E4129 v4 THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION WATER SECURITY AND CLIMATE RESILIENCE PROJECT (WSCRP) LOWER NZOIA IRRIGATION PROJECT Integrated Pest Management Plan DRAFT February 11th 2013 Prepared by Lydia Achieng’ Pest Management Specialist Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (WSCRP) Email: lydia.olambo@gmail.com Cell: +254-0722-718134 Page | 1 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 2 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 6 2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Water Security and Climate Resilience Project ................................................................... 14 2.2 Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project ............................................................................................ 14 2.3 Project Background .............................................................................................................. 15 2.4 Project Location ................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Brief Description of LNIP.................................................................................................... 15 2.6 Project Beneficiaries ............................................................................................................ 16 2.7 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements...................................................... 19 2.7.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation ................................................................................. 19 2.7.2 WSCRP/PMU............................................................................................................... 19 2.7.3 National Irrigation Board/PIU .................................................................................... 19 2.8 Role of other stakeholders.................................................................................................... 20 2.9 Monitoring and evaluation ................................................................................................... 20 2.10 IPMP Overall Cost ............................................................................................................... 21 2.11 Alternative Considerations ................................................................................................... 21 2.11.1 No Project Scenario ..................................................................................................... 21 2.12 Requirements for Public Disclosure..................................................................................... 22 3 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION .............................................................. 23 3.1 Detailed & In-depth Literature Review................................................................................ 23 3.2 Interactive Discussions ........................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Preparation of IPMP............................................................................................................. 23 4 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE Integrated pest management PLAN ............ 24 4.1 Integrated Pest Management ................................................................................................ 24 4.2 Objectives of the IPMP ........................................................................................................ 24 4.3 Guiding Principles of the IPMP ........................................................................................... 24 5 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK for implementing the ipmP ........... 27 5.1 The Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework .................................................................... 27 5.1.1 Environment Management and Coordination Act (No. 8 of 1999), EMCA ................. 27 5.1.2 Chapter 324 – Plant Protection Act ............................................................................ 28 5.1.3 Chapter 326 – Seeds and Plants Variety Act ............................................................... 28 5.1.4 Chapter 347 on Irrigation............................................................................................ 28 5.1.5 Chapter 346: Pest Control Products Act ..................................................................... 29 5.2 Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies (SAGAs) Related to Pest Management ..................................................................................................................................... 29 5.2.1 Agricultural sector ministries ...................................................................................... 29 5.2.2 Agriculture Research, Finance and Marketing Institutions......................................... 30 5.2.3 Pest Management Institutions ...................................................................................... 30 5.3 International Pest Management Requirements ..................................................................... 31 5.3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) ................................................................. 31 5.3.2 World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management, OP 4.09................................. 31 5.3.3 International Plant Protection Convention of FAO (1952) ......................................... 31 6 KEY CROPS TARGETED under lnip ........................................................................... 32 This chapter described the key crops that are targeted under the LNIP and includes the proposed cropping patterns for the same and the criteria for the selection of these crops. ........ 32 Crop Selection Criteria................................................................................................................ 32 7 Common Crop Pests/WEEDS LIKELY TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN LNIP............. 37 7.1 Common Weeds in LNIP and Control Measures ................................................................. 55 7.1.1 Annual weeds ............................................................................................................... 55 Page | 2 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 7.1.2 Perennial weeds ........................................................................................................... 55 7.1.3 Control of annual weeds .............................................................................................. 56 7.1.4 Control of perennial weeds in LNIP ............................................................................ 56 7.1.5 Fertilizers..................................................................................................................... 58 7.2 General Pesticides Agriculture Application Methods in LNIP ............................................ 59 7.3 Pesticide Transportation and Storage in LNIP ..................................................................... 60 7.3.1 Storage of Pesticides in LNIP ...................................................................................... 60 7.3.2 Transportation of Pesticides ........................................................................................ 61 8 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PEST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................. 63 8.1 Chemical Control Method .................................................................................................... 63 8.1.1 Impact on Environment................................................................................................ 63 8.1.1 Contamination of surface water courses and underground water............................... 63 8.1.2 Contamination of surface water .................................................................................. 64 8.1.3 Impact on Health and safety ........................................................................................ 64 8.1.4 Farmer/Worker/Human Exposure Pathway ................................................................ 65 8.1.5 Impacts on Non-Target Organisms.............................................................................. 66 8.1.6 Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and other organisms from pesticides: ................................. 68 9 MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CHEMICAL CROP PROTECTION MEASURES ...................................................................................... 70 9.1 Use of Biological Pest Control Methods .............................................................................. 70 9.1.1 Impact on Environment................................................................................................ 70 9.1.2 Impact on Health and safety ........................................................................................ 70 9.2 Use of Mechanical Pest Control Methods ............................................................................ 71 9.2.1 Impact on Environment................................................................................................ 71 9.2.2 Impact on Health and safety ........................................................................................ 71 9.3 Use of Manual method ......................................................................................................... 71 9.3.1 Impact on Environment................................................................................................ 71 9.3.2 Impact on Health and safety ........................................................................................ 71 9.4 Mitigation Measures for Chemical Pesticides ...................................................................... 71 9.4.1 Measures to Reduce Exposure Risks during Pesticide Transport ............................... 71 9.4.2 Mitigating Foetal Exposure ......................................................................................... 72 9.4.3 Mitigating Pesticide Applicator Exposure ................................................................... 72 9.4.4 Mitigating Pesticide Exposure through Treatment ...................................................... 73 9.4.5 Mitigation Measures against Warehouse/Storage Exposure ....................................... 74 9.4.6 Mitigating Exposure Impacts through Container Re-use ............................................ 75 9.4.7 Disposal of Pesticide wastes and Containers .............................................................. 75 9.4.8 Public Awareness Campaigns ..................................................................................... 76 9.4.9 Supervision .................................................................................................................. 76 9.5 Pre and Post-Harvest Pest Control ....................................................................................... 77 9.6 Institutional Structures for Implementing LNIP/IPMP ........................................................ 77 9.6.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation ................................................................................. 77 9.6.2 National Irrigation Board............................................................................................ 77 9.6.3 WSCRP/PMU............................................................................................................... 78 9.6.4 Farmer Groups/Water Users Association ................................................................... 78 9.6.5 Ministry of Agriculture ................................................................................................ 78 9.6.6 National Environment Management Authority ............................................................ 78 10 INTEGRATED PESTICIDE MITIGATION & MONITORING PLAN....................... 79 10.1.1 Protective clothing not used by farmers ...................................................................... 79 10.1.2 Pesticide usage should be in the context of IPM programs ......................................... 79 10.1.3 Pesticide disposal of containers and obsolete product needs to be strengthened ....... 79 10.1.4 Rotate pesticide chemical groups to minimize pesticide resistance............................. 80 10.1.5 Protecting biological reserves from pesticide incursion ............................................. 81 Page | 3 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 10.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE INTERGATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPMP) .................................................................................................................................. 81 10.2.1 Proposed Pests Monitoring and Evaluation Regime ................................................... 82 10.2.2 Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) ...................................................................... 83 10.2.3 Integrated Pest Management Monitoring Framework ................................................ 83 10.2.4 Implementing Agency responsibilities ......................................................................... 83 11 CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ................ 90 11.1 Institutional Capacity for IPMF Implementation ................................................................. 90 11.1.1 Pesticide Distributors/Agro Vets ................................................................................. 90 11.1.2 The programme beneficiary farmers: .......................................................................... 90 11.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture ................................................................................................ 90 11.1.4 Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation .................................................................... 90 11.1.5 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA): ......................................... 91 11.2 Technical Capacity Enhancement ........................................................................................ 91 11.3 IPMP Implementation Budget.............................................................................................. 94 12 REFERENCE................................................................................................................... 98 12.1 Annex 1: Questionnaire on Pest Management ..................................................................... 99 12.2 Annex 2: Banned Pesticides in Kenya ............................................................................... 105 Page | 4 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS AAK Agro Chemical Association of Kenya APR Adaptable Program Loan APR Agricultural Policy Review ASDC Agricultural Sector Development Strategy BMP Best Management Practices CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CPS Country Partnership Strategy EIA Environmental impact assessments EMCA Environment Management and Coordination Act FAO Food Agricultural Organization FIFO First In/First Out GAP Good Agricultural Practices GDP Gross Domestic Product GoK Government of Kenya HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDA International Development Association IEC Information Education and Communication IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMPs Integrated Pest Management Plans IRF Incident Report Forms KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KNAP Kenya’s National Adaptation Plan MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOF Ministry of Finance MOPH Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation NCPB National Cereals and Produce Board NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIB National Irrigation Board OP Operational Policy PCPB Pesticides Control Product Board PIC Public Information Center PIM Participatory Impact Monitoring PMF Integrated Pest Management Framework PMP Pest Management Policy PPA Project Preparation Advance PPB Pharmacy and Poisons Board PPE Personal Protective Equipment SAGA Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies SRA Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture WHO World Health Organization WSCRP Water Security and Climate Resilience Project Page | 5 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) for Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project (LNIP) Phase I, which is the first investment to be funded under the Water Security and Climate Resilience Project (WSCRP). As such, the IPMP has been prepared based on the principles and procedures of the Integrated Pest Management Framework (IPMF) prepared for the KWSCRP sub project investments which has been prepared according to the World Bank OP. 4.09. Description of the WSCRP The Government of Kenya (GoK) has requested World Bank’s support for its ambitious plans for the water sector through a long-term and transformational program aimed at building water security and climate resilience for economic growth. The urgent need to invest in priority infrastructure, while, at the same time aiding GoK to establish the requisite enabling institutional and legal foundation to improve the performance and sustainability of the water sector, calls for a pragmatic approach of phased support. To this end, an Investment Framework (IF) - KWSCRP is designed to respond to this need by supporting the establishment of an enabling institutional and legal foundation for the water sector, building a strong water investment pipeline, and financing priority water investments. The KWSCRP first objective is unleashing Kenya’s growth potential through establishing a rigorous framework for financing critical water infrastructure and increasing the productive use of water in order to support sustained economic growth. In accordance with the requirements of the Investment Framework, the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project Phase 1 has been identified as the first investment for financing under the KWSCRP contributing to the productive use of water that serves climate resilience objectives. The Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project (LNIP) will be co-financed by Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau1 (KfW). The estimated cost of the project is US$ 45.288 million, US$ 20m of which KfW will co-finance. Brief Description of LNIP With the assistance of the World Bank under KWSCRP and another potential donor (KfW) and subject to WB appraisal, National Irrigation Board (NIB) intends to implement Phase I of the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project comprising of:  Construction of an intake structure (weir) and associated infrastructure to command the identified potential both at the southern and northern banks of the Nzoia River. The weir location has been proposed at a point about 3km upstream of the Nzoia Bridge2;  Construction of conveyance, water distribution and drainage canals for the estimated 4,000 ha irrigable area on both banks of the river;  Rehabilitation/modification of the Bunyala Irrigation Schemes;  Provision of agricultural support and value chain services to the project farmers; 1 KfW banking group is a German government-owned development bank, based in Frankfurt. It is owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (80%) and the States of Germany (20%).[2] It is led by a five-member Managing Board headed by Ulrich Schröder, which in turn reports to a 37-member Supervisory Board 2 Lower Nzoia Irrigation Development Project - Technical Design proposal Page | 6 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  Enhancement of institutional capacity for effective service provision and scheme management by NIB and farmers’ organizations;  Capacity Building of NIB staff, farmers and farmers’ organizations; and  Project management including provisions for M&E, environmental and social safeguards. Location of LNIP Lower Nzoia River Basin lies between latitudes 000 02' N; 01' 14'N and longitudes 330 54'E; 350 35'E. The river thus flows through the Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza Provinces. The main water sources for irrigation will come from the Nzoia River. From the water availability point of view, the upper and middle Nzoia catchment would not support irrigation development without a dam being put in place3. Technical hydrology assessment studies have demonstrated that the Lower Nzoia Basin has sufficient water resources base flow to support the Irrigation Project. The scheme will bring 4000 hectares into irrigation4. The Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project (LNIP) will be located in Western Kenya, Siaya and Busia counties respectively starting from the weir site in Umala Sub-location of Ugunja District to traverse 155 sub-locations within six locations and three districts. The project will drain into the Yala swamp in Mabinju Sub-location of Budalangi District in Busia County. The project would have a gross command area of around 5,800 ha excluding swamp area and about 4,000 ha in net command / cultivated area. The existing Bunyala Pump Irrigation Scheme that was developed in the late sixties and that has a net irrigable area of 400 ha is included within the project area and will be rehabilitated. Table 1: Project Affected Areas COUNTY SIAYA BUSIA DISTRICT Ugunja Siaya Bunyala Central West South West Central LOCATION Usonga Khajula Ugenya Alego Alego Bunyala Komenya Nyadorera West KaburaUhuyi Mabinju Kalaka “A� Magombe Komenya Sigoma Nyadorera East SUB-LOCATION Umala Rugunga Kowala Uranga “B� Magombe Kalkada Kaugagi Central Sumba Lugare Uradi Hawinga Magombe The implementing agency for the Lower Nzoia Irrigation Scheme is NIB. The NIB is a semi-autonomous body, established under the Irrigation Act of 1966, and is responsible for planning, construction, setting and managing national irrigation schemes. At present, it operates six schemes: Mwea (6,000ha), Ahero (900ha), West Kano (900ha), Bunyala (300ha), Perkerra (500ha) and Hola (850ha). Many of these schemes are irrigated through 3 Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project ESIA report, December 2012. 4 Economic and Financial Analysis report, December 2012 5 There are 15 sub-locations at the time of writing this report. However, there is a proposed new sub-location yet to be demarcated and Assistant Chief appointed. Page | 7 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP pumps, which raises concerns about their sustainability in view of farmer-led management. Project Beneficiaries The investment in LNIP is expected to directly benefit over 20,000 people (2,100 households), including smallholder farmers who are currently engaged in rain-fed subsistence agriculture (primarily maize and beans) and livestock rearing. Another estimated 50,000 people are expected to benefit through linkages to the scheme activities and outputs. In addition, the economy of local districts would be enhanced by irrigated agriculture. Scope of IPMP The LNIP/IPMP is prepared based on the guiding principles detailed in the IPMF for KWSCRP for integrated pest management. The main objective of the IPMP is to minimize the adverse impacts of pesticides to the environment and health of project affected persons (PAPs). This LNIP/IPMP includes the institutional arrangements, schedules, and the budgets to facilitate implementation of the IPMP. Policy, Legal and Institutional Issues Kenya has a developed legislative framework necessary for safe importation, storage, distribution, use and disposal of pesticides for agricultural purposes, and has a government compiled list of approved pesticides as well as a list of reputable and registered pesticide manufacturers. Only pesticides registered by the Pest Control and Product Board (PCPB) are allowed to be used in the LNIP and procurement of the same will only be through registered agro-vet distributors. The following legal instruments were reviewed in view of the fact that they provide guidance and regulations when implementing programs or projects that are likely to use pesticides.  Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999)  Water Act  Public Health Act  Agriculture Act  Pharmacy and Poisons Board Act  Wildlife Act  Occupation Health and Safety Act  Pesticide Control and Product Act  Plant Protection Act  Seed and Varieties Act  Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act Type of Crops to be grown in LNIP The crops that will be grown under the LNIP include among others maize, rice, beans, sweet potato, bananas, grain legumes (green gram, pigeon peas, cowpeas, soybeans, groundnuts and pineapples. Page | 8 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Type of Pests/Weeds likely to affect crop in LNIP A variety of pests/weeds know to attack crops targeted in the LNIP are expected to definitely attack and cause a problem to the crops that will be grown under the LNIP. The table 2 below shows in a summary forms the possible pests and weeds likely to be an issue to crops under the LNIP and table 8 to 24 clearly outlines pests by crops and mitigation measures both chemical and non-chemical. Type of Pesticides to be used in LNIP Different types of (chemical) pesticides will be used in the LNIP to manage pests that are likely to affect the crops outlined above. These are pesticides that are known to kill the pests that attack crops that will be grown under LNIP. The quantities will vary based on the severity of attack however, all pesticides will be those that are registered by the PCPB and will only be used as a last resort. Use of other non-chemical pest management will be emphasized to minimize the adverse impacts related to chemical pesticide application on the environment and human health. Environmental and Social-Economic Impacts of Pesticides Use of pesticides in the LNIP will constitute increased risks to human health and environment and will be compounded by the following reasons that will thus eb avoided by the LNIP namely: 1. Absence of effective pesticide regulation and enforcement; 2. Scarcity of, and or lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); 3. Failure to implement good plant health, soil health, and water management practices; 4. Little or no understanding of IPM theory or principles; 5. Inability to read or comprehend pesticide labels and safety warnings due to illiteracy; 6. Inability to properly identify pests, their population levels, and economic thresholds; 7. Inadequate knowledge about pesticides and their dangers; 8. Porous national borders likely to encourage illegal entry and trade in pesticides Adverse impacts of pesticides The potential adverse effects of pesticide use in the LNIP will include among others; -  Pollution and contamination of surface and underground water bodies especially the Nzoia River Basin and Yala Wetland and by extension Lake Victoria Basin  Pollution and contamination of soil  Impact on aquatic life due to pollution of water resources  Impact on terrestrial fauna due to contamination  Human and animal health related hazards due to indiscriminate exposure to pesticides  Impact on non-target organisms like bees, insects etc. Page | 9 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Proposed Mitigation Measures No pesticides other than those registered by the Pesticides Control Product Board (PCPB), of Kenya will be used in the LNIP. All the pesticides banned or under restriction will not be used in the LNIP as well. Wherever possible, non-chemical means of pest control will be exercised, in keeping with the policy of the bank and GOK to promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM tactics that will be applied in the LNIP to reduce pest risk will include:  Selection of pest-resistant seed varieties,  Pest avoidance through early/late planting,  Biological control methods including neem oil, vegetable oil,  Natural physical methods, such as application of sand or ash  Use of bio-pesticides for seed treatment  Early harvesting  Mechanical/Manual control of pests  Crop rotation National Irrigation Board (NIB) and the project executing agency will further undertake the following mitigation measures as part of implementing the IPMP for LNIP namely; a) Establish quality assurance for commodity procurement (seeds, application equipment, and PPE) to minimize risks to human health and the environment. This will include ensuring legitimate procurement sources and verifiable chain of custody for commodities, as well as inspection of packaging and labelling upon receipt. b) Ensure that the farmer groups have adequate storage facilities compliant with FAO standards to minimize pilferage and contamination and ensure that the storage facilities are not poorly sited. Ensure strict controls and inventory of all pesticide with emphasis that farmers keep all records of all related transactions (purchase, distribution, issue, use, return, and disposal). c) Train relevant categories of workers and farmers involved in the LNIP on best practices in accordance with recommendations and regulations of the IPMF and World Health Organisation (WHO d) Ensure that all seeds will be labelled and treated as pesticides according to specific guidelines, with safeguards against consumption by birds and other non-target animals. Wherever possible, seed will be stained after treatment to serve as a warning that it is not for consumption. e) Undertake Information Education and Communication (IEC) activities for targeted communities/beneficiaries to reduce adverse exposure related incidents. f) Enforce protection of pregnant and breast feeding women against exposure. Pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers will be excluded from any handling of pesticides (e.g. seed planting, PPE washing, store room operations). Page | 10 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP g) Ensure use of appropriate personal protective equipment and best practices, including effective supervision of operations, for adequate protection of operators and other handlers of pesticides. h) Establish strict practices to reduce environmental contamination. This will include comprehensive auditing of pesticide stocks and usage, appropriate planting techniques, and enforcing best practices related to the washing of clothing and equipment, such as progressive use of contaminated/wash water, and ultimate disposal of waste and leftover pesticides. Development of LNIP/IPMP This IPMP was developed through a combination of literature review of relevant documents including previous IPMPs developed for similar bank projects in Kenya, as well as consultation and engagement of stakeholders specifically Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). This IPMP as is the requirement with all WB safeguard documents will be locally disclosed and also forwarded to the Bank for disclosure at its Public Information Center (PIC) of the country and at the Bank’s Infoshop. Reporting and Performance Review Requirements The LNIP is owned by the Government of Kenya through the National Irrigation Board (NIB), which is a semi-autonomous parastatal in the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI). NIB is the implementing agency responsible for the implementation of this IPMP, and will also ensure that all measures proposed to mitigate adverse pesticide impacts as contained in this IPMP are followed strictly. The implementation of this RAP will be at various levels namely;  Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI) - MOWI will mobilize funds from GoK for the purposes of implementing this IPMP.  