval. Pre-harvest Intervals: Some materials or rates cannot be used in certain crops within a specified time before harvest. Follow pesticide label instructions and allow the required time between application and harvest. Permit Requirements. Many pesticides require a permit from the county agricultural commissioner before possession or use. When such materials are recommended, they are marked with an asterisk (*) in the treatment tables or chemical sections of this publication. Processed Crops: Some processors will not accept a crop treated with certain chemicals. If your crop is going to a processor, be sure to check with the processor before applying a pesticide. 52 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Crop Injury: Certain chemicals may cause injury to crops (phyto-toxicity) under certain conditions. Always consult the label for limitations. Before applying any pesticide, take into account the stage of plant development, the soil type and condition, the temperature, moisture, and wind. Injury may also result from the use of incompatible materials. Environmental Conditions: Apply in the evening and avoid doing so during hot days (to avoid vapourisation and the risk of chemical vapour inhalation) as well as reduced efficacy due to rapid degradation of chemical under heat. Rainy days should also be avoided as the pesticide will easily be washed off the crop. Personal Safety: Follow label directions carefully. Avoid splashing, spilling, leaks, spray drift (avoid spraying when it is windy), and contamination of clothing. NEVER eat, smoke, drink, or chew while using pesticides. Provide for emergency medical care IN ADVANCE as required by regulation. Adopted from University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Integrated Pest Management Program. The above provisions are in tandem with the provisions contained in the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations under the Environmental Management Act (2011) 53 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9.2 APPENDIX 2: TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES (Tenth Schedule of the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations) GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 1. Ensure that the emergency procedure information card relating to the pesticide(s) or toxic substance(s) is in the vehicle or conveyance. 
 2. Ensure that all hazard warnings are displayed, not obstructed, and that they are kept clean at all times. 
 3. Follow the route as advised by the transporter or operator. 
 4. Ensure that the vehicle is not left unattended at any time 
 5. Ensure that the vehicle has certificate of fitness. 
 6. Ensure that the First Aid Equipment is in the vehicle at the times. 
 WARNING SIGNS FOR VEHICLESTRANSPORTING PESTICIDES OR TOXIC SUBSTANCES 1. A hazard-warning panel for pesticides and toxic substances shall be in form of an equilateral triangle and a square set with its sides at an angle of 45o to the verticle respectively and the length of the sides shall be— 
(a) in the case of signs on hazard-warning panels, 200millimetres; or (b) in the case of signs on compartment labels 95millimetres. 
 2. A sign for hazard-warning panels shall, for any part of the sign that is not black, have a black border at least 5millimetres wide. 
 HAZARD-WARNING PANELS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 54 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan HAZARD-WARNING SYMBOLS FOR TRANSPORTATION OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 55 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9.3 APPENDIX 4: LABELLING OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES (Eleventh Schedule of the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations) PICTOGRAMS The pictograms set below shall be put on labels either as singly or in combination with appropriate ones to give complete instructions. 56 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan COLOUR CODING CLASSIFICATION FOR PESTICIDES 57 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9.4 APPENDIX 3: STORAGE OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES (Twelveth Schedule of the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations) 9.4.1 WAREHOUSING 1. A pesticide and toxic substance warehouse should be located away from homes, highly populated areas, drinking water sources, seismic activity and areas liable to flooding. 
 2. The floors in the building should be of concrete with a load bearing capacity sufficient to withstand the weight of the stock, racking and any mechanical handling equipment to be used. Floors should be impervious to liquids, free from cracks and smooth to facilitate cleaning. 
 3. The building should be designed such that escape in case of emergency should be possible in at least two directions. Emergency exits should be clearly marked. 
 4. The warehouse should have access from at least two sides to facilitate firefighting, regardless of wind direction. 
 5. A warehouses should have special provision for bunding. 
 6. The building should permit reasonable movement of materials and enough space to allow hygienic working conditions and clear access to fire-fighting equipment. 
 7. The walls of the warehouse should be of non-flammable type and all piping and electrical wiring should be sealed. 
 8. The roof of the warehouse should be able to effectively keep out rain, be able to provide both ventilation to allow fumes and heat to escape in case of fire and at the same time provide protection against direct sunlight. 
 9. The warehouse should have drains which should not be directly linked to waterways or public sewers. They should be linked by a closed system to an evaporation tank. 
 10. The evaporation tank should be emptied from time to time depending on the accumulation of solid waste. It should be covered during the rainy season to avoid filing by rain water. 
