→ Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE DEvElOpmEnt partnership report | June 2013 © European Space Agency and World Bank 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 3 Overview 4 1. Scope of the partnership 7 2. Overview of results by sector Disaster Risk Management 12 Urban Development 14 Water Resources 16 Coastal Zones Management 18 Marine Environment Management 20 Agriculture and Rural Development 22 Forestry 24 Climate Change Adaptation 26 3. Evaluation of impacts 28 4. Milestones and next steps 34 Institutional agreements 34 Mainstreaming the use of EO at the World Bank 34 Global outreach and dissemination of results 36 Building on success and deeping the partnership 40 5. Projects Summary Three Early Pilots (2008–2009) Adaptation to Climate Impacts in Coastal Zones in the Caribbean: Monitoring of Coral Reefs in Belize 44 Monitoring of the Coastal Change Trends in Bangladesh 48 Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa 50 First Phase Collaboration projects (2010–2012) Assessing Vulnerability in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro 52 Building Flood Defence Systems in Guyana 56 Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Assessment in Ho Chi Minh and Yogyakarta 60 Analysis of Land Subsidence in Jakarta 66 Building Exposure Maps of Urban Infrastructure and Crop Fields in the Mekong River Basin 70 Watershed Mapping for Water Resources Management for the Zambezi River Basin 74 Monitoring of Water Quality and Land Use Changes in the Lake Titicaca Basin 80 Monitoring of Coastal Vulnerability and Coastal Change Trends in West Africa 86 Monitoring of Environmentally Sensitive Areas in the Mozambique Channel 90 Historical Assessment of Spatial Growth of Metropolitan Areas of Delhi, Mumbai and Dhaka 96 Sustainable Oil Palm Production in Papua New Guinea 104 Forest Resources Management in Liberia 110 List of Service Providers 114 Earth Observation Missions Used in the EOWORLD Projects 116 Useful links 122 Acknowledgements 123 European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 1 World Bank HQ | Washington DC, USA ESA-ESRIN | Frascati , Italy www.worldbank.org/earthobservation www.vae.esa.int 2 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT FOREWORD This is the second joint report published by the World Bank and the European Space Agency we have the pleasure of presenting. It sums up the results of the first five years of the increasing collaboration between our two international institutions, which is focused around the use of earth observation for sustainable development. In November 2011 we jointly published a first Progress Report, which provided updates on the early results of on-going joint projects. This Partnership Report now fully covers the outcomes and impacts of those projects, the feedback we have received from a variety of stakeholders, the lessons learned and the way forward. During these five years of collaboration, the European Space Agency and the World Bank have explored and demonstrated the relevance of earth observation for development work that sets out to transform the physical environment - defined in its broadest possible terms. Earth observation has proven to be a valuable tool that provides cost effective, quick, and incontrovertible assessments. Through the sophisticated and comprehensive measurement systems provided by earth observation, we can better protect forests, manage urban growth, and harness water resources for agricultural use. Environmental transformations may occur as the positive results of voluntary development efforts or as the undesired consequences of uncontrolled economic activities. In either case, earth observation provides objective evidence of progress or baselines for remediation actions. The report highlights how the introduction of earth observation services provided by the European Space Agency has impacted World Bank projects in a variety of sectors and geographic locations, helping the Bank achieve its development objectives and, in some cases, opening new and unexpected avenues for further engagement with country clients. In many cases, government counterparts have requested follow-up initiatives aimed at scaling-up of the use of earth observation; in others, the new initiatives are decided directly by World Bank teams. The lessons learned provide us with a better understanding of the challenges before us: for the World Bank, further supporting internal and external users in order to mainstream the use of earth observation; for the European Space Agency, further adapting earth observation to the many facets of international development work. We are confident that the second phase of our partnership, starting now, will enable us to tackle these challenges successfully, for the benefit of sustainable development worldwide. Zoubida Allaoua volker Liebig Director Director Urbanization and Disaster Earth Observation Programmes Risk Management Department European Space Agency The World Bank European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 3 OvERviEW The European Space Agency (ESA) and the World Bank monitoring, coastal erosion, flooding, urban land subsidence, have been collaborating under the umbrella of the “Earth water quality, forest resources assessment, agriculture Observation for Development” initiative - branded eoworld monitoring and urban territorial development. Concrete - since 2008. The objective of this collaboration is to examples of application areas include establishing baselines, promote satellite Earth observation (EO) technology as a results monitoring, impacts assessment and auditing, standard tool in planning, implementation, monitoring, identifying hot-spot locations, and supporting dialogue and assessment of the World Bank projects for sustainable with local partners by putting development issues in a development. Within this framework, ESA provided the spatial context. In many cases the results revealed financial and technical capacity to demonstrate concrete ground-breaking information. examples of the use of EO information products and the value they bring to World Bank operations across its Satellite monitoring of Lake Titicaca – a UNESCO Heritage Sustainable Development Network. Site on the border of Bolivia and Peru demonstrated prominently that between 2003 and 2010 the size of the Between 2008 and 2012 ESA and the World Bank jointly lake decreased by seven per cent, and documented for implemented fifteen dedicated technical assistance the first time, that the lands protected under the activities aimed at delivering high-impact EO-based data RAMSAR Convention as an important wetland and breeding and knowledge products. The final results were delivered ground for endemic species are facing unprecedented in the form of EO-based services: highly specialized degradation. mapping products and monitoring that leverage Earth Observation data. A maritime surveillance system designed for the countries of the Mozambique Channel provided a near-real time oil The implementation of the eoworld portfolio took place in spill warning system to assess and manage pollution in two stages. Between 2008 and 2010 three small-scale the region. It detected thirty eight oil spills in a five but highly focused demonstrations in the area of adaptation month period, and enabled backtracking and investigation to climate change were carried out in the Latin America of suspected polluters. and Caribbean region (coral reef management in Belize), in the Middle-East and North Africa region (climate The project implemented within the framework of the change adaptation in Alexandria and Tunis), and in the World Bank’s South Asia Megacities Improvement Program South Asia region (coastal zone management in analysed the dynamics of urban expansion in Delhi, Bangladesh). The success of the early pilots resulted in Mumbai, and Dhaka highlighting a rapidly growing need scaling up of the collaboration in 2010 to include twelve for quality data and information to better understand the larger activities focused on demonstrating EO applications distribution and evolution of urban land cover. In all three in seven additional sectors: disaster risk management, cities EO detected massive urban sprawl which in Dhaka urban development, forestry, agriculture, water resources was clearly dominated by residential built-up, while in management, coastal zones and marine environment Delhi and Mumbai these trends were accelerated by management. A set of demonstration projects were industrial development causing consumption of natural carried out in over 20 countries in Latin America (Bolivia, areas and agricultural land as well as gradual densification Peru, Brazil and Guyana) as well as a number of countries of rural settlements. in West Africa (Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Nigeria, Benin, Sao Tome and Principe), East and Southern Africa Urban risk assessment projects were also implemented (Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, Zambia, in Jakarta, Rio de Janeiro, Ho Chi Minh City, Yogyakarta, South Africa, Comoros, Seychelles, La Reunion), along Alexandria, Tunis, and Georgetown to assess the exposure with India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia of these cities to a full range of hydrological and geological and Papua New Guinea. hazards (such as floods, landslides and urban land subsidence). EO accurately and efficiently identified the The EO activities addressed numerous areas of sustainable subsidence problem in these metropolitan areas, revealing development, including climate change, sea-level trends with milimetric precision and on the level of rise, maritime surveillance and marine environmental single infrastructure elements. In Jakarta the problem of 4 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT urban subsidence is particularly disturbing. Pumping of critical infrastructure and guidance in the expansion of water from deep wells (100 meters or deeper) causes settlements to less vulnerable sites. the land to sink by as much as 10 cm a year. In the case of sea defence infrastructure this trend progresses at Results of these projects revealed significant demand for even faster pace which, if sustained at the current rate, EO information both at the World Bank and at the local may result in Jakarta’s coastal areas sinking below level. Access to accurate and up-to-date analytical tools sea-level. In other cities subsidence and flood hazard strengthens the strategic relevance and technical quality information was used to adjust planned interventions of proposed or on-going World Bank investments. regarding flood risk management. Integration of Earth Observation in World Bank’s operations lies at the core of its mission to collect data and analyze In Liberia, EO services provided independent verification information to deliver high quality solutions for more of contradictory reports concerning available forest informed, evidence-based and data-driven decision resources. EO provided new information for land use making. Moreover, EO technology is a source of high reform, which is critical to both the economic development quality and reliable information which improves the and post-conflict reconstruction of the country. The study efficiency of field work typically associated with the discovered that the deforestation rates in the investigated design and implementation of Bank projects. EO offsets areas has been kept to a minimum, which in turn provides some of the costs of traditional ground surveys (e.g. – to local communities better options for forest conservation support mandatory environmental audits) used to define and carbon credits generation. EO also provided important priority interventions. information concerning the location of different land use concession areas and potential overlaps between them. The projects also provided comprehensive hands-on training and capacity-building to national counterparts – national In Zambia, EO tools enabled verification and consolidation level user organizations responsible for relevant policy of official databases of small water reservoirs, and areas (environmental protection, disaster risk management, creation of modern information systems that will enhance urbanization, agriculture, regional development, fisheries, national data collection methods. A series of dedicated transport, maritime policy and many other). This specialized training sessions for local government officials were held training and capacity building not only helped the local to enhance the national and regional capacity to use EO users understand the wider context of different satellite in water resources management tasks. As a result, a systems and how to use them on an operational basis, series of six intensive two week trainings over a period but it also underscored the fact that the World Bank has of three years will become as a part of World Bank an important role to play as a catalyst of EO application capacity building activities in the region. among its stakeholders. In Papua New Guinea, EO-based agricultural monitoring Finally, some of the most successful technical activities was used to manage operational risks associated with developed through the eoworld portfolio have been palm oil production. New data supporting planting approval embedded in the World Bank regional operations. For process will be included in bi-annual environmental audits example the real-time oil spill detection service became and may potentially be used also for of other cash crops part of the Second Phase of Western Indian Ocean sectors such as coffee and cocoa production. Finally, in Marine Highway Development Projects tools used for West Africa, where countries involved were lacking water resources management were embedded in the long-term, harmonized records of the evolution of coastal Zambia Water Development Project forest monitoring environment, historical satellite data analysis allowed became a part of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility assessment of long-term trends of coastal change and grant in Liberia, and coastal monitoring continues - Sao sea-level rise in a timely and cost effective manner. In Tome and Principe Adaptation to Climate Change Project. Sao Tome and Principe, EO was used to monitor erosion hotspots and to engage target communities and district Part 2 of this Report describes in detail the outcomes of authorities in adaptation to climate change by providing the individual eoworld projects. The success of the initial options for better planning for the future locations of phase of the collaboration was also documented in the European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 5 ESA-World Bank Progress Report released in November a platform to identify further opportunities and to include 2011 and available on the program’s dedicated website: new areas of collaboration which have not yet been www.worldbank.org/earthobservation. explored - such as operations in fragile and conflict affected states, ecosystem’s services, extractive industries, The Earth Observation for Development initiative gave renewable energy, and the insurance and reinsurance impulse to a range of activities aimed to raise awareness sector, as well as capacity building. about Earth Observation and the value it brings to development. The World Bank has set up the Earth To date, ESA has financed the procurement of EO Observation Coordination unit to connect ESA teams services for a total approximate value of €2.3 million (a with their counterparts at the Bank and to facilitate figure which includes over €1 million in EO data from the organization of learning events at the World Bank European and international public and private satellite headquarters and around the world with the objective to missions). The Bank has allocated to this collaboration share best practices, experiences, and lessons learned. approximately US$1 million, in the form of staff involvement The World Bank has also created its first integrated and and follow up investments the majority of which will be centralized spatial data portal called GeoWB which now financed through World Bank’s regional projects. Following serves as a repository of spatial data from across the the success of the first phase of collaboration, the next institution, and enables teams to benefit from spatial steps are focused on the expansion of the partnership data more widely. and its formalization via a Memorandum of Understanding in the near future. In addition, both ESA and the World Bank took active part in a range of events dedicated to developing capacity The second phase of the ESA-World Bank partnership concerning the use of EO in developing countries. The builds upon the existing collaboration. It will continue to World Bank participated in ESA’s TIGER Initiative to provide a platform for services’ expansion with the objective enhance the capacity of African countries to use EO for to take the partnership beyond the initial technology water resources management, and in the International demonstration phase and toward a consolidation of EO Forum on Satellite Earth Observation and Geo-Hazard technology use in the World Bank knowledge, information Risks in, respectively, 2011 and 2012. ESA, on the other and services delivery systems. The objective is to build hand, joined the 2012 Understanding Risk Forum strategic relations that take the full advantage of the organized by the World Bank’s Global Facility for Disaster technological capabilities of ESA, European national Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), the 2012 Annual satellite missions, the Global Monitoring for Environment Meetings of the Global Partnership for Oceans (GPO), and and Security (GMES) Program, and the ground-breaking the World Bank’s bi-annual Urban Research Symposiums innovation opportunities they offer to the user communities (URS) in 2012, as well as the 2013 Annual Meetings of around the world. the Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) Program. Stephen Coulson Head of Industry Section ESRIN Extending the partnership European Space Agency In 2013 ESA and the World Bank are entering into the Anthony G. Bigio second phase of collaboration to broaden the initial scope Senior Urban Specialist of the partnership. Within this framework ESA will Urbanization and Disaster Risk Management Department extend its support (financing and technical assistance) to World Bank produce and deliver EO information services to a set of sectors identified by the World Bank as having the biggest potential for transformative outcomes. These are: urban development, disaster risk management, forestry, and oceans. The reinforced partnership will also provide 6 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT 1. SCOPE OF ThE PARTNERShiP The World Bank is one of the world’s largest sources of Security, or GMES - which will combine data from the development assistance. It provides financial resources world’s biggest fleet of satellites and from thousands of to boost prosperity and inclusive growth, especially in in situ sensors worldwide to provide joined-up, timely, low- and middle-income countries through loans and reliable and easily accessible information services covering grants as well as policy advice, research, analysis, and land, marine environment, atmosphere and emergency specialized technical assistance. The World Bank is also response. the world’s premier producer of knowledge and experience on development. Its research, data, and knowledge The collaboration between the World Bank and ESA platforms inform not only Bank operations but also the initiated in 2008 has successfully implemented a range activities of policy makers, researchers, and civil society of technical assistance projects addressing climate throughout the world. change adaptation, disaster risk management, urban development, water resources management, coastal While the World Bank’s mission is to reduce global zone management, marine environment management, poverty through economic development, the scope of agriculture, and forestry. Through these projects the the Bank’s investments is expanding rapidly in the face World Bank has begun to harness the potential of of the magnitude and complexity of the challenges that advanced EO tools and techniques to achieve greater the developing world has to meet: climate change, rapid development impact and to equip partner institutions urbanization, threats to food security, natural resource in client countries with the knowledge and innovations depletion, and the risk of natural disasters. The provision they need for more informed, evidence-based and of robust data is key to addressing these issues, and data-driven decision making. the World Bank is looking for best available data and quality solutions to global challenges. Sustainable development challenge Over the last years the World Bank has gained significant experience in utilizing new technologies, Many areas of sustainable development are facing their including satellite Earth Observation tools and other defining moments. Today’s urban population of about geospatial technologies. The Bank has developed 3.6 billion people is projected to reach 5 billion by 2030 partnerships with external organizations, including with over 90% of urban population growth expected to national space agencies such as the European Space occur in the developing world. Increasing population Agency (ESA), U.S. National Aeronautics and Space and asset density will intensify exposure to natural Administration (NASA), NOAA (National Oceanic and disasters. In 2011, the world experienced the highest Atmospheric Administration) and JAXA (Japan’s Space disaster losses ever recorded and this trend will Exploration Agency) as well as private sector satellite continue, exacerbated by the effects of climate change operators to improve its access to available EO data, on the poorest and most vulnerable communities. information services, and knowledge products. Moreover, with global population on the rise, the world will need to feed 9 billion people by 2050. That will The partnership with ESA is leading the way in the use require a 50% increase in food production. It is also of EO information for development investments. The estimated that by 2025, nearly two-thirds of countries existing ESA technological capabilities place it at the will be water-stressed and 2.4 billion people will face forefront of Earth Observation as a key partner to absolute water scarcity - posing challenges to agriculture international financing institutions seeking innovative productivity and food security. Other major global issues solutions to address sustainable development challenges. related to natural resource depletion such as deforestation, In the next decade ESA plans to launch more than soil degradation, desertification and loss of biodiversity twenty new EO satellites, providing an enormous also reveal alarming trends. wealth of new data to be exploited by scientific as well as operational communities. This includes the most Deforestation and degradation of 2 billion hectares of ambitious existing operational Earth Observation forest landscapes affect not only the local environment program - the Global Monitoring for Environment and and the balance of greenhouse (GHG) gases, but also European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 7 the livelihoods of 350 million people who live within, level. Examples of operational services developed with or close to, dense forests and depend on them for their the use of EO data include: subsistence and income. Similarly, healthy, bio-diverse, and economically productive oceans are essential for • integrated maritime surveillance to generate situational awareness of activities at sea impacting maritime food security, jobs, and the sustainable quality of life safety and transport, pollution (i.e. oil-spills, off-shore on earth. It is estimated that 61% of the world’s total contamination), and monitoring of fisheries and GNP comes from areas within 100 kilometers of the coastal resources, coastlines. The oceans as a whole provide 16% of the global population’s animal protein intake. However • assessment and monitoring of water quality parameters, as well as the state and dynamics of the oceans and over-exploitation is undermining the socio-economic coastal zones to help protect and manage marine performance of these resources. As much as 85% of environment, the world’s ocean fisheries are fully exploited, over- exploited or depleted. More than 60% of global coral • assessment of land use practices and land use changes to monitor biodiversity, soil, water, forests and other reefs are under direct threat from land- and ocean-based natural resources to boost the efficiency of agriculture, activity. Taken together they are creating an annual food security, as well as sustainable land use, global efficiency loss of some $US 50 billion, not taking into account the disruptive effects of sea-level rise and • urban planning and monitoring of sustainable urban development, other effects of climate change. • risk assessments of natural (as well as manmade) disasters such as floods, forest fires and earthquakes, Counteracting all these challenges will require targeted, focused, and result-driven development programs which • rapid mapping to contribute to humanitarian aid and emergency response, must actively explore practical paths of action to ensure that natural resources are used sustainably, whilst • monitoring of air quality, ultraviolet radiation and ash clouds from volcanic eruptions as well as greenhouse meeting the demands of our growing global population, gases emissions, and managing disruptive impacts of climate change, and preparing for increased frequency and intensity of natural • information services cutting across all of the above, can be used to formulate appropriate strategies for disasters. Therefore, the World Bank is introducing new adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change. knowledge products and services, and testing innovative ideas, including the potential of the next generation EO is inherently multipurpose in scope. As satellites Earth Observation tools and techniques that can help it routinely orbit the Earth they build up a time series of achieve its development objectives while facing such data that permits measurement of specific phenomena challenges. (i.e. sea-level, wave height, clouds, vegetation) or of particular domains (land, marine, or atmosphere) Satellite Earth Observation can address a number of through time and space. Collected data inputs into areas of sustainable development. EO is a valuable modern information systems that are used to assess source of information for management and protection and monitor processes related to terrestrial landscapes, of valued ecosystems, counteracting overexploitation of atmosphere and oceans, and for improved understanding resources, desertification and land degradation, and of the Earth system as a whole – its weather, climate, to support sustainable agriculture and biodiversity oceans, land, geology, natural resources, ecosystems, conservation. In the same way, EO`s capabilities extend and natural and human induced hazards. This information to support marine and coastal ecosystems management can be marshalled in a way which supports specific to mitigate the negative impact of both natural and projects and activities, local communities or addresses anthropogenic effects in sensitive habitats. EO is also concrete problems via innovative diagnostics and extensively used to support risk assessment as well as analytical tools. crisis mapping including post disaster recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, as well as monitoring Delivering information to support sustainable development of urban development to understand how cities are goals is at the core of ESA’s exploitation activities. The evolving over time at the local, regional and, global overall vision for ESA is to play a central role in developing 8 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT the global capability via dedicated space-based observations Europe and Central Asia, with a total of US$110 billion and specialized Earth Observation services to understand in its lending portfolio. SDN also manages 39 Global Earth’s environment and its changes and support Partnerships - including Global Facility for Disaster Risk disaster management. ESA currently undertakes a wide Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), Global Partnership variety of projects in these areas and develops advanced for Oceans (GPO), Global Agriculture and Food satellite technologies, concepts and applications that will Security Program, Program on Forests (PROFOR), Global radically improve the management of the planet’s Environment Facility (GEF), Climate Investment Funds resources and its growing population in a sustainable (CIF), Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem manner. In particular, to enhance the utilization of EO Services (WAVES), and Water Partnership Program data for sustainable development ESA has partnered with (WPP). These Global Programs and Partnerships (GPPs) the World Bank, the European Investment Bank (EIB), play a key role in the Bank’s sustainable development Asian Development Bank (ADB), and International Fund agenda, in creating and sharing of knowledge, and in for Agricultural Development (IFAD) to build a compre- mobilizing financial and technical resources of a larger hensive approach toward this user community. community of donor organizations, as well as public and private stakeholders, particularly on environmental The partnership with the World Bank is the Agency’s issues. leading effort in this area. In 2008 ESA and the World Bank launched the Earth Observation for Development initiative – branded eoworld – with the objective to WORLD BANK SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT develop EO-based applications for operational decision NETWORK SECTORS making that can be used to support World Bank operations. It currently focuses on promoting the • Agriculture utilization of satellite Earth Observation (EO) technology, • Climate Change while raising awareness of the capabilities of European Earth Observation missions. Also, eoworld identified • Disaster Risk Management specialized EO services providers that produce and • Energy deliver information which can be customized to the • Environment specific strategic information requirements of the World Bank. In this context ESA provides independent technical • Information & Communication Technologies guidance as well as financing to develop a better • Infrastructure understanding of Earth Observation technologies and • Oceans to facilitate access to this highly specialized EO service • Oil, Gas & Mining sector. • Social Development • Transport ESA – World Bank partnership • Urban Development • Water The World Bank’s partnership with ESA is anchored within the Bank’s Sustainable Development Network (SDN) which is the largest Network at the World Bank. It comprises global practices in sustainable energy, At ESA, the collaboration is led by the Science, water, ICT, transport, infrastructure, urban development Applications and Future Technologies Department of the and disaster risk management, environment, agricultural Directorate of Earth Observation (D/EOP). It is built in as and rural development, social development, and climate an element of the Earth Observation Envelope Programme change. SDN brings together projects and programs (EOEP) which plays an essential role in advancing science across the six World Bank regions: Latin America and and fostering research into new methods of using EO Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and the data. In addition to EOEP, ESA has developed its flagship Middle East, South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and GMES Services Element portfolio (2002-2012) in maritime European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 9 security, coastal water quality, land motion, agriculture technical assistance activities – the eoworld projects – monitoring, environmental monitoring, forestry and aimed at delivering high-impact EO-based data and emergency response, which includes: knowledge products to support World Bank operational • Land cover and land use change information services (GSE Land) projects. They were carried out between 2008 and 2012 in Latin America, Africa, South and East Asia in the • Flood and fire risk management services (Risk-EOS) following areas: • Information services for Humanitarian Aid (Respond) • climate change adaptation • Information services for atmospheric pollution • disaster risk management, monitoring (Promote) • urban development, • Marine and coastal environmental information services • water resources management, (MarCoast) • coastal zone management, • Polar environnent information services (Polar View) • marine environment management, • Forest monitoring information service (GSE Forest • agriculture, and Monitoring) • forestry. • Geotechnical risk management services (Terrafirma) • Food security information services for Africa (Global Monitoring for Food Security) The primary purpose was to showcase the added value of specialized EO applications to development work, and • Maritime security information services (MARISS) raise awareness within the World Bank of the potential of European and Canadian EO missions (both ESA and The EOEP program currently works toward demonstrating national), and the capabilities of the European and Canadian tested, validated and cost-effective EO-based information specialist EO service providers to provide information services (such as oil-spill monitoring, agricultural monitoring, customised to the specific needs of individual projects. geo-hazard risk management, land motion monitoring, The long-term objective is to promote the use of EO as environmental monitoring) that can be provided to new a component of ‘best-practices’ in the definition of future user communities around the world on an operational basis. programs, projects and other development initiatives, and to promote the use of Earth Observation technology as Other on-going international development activities at ESA a standard tool in planning, implementation, monitoring are related to supporting African institutions in managing and assessment of World Bank investments. water resources as well as international disaster relief efforts through the International Charter for Space and Major Disasters, which provides the rapid mapping to the implementing eoworld projects countries affected by natural disasters. The Charter evolved into a collaboration of fourteen space agencies providing a Implementation of the eoworld portfolio took place in two unified system to task and deliver satellite imagery to stages. Between 2008 and 2010 three small-scale but support disaster management. Since 2000 it has delivered highly focused demonstrations in the area of adaptation EO services over 360 times in more than 110 national to climate change were implemented in Belize, North Africa users. ESA is also a leading organization within the inter- and Bangladesh. The success of these early pilots resulted governmental Group on Earth Observation (GEO) and the in scaling up of the collaboration in 2010 to include twelve Committee for Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), where, larger activities as a first step to linking EO technology along with other key space agencies, it supports Forest to sustainable development in a comprehensive, all- Carbon Tracking system, Global Forest Observing Initiative, encompassing manner. The geographic scope of the services as well as global drought monitoring for food security, expanded to all of the World Bank regions. Projects were agriculture mapping and monitoring, global urban carried out in over 20 countries: in Latin America (Brazil, observation and information, and the global Earth Bolivia, Peru, Guyana), West Africa (Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Observation strategy for disasters and risk management. Nigeria, Benin, Sao Tome and Principe), East and Southern Africa (Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Malawi, Zambia, Building upon this experience, ESA and the World Bank South Africa, Comoros, Seychelles, La Reunion), along with have jointly designed and implemented fifteen dedicated India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia and 10 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT Papua New Guinea. Concrete examples of application areas Bank instruments. These local stakeholders represented include establishing baselines, results monitoring, the community of users in environmental protection, impacts assessment, and auditing, identifying hot-spot disaster risk management, urbanization, agriculture, locations, and supporting dialogue with local partners by regional development, fisheries, transport, maritime putting development issues in a spatial context. policy and many other public policy areas. They played a critical part in implementation of the eoworld projects The selection of the technical activities carried out by ESA through collection of in-situ data, the interpretation of was based on the competitive Call for Proposals which the satellite-based findings, the evaluation of causal was launched in May 2010. It attracted a large number processes, and the assessment of the utility of the of requests for technical assistance from the World Bank services provided. operational units. Following the Call, ESA issued an 1 Invitation to Tender (ITT) to the European and Canadian EO services industry to deliver services as specified. The Total value of ITT was approximately €1.3 million covering twelve separate activities. In addition, ESA supported this work by providing access to EO data from fifteen different satellite missions, mainly ERS, ENVISAT, RapidEye, SPOT, Cosmo-Skymed, TerraSAR-X, Radarsat, GeoEye, WorldView and others, for a total value of €1 million. It also facilitated data acquisition via satellite tasking and programming of observations to respond to specific needs of the World Bank projects (in cases where no previous data was available or to support tailored real time mapping). In addition to final mapping products, in an effort to The primary recipients of the eoworld final results were assist local users in understanding the wider context of World Bank teams implementing targeted Bank-financed the different information systems and how to use them interventions. The Bank has also catalysed the involvement operationally, five dedicated hands-on training workshops of country-level end users - national and regional public were organized in collaboration with the World Bank agencies in the World Bank projects’ countries which are Country Offices in Brazil, Papua New Guinea, Zambia, receiving loans, grants, technical assistance and other Indonesia and at the Headquarters of the Indian Ocean analytical or advisory support available through World Commission. 2 1. Training in Sao Tome. One of the primary recipients of project results were country-level end users. Photo by Geoville. 2. Sand seas of the Namib Desert on 7 January 2012 captured by Korea’s Kompsat-2 satellite. Copyright KARI/ESA. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 11 2. OvERviEW OF RESULTS By SECTOR Disaster Risk Management The rising economic impact of disasters across the globe expansion of Rio’s agglomeration, also providing an is attributed to the growing concentration of assets and affordable alternative to the traditional types of surveys. population in areas at high risk for natural hazards. De- veloping countries are particularly exposed to a range of “The information on subsidence at local extreme weather events, as well as sea-level rise and other impacts of climate change. Moreover, cities of the level provides the knowledge to enable a developing world, which currently host more than 50% better idea of infrastructure reconfiguration of the global population and hundreds of billions worth needs going forward in the long term flood of assets, are growing fast attracting increasingly more residents and resources. The effects of natural disasters mitigation efforts in Jakarta. on urban areas can be devastating, and therefore the The high resolution analysis provides for eoworld projects focused on demonstrating how EO data a more compelling justification for projects and information can support urban risk assessment and and better impact when in project formulation of better urban resilience strategies. A set of applications was developed for Rio de Janeiro, Jakarta, discussions and dialogue with the Ho Chi Minh City, Yogyakarta, Alexandria, Tunis, and authorities and stakeholders”. Georgetown (Guyana) to help assess the exposure of urbanized areas to a full range of hydrological and Fook Chuan Eng, geological hazards (Fig. 1b). Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Jakarta Country Office, World Bank As a foundation for disaster preparedness, EO-based urban mapping allows to assess the structure of the built-up areas and prepare for disaster risk management Moreover, satellite radar data have the capability to operations. In Rio de Janeiro where urban expansion is deliver highly specialized EO applications to detect and progressing at an unprecedented rate, and the territorial monitor geological hazards. In particular, new pioneering conditions are extremely constrained, EO data helped to techniques to identify land and urban infrastructure create easily updatable baseline maps of urban assets instability (such as landslides risk assessment and urban while taking into account location of informal settlements subsidence) have been breaking ground in the urban and their high vulnerability to floods and landslides. For disaster risk management practice. In Jakarta and Ho Chi the local authorities, satellite-based mapping has become Minh City EO provided the first accurate assessment of a useful and available tool to keep up with the dynamic the at-risk areas which were previously not provided by 1a 1a. Flooded village and houses south of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Credit: Yann Arthus Bertrand. 12 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT in-situ techniques. In Georgetown (Guyana), Alexandria conducting precise measurement of terrain elevation to and Tunis, it helped to assess the subsidence of model flood propagation. low-lying coastland areas and their vulnerability to a range of risks including climate change-induced sea-level Another EO application in the disaster risk management rise. These new methods offered unprecedented level of area pertains to the protection of high-value agriculture precision and accuracy and helped to adjust long term and rural infrastructure from the damage caused by plans for urban infrastructure development in these droughts and flooding. The project implemented by the cities. They are currently being put to operational use by World Bank in the Mekong River Basin demonstrated World Bank teams. In Jakarta, the generated information that with the right EO-based information it is possible to is aimed to support regular monitoring of stability of better characterize hazards and quantify the exposure of high-rise buildings, coastal defence infrastructure as well assets (crops, buildings, roads) to floods, droughts, and as management of ground water extraction (the main other extreme weather events. Thanks to wide-area cause of land subsidence). In Ho Chi Minh City, information synoptic observation which takes into account the on its subsidence will be integrated into the flood transboundary character and hydrological connectivity management plans being prepared. of the Mekong basin, thousands of buildings and infrastructure features as well as thousands of square For urban risk assessments, EO is not only a source of kilometres of crop yields were mapped in a way that can reliable information about natural hazards, but also an offset time-consuming and expensive field trips and extremely effective method to communicate potential airborne surveys. risks, hence to influence the dialogue with the stakeholders to convey the importance of prevention and/or mitigation efforts. It allows to focus resources on priority interventions such as monitoring of stability of buildings, coastal infrastructure, installation of gauges to more accurately assess the sea-level rise trends, on 1b 1b. Example of different precise motion products delivered within the framework of eoworld projects. Credit: Altamira Information (Georgetown, Alexandria, Jakarta, Ho Chi Minh City, Yogyakarta), TRE (Tunis), Hansje Brinker (Rio de Janeiro) for ESA, World Bank. Data used: ERS, ENVISAT, ALOS, COSMO SkyMed, TerraSAR-X. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 13 2. OvERviEW OF RESULTS By SECTOR Urban Development Cities in the developing and emerging world are growing Megacities Improvement Program, EO data was used to in size and increasing in numbers at an extraordinary rate. analyze 20 years of urban expansion in the metropolitan Urban populations are expected to double, adding additional areas of Delhi, Mumbai and Dhaka. EO services applied in two billion people over the next two decades. Whilst this project enabled measuring of the qualitative and urbanization advances, there is a growing need for quality quantitative aspects of urban transformations such as the data to better understand the distribution and expansion changes in urban land use, urban fabric growth rate, of urban land cover at the global and regional scale as well distribution and density of urban sprawl, and its effect as the evolution of urban densities, the percentage of on urban area classes evolution, the drivers of land natural areas being converted to urban land, and other land consumption as well as the sprawl of informal settlements use trade-offs at the level of individual cities. outside of the cities administrative boundaries (Fig. 2). “The access to EO data, when combined From the policy perspective, it is important to have with traditional layers of spatial data, the tools that allow to accurately assess and manage urban development. The growth of built-up areas and geo-referenced survey data, and essential infrastructure can be managed more effectively with non-spatial urban data, has paved the way appropriate information in hand. The advantage of EO in for a deeper understanding and a richer comparison to traditional sources of data collection is analysis of urban growth. Given the rate, that it provides objective observations, which are fast, scale and complex nature of urban independent of administrative-level reporting and can be expansion in Asia, access to this type of obtained remotely to verify the accuracy of the existing technology and data can provide data without conducting costly in-situ surveys. Moreover, digital datasets allow flexible aggregation with other types a foundation for valuable preemptive of socio-economic information to derive relevant analysis analysis that can improve and shape billions of urban realities. For instance, for the three megacities, of dollars of infrastructure investment, urban design and land use strategies”. “The type of detailed EO data produced for the three cities represents a very useful Arish Dastur, base for evidence-based dialogue with Urban Specialist, government agencies regarding long-term East Asia Pacific Region, World Bank as well as short-term urban development policies and initiatives. To guide a city’s One of the major benefits of the use of EO-based continued growth, it is important to know monitoring for urban planning is the ability to produce where the city is coming from, and how it detailed and cost-effective digital urban maps, while has evolved to date. ensuring that the most up-to-date and accurate data The spatial assessments also help highlight is made available on a regular basis. Moreover, EO datasets facilitate measurements that are conducted and address challenges with regard to in a harmonized and standardized manner, allowing metropolitan governance arrangements. global assessment as well as spatially and temporally- Application of this type of technology consistent comparisons. In addition, advances in technology should always be considered in preparation allow new observations which were not available in the of city development strategies and larger past including more precise vegetation cover, urban water urban infrastructure projects supported by supply and sanitation, waste management, air quality the World Bank”. monitoring, urban heat islands measurements as well as 3D stereoscopical mapping. Mats Andersson, Senior Urban Specialist, Within the framework of the World Bank’s South Asia Former World Bank Staff 14 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT the combination of EO with population datasets revealed (17%). In Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area urbanized the correlation between the ratio of population growth area stand for 48%, but large part of that is occupied and urban sprawl at the sub-district level. Other indicators, by rural settlements and scattered built-up (18%) such as the proximity and accessibility of green urban surrounded by groves of trees. Non-urbanized area is areas and the ratio of green urban areas per inhabitant dominated by agriculture land (43%). The study also can also be obtained with the use of in situ data. found that urban sprawl in Dhaka is clearly dominated by residential built-up, while in Delhi and Mumbai, the The analysis conducted for the years 2010/11 revealed urban sprawl is accelerated by industrial development (in that the land cover and land use composition in three 2003-2010 period mainly for Delhi). Large increase of metropolitan areas of Delhi, Mumbai and Dhaka. In Delhi construction sites also indicates that this trend will National Capital Region the land use is dominated by continue in the future. agriculture (73%). Urbanized area represent there only approximately 20% of land cover. In the Metropolitan The results of the analysis conducted for Delhi, Mumbai Region of Mumbai only 15% area is urbanized, the share and Dhaka inspired further use of EO-derived spatial of non-urbanized area is divided between the agriculture information as a part of the World Bank’s Urbanization land (34%), (semi-)natural vegetation (28%) and forest Flagship Reports in South Asia and East Asia and of the national urbanization review studies in 2a the countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. The World Bank has also benefited from the spatial data portal for custom-made analysis which was developed as part of this eoworld project, and which significantly improved the approach to analysing and reporting collected information. 2b 2a. Land cover analysis overview for Mumbai. Credit: GISAT 2b. In Delhi and Mumbai the urban sprawl is accelerated by industrial development. Photo: Mumbai, India by Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 15 2. OvERviEW OF RESULTS By SECTOR Water Resources Earth Observation is a very powerful tool to improve the of future surveys (Fig. 3a). Moreover, a detailed analysis understanding and management of water resources of land use trends provided striking evidence of the especially in these regions of the world which lack the status and evolution of the lake extent over time. The ground data to systematically evaluate the status of results prominently indicated that between 2003 and water bodies or which are unable to develop effective 2010 the size of Lake Titicaca has decreased by 650 measures to counteract the threat of water scarcity square kilometers (7% of the lake area was lost). It also caused by population growth, climate variability, economic documented that lands protected under the RAMSAR development, agriculture production or urbanisation. While Convention as important wetlands and breeding grounds increased pollution threatens lakes, rivers, estuaries, for endemic species, are facing unprecedented degradation: and groundwater bodies around the world, EO offers the fast emergence of shrubs/grassland, agriculture independent, area-wide, standardized, and long-term surface types and bare soil. These findings were a new observations to help address all of these challenges. discovery for the local authorities as well as for the scientific community at large. The use of Earth Observation tools for integrated water resources management (WRM) was demonstrated in World Bank’s projects implemented in the Lake Titicaca “This is the only existing land cover dataset basin and the Zambezi River basin, where the key environmental challenges are related to unsustainable since more than ten years of this specific land use and WRM practices. EO data were used to area in Bolivia/Peru, and definitely the first assess the evolving status of the water bodies, hot-spot one with 5m spatial resolution. areas, land erosion, and causative links between the Because of the unique high-spatial-resolution origins of pollution and changing land use patterns. and quality of the data for this particular Lake Titicaca basin is a UNESCO World Heritage Site on region, it is an invaluable resource for the border of Peru and Bolivia. It suffers from many detailed research on vegetation dynamics different pollution sources caused by fertilizers and and land cover change within this pesticides runoff, urban waste, as well as heavy-metal data-sparse region, which faces many contamination related to mining. To help manage these future challenges in climate and resource challenges the eoworld project provided an independent management”. evaluation of the key water quality indicators such as chlorophyll and total suspended matter concentrations. Marco Otto, Innovative use of higher resolution sensors revealed Department of Echology / Chair of Climatology, important pollution hot-spots, and optimized planning Technical University of Berlin 3a What came into focus in the Zambezi River basin was the added value of using satellite EO to upgrade ground- based inventories of small water bodies which are an important part of Zambia’s irrigation system. Zambia is a large country with a fairly small population concentrated in the urban areas. The network of ground measurements is, therefore, sparse and difficult to maintain. The use of EO tools allowed mapping of over a thousand small reservoirs, thus optimizing ground measurements/field surveys. It set the basis for a modern water resources information system that is currently being implemented by the World Bank and which will integrate ground- 16 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT 3b reservoir state, water volumes based on optical and radar data, quantification of water usage (evapotranspiration, ET), land cover classification, including crop types of irrigated areas, and flood monitoring and flood vulnerability mapping) as well as the production of integrated information for decision making. From a broader perspective, the application of EO technology to water management tasks at regional or even global scale is very promising. EO cannot substitute all observations, which still need to be carried out using in-situ sampling, however, it is extremely useful for collecting data 3c over large areas and extended periods of time. In case of trans-boundary basins, it helps to offset some of the difficulties in managing water bodies under the jurisdiction of different national institutions, as well as for comparing information collected by different countries, which often use different methodologies to quantify their facts and figures. The availability of factual, transparent and objective data holds the key to effective ecosystems management and sharing of scarce resources. The demand for training and capacity data is under‐utilized due to the lack of staff building is also evident as freely available EO capacity for processing and accessing data in the based hydro meteorological observations with satellite majority of developing countries. products. ESA has also provided two pilot hands-on training sessions for the Zambian users which resulted 3d in the decision to set up a series of six intensive two week trainings over a period of three years. This professional training program for the Zambian institutions responsible for water resources management was organized at the request of the Zambian government and incorporated in the World Bank Water Resources Development Project. It will cover the assessment of water resources (water storage infrastructure monitoring, 3a. Chlorophyll concentration in Lake Titicaca. Credit: EOMAP. 