NIB - will be in charge of implementation of this IPMP; including establishment of farmers groups, training and capacity building for the IPMP and monitoring and evaluation of the IPMP to ensure compliance and compiling and submitting all the reports to the WSCRP/PMU. Capacity Building and Training Training of pesticide users and applicators will be a vital component of capacity building in this project. The program will, using the resources available from the WSCRP prepare a comprehensive training manual on pesticide use and management, targeting different actors within the program, ranging from extension service providers, actual farmers, loaders, mixers, transporters, government staff among others. These training programs will if possible be further amplified by training that is being undertaken by other institutions such as MOA, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Page | 11 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP (KARI), Agrochemical Association of Kenya (AAK), various Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), pesticide wholesalers, etc. For farmers, farmer leaders, and district extension workers, the training will be crop based with farmers being organized into groups led by a farmer leader. The method for training farmers and farmer leaders will be on the on-farm demonstration where farmer groups are led, step by step in growing the crop during the season from planting to harvest and increasingly into post-harvest activities and even marketing. Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation of the IPMP will be carried out during the whole process of implementation of the LNIP in order to ensure the objectives are met and for the successful implementation of the IPMP. It will be undertaken by NIB and the farmers will also be incorporated as part of the monitoring and evaluation. The external monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by an independent consulting firm contracted by NIB. The role of the KWSCRP/PMU will be to keep records of the M & E reports and submit to the Bank. Cost implication of this IPMP The estimated cost of capacity building and other support to implement the IPMP is given as Kenya Shillings 253,088,000 which is approximately 2,909,057 USD and the breakdown is summarized as follows: Capacity Building Budget The cost of the capacity building component is 69,388,000 and will cover the following aspects of training as shown below and in table 32. 1. Conduct training and demonstrations on SRI 2. Conduct training on crop husbandry and integrated nutrient management 3. On Farm demonstration for vegetable, ground nut and green grams in six blocks ( 12 per year ) 4. Pumps and pipes and other accessories for the training 5. Development, production and maintenance of 10 acres of model farm 6. Farmers field day within the Model farm 7. Capacity building for 2 staff from NIB on short courses on agronomy & water management 8. Overseas tour on commercial farming (value chains)- 1 week - 2 NIB staff, 2 NIB Consultants, 2 farmers Cost of Pesticide Procurement and Seeds for Farmers in LNIP The cost of procurement of seed and pesticides Kenya Shillings 107,750,000.00 over the 7 year period and will be made available to the farmers through a revolving fund that will be established by NIB. Page | 12 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Cost of Pesticides/Seeds/Fertilisers for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP The cost of pesticides and seeds and fertilisers for the nursery that NIB will establish in the project site and which will be used as a demonstration and field training site for the farmers is Kenya Shillings 8,950,000 as shown in table 34. Cost of Other Seedlings for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP The cost of additional seedlings for the nursery that NIB will establish in the project site and which will be used as a demonstration and field training site for the farmers is 67,000,000 as shown in table 35. Page | 13 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 2 INTRODUCTION This Integrated Pest Management Plan is prepared for LNIP - Phase I, which is the first investment funded under the KWSCRP. As a result it is based on the principle and procedures laid out in the Integrated Pest Management Framework (IPMF) prepared for KWSCRP. 2.1 Water Security and Climate Resilience Project The Government of Kenya (GoK) has requested that the World Bank support its ambitious plans for the water sector through a long-term and transformational program aimed at building water security and climate resilience for economic growth. The urgent need is to invest in priority infrastructure while at the same time aiding GoK to establish the requisite enabling institutional and legal foundation to improve the performance and sustainability of the water sector. This calls for a pragmatic approach of phased support. To this end, an Investment Framework - KWSCRP is designed to respond to this need by supporting the establishment of an enabling institutional and legal foundation for the water sector, building a strong water investment pipeline, and financing priority water investments. The KWSCRP first objective is unleashing Kenya’s growth potential through establishing a rigorous framework for financing critical water infrastructure and increasing the productive use of water in order to support sustained economic growth. In accordance with the requirements of the Investment Framework, the LNIP - Phase 1 has been identified as the first investment for financing under the project contributing to the productive use of water that serves climate resilience objectives. This investment has been selected from amongst the most advanced GoK priority projects, including those ones under preparation with support from other World Bank-financed projects. 2.2 Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project The higher level development objective of the project is to increase food production and food security, including access to better nutrition and enhanced standards of living for the local communities in the project areas. Key indicator to measure the achievements of this goal is the increased agricultural production. The project development objectives are to revitalize agricultural development in the project areas by enhancing the production of high value crops and increasing employment opportunities and income for smallholder farmers within the project areas. Key indicators to measure the achievements of the above goals are: (i) increase production of high value crops, (ii) increased employment opportunities, and (iii) increased income of smallholder farmers. The above objectives can be achieved through construction of irrigation and drainage system to cover an area of about 4,000 ha, land levelling, providing more effective agricultural services, construction of needed marketing and storage facilities, and Page | 14 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP providing capacity building for farmers NIB staff. To ensure sustainability of the above development, IWUGs and IWUAs would be established within the project areas and would be supported to ensure that they can operate and maintain the secondary irrigation and drainage systems 2.3 Project Background LNIP - Phase 1 is a flagship project of the Kenya Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS). Located in Western Kenya, not far from the town of Kisumu, this public irrigation scheme would derive its water from the Nzoia River, which flows into Lake Victoria a bit further downstream. Phase 1 of the LNIP is located on the left bank of the river; GoK also plans to develop the right bank of the river (referred to as Phase 2) using the same intake infrastructure. 2.4 Project Location LNIP Phase 1 is located in two counties in Western Kenya, namely Siaya and Busia, as shown in Table below. In total, 156 Sub-locations within six (6) locations in three Districts of Ugunja, Siaya and Bunyala would benefit from the project. The project would have a gross command area of around 5,800 ha excluding swamp area and about 4,000 ha in net command / cultivated area. The existing Bunyala Pump Irrigation Scheme that was developed in the late sixties and that has a net irrigable area of 400 ha is included within the project area and will be rehabilitated. The project area is also located in the western part of the country. Previous studies have divided the Nzoia River Basin into three major parts, the Lower, Middle and Upper Nzoia Basins. The basin has four (4) major sub-catchment areas namely 1B-Upper Nzoia, 1C-Kipkarren, 1D-Middle Nzoia Kuywa, and 1E-Lower Nzoia. The Lower Nzoia catchment (1E), with an area of 2,593km2 is in the lower most parts of the Nzoia Basin. It covers the southern and middle Kakamega, and most parts of Siaya and the southern tip of Busia district. 2.5 Brief Description of LNIP The project has a net irrigable area of between of about 4,000 ha in the Lower Nzoia area. The technology is gravity canal irrigation with furrow or basin irrigation at farmers’ plot levels. The sub-project comprises 3 major activities under the following items: A. Irrigation and Drainage Infrastructure. The key features of these infrastructure are as follows:  Diversion weir and intake facilities to command about 4,000 ha on the left bank (Phase 1) and about 3,500 ha on the right bank (Phase 2)  Headwork, spillway, and sedimentation basins  Network of canals and drains down to farmers’ fields and flow control structures, 6 There is a proposed new sub-location that has not been operationalized by the Government. For the moment we will work with the actual number of sub-location on the ground - 15 Page | 15 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  Flood control facilities including dyke construction, enhancement and other associated structures (most of which are being carried out as part of the ongoing World Bank-financed Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project)  Farm road network and passages and technical buildings  Other ancillary facilities The technical design of the scheme is such that, in the event that droughts intensify, it would be possible to shift from surface to drip irrigation for plots devoted to high value crops. Given that there is no water use downstream of the scheme before the river reaches Lake Victoria and there is a possibility for developing irrigation in the upper part of the basin by developing storage. Shifting to drip would be needed only in the long run, if at all. B. Agriculture and Value Chain Enhancement. This will include assistance in setting up - and financial support to - sustainable and inclusive value chain arrangements intended to help farmers grow and market high value crops in the long run. Activities would include supporting extension services to farmers, improving timely access to agricultural inputs, and assisting farmers to contract with buyers. It would also include provision of some critical marketing infrastructure such as storage facilities. C. Participatory Irrigation Management. This would include defining and implementing appropriate systems and processes for management, operation and maintenance of irrigation-related functions with involvement of Irrigation Water Users Associations (IWUAs) in order to contribute to investment sustainability. Capacity-building activities for farmers and NIB staff on water management would be provided. 2.6 Project Beneficiaries The investment in Lower Nzoia is expected to directly benefit over 20,000 people (2,100 households), including smallholder farmers who are currently engaged in rain-fed subsistence agriculture (primarily maize and beans) and extensive livestock rearing. Another estimated 50,000 people are expected to benefit through linkages to the scheme activities and outputs. In addition, the economy of local districts would be enhanced by irrigated agriculture. The irrigation area is split into 4 zones and 12 blocks as shown in the Figure 1 below covering a gross area of 5,775ha with a total number of 2,100 households benefiting as shown in Table 2 below. Page | 16 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 2: Irrigation area and beneficiaries Block Gross area (ha) Net area (ha) Number of households 1 85 59 31 2 80 56 29 3 152 106 55 4 184 129 67 5 610 427 222 6 355 249 129 7 872 610 317 8 1525 1068 555 9 938 657 341 10 289 202 105 11 188 132 68 12 497 348 181 Total 5775 4043 2100 Source: Nzoia, Feasibility Study, 2012 Page | 17 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Page | 18 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 2.7 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements 2.7.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI) - MOWI will mobilize funds from GoK for resettlement and compensation purposes of this RAP. 2.7.2 WSCRP/PMU KWSCRP-PMU which will be established in the MOWI will have the role of compiling, documenting and filing the IPMP implementation documents. The role of the KWSCRP/PMU will be to keep records of the M & E reports and submit to the Bank. 2.7.3 National Irrigation Board/PIU The LNIP is owned by the Government of Kenya through the National Irrigation Board (NIB), which is a semi-autonomous parastal in the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MOWI). NIB is the implementing agency responsible for the implementation of this IPMP, and will also ensure that this IPMP is fully implemented. The Nzoia Irrigation scheme execution and management structure to be established shall take on-board the beneficiaries of the area during its detailed design, construction and eventually operation and management. These activities highlight some of the main software aspects of the project and are in-line with the latest government policies in the agricultural sector in general and irrigated agriculture in particular. They are the prerequisite requirements being contemplated in the institutional transformation of NIB into NIDS as stated in the National Irrigation Policy (NIP) of 2009 and other consultancy studies recently undertaken. Accordingly, the project will be managed by both NIB and farmers through their Irrigation Water Users Associations (IWUAs). For over a decade, Kenya has adopted participatory irrigation management approaches (PIM), and irrigation water user associations (IWUAs) have become the building blocks for a proposed progress towards a degree of formal irrigation management transfer (IMT). Although the model is not clearly developed or fully implemented anywhere on large scale NIB schemes in Kenya, the general outlines are clear: 1. Formation of water user groups (WUGs) at tertiary canal level, of IWUAs at secondary canal level, and of an Apex IWUA at scheme level. This has been done on all NIB schemes. 2. Initially, WUG responsibility for operation and maintenance (O&M) at the tertiary canal; level; IWUA responsibility for collecting O&M water charges; and co-management of water supply and distribution between scheme management and the Apex IWUA, including co-management of the water delivery schedule and of the O&M budget. This has been done on all NIB schemes. 3. In the medium term, IWUA responsibility for O&M at secondary canal level (not yet achieved anywhere). Page | 19 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 4. In the longer term, Apex IWUA responsibility for the entire scheme, with NIB retaining a support team to manage the headworks and main canal (not yet achieved anywhere). The PMU will comprise a project manager; a deputy manager/irrigation agronomist; an irrigation engineer; a community development officer; and an agricultural marketing officer; together with administrative, accounting and procurement staff. As stages of the scheme are completed, further staff would join to manage operations, including a number (eventually 10) of irrigation technicians. Specialist consultants will support the PMU, including: an M&E consultant to collect data to transfer to NIB HQ, which will be responsible for overall project M&E; and a social/environmental safeguards specialist for implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), working under the supervision of NIB HQ, which will be responsible for overall implementation of the ESMP and for reporting on the respect of safeguards. 2.8 Role of other stakeholders A local level Project Coordinating Committee will be set up under the alternating chairmanship of the District Commissioners for Siaya, Bunyala and Busia Districts. In addition to the NIB PIU and the IWUAs, membership would include – on an as needed basis - local representatives of agencies key to project implementation:  The County Administration, which will need to support community mobilization and the process of IWUA formation  The District Irrigation Officer, to support the irrigation development and water management activities  The District Health Officer, whose support will be essential to the implementation of the health activities under the ESMP  The local NEMA Branch, to support implementation of the ESMP  The District Agriculture Office, to support the agricultural development programme and to coordinate implementation of the watershed protection activities in the ESMP  NGOs and CBOs locally active in relevant fields would also be invited to attend. 2.9 Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation of the IPMP will be carried out during the whole process of the IPMP implementation to ensure the objectives are met and for the successful implementation of the RAP. It will be undertaken by NIB and external consultants. The Page | 20 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP external monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by an independent consulting firm contracted by NIB. 2.10 IPMP Overall Cost The estimated cost of capacity building and other support to implement the IPMP is given as Kenya Shillings 253,088,000 which is approximately 2,909, 057 USD and the breakdown is summarized as follows: Capacity Building Budget The cost of the capacity building component is 69,388,000 and will cover the following aspects of training as shown below and in table 32. 1. Conduct training and demonstrations on SRI 2. Conduct training on crop husbandry and integrated nutrient management 3. On Farm demonstration for vegetable, ground nut and green grams in six blocks ( 12 per year ) 4. Pumps and pipes and other accessories for the training 5. Development, production and maintenance of 10 acres of model farm 6. Farmers field day within the Model farm 7. Capacity building for 2 staff from NIB on short courses on agronomy & water management 8. Overseas tour on commercial farming (value chains)- 1 week - 2 NIB staff, 2 NIB Consultants, 2 farmers Cost of Pesticide Procurement and Seeds for Farmers in LNIP The cost of procurement of seed and pesticides Kenya Shillings 107,750,000.00 over the 7 year period and will be made available to the farmers through a revolving fund that will be established by NIB. Cost of Pesticides/Seeds/Fertilisers for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP The cost of pesticides and seeds and fertilisers for the nursery that NIB will establish in the project site and which will be used as a demonstration and field training site for the farmers is Kenya Shillings 8,950,000 as shown in table 34. Cost of Other Seedlings for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP The cost of additional seedlings for the nursery that NIB will establish in the project site and which will be used as a demonstration and field training site for the farmers is 67,000,000 as shown in table 35. *Note. The following lists of activities and costings are purely indicative at this stage. 2.11 Alternative Considerations 2.11.1 No Project Scenario Implementation of the proposed Lower Nzoia Irrigation Scheme Phase 1 is expected to bring approximately 4,043 ha of land under irrigation and benefit more than 2,100 small Page | 21 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP scale farmers through improved production of food and provision of incomes. In addition to irrigation infrastructure, the project will benefit from support in post-harvest handling and marketing infrastructure and support for management investments which are covered under components 2 and 3 of the project respectively. The project's incremental benefits are expected to be more than Kshs 1 Billion once production stabilizes. The project is however, expected to cost more than Kshs. 4.4 Billion. Financially, the project is found to be viable resulting to acceptable discount rates and positive cash flows that will guarantee its sustainability. Further, expected household incomes are enough for the farmers to contribute towards operation and maintenance costs further guaranteeing sustainability. Economically, the project would result to positive externalities in the country as economic benefits are more than the economic costs of the project. Additionally, the provision of food to the country, creation of employment opportunities and generation of foreign exchange from tradable commodities will positively contribute towards the country's gross domestic product GDP and balance of Payments (BOP). Compared to these benefits, the major negative externality relate to the potential pollution of the soil and water resources following use of agrochemicals and the alteration of natural flora and fauna as a result of farming activities. However, a sound social and environmental management plan has been developed against these negative externalities. 2.12 Requirements for Public Disclosure This IPMP will be disclosed in line with the World Bank requirements through posting on the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) website: www.water.go.ke and on the World Bank’s external website. The final version will also be publicly disclosed by National Irrigation Board. Page | 22 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 3 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION 3.1 Detailed & In-depth Literature Review Review on the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken and helped in gaining a further and deeper understanding of the proposed project. A desk review of the Kenyan legal framework and policies related to pesticide use was also conducted in order to the relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation. Among the documents that were reviewed in order to familiarise and further understand the project included: World Bank Related Documents  World Bank Project documentation for WSCRP  Aide Memoire for the WSCRP  World Bank WSCRP Draft Project Appraisal Document (PAD)  World Bank Safeguards Policy OP 4.09  World Bank IPMF for WSCRP and for other agricultural projects Kenyan Legislative Documents  Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999)  Water Act  Public Health Act  Agriculture Act  Pharmacy and Poisons Board Act  Occupation Health and Safety Act  Pesticide Control and Product Act  Plant Protection Act  Seed and Varieties Act  Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act 3.2 Interactive Discussions Stakeholder consultation formed part of the methodology in preparing this IPMP where a list of all the project interested and affected stakeholders was prepared and stakeholder engagement was undertaken through interviews (face-to face) including Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). 3.3 Preparation of IPMP Preparation of the IPMP included the following stages:  Collation of baseline data on agriculture and pesticide use in Kenya in general;  Identification of positive and negative economic and environmental and social impacts of pesticide use;  Identification of environmental and social mitigation measures;  Preparation of the PMP Page | 23 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 4 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.1 Integrated Pest Management There are many different definitions that have been fronted over the years to describe IPM. In 1967, FAO defined IPM as “a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible, and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury�. The requirement for adoption of IPM in farming systems is even emphasized in the WB OP 4.09, which supports safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management aspects, such as the use of biological and environmental friendly control methods. 4.2 Objectives of the IPMP This IPMP has been developed based on the principles of the IPMF for WSCRP which was prepared based on the World Bank OP 4.09 to ensure that specific sub project investments that may include use of pesticides have instituted measures to address adverse pesticide use related environmental and social impacts. This LNIP/IPMP is expected to ensure safer pesticide use to reduce damage, in both field and storage, caused by weeds, arthropod and vertebrate pests, diseases, nematodes, and snails when implementing the LNIP. 4.3 Guiding Principles of the IPMP The IPMP has been prepared in full compliance with the IPMF prepared for the KWSCRP and as such the NIB, the implementer of the IPMP, will adhere to the following guiding IPM principles. 1. The prevention and/or suppression of harmful organisms in the LNIP that should be achieved or supported among other options especially by:  Crop rotation,  Use of adequate cultivation techniques (e.g. stale seedbed technique, sowing dates and densities, under-sowing, conservation tillage, pruning and direct sowing)  Use, where appropriate, of resistant/tolerant cultivars and standard/certified seed and planting material  Use of balanced fertilisation, liming and irrigation/drainage practices  Preventing the spreading of harmful organisms by hygiene measures (e.g. by regular cleansing of machinery and equipment)  Protection and enhancement of important beneficial organisms, e.g. by adequate plant  Protection measures or the utilisation of ecological infrastructures inside and outside production sites. Page | 24 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 2. Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools, where available. Such adequate tools should include observations in the field as well as scientifically sound warning, forecasting and early diagnosis systems, where feasible, as well as the use of advice from professionally qualified advisors. 3. Based on the results of the monitoring, the farmers in the LNIP have to decide whether and when to apply plant protection measures. Robust and scientifically sound threshold values are essential components for decision making. For harmful organisms, threshold levels defined for the region, specific areas, crops and particular climatic conditions must be taken into account before treatment, where feasible. 4. Sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods must be preferred to chemical methods if they provide satisfactory pest control. 5. The pesticides applied shall be as specific as possible for the target and shall have the least side effects on human health, non-target organisms and the environment. 6. The professional user should keep the use of pesticides and other forms of intervention to levels that are necessary, e.g. by reduced doses, reduced application frequency or partial applications, considering that the level of risk in vegetation is acceptable and they do not increase the risk for development of resistance in populations of harmful organisms. 7. Where the risk of resistance against a plant protection measure is known and where the level of harmful organisms requires repeated application of pesticides to the crops, available anti-resistance strategies should be applied to maintain the effectiveness of the products. This may include the use of multiple pesticides with different modes of action. 8. Based on the records on the use of pesticides and on the monitoring of harmful organisms, the professional user should check the success of the applied plant protection measures. 