 9.4.2 STORAGE 1. All products should be stored under lock and key with proper warning signs displayed clearly to keep away unauthorised persons. Pesticides and toxic substances must be stored in a separate warehouse, away from any other goods especially food and stock feed. 
 2. Before storing any pesticides ensure that they are properly labelled and are of good quality and acceptable condition. If any of the products are not in good condition, do not store them together with other products but take appropriate action. 
 3. If pesticides and toxic substances are to be stacked inside the warehouse, stacking heights should not exceed three metres unless the use of racking prevents overloading of the lower tiers. 
 4. Persons loading pesticides and toxic substances in the warehouse should pay 
special attention to “THIS SIDE UP” signs on cartoned packs. 
 5. Pesticides and toxic substances should be stored separately, preferably according to their use in the field e.g. herbicides, insecticides etc. The objective of this is to prevent cross contamination as well as minimise the risk of fire and consequent environmental contamination often presented by mixed storage arrangements. 
 6. All stocks in the warehouse should be frequently inspected for firmly fixed and legible labels on containers, leakages, caking of powders, pulverisation of granules, sedimentation or gelling of liquids, change in colour due to oxidation, dampness of packages and corrosion or deterioration of containers. All leakages must be treated as being extremely toxic. 
 58 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 7. Spillages should not be cleaned out with water. They must be swept up and kept in a special labelled container awaiting safe disposal. Liquids should first be absorbed by saw dust, earth or any other absorbent before being cleaned up. 
 8. A warehouse must have an emergency spills treatment kit consisting of a PVC apron, neoprene gloves, a gas mask, a brush or broom, a dust pan, saw dust, earth or any other absorbent, an empty clearly labelled container (for collecting wastes) and a spade. 
 9. Always strictly follow the rule “First-in First-out”. 
 59 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9.5 APPENDIX 4: DISPOSAL OPTIONS FOR PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES (Thirteenth Schedule of the Environmental Management (Licensing) Regulations) Pesticides and toxic substance waste, expired pesticides or toxic substances and spillages, obsolete and leftover products and packaging materials for pesticide and toxic substances shall be disposed of in the following manner: 1. Product Use by Recycling
If an alternative use exists, the product may be re- used or may be reformulated for the 
purpose for which it is included to be used. 
 2. High Temperature Incineration (High Temperature Thermal Oxidation)
Should be considered when disposing of most pesticides and toxic substances, but should NOT be used when disposing-
(a) inorganic materials; or
(b) organic products containing heavy metals such as mercury and lead. 
 3. Chemical Treatment
Shall be used as a disposal technology for a few specific unformulated pesticides and 
some other toxic substances. The products of decomposition from such treatment should not be toxic or present environmental hazard. 
 4. Long Term Storage
Compounds including those containing heavy metals and in particular, organo-mercury 
compounds cannot be disposed of safely using existing technology. These products shall be contained and stored safely until a suitably acceptable disposal technology is developed. A full risk analysis should be made for all materials stored to ensure maximum safety over the longest foreseeable period of time. 
 5. Landfill (For Incinerator Ash and Slag Only)
Landfilling is not an acceptable disposal option for pesticides and toxic wastes which can 
be leached. Incinerator ash and slag can be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 
 6. Waste Solidification/Fixation
The process involves the mixing of chemical and other waste with building materials such 
as cement, silicates and polymers, causing the mixtures to solidify into an impervious mass. Waste treated in this way can be disposed of at a landfill. This should be applicable to inorganic waste. Organic waste could easily leach into ground water with time, and should therefore not be used in disposing organic pesticides or toxic substances. 