3b. Lake Titicaca, the largest lake in South America, appears to be a majestic pristine body of water. But it is quickly becoming contaminated, endangering the lives of indigenous people all along its shores across Bolivia and Peru. Photo: Noah Friedman-Rudovsky / Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting. 3c. Puno, on the Peruvian side of Lake Titicaca is the largest city on its shores. Recently the Peruvian government has stepped up efforts to reduce contamination from garbage and sewage after the bay became filled with duckweed. The plant growth which resulted from an overabundance of nutrients caused by household sewage run-off, creates a lack of oxygen in the water and chokes off much life below the surface. Photo: Noah Friedman-Rudovsky / Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting 3d. Training in Water Resources Management in Zambia. Photo: NEO/TU Delft. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 17 2. OvERviEW OF RESULTS By SECTOR Coastal Zones Management Coastal areas are important for a whole range of economic “The geoinformation products have activities such as trade, tourism, fisheries, oil and natural an invaluable importance for our efforts gas fields, harbours and transport links. However, fragile coastal ecosystems become threatened by increased to counter coastalerosion on the beaches water pollution due to agricultural runoff, urban sewage of the Sao Tome Island and to mitigate and industrial discharges. Coastal zones also bear the climate change effects. Currently, these burden of global warming: worsening weather conditions erodes shorelines, rising sea-levels affect coastal products serve as an important baseline marshes and swamps, turning estuaries and groundwater and communication tool for the participatory more saline. Of particular concern is the increased risk planning with local communities. vulnerability of coastal land to disasters, including high It is now foreseen to receive training valued assets located close to the shores (e.g. coastal cities, embankments, ports). Therefore, access to information that on the utilization of such digital information can help manage risks associated with coastal erosion products to the maximum extent possible and sea-level rise is critical. and to integrate them in our administration procedures”. “Generated maps have served as an input to policy discussions on improved Arlindo de Ceita Carvalho, spatial planning in the coastal areas Director General of Environment, of Sao Tome and Principe - and also Sao Tome and Principe to serve as a reminder of the irreversible the Gambia, Senegal, Benin and Nigeria. The results impacts of coastal sand extraction provided an analysis of two types of factors: recent and in small island systems”. historic coastline maps for three reference years (1990, 2000, and 2010) including the loss and gain of coastal areas Sofia Bettencourt, in decadal sequences, and the satellite altimetry-derived Lead Operations Officer, Africa Region, sea-level rise maps, including ocean currents. Collected data revealed critical erosion hot-spots (identified in World Bank Gambia and Senegal), accession areas (documented in the Lagos lagoon in Nigeria), as well as sea-level rise of The World Bank has a vast portfolio of investments approximately 3mm a year in that region. that addresses Integrated Coastal Zones Management (ICZM) and has been actively assisting governments in 4a building their national capacity for implementation of comprehensive coastal management. At the same time the World Bank must expand its capacity to provide cutting edge advice to clients concerning climate change and sea-level rise. A step toward this goal is exploring the use of satellite imagery to generate, in a cost effective manner, consistent and reliable regional-scale maps of sea-level rise, as was documented in the eoworld project on coastal changes in West Africa. Satellite EO offers a unique source of data to foster understanding of oceans and coastal variability to support routine monitoring and global predictions of the state of coastal zones. The mapping activities focused on Sao Tome and Principe, 18 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT 4b view of the area, but not a high enough coastal resolution). Nevertheless, it was evident that in the three out of the four test areas, rising sea-level might be linked to coastal erosion, among other contributing factors (i.e. sand mining). As a result, for the countries considered to be highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and sea-level rise, such as Sao Tome and Principe, coastline monitoring became an integral part of the Bank-financed project focused on adaptation to climate change. Dedicated technical activities which followed the eoworld project were designed to monitor erosion hotspots and to engage target communities and authorities. The activities were focused on adaptation to climate change through better planning of the location of critical infrastructure and managed expansion of settlements towards less vulnerable sites. Highly accurate topographical information generated from satellite imagery with long-term, homogeneous, continuous and validated observations can also be used to model possible outcome of a rising sea-level, and assist with the planning of countermeasures. 4c Satellites can track the process of coastal erosion through archived satellite data indicating location of high value ecosystems or settlements under threat. While acquiring in-situ information regarding coastal changes over vast areas can be costly and time consuming, satellite- based maps offset these costs by providing wide scale synoptic observations. A single satellite pass may take a high-definition image of the area equivalent to the entire Mozambique Channel in a matter of seconds. This 4d information allows identification of long term trends and allows for prioritization of interventions to prevent further degradation (i.e. indicate the localization of hot-spot areas). In West Africa, for example, the study confirmed that the entire coastline length is decreasing. The sea-level datasets generated for this project did not allow for a definitive conclusion that the sea-level rise is in fact responsible for coastal change trends (the altimetry-derived sea-level rise maps provide a synoptic 4a. Sao Tome costal change maps. 4b. Sao Tome - roofprints of buildings and stormsurge induced sea flood scenario for Santa Catarina. Credit: Geoville for World Bank. 4c. Waters off the coast of Ghana. Ghana. Photo Curt Carnemark World Bank. 4d. Training in Sao Tome. One of the primary recipients of project results were country-level end users. Photo by Geoville European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 19 2. OvERviEW OF RESULTS By SECTOR Marine Environment Management Oil spills are serious threats to marine environment. protect these fragile ecosystems and conduct their law They can affect marine resources in several ways enforcement activities to prevent and manage oil spills. including surface contamination (coastline contamination, The monitoring system covered a total of 17.5 million water quality) and disruption of natural marine cycles, square kilometers and a combined coastline of 13,300 including a wide range of subsurface organisms that are kilometers. Equipped with this near real time information, linked in a complex food chain that includes human food national coast guard authorities were able to dispatch resources (fisheries, coral reefs ecosystems, etc.). interception vessels (boats, airplanes) in order to collect ground evidence faster and more effectively. In the The main objective of the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) course of 5 months of operations and service delivery, 38 Marine Highway Development Project implemented by potential slicks were detected and investigated (Fig 5). the World Bank in the Mozambique Channel was to Moreover, the ability to gather reliable, evidence-based strengthen the capacity of the countries in the region information concerning potential illicit or harmful activi- (South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, ties turned out to have an important deterrent value to Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania and La Reunion (France)) all shipping companies operating in the region. to respond to oil spill emergencies. The maritime surveillance system implemented as a part of the “The feedback from the users is extremely eoworld project offered them highly advanced satellite- positive. The agencies involves in marine based monitoring tools to help manage ship-based protection, shipping operations and marine environmental contamination. and port control really felt that this information was so unique, so available and The Western Indian Ocean (WIO) is at high-risk of so accessible that they really changed their pollution from ship-borne and off-shore sources. perception on how they can manage the oil Approximately 30% of world’s crude oil is transported pollution and the contamination of the through WIO waters by five thousand oil tankers oceans. And this is a revolution. For the carrying 500 million tons of oil products each year. As the area encompasses thirteen major commercial ports, national users this is the point of flection illegal discharges and spills originating from port concerning the possibilities that they have. operations represent an additional risks of pollution. At They can now identify the polluters, take the same time, the WIO is home to biologically complex action and conduct inspection of the ecosystems including the Aldabra Atoll in the southwest contamination incidents. There are changes Seychelles (a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982 in behavior that are happening with this and an official RAMSAR site since 2010), and the small application”. islands of Mayotte (France), Rodrigues (Mauritius), and Tulear (Madagascar). Juan Gaviria, Transport Sector Manager, The use of EO services enhanced the tactical and Europe and Central Asia Region, operational capability of the national authorities to World Bank 20 → EARTh OBSERvATiON FOR SUSTAiNABLE DEvELOPMENT The EO data have also contributed to managing of geomorphological zones and the loss of coral environmentally sensitive areas in a number of selected communities. It was assessed that between1962 and sites in the Mozambique Channel. High-resolution 2011, 77% of the initial coral stripes surface was lost. optical data was used to map coral reef extent and its These changes were attributed to various factors, such evolution over time while sea-surface temperature, as sediment dynamics, cyanobacteria development as suspended sediment concentration, water transparency, well as erosion of dead coral framework; however the chlorophyll concentration, and significant wave height biggest cause of the changes was correlated with information were used to assess major stress indicators. destructive fishing practices. The use of EO in this case These observations revealed a massive loss of coral enabled optimization of the in-situ inspection regime, zones over the period of 1962-2012 at the Grand and increased focus on the protection of the most Recife de Toliara (GRT) site, clearly revealing modifications valuable areas. 5 5. The image of the catalog of satellite acquisitions and the pattern of detected pollutions. A shipwreck off the coast of Mauritius and deployed oil spill contingency. Credit: CLS European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 21 2. Overview Of results by sectOr Agriculture and rural Development The use of satellite mapping services provides many only in eligible areas and does not affect primary forest opportunities for the management and verification of the or high conservation value areas. Special attention was environmental practices associated with agricultural placed on monitoring buffer zones along rivers, springs, production. EO data are used for planning and assessing and streams to ensure they are maintained (Fig. 6). New land suitability and productivity, and generating land use techniques were tested for the monitoring of mangroves, scenarios, i.e. to ensure that agricultural practices have wetland, and remnant swamp areas. no negative effects on the environment. Through unique EO products, it is possible to map vegetation and land “The eoworld results struck me. use, distinguish between crops, and crop varieties, I was impressed that the results are changing planting dates (identify when crops were far more useful than expected. planted, how they are developing), decreased productivity The strategic value is far greater due to pests, disease or reduction of water. For these than thought at the start of this project. reasons EO is an effective method of collecting information We would like to see continuity!” for areas with little ground information. In many countries EO data are routinely used to collect statistics on crop Ian Orrell, yields and production, and to monitor the implementation PNG Palm Oil Council of agricultural policies, including subsidies (subsidy allocation and administration, monitoring of farming 6 systems and actual crops planted and harvested), and certification systems, monitoring of concession licenses for energy and cash crops, or to facilitate production shift (licenses for conversion of forest to agricultural land) or monitoring of potential conflict between different land uses. “From the Bank’s perspective the involvement in oil palm sector financing is controversial. For this reason the SADP strives to make a convincing case that sustainable production is possible and enforceable. We are very satisfied with the delivered results. It is clear that EO is a helpful tool. The service will be used as baseline information for the ground activities which have just started”. Mona Sur, Senior Agriculture Economist, East Asia and the Pacific Region, World Bank The use of EO within the World Bank Smallholder Agriculture Development Project (SADP) in Papua New Guinea demonstrated how satellite based monitoring can help manage risks associated with smallholder oil palm cultivation to ensure that the active infill planting and rehabilitation of existing plantations is taking place 22 “Eoworld project provides new information the environmental and social sustainability of oil palm previously unavailable and highlighted some production while ensuring that the expansion of plantation information, for example concerning wetlands areas and the construction of new roads do not distress the primary forest or the protected buffer zones along that the SADP did not focus on before. We rivers and conservation areas. To this end, EO-based like to see that project developing further monitoring documented that the World Bank-financed and get additional information”. investments are in compliance with the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) guidelines. Mike Scott, Oil Palm Industry Corporation The project also revealed that factual, evidence-based information over thousands of smallholder plantations is a unique instrument not only for practical management Introducing these monitoring tools for improved land of the plantation process but also for transparency, use practices for palm oil sector was needed and timely. awareness raising, and communication of results to the In 2011 the World Bank Group had lifted its 18-months- wide community of stakeholders: local landowners, oil long moratorium on palm oil investment financing palm industry, and civil society (e.g. local NGO’s) and voiced the need for evidence-based instruments concerned with environmental conservation. With such to strengthen policy and regulation for sustainable accurate and independent information in hand it is now agricultural production. The SADP project in Papua New possible to more effectively engage in the debate Guinea is one of the first projects put in place since the concerning the sustainability of bank investments in this memorandum was lifted. The project is actively promoting form of agricultural production. EO data allow optimization of ground resources and the overall planting management processes. Previously, there was a need to conduct time-consuming, expensive and frequent field trips to check on the progress of investments. Satellite observations offer a reliable source for initial assessment to prioritize ground-truthing. EO tools are planned to be subsequently implemented periodically for monitoring purposes once an objective and transparent baseline is established. Similar tools can be put in place anywhere where there is controversy surrounding agricultural practices or other activities leading to soil degradation, reduced biodiversity, unsustainable water extraction, groundwater depletion, and agrochemical pollution or causing conflicts with existing natural habitats (i.e. rainforests encroachment or threats to endangered species). 6. Location of buffer zones can be easily measured. Credit: SarVision. Photo by Niels Wielaard. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 23 2. Overview Of results by sectOr forestry 7a Forest management tools rely heavily on satellite objectives. In the course of the eoworld project it imagery for establishing historical baselines and was demonstrated that forest management can be assessing evolution over time. EO data can be used to substantially improved by the use of a forest monitoring identify forest boundaries, distinguish tree species, system based on a combination of EO-based analysis estimate biomass, and quantify forest health. EO data is and field data collection. also integral to monitoring forest governance through identification of illegal activities, forest harvests, forest Satellite mapping focused on two selected locations in fires, the state of secondary growth, and settlements North-West Liberia (Gbarpolu & Grand Cape Mount) and agriculture. Finally, EO data is integral in supporting where the Bank has been engaged since 2004 (Fig. 7). operational decisions, such as allocation of forest Liberian authorities had long struggled with accurate concessions, and classification of forests parcels. assessment of the county’s forest base, especially since the knowledge of Liberia’s forests was drastically reduced as a result of uncontrolled logging activities and “The maps show there is no deforestation during the civil wars. By 2004 most of the existing maps taking place in the two concessions areas. were outdated or fragmented and could not provide a These findings are very comforting but complete picture of the current forest inventory. To assist they caught us by surprise as there was the government in addressing these information gaps, no accurate information available before the eoworld project demonstrated the use of the state of concerning the richness of Liberian forests. art satellite techniques to provide comprehensive land use mapping and forest baselines. As a result, the most We hope we can move ahead and cover accurate assessment of deforestation trends in North- the entire Liberia”. west Liberia was delivered to the government and to Paola Agostini, 7b Senior Economist, Africa Region, World Bank The World Bank assists many governments in the evaluation and implementation of policies regarding the sustainable management of forests. In doing so the Bank focuses on containing deforestation, promoting conservation, fostering forest carbon sequestration benefits, and encouraging community participation in forest management as some of the key development 24 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment the national forest authority. One of the immediate 7c benefits of the collected datasets was the validation of various contradictory reports, verification of the existing databases, and clarification of forest and land use definitions. The new datasets have also supported an assessment of the forest concessions allocation process (i.e. which areas are best fitted for agricultural concession, commercial forestry or carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation). The project helped to clarify the way forward and identify options for national land use reform. It is now being extended to cover the entire country as a baseline forest information system based on the systematic use for creating a nation-wide forest and land cover map of EO. A suite of activities envisaged within the Liberia aimed to steer its national Reducing Emissions from Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) grant will help Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) activities. This build internal technical capacity for accessing and national baseline will improve the efficiency of field analyzing data and mapping products. In parallel the surveys and monitoring of illegal logging, as well as the World Bank has supported FDA in implementing “the timely assessment of forest and land cover with the chain of custody system” which allows for precise tracking objective to contribute to the future national forest of logs intended for export from Liberia. This includes inventory. geolocation technologies to tag and track timber products. The results were shared with and utilized by the national Liberian Forestry Development Agency (FDA) which is now working toward improving its own national 8 7a. Forest Concessions on a map of Liberia. Logs at the Buchanan logyard in Liberia. Photos by Flore de Preneuf/PROFOR. 7b. Liberia is currently implementing a modern chain of custody system which uses tracking and mapping applications. That tracking system, known as the LiberFor, is seen by experts as one of the few bright spots in a Liberian forest sector that has struggled to repair the damage done by years of mismanagement, corruption and over-exploitation under President and warlord Charles Taylor. Photo: Flore de Preneuf/PROFOR. 7c. Caption: Liberia’s efforts to re-start logging operations for export were challenged by the dilapidated state of road and port infrastructure in the aftermath of the war. The port of Buchanan returned to operations in 2009. Photo: Flore de Preneuf / PROFOR. 8. Forest Concessions allocation assessment and satellite forest cover map for Gbarpolu & Grand Cape Mount areas (concession areas D and M). Credit: Metria/Geoville. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 25 2. Overview Of results by sectOr climate change adaptation Counteracting climate change poses a challenge for the cities and climate change design and appraisal of World Bank projects. Design of dams and seawalls, disaster risk management systems, Adaptation of cities to climate change is essential in flood control infrastructure, sustainable river, land and preparing for natural disasters such as floods, heat coastal management practices have to take into account waves, or water scarcity - all of which can be measured the changing and future climate conditions. In ESA - with the use of Earth Observation tools (i.e tools to World Bank partnership, particular emphasis has been assess precipitation and temperature anomalies, heat placed on demonstrating the added value of using EO waves, urban heat islands effects, flood risk, urban green data to support climate change adaptation in coastal cover, etc). The contribution of EO data to support the areas: coastal cities in North Africa, coastal lowlands in World Bank study “Adaptation to Climate Change and South Asia, and coral reefs in the Caribbean. Natural Disaster Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa” was primarily focused on geological risks and the location of subsidence and uplift zones in Alexandria “There was very little scientific evidence and Tunis. While traditionally such measurements relied of the subsidence that has been taking solely on geodetic in-situ surveying techniques, new EO place along the Nile Delta coastline, techniques allow for measurement of deformation with much higher precision, and provide the basis for the and whether the city of Alexandria design of adaptation measures which in these two had been affected as well. We therefore locations were mostly related to flood vulnerability and very much appreciated EO filling this gap relative sea-level rise. as an important input to the study coastal lowlands and climate change we carried out on climate change adaptation and natural disaster preparedness in the In Bangladesh, EO data helped resolve issues related to coastal cities of North Africa”. the scientific debate around the status and coastal dynamics in the coastal region. More specifically, EO data Anthony Bigio, measured the changing nature of the Ganges river delta Senior Urban Specialist, Urban and Disaster and associated sediment aggregation rates. The Ganges’ Risk Management Department, morphology is constantly changing, with sediment de- World Bank posits of over a billion tons per year. Understanding the processes that guide this sediment deposit is critical to 9a 9b 9a. The map highlights Alexandria’s critical vulnerabilities identified by the Word Bank “Coastal Cities” project. Credit: World Bank. 9b. Coastline migration in Bangladesh from 2000 to 2006 identified by manual interpretation. Credit: GRAS. 26 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment assessing the real impacts of sea-level rise on the flood and if current trends continue, particularly in combination plains. In combination with other data (such as sea-level with overfishing and pollution, a further 30% are at risk rise, storm surge, wave statistics, and subsidence of being lost by 2050. evolution over the last 20 years) EO evidence of coastal sediment transport was considered an important step The pilot eoworld project conducted off the coast of toward developing a more comprehensive understanding Belize incorporated the use of various satellite products of the geomorphology of Bangladesh’s coastal areas to to measure the biological stresses related to climate better plan for adaptation measures. change. Earth Observation techniques offered a solid scientific base to support traditional environmental “The coastline of Bangladesh is extremely monitoring and management of coral reefs. EO’s main dynamic, making it difficult to predict strengths are cost, synoptic view, and simultaneous how sea-level rise may impact the southern evaluation of several recognized stressors for the establishment of relevant links. Satellite monitoring of part of the country. These preliminary sea surface temperature is remarkably effective at results from EO are interesting and merit predicting where and when bleaching, one of the main further investigation into the accretion sources of coral stress, will take place. Understanding and erosion processes occurring”. the patterns of the thermal regime may further assist in locating hot-spots to maximize the reef’s resilience and Winston Yu, recovery. Moreover, information concerning chronic and Senior Water Resources Specialist, acute thermal regimes can be used by the local marine South Asia Region, reserves management authorities to reduce some causes World Bank of biological stress, such as overfishing. coral reefs and climate change “Space-based observations are In recent decades scientists have become increasingly an essential element of climate monitoring aware of the fact that climate change will have profound in Latin America and a complement impact on the health and biodiversity of coral reefs. Coral to ground-based stations. ESA instruments bleaching - the whitening of corals during periods of and observation protocols are particularly exceptionally warm sea temperature – is causing rapid applicable to the type of information deterioration in many fragile marine ecosystems. As that needs to be collected over time much as 30% of coral reefs are already permanently lost in the Americas”. Walter Vergara, 9c Former Lead Engineer, Latin America and Carribean Region, World Bank 9. Sea surface temperature patterns for the Belize area (a) average (b) minimum monthly mean (c) maximum monthly mean (d) standard deviation. Credit: MSEL, ENVISAT data (c) ESA. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 27 3. evaluatiOn Of impacts Following the implementation of the eoworld projects, and validated geo-information services with known the objective was to evaluate their impacts based on four accuracies and limitations was particularly useful in cases factors: availability, usefulness, reliability, and affordability where there was a need to upgrade the reliability of of the EO services as delivered. This process was mainly available datasets to create a more favourable decision- based on the feedback from the World Bank teams and making environment. The ability to manage operational their country-level clients, and three other sources of risks and mitigate the possibility of making poor information: final reports and operational documentation decisions based on inaccurate or outdated data makes delivered by each of the project teams; World Bank EO an important tool in operational processes (i.e. project information documents (PIDs), and field-based decisions related to location of settlements in risk- case studies associated with the individual projects; as prone areas, designs of irrigation systems, concessions well as interviews with the World Bank managers and allocations) was considered essential. staff involved in the collaboration. This evaluation aimed to assess the prospects for wider use of EO The eoworld projects confirmed that the availability of information services across a greater number of Bank factual, evidence-based information is a unique instrument operations and across different sectors. It was made for transparency and awareness-raising in order to by comparing the performance of EO-based services develop an informed community of stakeholders and to in comparison to alternative sources of information. effectively engage them in a dialogue on the issues of Moreover, recommendations for improvements of EO common interest. In Indonesia, for example, the precise services and additional information requirements were assessment of subsidence trends enhanced an on-going captured. World Bank dialogue with DKI (Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta or Special Capital City District of Jakarta) and the The outcome of this process revealed a significant National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) and demand for EO-based services both at the World Bank prompted the creation of a national-level community of and in its client countries reflecting their relevance to the practice with local authorities and agencies responsible World Bank operational needs, data collection, knowledge for the management of the urban areas affected by generation, and institutional strategy. The implementation subsidence. In Papua New Guinea, satellite based of the eoworld portfolio has brought to the forefront the monitoring helped bring together local government, value of training and capacity building to achieve the industry, and civil society in setting transparent baselines desired development objectives at the local level. for future bi-annual environmental audits. Generated information has also greatly improved the dialogue with all of the stakeholders involved in forest management in Operational needs Liberia. The results of the EO project were also presented at a high-level meeting with the Government, and Many Bank managers highlighted their fundamental need informed discussions concerning options for the national for quality data and information, especially in view of land use reform. multimillion dollar investments in new infrastructure, forest stocks, environmental conservation, and water Overall, in the course of implementing the eoworld resources. Therefore, from the operations perspective, portfolio some bigger sectoral information needs have the use of EO-based information for projects’ design been identified by different World Bank units. For and implementation was regarded as essential to example, collaboration with ESA highlighted the need for strengthening the strategic relevance and technical greater utilization of EO data for independent forest quality of the proposed and on-going World Bank assessments to ensure that Bank-led investments in the projects. EO-based information is particularly important in forestry sector are effectively contributing to overall view of implementing, coordinating, and monitoring improved forest management This is particularly large-scale infrastructure investments, and long term important given that the World Bank is the largest strategic planning (i.e. definition of priority interventions source of multilateral financing for forests, and a hub for or understanding risks and vulnerabilities, especially in a number of key global forestry efforts, such as the view of climate change). Moreover, the access to tested Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), and the Forest 28 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment Investment Program (FIP) of the Strategic Climate Fund subsidence trends on the level of single infrastructure (SCF) within the Climate Investment Funds (CIF). elements, dramatically increasing the number of measurement points (from approximately 80 GPS/ Similarly, EO was considered as critical source of extensometers ground-based stations to over 5 million information to aid the World Bank agenda for healthy points using very high resolutions (VHR) satellite and productive oceans which involves doubling the sensors) in order to more effectively assess the problem coverage of marine protected areas and setting tangible of collapsing terrain. In the overwhelming majority of test targets for improvement of the management of marine cases the application of satellite observation helped to and coastal environments, while mitigating the negative optimize the use of limited in-situ or ground assets. In effects of pollution and climate change on ocean Zambia and Malawi EO tools enabled verification and ecosystems. consolidation of available official regional databases and will be further used to optimise in situ surveys. Concerning urban development, historical analysis of urban growth was identified as critical input to better One of the most difficult tasks facing developing manage the World Bank infrastructure investment countries is to create sustainable options for collecting activities but was also acknowledged as an essential information and monitoring of large areas with limited element for producing and delivering global knowledge resources. While ground-based, air-based, and ocean- products on urbanization processes worldwide. The based monitoring devices usually serve as a primary World Bank’s Water Partnership Program (WPP) has source of information, in many places of the world highlighted the need to create a new task on remote these tools are not always readily available. This was sensing and water to provide technical assistance to highlighted by the eoworld project implemented in the project managers on how to incorporate EO-based Mozambique Channel where counties have long information into World Bank’s project design and struggled to overcome limitations associated with implementation. insufficient number of vessels (air and seaborne) for the detection, tracking and monitoring of oil spill pollution. The use of remote sensing technologies was ground- data and information supply breaking for their ability to adequately track contamination accidents in the entire region, and effectively monitor EO techniques proved to be applicable to critical Bank hundreds of thousands of square kilometres, in a non- research and generation of data that is later integrated intrusive and reliable manner. into operational work. Satellite EO technology offers a unique capability to collect and analyse information, In the Mekong River basin EO has also provided wide-area and improve the effectiveness of existing methods of synoptic datasets which have taken into account the collecting information especially in cases where trans-boundary character and hydrological connectivity of traditional in-situ surveys are restricted for logistical river basins to map thousands of buildings and reasons, or are too expensive to be conducted over infrastructure features as well as thousands of square large areas. The use of EO was deemed particularly kilometers of fields and crop yields. This data collection useful in those areas of the world where databases are method helps to offset the time-consuming, expensive poorly maintained, or where the existing data collection and frequent field trips and airborne surveys which oth- methods do not exist or are insufficient. erwise would have had to be conducted. EO measurement also allows for periodic updates of geospatial inventories For example, in the Lake Titicaca basin where in-situ of assets as they develop over time. In the case of rice water quality stations are often out of order, EO filled in crop monitoring, satellite radar data offered a unique data gaps and provided reliable and affordable options capability to assess rice growth patterns which would for long term basin-wide environmental observations. In not be available from other sources. Jakarta, where the problem of urban subsidence was well known to the public but have not been fully measured, EO-based interferometry provided a complete analysis of European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 29 Knowledge management the management of geospatial datasets developed in the framework of Bank activities. Many Bank investment Some of the World Bank sectors (i.e. water, disaster risk operations have generated a significant wealth of management, forestry) have more experience in working comprehensive spatial information datasets. However, with Earth Observation technology, while others still need this information is often generated in a fragmented way to develop such capacity. The application of EO technology without clear guidance concerning standards and technical to water management tasks as well as to forestry specifications (metadata, data formats and structures in and ecosystem assessment is particularly promising. which spatial data are organized and accessed). Many Moreover, the World Bank’s Global Facility for Disaster activities occur in relative isolation from one another, Risk Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) has leveraged risking duplication of efforts. remote sensing for one of its core activities – Post Disaster Needs Assessment (or PDNA). The World Bank To help overcome these limitations a spatial data portal East Asia and Pacific Region (EAP) has championed the called GeoWB has been built and launched by the use of EO data for urban risk assessment. A number of Sustainable Development Network Information Services strategic publications and regional guidebooks were (SDNIS) as a mean of organizing and sharing spatial issued in 2012 and reported on the use of eoworld information across the institution. This is a major step services for disaster risk management (See Box 1). The toward providing greater access to information in line EAP Urban team has also led the way in the development with the Bank’s “Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open of dedicated tools for urban analysis via the upcoming Solutions” reforms. In this context, the “Earth Observation Platform for Urban Monitoring and Analysis (PUMA). for Development” initiative encouraged a downstream use of generated information products by the end users. One of the key institutional challenges of the ESA-World Bank partnership has been the capturing and systematically One of the key objectives of the ESA-World Bank organizing available spatial data and information partnership has been to encourage the use of EO across generated within eoworld projects, but also more broadly the World Bank Group as a standard reference technology BOX 1 tools for building urban resilience: integrating risk information into investment decisions. pilot cities report – Jakarta and can tho, world bank publication …With the advanced satellite-based monitoring techniques it is possible to monitor displacement trends and follow them building-by-building and other single infrastructure points especially. This high precision monitoring can then provide unique inputs to rehabilitation and maintenance of flood control infrastructure… strong, safe, and resilient: a strategic policy Guide for disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific, world bank publication …Integrating satellite earth observation for high-resolution risk identification: […] EO imagery allows the extraction of hazard information (flood risk area, subsidence, and landslide) and exposure (buildings, roads, dams) at very high resolution for a detailed local-level analysis. Regional projects in Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, and Yogyakarta have already benefited from cutting-edge EO. One of the most promising applications is interferometric synthetic aperture radar–based persistent scatterer interferometry (InSAR-based PSI), known for providing detailed measurements of surface displacements for measuring hazards associated with earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides, as well as subsidence and deformations of flood defense structures in coastal lowlands… 30 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment 10 in monitoring, assessment and implementation of projects. operational user communities were involved in training Significant progress has been made to date to bring this and capacity building, the respective national agencies vision closer to reality. The World Bank has embarked on were keen on applying EO methodologies in their an effort to scope its information needs to be addressed day-today operations, and developing further expertise. by systematic use of Earth Observation tools. However, there is still a need for targeted technical assistance, The Coast Guard agencies of the countries in the Western awareness-raising, capacity building and knowledge Indian Ocean trained in the use of the early warning have exchange activities. The Second Phase of ESA-World Bank noticeably improved methods for managing marine partnership is intended to contribute further in this area. contamination. This experience led them to improved regional collaboration, the refinement of delivered tools to better meet their specific operational requirements, and the role of capacity building in earth Observation the upcoming incorporation of this state-of-the-art EO-based maritime surveillance system into a Regional The quality of the engagement with the local stakeholders Coordination Center for Oil Spill and Chemical Spill made a real difference when it came to the operational prevention to be hosted by the South African Maritime use of EO services, and their impacts on the ground. The Safety Agency. Currently, the Western Indian Ocean is the projects that actively involved user communities in only area outside of Europe and North America where the production, dissemination, and assessments of the such advanced oil spill management tools are being put services have better prospects for sustainable use of the into practice. This project is also an example of EO opening generated information, and they also resulted in a greater new areas of engagement with the World Bank country- developmental outcome. Moreover, in those cases where level clients. It significantly expanded the objectives of 10. Snapshot of GeoWB portal. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 31 the World Bank activities in the region, enhancing Satellites provide an enormous amount of quality data the Bank’s competitive advantage as an institution and the access to openly available imagery is only going focused on delivering cutting edge solutions and brokering to expand in the future. However the value of this wealth knowledge exchange across countries. of information can only be realised through the ability of users to access, analyse and use the information on an The series of technical exchanges, training courses, operational basis. This is why expanding and improving the seminars, workshops, and “on-line” advice underscored knowledge and skills in remote sensing applications is the fact that the Bank has an important role to play in critical to making the most of these opportunities. This global capacity building in Earth Observation. In Rio de transfer of knowledge and skills to users in developing Janeiro, the results of the vulnerability study were countries (i.e. national-level and regional authorities, reviewed by Rio Prefeitura’s Publics Works department implementing agencies as well as universities) through (SEOBRAS), the State Geological Survey (DR/RJ), Rio State specialized training has been identified as a key element Institute of Environment (INEA), GeoRIO, RioÁguas, of the ESA-World Bank collaboration to ensure long-term and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro as well as by and sustainable flow of quality data and innovations to the Operational Centre of Rio de Janeiro, which received developing countries. a working-level hands-on training concerning the use of the EO information in their urban planning and disaster As capacity building is a long term process that requires risk management operations. The training was also targeted efforts, there is an opportunity for the World provided to national level agencies and organizations Bank to take advantage of the partnership with ESA to responsible for water resources management in Zambia. become a global connector of knowledge and innovation It led them to incorporating Earth Observation tools by providing these opportunities to its clients. Education in the country strategy for water sector assistance. and training in Earth Observation is at the heart of ESA Subsequently, the World Bank and the Zambian activities which has developed a vast experience in EO Government agreed to integrate and fund a national level capacity building as well as a variety of training materials EO training program of six training courses over the next to support it. For example, through the Tiger Initiative three years to enhance the capacity at the national and ESA has trained over 200 African scientists in advanced regional level to better address the challenges related to EO tools for water resources management. Under the water resources management. DRAGON program ESA is supporting a large Chinese scientific community in developing a dvanced EO applications in land, oceans, 11a and atmosphere. Eoworld projects have also highlighted the crucial role of capacity building in transferring high-impact knowledge products to the users in developing countries. The World Bank clients usually needed practical instructions on interpretation of satellite imagery in order to know how EO can be of use. Therefore the most positive feedback from the local institutions involved in this collaboration was provided to those eoworld projects which delivered training and capacity building. Such hands-on training activities not only enhanced the uptake of EO products at the local level, but have also 11a. Training in Sao Tome. Photo by Geoville. 32 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment 11b increased the users’ ownership of these knowledge products institutions to use EO for the management of the country’s and their operational use. Moreover, these capacity building water resources. activities has resulted in new requirements and requests by the client governments for the continuation of technical These examples have highlighted individual strengths of assistance. Some of these requests were incorporated in both institutions in addressing key development objectives World Bank regional operations, such as the monitoring while leveraging each other’s core competencies: the of seven hot-spot locations in Sao Tome and Principe ESA’s technology transfer to developing countries, and the with the use of very high resolution data to establish Bank’s role focusing on the long-term sustainable capacity local expertise to manage and update a comprehensive building of government users. Overall, the eoworld digital geo-database for the islands. Similar capacity- capacity building component was an important element building was also implemented in Zambia and it will of expanding access to EO data and information to a continue over the course of the next three years during broader community of users especially in view of the which ESA and the World Bank provide a specialized growing potential of Earth Observation to support series of workshops to enhance the capacity of the local decision making. 11b. Training at Indian Ocean Commission concerning marine surveillance system. The local users received on-site training on the principles of radar remote sensing and the use of on-line system and interpretation of the pollution reports. Photo by CLS. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 33 4. milestOnes and neXt steps institutional agreements the support and involvement of Earth Observation Coordination team launched a spatial data portal – The pilot phase of collaboration between ESA and the GeoWB – which facilitates exchange, sharing, access, and World Bank (2008 – 2010) was the result of projects-based use of spatial data across the institution. Currently, agreements whereby ESA agreed to providing pro-bono GeoWB serves as a framework for developing advanced EO services to specific Bank teams which were seeking geospatial applications and creating unique opportunities technical support for on-going or new engagements. to communicate development results. Data products from The key milestone for the launch of the fully-fledged the eoworld initiative have been integrated and actively first phase of formal collaboration (2010-2012) was an explored using the GeoWB. exchange of letters between the ESA’s Head of Science, Exploitation and Future Technologies Department in the By logging the geospatial information from the eoworld Earth Observation Programmes Directorate and the projects in the GeoWB, the projects can be combined World Bank Director of the Urban and Disaster Risk with other data to create unique online maps and Management Department of the Sustainable Development applications. For example, the Mapping for Results (M4R) Network issued respectively on July 26, 2010 and on initiative maps the locations of all the World Bank August 5, 2010. The letter exchange was followed by projects to improve the transparency of aid flow and the establishment of an Earth Observation Coordination monitoring of results. Some of the eoworld products (i.e. team at the World Bank’s Urbanization and Disaster the assessment of the long term coastal erosion trends Resilience Department to coordinate and connect with in West Africa) have been overlaid with Mapping for ESA and World Bank project teams, and to promote a Results data to visualize the locations of Bank-financed dialogue on issues of common interest. The Earth projects to get a better understanding of the types of Observation team promotes the Bank-wide use of EO, World Bank (and other development) interventions in this consistent with World Bank international strategic area and if they correspond to the environmental issues framework as well as strategic partnerships. affecting this region. The image in Figure 12 showcases the eoworld project results in Benin where long term In October 2011 ESA has formally established an erosion hot-spots were detected and overlaid with on-site presence at the World Bank Headquarters via Mapping for Results data. This analysis revealed that the the secondment of a staff member who integrated the majority of the World Bank projects in this area are Earth Observation Coordination team. In November related to water, sanitation and flood protection which is 2011, a Progress Report was released to highlight the a positive correlation with eoworld findings. This sort of on-going achievements of the first phase of collaboration, analysis can provide added value to the World Bank and to further stimulate EO awareness and knowledge business development strategy. For example this area in sharing. In February 2012, a high level delegation Benin could potentially also attract more investments in chaired by the ESA’s Director for Earth Observation integrated coastal zones management. Programmes participated in the World Bank Sustainable Development Network Forum – the prime learning and Mainstreaming geospatial knowledge involves not only knowledge sharing event across the institution. The sharing data, information, and analytic tools but also best joint session highlighted the strategic directions for practices, experiences, and lessons learned. Satellite current and future use of EO information technology and applications offer numerous benefits to World Bank applications at the World Bank in an effort to establish teams: improved decision-making processes, access to a longer-term adoption of such services in its operations. more detailed information, faster information retrieval In June 2012 a dedicated website: www.worldbank.org/ time, and increased quality and quantity of development earthobservation was launched. data. As a result, certain missions operate more effectively and are more optimized for their tasks. The level of openness and transparency introduced by satellite mainstreaming the use of eO at the world bank platforms has the potential to deliver evidence-based and data driven solutions to many development challenges. In March 2012, the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Furthermore, as EO applications are relevant to Network Information Services department (SDNIS) with operational effectiveness, they can be translated into 34 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment policy recommendations, can be used as a data collection operational units in the World Bank have voiced a need method in locations where projects are difficult to for accurate and reliable spatial information. It may monitor and evaluate (remote areas, fragile, conflict- or indicate a growing demand to inform project design and disaster- affected states), introduced as “best practice” monitoring of outcomes using EO data and tools. assessment tools in selected sectors (i.e. in forestry, water, urban development, coastal zones management), Moreover, methodologies often vary from project to and can act as standard reference technology in cases project preventing comparative analysis. Sectoral where data gathering is only available through space- standardized approach to spatial information and based observations (i.e. maritime surveillance, fisheries methodologies would enhance Bank’s overall operational monitoring, terrain motion, land subsidence, flood hazard effectiveness. For example, the World Bank Water assessment based on historical observations or case- Partnership Program (WPP) has already recognized the specific methodologies for water resources management). importance of providing technical assistance to project managers on how to incorporate EO-based information The ESA-World Bank collaboration has inspired a review to project design and implementation. The WPP is cur- of current practices concerning the use of EO within the rently embarking on a new global initiative that promotes Bank and in its client countries. This review revealed the mainstreaming of remote sensing technologies in that in some areas the World Bank has been a leader in water resources management. The objective is to improve EO implementation. For example, in 2003 the Bank the quality of water resources management planning and commissioned a study on the Dynamics of Global Urban project design by promoting a menu of remote sensing Expansion, based on the use of MODIS500 and Landsat products. The foundation of the new initiative lays in data, which provided one of the most important global evaluating of the demand and operational use of remote assessments of urbanization and urban growth models. sensing products across World Bank regional teams, While the Bank has lead the way in certain projects, followed by provision of expert support to country teams overall, only a limited amount of Earth Observation on application of specific tools, analytical work concerning information is used in the preparation and implementation development of new tools, as well as regional capacity phase of investment projects. At the same time, various building. 