9. Ensuring that sub project investments under WSCRP use of available, suitable, and compatible methods which includes resistant varieties, cultural methods (planting time, intercropping and crop rotation), biological control, safe pesticides etc. to maintain pests below levels that cause economic damage and loss 10. Ensuring that sub project investments under WSCRP conserve the ecosystem to enhance and support natural enemies and pollinators 11. Ensuring that sub project investments under WSCRP integrate the pest management strategies in the farming system Page | 25 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 12. Ensuring that sub project investments under WSCRP conduct analysis based on pests and crop loss assessments The following key preconditions for an IPM approach which will be adopted by NIB in implementing the LNIP namely: a) Understanding of the ecological relationships within a farming system (crop, plant, pests organisms and factors influencing their development b) Understanding of economic factors within a production system (infestation: loss) Understanding of socio-cultural decision-making behavior of the farmers (traditional preferences, risk behavior) c) Involvement of the farmers in the analysis of the pest problems and their management d) Successive creation of a legislative and agricultural policy framework conducive to a sustainable IPM strategy (plant quarantine legislation, pesticides legislation, pesticide registration, price policy) Page | 26 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 5 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE IPMP This chapter outlines and highlights the relevant institutional and legal as well as policy framework in Kenya which has a direct bearing on the LNIP in regard to pesticide application. 5.1 The Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework 5.1.1 Environment Management and Coordination Act (No. 8 of 1999), EMCA This is an Act of Parliament providing for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. This Act is divided into 13 Parts, covering main areas of environmental concern as follows: Preliminary (I); General principles (II); Administration (III); Environmental planning (IV); Protection and Conservation of the Environment (V), Environmental impact assessments (EIA), audits and monitoring (VI); Environmental audit and monitoring (VII); Environmental quality standards (VIII); Environmental Restoration orders, Environmental Easements (IX); Inspection, analysis and records (IX); Inspection Analysis and Records (X); International Treaties, Conventions and Agreements (XI) National Environment Tribunal (XII); Environmental Offences (XIII). The Act provides for the setting up of the various ESIA Regulations and Guidelines which are discussed below: Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 state in Regulation 3 that “the Regulations should apply to all policies, plans, programmes, projects and activities specified in Part III and V of the Regulations� basically lists the guidelines of undertaking, submission and approval of the ESIA Reports a key requirement for projects that will use pesticides. An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been prepared for the LNIP and approved by the World Bank and NEMA. The ESIA report addresses pesticide related impacts on the environment and mitigation measures. Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006 These are described in Legal Notice No. 121 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 69 of September 2006. These Regulations apply to all categories of waste as provided in the Regulations. These include:  Industrial wastes;  Hazardous and toxic wastes;  Pesticides and toxic substances;  Biomedical wastes;  Radio-active substances. The LNIP will have to abide by these regulations in dealing with pesticide waste management especially the empty containers, sachets, obsolete pesticides etc. Page | 27 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Environmental Management and Coordination, (Water Quality) Regulations 2006 These are described in Legal Notice No. 120 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of September 2006. These regulations apply to drinking water, water used for agricultural purposes, water used for recreational purposes, water used for fisheries and wildlife and water used for any other purposes. This includes the following:  Protection of sources of water for domestic use;  Water for industrial use and effluent discharge;  Water for agricultural use. These regulations outline: a) Quality standards for sources of domestic water; b) Quality monitoring for sources of domestic water; c) Standards for effluent discharge into the environment; d) Monitoring guide for discharge into the environment; e) Standards for effluent discharge into public sewers; f) Monitoring for discharge of treated effluent into the environment. In fulfilling the requirements of the regulations the LNIP proponent will have to undertake monitoring of irrigation water and ensure compliance with the acceptable discharge standards in terms of pesticide use. 5.1.2 Chapter 324 – Plant Protection Act This Act makes a provision for the prevention of the introduction and spread of diseases that are destructive to plants. The most applicable parts of this Act to Integrated Pest Management are specified in Sec. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The act creates specific rules to support plant protection in various crops. These includes: Sugarcane (L.N.294/1962. Rule 3, Sch. 2), Maize and Sorghum (L.N.216/1956. Schedule (rr.7 and 8), Sisal (L.N.522/1957, L.N.365/1964, L.N.153/1958, L.N.177/1959, L.N.558/1960) and Banana (Cap.178 (1948), Sub. Leg. L.N.365/1964). 5.1.3 Chapter 326 – Seeds and Plants Variety Act This Act regulates transactions in seeds, including provision for the testing and certification of seeds; for the establishment of an index of names of plant varieties; to empower the imposition of restriction on the introduction of new varieties; to control the importation of seeds; to authorize measures to prevent injurious cross-pollination; to provide for the grant of proprietary rights to persons breeding or discovering new varieties. The Act includes subsidiary legislation on seeds and plant varieties (seeds) regulations, registration of seed growers, seed certification and seed importation and exportation. 5.1.4 Chapter 347 on Irrigation The Act makes regulations for the administration and day-to-day control of national irrigation schemes and standards of good husbandry and the control of pests and diseases in national irrigation schemes. Page | 28 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 5.1.5 Chapter 346: Pest Control Products Act This Act covers the use, application, importation and trade in pest products. It includes regulation on:  Prescribing for the purposes of this Act the nomenclature of pests, pest control products and classes and kinds of pests and pest control products;  Prescribing the form in which applications for registration shall be made and the information to be furnished therewith;  Respecting the registration of pest control products and establishments in which any pest control products are and led by manufacturers or dealers and prescribing the fees therefore, and respecting the procedures to be followed for the review of cases involving the refusal, suspension or cancellation of the registration of any such product or establishment;  Prescribing the form, composition, and all other standards relating to the safe use of pest control products, including toxic residue effects;  Respecting the manufacture or treatment of any pest control product to facilitate its recognition by change in colouration or other means;  Respecting the standards for efficacy and safety of any pest control product;  Respecting the manufacture, storage, distribution, display and use of any pest control product;  Respecting the packaging, labelling and advertising of pest control products;  Respecting the taking of samples and the making of analyses for the purposes and provisions of this Act;  Prescribing the information to be supplied and the form of such information in respect of any pest control product that is to be imported into Kenya; Chapter 325 - Suppression of Noxious Weeds The Act regulates declaration of plants as noxious weed (G.N.1721/1955, L.N.173/1960) and to eradicate it. The Local Authorities have powers under Cap. 265 (L.N.256/1963) to eradicate any noxious weed from land within its area and for compelling owners or occupiers of land to cause any such weed to be eradicated from their land, and for such purposes by-laws may appoint or provide for the appointment of inspectors. 5.2 Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies (SAGAs) Related to Pest Management There are several different institutions and stakeholders are involved in pest management in Kenya and directly or indirectly and influence adoption of IPM programs. These include: 5.2.1 Agricultural sector ministries The functions of various agricultural ministries are hinged on various policy documents, guidelines and institutional structures. Some of the services provided by the sector ministries include the provision of National direction on agriculture and livestock development, husbandry and management through Agricultural Policy and Services. The lead ministries are also instrumental in guaranteeing national food security through the National Food Policy. Many of the food security policies in Kenya are closely linked to Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRS) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Page | 29 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Both the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Livestock Development provide Extension Services to the lowest administrative levels in the country though it is constrained by various economic, human resource and geographical factors. Many extension services do not only include the development of these natural resources but a high level of pest management; even though, there are institutions charged with express mandate of crop and animal pest management in Kenya. 5.2.2 Agriculture Research, Finance and Marketing Institutions Various research institutions are involved in applied research in both crop and animal production. The main focus has been on high yielding varieties of crops and animals as well as development of early maturing and disease resistant varieties. Institutions of particular interest include: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya Sugar Research Foundation (KESREF), Coffee Research Foundation (CRF), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), and Kenya Seed Company (KSC). There are also government financial institutions that support farmers such as Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) and Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC). The key public institutions that support production and marketing are:- Nyayo Tea Zones Development Corporation (NTZDC), Kenya Sugar Board (KSB), Coffee Board of Kenya (CBK), National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB), Horticultural Crops Development Authority (HCDA). Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK), Tea Board of Kenya (TBK), Cotton Lint and Seed Marketing Board, Kenya Sisal Board (KSB), Kenya Forest Services (KFS). 5.2.3 Pest Management Institutions There are several public and private institutions that play a major role in pest management in Kenya. They include among others; - Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), Pest Control Products Board (PCPB) and National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Agro Chemical Association of Kenya (AAK). Several commercially oriented institutions, parastatals and companies have been created to address specific enterprises. These include sugar companies, agro-chemical industries, NGOs and farmer organizations (e.g., FPEAK, KENFAP, and Kenya Flower Council) There are international and regional institutions that are involved in pest management of crops and animals which includes;-  International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)  International Centre for Insect Physiology and Entomology(ICIPE)  International Potato Centre (CIP)  World Agro forestry Centre (ICRAF)  International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA)  International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)  International Institute of Tropical Agriculture  International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)  Desert Locust Control Organisation (DLCO) Page | 30 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 5.3 International Pest Management Requirements 5.3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) The Convention on Biological Diversity adopts a broad approach to conservation (Alistsi 2002). It requires Parties to the Convention to adopt national strategies, plans and programs for the conservation of biological diversity, and to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies. The proposed programme is expected to conserve biodiversity, especially the rare and endangered species in the project area and its environs. 5.3.2 World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management, OP 4.09 The Bank uses various means to assess pest management in the country and support integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides, economic and sector work, sectoral or project-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and adjustment or investment projects and components aimed specifically at supporting the adoption and use of IPM. In the Bank-financed agriculture operations, it advocates pest populations reduction through IPM approaches such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. 5.3.3 International Plant Protection Convention of FAO (1952) The IPPC is an international treaty to secure action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control. It is governed by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) which adopts International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs). Page | 31 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 6 KEY CROPS TARGETED UNDER LNIP This chapter described the key crops that are targeted under the LNIP and includes the proposed cropping patterns for the same and the criteria for the selection of these crops. Crop Selection Criteria The preliminary crop selection criteria for LNIP have been used considering the possible crops and the project and national objectives and are shown below:  Objectives of the project as stated in the Terms of Reference for this study and include: food security, creation of employment, income generation, raw materials and generation of foreign exchange;  National goals and objectives for Agricultural Rural Development in Kenya as stated in the Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (2004-2014). Some of these goals and objectives include food and nutrition security, income generation and employment creation;  Land suitability (climate, soils, topography) for cultivation of the various crops under irrigation;  Present level of agricultural performance in the project area and farmers’ familiarity with various crops. As such, current crop enterprises which farmers have experience on would be expanded;  Financial and economic returns to farmers and the project. High value crops would thus be grown to raise revenues large enough to encourage continued production as well as meeting the project’s operation and maintenance costs;  Market potential and market requirement;  A variety of crops for income diversification;  Crops of different families as required for rotations. Based on the above criteria the following are the proposed cropping calendar and cropping pattern for different areas in the scheme have been selected. Page | 32 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 4. Proposed scheme cropping calendar Bunyala year 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML Paddy 1943 Ha Maize Maize 162 Ha 162 Ha Pulses Pulse/oil crops 0.Ha 292 Ha Sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes 64.8 Ha 32 Ha Vegetables Vegetables 97.2 Ha 161 Ha Mangoes (162 Ha) Bananas (324 Ha) Passion (324 Ha) Paw paws (pure stand) (162 Ha) Paw paws (Intercrop)(65 Ha) Page | 33 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 5. Proposed scheme cropping calendar Bunyala year 4-8 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML Paddy 1943 Ha Maize Maize 162 Ha 324 Ha Pulses Pulse/oil crops 0Ha 486 Ha Sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes 65 ha 162 ha Vegetables Vegetables 97 Ha 486 Ha Mangoes (162 ha) Bananas (324 ha) Passion (324 ha) Paw paws (pure stand) (162 ha) Page | 34 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 6. Proposed scheme cropping calendar Siaya year 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML Maize Maize 40 Ha 161 Ha Pulses Pulse/oil crops 242 Ha 73 Ha Sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes 40 ha 8 ha Vegetables Vegetables 121 Ha 40 Ha Mangoes (40 ha) Bananas (81 ha) Passion (81 ha) Paw paws (pure stand) (40 ha) Paw paws (Intercrop)(16 ha) Page | 35 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 7. Proposed scheme cropping calendar Siaya year 4-8 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML E ML Maize Maize 161 Ha 81 Ha Pulses Pulse/oil crops 242 Ha 121 Ha Sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes 0 40 ha 40 ha Vegetables Vegetables 121 Ha 121 Ha Mangoes (40 ha) Bananas (81 ha) Passion (81 ha) Paw paws (pure stand) (40 ha) Page | 36 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 7 COMMON CROP PESTS/WEEDS LIKELY TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN LNIP This chapter described the common pests and weeds that attack the crops outlined in chapter 6 which will be grown in the LNIP and the tables 8 to 23 primarily outlines the pests, the damage caused by these pests and the control measures including chemical and non-chemical that the LNIP will adopt to ensure that the adverse impacts related to chemical pesticide application are minimized. About 25-35% loss in agricultural produce is caused by pests and diseases which can be controlled by use of pesticides. These pesticides kill or deter the destructive activity of the target organism and they posses’ inherent toxicities that endanger the health of the farmers, consumers and the environment. Table 8 . Maize Pests, Damages, and control measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Grass and broad leaf weeds (pre- Compete for water and Thorough land preparation, Metolachlor, emergent nutrients hand weeding, pre-emergent (Dual) control) spray if previous crop was Diuron weedy (Diurex) Grass and broad leaf Compete for water and Thorough land preparation, Diuron weeds (post-emergent nutrients hand weeding, post-emergent (Diurex) control) spray if previous crop was weedy Perennial weeds Compete for water and Pre-plant or pre-emergent spray Glyphosate acid nutrients or post plant weed wipe (Roundup) Soil insect pests (millipedes, Damage roots, cause Deep ploughing, insecticide Imidacloprid white grubs) plants to lodge seed treatment (Gaucho) Cutworms/ armyworms Sever seedlings, defoliate Early planting, deep ploughing, Carbaryl (Sevin) and reduce photosynthetic apply insecticide poisoned bait surface when larvae first seen in Area economic numbers Termites Attack roots and stems of Deep ploughing, dig out queen, Imidacloprid Pseudacan-thotermes young seedlings and grinding fish bones and placing (Gaucho) Macrotermes, mature plants, Plants dry meal underground to attract Microtermes lodge ants that reduce termites, Odontotermes insecticide seed treatment Aphids/ thrips Remove plant sap to Rainfall as physical control, Imidacloprid stunt the plant early planting can avoid (Gaucho) population build-up, fertility management to ensure Malathion tolerance, apply insecticide (Malathion) when 25% of plants (in silk or heads) Leafhopper vector of Transmits maize leaf Resistant/ tolerant variety maize leaf streak Cicadulina streak virus Leaf beetles Defoliation to decrease management, scout field edges, Carbaryl WP Photosynthesis Fertility apply if incidence of damage (Sevin) exceeds 30% plants African armyworm Occasional outbreaks Insecticide when necessary Carbaryl WP Spodoptera exempta occur to cause severe (Sevin) defoliation Stalk borers Tunnel stalks to inhibit Early planting, fertility Carbaryl Granules Chilo partellus Sesamia nutrient and water flow, management, insecticide at first (Sevin) calamistis feeding causes ears to sign of feeding injury, spot Page | 37 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Eldana saccharina break off treat infected plant and its Chlorpyrifos Busseola fusca neighbours only (not the whole (Dursban) field) Earworm Feed on grains in ear Early planting None Heliocoverpa armigera Damping off, seedling Cause seedling to Wither Certified seed, crop residue Thiram Blight Rhizoctonia thoroughly decomposed, purchased seeds come with a fungicide seed treatment Maize streak virus Reduce photosynthetic Resistant/ tolerant variety None area Intercrop Grey leaf spot Reduce photosynthetic Resistant/ tolerant variety None Cercospora zeaemaydis area Northern leaf blight Exserohilum Reduce photosynthetic Resistant/ tolerant variety None turcicum area Leaf rust Puccinia sp. Reduce photosynthetic Resistant/ tolerant variety None area Leaf blight Stenocarpella Reduce photosynthetic Resistant/ tolerant variety None macrospora area Downymildew Stunting, narrow leaves, Resistant/ tolerant variety None Perenoschleros-pora sorghi death Table 9. Rice Pests, Damages and Control Measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Weeds (grasses, Compete for nutrients Thorough land preparation, post- Propanil + sedges, emergence herbicide usage (at 2- thiobencarb (Rical broadleaves) leaf stage) preferably on moist or soil, followed by hand weeding Satunil 34%EC) African mole Remove roots Increase seeding rate, wood ash Cypermethrin Cricket Gryllotalpa (20 kg mixed with 30 kg seed) (Ambush CY) Termites Remove roots Increase seeding rate, wood Cypermethrin Macrotermes ash (20 kg mixed with 30 kg seed) (Ambush CY) Crazy ant Remove roots during Increase seeding rate, wood Cypermethrin first 15 d during ash (20 kg mixed with 30 (Ambush CY) drought period kg seed) Grape colaspis Larvae feed on roots Increase seeding rate Cypermethrin Beetle Colaspis brunnea destroying nutrient (Ambush CY 6% uptake and causing EC) seedling death Leaf miner fly Defoliates and Insecticide spray Cypermethrin removes (Ambush CY) photosynthetic area Stem borers Wilt tillers by Insecticide spray Cypermethrin Chilo partellus, tunnelling or wilt (Ambush CY) Sesamia, Busseola panicle Green grasshopper Causes unfilled grains Insecticide spray Cypermethrin (Ambush CY) Grasshopper Defoliates Hand collected as food Insecticide spray Cypermethrin (Ambush CY 6% EC) Stink bug Unfilled or damaged Insecticide spray Cypermethrin Nezara grains (Ambush CY 6% EC) Rice blast Removes Resistant variety Gold None Pyricularia oryzae photosynthetic tissue, infects grains Page | 38 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Smut Resistant variety Gold None Ustilago Infects grains Birds Swarm into crop at Family labor at the time of Repellent (Bird grain filling and grain filling stay in field to Shield)(3 remove grains scare off birds, trap cropping with applications maize or sorghum, bird repellent 5 days apart) Rats Cut tillers, feed on Remove brush and weedy grains areas that are nesting sites around field, rodenticide mixed with rice grain bait Table 10. Sweet Potato Pests, Damages and Control Measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Sweet potato weevils Larvae tunnel into the Select a planting site free of sweet Carbaryl (Sevin) Cylas brunneus, C. stems to block nutrient potato for a 1 km radius, select Puncticollis flow and eventually enter planting slips from the tips <30 cm Striped sweet potato the tubers destroying them from the ends, soak the slips in weevil Blosyrus sp. and rendering them insecticide unmarketable Butterfly Defoliation Early planting, hand picking, Carbaryl (Sevin) Acraea acerata Hornworms Defoliation Early planting, hand picking, Carbaryl (Sevin) Herse convolvuli Hippotion celerio Armyworm Defoliation Early planting, hand picking, Carbaryl (Sevin) Spodoptera Cutworm Feeds at the base of the Poison bait of rice bran Carbaryl(Sevin) Agrotis plant Whitefly Bemesia Removes plant sap, Tolerant/ resistant variety tabaci vectors virus disease Aphid Removes plant sap, Tolerant/ resistant variety vectors virus disease Millipedes Feed on the tubers Cutworm poisoned bait Carbaryl (Sevin) Rats Ratus Feed on tubers Clean culture Sweet potato virus Vectored by whitefly. Tolerant/ resistant varieties Chlorotic stunt Causes stunting of plant crinivirus Sweet potato virus Vectored by aphid Tolerant/ resistant varieties Feathery mottle potyvirus Alternaria disease Causes black lesions on the Tolerant/ resistant varieties stems and can kill the vines Table 11. Irish Potato Pests, Damages and Control Measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Weeds Compete with crop for Hand weeding Glyphosate nutrients Late blight Reduces photosynthesis Early planting, tolerant/resistant Mancozeb Phytophthora in leaves, eventually variety (Dithane M-45) infestans can cause death of plant fungicides, rotate chemical Metalaxyl + family to prevent resistance mancozeb (Ridomil MZ) Copper oxychloride (Cupravit) Sulfur (Thiovit) Propineb 58%+ Page | 39 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP cymoxanil 4.8% (Milraz) Bacterial wilt Constricts the base of Resistant variety Cruza, None Ralstonia solanacearum plant at ground level crop rotation, use organic matter blocking nutrient uptake causing death of plant Virus complex of Reduce photosynthesis, Rogue, control aphid vector with Dimethoate diseases (leaf roll) kill plant insecticide (Tafgor EC) Soap (Omo) Nematodes Reduce nutrient uptake Crop rotation, use organic matter None in roots Potato tuber moth Attack stored potato seed Insecticide dust Pirimiphos methyl (Actellic) Storage disease, seed Transmit late blight and Soak seed pieces in fungicide Mancozeb pieces wilt before storage and before (Dithane M-45) planting, construct storage area Metalaxyl + that is aerated mancozeb (Ridomil MZ) Aphids Remove plant sap Soap Dimethoate Dimethoate (Tafgor 40% EC) Cutworms Sever sprouts below Rice bran bait laced with carbaryl Carbaryl ground level (Sevin SP) Millipede Feed on the tubers Cutworm poisoned bait Carbaryl (Sevin SP) Snails Remove leaf area Molluscicide bait Metaldehyde pellets Table 12. Groundnut Pests, Damages and Control Measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Damping off Death of seedlings Crop rotation, fungicide Scerotium rolfsii seed treatment Bacterial wilt Death of plants Resistant/ tolerant variety Ralstonia solacearum Rosette virus disease Severe stunting, Early planting, close spacing, reduced pod density high plant density, rouging, Resistant/ tolerant variety Peanut clump virus Severe stunting, Resistant/ tolerant variety (PCV) Peanut mottle virus reduced pod density (PMV) Verticillium wilt V. Stunting, reduced pod Resistant/ tolerant variety dahliae density Cercospora leaf spot Reduces photosynthetic Tolerant variety Mancozeb Cercospora surface area Fungicide (Dithane M45 arachidicola Cercosporidium personatum Rust Puccinia Reduces photosynthetic Resistant/ tolerant variety Mancozeb (Dithane) arachidis surface area Pod rot Pythium Putrifies nuts in pods Fungicide seed treatment myriotylum, Fusarium solani Dry rot Putrifies nuts in pods Macrosphomina phaseolina Cowpea aphid Vector of rosette Resistant variety Aphis craccivora Thrips M. sjostedti Reduces flower formation Insecticide Sulfur (Thiovit) Thrips palmi Neem Caliothrips indicus Petroleum Oil Frankliniella schultzi Leaf miner Reduces photosynthetic Insecticide Neem Aproanema modicella surface area Methoxychlor Page | 40 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Millipedes Feed on pods and nuts 5 species underground Table 13. Soybeans Pests, Damages and Control Measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Nematodes Injures roots preventing Crop rotation, increase crop Meliodyne incognita nutrient uptake tolerance by good management and fertility Insect defoliators Removes Insecticide Carbaryl (Sevin) photosynthetic tissue Thrips Prevents flower and pod Insecticide Petroleum oil Megalurothrips formation Sulfur sjosetedti (Thiovit) Pod borers Reduces bean Insecticide Acephate (Lancer) Maruca production, reduces Heliocoverpa bean quality Stink bug Feeds on seed Insecticide Carbaryl (Sevin) Nezara viridula introducing fungi to degrade quality Soybean rust Reduces photosynthesis, Tolerant/resistant varieties Mancozeb (Dithane) Phakopsora kills leaves foliar fungicide Tebuconazole pachyrhizi (Folicur), Leaf spots Cercospora Reduces photosynthesis Tolerant/resistant varieties Mancozeb Dithane) foliar fungicide Table 14. Beans Pests, Damages and Control Measures (chemical and non-chemical) Pest Damage Control measure Pesticide Perennial grassy weeds Compete for nutrients Thorough land preparation, Glyphosate (Roundup) hand weeding, herbicide if weeds dense in previous crop Damping off, seedling Kill off seedlings Certified seed, crop residue blight thoroughly decomposed, Rhizoctonia fungicide seed treatment Cutworms Agrotis Larvae feed on roots and Early planting, deep plowing, Carbaryl (Sevin) segetum base of stem killing apply insecticide poisoned bait seedlings when larvae first seen in economic numbers. Beanfly Ophiomyia Larvae tunnel into leaves Hilling up, early planting, Imidacloprid (Gaucho) phaseoli and down Seed treatment on late petiole to the stem, cut plantings flow of nutrients Aphids Aphis fabae Remove plant sap, vector Early planting, fertility Liquid soap or OMO® virus disease management, insecticide if Summer petroleum oil > 20% plants infested and at least 1 in 10 plants heavily infested Thrips Megalurothrips Feed on developing Early planting, fertility Sulfur (Thiovit) Sjosetedti flowers to prevent management, inspect pod formation flowers and insecticide only when 10 seen/flower Defoliating worms Remove photosynthetic Early planting, fertility Carbaryl (Sevin) tissue management, insecticide Bt (Xentari) only if >30% leaf loss until flowering stage, during flowering stage treat when > 3 worms per plant seen Leaf beetles Remove photosynthetic Early