 Packaging Materials Disposal Contaminated packaging material shall be disposed of as follows: 1. Export -Where no safe disposal facilities exist in Zambia, export of pesticide and toxic waste to another country with facilities shall be done in accordance with these Regulations and the applicable law in that country. 2. Return to Manufacturer–if the manufacturer is willing to accept pesticides or toxic substances wastes or expired obsolete stocks. 60 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9.6 APPENDIX 8: INSTRUCTIONS FOR CLEANING UP SPILLS AND LEAKED PESTICIDES 1. First read the instructions on the product label or material safety data sheet. 2. All unauthorized persons should be kept away from the contaminated area. 3. The store should be ventilated immediately as much as possible. 4. Work in teams of at least two people. All persons involved should wear appropriate protective clothing. Eyewash, water and soap should be kept at hand. 5. In case of leakage: put the leaking drum into another drum, or pump its content into another drum. As a very temporary "first aid" measure, it is often possible to stop leakage by rolling the drum in such a position that the leak is on top. 6. Absorb the leaked product with absorbent material (sand, sawdust, earth, lime or spill-control material), sweep up and pack the material. Lay a ring (small dike) of absorbent material around the contaminated area. Wet the area with a detergent solution (e.g. 10 percent saturated sodium carbonate solution or 5 percent caustic soda solution), scrub the floor and then sweep the solution into the ring of absorbent material. Remove the material after all liquid has been absorbed. Repeat if necessary. Clean equipment with detergent solution. 7. Contaminated soft surfaces of earth, sand or gravel should be excavated, packed and labelled. Contaminated absorbent materials and soil should be regarded as hazardous waste and should be carefully packed and properly labelled for disposal or temporary storage until disposal can take place. 61 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan 9.7 APPENDIX 5: LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES 1.UNDER THE SAN, EPA, EU, POPS, PIC AND PAN (Source: Sustainable Agriculture Network, Prohibited Pesticide List (September 2009, www.sanstandards.org) 1 39 of the Annex’ I List 1 substances, which were included in the July 2008 version of SAN Prohibited Pesticide List are no longer included. 2 U.S. List of "Banned" or "Severely Restricted" Pesticides and U.N. PIC Pesticides 3 Pesticides banned or severely restricted in EU as a consequence of the application of Directive 79/117/EEC, Council Regulation 805/2004/EC and Directive 91/414/EEC 4 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 5 Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent 2.PESTICIDES BANNED UNDER THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION The following pesticides, classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants were banned under the Stockholm Convention and belong to the original list of “The Dirty Dozen” and may not be sponsored under the program ▪ Aldrin, ▪ Chlordane, ▪ DDT, ▪ Dieldrin, ▪ Endrin, ▪ Heptachlor, ▪ Hexachlorobenzene, ▪ Mirex, ▪ Toxaphene; The following pesticides were added to original list of banned pesticides since August 2009 and may not be sponsored under the program ▪ Chlordecone, ▪ Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, ▪ Beta hexachlorocyclohexane, ▪ Lindane, ▪ Pentachlorobenzene; 3. Banned pesticides (pesticides in classes la, Ib and 11 of the WHO classification) 62 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan The list of pesticides is a compilation of all products recommended and used in Zambia per responses of interviewed stakeholders during the study conducted in 2011 for an agricultural project, the Agricultural Development Support Project (ADSP), funded by the Bank. Comparatively this list has a number of pesticides that are phased out, banned and or restricted in other countries as noted in the official use status of the tables and Appendix 5 above. According to regulation 40 of the SI No. 112 of 2013, (1) The Minister