planting, fertility Carbaryl (Sevin) Ootheca bennigseni tissue management, insecticide only Page | 41 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP if >30% leaf loss until flowering stage, during flowering stage treat when > 3 beetles per plant seen White fly Bemesia tabaci Remove plant sap Not economically important Pod borer Maruca Feed on developing Insecticide when 3 larvae/20 Acephate (Lancer) testulalis flowers and seeds plants Spinosad (Tracer) Bollworm Feed on flowers and young Insecticide Heliocoverpa armigera pods and seeds in pods Blister beetles Mylabris Feed on flowers Collect with nets when seen Seed bugs Nezara viridula Feed directly on seed, Insecticide when 2 bugs/20 Carbaryl (Sevin) Clavigralla introduce secondary plants tomentosicollis infestions C. horida Riptortus dentipes Anoplocnemis curvipes Bean common mosaic Reduce plant growth Resistant/ tolerant variety or necrosis potyvirus rouging (BCMNV) Floury leaf spot Reduce photosythentic Resistant/ tolerant variety or Mancozeb (Dithane M- Mycosphaerella areas rouging 45) Phaseoli Angular leaf spot Reduce photosythentic Resistant/ tolerant variety Phaseoisariopsis areas Griseola Bean rust Reduce photosythentic Resistant/ tolerant variety Mancozeb (Dithane M- Uromyces areas 45) Appendiculatus Powdery mildew Reduce photosythentic Resistant/ tolerant variety Mancozeb (Dithane M- areas 45) Benomyl (Benlate) White mold Ramularia Reduce photosythentic Resistant/ tolerant variety phaseoli areas Bacterial blight Cause whole plant to wilt Resistant/ tolerant variety Xanthomonas campestris pv. Phaseoli Fusarium wilt F. Cause whole plant Resistant/ tolerant variety oxysporum f.sp. to wilt phaseoli Rats Feed on stems Remove brushy areas Warfarin around the field, Ready-to-use bait Table 15. Crops and Diseases and Control Measures for Cabbages Disease Symptoms Control Black-rot This is a serious cabbage disease in Kenya and is Destroy infected crop residues Crop caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. It rotation with non-brassic as for at least can cause a total crop loss. Disease development is 2 years favoured by high humidity rainfall and high tempe- ratures (20-300C). Use of healthy seed seedlings Use of resistance or tolerant crop varieties Infection occurs at all stages and may cause dwarfing. At an early stage, yellowish brown dry Seed treatment with hot water (500C for leaf margins are observed in affected plants. If such 30 minutes) lesions are held against the light blackened veins are visible. When cut crosswise, affected stems have a characteristic black ring. In later stages, affected heads turn black and soft. in extreme cases, heading may be hindered or completely prevented. Infected cabbage heads rot to give a characteristic offensive Page | 42 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP odour. Black Leg This disease is caused by the seed-borne fungus Control is mainly through cultural prac- (Dry Rot Phoma lingam. The earliest visible sign of the tices hence, the need for observing Canker) disease appears as brown to black spots on the hygiene and good agricultural practices. seedlings while in the seed beds. Old spots are ashy grey and often have pustules on them. These includes: Crop rotation with other crops other than brassicas for at The stem has dark cankers extending below the soil least three years. level and kills the roots. The disease also affects seed pods Use of healthy seeds/seedlings Destruction of infected crop debris Ring Spot The disease is caused by the seed-borne fungus The disease is controlled by use of Mycosphaerella brasskola. The disease affects other chemical and cultural methods. These members of the cabbage family such as kales, includes: brussels sprouts, cauliflower. It is mainly spread by wind or compost made from infected e crop Crop rotation programme for at least residues. two years All aerial parts are affected. The symptoms of this Planting healthy seeds/seedlings disease appear as circular brown grey spots on the leaves which are often bordered by a green margin Chemical control - sprays with and with black-speckled, concentric zones. In stored dithiocarbamate fungicides or copper cabbage, the disease can penetrate deep into the based fungicides heats requiring trimming before marketing. Dark Leaf Spot The disease is caused by Altemaria brassicicola. As in ring spot above The disease is more severe under humid hot conditions. The fungus is seed- borne and is mainly spread through water, wind and infected farm implements Symptoms of the disease range from small necrotic spots on cotyledons to damping -off of seedling if the disease is severe. Mature attacked leaves shows circular brown to dark spots 1.2-2.0 cm in diameter. Old lesions/spots become black, coalesce and a hole is eventually formed. Leaves dry up if infection is severe. Downey Mildews The disease is caused by the fungus Peronospora The disease is controlled by both parasitica. The disease is severe at high elevations chemical and cultural practices through where conditions are cool and wet and is mainly the use of good agricultural practices. spread by wind, rain and overhead -soil Affected plants show fluffy fungal growth on the underside of These includes: produce brown to black upper surface. The Gum Crop rotation - at least two years with crop at the seedlings flap -other brassicas. non-brassicas Good nursery and field hygiene Control using Dithane M 45 at 2 table spoonfuls in a debe (20 litres) of water. This should be started immediately after seed germination. Bacterial sort rot The disease is caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. Crop rotation with legumes, cereals The bacteria has a wide host includes cruciferous, so Foliar sprays with copper based and liliaceous crops. The disease is soil-borne with a fungicides high temperate (32-330C) requirement for development. It is spread by rain splash on lower leaves very rapidly. The head become has a watery rot which develop an offensive smell. Bacterial leaf rot The disease occurs in most production areas and is The margin of the lesions is black with caused -bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv a slightly sunken centre. All the leaves maculicola. The optimum temperate development of eventually become yellow and dry. On 250C, hence they rarely occur in the lowlands. They stems and petioles, black spindle affect stems, leaves and petiole bacteria in seed- shaped or short linear lesions are borne and survives in soil for over a year. It is formed. Page | 43 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP spread by splash, wind and affects only vegetables. Symptoms first appear brown spots on the leaves. Crop rotation programme The spots coalesce to form irregular necrotic (blackish to brown to greyish brown) lesions. Destruction of infected crop debris Use of certified seeds Foliar spray using copper based fungicides Cabbage Yellows The disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium Crop rotation oxysporum f.sp. Conglutinans. It is soil-bone and occurs worldwide. The disease occurs at all stages of Destruction of infected crop debris crop growth and among the brassicas, it affects cabbage, cauliflower and turnips. The fungus Use of resistant varieties survives in the soil for a long time. In young plants, one side of the lower leaves becomes yellow. The yellow-spreads to the upper leaves which falls leaving only the corn leaves and the plant dies. On older plants, yellowing first appears on one side of the leaf veins which gradually spreads to the whole leaf which dries and falls. Infected leaves are malformed and bend to the yellowing side. In severely infected plants, only core leaves remain. Diamondback Moth These are pale green caterpillars whose first larval Currently, this insect pest is controlled (Plutella macull- eats the lower side of the leaving a transparent through chemical means but trials are penis) tissue. This is referred to as "windowing". The later going-on to establish biological control larval instar bore through the leaf making holes. of the pest. Under heavy infestation, the leaves appear skeletonized especially when the holes merge. - However; a single pesticide should not infestation in cabbages leads to taut of head be used continuously to minimise pest formation. However; developing heads are damaged resistance build-up. by late attacks. The adult is a small grew moth measuring 7-8 mm in length, and when its wings are Foliar sprays of Ambush, Malathion, folded the marks on the back form a diamond Thuridde (B.t), Karate and Regent 50% pattern and, hence, the common name diamondback EC are effective. moth. The female moth lives up to 20 days laying 60-150 eggs. Cabbage Aphids There are three different species of aphids which attack cabbage and other brassicas. Although the control methods are the same, their appearance and host range differs. These are: Cabbage Aphid The aphids are pale green lice like insects which are Control methods are mainly chemical (Brevkoryne covered with a light dust of mealy powder. They especially during dry weather when brass/cat CL) suck plant sap from the central part of the plant and infestation is heavy. Naturally, aphid near the base of leaves. This aphid can transmit over levels are kept low by natural predators viral disease in cruciferous vegetables such as ladybird beetles and parasitic wasps. Spray with Malathion at 40m1 per of water. Spray with Dimethoate (Rogor) 40% EC at 20 ml per 20 Its (debe) of water Other effective insecticides are Brigade, Ambush and Karate False Cabbage These are pale green aphids normally found Aphid (Lipphis mixed with colonies of the cabbage aphid but has no erysmi (Kalt,) mealy powder. This aphid is a minor pest of crucifers. Green Peach Aphid This is a tight green to yellowish or reddish aphid (Myzus persicae which is polyphagous and widespread. It is an (SuIz) important vector of several plant diseases. lt damages the crop through direct feeding which is shown by the distortion of leaves. Page | 44 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Cabbage Sawfly These are oily, black green caterpillars up to 2.5 cm As for Diamondback moth but other (Athalia spp.) long with a black head and more than six pairs of chemicals like Malathion and Diazinon legs. They eat the leaves often leaving only the mid- will help to control. rib. Cutworms These are grey to black caterpillars that feed at Control methods are based on chemical (Agrotis spp) night. They bite outthe side of the stem at ground means. These includes: level causing the plant to fall over, or may cut it off completely. They are often found hidden in the soil Dust lightly with 5% Malathion dust near the cut seedlings. around the plant after transplanting Dichlorphon (Dipterex) added to baits (e.g. Bran mixed with Sugar) Surface spray of pyrethroid insecticides will control cutworms just before seed- lings are transplanted. Oriental These are creamy white, brown striped caterpillars As in Diamondback moth. Cabbage worm of about 15 mm when fully grown. The head capsule (Hellula undalis) is black. The caterpillars’ feed, mining and boring on leaves, petioles, stalks, growing points and roots. Attacked leaves are spun together by a web of silk. Young plants frequently die after infestation, while older plants are entirely destroyed. Table 16. Green Peas Pest and Diseases and control measures Disease Symptoms Control Powdery Mildew The disease is caused by the fungus Erysiphe Early maturing varieties polygonii and is a serious disease in warm weather. The fungus is not soil-borne; hence, plant residues Foliar sprays using Triadimefon, can be incorporated into the soil. The disease can be Dinocap recognised by the white mycelia all over the plant. Pea Aphids These attack young vines and suck sap resulting to Foliar sprays using Dimethoate, (Marcrosiphum pisi) distorted growth. Dichionros American These caterpillars feed on flowers,buds, seeds and Strict crop rotation ballworms pods. Burning of crop residues (Heliothis armigera) Spraying using Endolsulfan, Cabaryl, Trichlophon Pea Weevil The pest is of importance in dry peas. The adult lays Insecticides (Brochus pisorum) eggs on pods and they hatch into larva which burrows into the seeds. Nematdes These attack the plants resulting to reduced growth Strict crop rotation (Meloidogyne ssp) and yields. The roots develop galls (root knots). Fallowing in dry weather Soil treatment using nematicides Table 17. Pest and Diseases for Kales Disease Symptoms Control Black rot This is a serious bacterial disease of sales in Kenya The control methods are mainly (Xanthomonas and can cause a total crop loss. Disease cultural and includes the following: camoestris) development is favoured by high humidity/rainfall and high temperatures (20-30oC). Infection Destruction of infected crop residues. ours at all stages for at least 2 years and may cause dwarfing. At an early stage, yellowish brown dry Crop rotation with non-brassicas leaf margins are observed in affect9d plants. If such Use of healthy seeds/seedlings varieties lesions are held against the light blackened Use of resistant or tolerant crop veins are visible. On the margins of mature leaves, Seed treatment with hot water 500C for the veins become distinctly black while in fusarium 30 minutes yellow, the veins are brown. When cut crosswise, affected stems have a characteristic black ring. Dry Rot Canker or This disease is caused by the seed-borne fungus Control is mainly through cultural Black Leg Phoma lingam. The earliest visible sign of the practices, hence, the need for observing (Phoma Lingam) disease appears as brown to black spots on the clean field hygiene. Page | 45 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP seedlings while in the seed beds. Old spots are ashy grey and often have pustules on them. The stem The practices includes: has dark cankers extending below soil level and kills Crop rotation with other crops than the roots. Affected plant parts wilt abruptly and die. brassicas for at least three years. The disease also affects seed pods. Use of healthy seed/seedlings Destruction of infected crop debris Ring Spot The disease is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella Destruction of infected plant debris (Mycosphaerella brassicola which is seedborne and affects other brassiocola) brassicas. The disease is mainly spread by wind or Crop rotation of at least two years. compost made from infected crop residues. All aerial parts of the plant are affected but usually, Use healthy planting materials order and lower foliage is most affected and premature defoliation can result. On leaves, circular The seed beds should be sited away brown grey spots of delimited, back-specked from mature plants concentric zones of up to 2cm are observed. On the stems and leaf midribs, the spots are oval or Chemical sprays using rectangular in shape. Dithiocarbamates or Benomyl. Use a wetter (at 4 times the recommended dose) since brassica leaves are waxy. Dark Leaf Spot The fungus is seed-borne and is spread by wind, As ring spot above. (Alternara spp) water or contaminated tools. The symptoms range from small necrotic spots on cotyledons or damping off of seedlings if the disease is severe. On mature leaves, attacked leaves show a circular brown to dark spots 1-2cm in diameter; Severely attacked leaves dry up. Downey Mildews The disease is caused by the fungus Peronospora The disease is controlled by both (Peronospora parasitica. The disease is severe at high elevations chemical and cultural practices through parasitica) where conditions are cool and wet and is mainly the use of good agricultural practices. spread by wind, rain and other mobile objects. These includes: Affected plants show fluffy fungal growth on the underside of leaves which later produce brown to Crop rotation - at least two years with black spots on the upper surface. non-brassicas Good nursery and field hygiene Chemical control using dithane M-45 at 2 tablespoonfuls in a debe (20 litres) of water; This should be started immediately after seed germination. White rust The disease is spread by wind or soil-borne spores A two year crop rotation on plant debris. Affected plants show white blister like pustules on leaves, stems, flowers and Destruction of infected plant debris sometimes, on seed pods. Diamondback These are pale green caterpillars whose first larval Currently, pest is controlled through Moth (Plutella instars eats the lower side of the leaf leaving a chemical means but there are on-going maculipenis) transparent tissue. This is referred to as trials to identify a suitable predator for "windowing". The later larval instars feed through biological control of the pest. the leaf making holes. Under heavy infestation, the leaves continuously to minimize pest resistance However a single pesticide should not appear skeletonized especially when the holes be used continuously to minimize pest merge. resistance build up foliar sprays of Ambush, malathion, thuricide (B.t) Early infestation in cabbages leads to failure of hed karate, regent 50% EC, endosulfan are damaged by late attacks, the adult is a small grey (thiodan 35% EC at 1.5 lts/ 600 lts of moth measuring 7-8 mm in length, and when its water per hectare, brigade at 1 lt/ha in wings are folded the marks on the back forms a 600 lts of water. Allow for 10 days pre- diamond pattern and hence the common name harvest interval. diamondback moth. Page | 46 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Carbaryl (sevin) 85% WP at 40gm (2 The female moth lives for 20 days and lays 60-150 tablespoonfuls) in a debe of water. eggs. Allow for 14 days pre-harvest interval. Cabbage These are black green caterpillars up to 2.5 cm As for diamondback moth but Carbaryl Sawfly long with a black head and more than six pairs of is more effective (Anthalia spp) legs. They eat the leaves often leaving only the mid- rib. Aphids There are three different species of aphids which attack cabbage and other brassicas. Although the control methods are the s-mi their appearance and host range differs. These are indicated below. Cabbage Aphid The aphids are pale greep lice like insects which are Control methods are mainly chemical (Brevicoryne covered with a light dust of mealy power; They suck especially during dry weather when brassicae L) plant sap from the central part of the plant and near infestation is heavy. the base of leaves. This aphid can transmit over 20 viral diseases in cruciferous vegetables. Naturally aphid levels are kept low by False Cabbage These are pale green aphids normally found mixed natural predators such as ladybird Aphid with colonies of the cabbage aphid but has no mealy beetles and parasitic wasps. (Lipaphis erysimi powder; This aphid is a minor pest of crucifers. Kalt.) Spray with Malathion at 40m1 per debe Green Peach This is a light green or yellowish green or reddish of water Aphid aphid which is polyphagous and widespread. It is an (Myzus persicae important vector of several plant diseases. It Dimethoate (Rogor) 40%EC at 20 ml (Sulz) damages the crop through direct feeding which is per debe of water shown by the distortion of leaves. Other effective insecticides includes Bflgade, Ambush and Karate Cutworms (Agrutis These are grey to black caterpillars approximately Dust lightly with 5% malathion dust Spp) 24 mm long that feed at night. They bite out the side around the plant after transplanting of the stem at ground level causing the plant t9 fall Dichlorphon (dipterex) added to baits over; or may cut it off completely. They are often (e.g. Bran mixed with Sugar) found hidden in the soil near the cut seedlings. Surface spray of pyrethroid insecticides just before transplanting seedlings Table 18. Tomatoes Pests and Diseases control measures Disease Symptoms Control Late Blight The fungus also affects potatoes, and at times, Spraying with Ridomil or Antracol. Start (Phytophthora brinjals. However, it has not been reported to spraying several days after emergence at infestans) affect capsicums. intervals of every 4 days in wet weather while in dry weather, spray once a It does not persist for very long in plant debris fortnight and can cause a total crop loss if not controlled. The disease occurs under cool and high humidity conditions especially in the wet season and spreads rapidly after the initial occurrence. It is characterised by rapid drying of leaves and brownish dry rot of fruit, often destroying the whole crop. Brown streaks or patches may appear on stems. Under damp conditions white mycelia appears on affected parts of the leaves, stems and petioles. Young fruits are very susceptible to the disease. The disease pathogens travels a considerable distance, hence, field sanitation is of little value. Early Blight In tomatoes, this disease is of economic Field sanitation (Alternaria solani) importance due to the reduction of yields and Crop rotation quality if infected tomatoes and is more serious Foliar sprays as for late blight during hot weather; It causes stem cankers on seedlings and small irregular dark brown spots on older leaves. As they enlarge, the spots often Page | 47 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP show a concentric pattern which distinguishes the spots from those of late blight. This results in partial defoliation of the crop. It also attacks fruits occasionally causing premature fruit drop and low quality fruits. The fungus usually survives on plant debris. Seedling infection usually originates from soils containing the infected debris and its spread is favoured by heavy rains or high humidity and temperatures about 250C. Septoria Leaf The disease is potentially very damaging and Sprays of benlate are effective Spot (Septoria occurs at all stages of the plant. It attacks other lycopersici) solanaceous plants and survives on plant debris Removal of solanaceous weeds and other weed hosts. Disease development is favoured by wet weather; The disease is Removal and/or deep burying of infected characterised by the presence of tiny brown plant debris black angular leaf spots on leaves and can be confused with early blight. The spots can Crop rotation increase to an extent of causing defoliation which then exposes fruits to sun scald. In severe attacks, lesions appear on stems and fruit stalks. Bacterial Canker This disease is one of the most important tomato No effective chemical control has been (Clavibacter diseases in Kenya. The disease in seed-borne found for bacterial canker; The control michiganensis) and its symptoms are not apparent until the methods are mainly based on good disease is well established in the field. It can agricultural practices and includes: reduce yields by up to 90% or more especially in determinate tomatoes which require pruning and Planting healthy certified seeds staking. The bacteria can survive in cracks on sticks used repeatedly for staking. The Crop rotation symptoms include the wilting and curling of the leaflets of the lower leaves. Dried, whole leaves Removal and burning infected plant debris curls upwards, turns brown, wither but still Disinfect pruning knife if pruning an remain attached to the stems. The stems may already affected crop split open and the pith is often discoloured. If affected stem is cut open lengthwise, a Planting resistant/tolerant varieties discoloured line is visible just inside the woody tissue and is easily separated from the wood Avoid over fertilizing the crop with along this line. If affected, young fruits show nitrogen slight discolouration of the vascular system, deformation and stunting of fruit and seed abortion. On mature fruits, "birds eye" spots are visible which distinguishes it from bacterial spot. The disease is favoured by high soil nitrate levels. Bacterial Wilt The disease causes wilting of tomato and potato Control is mainly by cultural practices. (Pseudomonas plants. In tomatoes, it is mainly seed borne. scalana cearum) These include: Strict crop rotation; Removal and burning infected plant debris; Planting certified seeds Furarium Wilt The disease is widespread in fields where Avoid continuous cropping on the same (Fusarium tomatoes have been grown continuously. The plot Oxysporium fungus affects only tomatoes and it survives in F SP lycopersici) infected plant debris and is also soil-borne. The Use of resistant varieties; Application of a disease development is favoured by high large quantity of lime; Soil fumigation with temperatures (280), low humidity and nutrient cloropicrin deficiencies. The early disease symptoms include yellowing and wilting of the lower leaves slightly drooping at high temperatures. Later, the upper leaves show yellowing and whole plants eventually dies. In affected plants, the vascular vessels in the stems appear brown. Page | 48 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP In cool conditions, however, the fungus affects the root area only causing tomato root rot wilt. Also, yellowing begins at the lower leaves and the disease develops slowly and only a few at the affected plants die. Browning of the vascular vessels is restricted to the stem near the soil level but roots show a severe browning and decay. Bacterial Spot The disease is seed-borne; hence, infection can Avoid infected fields (Xanthomonas start in the nursery. The disease is spread by rain vesicatora) splash or sprinkler irrigation. The disease attacks Foliar sprays using copper based foliage but is most conspicuous on fruits. fungicides Irregular, dark green spots appear on foliage which eventually dry and tissues often tears. In severe cases, defoliation may result and if flowers are affected, blossoms may drop. On fruits, the initial spot is very small and water soaked, and eventually enlarges and becomes slightly raised. Blossom End Rot This is one of the most well-known Application of CAN or any other physiological' diseases of tomato in Kenya as a fertilizer containing Calcium, Folia result of calcium deficiency. The early sign of spray with Calcium chloride at the disease is a water soaked spot near the 15 kg/1000L. Higher concentrations may blossom end of the fruit. This turns brown and damage foliage. enlarges to cover almost half of the fruits. The surface of the spot becomes dark and leathery, Liming calcium deficient soils but no soft rot develops unless the spot is invaded by bacteria or fungi. Low application of nitrogen to calcium deficient soils This disease is normally caused by: Too fast growth during the early stages followed by sudden drought especially if the fruits are too small. Excessive nitrogen and infrequent watering Calcium deficiency especially in young fruits. Root Knot These induce galls or swellings on the roots Chemical control methods for and Nematodes causing stunting of the plants eventual wilting. nernatodes are expensive, hence, control (Meloidogyne Spp) They are widely spread in all tomato growing methods are based on good agricultural areas. Heavy nematode infestation leads to loss practices such as;- of yields and poor quality tomatoes. A wide range of crop plants and weeds act as hosts. Crop rotation programme that includes cereals or other non-host plants Leaving the land fallow during dry weather Planting nematode free seedlings through application of furadan, mocap, or nemacur in the nursery. However, these persist for 6 to 7 weeks in the soil; Weeding as many weeds harbour nematodes. American The caterpillars bore into fruit and feed on the Spray with organo phosphates such as Boliworms inner part of the fruit releasing plenty of excreta Malathion, Lebaycid at 2 weeks before (Helico vera (frass) which is noticeable on damaged fruits. fruit set and then pyrethroids such as Armigera) The feeding holes by the caterpillars are an entry Ambush, Karate, Decis during and after point for bacteria and fungi which may result to fruit set especially during fruit set when the rotting of the attacked parts. The pest attacks a caterpillars are seen. wide range of crops including sweet pepper, tobacco, corn, sorghum but shows preference for Trap crops such as tasseling maize for ovi fruits and floral buds. positing adult females Page | 49 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Tobacco These are small, white, moth like flies which fly This pest is easily controlled by the same Whitefly from foliage when plants are disturbed. The chemicals used to control the American (Bemisia Tabaci) nymphs suck plant sap from the underside of the bollworm but spraying has to be done leaf. They transmit plant viruses such as cowpea thoroughly to cover the underside of the mild mottle virus (CMMV), cassava mosaic, leaves. Other insecticides used to control cotton leaf curl1 tobacco leaf curl and sweet white flies includes Dimethoate (Rogor), potato virus B. They also cause leaf distortion Sumithion or Brigade. and stunting if attack is very early and can be a serious problem especially in hot areas. The pest Resistant variety has a very wide host range including legumes, curcubits1 solanaceous plants and flowers. Affected fruits have abnormal colour of the pulp and poor taste. Red Spider Mite The minute, spider like animals are barely Mites are easily controlled by a foliar spray T: Cinnabarinus T visible with the naked eye and feed on sap from with the following:- Telarius T the underside of the leaves. They cause Lomardin) speckling and tarnishing of the leaves turning Brigade at 24m1/20L of water. A pre- yellowish to whitish. Severe infestation causes harvest interval of 7 days. stunted growth1 the leaves dries up and falls off, resulting to yields reduction. The problem is Dimethoate at 15ml/20 l of water;2 weeks more acute in dry areas or irrigated crops. The pre-harvest period should be observed. pest has a wide host range including wild and cultivated plants. Metasystox 15 ml/20 l and observe a pre- harvest period of 3 weeks. Keithane - Observe a pre-harvest period of 2 weeks Leaf Hoppers These are green to yellowish green, wedge Chemicals recommended for bollworms Empoasca Spp) shaped insects which jump off from foliage and white flies may be used to spray when disturbed. This is a minor pest in most against this pest. Others include lebaycid cases but in dry weather; numerous hoppers feed and holstathion both with a pre-harvest on leaves, leaving a mosaic of white specks and period of 2 weeks. stunted growth. They are possible vectors of virus diseases. Aphids These are plant lice that suck sap from leaves Spray with dimethoate 40% E.C at 15m 1 (Aphis causing leaf distortion especially during dry 20L water or fenitrothion 50% E.C at I Macrosiphium, spells. Aphids prefer young leaves, stems or Sml/20L of water. Aphids Gossypii) flowers. They are also important in transmitting virus diseases. The secretions of the aphids called honey dew are sugarly and cause sooty mould. Aphis gossypii vectors cucumber mosaic virus and soybean mosaic virus. Table 19. Onion Pests and Diseases control measures Disease Symptoms Control Onion Thrips These are brown insects found between the leaf Inspect the crop regularly and spray (Thrips tabaci) sheath and stem which causes silvery streaks on with marathon 50% M.L at the rate of leaves. The tip of affected leaves wither and die. 20 ml in 10 liters of water when the problem is detected. Repeat the dose after every 2 weeks when necessary do not spray within 3 days of harvest Disease Symptoms Control Purple Blotch This disease is caused by a fungus Alternaria porri. Routine spraying using Dithane M 45 Oval grey lesions with purple centres form on the at the rate of 2 table spoonful in 20 leaves causing leaf girdling and die back liters (a debe) of water. Ridomil or other thio-cabarmates. Plant resistant varieties such as red creole Cultural methods Page | 50 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Downey Mildew This is caused by a fungus Peronospora Destroy crop residue destructer. The leaves become pale brown. Practicing of crop Spray with copper fungicides such as rotation and necrotic. Dithane-m-45. Rust (Puccinia alli) Longitudinal postules first appear on leaves. Heavily Plant resistant varieties infected leaves turn yellow and die prematurely. Cultural method / Chemical Sprays Fusarium Rot Rotting of bulbs, yellowing and root wilting. Use certified seeds (Fusarium spp.) Pests The only pest known to attack onion is: Onion Thrips These are tiny brown insects found between the leaf Inspect the crop regularly and spray sheaths and stem which cause silvery streaks on with Malathion 50% M.L. at the rate of leaves. The tips of affected leaves wither and die. 1200 cc. in every 600 litres of water per hectare when the problem is detected. Repeat after every 2 weeks whenever necessary Caution: Do not spray within 3 days of harvest Table 20. Banana Pests and Diseases and control Banana weevil (Cosmopolites Practice crop rotation Intercropping with legume which reduce weevil movement sordidus) (Temnoschoita Sanitation/crop hygiene, Use healthy planting material (use a combination of corm delumbrata) paring and hot water (at 550C for 20 minutes or solarisation ) treatment, Sequential planting to avoid nematode infested areas Rational use of weevil trapping with using bate (split pseudostems or discs and corns), Use of repellent botanicals, such as Tephrosia, tobacco, Mexican marigold, Neem and Iboza multiflora, Improved soil fertility management and crop husbandry, Mulching, Deep planting to discourage egg-laying Application of high quantities of manure to improve soil fertility Harvest hygiene Ants Trapping Panama disease or Fusarium Grow banana cultivars with resistance to pest and disease wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense) Kiswahili name: Fallow or rotation Mnyauko panama Sanitation/crop hygiene, Planting of clean suckers Establish new crop on disease free sites Mulching, Application of high quantities of manure Destroy debris of wilted plants by burning Black and yellow sigatoka Resistant cultivars (Mycosphaerella Uproot and burn the affected parts fijiensis) Use of large quantities of farmyard manure Plant and field sanitation, Use disease free seeds Prune, remove suckers and weed frequently Avoid close spacing, Avoid transfer of seeds from affected areas to unaffected areas Burrowing nematodes, e.g. Improved farm management, including sequential replanting and soil fertility Pratylenchus goodeyi, Practice crop rotation Radophilus similis, Sanitation/crop hygiene; Farmer training in disease identification and control Meloidogyne spp. and measures; Use healthy planting material Establish new crop on disease free sites; Helichotylenchus multicintus Mulching to enhance beneficial soil organisms to suppress nematodes; Treatment of infested suckers with hot water; Application of high quantities of manure; Sterilise planting material through solarization and/or the hot water method as for weevil control Rodents Trapping by using local methods Cleanliness of the farm Table 21. Mangoes Pests and Diseases and control Fruit flies (Ceratitis spp) Harvest as much fruit as possible; sort out the edible fruit and bury all those that are infested, Apply chlorpyrifos when necessary, Use toxic bait sprays e.g. yeast products Page | 51 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP mixed with malathion or fenitrothion around the tree base, Removal of infested fruits and proper disposal (collect and bury at least 10 feet deep) Mango weevils (Sternochetus mangifera) Removal of infested fruits at least twice a week and proper disposal (collect and bury at least 10 feet deep), Selected less susceptible varieties , such as Ngowe, Boribo, Maintain field sanitation at the end of the season by clearing all seeds under the tree canopy Mango mealy bug Spray contact/systemic insecticides, Control of attendant ants to reduce spread of the pest Mango anthracnose (Colletratrichum gloesporiodes) Apply available registered fungicides, Proper pruning to reduce excessive and minimise disease build-up, Use the recommended post-harvesting treatment Powdery mildew (Oidium spp) Apply recommended fungicides Table 22. Citrus Pests and Diseases and control Scale Normally ants protect aphids against natural enemies Mealybugs (Planococus citri- Risso) Trees with dead brown leaves should be uprooted and replaced Aphids (Toxptera citricidus) Normally ants protect aphids against natural enemies False codling moth (Cryptophlebia leucotrata) Field sanitation (collect all fallen fruits and bury them at least 50 cm deep), Remove wild castor (“Mbarika�) around the orchard Orange dog (Pappilio demodercus) Regular scouting and hand picking of caterpillars, Apply contact insecticides in case of a severe attack The wooly white fly (Aleurothrixus flocossus) Biological control using imported parasitic wasps, Management of attendant ants to reduce spread and facilitate the efficacy of natural bio-control agents Black flies (Aleurocanthus sp) Management of attendant ants to reduce spread and facilitate the efficacy of natural bio-control agents Giant coreid bug (Anoplenemis curvipes) New pest but farmers are encouraged to introduce and enhance the activity of weaver ants (refer to cashew & coconut approach) Citrus leaf miner Crop sanitation and mulching, Apply recommended systemic insecticides when necessary Greening disease (Liberobacter africana) Propagation of disease free planting materials, Eliminate all infested trees, Strict quarantine measures, Natural enemies Hymenopterous chalcids such as Tetrastichus spp and Diaphorencytrus aligarhenses , Use clean planting material, Good plant nutrition Gummosis (Phytophthora spp) Budded at least 20cm from ground should be chosen, Cut infected trees, Affected orchards should not be excessively irrigated Tristeza (Virus localized in phlorm tissue) Use disease free budwood Green moulds (Pencillium italicum) Handle fruit carefully to reduce skin injury, Treat braches, graders, Use the recommended post harvesting Page | 52 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 23. Pineapples Pests and Diseases and control Mealybugs (Pseodococcus brevipes) Use clean planting materials, Trees with dead brown leaves should be uprooted and replaced Top and root rot (Phytophthora spp) Use well-drained soils from pineapple growing, Plant on raised beds at least 23 cm high after settling, Provide drainage system to get rid of excess water without causing soil erosion, Deep-trip down the slope before hilling if subsurface soil compaction is evident Rodents Rodents, particularly the multi-mammate shamba rat, (Mastomys natalensis), are major pests of food crops. The most affected crops are maize, millets, paddy and cassava. Maize is the most susceptible of all the crops. At the pre-harvest stage, maize is attacked at planting (the rodents retrieve sown seeds from the soil causing spatial germination). In some cases, as much as 100% of the seeds are destroyed, this forcing farmers to replant. Farmers in outbreak areas are strongly advised to do the following to reduce potential damage to crops and the environment:  Regular surveillance. The earlier the presence of rodents is observed, the cheaper and simpler any subsequent action will be and losses will remain negligible  Sanitation. It is much easier to notice the presence of rodents if the store is clean and tidy  Proofing i.e. making the store rat-proof in order to discourage rodents from entering  Trapping. Place the traps in strategic positions  Use recommended rodenticide. However, bait poisons should be used only if rats are present. In stores or buildings, use single-dose anticoagulant poisons, preferably as ready-made baits.  Encourage team approach for effectiveness. The larger the area managed or controlled with poison, the more effective the impact Birds (Quelea quelea spp) Birds are serious migratory pests of cereal crops, namely wheat, rice, sorghum and millet across the country. The quelea birds, which in Kenya occur are swarms ranging from thousands to a few millions, have been responsible for famines of varying proportions in some areas. Bird pest problems in agriculture have proved difficult to resolve due in large part to the behavioural versatility associated with flocking. The array of food choices available to birds is also complex, hence forth; necessary information is needed for successful control strategies. The total damaged per bird per day, if the bird is exclusively feeding on cereal crops, has been estimated at 8 g (Winkfield, 1989) and 10 g (Elloitt, 1989). Several techniques have been tried to reduce bird populations to levels where crop damage is minimal. Traditional methods, slings, bird scares, and scarecrows, are still being used in many parts. Modern techniques of frightening devices, chemical repellents, less preferred crop varieties and alternative cultural practices have been evaluated. Page | 53 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP All the methods have minimal value in situations where bird pressure is high and where habitation is likely to develop through repetitive repellent use and other methods, which may alleviate damage in small plots or in large fields for a short time. The aerial spraying of chemical (parathion and later fenitrothion) on nesting and roosting sites is the most widely used technique to date. Currently, only fenitrothion 60%ULV aerial formulation is being used. The pesticide is recommended to be used at the rate of 2.0l/ha. The concerns over possible human health problems and environmental damage resulting from the large-scale application of chemical pesticide for quelea control have led to a proposal for alternative non-lethal control strategy. Chemical pesticide applied for quelea control represent a risk for human, terrestrial, non-target fauna and aquatic ecosystems. The chemical pose risk by directly poisoning or by food contamination/depletion. Among the terrestrial non-target invertebrates, there are beneficial species. Some are responsible for organic matter cycling; others are predators, and parasitoids of crop pests. Some assure pollination of crops and wild plants, while others again produce honey and silk. The fact that non-target birds and, occasionally, other vertebrates may be killed by quelea control operations is well-established. The risk of human health problems and environmental damage can be mitigated considerably by development of integrated environmentally sound control strategies including Net-Catching. These methods will educate farmers become custodians of the environment. A new emphasis is the possibility of harvesting quelea for food. Since quelea is a good source of protein and preferred by many people. This method offers more rapid prospects for implementation which enable farmers to continue making their own decisions important for the control of quelea in their area. While present indications are that harvesting is probably not an option as a crop protection technique, it offers the possibility of providing income to rural populations in compensation for crop losses. In respect of quelea birds, FAO is currently encouraging the use of IPM approaches to the problem of bird attacks on cereal crops. This means working with farmers in examining all aspects of farming practice in relation to quelea damage, and seeking to minimize external inputs, especially pesticides. In includes modifying crop husbandry, planting time, week reduction, crop substitution, bird scaring, exclusion neeting, etc. and only using lethal control for birds directly threatening crops when the other methods have failed. It is also important for farmers to be aware of the costs of control using pesticides, and in the case of commercial farmers, for them to bear some or all of the costs. A major likely benefit of IPM is reduced environmental side-effects resulting from decreased pesticide use. Although some elements of IPM have been tried in bird pest management, a major effort has yet to be made, for quelea, to focus on farmers in all aspects of the problem. Page | 54 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Locust Locusts live and breed in numerous grassland plains, the best ecologically favourable ones are known as outbreak areas. During periods with favourable weather, locusts multiply rapidly and form large swarms which escape and may result into a plague. There are eight known locusts outbreak in East and Central Africa. The strategy for red locust control combines regular monitoring of breeding sites followed by aerial application of fenitrothion 96.8% ULV to eliminate potential threatening hopper populations. 7.1 Common Weeds in LNIP and Control Measures According to CABI's (2005) definition, a weed is a plant which grows where it is not wanted. In conventional agriculture all the plants germinating in the field, which are not specifically planted by the farmer, are often called weeds. This definition of weeds have led to "weeds" being rigorously weeded out or killed by herbicides as an integral part of what is currently known as conventional farming. Another definition is that a weed is a plant, the use of which has not yet been discovered. This definition fits in better with the natural law of Biodiversity, nature striving to create balances in vegetation/soil and fauna (creatures living off plants). Notorious (troublesome) weeds in the LNIP are are generally divided into two major categories:  Annual weeds (e.g. purple witch weed/Striga)  Perennial weeds (e.g. couch grass and sedges) 7.1.1 Annual weeds These are all the weeds germinating from seed along with every crop and going through a full lifecycle from germination to flowering to setting and dropping seeds in one season. All healthy top soils have myriads of different types of weed seed, and every time the soil is disturbed a new lot germinates, in order for the ground to keep itself covered. If we leave these weeds to grow unchecked, the crop we are trying to cultivate will not do well as there is too much competition. 7.1.2 Perennial weeds These are weeds with a root system that survives the dry seasons and stay alive for two or more seasons. If not controlled, perennials can completely crowd out crops in some cases by sending a dense network of underground roots and stolons in all directions. They are very difficult to control as the roots go deep and a very small piece of root or stem can regrow after weeding and create new networks. Perennials such as couch grass and sedges have a function though: they help the soil restore aeration and natural life in the patch of ground where they grow. They also protect the soil from soil erosion, being carried away by water or wind and the grasses provide fodder for livestock. . If these perennial weeds cover unproductive corners of the farm or steep hillsides they are not harmful, so far they do not invade the crop area. Management practices will depend on which type is predominant in the field. Page | 55 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 7.1.3 Control of annual weeds Many methods will be devised within the LNIP to combat annual weeds at an early stage to get optimum yield of food crops and include: 1. Digging or pulling the weeds and removing them from the field (in small gardens). The weeds can be composted. 2. Shallow cultivation at an early stage and leaving the weeds to dry on top of the soil either by hand or by animal or tractor mounted equipment. Tools include row cultivators, small grain seed spring harrows and hard brushes for row treatment. 3. Slashing weeds at ground level when 10 to 15 cm tall and definitely before flowering, then leaving them on the ground as mulch, reduces the weeding work substantially. It is much lighter work to slash than to dig with a hoe (jembe) and intervals between slashing can be longer than between traditional weeding/digging. This method can also be using either hand slashing or animal/tractor drawn equipment such as mowers or the knife rollers developed by Conservation agriculture studies in Kenya (IIRR 2005). 4. Planting of ground cover plants especially legumes to crowd out further "weed" germination. This not only provides ground cover but also enriches the soil, and will eliminate further weeding operations. The legumes will often continue growing after the main crop is harvested, providing soil protection until the next crop is planted. They can also become useful for feeding livestock or for incorporating into the soil as green manure. 5. Burning. Mechanised farming can choose between a variety of equipment for weed control by burning, both back pack types and tractor mounted equipment. This method will not improve soil fertility, but instead burn off badly needed humus in the top layer of the soil. 6. Herbicide spraying is not allowed in organic farming. This method uses various plant poisons to kill the weeds, all of which are harmful to natural systems and some of which can stay in the soil for a very long time and become part of the food we eat. There have been many examples in Kenya especially from flower companies renting land from small farmers, returning that land poisoned to an extent that attempts at selling export food crops from this land has been rejected from the export markets due to too high levels of herbicide contamination. 7.1.4 Control of perennial weeds in LNIP Perennial weeds in the LNIP will be controlled in the following manner namely;-  Ground covering of the legume plants and mulches. Leafy and other strongly growing legumes planted in weed infested land will both overpower the sedges and enrich the soil.  Solarisation. Covering weed infested land with black polythene after wetting it, and leaving for some days with hot sunshine, will completely eliminate any of the Page | 56 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP sedge species. However plastic is expensive, so if it cannot be afforded try the first option: ground cover with legumes.  Mulching-weeds have been successfully controlled with heavy mulching. Initially the weeds grow prolifically, but after a wet period they are easy to remove by careful hand pulling making sure the "nut" does not stay in the soil. This does not work on hard un-mulched soils.  Hand digging. Very careful hand digging with a knife ensuring all the little underground bulbs are removed can give a small reduction in oxalis populations (annual or perennial), but is very time consuming and bound to leave a few bulbs here and there which will waste no time in germinating. Tables 24-26 show the total inputs and costs required for selected crops that will be grown under the LNIP. These are calculations done by NIB and based on the demonstration/trial plots that they will establish in the project site to training the farmers. Table 24. Total inputs and costs for water melon cultivation in 0.125 acre plot Requirement 0.125 acre Water melon unit Rate /acre Area QTY required cost Total cost Seed kg 0.2 0.125 0.025 1800 45 Manure ton 2 0.125 0.25 2000 500 Fertilizer (planting) Bag 1 0.125 0.125 2500 312.5 Top dressing (NPK) Bag 1.5 0.125 0.1875 2500 468.75 Urea Bag 1 0.125 0.125 2000 250 Chemicals kg 5 0.125 0.625 1500 937.5 Land preparation acre 2500 0.125 312.5 0 312 Planting mds 8 0.125 1 250 250 Top dressing mds 5 0.125 0.625 250 156.25 Chemical spraying mds 6 0.125 0.75 250 187.5 weeding ( twice) 12 0.125 1.5 200 300 Irrigation mds 6 0.125 0.75 250 187.5 Fuel litres 4 0.125 3 115 345 Pump maintenance( 1% fuel cost( 3.45 Harvesting mds 4 0.5 2 250 500 4755.45 Table 25. Total inputs and costs for Green gram cultivation in 0.125 acre plot Requirement 0.125 acre for Green gram Rate qty Green gram unit /acre qty required cost TC Seed kg 30 0.125 3.75 100 375 Manure ton 2 0.125 0.25 2000 500 Fertilizer (planting) Bag 1 0.125 0.125 2500 312.5 Topdresing urea Bag 1 0.125 0.125 2500 312.5 Page | 57 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Chemicals kga 2 0.125 0.25 1500 375 Land preparation acre 2500 0.125 312.5 1 312.5 Planting Mds 6 0.125 0.75 200 150 Top dressing mds 2 0.125 0.25 200 50 Chemical spraying mds 6 0.125 0.75 200 150 weeding ( twice) 12 0.125 1.5 200 300 Irrigation mds 6 0.125 0.75 200 150 Fuel litres 4 0.125 3 200 600 Pump maintenace( 1% fuel cost) 6 Harvesting mds 6 0.125 0.75 200 150 3743.5 Therefore the cost for each 0.125 acre trial for water melon, tomatoes , green grams , ground nuts and kales can be considered to be ksh 5000 Table 26. Total inputs and costs for onion cultivation in 0.125 acre plot Requirement 0.125 acre for onion Onion unit Rate /acre qty qty required cost TC Seed kg 0.2 0.125 0.025 3000 75 Manure ton 2 0.125 0.25 2000 500 Fertilizer (planting) Bag 1 0.125 0.125 2500 312.5 Top dressing (NPK) Bag 1.5 0.125 0.1875 2500 468.75 Urea Bag 1 0.125 0.125 2000 250 Chemicals kga 5 0.125 0.625 1500 937.5 Land preparation acre 2500 0.125 312.5 1 312.5 Basin preparation Basin 1200 0.125 150 10 1500 Planting Basin 1200 0.125 150 50 7500 Top dressing mds 10 0.125 1.25 200 250 Chemical spraying mds 6 0.125 0.75 200 150 Weeding twice basin 1200 0.125 150 50 7500 Irrigation mds 6 0.125 0.75 200 150 Fuel litres 4 0.125 3 200 600 Pump maintenance( 1% fuel cost) 6 Hardening mds 4 0.125 0.5 200 100 Harvesting Basin 1200 0.125 150 40 6000 26612.25 7.1.5 Fertilizers Application of fertilisers is also going to be used for every cropping cycle and based on the current practise in Western Kenya Irrigation schemes the following fertilisers are applied for Rice as shown below and for maize and other upland crops: Page | 58 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 27. Fertiliser needed for Rice in LNIP per season Fertiliser Type/Name Quantity Per Acre Quantity for LNIP/Per Season Diammonium Phosphate 1 bag per acre (DAP) Sulphate of Ammonia 2 bags per acre Table 28. Fertiliser needed per season for Maize and other upland crops Fertiliser Type/Name Quantity Per Acre Quantity for LNIP/Per Season Diammonium Phosphate 1 bag per acre (DAP) Calcium Ammonium Nitrate 1 bags per acre (CAN) Urea 1 bags per acre 7.2 General Pesticides Agriculture Application Methods in LNIP The most common pesticide application methods in Kenya are spraying with liquid formulations and dusting with powders. Common spray equipment is either carried by hand or backpacks or mounted on a tractor or aircraft. Other pesticide delivery systems include seed dressings, baits, granules or liquid drenches applied to the soil, vaporization (outdoor fogging or indoor fumigation), and controlled release formulations. Liquid pesticides are also commonly sold as concentrates that need to be diluted. Mixing and loading are usually the most hazardous steps in pesticide handling. Inaccurate dilution can reduce pesticide effectiveness, increase residues or accelerate the development of pesticide resistance. Low-concentration granular, seed dressing, and bait formulations generally present lower levels of hazard to users and the environment, but they may be harmful to domestic animals and wildlife, particularly granivorous birds. Erroneous consumption of treated seed is a cause of human poisoning. Fumigation is used to protect farm products in stores and during transport. Use of fumigants at farm level can be facilitated by the availability of phosphide tablets that release toxic gas. Use of these tablets requires special equipment, air-tight storage containers, training, and post treatment caution. Fumigation also involves residue risks. Therefore, this option can present a serious hazard if users are untrained and poorly equipped, as often is the case. Air-tight storage of farm product may be a safer and cheaper alternative. Trapping techniques that combine pest attractants with pesticides can be a very efficient in controlling pests with very small quantities of pesticides. Such techniques also avoid residue problems, environmental contamination and exposure of non-target organisms. Spot applications, where pesticides are sprayed only on affected plants, are preferred over blanket applications, where the whole field is sprayed. Page | 59 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP The Lower Nzoia Irrigation Project will use all the described pesticide application techniques other than the use of aircrafts which cannot be afforded by the local farmers. 7.3 Pesticide Transportation and Storage in LNIP The Pest Control Products Board is a Statutory organization of Kenya Government established under an Act of parliament, the Pest Control Products Act, Cap 346, Laws of Kenya of 1982 to regulate the importation and exportation, manufacture, distribution and use of pest control products. All transportation of pesticides in the LNIP will conform to the guidelines developed by the PCPB. 7.3.1 Storage of Pesticides in LNIP The mandate of the Pest Control Products Board as prescribed in the Pest Control Products Act and also in line with its vision and mission statement includes the following activities: 1. Assessing suitability of premises used for manufacture/formulation, re-packing, storage and distribution of pest control products for purposes of licensing them for those functions. 2. Creating awareness of the general public on all aspects of safety, storage, handling, disposal and use of pest control products. Every year, the PCPB is mandated to inspect the licensed warehouses in the country to determine if they meet the requirements storage for pesticides. Majority of the warehouses that are inspected on annual basis do not meet the threshold recommended for best practise in warehouses for pesticide storage thus reinforcing the need for the WSCRP to ensure that when using pesticides, storage facilities used are vetted extensively to ensure that they comply. Pesticides that will be used by the LNIP will be procured by the farmers on their own and using their own resources through their farmer organizations. NIB does NOT fund such purchases but facilitates linkages for farmers’ organizations to access credit from organizations such as Equity Bank, Agricultural Finance Corporation for the same. Each farmers’ organisation in the LNIP will be required to construct or rehabilitate existing storage facilities for custody of the pesticides and fertilisers and the guidelines for PCPB shown below will be observed in each store. The pesticides and other farm inputs will be issued to farmers on a need basis as per the cropping program. National Irrigation Board will ensure that all farmer organisations have storage facilities that meet the criteria below as part of best practise in pesticide management. Similarly, the PCPB will undertake supervision and monitoring to ensure that the storage facilities used by the farmers in this project comply with the guidelines as outlined below. The PCBP guidelines on pesticide storage on the farm require that all farmers;-  Ensure the pesticide store is properly secured i.e. locked and out of reach of unauthorised people, children and animals.  Keep food and feed stuffs well away from pesticides. Page | 60 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  The store should be well sited to minimise deterioration due to climatic conditions.  The pesticide stocks should be properly managed - correctly placed, properly marked, upright, placed on intact shelves or pallets, appropriate height.  Proper stock controls: orderly stock arrangement, segregation of different pesticide types, “first-in, first-out� stock control, controlled receiving and issuing of stocks.  Regular store and stock inspections: checking if pesticide is still fit for use.  No re-packing on the farm should be done except in emergency, because of the dangers associated with unsuitable packing material and inadequate labelling.  Have emergency procedures for fires: avoid smoking; safe electrical systems; danger warning signs; fire fighting equipment - water, sand, fire extinguishers; equipment must have easy access; protective clothing; regular equipment checks.  Have emergency procedures for spills and leaks: sawdust-lime mix, sand, broom, spade, buckets or strong plastic bags.  Have emergency procedures and facilities for personnel contamination: protective clothing, showers. 