may, on the advice of ZEMA, ban, severely restrict or restrict the use or production of a pesticide or toxic substance where the Minister determines that the unregulated use or production of the pesticide or toxic substance is or is likely to be harmful to human health, animal or plant life or the environment. (2) ZEMA shall publish a list of the banned, restricted and severely restricted pesticides and toxic substances in a daily newspaper of general circulation in Zambia within seven days of the ban or restriction. Table 1: Insecticides recommended and used by different stakeholders234 5 6 7 Insecticide Gro Chemical Ite Insecticide Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use status up # Group m# Name Classifi cation 1 Avermectin 1 Abamectin Dynamec IV Tomato, Cotton Red Spider Mite, Tomato moth, Green Stink Bug, Spotted stem borer, African Pink Stem Carbaryl, Tomato, Rice, Pearl 2 Carbaryl, II Borer, Epilachna beetle, Bollworm, 2 Carbamate Sevin Carbax, Millet, Soybean Spotted stem borer, Cutworm, Epilachna beetle, Armoured Cricket Black Beetle, sorghum Stem Fly, Banned or restricted in other 3 Carbofuran Furadan Ib, II Cowpeas, Carrots Sweet Potato weevils, nematodes countries 2 Crop Protection Handbook 2009 MEISTER PRO 3 THE WHO RECOMMENDED CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES BY HAZARD and GUIDELINES TO CLASSIFICATION 2009 4 Major crop Diseases Manual of Zambia 5 Zambia Seed Technology Handbook 6 Agricultural Field insect Pest of Zambia and Their Management 7 Improved Vegetable Production Practices for Smallholder Farmer in Zambia 63 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Insecticide Gro Chemical Ite Insecticide Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use status up # Group m# Name Classifi cation Ethiophenc Ethiophenca 4 II Cabbage Aphids arb rb Methomex Pearl Millet, 5 Methomyl, Ib Bollworm 90SP sorghum, Cotton, Cabbage, 6 Pirimicarb Primor II Rape, Okra, Sucking, Aphids, Turnip Mosaic Virus, Pumpkin Use should be discouraged because it has human and environmental health hazards. Already Bollworms, Sucking, Spotted stem Endosulfan, banned in 56 countries because Cyclodiene Endosulph Cotton, Rice, Millet, borer, African Pink Stem Borer, 7 Thiodan, II of its high toxicity and organochlo an Peas, Soybean, Maize Bollworm, Spotted stem borer, Pod 3 Thiokill environmental persistent, rine moth, Epilachna beetle, Cutworm, Endosulfan has been Nominated by the EU for a global ban under the Stockholm Convent. Gamma 8 Lindane II Soybeans Aphids BHC Acetamipri Spear, 9 II Cotton, Paprika Sucking d Acetam Neonicotin Imidaclopri Confidor White fly 4 10 II Hot Pepper, Maize oid d imidagold Termites Thiametho 11 Renova IV Coffee Antestia bug xam Irish Potatoes, 12 Acephate Orthene III Cutworm, Budworm, Aphids, Tobacco Organopho azamethiph 5 13 Tilapia fish Parasites sphate os Chlorpyrifo 14 Chlorban III Soybean Epilachna beetle s-methyl 64 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Insecticide Gro Chemical Ite Insecticide Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use status up # Group m# Name Classifi cation Cabbage, Tomato, Chlorpyrifo Dursban, Rice, Soybean , Whitefly, Black beetles, Cutworm, 15 II s, Chlorpyrifos, Cowpeas, Irish Brown Leaf Beetle, Termites Potato, mushroom Demeton- Believed to be obsolete or 16 Metasystox Ib Rice Aphids S- Methyl discontinued for use 17 Diazonon Diazinon II Cowpeas Coreid Bug Vapona Banned or restricted in other 18 Dichlorvos, Ib Tomato, tilapia fish Tomato moth, parasites 50EC countries 19 Dicofol, Dicofol III Tomato, mushroom Red Spider Mite, mites Dimethoat Rogor, 20 II Cotton , Soybean Sucking, Aphids e Nugor Fenitrothio 21 Shumba II Cowpeas Coreid Bug n Lebaycid Cabbage, Pumpkins, Believed to be obsolete or 22 Fenthion II Leaf Minor, Melon Fly, Bean Fly 50EC Cowpeas discontinued for use 23 Quinalpos kinalux II Cowpeas Bean Fly 24 Malathion Malathion III Tomato Soybean Tomato moth, Epilachna beetle Mercaptoth Soybean, Aphids, Phorid fly ( Megaselia) 25 ion, III Malathion mushroom, Sciarid fly (Lycoriella, mites Phoskil, Sucking, White Fly, Cabbage flea Banned or restricted in other Monocrotop