7.3.2 Transportation of Pesticides The farmers in the LNIP currently source pesticides from local agro-vet shops individually as well as through their organizations (revolving funds & co-operatives) from the following institutions namely:  National Cereals & Produce Board (NCPB)  MEA Ltd  Farmchem  Bayer Ltd  Osho Ltd and other suppliers It is therefore not expected that the farmers will transport the pesticides over long distances and will only need to transport the pesticides from the local agro-vet shops to the farms. However, the PCPB has developed guidelines for the transportation of pesticides and these guidelines expressly disallow the transportation of pesticides near people, their belongings or food. The guidelines specify that where farmers have to collect pesticides from distributors such as retailers, the following guidelines should be followed: 1. Seal small containers in plastic bags: as an added precaution, any small containers should be sealed inside a strong plastic bag. 2. Do not carry pesticides inside the passenger compartment: pesticides should be placed on the back of the truck or boot of a car, in an outsize container, or in a trailer. 3. Inform drivers: drivers collecting pesticides must understand the danger of pesticides, what the containers hold and what to do in the case of an emergency. 4. Care in loading and unloading: special care must be taken during loading and unloading to prevent container damage and spills. Page | 61 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 5. Do not push containers off the back of the vehicle. Load in a controlled way - forklift truck, hoist or suitable ramp, such as planks and old tyres to stop containers at the ground. 6. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry spill equipment including, Lime- sawdust mix, sand, broom, spade, buckets These requirements will be followed by the distributors of pesticides and the local agro- vet shops will also be required to provide advice to farmers on transportation anytime they make purchases. Page | 62 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 8 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PEST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES This chapter analyses the potential positive (beneficial) and negative (adverse) socio- economic and environmental consequences of pesticides to be used in the LNIP. 8.1 Chemical Control Method Broadly defined, a pesticide is any agent used to kill or control any pest. Pests can be insects, rodents or birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, micro biocides, rodenticides and various other substances used to control pests. Pesticides are by their nature poisons, and their use entails a degree of risk to humans, birds, fish, bees, and other living things, as well as to the environment. To deal with and minimize these risks within bank funded projects, the bank has developed OP. 4.09 that require an examination of the proposed use of pesticides and the alternatives that are available, and the establishment of a framework to govern the choice of specific pesticides, as well as the manner in which they will be used. 8.1.1 Impact on Environment The use of pesticides in an effort to control pests, both introduced and indigenous, will lead to serious environmental and health effects. High levels of these chemicals become harmful to man and aquatic community as the chemicals are eventually washed as run offs to the water bodies. The use of pesticides becomes injurious particularly for example as evidenced by the spray drift if the spraying is not well done it affects non- target plants or animals. 8.1.1 Contamination of surface water courses and underground water Spills in water bodies (surface) are a key concern in pesticide procurement, transport, and application because it could not only lead to contamination of water routinely used for domestic purposes but because of the toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. Thus the primary concern for the LNIP will be the possible release of the pesticides into the existing water bodies especially the River Nzoia from accidental spills during the transportation of the pesticides, application of pesticides to seeds and crops, clean-up of PPE and used pesticide equipment (mixers), or the disposal of pesticide wastes (sachets, containers, packaging materials etc.). Contamination of underground water resources is also possible during the disposal of containers through leaching, burying, and accidental spills. In the context of seed treatment, the risks are likely to be insignificant, especially if the risk mitigation measures are utilized, because pesticide application will be moderate in quantity. Page | 63 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Mitigation Pesticide application should be done at the procurement level for certain seeds, i.e., most of the seeds will be treated with pesticides prior to purchase. Application of pesticides on the seeds by project personnel is expected to occur in a controlled environment in the seed storage locations, and minimal pesticide application on seeds at the field level is anticipated. However, bulk procurement of pesticides for treating seeds prior to storage carries the potential for surface and ground water pollution. Risks include pilferage and subsequent unauthorized usage, and poor siting of the pesticide stores that expose pesticides to floods and run-off, potentially winding up in surface and ground water sources. Other risks include inappropriate planting of seeds leading to consumption by birds or other animals (even possibly human consumption), and failure to respect the re-entry restriction interval after seeding. Application of pesticides on crops already planted is likely to cause a risk to surface and underground water resources, sensitive environments like wetlands and to inherent flora and fauna in the project area. In the LNIP, the Nzoia River Basin and the aquatic flora and fauna in the ecosystem as well as the Yala wetland are all at risk due to indiscriminate pesticide use and application and require utmost adoption of IPM approach to minimise the risk. 8.1.2 Contamination of surface water Pesticide application in LNIP is a risk to surface water sources specifically the River Nzoia and will be a threat to human health through the contamination of water that the general public depend on for domestic and industrial use. Surface water contamination is will also be a risk to the aquatic life forms (flora and fauna) all which inhabit River Nzoia and fragile Yala wetland. The main pathways for surface contamination will include blanket coverage to cover large areas that lead to unnecessary use, environmental contamination, impact on non- target organisms, and human exposure through the spray drift effect. Drainage or windblown dusts from agricultural/irrigated fields is also a typical source for contaminating surface water. 8.1.3 Impact on Health and safety It is understood that pesticide use can be dangerous to farmers, nearby exposed populations and the affected environment. It is estimated that there are almost 5 million cases of pesticide poisoning in developing countries each year. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are 3 million severe human pesticide poisonings in the world each year, with approximately 220,000 deaths. While developed countries use about 80 percent of the world's pesticides, they have less than half of this number of deaths. It is not known how many of these poisonings should be attributed to control measures against plant pests. The use of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides Page | 64 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP may lead to water pollution, given that water is used for drinking and other domestic purposes. In the LNIP concerns remain about farmers/worker exposure, residues on food and harm to domestic and non-target wild animals. Fish and invertebrates are also frequently vulnerable, especially aquatic arthropods. Stocks of obsolete pesticides may also become a serious health and environmental problem in many countries including Kenya. 8.1.4 Farmer/Worker/Human Exposure Pathway Throughout the pesticide application process, all farmers, applicators, including loaders, mixers, applicators, transporters in the LNIP will be at risk of un-intentional or deliberate exposure through accidents or poor and improper handling of the spray chemical. Worker exposure to the chemical could arise prior to and/or during the actual pesticide application phase of operations. Pre Application Exposure Pathway Preparing pesticide solutions will involve in some cases pouring and mixing the pesticide in cans or other equipment to ensure ample mix with the water or other soluble matters. The process of mixing the pesticide can lead to exposures via inhalation, dermal contact, and incidental ingestion, mostly from releases of pesticide vapors, and solutions. Vapor releases can occur when liquid concentrated emulsions are diluted. Workers can inhale the vapors or the particulates or be exposed through dermal contact. Spills could also pose significant risk, especially for children who ingest the resulting residues that are left on surfaces such as floors. Figure 2 below shows the possible modes of exposure during preparation of pesticides. Figure 2. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Preparation of Pesticide Process Accidental Release Media Exposure Pathway Receptor Mixing Air emissions Inhalation (dry) Worker Stirring Splashing Dermal Pouring Spillage Soil Ingestion Resident Application Exposure Pathway Inhalation of aerosol vapors during spraying is the main process for worker exposure during pesticide application. Farmers or pesticide handlers will be mainly exposed through dermal contact with sprayed surfaces/areas and incidental ingestion of pesticides. Leaky equipment can also lead to pesticide exposure through dermal contact and incidental ingestion by children who may come in contact with the spills before they are cleaned up. Page | 65 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Exposure during Disposal Disposal is a key issue in any intervention that utilizes pesticides, especially during the decontamination process and disposal of the liquid effluent that will arise from washing and progressive rinse. Both burying and dumping can lead to dermal exposure to residents who come in contact with the soil or water in which the pesticide was disposed. Ingestion exposure can occur from drinking contaminated surface water. Once the excess formulation gets into the soil, the pesticide can reach the groundwater, which may be used as a water supply via household wells. Residents may then be exposed to this contaminated water by ingestion or by dermal contact when it is used for cleaning or drinking purposes. Process Media Exposure Pathway Receptor Burying Groundwater Ingestion Soil Resident Dermal Rain event Dumping Surface water Figure 3. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Disposal of Pesticide Formulations 8.1.5 Impacts on Non-Target Organisms This section examines the potential effect of the pesticide on organisms other than the target pest (for example, the effect on bee colonies kept in the area). Non-target species of concern also include birds and fish. Pesticides are by their nature bio-poisons and whereas they are beneficial against pests (targets) their use may inadvertently harm other organisms (non-targets) leading to significant biodiversity losses. Loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems more vulnerable to changes in the environment, with lower genetic diversity and fewer species to support fundamental ecosystem functions such as pollination. All but the biologically based pesticides being recommended are broad spectrum in effect, thus will have negative impacts on beneficial arthropods in the case of insect and mite pests. Fungicides directed at plant diseases will reduce densities of beneficial pathogens that kill insects and mites as well as weeds. Insecticides can also kill herbivorous arthropods feeding on weeds. A number of crops are pollinated by bees that are not only sensitive when flying but also can carry contaminated pollen and nectar to the hive potentially killing off the whole colony. Rodenticide baits can also be eaten by domestic and wild animals with serious repercussions as they affect all mammals. This is why rodenticides are highly toxic to man. Ways of placing the bait in the field can minimize the negative effects. Page | 66 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Seed treatment pesticides are safer in the environment when covered by soil, thus the need for proper planting techniques. Seed treatments such as clothinidin if broadcast onto the soil constitute a significant hazard to birds that will feed on the treated seed, and therefore the seeds must be covered after dispersal. Broadcasting treated seed carelessly or in sub-optimal conditions has been shown to have the potential for disastrous effects on bee colonies. The hazard to non-target organisms is dependent upon a pesticide’s acute and chronic toxicity, and is also a function of the rate at which the pesticide breaks down (half-life) under various scenarios (aqueous or in-soil, UV exposure, etc.) in the environment. In addition, many pesticides break down to toxic daughter products that have their own half- life. Impacts to fish and other aquatic animals may be reduced through prevention of contamination to waterways and bodies. Care must be exercised with raw material, formulated product, wash waters, and used containers or other wastes. Properly located, constructed and maintained soak pits should be utilized for washing down PPE and application equipment in order to avoid runoff to water bodies. Choice of toxicity class III and IV pesticides will pose less danger than class I and II, which are not being recommended. The LNIP will use pesticides from the following classes namely; pyrethroids, carbamates or organophosphates. The potential pesticides’ toxicity details are discussed below and indicate known toxicity to fish and bees. Impacts to fish and other aquatic animals may be reduced through prevention of contamination to ponds, waterways, and drains with raw material, formulated product, wash waters, or used containers. Summary of Toxicity of pesticides to Avifauna, Aquatic life, mammals and insects by Class Likely to be used in LNIP;- Pyrethroids  All pyrethroids are highly toxic to bees and highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, except Deltamethrin which has low toxicity to other aquatic organisms.  Birds are least affected by bifenthrin (low to medium toxicity). All other pyrethroids have very low toxicity to birds.  Pyrethroids are highly toxic to mammals. bifenthrin, has low to medium toxicity.  In terms of persistency in the environment, only bifenthrin is persistent. The rest of the pyrethroids have low to medium persistency.  Bifenthrin does not accumulate in the environment. There is potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms for other pyrethroids. Carbamates  Carbamates are highly toxic to bees.  In addition to other aquatic organisms they are also highly toxic to mammals and birds. Acute symptoms of propoxur poisoning in birds include eye tearing, salivation, muscle in coordination, diarrhoea, and trembling. Depending on the type of bird, poisoning signs can appear within 5 minutes of Page | 67 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP exposure, with deaths occurring between 5 and 45 minutes, or overnight. On the other hand, this insecticide has very low toxic properties on fish.  In general, carbamates have low to medium indications for persistency in the environment and bioaccumulation in organisms Organophosphates  Organophosphates have different characteristics and impacts on different organisms depending on the type of insecticide.  Fenitrothion has low toxicity on mammals and fish and is not persistent in the environment. However it is highly toxic to bees, birds and other aquatic organisms, like crustaceans and aquatic insects and has a medium toxicity to aquatic worms. It has moderate to medium potential to bio accumulate in organisms.  Malathion is only highly toxic to bees. It has very low impacts on fish and other aquatic organism and has very low potential to persist in the environment or bio-accumulate in organisms. It shows low to medium toxicity on mammals and birds.  Pirimiphos-methyl is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms and has a high potential to persist in the environment. It has low to medium toxic effects on mammals and bees. It does not bio-accumulate in organisms. 8.1.6 Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and other organisms from pesticides: Indiscriminate application of pesticides is a threat to avifauna for example bird poisoning was witnessed in Bunyala, Ahero and Mwea irrigation scheme in June 2009 where witnesses say there was on going poisoning of birds using Furadan which is a restricted/banned pesticide. One of the pipeline sub project investments is going to be in Bunyala area. In Mwea and Ahero, the species of birds poisoned were the White-faced Whistling Ducks and Fulvous Whistling Ducks in addition to doves in Ahero. In all the sites the birds were intentionally poisoned for human consumption using pesticides. Table 29 below illustrates the degree of toxicity of selected pesticide classes to birdlife, aquatic life and bees, and includes the degree of persistence in the environment and potential for bio-accumulation. Table 29. Pesticide Toxicity Other Pesticide Mammal Bird Fish Aquatic Bee Persistence Bioaccumulate1 Pyrethroids Carbamates Organophosphates Source: IVM PEA 1 Bioaccumulation in the environment, not in mammalian bodies (mammalian detoxification produces different results). 2 Low toxicity, but high chronic or bioaccumulation effect on raptors, pelicans. Key Page | 68 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP High Toxicity  Medium to High Toxicity  Medium Toxicity  Low to Medium Toxicity  Low Toxicity  Data Not Found  Page | 69 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 9 MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CHEMICAL CROP PROTECTION MEASURES This section outlines the various measures proposed to mitigate against any of the potential adverse impacts likely to as a result of pesticide use in the LNIP. The primary mitigation measures include training in safe and judicious pesticide use and management; delivery of a mix of Information Education and Communication (IEC) approaches targeting the farmers, resident, pesticide operators and teams; provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training to farmers, and thorough and consistent supervision and monitoring. Also important are the identification of appropriate pesticide storage facilities and training and equipping health facilities with adequate exposure treatment drugs. 9.1 Use of Biological Pest Control Methods This IPMP proposes that the LNIP consider biological pest control methods as a first line approach for managing pests in order to minimise the adverse environmental and health risks caused by chemical pesticides. The biological control of pests and diseases entail the use of insects, bacteria or fungi on the host to eliminate the pest or disease. 9.1.1 Impact on Environment This is one of the known environmentally friendly control methods as compared to other control methods. Unlike other methods biological control is applied carefully and selectively and since no chemicals are used it has no adverse effect on the environment. In comparison to other methods it is cost effective since its application may entail community participation and can be integrated in other control methods. The only criticisms is that the control agents are slow in action and take a longer period to generate results and therefore cannot be used in emergency situations. The danger comes in when the host is eliminated if the pest is not host specific then they may attack other plants (crops) or insects and therefore create an imbalance in the ecosystem. The use of resistant clones in the control of diseases and adoption of a fast method of propagating plantings has numerous environmental benefits. For example providing a reliable supply of improved tree seedlings will have important benefits for the environment. By increasing and sustaining the supply of timber, pressure on forests will be reduced on natural forests, helping to preserve valuable natural biodiversity and rare habitats. The tissue culture technology also has the potential to increase biodiversity by replacing the stocks of rare and endangered tree species. The wider environmental benefits of increasing tree cover include improving soil stability, reducing erosion, preventing desertification and stabilizing global climate. 9.1.2 Impact on Health and safety Since no chemicals are used there are no dangers and thus the method is generally/fairly safe. Page | 70 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 9.2 Use of Mechanical Pest Control Methods This method involves the use of automated machines and may also be expensive depending what machines are used. For example inter-cultivation in is done using a tractor mounted inter-cultivator to control weeds in crops. 9.2.1 Impact on Environment This may be friendly or unfriendly to the environment depending on the operation carried out and the disposal technique of the weeds or the wastes. 9.2.2 Impact on Health and safety The wise operation of the machines and the supporting labour becomes important in the safety and handling. 9.3 Use of Manual method The manual control basically consists of the use of labour with simple implements/tools. The major concern is often the high cost involved. For example weeding is particularly expensive before the certain crops matures and covers the ground completely. 9.3.1 Impact on Environment It is friendly to the environment as there is no pollution of land, water or air when the method is applied. An example would be the control of mole rats using traps. 9.3.2 Impact on Health and safety The danger involved in the manual control includes the risk of bilharzias, snake bites, hippo or crocodile attacks, depending on which plant and where the operation is carried out. 9.4 Mitigation Measures for Chemical Pesticides 9.4.1 Measures to Reduce Exposure Risks during Pesticide Transport Prior to long-distance transport of the pesticides from the central storage facility to the LNIP project areas, drivers will be informed about general issues surrounding the pesticides and how to handle emergency situations (e.g. road accidents). Training for long-distance transport from the distributorship to the storage facilities will include the following information:  Purpose of the pesticides  Toxicity of the pesticides  Security issues, including implications of the pesticides getting into the public  Steps to take in case of an accident or emergency (according to FAO standards)  Combustibility and combustion by-products of insecticide  Handling vehicle contamination Page | 71 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 9.4.2 Mitigating Foetal Exposure All the potential female farmers expected to handle pesticides especially field application, should be tested for pregnancy before being engaged in the pesticide application process. Female persons found to be pregnant should be re-assigned to positions that require less exposure to pesticides. 9.4.3 Mitigating Pesticide Applicator Exposure Each farmer/operator handling pesticides (loaders, transporters, mixers, applicators) will be provided with the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and other safety equipment, in accordance with WHO and FAO specifications for pesticide handling. The farmers’ organisations will purchase PPEs for all the farmers. These PPEs will be replaced frequently whenever wear and tear is identified or reported. However, the respirators will be replaced every day after use. See Table 30 below for a reference guide to PPE.  Broad-rimmed hat/helmet  Face shield or goggles (face shield preferable)  Respirators-disposable and replaced on a daily basis  2 sets of cotton overalls per spray operator  Nitrile rubber, neoprene, PVC or butyl rubber gloves, without inside lining, long enough to cover forearm and replaced if torn or if wear and tear is noticed  Rubber boots Table 30. Protective Clothing and Equipment Guide Signal Words on Caution Warning Danger Pesticide Label Formulations Dry Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes and socks and socks; wide-brimmed and socks; wide-brimmed hat; gloves hat; gloves; cartridge or canister respirator if dust is in air or if precautionary statement on label says: “Poisonous or fatal if inhaled� Liquid Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; rubber and socks; wide-brimmed and socks; wide-brimmed boots, wide-brimmed hat; hat hat; rubber gloves. rubber gloves, goggles or Goggles if required by face shield. Canister label precautionary respirator if label’s statement; cartridge or precautionary statement canister respirator if label’s says: “Do not breathe precautionary statement vapors or spray mists� or says: “Do not breathe “Poisonous if inhaled� vapors or spray mists� or “Poisonous if inhaled� Liquid (when mixing) Long-legged trousers; Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt, rubber and socks; wide-brimmed and socks; wide-brimmed boots, wide-brimmed hat, hat; gloves; rubber apron hat; rubber gloves; goggles rubber gloves, goggles or or face shield; rubber face shield. Canister apron. Respirator if label’s respirator if label’s precautionary statement precautionary statement Page | 72 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP says: “Do not breathe says: “Do not breathe vapors or spray mist� or vapors or spray mists� or “Poisonous [or fatal or “Poisonous if inhaled� harmful] if inhaled� Liquid (when mixing the Long-legged trousers; Water-repellent, long- Waterproof suit, rubber most toxic concentrates) long-sleeved shirt; boots, legged trousers and long- gloves, and waterproof rubber gloves, waterproof sleeved shirt; rubber boots, hood or wide-brimmed hat. wide-brimmed hat rubber gloves, rubber apron; waterproof wide- brimmed hat; face shield; cartridge or canister respirator Farmers will be closely monitored for symptoms of acute pesticide exposure, because there will always be some level of exposure. In addition, work-day duration should be monitored to limit exposure as required by safety recommendations (Najera and Zaim, 2002). Monitoring and reporting of acute exposure of the pesticide applicators should be undertaken by reviewing Incident Report Forms (IRF) that are made available to every pesticide applicator. Any exposure incident should be normally recorded as a form of best practice, and guidelines established for the action to be taken, e.g., immediate treatment and/or referral to the health facilities for further treatment. In addition, IRFs will be reviewed by the Monitoring and Evaluation Officer for NIB as well as MOA to determine if corrective action is required. Similarly, human exposure will be monitored using the reported cases of exposure or those reported in the health centres. The individual or group farmers or those expected to handle pesticides will receive intensive training on the use, operation, calibration and repair of the sprayer and practical exercises prior to the beginning of the pesticide application. They will also receive training to understand proper hygiene, to recognize the signs and symptoms of poisoning, and to understand the referral procedure for any incidents involving poisoning. 9.4.4 Mitigating Pesticide Exposure through Treatment The following drugs are recommended for use in case of exposure to the pesticides. The NIB should reach out to Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation and ensure that all the health facilities around the project sites are stocked with these recommended drugs and that all the staff responsible receives training on emergency treatment to pesticide exposure. Table 31. Drugs Recommended for Treatment of exposure Name of drug Active ingredients Promethazine Promethazine Hydrocloride Panadol Paracetamol Diazepam Benzodiazapine/Diazapam Lorazepam Lorazepam Calamine cream Calamine, zinc oxide, glycerol, phenol, purified water, sodium citrate, betonite, Vit E Tocopherol, fragrance, mineral oil, deionized water, sodium hydroxide, stearic acid Hydrocortisone cream 1% hydrocortisone Page | 73 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Salbutamol Salbutamol 100 mcg, suspended inert aerosol Salbutamol tablets Salbutamol sulphate 4 mg Activated Charcoal Activated Charcoal All the pesticide applicators will receive detailed training on the emergency steps to take if accidental exposure of the chemical occurs through ingestion, eye or dermal contact with the chemical. This training will be conducted by NIB and in collaboration with existing health officers and will include of drills to test knowledge of the operators. The following are basic first aid procedure for which NIB is expected to train all the pesticide applicators on as part of handling pesticide poisoning. Follow the first aid instructions on the pesticide label. Take the pesticide can or label to the doctor or medical practitioner if seeking medical assistance. For poison on skin:  Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water  Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water  Dry victim and wrap in blanket For chemical burns:  Remove contaminated clothing  Wash with large amounts of running water  Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean soft cloth  Do NOT apply ointments, greases, powders or other medications to burn Poison in Eye:  Wash eye quickly but gently  Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water for 15 minutes or more  Do NOT use chemicals or medicines in the water; they may worsen the injury Inhaled Poison:  Carry victim to fresh air immediately  Open all windows and doors  Loosen tight clothing  Apply artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing or victim’s skin is grey or blue. If the victim is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment Poison in mouth or swallowed:  Rinse mouth with plenty of water.  