Cotton, Cabbage, Beetle, Spotted stem borer, African countries. Possible alternatives Monocroto 26 o, Ib Tomato, Rice, Pink Stem Borer, Epilachna beetle, are Malathion, Chlorophypos, phos Monocron, Soybean Spotted stem borer, Groundnut Dimethoate, Fenitrothion, Azodrin Caterpillar leaf minor Diazinon Azamethiphos; methamido Metamidofos Banned or restricted in other 27 Ib Paprika Aphids phos Monitor countries Banned or restricted in other 28 Phorate Umet Ia Groundnut Groundnut Thrips countries 29 Profenofos Curacron II Cotton Sucking Banned or restricted in other 30 Terbufos Hunter Ia Groundnut Groundnut Thrips countries 65 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Insecticide Gro Chemical Ite Insecticide Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use status up # Group m# Name Classifi cation 31 Triazophos Hostathion Ib Cotton Sucking Trichlorph Dipterex, Soybean Coffee, Cutworm , Antestia bug, parasites of 32 II on Granules Tilapia fish fish 6 Organotin 33 Cyhexatin cyhexatin II Tomato, Tomato Russet mites Organosulf Propargite 30 7 ite 34 Propargite, III Tomato Red Spider Mite WP Cotton, Cabbage, Rape, Tomato, Bollworms, Diamond back moth, Alpha Onion, Okra, Hot Aphids, Bugrada bugs, Thrips, Red 35 cypermethr Fastac II Pepper, Pumpkins, Cotton Bugs, White fly, Leaf Eating in Pearl Millet, Beetles, Bollworm, Armoured Cricket Soybean , Cowpeas, , Pod moth, Tsetse fly Cattle Bollworms, Diamond back moth, Cotton, Cabbage, white fly, Tomato Moth, Spotted stem Cypermeth Cyrux, Rape, Tomato, Rice, borer, African Pink Stem Borer, 36 II 8 rin Ripcord, Soybean, Cowpeas, Bollworm, Spotted stem borer, Brown Pyrethroid mushroom Leaf Beetle, Sweet Potato weevils, Coreid Bug , termites Cotton, Cabbage, Deltamethr Decis, Bollworms, White fly, Bollworm, 37 II Tomato, Rice, Pearl in Decitab Spotted stem borer, tsetse fly Millet, cattle Bollworms, flies. Phorid fly ( 38 Fenvalerate Fenkil II Cotton, mushroom Megaselia) Sciarid fly (Lycoriellal termites Permethrin Actellic, Rice, Cowpeas, Black Beetle, Sweet Potato weevils, 39 II , Insect Killer, mushroom termites Tralomethr 40 Scout II Pearl Millet Bollworm in, 66 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Insecticide Gro Chemical Ite Insecticide Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use status up # Group m# Name Classifi cation 41 Apistan Bees Mites 42 Amitraz Bees Mites 43 Bayvarol, Bees Mites Cotton, Cabbage, Bollworms, Diamond back moth, Lambda- 44 Karate, Kafu II Rape, Tomato, Harlequin bugs, Aphids, Bugrada bugs, Cyhalothrin Pumpkins, paprika Leaf Eating beetles Tetranortr iterpenoid Cabbage, Rape, Diamond back moth , Aphids,, mites, 9 /Insect 45 Azadractin neem extract IV poultry ticks lice growth regulator 67 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Table 2: Herbicides recommended and used by different stakeholders Herbicides Group # Chemical Group Item Chemical Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main Weeds Official Use status # Classification Controlled 1 Fluazifop-p Fulsilade Supper III Cotton Butyl grass Aryloxyphenoxy Unlikely to 1 propionates present acute 2 Propaquizafop Agil-100EC Cotton Annual/Perenial (A/P) hazard in normal use Unlikely to Many Many germinating present acute 2 Benzoic acid 3 Chlorthal or D.C.P.A Dathal 75% w.p. Vegetables and grasses and some hazard in Lucerne broadleaf weeds normal use Among the dirty dozen. Currently under intensive controversial Gramoxone 3 Bipyridylium 4 Paraquat II Potatoes, Cotton All Types discussion due to its (200g/l) toxicity to animals and its serious and irreversible effect if absorbed 5 Acetochlor Acetochlor 900 III Cotton Annual Grasses Maize, Soya, Most annual grasses and Chloroacetamide 6 Alachlor Lasso 480g/l III 4 Groundnuts some broad leaves 7 Metolachlor Dual magnum III Cotton Annual broadleaf Gramevin 85% Unlikely to Chloro-carbonic w.p present acute Tree crops, Most annual and 5 8 Dalapon acid Dalapon 80% hazard in Lucerne perennial grasses w.p. normal use Cotton, 6 Dinitroanaline Treflan E.C Unlikely to Most annual grasses and 9 Trifluralin Groundnuts, (478g/l) present acute some broadleaf weeds Soybeans, 68 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Herbicides