Give victim large amounts (up to 1 litre) of milk or water to drink.  Induce vomiting only if the pesticide label instructs you to do so. 9.4.5 Mitigation Measures against Warehouse/Storage Exposure In order to mitigate risks associated with pesticide storage at the farm level, the following key points will serve as key mitigation steps: Page | 74 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded  All the storage facilities will be located away from nearby water courses, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals etc.  Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities  A trained storekeeper will be hired to manage each facility  Recommended pesticide stacking position and height in the warehouse as provided in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual will be followed  All the warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of fire outbreak  A fire extinguisher will be available in the storage facilities and all workers will be trained on how to use this device.  Warning notices will be placed outside of the store in the local language(s) with a skull and crossbones sign to caution against unauthorized entry  All pesticides will be used and any remnants will be stored under lock and key until the next round of application.  Application of First In/First Out (FIFO) approach in pesticide distribution will be practiced to avoid accumulation of expired pesticide Warehouse/Store Keeping Training All the store keepers and managers will be trained on sound store keeping practices and procedures in order to ensure that all the stock coming in and out of the storage facilities can be traced accordingly. This is a mechanism aimed at preventing pilferage of pesticides. The trainings will be organised through the auspices of the PCPB and Agrochemicals Association of Kenya. 9.4.6 Mitigating Exposure Impacts through Container Re-use Best practices emphasize that no matter how many times a container is cleaned; it should never be used to carry anything other than pesticides. Any container once used to contain potentially harmful chemicals should never be used to hold household items or food stuffs, especially water. There will be no container re-use and the LNIP will use the MOA on-going project of returning all containers to the distributor or MOA. An inventory of all pesticide containers will be undertaken every week by the farmers’ organisation and all farmers will be obliged and instructed to return all pesticide wastes and sachets to the stores as part of inventory process. 9.4.7 Disposal of Pesticide wastes and Containers Pest Control and Product Board of Kenya has developed guidelines focus on on-farm disposal of pesticide wastes and containers. They provide information on what Kenyan farmers should do in the management of pesticide wastes on the farm including containers. Pesticides and pesticide wastes are also a common phenomenon. The guidelines outline the sources of pesticide wastes as being: Sources of Pesticide Wastes  Caking due to poor methods of storage.  Unidentifiable products due to lack of label.  Banned products.  Expired products.  Pesticide spillages and leakages. Page | 75 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  Contaminated items (soils, clothing etc.).  Rinsate from pesticides applicators. Avoidance of Pesticide Wastes A number of preventive steps will be undertaken under the LNIP to avoid the difficult problems and costly solutions of pesticide waste disposal. These include the judicious purchase, collection, transport, storage and use of pesticides. Purchasing Pesticides When purchasing pesticides, the following precautions will be observed:  Only purchase what you need: calculate carefully the amount needed and try to avoid being left with a surplus. For example, do not buy a large container if only a small portion of its contents is likely to be used by the end of the season. 9.4.8 Public Awareness Campaigns Problems related to pesticides are mainly found in the rural areas in Kenya, since most pesticides are crop specific and therefore used in specific regions/zones. In addition the comparatively lower levels of education and hence understanding of risks posed by improper usage of pesticides. The MOA and other players in the pesticide industry will undertake awareness campaigns in the LNIP area using different mediums to sensitize the farmers on the risks of pesticides to the environment and human health and also steps on minimizing risks. Specifically, the agro-vet distributors will undertake awareness on minimizing pesticide wastes and measures to reduce their adverse impacts on the environment when farmers are purchasing the pesticides. 9.4.9 Supervision Supervisors will be necessary for ensuring quality control and overseeing pesticide application at the farm level. NIB will recruit supervisors (agronomist/crop protection specialists) who will observe applicators undertaking pesticide preparation, application technique, and clean up procedures after pesticide application. Scrupulous attention to personal hygiene is an essential component of the safe use of pesticides. For operators, safety precautions will depend largely on personal hygiene, including washing and changing clothes. A schedule for carrying out and supervising personal hygiene, regular washing of protective clothes and cleaning of equipment will be organized along the following lines (WHO 2006):  Pesticide applicants will be provided with sets of overalls to allow for daily changes.  Washing facilities with sufficient water and soap will be made available in the field at appropriate locations.  All working clothes must be removed at the end of each day’s operations and a shower or bath taken—in circumstances where a full-body shower or bath is not feasible, face/neck and hands must be washed with soap and water.  Working clothes must be washed regularly. Page | 76 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  Particular attention will be given to washing gloves, as wearing contaminated gloves can be more dangerous than not wearing gloves at all.  Eating, drinking and smoking during work will be strictly forbidden.  Pesticide applicators will never wash themselves, their overalls, or their PPE in any water bodies, or where wash water will drain to water bodies. 9.5 Pre and Post-Harvest Pest Control Seeds for planting will be procured by the farmers in the LNIP. These seeds require protection from pests that normally attack seeds known as storage pests. If seeds are attacked at storage prior to distribution to farmers for planting the sole aim of the LNIP which is to boost agricultural productivity and enhance food security and markets will not be realised. For that matter, seed protection will be extremely vital and in effect will require application of pesticides. After harvesting of crops, it is expected that seeds for the next planting season will be stored a situation that will certainly attract storage pests hence requiring the need to ensure pest control at this level. The control of the seeds pre-planting and after harvesting (post-harvest) and targeted for planting again will be both chemical and non- chemical. 9.6 Institutional Structures for Implementing LNIP/IPMP The proposed mitigation and monitoring measures require a clear and adequate institutional framework that will be used for each sub project investments where pesticides will be used. Mitigation and monitoring measures will occur at different levels and undertaken by different institutions as described below. 9.6.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation LNIP is owned by the Government of Kenya through the National Irrigation Board (NIB) who will be responsible for its operation and maintenance. MOWI shall be responsible for mobilization of financing from Ministry of Finance (MOF) for supporting the Value Chain component of the LNIP which includes purchase of inputs including pesticides, seedlings and fertilisers. 9.6.2 National Irrigation Board NIB is a functionally semi-autonomous parastatal under MOWI. It is the project implementing agency for LNIP. One of the key roles of NIB will be to ensure implementation of the IPMP. Other roles for NIB will include; 1. Training farmers organisation in pest application 2. Helping farmers to organise functional groups/cooperatives 3. Facilitating access to markets and farm inputs for farmers The National Irrigation Board is planning to establish a resource centre in the project site complete with demonstration plots where the farmers will be trained on the skills and ways of pesticide application among others. Page | 77 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Besides this, NIB will have overall responsibility of monitoring and evaluation of the pesticide management plan through a specific Project Implementation Unit (PIU) that will be established for this project. The NIB/LNIP/PIU will comprise a project manager; a deputy manager/irrigation agronomist; an irrigation engineer; a community development officer; and an agricultural marketing officer; accounting and procurement staff. As stages of the scheme are completed, further staff would join to manage operations. Specialist consultants will support the NIB/LNIP/PIU, including: an M&E consultant to collect data to transfer to NIB HQ, which will be responsible for overall project M&E; and an agronomist/specialist for implementation of the IPMP, working under the supervision of NIB HQ. 9.6.3 WSCRP/PMU The KWSCRP/PMU will collect all the information including those related to monitoring of this RAP and document. 9.6.4 Farmer Groups/Water Users Association The LNIP will use the already existing farmer groups and associations like Irrigation Water Users Association (IWUA) who are the project beneficiaries and already established in the Nzoia Basin to undertake monitoring for instance in observing the pests in the farms, identifying weeds, and reporting as part of the surveillance to inform what sort of control measure to adopt. The farmer groups and associations will be trained by NIB/MOA on surveillance and best management practises in pesticide application and use. 9.6.5 Ministry of Agriculture The MoA is the lead agency responsible for policy formulation and guidance on all agricultural related issue in Kenya. The MoA has a specific division for Crop Protection that advocates and promotes IPM including training and awareness as well as extension services to farmers. The MoA will play a vital role in offering the related pest management services following the IPM approach for the farmers in the LNIP. The District Agricultural Officers and Extension workers will be responsible for this aspect of the IPMP. 9.6.6 National Environment Management Authority National Environment Management Authority will ensure that there is enforcement including monitoring of the guidelines and regulations for waste disposal including pesticide wastes and will undertake this jointly with the PCPB. NEMA has County offices as well as district offices and will be best placed to ensure the monitoring of pesticide use as well as disposal of the same. Page | 78 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 10 INTEGRATED PESTICIDE MITIGATION & MONITORING PLAN The Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) presents a program by which will be used by LNIP to assure initial and on-going compliance with environmental requirements and guidelines for pesticide use. The plan also includes activities proposed for mitigating environmental and social impacts of pesticides. The sections below are summaries of the adverse impacts as well as mitigation measures proposed followed by a full plan that highlight the monitoring aspects. 10.1.1 Protective clothing not used by farmers Few farmers normally use even the bare minimum of appropriate pesticide protection clothing and equipment; Use of PPE by farmers is still a remote phenomenon in Kenya. Farmers in Kenya still generally mix chemicals (where the pesticide is most toxic) without rubber gloves, a bucket of water to wash off spills, or goggles and spray while walking through the spray path without rubber boots, goggles, rubber gloves, a plastic sheet between the sprayer and the back, and with only every-day clothing. This behavior is common with Kenyan farmers especially small scale farmers even though they generally believe that pesticides pose danger to their health. Recommendations The key danger times are during mixing and when walking through the spray path. Eye and feet protection are the greatest priority. Goggles, long pants, and rubber boots are most needed. The farmers will procure their own PPEs but the NIB will procure minimal PPE for use in demonstration on how to use the PPE when applying pesticides in the NIB’s resource centre. 10.1.2 Pesticide usage should be in the context of IPM programs Following this IPM approach for LNIP, the use of pesticides will be the last choice when all else fails. In addition the decision to use pesticide will be based on the presence of the pest and not on decision protocols such as action thresholds. Pest control recommendations include many non-pesticide practices and pesticide usage should also be seen as a last resort. Recommendations Monitoring programs has been developed along with action thresholds as methods to quantify pest abundance as a guideline to initiate pesticide usage for more crops. Pest control recommendations for LNIP include non-pesticide practices first and pesticide usage only as a last resort. 10.1.3 Pesticide disposal of containers and obsolete product needs to be strengthened There is concern that pesticide containers will be poorly disposed and probably scattered around fields or near farmers’ homes remain a key concern in the implementation of the LNIP. Unsound disposal and reuse of containers pose hazardous situations. If the containers are burned, products from burning can be more hazardous than the pesticide itself. Page | 79 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Recommendations Pesticide containers will be disposed following the PCBP guidelines for disposal of pesticides wastes and containers. The NIB will develop a robust Pesticide Waste Disposal Plan for use by the farmers in its areas of operations that will include the disposal of pesticide containers. The components of the waste disposal plan that NIB is expected to prepare will include the following;- a) Description all the crops that will be under the irrigation component of the sub project b) Description of the type of pests that are commonly associated with the crops to be grown under the sub project investment c) Description of the acceptable control methods (chemical and non-chemical) commonly used to control the pests d) Description of the chemical composition and toxicity of the selected pesticides used to control the pests e) Description of the wastes that will emanate from the pesticides used f) Description of the waste mitigation and disposal g) Description of the cost implication for management of the pesticide wastes h) Description of the responsibilities of stakeholders in disposal i) Monitoring and evaluation plan for the disposal measures including indicators 10.1.4 Rotate pesticide chemical groups to minimize pesticide resistance Repeated pesticide use presents risks for development of pesticide resistance where mortality rates decline. When this occurs it is often difficult to find substitutes. The danger is greatest in areas where year-round cultivation of vegetables, rice, or Irish potatoes occurs as will be the case in LNIP. Technicians/Agronomists in NIB will need to match pest abundance within a season with pesticide response for each location. Under heavy pest pressure and in the absence of genetically resistant varieties, repeated spraying often is necessary. As cross resistance is common, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, need to be rotated by chemical family to reduce the risk of pesticide resistance. Farmers need to have knowledge of the general families of pesticides for rotation must occur between families and not just brand names. Farmers generally do not know that different brand names are often the same chemical. Fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides such as glyphosate may require calendar-based schedules both to improve the degree of control as well as lower the risk of crop failure. Recommendations In order to work, a strict rotational schedule needs to be followed by all farmers in the LNIP area for each growing season. NIB/PIU agronomist will prepare a rotational schedule that will be followed by the farmers. Page | 80 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 10.1.5 Protecting biological reserves from pesticide incursion It has been observed that due to the pressure to expand agricultural lands, crops where pesticides are used are being grown along the borders of national parks, rivers, and other protected areas. Nearness of these fields poses hazards to the wild nature of these biodiversity centres. According to a study by Wildlife Direct in 2010, Kenyans are using furadan and other pesticides in hunting birds and fish for human consumption. This is not just about the dying birds, fish and other animals; it is a public health concern. Pesticide can enter protected areas by a number of means with drift posing the most imminent threat. As well, insecticides and fungicides bind with soil in the treated field upon contact from drift or washing off of plants. Herbicides, being more water soluble, have a history of leaching into underground aquifers particularly in sandy soils. They are carried downward by rainwater seeping into the soil. Farmers may improperly dispose of pesticide containers and rainwater can leach pesticides into groundwater. The same can be said when farmers wash their sprayers and throw rinsate onto the ground or worse directly into bodies of water. Recommendation Pesticide application will be avoided in biological reserves that are significant within the River Nzoia especially close to the Yala Wetland and instead biological or mechanical control of pests will be followed. The LNIP has also as part of its design included a series of buffer zones within the irrigation system to act as artificial sinks of pesticides and fertilisers and prevent eutrophication and contamination related impacts to the Yala wetland and Lake Victoria Basin. There will be no aerial application of pesticides which will or likely to increase contamination of the existing water resources. 10.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE INTERGATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (IPMP) Successful implementation of the agricultural related investments under LNIP in the project area will require regular monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken by the farmers. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess the build-up of IPM capacity in the Farmer Groups and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in agricultural production, and the economic benefits that farmers derive by adopting IPM. Indicators in the LNIP that will require regular monitoring and evaluation during the programme implementation include the following:   The IPM capacity building in membership of Farmer Groups: Number of farmers who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluation the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback  Numbers of Farmer Organizations that nominated members for IPM training; emphasize the number of women trained; assess Farmer Groups understanding of the importance of IPM for sustainable crop production Page | 81 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  Numbers of farmers who have adopted IPM practices as crop protection strategy in their crop production efforts; evaluate the rate of IPM adoption  In how many crop production systems is applied IPM? Are the numbers increased and at what rate  How has the adoption of IPM improved the production derive by adopting IPM  Economic benefits: increased in crop productivity due to adoption of IPM practices; increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM practices, compared with farmer conventional practices;  Social benefits: improvement in the health status of farmers  Numbers of IPM networks operational and types of activities undertaken  Extent to which pesticides are used for crop production  Efficiency of pesticide use and handling and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination  Levels of reduction of pesticide use and handling and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination  Number of IPM participatory research project completed  Influence of the results of IPM participatory research on implementation of IPM and crop production  Overall assessment of: activities that are going according to plans; activities that need improvements; and remedial actions required. The following indicators will be incorporated into a participatory monitoring and evaluation plan:  Types and number of participatory learning methods (PLM) delivered; category and number of extension agents and farmers trained and reached with each PLM; practical skills/techniques most frequently demanded by districts and farmers, and food, cash and horticultural crops and livestock management practices preferred by farmers.  Category and number of farmers who correctly apply the skills they had learnt; new management practices adopted by most farmers; types of farmer-innovations implemented; level of pest damage and losses; rate of adoption of IPM practices; impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance of farmers  Increase in food, cash and horticultural production systems/livestock production; increase in farm revenue; social benefits: e.g. improvement in the health status of farmers, reduction in pesticide purchase and use; and number of community families using preventive mechanisms against diseases. 10.2.1 Proposed Pests Monitoring and Evaluation Regime The participatory M&E system for IPM will also be enterprise-based so as to deal with a group of diseases and pests affecting any single crop. The approaches being proposed here therefore does not handle single pest to otherwise the issue of different agronomic practices for different crops would have to be taken into consideration. Since pest problem is an existing problem and a major constraint to several enterprises in Kenya, it is obvious that there are already existing pest management programmes within the country. In view of these efforts, it will be advisable to use the Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) approach. Page | 82 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Monitoring of pesticide use will also be vital in order to detect health and environmental impacts, and to provide advice on reducing risks. Depending on the circumstances, this may include monitoring of:  appropriate use of protective gear  incidence of poisoning  pesticide residues in food crops and drinking water  contamination of surface water and ground water  environmental impact (impact on non-target organisms, ranging from beneficial insects to wildlife)  efficacy The steps involved in participatory M&E should include:  Stakeholder Analysis and identification of M&E team  Setting up objectives and expectations for monitoring  Selection of Impacts to be monitored (Variables/Indicators)  Develop Indicator sheets  Develop and test the tools to be used in data collection (Usually Participatory Rural Appraisal tools are used)  Collect the data from as many sources of stakeholders as possible  Assessment of the data and discussion for a arranged on regular basis 10.2.2 Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) will be employed in the LNIP for continuous observation, systematic documentation and critical reflection of impacts of IPM, followed by corrective action (plan adjustments, strategy changes). It will be done by NIB/PIU staff and target groups, using self-generated survey results. 10.2.3 Integrated Pest Management Monitoring Framework The Participatory M&E Framework for the LNIP IPM will follow a feedback principle in which results or impact of any interventions can be traced to the activities/inputs. Either by using conventional pest management method or IPM, the feedback will allow for evaluation of the methods used and adjustment or incorporation of additional control methods. The results of the activities will form the basis of the factsheets to be used in monitoring. 10.2.4 Implementing Agency responsibilities The monitoring responsibilities of the IPMP will rest with NIB. NIB will undertake the following roles: - Ensure that IPMP monitoring systems are set up accordingly. - Facilitate the recruitment of an independent consulting firm to undertake external monitoring of the IPMP implementation - Refine monitoring indicator as per the circumstances. Page | 83 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). Pesticide Pre-Application Phase-Control of Pests Impact Mitigation Measure Monitoring Indicator Responsibility Accidental Spills of pesticides Ensure that the drivers identified to Number of Road Accidents and NIB/Ministry of Agriculture/ PCPB/Farmers during road transportation to haul the pesticides to the sites are well spills reported Groups warehouse and field application trained on the FAO standards and sites guidelines for the storage, transport Records showing Drivers (Human Health and and stock control for pesticides. Training Environmental impacts) Damaged packaging will not be accepted, and loads will be tied down to vehicle bed or side walls. Possible environmental Ensure the selected warehouse is sited Storage facility located outside NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/PCPB/ Farmers contamination (soil, water, away from a flood plain area, water of floodplain, away from nearby Groups biodiversity) caused by course, wells, schools, markets etc. schools, hospitals, water courses warehouse exposure due to poor siting of warehouses, pilferage Secure the selected warehouse and Storage facilities secured as per NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ Farmers or vermin attack of the stored apply all the guidelines for Storage the FAO Storage and Stock Groups/PCPB treated seed and pesticides and Stock Control manual by FAO. Control Manual before use. Accidental Fires and injuries in All warehouses must be equipped with Presence of fire fighting NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ Farmers the warehouses a fire extinguisher, thermometer, exit equipment, warning signs and at Groups/PCPB doors and warning signs, and proper least 3 exits access in the stacking position and height as warehouse stipulated in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual. All the workers handling pesticides or Availability of PPE to all the NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ Farmers other products and equipment in the workers. Groups/PCPB storage facilities must all have PPE including goggles, gloves, boots, overall, dust masks etc. Page | 84 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP All operators and store managers must Training in fire prevention and NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ Farmers be trained on how to operate the fire fighting Groups/PCPB extinguishers and what to do in case of fire outbreaks. Existence of an Emergency Develop an Emergency Response Plan Response Plan Pesticide Pilferage –including Ensure all the pesticide storage Presence of security personnel NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ Farmers pilferage of treated seeds from facilities are secure, with double locks, Double locked access doors Groups/PCPB storage facilities;; full time security and routine stock Adequate inventory and stock Potentially cause human and control audits conducted to determine control records environmental impacts related to stock quantities exposure Pesticide Application Phase Potential Impacts Mitigation Monitoring Impact/Issue Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Measure(s) Indicator(s) Foetal exposure caused Pregnancy tests to ensure Percentage female operators Once before application begin Ministry of Health/ NIB by using pregnant pregnant women are not on who took pregnancy tests and then after every 30 days for /Ministry of Agriculture/ Farmers female operators in the the teams that apply repeat purposes. Groups application of pesticides pesticides; prohibition of breastfeeding women on pesticide application teams Percentage female operators who indicated they were not breastfeeding Percentage of female Education of women operators who have signed regarding risk and consent forms presentation of consent forms Page | 85 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Reassign women operators Number of expectant females Periodically re-assignment as the NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ who become pregnant reassigned to storekeeping cases are identified Farmers Groups during the application to work etc. tasks that minimize Reported cases of pesticide occupational exposure to inhalation insecticides Operators, drivers and Provide PPEs to all the Record indicating training Training to be undertaken once NIB /Ministry of Agriculture/ storekeepers exposure workers, farmers and store has been conducted during the overall ToT Farmers Groups due to negligence or managers. Ability to respond as lack of PPEs, or un- Train on emergency required when exposure intentional exposure Daily monitoring of operators by procedures to take if incidents are encountered. caused by accidents team leaders to ensure full use of exposure occurs Availability of PPE for all PPE accidentally i.e. dermal, eye operators including store or ingestion emergencies. keepers, drivers Ensure that effective monitoring of operations diligently and take action to correct any non-compliance issues noted right away. Procurement