Group # Chemical Group Item Chemical Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main Weeds Official Use status # Classification Controlled hazard in Sunflower, normal use. Some vegetables 10 Pendimethalin Prowl III Cotton Annual Grasses Unlikely to Glyphosate360 present acute 7 Glycines 11 Glyphosate Cotton All Types Cycat hazard in normal use 8 Oxyacetamide 12 Flufenacet Tiara III Cotton Annual Grasses Weedkiller D (70% 2, 4-D ester), Weedkiller D Highly suspected to Phenoxy-carboxylic (48% 2, 4-D Maize, Wheat , 9 13 2, 4-D III Most Broadleaf weeds be an endocrine acid ester), 2, 4-D Sorghum disruptor Amine (72%), Shellamine (72% 2, 4-D Omine) Unlikely to Most grasses and some present acute 14 Butylate Suttan 720 g/l Maize broadleaf weeds. At least hazard in Thiocarbamate partial control nutsedge 10 normal use Germinating grass and Eptam 6E Potatoes, and 15 E.P.T.C II broadleaf weeds. Some (720g/l) some vegetables control of nutsedge Atrazine 80% w.p. Gesaprim Unlikely to Most germinating Triazine 80% w.p. present acute 11 16 Atrazine Maize, Sorghum broadleaf and grass hazard in weeds Gesaprim 50% normal use w.p. 69 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Herbicides Group # Chemical Group Item Chemical Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main Weeds Official Use status # Classification Controlled 19Gesaprim 10% granules Brazine , Most germinating 17 Atrazine + Cymazine Maize Weed II Maize broadleaf and grass Killer weeds 18 Ametryn Ametryn 500SC III Cotton Annual Grasses Bladex 50% Most germinating broad 19 Cyanazine II Maize W.P. leaf and grass weeds Unlikely to Gesagard 80% present acute Cotton, Most broadleaf weeds 20 Prometryne w.p. hazard in Groundnuts and some grasses normal use Simazine 80% Unlikely to w.p. present acute Maize, Tree Many broadleaf weeds 21 Simazine Gesatop 50% hazard in crops and many annual grasses w.p normal use Unlikely to present acute Most annual grasses and 22 Terbutryne Igram 50%f.w. sorghum hazard in some broadleaf weeds normal use Unlikely to Diuron 80% present acute Tree crops, Most annual broadleaf 24 Diuron w.p. hazard in Cotton weeds and grasses normal use Unlikely to 12 Urea Cotoran 80% present acute w.p. hazard in Most annu8al broadleaf 25 Fluometuron normal use Cotton weeds and many annual Cotoguard grasses Cottonex 70 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Herbicides Group # Chemical Group Item Chemical Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main Weeds Official Use status # Classification Controlled Unlikely to present acute Potatoes, Most annual broadleaf 26 Linuron Afalon 50% hazard in Onions weeds and some grasses normal use Table 3: Fungicides recommended and used by different stakeholders Fungicides Group Chemical Group Item Fungicide Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use # # Classification status Unlikely to present acute 1 2,6-dinitroaniline 1 Flumetralin Prime Tomato Late blight hazard in normal use 2 Acylalanine 2 Metalaxyl Ridomil III Cabbage Downy Mildew Late blight, Tomato, Anthracnose, Carrot leaf Evaluated by EPA Alkylenebis(dithiocar 3 3 Mancozeb, Dithane M-45, III Pumpkin, Carrot, bright, Black rot, Purple as being bamate) Cabbage, Onion Blotch, Mildews, carcinogenic Anthracnose 4 Difenoconazole, Score250EC III Tomato Late blight Azole 5 Hexaconazole Anvil III Okra, Pumpkins Powdery Mildew 4 6 Tebuconazole Folicur II, III Soyabeans Soybean Rust 71 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Fungicides Group Chemical Group Item Fungicide Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use # # Classification status Tomato powdery mildew, Late blight, Tomato, Onion, Purple Blotch, Powdery 5 Benzimidazole 7 Benomyl Benlate III Okra, Carrot, Mildew, Carrot leaf Mango, paprika bright, Mango Anthracnose Arrest, Assure, 6 Benzimidazole 8 Carbendazim III Jatropha Jatropha wilt Carbendazim Leaf Spot of Rough 7 Dicarboximide 9 Iprodione Roval Flo III Citrus Lemon Dimethy 8 10 Thiram Thiram 80 WP III Cabbage Black rot ldithiocarbamate Downy Mildew, Leaf 9 Inorganic 11 Copper Hydroxide Funaguran OH II Spot and Head browning of Cabbage, Late Blight, Bacterial Spot