of sprayers or application equipment manufactured according to WHO specifications; procurement and proper use of PPE by spray operators, team leaders and supervisors (cotton overalls, face shield, dust mask, broad-rimmed hat, rubber gloves, gum boots) procurement of PPE for wash persons. Page | 86 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking during work; Acute Effects of Ensuring treatment Availability of exposure Once before spraying begins and NIB /Ministry of Agriculture; Pesticide Exposure medicines for insecticide treatment medicine in the then periodically to check if the Ministry of Health/ Farmers exposure are available at the hospitals medicines are finished in the Groups County and District and health centers and if the first aid Percentage of treatment Village level. kits require replacement. medicines available at health facilities Ensure first Aid kits are available in the storage Availability of first aid kits facilities and the transport in storage facilities and hired vehicles vehicles Contamination of Create buffer zones in areas Presence of buffer zones in Daily monitoring during pesticide Contractor/ NIB/ Farmers biodiversity (water and where pesticide application critical areas application Groups/NEMA soil) from pesticide is close to critical Periodic sampling of water from releases during biodiversity natural water bodies to determine application Avoid over application of the presence of pesticide residue pesticides that could lead to increased run off Page | 87 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Pesticide Post Application Phase Impact Mitigation Measure Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Pilferage and Keep storage facilities up to Presence of a dedicated and trained Daily accounting of insecticide NIB, Ministry of Community Exposure, standards described in FAO storekeeper and tally of used sachets Agriculture/ Farmers Environmental Pesticide storage and stock Groups/NEMA Contamination from control manual; Storage of Insecticide stored separately any remaining all insecticides, empty Periodic monitoring of the pesticides not used packaging, barrels and tubs Stock records up-to-date warehouse to ensure that it does in storage facilities not have structural problems. Facility double-padlocked and guarded Facility physically secure Cases of theft or pilferage reported Operator exposure due Ensure all operators are Reported cases of operator exposure Whenever pesticides are applied NIB, Ministry of to lack of washing provided with PPE and Agriculture/ Farmers Soap and clean water available at all after spraying adequate water and soap for Groups/Ministry of Public times (previously mentioned) washing Health and Sanitation Exposure (human and Ensure that all the pesticide Availability of Pesticide Waste Routine collection (daily) of NIB, Ministry of animal) from Pesticide containers, sachets etc. are Disposal Plan pesticide containers from Agriculture/ Farmers Containers through re- treated as hazardous wastes farmers Groups/PCPB Strict inventory of all the pesticide use or poor disposal and hence disposed in an containers and sachets that must be Routine awareness creation environmentally sound returned to the NIB for custody campaigns manner including NO before disposal REUSE. Absence of pesticide containers used Ensure that all pesticide by residents containers and sachets are collected back from the Number of awareness and farmers in order to avoid sensitization campaigns conducted re-use or poor disposal by the program Page | 88 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Conduct training and awareness campaigns among farmers and residents on the hazards of re-using pesticide containers and sachets Exposure and Procure pesticides with Shelf life of pesticides procured NIB, Ministry of contamination from long shelf life preferably 2- Agriculture/ PCPB/ Farmers Comparison of quantity of stock Expired Pesticides 3 years to avoid expiration Groups procured and needs assessment Do not procure excess report pesticide stock that will eventually expire; Only procure pesticides that will be used based on quantification following a strict pesticide needs assessment. Page | 89 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 11 CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 11.1 Institutional Capacity for IPMF Implementation IPM is a knowledge intensive and interactive methodology. The need to accurately identify and diagnose pests and pest problems and understand ecosystem interactions could enable farmers with biological and ecological control opportunities and in making pragmatic pest control decisions. Thus the success of IPM depends largely on developing and sustaining institutional and human capacity to facilitate experiential learning for making informed decisions in integrating scientific and indigenous knowledge to solve specific problems. Poor communication between farmers, extension has often led to poorly-targeted research or to poor adoption of promising options generated by research. Capacity building will be achieved through farmer-based collaborative management mechanisms where all key stakeholders shall be regarded as equal partners. Beneficiary farmers shall be the principal actors facilitated by other actor such as from research institutes, academic institutions, sector ministries, NGOs, etc. as partners whose role will be to facilitate the process and provide technical direction and any other support necessary for the implementation of IPMPs. The major actors and partners will include the following: 11.1.1 Pesticide Distributors/Agro Vets In many cases, farmers' primary sources of information and advice on pest management and pesticide use are pesticide distributors or sales staff who represent a special interest and are not likely to advice on non-chemical alternatives or cultural techniques to prevent the pest problem in the first place. Training and information will be required for retailers/distributors involved in the sale or distribution of pesticides. 11.1.2 The programme beneficiary farmers: As the principal beneficiaries they will be organized into Farmer Groups for training and adoption of IPM practices. The farmers will be facilitated to set up Community IPM Action Committees to coordinate IPM activities in their areas. NIB will provide training on best practises in pesticide application to the farmers. 11.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture Has the national mandate in implementation of crop protection and pest management research. The extension staff from the MoA will build the capacities of farmers and in promoting IPM activities. These in turn will facilitate information sharing with Farmers Field Schools (FFS). 11.1.4 Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation The district hospital or clinics in the LNIP area will set up databases on incidence of data on poisoning, effect of pesticides on human health and environmental contamination. This data will then be used to measure and validate the ameliorating effects of IPM adoption and implementation that is expected to reduce risks to pesticides exposure. Page | 90 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Training of medical staff at rural health clinics in recognition and treatment of poisoning symptoms may be required alongside with the provision of antidotes. 11.1.5 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA): The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) will provide the oversight role of ensuring that the environment is protected from the adverse impacts associated with pesticide use and will ensure that the relevant related regulations are complied with. Other Partners in the LNIP will include the following: a) Research and training institutions: to formulate proposals for research and training programmes for the development of IPM protocols, and training modules for participating WSCRP- commodity IPM team and programme staff. b) c) Agriculture Service Providers and NGOs that are working on providing services to farmers and improving agricultural productivity, environmental management and rural health matters will be identified to provide services and technical support to the field implementation of IPM and other pilot PMP. 11.2 Technical Capacity Enhancement World Bank recognizes that safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries. In this regard, training of pesticide users and applicators will be a vital component of capacity building in the LNIP. The LNIP will, using the resources available from the WSCRP prepare a comprehensive training manual on pesticide use and management, targeting different actors within the program, ranging from extension service providers, actual farmers, loaders, mixers, transporters, government staff among others. The training manual or guides to be developed for use must be simplified and easy to understand and participatory in nature with in-built and demonstration/practical sessions as much as possible. The NIB will conduct extensive training programs for farmers, farmer leaders, extension workers, and stockists. These training programs should if possible be further amplified by training that is being undertaken by other institutions such as MOA, KARI, other NGOs, pesticide wholesalers, etc. For farmers, farmer leaders, and district extension workers, the training will be crop based with farmers being organized into groups led by a farmer leader. The method for training farmers and farmer leaders is the on-farm demonstration where farmer groups are led, step by step in growing the crop during the season from planting to harvest and increasingly into post-harvest activities and even marketing. NIB will establish a resource centre at the project site which will be complete with adequate demonstration field sites for the training of the farmers and other stakeholder. Page | 91 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP It will require that the NIB undertake periodic evaluations of the on-farm demonstration methods in terms of adoption surveys. An outside consultant with a background in agricultural extension theory and practice will also be engaged to make a review of the on-farm demonstration programs and make recommendations on improving training skills and conducting evaluations. The NIB will be obliged to focus on Farm Chemical Safety (FCS) and worker protection practices by creating awareness among farm workers about the potential hazards of misuse of farm chemicals through farm training programs and seminars. Key training and awareness creation topics will include but not limited to among others 1. Chemical knowledge: registration, correct use, application procedures and label specifications. This training includes an in-depth review of label information, as well as a discussion of chemical concentrations, application rates, equipment calibration and maintenance, application intervals, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals and demonstrations of proper equipment use. 2. Pest knowledge: farmers will be trained to recognize crop and animal pests and damaging threshold levels, as well as key cultural practices to promote seed health, and when pesticide use is necessary and appropriate. 3. Storage: proper storage of chemicals in relation to other structures on the property. The need for a separate, clearly marked and locked facility will be emphasized for exclusive storage of farm chemicals. Pesticides should be kept away from food for human or animal consumption or sources of drinking water. Pesticides should always be stored in their original containers. 4. Transport: safe transport of pesticides will be discussed (i.e. not using public transportation if possible, keeping chemicals in a closed environment, how to avoid punctures and torn bags, etc). 5. Worker protection: Types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why, and how they should be cared for. The basic PPE recommended for all pesticide applications includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants, shoes and socks. According to the toxicity and label directions of spinosad, chemical-resistant gloves, aprons, and masks may be required, and will be provided. 6. Safety practices: proper mixing techniques, the importance of reusing rinse water for mixing, and the importance of not contaminating water sources. The types of containers used in chemical preparation, their proper use, cleaning and storage will be addressed. Applicators will be taught not to eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides. Page | 92 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 7. First aid and medical facilities: first aid materials must be made available (soap, clean water and a towel) especially in case of spills. Participants will be taught to identify the primary symptoms of chemical exposure and what do to in an emergency. 8. Waste Management: how to clean up and safely dispose of any chemical not used. For liquids, empty containers will be rinsed 3 times, and emptied into the spray tank as part of the application mixture. When the product is used completely, chemical containers should be triple-rinsed and punctured before being buried. Containers should NEVER be reused. 9. Protection of drinking water: Training will emphasize the importance of protecting potable water sources and avoiding contamination of ground and surface waters. Participants will be trained to identify their drinking water source, and to keep all pesticides away from that source. Characteristics of the water source and mitigation measures to avoid contamination will be addressed. 10. Environmental safety: the importance of protecting natural resources and the proper use of pesticides to avoid environmental contamination and impacts on non-target organisms will be addressed. An additional training phase will be targeted towards women and children who may come into the production fields or who may be exposed to residues on the clothing of their spouses at home. Basic training materials in local languages, with illustrations will be developed for this purpose. Training for those exposed to treated seed may be somewhat limited in scope, but should include the following: 1. Wear the appropriate PPE! Do not allow pesticide-treated seed to contact skin, eyes, hair, or any other part of the body. Do not allow untrained or unprotected people in the field where seed is being distributed and planted. (Especially women, children, and other sensitive receptors). Wash the PPE and equipment immediately after use, and only at designated sites. Do not bring contaminated clothing home. 2. Follow label directions when handling treated seed. These products are potentially poisonous if mishandled or misused. Extreme caution must be used when handling treated seed: some are toxic, others may be irritating. 3. Ensure that any tools used to handle treated seed will not be used to handle grain for food or feed. 4. Treated seed may not be used for food or feed. Wherever possible, treated seed should be coloured to aid in recognition, and all those with access to seed should be trained not to eat it. Page | 93 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 11.3 IPMP Implementation Budget The estimated total cost for IPMP implementation is indicated below. The NIB will be responsible in the implementation of this IPMP and estimated costs for the various activities under this program will be built in the overall LNIP budget. The core activities will be as follows: Capacity Building Budget The cost of the capacity building component is 69,388,000 and will cover the following aspects of training as shown below and in table 32 below. 9. Conduct training and demonstrations on SRI 10. Conduct training on crop husbandry and integrated nutrient management 11. On Farm demonstration for vegetable, ground nut and green grams in six blocks ( 12 per year ) 12. Pumps and pipes and other accessories for the training 13. Development, production and maintenance of 10 acres of model farm 14. Farmers field day within the Model farm 15. Capacity building for 2 staff from NIB on short courses on agronomy & water management 16. Overseas tour on commercial farming (value chains)- 1 week - 2 NIB staff, 2 NIB Consultants, 2 farmers Cost of Pesticide Procurement and Seeds for Farmers in LNIP The cost of procurement of seed and pesticides Kenya Shillings 107,750,000.00 over the 7 year period and will be made available to the farmers through a revolving fund that will be established by NIB. Cost of Pesticides/Seeds/Fertilisers for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP The cost of pesticides and seeds and fertilisers for the nursery that NIB will establish in the project site and which will be used as a demonstration and field training site for the farmers is Kenya Shillings 8,950,000 as shown in table 34 below. Cost of Other Seedlings for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP The cost of additional seedlings for the nursery that NIB will establish in the project site and which will be used as a demonstration and field training site for the farmers is 67,000,000 as shown in table 35 below. Page | 94 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 32. Schedule on Capacity Building for farmers and Costs Activities Targe Cost per Total Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 ts training Conduct 10,000,000 0.00 2,500,000.00 2,500,000.0 2,500,000.0 2,500,000.0 0.00 0.00 training and 0 0 0 demonstration s on SRI 10,000,000 Conduct 84 100,000 8,400,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000. training on Traini crop ng husbandry and integrated nutrient management 8,400,000 On Farm 42 550,000 23,100,000 3,300,000 demonstration 3,300,000 3,300,000 3,300,000 3,300,000 3,300,000 3,300,000 for vegetable, ground nut and green grams in six blocks ( 12 per year ) 23,100,000 Pumps and 6 100,000 600,000 600,000 pipes and other accessories for the training 600,000.00 Development 2 acres Lump 1,800,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000.00 300,000 production of sum and banan maintenance as of 10 acres of ,mang model farm. oes ,passio n fruits pawpa w and vegeta 1,800,000 Page | 95 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP bles Farmers field 14 150,000 2,100,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000.00 300,000 300,000 day within the field Model farm days 2,100,000 Local study 800 10,000 8,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 tour for farmer farmers on s irrigated production and marketing 8,000,000 Capacity 2 40000 40,000 40,000 building for 2 80,000 staff from NIB on short courses on agronomy & water management 80,000.00 Overseas tour 6 1,500,00 9,000,000 4,500,000 on 0 commercial farming (value chains)- 1 week - 2 NIB staff, 2 NIB Consultants, 2 farmers 4,500,000 9,000,000 Sub-Total 4,800,000 63,080,000 7,700,000 9,640,000 14,140,000 14,100,000 7,600,000 5,100,000 63,080,000 Contingency - 10 % 6,308,000 770,000 964,000 1,414,000 1,410,000 760,000 510,000 480,000 6,308,000 Total 69,388,000 8,470,000 10,604,000 15,554,000 15,510,000 8,360,000 5,610,000 5,280,000 69,388,000 Page | 96 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Table 33. Cost of Pesticide Procurement and Seeds for Farmers in LNIP Items Item Units qty Price/unit Total Cost(ksh) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4,300,000.000 8,600,000 8,600,000 0 Procurement of farm inputs DAP bags 8600 2500 21,500,000 2,600,000.000 5,200,000 5,200,000 Fertilizer CAN bags 6500 2000 13,000,000 10,000,000.000 20,000,000 20,000,000 SA/ASN bags 20000 2500 50,000,000 450,000.000 900,000 900,000 NPK bags 900 2500 2,250,000 1,000,000.000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Seeds (Various) 5,000,000 Total 91,750,000.00 Table 34. Cost of Pesticides/Seeds/Fertilisers for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP Seeds Initial propagation may be Lump sum 250,000 250,000 250,000.00 from seeds for some crops- e.g. passion 125,000 Fertilizers Fertilization is important for 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000.00 (DAP,CAN,NPK) nutrient supply 500,000.00 900000 900000 900000 Farm yard manure Fertilization is important for 200,000 200,000 200,000.00 nutrient supply 100000 Agro-chemicals ( Control of diseases and 3,500,000 3,500,000 3,500,000.00 herbicides, pests is key for young pesticides, plants fungicides) 200000 660000 660000 660000 Total Costs 8,950,000 Table 35. Cost of Other Seedlings for Nursery/Demonstration Plots for LNIP Mango seedlings 40,000 100 4,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 4,000,000.00 1,000,000 Passion fruits seedlings 600,000 30 18,000,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 18,000,000.00 4,500,000 Banana seedlings 400,000 100 40,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 40,000,000.00 10,000,000 Pawpaw seedlings 500,000 10 5,000,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 1,250,000 5,000,000.00 Total Cost 67,000,000 Page | 97 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 12 REFERENCE 1. Government of Kenya Agriculture Act 2. Government of Kenya Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999 3. Government of Kenya Occupational Health and Safety Act 4. Government of Kenya Pesticide Control Product Act 5. Government of Kenya Public Health Act 6. Government of Kenya Water Act 2002 7. Kenya national profile to assess the chemicals management 2011 8. Project Documentation for WSCRP 9. World Bank Aide Memoire for WSCRP 10. World Bank OP 4.09 Page | 98 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 12.1 Annex 1: Questionnaire on Pest Management 1) Pest Control practices a) Do you use any pesticides to control pests (Insects, diseases, weeds) of crops? Yes__ Name of pesticide Name of pest, disease, weed Number of Times applied/season When did you apply (growth stage or month) controlled No__ Quantity purchased each season each season If No, WHY? If Yes, name them _________________________________________________________________ b) If you use any of the above pesticide types, do you keep records of the: Application location  Yes………….  No …………. Date of application  Yes………….  No …………. Pesticide product trade name  Yes………….  No …………. Operator name  Yes………….  No …………. If No, WHY? c) How do you decide when to use the pesticides (tick all that apply)?  We use pesticides at regular intervals throughout the season (calendar) Page | 99 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  We use pesticides when we see pests in the field (control)  We use pesticides after field sampling and finding a certain number of pests or a certain level of damage scouting  Told by someone to apply (specify who)_______________________   Other (specify)_________________________________________________ d) Do you use a knapsack sprayer? Yes___ No ___  If yes, do you own it Yes___ No ___  Do you rent it Yes___ No ___  Do you borrow it Yes___ No ___ e) From your experience, are there any negative/harmful effects of using pesticides? Yes………. No …………. f) If yes, list the negative effects: 1. ……………………………………………………………… 2................................................................................................. 3. ……………………………………………………………… 4. ……………………………………………………………… 5. ……………………………………………………………… g) Do you use any kind of protective clothing while applying or handling pesticides? Yes _____ No ______. Why? ____________________________________________ h) If YES, what kind? ___________________________________________________ 2. Knowledge of pesticide handling and storage (tick one in each row) a) Do you read labels on the pesticide container before using?  Sometimes___  Always___ Page | 100 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  Never___ b) How often do you wear protective clothing and other accessories like nasal mask, eye goggles, and boots when applying the pesticides?  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ c) Do you mix pesticides with your hands?  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ d) Do you observe the pre-harvest waiting periods after applying the pesticides?  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ e) After spraying, do you wait 12 hours before entering the field?  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ f) Do you store pesticides in a secure, sound and well-ventilated location?  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ g) Do you make a cocktail before applying the pesticides? (i.e., mix more than one chemical and apply them at once?)  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ h) Where do you store your pesticides? ______________________________________ Why do you store them there? Page | 101 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP _____________________________________________ i) What do you do with your pesticide containers after they are empty? _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ j) Do you know of any beneficial insects (insects that eat harmful insects)?  Yes………….  No …………. k) If yes, name them: i) _______________________ ii) _______________________ iii) _______________________ 3. Pesticides and Health a) Do you find that pesticide application is affecting the health of? Persons regularly applying pesticides  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ Persons working in fields sprayed with pesticides  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ Persons harvesting the produce  Sometimes___  Always___  Never ___ 4. Options to Pesticides a) From your experience, are you aware of other methods for controlling insects diseases and/or weeds besides pesticides? Yes……….. No ………… Page | 102 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP b) If yes, describe these practices: i) ________________________________________________________________ ii) _______________________________________________________________ iii) _______________________________________________________________ iv) _______________________________________________________________ 5. Information a) What information do you think you need for improving your crop production and marketing? ________________________________________________________________ 6. Training a) Have you ever received any training on any of the following topics related to crop production? Integrated Pest Management  Yes………….  No ………….  No. of times/past yr. …………. Pesticide Usage  Yes………….  No ………….  No. of times/past yr. …………. Pesticide Safety  Yes………….  No ………….  No. of times/past yr. …………. Insect Identification  Yes………….  No ………….  No. of times/past yr. …………. Disease Identification  Yes…………. Page | 103 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP  No ………….  No. of times/past yr. …………. Quality aspects of production  Yes………….  No ………….  No. of times/past yr.…………. 7) Is there anything else that you want us to know about your crop production? _______________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time Page | 104 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP 12.2 Annex 2: Banned Pesticides in Kenya Below shows the list of agrochemicals that are banned or restricted in the country. Banned Pesticides in Kenya BANNED PESTICIDES IN KENYA Common name Use Date Banned 1. 2,4,5 T (2,4,5 – Trichloro- Herbicide 1986 phenoxybutyric acid) 2. Chlordane Insecticide 1986 3. Chlordimeform Insecticide 1986 4. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl Agriculture 1986 Trichloroethane) 5. Dibromochloropropane Soil Fumigant 1986 6. Endrin Insecticide 1986 7. Ethylene dibromide Soil Fumigant 1986 8. Heptachlor Insecticide 1986 9. Toxaphene (Camphechlor) Insecticide 1986 10. 5 Isomers of Hexachlorocyclo- Fungicide 1986 hexane (HCH) 11. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide ; All formulations banned except for capsule 1988 suspensions 12. Methyl Parathion Insecticide ; All formulations banned except for capsule 1988 suspensions 13. Captafol Fungicide 1989 14. Aldrin Insecticide 2004 15. Benomyl, Carbofuran, Thiram Dustable powder formulations containing a combination 2004 combinations of Benomyl above 7%, Carbofuran above 10% and Thiram above 15% 16. Binapacryl Miticide/Fumigant 2004 17. Chlorobenzilate Miticide 2004 18. Dieldrin Insecticide 2004 19. Dinoseb and Dinoseb salts Herbicide 2004 20. DNOC and its salts (such as Insecticide, Fungicide, Herbicide 2004 Ammonium Salt, Potassium salt & Sodium Salt) 21. Ethylene Dichloride Fumigant 2004 22. Ethylene Oxide Fumigant 2004 23. Fluoroacetamide Rodenticide 2004 24. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Fungicide 2004 25. Mercury Compounds Fungicides, seed treatment 2004 26. Pentachlorophenol Herbicide 2004 Phosphamidon Insecticide, Soluble liquid formulations of the substance 2004 that exceed 1000g active ingredient/L 27. Monocrotophos Insecticide/Acaricide 2009 28. All Tributylin Compounds All compounds including tributyltin oxide, tributyltin 2009 benzoate, trybutyltin fluoride, trybutyltin lineoleate, tributyltin methacrylate, tributyltin naphthenate, tributylin chloride 29. Alachlor Herbicide. 2011 30. Aldicarb Nematicide/Insecticide/Acaricide. 2011 Endosulfan Insecticide. 2011 31. Lindane Insecticide. 2011 Source: PCPB Kenya Table 7. Restricted Pesticides in Kenya RESTRICTED PESTICIDES IN KENYA Common name Remarks Page | 105 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP Benomyl, Carbofuran/Thiram Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of Benomyl below 7%, combinations Carbofuran below 10% and Thiram below 15%. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl Insecticide, restricted use to Public Health only for mosquito control for indoor trichloroethane) residual spray by Ministry of Health. Banned for agricultural use. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide, capsule suspension formulations allowed in 1998. Methyl parathion Insecticide, capsule suspension formulations allowed in 1998. Phosphamidon Insecticide, Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that is below1000g active ingredient/L. Source: PCPB Kenya Page | 106 LNIP- Integrated Pest Management Plan- IPMP