on foliage Cabbage, and Tomato fruit, Tomato, Sigatoka Disease of Bananas, Mango, banana, Bacterial Black Copper Ox Coffee, Citrus, 10 Inorganic 12 Copper Ox chloride II Spot of Mango, Coffee chloride Paprika Berry Disease, Coffee leaf rust disease, Cercospora leaf and fruit spot of citrus, Orange Scab 11 Methoxyacrylate 13 Azoxystrobin Ortiva III Soybeans Soybean Rust Unlikely to present acute Mango, seed treat 12 N-trihalomethylthio 14 Captan Captan Mango Anthracnose, hazard in normal for beans , Maize use 72 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan Fungicides Group Chemical Group Item Fungicide Name Trade Name WHO Crops Main insects Controlled Official Use # # Classification status 13 Triazine 15 Anilazine Anilazine II Tobacco Alternalia Downy Mildew, Leaf Spot and Head browning Bravo 500, Cabbage, Rape of Cabbage , Late Blight, 14 Chloronitrile 16 Chlorothalonil Encor III Tomato, Onion, Purple Blotch, Powdery Daconil Okra, Carrot Mildew, Carrot leaf bright, Unlikely to present acute 15 Sulphur 17 Sulphur Dusting Sulphur Tomato Tomato powdery mildew hazard in normal use 16 Triazole 18 Triadimenol Baytan III Coffee Coffee Leaf Rust 17 Triphyenyltin 19 Triphenyltin Acetate Brestan, II Soybeans Red leaf blotch Table 4: Insecticides Phased out, Banned, or Restricted BANNED , RESTRICTED OR NO LONGER IN USE PESTICIDES THAT ARE STILL IN RECOMMENDATION IN ZAMBIA Chemical Group INSECTICIDES Group Item Insecticide Trade Name Oral LD50 WHO Crops Main insects Official Use # # Name mg /kg Classification Controlled status Black Beetle, Sorghum, Banned or sorghum Stem Fly, 1 Carbamate 1 Carbofuran Furadan 14.4 Ib, II Cowpeas, restricted in other Sweet Potato Carrots countries weevils, nematodes 73 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan BANNED , RESTRICTED OR NO LONGER IN USE PESTICIDES THAT ARE STILL IN RECOMMENDATION IN ZAMBIA Chemical Group INSECTICIDES Group Item Insecticide Trade Name Oral LD50 WHO Crops Main insects Official Use # # Name mg /kg Classification Controlled status Banned or Methomex 2 Carbamate 2 Methomyl, 17 Ib Sorghum, Bollworm restricted in other 90SP countries Banned or 3 Dichlorvos, Vapona 50EC 56 -108 Ib Tomato Tomato moth, restricted in other countries Banned or Metamidofos 4 Methamidophos 30 Ib Paprika Aphids restricted in other Monitor countries Banned or Sucking, White restricted in Fly, Cabbage flea other Beetle, Spotted countries. stem borer, Phoskil, Cotton, Possible African Pink Stem Monocrotopos, Cabbage, alternatives are 5 Monocrotophos 14 Ib Borer, Epilachna Monocron, Tomato, Rice, Malathion, Organophosphate beetle, Spotted 3 Azodrin Soybean Chlorophypos, stem borer, Dimethoate, Groundnut Fenitrothion, Caterpillar leaf Diazinon minor Azamethiphos Banned or 5 Phorate Umet 2-4 Ia Groundnut Groundnut Thrips restricted in other countries Banned or 6 Terbufos Hunter 1.6 Ia Groundnut Groundnut Thrips restricted in other countries Banned in 7 Triazophos Hostathion 82 Ib Cotton Sucking Zambia 74 Transforming Landscapes for Resilience and Development in Zambia (TRALARD) Project Integrated Pest Management Plan BANNED , RESTRICTED OR NO LONGER IN USE PESTICIDES THAT ARE STILL IN RECOMMENDATION IN ZAMBIA Chemical Group INSECTICIDES Group Item Insecticide Trade Name Oral LD50 WHO Crops Main insects Official Use # # Name mg /kg Classification Controlled status Believed to be Demeton- S- obsolete or 8 Metasystox 30 Ib Rice Aphids Methyl discontinued for use Table 5: Banned , Restricted Or No Longer In Use Pesticides That Are Still In Recommendation In Zambia Banned , Restricted Or No Longer In Use Pesticides That Are Still In Recommendation In Zambia Herbicides Chemical Group Chemical Name Trade Name Oral LD50 mg WHO Crops Main Weeds /kg Classification Controlled Among the dirty dozen. Currently under intensive Gramoxone Potatoes, controversial discussion due 1 Bipyridylium Paraquat 150 II All Types (200g/l) Cotton to its toxicity to animals and its serious and irreversible effect if absorbed Most annual Cotton, Believed to be obsolete or Plaza in 75% grasses and 2 Dinitroaniline Nitralin 2000+ III Groundnut, discontinued for use as w.p. some broadleaf Soya pesticide weeds 75