12 12. Coastal erosion trends in Benin (Credit: Geoville). The results are overlaid by Mapping for Results layer. Courtesy of GeoWB team. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 35 The portfolio of eoworld projects has thoroughly know-how users in developing countries through the documented technical specifications of EO services: World Bank’s global reach and presence. The outputs of procurement of data, delivery formats and systems, as the eoworld portfolio have been presented during the well as metadata standards, desired accuracies, etc. This Services Utility Review meetings conducted in collaboration portfolio can be considered a best practice in this field and with the World Bank Country Offices in Brazil, Papua consequently could be used by the World Bank as a New Guinea, Zambia, Indonesia and the Headquarters reference when developing its own technical guidance notes. of the Indian Ocean Commission. The local institutions were trained in the use of information products, data Finally, to contribute to the expanding knowledge base analysis, and interpretation of the results. about Earth Observation techniques, all tools developed as a part of the ESA-World Bank collaboration have been In December 2011 the World Bank Office in Port presented to the wider World Bank audience via a series Moresby, Papua New Guinea organized a meeting which of dedicated Training and Learning Events which took involved the presentation of the results to the Oil Palm place between November 2011 and December 2012. One Research Association of PNG (PNGOPRA) and to the of the key objectives of these results-focused presentations Oil Palm Industry Corporation (OPIC), which are the was to demonstrate the usefulness and applicability of implementing agencies of the World Bank-financed the mapping products as well as to show that even Smallholder Agriculture Development Project (SADP). complex and highly specialized EO applications are in fact From the technical standpoint, the use of very high affordable and easy to use, dwarfing the costs of in-situ resolution RapidEye data considerably improved the data collection. These events offered an opportunity to detail and scope of the information available as compared further develop internal capacity and know-how concerning with Landsat-resolution map products which were practical applications of EO services for the Bank’s occasionally used by SADP in the past. The eoworld operations and also to demonstrate the global applicability maps are now slated to be incorporated into the locally of EO methods. managed geographic information systems. Global outreach and dissemination of results In February 2012, the Zambian Water Board of the Ministry of Energy and Water Development hosted a One of the main objectives of the ESA-World Bank training session which was attended by 40 participants partnership from the onset has been to reach EO representing different government and development eO learning events (2011-2012) • Monitoring of Water Quality and Land Use Changes in the Lake Titicaca Basin November 22, 2011 • Historical Assessment of Spatial Growth of Built-ups and Metropolitan areas of Delhi and Mumbai in India, and Dhaka in Bangladesh, January 10, 2012 • Forest Resources Management in Liberia, January 11, 2012 • Building Exposure Maps of Urban Infrastructure and Crop Fields in the Mekong River Basin, January 11, 2012 • Satellite Tools for Building Flood Defence Systems in Guyana, February 21, 2012 • Analysis of Land Subsidence in the Agglomeration of Jakarta, February 21, 2012 • EO Support to Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Assessment in Ho Chi Minh City and Yogyakarta February 22, 2012 • Monitoring of Coastal Vulnerability and Coastal Change Trends in West Africa, February 23-24, 2012 • Sustainable Oil Palm Production in Papua New Guinea, December 11, 1012 36 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment agencies. It was followed by a dedicated “Capacity Building The Indian Ocean Commission hosted the Monitoring of workshop on Advanced EO Methods in Water Management” Environmentally Sensitive Areas in the Mozambique that took place in November 2012 in Lusaka within the Channel, Real-time Oil Spills Detection & Polluter framework of TIGER activities which have trained 20 Identification project meeting on March 15-16, 2012. additional professionals from several government The workshop gathered a community of users to discuss organizations. The training included interactive sessions, the outcomes of the project and recommendations for keynote lectures on state-of-the-art Earth Observation, future steps. The participants included Indian Ocean theoretical lectures on microwave remote sensing with Commission, South African Maritime Safety Agency, emphasis on synthetic aperture radar (SAR), workshops Mozambique’s INAMAR - National Maritime Authority, on accessing satellite data, SAR data processing, and Comoros’s Centre des Opérations de Secours Et de la flood and small water body mapping. This was the first Protection Civile (COSEP), La Réunion’s Action de l’Etat en time that ESA cooperated with the World Bank in Mer (AEM), Centre Régional Opérationnel de Surveillance et delivering a training course in Africa. It resulted in World de Sauvetage (CROSSRU), Madagascar’s Organe de Lutte Bank financing of six additional training courses over the contre l’Evènement de Pollution (OLEP), Mauritius’ Albion next three years. Fisheries Research Center, Ministries of Public Infrastructure, (Land Transport & Shipping) and Fisheries, Mauritius’ Oceanography Institute (MOI), National Coast Guard 13a (NCG) and Seychelles’ Ministry of Environment. Later on, the continuity of the Oil Spill Detection service in the Mozambique Channel was secured within the second phase of the World Bank’s GEF-financed Marine Highway Development and Coastal and Marine Contamination Prevention Project, which includes a dedicated training of key staff in operational sites. The results of the Jakarta land subsidence study were first presented at the Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop in Jakarta on May 2-3, 2012 organized by the World Bank, with the support of the Republic of Korea and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Attendees included representatives from Indonesia, China, Lao PDR, Philippines, Thailand, “The results of the EO world for Indonesia 13b had attracted a lot of interest. We hope we can continue facilitating discussion among stakeholder like DKI Jakarta government to have more regular subsidence monitoring program which incorporate the use of ESA technology ”. Iwan Gunawan, Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank Country Office, Jakarta 13a. The results of the project in Papua New Guinea were presented to the local stakeholders. Photo by SarVision. 13b. TigerNET workshop participants receive Certificates. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 37 The ESA TIGER Initiative Workshop organized in December 2011 in South Africa offered the opportunity to discuss the World Bank’s perspectives regarding the role of information technology in supporting African countries in their water resources management. A major component of the TIGER Initiative is devoted to supporting African scientists, technical centres and water authorities to develop the scientific skills and the technical capacity to make the best use of EO technology. EO can be used to assess and monitor the status of the water resources in Africa and assess the potential impacts of climate change on water resources to establish a sound scientific basis for and Vietnam, as well as various development partner developing effective adaptation and mitigation organizations. One of the workshops sessions was measures across the continent. dedicated to the problem of disaster risk management in Jakarta and aimed at presenting new approaches and technologies, including the PSI-based subsidence “The World Bank is a key development assessment conducted in the framework of the partner for Africa to strengthen eoworld project. The Jakarta Workshop was followed by a dedicated meeting with Indonesia’s Disaster water-related information, institutions, Management Agency (BPBD) in June 2012. The and infrastructure at a scale that can have audience was composed of about 40 participants in total representing agencies responsible for spatial transformative impact at local, national, planning and environmental management, public and regional levels… Evolving Earth works, energy, industry, marine, fisheries, as well as Observation tools can provide significant academia and other experts from the local government responsible for planning, community protection, opportunities to accelerate Africa’s environmental management, social affairs and sustainable development” resettlements, among others. Harshadeep Rao, Moreover, to facilitate broader global outreach as well as greater coordination of the existing initiatives ESA Senior Environment Specialist, and the World Bank have been actively exchanging Africa Region, World Bank, their expertise through a series of professional events. Tiger Workshop, 2011 13c 13c. Understanding Risk Forum, 2012 Cape Town, South Africa. From left to right: Philippe Bally (ESA), Jane Olwoch (SANSA), Hicham Ezzine, Regional Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction (RCDRR), Egypt, Paida Managara (SANSA), and Guido Van Langenhove, National Hydrological Services, Namibia. 38 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment BOX 2 scientific and technical memorandum of the international forum on satellite eO and Geohazards, 21-23 may 2012, santorini Greece, esa/GeO publication …EO, combined with other data sources can be a very powerful tool, with important opportunities to support risk management. There is need for information on hazards but also assets and their vulnerability. Many applications are still to be explored (flood extent monitoring, etc.) but upcoming missions should open new area for investigation. [...] Cost, continuity and sustainability must be carefully considered when considering applications in developing countries. Data preparedness is key to accelerate risk assessment activities, build in-country capacities… Francis Ghesquiere, Head of GFDRR Secretariat, ESA’s International Forum on Satellite EO and Geohazards, 2012 best practices in disaster risk assessment publication, Gfdrr publication …In the next few years, the ESA Sentinel satellites will be launched as a part of the joint European Union-ESA GMES program. The GMES program aims to ensure long-term continuity of acquisitions with global observations that are conducted in a systematic fashion with free and open access data policy. This has the potential to enable local users and policy-makers in African countries to enhance their ability to use satellite EO for DRM… Philippe Bally, ESA’s Science, Exploitation and Future Technologies Department, GFDRR’s Understanding Risk Forum, 2012 ESA has also participated in the first Annual Meeting of from Nigeria, Egypt, Namibia, South Africa and the World the Global Partnership for Oceans (GPO) convened by the Bank who discussed the innovation in risk assessment. World Bank in April 2012. The event involved more than The participants concluded that the current and planned 100 governments, international organizations, civil society EO missions are providing unprecedented varieties and groups, and private sector representatives, all committed volumes of data along with tools and techniques to to addressing the threats to the health, productivity and transform them into geophysical measurements directly resilience of the world’s oceans. While Earth Observation relevant to disaster risk reduction. This finding resonated can address many of the main concerns of the GPO, with the conclusion of the International Forum on Satellite such as overfishing, pollution, and habitat loss, ESA’s Earth Observation and Geo-Hazard Risks, organized by capabilities were considered to maximize the contributions ESA and attended by the GFDRR in May 2012, which from remote sensing applications via its on-going and has also offered a platform to discuss the use of Earth planned activities, and to support the achievement of Observation in tectonics, coastal lowland subsidence and GPO objectives. flood defence, landslides, seismic hazards and other hydro-geological risk assessment (such as groundwater In June 2012, ESA participated in the Understanding Risk management and inactive mines) (See Box 2). Forum organized by the World Bank’s Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) in Cape Town In September 2012 the World Bank organized its 6th on Mapping Global Risk. The Agency has co-chaired there Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium in Barcelona a dedicated session on Satellite Earth Observation and “Rethinking Cities: Framing the Future”. As part of the Disaster Risk Management along with the South African symposium a dedicated session was organized on Earth Space Agency (SANSA). The session included speakers Observation and Urban Development which was the European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 39 14 participation of experts from ESA, Columbia University, and deliver EO information services to a focused set of GISAT (an European EO service provider) and ICT sectors identified by the World Bank as having the Netherlands. biggest potential for transformative outcomes. A series of consultations across the Sustainable Development Finally, in April 2013 ESA took part in the third annual sectors and units have resulted in a joint decision WAVES (Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of to prioritize four areas for the second phase of the Ecosystem Services) Partnership meeting at the World collaboration, namely: urban development, disasters risk Bank which brought together more than 100 experts who management, oceans, and forestry. are at the forefront of advancing work on natural capital accounting). ESA also organized in collaboration with The reinforced partnership will provide a platform for WAVES an international user consultation Workshop in identifying opportunities to include new areas of strategic Washington DC concerning the expansion of Earth importance which have not yet been explored, such Observation for ecosystem services assessment which as operations in fragile and conflict-affected states, took place at the World Bank Headquarters. ecosystem’s services, extractive industries, renewable energy, and the insurance and reinsurance sector. The building on success and deepening the partnership widening portfolio of World Bank’s activities in climate change also presents an opportunity for a broader use In 2013 ESA and the World Bank are entering into the of EO applications; especially in cases where operational Second Phase of the Partnership intended to broaden climate information services may not yet exist. the initial scope of the Earth Observation for Development The second phase of the ESA – World Bank partnership initiative. Within this framework ESA will extend its will build upon the existing collaboration. It will capacity (financing and technical supervision) to produce continue to provide a platform for services expansion 14. Ecosystem Services Workshop, 2013 Washington DC. 40 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment with an objective of taking the Partnership beyond the 15 initial technology demonstration phase and toward a consolidation of EO technology usage in the World Bank knowledge, information and services delivery systems. This new approach will not focus exclusively on the demonstration projects negotiated on individual basis, but rather aim to build a strategic partnership that takes the full advantage of the technological capabilities of the European Space Agency, European national satellite missions, in particular the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Program, and the innovation opportunities they offer to the user communities around the world. The upcoming Sentinel satellites being developed under acquisition – a major improvement over existing syn- Europe’s Global Monitoring for Environment and Security thetic aperture radar systems. The Sentinel missions (GMES) programme will continue to provide operational will benefit numerous EO services, including oil-spill data to global organisations like the World Bank. The monitoring and ship detection for maritime security, European Space Agency is developing five families of monitoring land-surface for motion risks, mapping for Sentinel which will offer a depth and breadth of coverage forest, water and soil management and mapping to not previously possible with most sensors on a single support humanitarian aid and crisis situations. For platform, resulting in an unprecedented increase in the applications requiring optical data, Sentinel-2 (A and B) amount of Earth Observation data available to the users will provide complete global coverage at 10m resolution while guaranteeing continuity of observations for the every five days. Data from Sentinel-2 will benefit services next two decades. Sentinel-1 will acquire imagery over associated with land management (delivering land-cover an area which is 200 times the size of Malawi - every maps, land-change detection maps and geophysical variables day - at high spatial resolution, regardless of weather that use, for example, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll conditions, and it will deliver them within an hour of content and leaf water content), disaster control and SENTINELS OVERVIEW sentinel-1 is a polar-orbiting, all-weather, day-and-night radar imaging mission for land and ocean services. The first Sentinel-1 satellite is planned for launch in 2013. sentinel-2 is a polar-orbiting, multispectral high-resolution imaging mission for land monitoring providing, for example, imagery of vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways and coastal areas. Sentinel-2 will also deliver information for emergency services. The first Sentinel-2 satellite is planned for launch in 2014. sentinel-3 is polar-orbiting, multi-instrument mission to measure variables such as sea-surface topography, sea- and land-surface temperature, ocean colour and land colour with high-end accuracy and reliability. The first Sentinel-3 satellite is planned for launch in 2014. sentinel-4 is a payload that will be embarked upon a Meteosat Third Generation-Sounder (MTG-S) satellite in geostationary orbit scheduled to be launched in 2019. Sentinel-4 is dedicated to atmospheric monitoring. sentinel-5 is a payload that will be embarked on a MetOp Second Generation satellite, also known as Post-EPS, to be launched in 2020. Sentinel-5 is dedicated to atmospheric monitoring. 15. A simulated Sentinel-1 image of Indian Head in Canada, one the three major sites investigated intensively during the AgriSAR 2009 campaign. The various colours reflect the radar brightness of each field at different times. Fields growing the same crops generally display the same colour radar data. These data can therefore be used for crop classification. Radarsat image ©MDA. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 41 humanitarian relief operations (images of floods, volcanic approaches to support its field operations: joint logistics eruptions and landslides), or coastal zones management. centre, contingency plans, and emergency response. Similarly, in 2011 the US Agency for International Many public policy areas will be served, especially Development (USAID) set up its GeoCenter to employ multilateral environmental agreements such as the Rio satellite imagery and other spatial datasets to support its conventions. Sentinels’ operations will also significantly Missions and Operating Units in overall planning, increase EO capacity for agricultural monitoring in monitoring, evaluation, and communication of development terms of resolution, revisit frequency and coverage. Data work. products developed using Sentinel-2 will include estimates of crop area extent, crop type and crop state for different The World Bank may be the single largest, indirect regions of the Earth (status mapping in the frame of generator of spatial data in the world; but it is not easy food security) as well as precision agriculture. In forestry, to quantify this claim as these investments are not improved estimation of forest distribution and change, tracked directly in the Bank’s accounting system. What and an improved quantification of regional and global is certain is that the use of spatial data as well as the biomass will help in reducing uncertainties in calculations awareness of remote sensing techniques has grown of carbon stocks and fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. alongside the development of geospatial information systems across World Bank units. In environmental The EO community is currently moving towards providing policy research, for instance, Development Research a long-term sustainable data flow, forming the basis for Group uses GIS to calculate the probable effects of operational use of EO. Technical capabilities are improving climate change, with overlay mapping techniques to track continually, with radical improvements taking place in the the spatial distribution of potential environmental range, quality, quantity and reliability of earth observation. impacts. The World Bank Climate Change Knowledge This decade will see the deployment of many more sensors, Portal created in 2012 provides the public with visualization increasing global Earth observation capabilities at a very tools for exploring openly available climate models high spatial resolutions (<1m to 2.5m), and providing alongside country level dashboards focused on national new spectral capabilities using infrared (IR), multispectral level impacts of climate change. Moreover, a specialist and hyperspectral sensors to spot heat sources, highlight GIS team at the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and features of vegetation, determine vegetation species, and Recovery (GFDRR) – so called GFDRR Labs – has piloted identify materials and environment conditions. State-of- a number of open geospatial platforms for risk assessment the-art radar missions will provide data to support a variety (InaSafe) under its Open Data for Resilience Initiative of tailored applications offering a range of high spatial (OpenDRI). All new World Bank projects are also now resolutions, polarisations and operating frequencies, as geo-referenced under the Bank’s Mapping for Results well as improvements in interferometric capabilities, program to ensure that development planners can allowing 3-D imaging and quantification of surface geo-locate on-going aid flow. deformation with subcentimetric accuracy. However, while the Bank has begun to embrace the Demand for accurate geo-information has increased geospatial revolution it is still at the early stages of enormously over the past decade. Geospatial data and exploring the opportunities provided by satellite Earth geographic information systems (GIS) including satellite Observation and the specialized services it offers for remote sensing are becoming increasingly commonplace more informed decision making. The need to invest in development as a large number of United Nations more in the awareness raising efforts, staff training, agencies and other organizations in the international long term capacity building, and IT infrastructure, to development community have been developing GIS/EO ensure that the EO information is generated when capacity to support their operations. For example, needed and put to operational use, both at the World UNOSAT - United Nations Satellite Operations Center Bank and in the client countries has been clearly recognized. launched in 2003, with direct support from ESA, and now The partnership with ESA, now entering its second operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, providing rapid phase, will support this on-going process and accompany mapping service for UN-led humanitarian operations. The it into the next generation of results. World Food Program’s Emergency Preparedness and Response Branch has also begun using tested EO 42 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment 5. prOJects summary three early pilOts (2008–2009) climate change adaptation Adaptation to Climate Impacts in Coastal Zones in the Caribbean: Monitoring of Coral Reefs in Belize coastal zone management Monitoring of the Coastal Change Trends in Bangladesh climate change adaptation Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa first phase cOllabOratiOn prOJects (2010–2012) disaster risk management Assessing Vulnerability in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro urban risk management Building Flood Defence Systems in Guyana urban risk management Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Assesment in Ho Chi Minh and Yogyakarta urban risk management Analysis of Land Subsidence in Jakarta disaster risk management Building Exposure Maps of Urban Infrastructure and Crop Fields in the Mekong River Basin water resources Watershed Mapping for Water Resources Management for the Zambezi River Basin management water resources Monitoring of Water Quality and Land Use Changes in the Lake Titicaca Basin management coastal Zone management Monitoring of Coastal Vulnerability and Coastal Change Trends in West Africa marine environment Monitoring of Environmentally Sensitive Areas in the Mozambique Channel management urban development Historical Assessment of Spatial Growth of Metropolitan Areas of Delhi, Mumbai and Dhaka agriculture and rural Sustainable Oil Palm Production in Papua New Guinea development forestry Forest Resources Management in Liberia European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 43 adaptation to climate impacts in coastal Zones in the caribbean: monitoring of status and health of coral reefs in belize Users The decline and loss of complex coral ecosystems can have World Bank Unit: significant social, cultural, economic consequences; therefore Sustainable Development Department, Environment and Water Resources Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region there is a need to understand their major stressors and Local Stakeholders: promoting better management and conservation. The Caribbean Community Climate Change Center, Belmopan, Belize eoworld project demonstrated that systematic collection Other Users: GEF Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management of data using on remote sensing techniques yields important information concerning health and resilience of the coral EO services provided Coral Reef monitoring using remote sensing techniques to assess thermal stress reefs systems. Such tailored monitoring and early warning regimes, wave exposure areas and reef connectivity (for larvae dispersion) tools can adequately support protection efforts and the Service providers scope of their potential recovery. Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Exter (UK) ESA Technical Officer The project covered the areas of the second longest Barrier Pierre-Philippe Mathieu Reef System in the world - Mesoamerican Barrier Reef European Space Agency System (MBRS) which extends off the coasts of Belize, Science, Applications and Future Technologies Department, Exploitation & Services Division, Industry Section, Directorate of EO Programmes Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. The central theme of Tel: +39 06 94180568 | pierre.philippe.mathieu@esa.int the trial focused on monitoring of coral reefs status WB Task Team Leader (reefs habitats, reef extent), and main stress indicators Walter Vergara (sea surface temperature patterns, chronic and acute The World Bank Group thermal regimes, wave exposure - a proxy for potential Former Lead Engineer, Environmental and Social Sustainability Development Department (LCSES), Latin America and the Caribbean Region macroalgae growth, and coral connectivity among reefs). This demonstration confirmed that EO data can be used Ecosystem services provided by the coral reefs provide to map reef habitats and assess their change overtime, important monetary and non-monetary values to the and to identify regions which are more vulnerable and local communities. They protect of coastal landscapes likely to experience coral bleaching. Moreover, the project and water quality, and provide employment opportunities provided a review of state-of-the-art remote sensing such as fishing and tourism. At the same time, reef systems capabilities giving away useful recommendations are increasingly threatened by a range of biological, concerning the use this technology to improve reef chemical, and physical stresses all over the world, chief conservation (resistance and recovery from disturbances) amongst these being climate-change related coral and management. bleaching, overfishing and pollution. sea surface temperature patterns 1 Thermal regime of the sea surrounding the reefs ecosystem determines the environmental setting of the coral communities and their variability in bleaching response. Satellite monitoring of sea surface temperature (SST) is remarkably effective at predicting where and when bleaching, one of the main sources of stress, will take place. In the MBRS shallow waters, at the Bays of Ascension, Espiritu Santo and Chetumal, as well as the channel between the barrier reef and Belize’s mainland 1. Remotely sensed derived all-day SST patterns for the study area (a) average, (b) minimum monthly mean (c) maximum monthly mean (d) standard deviation based on ERS, ENVISAT (ATSR, AATSR) Data (c) ESA, temporal coverage: 1991-2008, spatial resolution: 1 km. Credit: Marine Spatial Ecology Lab (MSEL), University of Exter. 44 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment climate change adaptation and the atoll lagoons, all experience colder average SSTs, B. high chronic and high acute stress, where the selection for colder winters and broader temperature variation. more thermally-tolerant genotypes would be greatest, Warmer waters, on the other hand, and more frequent C. low chronic and low acute stress, not acclimated to thermal anomalies are experienced in areas of slow flow, any thermal stress and expected to be fair badly if as discovered in the south of the study area, as well as subjected to unusual warming, and in the shallow and sheltered regions on the internal side D. low chronic and high acute stress, likely to be the of the bays and atoll lagoons. (Fig. 1) worst-affected by climate change. In MBRS, the areas that are predicted to fare better chronic and acute thermal regimes under future climate change (A) are rare and scattered across the study area, mainly in the barrier reef and the As the oceans continue to warm, episodes of coral bleaching atolls. These are predicted to have the most bleaching- are set to become more frequent. The response of corals resistant coral communities - acute stress tends to be to thermal stress depends on the temperatures that they low in these locations and the corals’ acclimation to high are acclimated to (chronic stress) and the prolonged, chronic thermal stress implies a degree of natural elevated temperatures that they experience during resistance against elevated temperatures. Also, the disturbance events (acute stress). Such acute stress diversity of corals in (A) regimes is expected to be conditions were experienced by Belize’s reefs during the relatively high and the size distribution of corals - broad mass bleaching in 1998, which was the most significant because of the successful progression of colonies through warning event in the region, exacerbated by a catastrophic successive size classes. hurricane which has caused a 50% reduction in coral cover in Belize. Areas with high selection pressure (B) are located in In general, reefs can be classified according to their past sheltered areas within the barrier reef and the Gulf of temperature patterns into the following categories (Fig. 2): Honduras. These may have some natural resistance to A. high chronic (thus acclimated) and low acute stress, bleaching conditions by virtue of their acclimation to high expected to cope best with rising temperatures, chronic temperature, but their exposure to acute warming 2 during frequent bleaching events is likely to cause significant mortality. Sites with low chronic stress (both C and D) are found throughout the entire latitudinal range, mainly in areas where there is a change in bathymetry and thus increased water flow, for example in the north of the study area. Sheltered areas near Belize City that are located behind the barrier reef have high acute stress due to lower wave exposure and reduced mixing of the water column during summers. Corals in the (C) regime are predicted to benefit from a lack of severe bleaching events but their acclimation to cooler conditions is likely to increase their vulnerability to even short periods of rapid warming. They will be moderately healthy but mortality rates due to acute disturbance will be greater than those occurring in regime (A). Corals in regime (D) (low chronic and high acute stress) are predicted to 2. Categorization of coral reefs in MBRS by thermal stress regime. Empty (white) polygons are unclassified, falling between thermal regimes. Credit: MSEL. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 45 3 the north-easterly trade winds can easily be seen with land masses shadowing western regions due to limiting the attainable fetch along the trade wind direction. More- over, the seaward side of the atolls and the barrier reef experience higher exposures unless they are shadowed by a reef structure to the east. These areas are more likely to experience higher water mixing and elevated microalgae growth rates. They are most vulnerable to algal blooms if the reefs are also depleted of herbivorous fishes, which are currently the most commonly caught fish in the region. This fact is important for conservation experience severe mortality because of their lack of efforts because the areas with high wave exposure and acclimation to severe thermal stress resulting in acute faster algal growth have a reduce rate of coral recovery. bleaching and disease. However, due to the complexity of the study area, which is characterized by shallow waters and a large number of Interestingly, although it has been suggested that as a small islands and atolls, the wave exposure map generated general rule higher sea surface temperature variability within the framework of this study should be interpreted may be associated with lower vulnerability to bleaching only as a relative measure of exposure to waves, not as and associated mortality, in the MBRS this is not the case. a quantitative evaluation. Following the 1998 bleaching event, coral bleaching was recorded across the whole spectrum of environment in coral larval connectivity the MBRS. However, mortality was only observed in lagoon Following disturbance events, coral reefs persistence and areas, where the temperature regimes are most variable. recovery depends not only on coral growth, but also upon the arrival of larvae to reseed the population. Larval 4 wave exposure patterns transport is driven by a general pattern of sea currents Wave exposure is a degree of in the area, with most of the connections between pairs wave action on an open shore. of reefs running parallel to the coastline. In the MBRS At the regional scale, the case the reefs at the latitudinal extremes of the study exposure pattern is dominated area exhibit some isolation from the offshore atolls by the wind statistics. In the which serve mainly as sources of larvae. On the other MBRS case the regional hand, the sites in the middle of the barrier reef have the variations in wave exposure highest number of connections. Figure 4 represents the are characterized by lesser sample of the connectivity network (various levels of exposure in the south and larval exchange (proportion surviving) between each of higher exposures at the north the reef site) for coral populations in the study area. This of the barrier reef, between assessment is based on the sample data - evaluation of Ambergris Cay and Belize a longer time period would produce more general City, where the winds are patterns that can be reliably taken into account within strongest (Fig. 3). Variation in conservation and management plans. exposure at local scales is well represented in the habitat maps exposure map in the Figure Habitat maps enable the estimation of the coverage of 3b. The dominant effect of different coral communities within an area and the 3. (a) Exposure map for the study area. Land and reef crest are black. Relative exposure measures ranges from 0 to 0.3 J/m3 (b) detailed region showing shading effects. Data source and resolution: remotely sensed derived winds (AMI), coastline and reef crest locations (Landsat) 25 m. Credit: MSEL. 46 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment climate change adaptation 5 establishment of links among different ecosystems. Two synoptic view, and simultaneous evaluation of several sections of the MBRS were mapped in this project: (1) putative stressors for the establishment of causative offshore Belize city, Turneffe Islands and Lighthouse links. Information concerning the patterns of the thermal Reef, and (2) Southern Barrier Reef. The maps provided regime may further assist in locating hot spot locations ten habitat classes: sparse, medium-dense and dense to maximize the scope for coral resilience and recovery. seagrass, brown macroalgae, reef crest, shallow forereef, For example, information concerning chronic and acute gorgonian plain, Montastraea reef, rhomboid reef and sand. thermal regimes can be used by the local marine reserves management to reduce some forms of biological stress, The regions mapped within the project are covered such as overfishing (one of the main problems in the mainly by seagrass and sand in shallow areas. Coral reefs region), thereby minimizing the overall stress that occurs are located in the seaward side of the barrier reef, around due to coral and algal competition. This is particularly the atolls (mainly in the seaward side) and within the important in view of the fact that coral bleaching increases complex region at the south of the study area, dominated the vulnerability of reefs to the negative effects of a by the presence of rhomboid reefs (Fig. 5). Within the cyclical phase shift: changing from a coral-dominated to Barrier, reefs are rare in the south, in the Gulf of Honduras, a macroalgae-dominated state, if herbivores are absent. where the shallower, slow-flow areas are dominated by seagrass beds (Fig. 5b). reefs are also scarce around the 6 deep shipping channel south of Belize City (Fig. 5a), where the water quality diminishes. Overall, Earth Observation techniques provide a solid scientific base that can be designed to support traditional environmental monitoring and the management of coral reefs. In some cases they provide a good alternative to field- surveys - their mains strengths being cost-effectiveness, 4. Connectivity network for coral populations in the study area for various levels of larval exchange (proportion surviving) between each reef site. Data provided by Claire Paris, RSMAS/AMP, University of Miami. The dataset was produced using three dimensional high resolution models of larval transport. The model was parameterized using oceanographic data for August 2003. Credit: MSEL. 5. Maps of the main marine habitats for (a) the area offshore Belize city and around the Turneffe islands and Lighthouse reef. 6. Coral reef. Photo by Marine Spatial Ecology Lab. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 47 monitoring of the coastal change trends in bangladesh Users 1 World Bank Unit • Environment and Water Resources Unit, South Asia Region • Agriculture and Rural Development Unit, South Asia Region EO services provided • Mapping of the development of the coastal zone in the Ganges Delta (long term trends and change zones, interannual change zones, and single event change zones) using medium and high resolution optical imagery • Monitoring of a coastal change using long range of EO data (Landsat archives from 1962 to 2007) Service providers GRAS (Denmark) planquadrat Geoinformation (Germany) ESA Technical Officer Pierre-Philippe Mathieu European Space Agency in Bangladesh lied however in the existence of strong Tel: +39 06 94180568 | pierre.philippe.mathieu@esa.int tidal range (difference between water levels at low tide WB Task Team Leader and high tide) which in combination with flat coast Winston Yu The World Bank Group morphology in the Ganges Delta could have resulted in Senior Water Resources Specialist, misinterpretation of the extended tidal flat areas as land Agriculture and Rural Development Unit, South Asia Region loss or gain. Therefore the project was a proof-of-concept to develop two new methodologies. In the context of changing climate many projections for Bangladesh estimate a rise in sea level of around 1 meter by the year 2100. This would mean an inundation of approximately 18% of the land surface of the 2 country. However, what these estimates fail to recognize is the extremely dynamic and changing nature of the river delta. The river morphology is constantly changing, depositing over a billion tons of sediment a year into the delta. These processes are crucial for renewing the fertility of the flood plain — Bangladesh’s backbone for economical and societal stability. The EO services were aimed at contributing to the scientific debate on the net result of high accretion and deposition rates which add land surface, against the erosion and compaction rates which reduce the land surface. The rates of loss or gain of land are usually calculated by comparison of satellite images acquired at different points in time. The difficulty with applying this approach 1. Coastline migration from 2000 to 2006 identified by manual interpretation. Credit: GRAS. 2. Erosion and accretion trends from 2000-2007. Credit:GRAS. 48 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment coastal Zone management 3 segmentation and classification methods were applied as well as visual interpretation of the imagery (Fig. 1 and 2). The results of this pilot project highlighted the added value of the analysis of EO data for the monitoring of coastline dynamics. For a large study area, this method provided useful baseline information on locations with tendency to erosion and locations with tendency to accretion (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Additionally it provided robust and reliable annual average rates of erosion and accretion in decadal intervals. The analysis confirmed however that the tidal effect (the water level at time of The first study by planquadrat Geoinformation developed data acquisition by the satellite sensor) has a significant a nearly automatic method based on the analysis of time impact on the results. To resolve this problem, semi- series (1990, 2000, 2009) of more than 160 satellite automatic methods can be applied to multi-spectral data images of freely available Landsat data, 90% of which while panchromatic data should be visually interpreted. were at the time of high tidal water level. These were For more detailed information on rates of erosion and further used to derive Land/Water masks using the accretion, higher resolution EO data combined with mid-infrared spectral band (5) of the Landsat ETM+ detailed and exact digital terrain data of the coastal area satellite sensor. Those Land/Water masks were and the tidal zones, as well as the exact tidal water combined to time series datasets and classified into levels along the coastline at the various points in time trend zones for erosion, accretion and tidal flats. of the EO data acquisition, is required. A study by GRAS analyzed the impact of geometric resolution and very long time comparisons on the results. Data of different pixel resolution from 0,6m to 32m were tested and the time span of the EO imagery ranged from 1962 to 2007. Semi-automatic object-based 4 3. Planting crops. Bangladesh. Photo: Thomas Sennett / World Bank 4. Long term trends in the coastal dynamics. Classificationof the study area is done using the slope intercept approach. Colour scheme according to the slope-intersect matrix provided in the study: blue and blue-green areas are erosion areas, brown to yellow areas are accumulation areas, mid gray areas are tidal flats. Credit: planquadrat Geoinformation. Smaller image on the lower right shows the location map of Bangladesh and division boundaries and areas of interest covered by the service. Credit: GRAS. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 49 climate change adaptation natural disasters preparedness study in the coastal cities of north africa Users Figure 1 showcases the multi-risk map created for the World Bank Unit: World Bank “Coastal Cities” report which highlights Urban and Social Development Unit, Middle East and North Africa Region; Marseille Center for Mediterraean Integration Alexandria’s critical vulnerabilities. The large shaded Local Stakeholders area indicates low-lying, flood-prone lands; red represents • In Egypt: • Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency 1 • Arab Academy of Science, Technology and Maritime Transportation • In Tunisia: • Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development • Ministry of Development and International Cooperation • Municipality of Tunis EO services provided • Historical mapping of terrain deformations in Alexandria (Egypt) based on interferometric technique using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data • Historical mapping of terrain deformations in Tunis (Tunisia) based on interferometric technique using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data Service providers • TRE (Italy) • Altamira Information (Spain) ESA Technical Officer Philippe Bally European Space Agency Science, Applications and Future Technologies Department, Exploitation & Services Division, Industry Section, Directorate of EO Programmes Tel: +39 06 94180537 | philippe.bally@esa.int WB Task Team Leader Anthony Gad Bigio The World Bank Group Senior Urban Specialist, Urban Development Unit, Coordinator, Earth Observation for Development The eoworld project conducted in the framework of the World Bank study on “Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Disasters Preparedness in the Coastal Cities of North Africa” aimed to identify and assess natural risks and vulnerabilities in Alexandria and Tunis. The contribution of EO data was primarily focusing on terrain deformation mapping to provide precise indications on the location of subsidence and uplift zones in support to surveys concerning land stability and seismic issues. The study analyzed potential ground movements in both cities between 1993-2000 and 2003–2009. 1. Upper map highlights Alexandria’s critical vulnerabilities identified by the Word Bank “Coastal Cities” project. Credit: World Bank. The lower images indicate Alexandria’s historical terrain motion patterns provided by Altamira Information as a contribution to World Bank study. ENVISAT ASAR image data © ESA 2003-2009. 50 → earth ObservatiOn fOr sustainable develOpment Climate Change Adaptation high-density residential areas; yellow shows slums represents different degrees of coastal erosion risk. and informal settlements; blue shows areas most subject to marine submersion. The diagonal line of the coast Historically, the region of Alexandria was affected by geological hazards such as seismic activity, tsunamis 2 and offshore landslides. Satellite data was used to reconstruct monthly historical ground displacement in the urban and rural areas of Alexandria over the period 1992 to 2009. The Persistent Scaterrers Interferometry (PSI) analysis found that the terrestrial ground uplifting and ground subsidence in the urban and rural zone of Alexandria and Idku regions were ranging from maximum of -3 cm/year (ALOS) via -1.5 cm/year (ERS, ENVISAT) to maximum uplift 0.9 cm/year (ALOS) via 0.5 cm/year (ERS, ENVISAT). The maximum of this ground motion is mainly located in the northern border of the Al Bouhayra and Mariut lakes located in the south of the city and in the central area of Idku city. In Tunis, terrain motion analysis found that in central part of the city, former and present industrial areas on the southern shore of the lake and port of Rades have experienced significant subsidence patterns undermining city’s resilience to storms, seismic risks and extreme weather. In economically important central Tunis, subsidence (indicated in red) combined with flooding risks (indicated in blue) multiply potential disaster impacts as illustrated in Figure 2a. Major storms overwhelm the center-city drainage, inundating streets and buildings. This finding implies the need for infrastructure strengthening to better manage water levels, or upgrading of sewage and drainage structures. 2. The findings of the World Bank study. In economically important central Tunis, subsidence indicated in red combines with flooding risks indicated in blue to multiply potential impacts. Major storms overwhelm the center-city drainage, inundating streets and buildings. Left: SqueeSAR analysis of ERS ascending data identified more than 70000 measurement points, with a density of about 70 PS/km2. For each point, the average rate of deformation and time history of movements were estimated. Positive values (blue) suggest uplifting movement, while negative values (red) indicate a subsidence phenomena affecting the area. Credit: TRE, ERS ASAR data © ESA European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 51 Assessing vulnerability in the metropolitan Area of rio de Janeiro Users urban growth that will be taking place under constrained World Bank Unit: territorial conditions characterized by a fragile environment Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region and high vulnerability to natural disasters does not result Local Stakeholders: in increased exposure of assets and population to • Government of Rio de Janeiro State (Rio Prefeitura), Secretariat of Public geological and hydrological threats. Works (Obras) • CEPERJ (Fundação Centro Estadual de Estatística, Pesquisa e Formação de Servidores Públicos do Rio de Janeiro) The eoworld project was aimed to demonstrate the • Fundação GEO-RIO for landslides (Instituto de Geotécnica do Município added value of using satellite data to support Rio’s do Rio de Janeiro) • Rio-Águas for floods (Subsecretaria de Gestão das Bacias Hidrográficas) disaster risk management operations. A particular focus • Geological Survey of Rio de Janeiro State (DRM/RJ) was on generating information that supports urban risk • Rio State Institute of Environment (INEA) assessment to assist better planning of new housing development while mitigating risk of settlement EO services provided DEM-derived slope maps, urban mapping of infrastructure & buildings based pressures in hazard-prone areas. The project delivered on VHR Optical data (1:10 000 scale) complemented with Digital Elevation three types of information products: Model (DEM) generated using VHR Optical data • base maps indicating the status of urban development Additional analysis:  urban assets exposed to floods and landslides including 1: Flood simulation product based on land use data, DEM and historical EO-generated Digital Elevation Model, meteorological data • analysis of selected flood events taking place in Rio 2: Landslide susceptibility mapping based on interferometric terrain deformation technique using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data Grande and Rio Anil watersheds as well as land use options that take into account the impacts of different Service providers land cover scenarios on flood propagation, Flood risk: • landslides susceptibility analysis indicating landslide • Critical Software (Portugal) • NOA (Greece) prone areas using EO-based terrain deformation • Hidromod (Portugal) information that can be early indicator of a landslide • INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (National Institute for Space threat. Research)) (Brazil) Landslide risk: • NEO (The Netherlands) The mapping products were transferred to the Operations • Hansje Brinker (The Netherlands) Center of Rio de Janeiro (OC-Rio) which integrates about thirty institutions of the city administration to support ESA Technical Officer Philippe Bally crises management as well as other public bodies of the European Space Agency municipality responsible for civil protection, water Tel: +39 06 94180537 | philippe.bally@esa.int resources management (Rio-Aguas), and geological services (the Institute of Geotechnics Foundation of the WB Task Team Leader Alessandra Campanaro Municipality of Rio de Janeiro - Geo-Rio). The World Bank Group Senior Infrastructure Finance Specialist, urban mapping Latin America and the Caribbean Region The project provided detailed analysis of the morphological features of the urbanized area in the Rio de Janeiro The State Government of Rio de Janeiro has recently agglomeration including residential areas, commercial taken steps to improve city’s spatial planning in view of and industrial units, favelas located on the hills as better management of urban environment and disaster well as a large majority of vegetated land (Fig. 1). This risk. One of the objectives is to develop robust disaster information was used to expound urban reality of Rio’s risk management tools to address and respond to the build-up area, in particular to identify any vacant, hydrological and geological hazards in the Rio metropolitan under-utilized or industrial areas that could be redeveloped region. Of particular concern is to ensure that the future or used for infill to accommodate Rio’s growing population 52 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt disaster risk management 1 2 while taking into account the risk information. As a disasters. Moreover, the locations that could potentially result, the project produced a first order approximation be converted to other land uses were delineated taking of land potentially available for such redevelopment and into consideration the proximity of new transport located in the areas which are not prone to natural investments and the need to protect existing forests, 1. Land Use map of Rio de Janeiro based on the exploitation of Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery - SPOT5 optical data at 2,5m resolution - with geometric accuracy of 1:135.774 scale. Thanks to the use of VHR imagery single buildings, streets, ports, residential block density, etc. were identified with very high accuracy (up to 95%). Credit: Critical Software, NOA and INPE. SPOT5 Data © Astrium Geoservices. 2. Potential vacant land (in red). The smaller image indicates in detail land with high redevelopment potential ‘Bare soil’ (blue), and lower vacant potential: ‘Herbaceous vegetation outside parks & protected areas’ (light green) and ‘Forest & shrubs outside parks and protected areas’ (in darker green). Credit NEO, SPOT Data 2010 © Astrium Geoservices. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 53 3 The critical factor of building urban resilience to natural disaster is a good understanding of the types and characteristics of hazards facing the city. The use of innovative Earth Observation techniques can improve such assessment of hydro-meteorological and geohazards hazards and contribute to risk assessment for threats related to floods and landslides. flood scenarios parks, and recreation areas which provide valuable Four different flood scenarios were generated for the city to ecosystem services to the city (Fig. 2.) model different impacts of the same flood event when facing different land cover status. The analysis concluded In this context the project demonstrated the advantage that while a very dense urban area increases the fast of Very High Resolution (VHR) EO data vs. traditional propagation of the floods, the introduction of natural surveys for urban land use mapping. According to the vegetation in the lower slopes, downstream the users the cost of EO data is on average less than the data watersheds, may delay the peak of the water flow for about acquisition through aerial / in-situ campaigns because EO 2 hours (Fig. 5 and 5). In a pristine scenario, where the offers fast wide area coverage and affordable data watershed is fully covered by vegetation, the peak of the handling. Satellite-based mapping is in fact a very unique water flow would hypothetically be delayed by about 6 way to keep up with the dynamic expansion of Rio’s hours. This type of information is crucial in formulating agglomeration through easily updatable inventories of disaster prevention strategies enabling authorities to make buildings and infrastructure. It can be used for a wider informed decisions on adding green and recreational areas set of objectives associated with sustainable urban where the most vulnerable assets are located. It can also development such as monitoring of controlled urban support proactive environmental protection strategies sprawl and associated fragmentation of communities supporting development of natural urban landscapes. through informal settlements, loss of green urban spaces, Already now Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest urban degradation of landscapes, or to support crises forest worldwide with plans to reforest up to 1,300 operations by providing information on demand. hectares of degraded land by 2016. Going forward, the city Moreover, in course of this project some of the rapidly planners can take advantage of using this type of information sprawling informal settlements which were not previously to identify areas that are most suitable for planting of urban mapped were located and georeferenced (Fig. 3). greenery to benefit flood mitigation strategies. 4 5 3. Example of the map locating favelas. Credit: Neo, SPOT Data 2010 © Astrium Geoservices. 4. Example of the flood simulation product. Credit: Hidromod. 5. Flood scenario calculation (Rio Grande). Credit: Hidromod. 54 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt disaster risk management 6 polder area in North-East Rio. These coastal lowlands located on the soft clay terrain and former mangroves forests are subsiding with over 1 cm per year. This soil characteristics coupled with urban settlement pressures can potentially be a cause of subsidence however expert interpretation and interconnection with geological and geomorphological data is necessary to take the best advantage of this analysis (and to conclude the assessment of the contributing factors). Overall, the PS-InSAR information was regarded as landslides risk assessment potentially greatly contributing to understanding of the Since the devastating landslides which affected Rio de existing landslide risk in Rio’s built-up areas, especially if Janeiro in January 2010, Geo-Rio (the Rio’s Geotechnics generated twice a year for hot-spot locations. The future Institute) has achieved a major progress in terms of EO capabilities will be well suited to provide this type of reduction in the casualties and damages from landslides support to civil protection. With the launch of ESA’s as well as mapping of risk areas. Sentinel-1 satellite the users around the world will have access to very large volumes of data to enable The eoworld project contributed to this process with operational landslide monitoring services. Such identification a landslide susceptibility analysis. The landslide of landslide risk and monitoring will be available on the susceptibility map exemplified in Figure 6 is a first order local, regional and global scale through detecting classification that indicated vulnerable areas based on landslide-induced surface features and land motions. relations between slope steepness, flow accumulation, Moreover, to meet the different operational needs higher and urban land use. This analysis was further enhanced resolution sensors such as COSMO-SkyMed, TerraSAR-X by adding precise terrain deformation information using and Radarsat-2 already now provide a key contribution radar-based Permanent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (or to monitoring at-risk areas with tailored observations. PS-InSAR). The deformation analysis covered the period The use of such advanced systems however depends on of 2007-2011 (Fig. 7). the capacity of the national users to generate, validate and/or integrate this information to their national disaster This type of information was provided for the first time risk management strategies. Even in case of Rio de Janeiro, to the city of Rio de Janeiro. It enabled the authorities to where the disaster preparedness systems are more mature identify unstable hot-spots located the southern slopes of then elsewhere in developing world, there is still a the hills and in coastal areas near Lago de Freitas and a need to develop outreach programs, capacity building 7 and technical assistance to facilitate integration of EO based information to the day-to-day decision making processes. 6. Landslide Susceptibility Map I showing locations that are susceptible for landslides. It is a combination of instable slopes and land use classes that have an effect on the stability as favelas and residential areas. Credit: NEO, SPOT Data 2010 © Astrium Geoservices. 7. Overview of precise deformation map. In several hundred thousand locations scattered across the city and surroundings, a point measurement of the local deformation is derived from the radar images. Credit: Hansje Brinker, Radarsat data © MDA. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 55 building flood defence systems in Guyana Users The main objective of the eoworld project was focused World Bank Unit: on the estimation of a potential land subsidence in the Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region coastal lowland of Guyana, in particular the state of Local Stakeholders: the old dyke system along the East Coast Demerara Guyana national disaster preparedness and emergency management sector. and the stability of the seawall located in the capital EO services provided: city - Georgetown. The terrain deformation study was • PS-InSAR mapping/monitoring of historical terrain deformations based complemented with up-to-date digital urban reference on VHR SAR data. mapping and analysis of the assets exposed to floods • Urban mapping of infrastructure & buildings based on VHR Optical Data (1:10 000 scale). based on the selected historical flood events. Additional analysis:  land subsidence 1: High resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on VHR SAR data 2: Sea level height The majority of Guyana’s population and most fertile 3: Past Flood Analysis agricultural land are located on the coastal plains which Service providers:  are protected from flooding by a system of sea defenses • Altamira Information (Spain) consisting of dikes, drainage canals, seawalls, and sluices. • Eurosense (Belgium) This infrastructure requires continuous maintenance and ESA Technical Officer reinforcement however in discussions related to Guyana’s Philippe Bally resilience to natural disasters it has been postulated that European Space Agency the land itself is subsiding threatening the integrity of Tel: +39 06 94180537 | philippe.bally@esa.int the infrastructure. Advanced mapping and engineering WB Task Team Leader analysis was required to resolve this question, and the John Morton The World Bank Group Senior Urban Environment Specialist Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management, 1 Latin America and the Caribbean Region The World Bank is currently implementing a Conservancy Adaptation Project with the objective to reduce the vulnerability to Guyana’s low-lying coastal areas to catastrophic flooding. Guyana has repeatedly experienced a number of damaging floods in the past. Frequent and violent storm surges and the threat of sea level rise pose additional risk related to climate change. Therefore improving the resilience of Guyans’s flood defence infrastructure is critical to reducing of the existing vulnerabilities. Selected interventions include increasing of drainage performance, revitalization of sluices and drainage canals, monitoring the safety of dikes and seawalls, as well as strengthening of the capacity of national emergency sector. 1. Percentage of measurement points in function of the magnitude of deformation. Satellite.. Credit: Altamira Information. 56 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management use of EO techniques to measure land stability provided seawall stability crucial inputs to this investigation. The PS-InSAR analysis was also used to investigate the Potential subsidence in the coastal lowland has been condition of the Georgetown’s seawall - a part of the sea evaluated using the Permanent Scatterer Interferometric defense system built to prevent coastal flooding. The SAR (or PS-InSAR) technique based on Very High analysis revealed subsidence up to -20 mm over the 8 Resolution radar data acquired over the 8-month period months period. Figure 2 shows the eastern edge of the between August 2010 and April 2011. It allowed to seawall, close to the Ogle Kocker, which is used to control detect terrain deformations with millimetric precision the flow of water in the drainage canals (trenches) in and the results have shown that the investigated area of the city. The color coded points indicate deformations of interest is globally stable- no large scale deformation the concrete structure at this location which is stretching patterns have been identified (Fig.1). for over about 1 km. The time series of points located in this portion of the seawall are displayed in Figure 3. It Figure 1 shows the percentage of measurement points is worth noting that in this pilot project ground motion in function of the amplitude of the deformation. 84% is evaluated at very high resolution but over a short of points were stable over the monitoring period period of time (8 months). While it was sufficient to (accumulated displacement varying between -6 and 6 mm), provide accurate measurements longer monitoring period while about 16% of points are affected by displacement would allow to determine the annual displacement rate of low magnitude. of the structure, in order to clearly identify and localize  potential anomalies. 2 Moreover, the PS-InSAR analysis is particularly useful for monitoring of flood defence infrastructure which consists of solid cover such as rubble mounds and concrete. Guyana’s sea defences measuring 430 km long in the North and flood control dams in the South are however partly covered by grass posing some challenges to this monitoring technique. Installing corner reflectors would allow to overcome this problem offering important opportunities for monitoring of hundreds of 3 kilometres of sea defence systems (Fig. 4). This solution is applicable to all coastal areas which are threatened by eroding and aging of coastal defence infrastructure especially if they require constant maintance and monitoring as in the case of Guyana. 2. Accumulated displacement on the eastern edge of the Georgetown seawall – The measurement points for which time series are displayed in Figure 3 are identified by their codes. Credit: Altamira Information. 3. Time series of the measurement points located on the seawall (Figure 2) and affected by displacements of different magnitudes. Credit: Altamira Information. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 57 4 baseline information to create the inventory of main assets with a special focus on the flood infrastructure (Fig. 6). Approximately 700 km roads, 350 km of drainage canals and 2581 building blocks have been charted revealing urban density, buildings’ material, distance, footprints, height, floor area and distance to drainage systems for each building block. This information can be now easily updated to monitor the status of urban development, to support emergency activities or to support proactive urban and housing development strategies. flood risk assessment Moreover, to better understand flood hazard the historical Strengthening the national flood emergency management flood map was generated. It was based on the available sector has long been a paramount for Guyanese archive of high resolution imagery covering the flood government as approximately 90% of Guyana’s population event of 2005, which was one of the most devastating lives on the coastal plain, which lies about 1.4 meters floods in Guyana estimated to cause damages equal to below mean high tide. The ability to identify and 60 % of GDP for the year 2004 (Fig. 8). The combination quantify the extent of the potential flooding and affected of detailed urban maps, and available socio-economic areas is fundamental for flood management. Earth data it served as an input to flood risk analysis. Resulting Observation can greatly enhance the ways to understand risk maps provided essential information for disaster and manage the impact of weather related disasters preparedness: potential flood extent and economic losses by providing in information about assets, terrain’s in case of major events or dam failures (Fig. 9). hydrological characteristics as well as severity of past flooding to identify zones at risk. Overall these mapping products have significantly improved the accuracy of flood risk information available to date and In this context, the eoworld project helped to generate based on the Dartmouth Flood observatory data (Fig 10). 5 6 58 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management 7 8 9 4. Image of a corner reflector which allows to reflect radar signal. 5. An extract from Georgetown’s land use map showing building’s density. Credit: Eurosense. 6. The example of different construction parameters derived from EO analysis. Credit: Eurosense. 7. Past Flood map based on Radarsat imagery. Credit: Eurosense. 8. Flood risk assessment map for Georgetown. Credit: Eurosense. 9. The Flood defense system. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 59 multi-hazard vulnerability Assessment in ho Chi minh City and Yogyakarta Users “The foundation for Disaster Risk World Bank Unit: Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management Sector Unit, East Asia and the Management is understanding the hazards, Pacific Region. and the exposure and vulnerability of people EO services provided and assets to those hazards. By quantifying • Urban mapping of infrastructure and building inventories based on Very the risks and anticipating the potential High Resolution (VHR) Optical data (1:10 000 scale). • Historical mapping of terrain deformations based on interferometric impacts of hazards, governments, technique using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. communities, and individuals can make Additional analysis:  informed prevention decisions. 1: Precise Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated using VHR Optical data Such information can be used to set providing building height for an enhanced urban mapping 2: Multi-hazard vulnerability mapping addressing the risks of subsidence priorities for development and adaptation and flooding strategies, sector plans, programs, 3: Flood risk analysis (past flood mapping, flood hazard mapping and flood risk assessment) projects, and budgets.” Service providers The World Bank Sendai Report, 2012 • Altamira Information (Spain) • Eurosense (Belgium) • Center for Environmental Engineering (Vietnam) is Multi-Hazard City Risk Index (MHCRI) – city-focused metric system aimed to assess their susceptibility to ESA Technical Officer risks, over time and relative to other cities. MHCRI Philippe Bally European Space Agency was developed to stimulate the process of urban risk Tel: +39 06 94180537 | philippe.bally@esa.int assessments and raise awareness concerning the importance of developing adequate disaster risk WB Task Team Leader Fatima Shah management plans. The World Bank Group Senior Urban Specialist, South Asia Region There are many factors contributing to risks cities face. East Asian cities, for example, are particularly vulnerable Zuzana Stanton-Geddes Operations Analyst, East Asia Pacific Region to the impacts of extreme weather events, climate change and sea level rise. Taking into account their rapidly increasing population and the fact that high density ur- The World Bank has promoted a number of analytic risk banized areas are often situated on coastal flood-plains management tools to help local policymakers to assess or the low-lying deltas their exposure and vulnerability their cities’ susceptibility to natural hazards. One of them to flooding is particularly high. 1 Moreover, due increases in temperature and precipitation patterns they are expected to experience even more severe shocks as a result of climate change. The existing risks are often amplified by poor urban risk management practices. This can manifest in allowing concentration of the poorest and most vulnerable populations in the risk prone areas or anthropogenic changes to the urban landscape, such as ground water extraction 60 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management Table 1 1. The benefits of urban mapping of infrastructure and building inventories for Multihazard City Risk Index. Credit: Altamira Information / Eurosense. Table 1. Mapping of Ho Chi Minh City and Yogyakarta based on EO–derived information using Urban Atlas methodology (Eurosense for European Space Agency/World Bank, 2011) European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 61 2 risk identification with two elements: • a scalable methodology for using satellite data to advance hazards identification and characterization with a special focus on hydro-geological hazards (such as floods, urban subsidence, mudflows and landslides) • multi-hazard vulnerability analysis based on the combination of hazard information, information about location and distribution of assets and socioeconomic data. The methodology was demonstrated in two South East Asian cities: Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) in Vietnam and Yogyakarta in Indonesia. These two cities were selected because currently their municipal governments seek innovative risk management strategies. In Ho Chi Minh City the main concern is flood risk man- agement. In Yogyakarta, which is par- that leads to land subsidence which account for a great ticularly exposed to the damages caused share of the damage cost from flooding. Therefore the by Merapi volcano eruptions and associated lahars (mud- development of the reliable measures to better quantify flows), which in 2010 have caused a displacement of the exposure of urban areas taking into account a whole app. 350.000 people, the civil protection authorities need range natural and man-made risks is paramount. In this better risk management and preparedness tools. context, eoworld project contributed to this multi-hazard The hazard vulnerability analysis is a process which involves 3 a collection of various input data concerning hazards (flood, landslides, subsidence) and exposure factors (location and characteristics of urban infrastructure, buildings, population, critical facilities, etc.). In this case EO-based information was primarily used for analysis of terrain deformations and past floods and for creating buildings and infrastructure inventories. infrastructure and building inventories The urban maps for Ho Chi Minh City and Yogyakarta have been produced at the scale 1:10,000, over an area of about 1400 square kilometers in total. Approximately 1000 kilometers of roads, 580 kilometers of waterways and almost 4000 residential building blocks have been 2. Terrain Deformation measurements in HCMH City based on the PSI analysis of ERS and ENVISAT ASAR data (1996-2010). The results are overlaid on a SPOT 5 multispectral image acquired on Feb. 14th, 2010. Credit: Altamira Information, ENVISAT ASAR image data © ESA. 3. Example of the terrain deformation analysis in Binh Than District. Bing© maps serve as a background image. 62 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management mapped in HCMC and approximately 500 kilometers historical mapping of terrain deformations roads, 500 kilometers of waterways and over 3000 In HCMC rapid urban development coupled with building blocks in Yogyakarta. The classification rules and groundwater extraction resulted in land subsidence that the description of each land use class is showcased in is considered one of the risk elements in the city and a detail in Table 1. factor that affects flood resilience. Some previous studies indicated that terrain deformations in the city Before the completion of this study only limited data vary from 1 cm/year to, in some places, 5 cm/year, on concerning urban infrastructure and building inventories average being between 1 and 3 cm/year, however, the was available for both cities. The eoworld project exact rate of subsidence was not known. The use of demonstrated that urban classification, especially if Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) technique allowed, conducted for multiple cities and in comparative for the first time, to evaluate these trends in greater detail. perspective can be successfully derived from optical satellite imagery by automatic classification offsetting The map in Figure 2 and 3 represents the evolution of the limitations of alternative field/on site research which terrain deformation in HCMH betwveen February 1996 process (Fig.1)  would have been a more difficult and time consuming and April 2010. Several affected areas were clearly identified. As the motion is mainly visible at the location of the water pumping stations and wells it is likely that it is caused by the uncontrolled 4 ground water extraction. The most important subsidence was detected in Binh Than District. The mean deformation rate reaches -47 mm per year in the area closer to the Thu Thiem Bridge that crosses the Saigon River. The deformation continues towards the North up to -32 mm/ year at the border with Go Van District. Deformation patterns have also been identified around the Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Canal where measurement indicates a subsidence of -6.5 mm/year. The districts Go Vap, Tan Phu, Tan Binh, Phu Nhan, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 11 were detected as stable. In Yogyakarta the problems with terrain motion manifests itself in the form of landslides. While the analysis of land stability in Sleman, Kodya (Yogyakarta City), Bantul and Kulon Progo Regencies indicated that the locations are generally stable, some deformations leading to the occurrence of landslides could have been clearly identified and color-coded in yellow and red (Fig. 4). These findings were based on three independent studies based on three different sensors (ENVISAT/ ASAR, ERS and ALOS) which have been conducted to 4. Terrain deformation in Yogyakarta City and Bantul Regency derived from the analysis of ASAR data (2003 - 2009). Credit: Altamira Information. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 63 5 assess terrain deformations over the period of 15 years (1996 –  2011). flood risk Analysis The analysis of EO archive data can provide information on flood risk: location of permanent water bodies, extent of past floods (maximum), flood duration/frequency per area, the type of flooded land cover, and a probability that the area is going to be flooded. The historical flood information over the HCMC was derived from satellite observation of a flood event from October to November 2001 at the time when the Mekong River Delta in southern Vietnam was flooded 6 5. Past flood map in HCMC. 6. Flood hazard simulation corresponding to the Merapi lahar flood of November 2010. The image on the right represents flood simulation: the extent of flood and a water depth. The image on the left has additional layer of information indicating the affected urban land cover. Credit: Eurosense. 64 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management 7 after the monsoonal rains (Fig. 5). The provinces most multi-hazard vulnerability mapping seriously affected were Long An, Dong Thap and An The urban maps, terrain motion maps and past flood Giang. In late October water levels in lower Tien and Hau maps were the key inputs to Multi-Hazard Vulnerability rivers were on the rise due to the appearance of the Mapping which combined hazard information (floods spring tide which has submerged larger areas in Kien assessment and subsidence information) with available Giang, Vinh Long, Tien Giang, and Ben Tre provinces and socio-economic data. some suburban districts of Ho Chi Minh City. The map in Figure 7 is the first order of analysis conducted In Yogyakarta the flood risk assessment was developed for Ho Chi Minh City and indicating that the most based on the simulation of the lahar event of November vulnerable area of Ho Chi Minh City is located in Binh 29-30, 2010 following the eruption of Marapi volcano. Than District which is located in flood-prone area, heavily In Yogyakarta floods are commonly caused by the flow urbanized and affected by high rate subsidence. The of cold lava (lahar flood). They occur during and after vulnerability assessment was computed using flood and heavy rainfall when the debris of the eruption (due to the subsidence information and resulting exposure of population sedimentation of lava in the river) are driven by flash and assets to these hazards. Moreover, many other areas flood current. The eruption of Mount Merapi on 25 show a similar level of vulnerability. For example in October 2010 in combination with heavy rain fall caused Districts 5, 8 and Go Van, which are located in close such a flooding event. Figure 6 shows the water extent proximity to rivers and canals, are vulnerable to flooding. of the rivers flowing downstream from Mount Merapi to Yogyakarta and surroundings (in blue). The window on Vulnerability is relatively moderate in Districts 10, 11, the right shows the water extent and water depth after Phu Nhuan and Binh Chan which experienced some 24h simulation of the event. flooding in the past but are not affected by subsidence. 7. Multi-Hazard Index map at the scale 1:50,000 derived from the Multi-Hazard Index and Exposure. Credit: RAVI. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 65 Analysis of land subsidence in Jakarta Users “Previous information on subsidence World Bank Unit: World Bank, Indonesia Country Office (Jakarta) were largely based on terrestrial sample Local Stakeholders: point monitoring, and do not offer anywhere DKI local government of Jakarta the resolution, quality or timeliness EO services provided possibilities offered by this analysis. PS-InSAR mapping/monitoring of historical terrain deformations based This study provided much recent and more on VHR SAR (Cosmo-SkyMed) and other SAR data (ALOS PALSAR) comprehensive and encompassing Additional analysis:  information and at higher resolution than Thematic analysis of the causes of possible land deformation over Jakarta previously available. It was suitable for use: Service providers  both to update on previously available data Altamira Information (Spain) on Jakarta's subsidence, and particularly as ITB Bandung Institute of Technology a means to achieve higher sense of (Jakarta - Indonesia) urgency when communicating the issue to ESA Technical Officer Jakarta decision makers and stakeholders. Philippe Bally European Space Agency The Government is implementing a World Tel: +39 06 94180537 | philippe.bally@esa.int Bank supported flood mitigation project targeted at restoring existing flood channels. WB Task Team Leader Fook Chuan Eng The information on subsidence at local level Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Sustainable Development Department, provides the knowledge to enable a better World Bank Country Office, Jakarta, Indonesia idea of infrastructure reconfiguration needs Arlan Rahman going forward in the long term flood Infrastructure Specialist, mitigation efforts in Jakarta. The high World Bank Country Office, Jakarta, Indonesia resolution analysis provides for a more compelling justification for projects and Jakarta is highly vulnerable to the impacts of natural better impact when in project discussions disasters. The greatest risk facing the city, one that and dialogue with the authorities and imposes very high human and economic loss, is related stakeholders. The timeliness and relatively to flooding. Particularly in the north part of the city, the quick analysis provides for the possibility to local neighborhoods are extremely vulnerable to damages shorten the project preparation timeframe.” from sea water intrusion and coastal inundation. This is largely because the flood risk is aggravated by rapid land Fook Chuan Eng, subsidence. The existing evidence shows that if sustained Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, at the current pace, it would result in coastal defences World Bank Jakarta Country Office sinking to 4 to 5 meters below sea level by 2025, Information System, and increasing the capacity of the resulting in some industrial and residential areas and existing hydraulic networks. Collection of detailed ports to be completely submerged in the next decades. geospatial information concerning land subsidence patterns greatly contributed to this process. To help address the situation, the World Bank is currently implementing a flood mitigation project in collaboration understanding long term subsidence with Jakarta’s local municipal government (DKI) and the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works. This includes Land subsidence in Jakarta is largely caused by uncontrolled revitalization of Jakarta’s drainage canals and flood ground water extraction – withdrawal of underground retention ponds, establishment of a Flood Management water through deep wells to compensate for the lack of 66 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management 1 access to piped water. It is estimated that 20% of such subsidence rate is more than -15 cm/yr, resulting in a well are over 100 meters deep often causing aquifers to deformation of more than -60cm over the period of 4 years. collapse. Other contributing factors include heavy constructions exacerbated by the fast paced urban With an archive of imagery with good spatial and development, as well as the natural consolidation of soil temporal coverage spanning the past two decades, EO and tectonics. data yielded land motion information at an unprecedented level of detail and accuracy. Two parallel InSAR studies In this context Earth Observation offered a unique from two different satellites were conducted using: insight into past trends as well as state-of the art tools • Very High Resolution (VHR) COSMO-SkyMed data gathered for monitoring of present and future terrain deformations. over the six months period from October 2010 to April The EO results revealed that the sub-districts of Pen- 2011 which yielded very high spatial and temporal jaringan, Cengkarang, the South Center of Jakarta and density of measurements in the specific constructed areas. the suburban district of Cikarang are affected by strong • High Resolution (HR) ALOS archived data from January subsidence rates. In the Jakarta Bay (District of 2007 to end of February 2011 which provided Penjaringan (Fig. 1), where a system of sea walls, water information concerning terrain motion of higher amplitude draining channels, canals, and water reservoirs protecting and over the period of 4 years. the land from sea flooding are located, the maximal detected Data were processed through the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PS-InSAR) technique - a method that accurately estimates the near vertical terrain movement with sub-milimeter accuracy. Figure 2 and 3 show the terrain deformation maps generated within the framework of the study. Figure 1 represents the map of deformation rates over Jakarta derived from 12 Cosmo-SkyMed images acquired over 6 months, between October 2010 and April 2011. Figure 2 shows terrain motion of higher amplitude and over the period of 4 years using High Resolution (HR) ALOS archived data from January 2007 to the end of February 2011. 1. Subsidence as measured by COSMO-SkyMed in Jakarta harbor and Panjaringan district where water draining channels, canals, and water reser- voirs protecting the land from sea flooding are located. Credit: Altamira Information.; COSMO-SkyMed data Credit: e-Geos. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 67 were unfortunately discontinued for fifty years, until 1978, when lowering of groundwater-level, increased inland-sea water intrusion and land subsidence began to significantly impact permanent infrastructure causing the expansion of flooding areas. Since then several techniques were used to assess the magnitude of the problem (e.g. levelling surveys, extensometer measurements, ground water level observations, GPS surveys, and InSAR) (Fig. 6). However, while these datasets were of high The use of satellite imagery has significantly expanded quality, they had a number of limitations, in particular little the knowledge of land subsidence in Jakarta, which was spatial distribution and low frequency of measurements. detected for the first time in 1920’s and initially meas- In comparison, EO-based observations provided a very high ured by repeated levelling surveys. These measurements motion accuracy and wide area coverage corresponding to the satellite image (40x50km2 for Cosmo SkyMed and 70x100km2 for ALOS PALSAR used in this project) and 2 much greater number of measurements points which expanded exponentially from 80 (GPS and extensometer stations) to 1.3 million points with ALOS and 5 million points with COSMO-SkyMed. This in turn allowed very detailed assessments, including at the level of single infrastructure elements. Moreover, the combination of independent measurements from different satellite sensors became the basis of calculation of land motion of different magnitudes and in various environments - built-up and rural areas alike - identifying the zones which are at risk of subsidence and which were not previously evaluated by in-situ techniques. monitoring of deformations One of the key achievements of the eoworld project was a demonstration of the operational monitoring capability, which was designed to understand a behavior of single infrastructure elements in Jakarta and to evaluate changes (improvements or deterioration) in the affected areas. Thanks to high-resolution sampling and the fast repeat cycle of COSMO-SkyMed satellite (in this case every 16 days) it was possible to derive very precise information regarding the terrain movement and trends evolution (acceleration and slowdown) over the 6 month monitoring period. This type of monitoring is particularly 2. Land deformation map over Jakarta at the scale 1:30.000 derived from the analysis of COSMO-SkyMed data acquired from October 2010 to April 2011 – Some sectors of Jakarta Bay show an accumulated subsidence of more than 60 mm. Credit Altamira Information. 68 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt urban risk management Higher spatial resolution of Very High Resolution SAR (radar) data • More precise information on the spatial evolution of the subsidence • Assessment of how single infrastructure (building, historical monument….) are affected • Identification of zones at risk where terrain deformation has still not been evaluated by in-situ techniques. Higher temporal distribution of measurements achieved with the high revisit rate of the Very High Resolution SAR mission • Precise information on the change of subsidence trend (deceleration, stabilization, uplift…) • Monitoring of fast motion high revisit rate of the very high resolution sAr mission: • Fast building of the suitable data archive for monitoring. • Up-to-date information on the changes in areas affected useful to measure not only fast subsidence but also the coordination hindered the local government’s ability to stabilization of infrastructure providing an insight into act preventively on the policy and technical level. The the effectiveness of the applied mitigation measures unique insight offered by the EO results gave the (see Fig. 4 and 5). opportunity to raise the profile of land subsidence problem and bring it back to light from an entirely new perspective. The benefits of eoworld mapping products go beyond improvements in resolution and detail in comparison to This type of operational information was not previously alternative techniques. In fact, the use of EO was extremely available to the stakeholders. With EO-data it was useful in framing a World Bank dialogue with the local possible to demonstrate that it is feasible to analyze the government to convey the importance of prevention problem accurately and objectively, in a consistent manner actions. The occurrence of severe subsidence was and offering a common analytical framework to improve relatively well known to the public in the past and yet, the coordination of institutions that are impacted by despite alarming figures it was largely unaddressed as subsidence and involved in the management of the a risk factor. Institutional fragmentation as well as the affected zones (port authorities, agencies responsible for absence of effective mechanisms for metropolitan transport, water resources, housing and settlements, and disaster risk management.) It immeditely highlighted the importance of integrating subsidence data to the city 3 spatial planning and to evaluate the type of necessary interventions (i.e. monitoring the stability of high-rise buildings and Jakarta coastal defense infrastructure, or controlling ground water extraction). The capacity to use these products is however yet to be explored. These techniques require IT infrastructure capable to handle large volumes of complex data as well as the capacity to analyze it and to set information requirements for a monitoring system. For this reason it is necessary to invest more in awareness raising efforts, capacity building with specialized geological survey institutes as well as information technology infrastructure to make sure that the risk information is put to operational use. 3. Land deformation map over Jakarta at the scale 1:60.000 derived from the analysis of ALOS data acquired from January 2007 to February 2011. Credit: Altamira Information European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 69 building Exposure maps of urban infrastructure and Crop fields in the mekong river basin Users remote sensing to characterize the types of hazards World Bank Unit: occluding in the basin (floods) and their variability Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management Sector Unit, East Asia and the Pacific Region (droughts), and to building up the inventory of exposed Local Stakeholders: assets. The study was piloted over the selected areas in • Mekong River Commission Cambodia, however as currently such geospatial data is • Cambodia’s National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM) not widely available for the Mekong region, a particular EO services provided emphasis was put on the scalability of this approach to • Urban mapping of buildings and infrastructure based on Very High Resolution the entire basin (including Vietnam and Laos). (VHR) Optical data and enhanced by in-situ data collected in the field • Crop types and acreage mapping based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data Hazard risk analysis relies heavily on the availability and Additional analysis:  quality of the exposure data showing pre-disaster Historical flood and drought hazard mapping characteristics of assets potentially exposed to hazards. Service providers  The required minimum information is usually pertaining GeoVille (Austria) to the location and characteristics of infrastructure, buildings, as well as crops, and crop cultivation patterns ESA Technical Officer Philippe Bally when considering predominantly rural areas. European Space Agency Tel: +39 06 94180537 | philippe.bally@esa.int inventory of buildings and infrastructure WB Task Team Leader In the Mekong basin existing data and information Henrike Brecht collection systems were long deemed inadequate to The World Bank Group Disaster Risk Management Specialist, East Asia and Pacific Infrastructure Unit 1 The World Bank is currently implementing the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Project in the Lower Mekong Basin to establish examples of and mainstream the best IWRM practices in the region. One of the key objectives is to support disaster risk management to address naturally occurring hazards such as floods, flash floods as well as droughts. With climate change they are expected to become more frequent and less predictable in this area posing additional risk to people inhabiting flood prone plains which are often one of poorest rural communities relying on seasonal rains and the natural flooding of low-land croplands for rice cultivation. As a part of disaster resilience strategy in the Mekong Basin the Bank proposed a suite of disaster resilience tools including risk management information platform as well as a multi-hazard open-source modeling tool for probabilistic risk assessment. In this context, EO data was used to demonstrate the added value of satellite 1. Detailed map of building footprints and other general land cover types. Credit: Geoville. 70 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt disaster risk management 2 3b capture the complexities of the basin, given its size, disasters. EO data is a very effective tool to provide seasonal variability, transboundary character and the objective and synoptic observations of elements at risk. rapidly increasing concentration of people exposed to The eoworld project provided comprehensive inventory of buildings and infrastructure with 115,000 buildings, 3a 5,100 building blocks and 3,200 km of road network which were mapped and geolocated. Figure 1 represents sample results of this classification showcasing land use patterns and detailed information concerning urban and rural settlements, including building footprints, building location, distances from building to building and building count. In addition, the inventory contains information collected from the field and revealing construction classes at building block level, including building material, building height (number of stories) and floor area. The statistical analysis revealed the predominant rural settlement structure of the project area. Only 5% of the area is used for settlements and 1% of land for transport infrastructure. More than 80% of the area is cropland and other vegetated land. 86% of the buildings are consisting of small structures with a ground area of less 2. Rice acreage map generated using multi-temporal multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR from Feb to Oct 2011 (ENVISAT-ASAR) and extension to Dec 2011. MMU: 1 ha. Credit Geoville, data © ESA. 3a. Indicator for planted rice under SRI (System of Rice Intensification) ENVISAT ASAR imagery from Feb to Oct 2011 (ENVISAT-ASAR) and extension to Dec 2011. MMU: 1 ha. Credit Geoville, ENVISAT data © ESA. 3a. Rice cropping system generated using multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR imagery from Feb to Oct 2011 (ENVISAT-ASAR) and extension to Dec 2011. MMU: 1 ha. Credit Geoville, ENVISAT data © ESA. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 71 3c inventory of crops Thanks to the use of all-weather radar imagery with dense temporal sampling it was possible to provide continuous monthly monitoring of rice fields including monitoring date of emergence and harvest of rice (Fig. 2). In this case radar imagery was used to assess the extent of rice cultivation areas and to identify rice cropping system. For the observed time period between February to October 2011 total rice acreage was estimated to amount to 1376.93 square km representing 74.64% of the total agricultural production in the area. Dry season irrigated rice area is more widespread (60.5% of the cultivated land) than wet season rainfed rice (23.4%). The remaining 16.2% is cultivated with dry as well as wet season rice. Figure 3 represents map which is differentiates major cropping systems (wet-season vs. dry season), crop cycles (single/double/ triple crop per year), date of emergence/ harvest and the distinction between rice planted under intensive (SRI) vs. regular than 100 square meters, and 90% of the settlement rice cultivation techniques. area is characterized mainly by low density stilt-houses with two stories and a distance of less than 100m to hazard and exposure assessment road networks. To conduct exposure analysis information on crops, buildings and infrastructure was overlaid on hazard maps 3d to identify flood and drought prone areas and potential damage. Reconstruction of past flood events using EO data is a valuable step to understand flood risk, especially if no other data sources are available which is often the case of the flooding events covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. In this case the past floods maps were developed based on the analysis of the ERS-2 satellite scenes covering a flood event that impacted Mekong basin between August and November 2001 (Fig. 4). The flood impact analysis indicated that 79% of the identified selected settlement areas in the Lower Mekong basin, and 88% of the road network, are threatened by high-water levels in case of a severe flood event similar to the one that has affected the area in 2001. In such case, more than 90% of the cropland would be also be threatened by high water levels. 3c. Crop cycle map generated using multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR imagery from Feb to Oct 2011 (ENVISAT-ASAR) and extension to Dec 2011. MMU: 1 ha. Credit Geoville, ENVISAT data © ESA. 3d. Indicator for planted rice under SRI (System of Rice Intensification) generated using multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR imagery. 72 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt disaster risk management Furthermore, while evidence of historical floods is rather well documented in the Mekong basin, this is not the case concerning occurrence and impacts of droughts. Using EO-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on SPOT5 observations it was possible to assess the conditions of 2002 drought and estimate the exposure of crops to similar events. The findings indicated that 99% of the cropland in the study areas would be affected for a period of at least 1 month and that almost 50% of cropland would experience such drought conditions at the drought peak. Overall this data collection method helps to offset time-consuming and expensive nature of frequent field The main benefit of satellite Earth Observation for the trips and airborne surveys. It also allows for periodic users at the Mekong Basin lays in the fact that it allows updates of geospatial inventories of assets, their spatial collection of data in consistent and objective manner, as extent, location and development over time. In case of well as sharing, consolidating and validating information rice crops monitoring, satellite radar data offered a unique generated by different national institutions to facilitate capability to assess rice growth patterns, which would regional integration. All of the mapping products were not be available from other sources. The analysis was transferred to the Mekong River Commission (MRC) and conducted entirely remotely without any utilization of the Cambodian National Committee for Disaster in-situ information and yielded accurate results (the Management (NDCM) where results served as an input average overall accuracy for maps amounts to 86.1%.) to disaster resilience planning at various administrative However, while EO provides a wide range of information levels. Both MRC and NCDM plan to use it to better with known levels of precision and accuracy, in-situ quantify assets exposure to the range of hazards and measurements are still needed to identify specific optimize investments to minimize potential damage or exposure parameters (e.g. load bearing structures of loss. Such GIS-ready, quality controlled geoinformation buildings, detection of specialized rice cultivation products have a high replicability potential to other techniques and so on). regions along the Mekong River. 4 4. Flood hazard map. Credit: Geoville. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 73 Watershed mapping and Water resources management in the Zambezi river basin Users inventories of small water bodies are however often World Bank Unit: incomplete which hinders the ability of local authorities Environment and Natural Resources Management Unit, Africa Region Local Stakeholders: to manage these resources in a timely and comprehensive World Bank Country Office in Lusaka, Zambia manner. In this context the eoworld project explored the use of remote sensing in identification and EO services provided • Small-scale water bodies mapping  based on SAR (Synthetic Aperture mapping of small reservoirs (0.5 hectare and higher) in Radar) data to identify small (minimum 1ha) water bodies, reservoirs and regular intervals and assess their storage evolution lakes extensions and evolution over time over time. • Lake Malawi water quality products, including lake surface temperature as well as historical water level records • Soil lost and erosion estimation using VHR Optical data (SPOT5) The base maps covered the entire Southern Province of Zambia providing an overview of 1022 small reservoirs Service providers and their spatial distribution (Fig. 1). During the validation • NEO (The Netherlands) • Technical University of Delft (The Netherlands) exercise the products showed a good agreement with • Water Insight (The Netherlands) in-situ information (Fig. 2). Even though some limitations apply when it comes to the detection of reservoirs ESA Technical Officer Diego Fernández Prieto smaller than 0.5 ha, this capability proved to enhance European Space Agency the traditional data collection methods through the Science, Applications and Future Technologies Department, optimization of ground surveys. Directorate of EO Programmes Tel: +39 06 94180676 | Diego.Fernandez @esa.int The images in Figure 3 showcase the possibilities for WB Task Team Leader extraction of additional information from such base Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep maps. New methods were tested to assess the evolution The World Bank Group Senior Environmental Specialist, Africa Region of small reservoirs water extent over time, including automatic classification based on radar (SAR) imagery. Within the reach of the footprint of one newly acquired radar scene 131 reservoirs where visibly filled with water (out of 268 reservoirs from the base map classified based on combination of optical and radar date). The The World Bank supports the implementation of an project has however found that this is difficult to integrated framework for development and management reliably assess the declining sizes of the small of water resources in Zambia. The project beneficiaries reservoirs during the dry season. are rural communities who will benefit from improved small scale water resources infrastructure. In this During the implementation of this project a specialized context, the eoworld project provided the demonstration training session was provided to Zambian authorities of advanced EO tools to assist in mapping of small March 2012 and subsequently taken aboard of the water bodies in Southern Province of Zambia, as well existing ESA “TIGER Initiative” which is dedicated to as additional information products to assess water providing innovating information services to support quality of Lake Malawi and erosion pattern in selected water resources management in the Africa region. locations in Malawi’s Shire river basin. Based on the request from the Zambian Department of Water Affairs, an additional training for the Zambian small reservoirs mapping authorities was organized in October 2012. As a result Small reservoirs have traditionally been one of the of this technical assistance and capacity building support most important sources of irrigation to rural communities from the ESA and the World Bank, EO techniques were in Zambia, also used for watering cattle, fishing, included in the proposed World Bank project targeting recreation, and to supply households. The existing water resources development in Zambia. To accomplish 74 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Water resources management 1 this, the Bank plans to collaborate with ESA and to design an extended three year training program focused on earth observation information tools. monitoring of lake malawi There is little quantitative information available concerning spatial and temporal dynamics of water quality in Lake Malawi, and the nearby lakes - Malombe and Chilwa. The existing in situ methods of water quality monitoring are deemed inadequate to capture the variability in water circle. There are also limited ways to evaluate the impacts of deforestation on increased erosion in the lake catchments, as well as on increased sediment and nutrient loads. As the same time, the accurate assessment of the sediment loads of lakes and rivers as considered critical by the Department of Water 2 Resources because high sediment loads have caused severe problems in hydroelectric power stations in the last few years. The greatest value in satellite derived water parameters lies in its ability to provide a viable substitute for in situ measurements to asses hydrological status of the basin. The data can be gathered entirely remotely which is important from the perspective of the cross-boundary water management issues, and harmonization of available datasets. 1. A base map using Landsat data covered the full Southern Province of Zambia providing an overview of 1022 small reservoirs and their location. Credit: NEO. 2. Red stars are showing locations of reservoirs inventoried by the Kalomo district authorities. Blue outlines are showing water bodies classified using EO technology. The accuracy is striking: 278 water bodies classified and geolocated using optical and radar imagery vs. 271 small reservoirs mapped using ground surveys. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 75 3 To help assess the state of the Lake Malawi, Lake Malombe (CDOM) as proxy for the presence of humic substances. and Lake Chilwa water bodies, ENVISAT-MERIS data was used was evaluate key water quality parameters The results indicated that Lake Malawi has very clear including chlorophyll-a (as proxy for biomass) and Total waters with low chlorophyll-a and TSM concentrations. Suspended Matter (TSM) concentrations as well as Kd Monthly mean maps however show some hot spots in (attenuation coefficient) (as proxy for turbidity / the Southern part of the lake, and along the South- transparency) and Coloured Dissolved Organic Matter Western lake shore suggesting “hot-spot” locations 3. The monthly evolution of the small reservoir updated with the use of the ENVISAT ASAR HH and HV polarization modes. Image on the left is based on the manual classification, image on the right shows the possibilities of automatic extraction. Credit: NEO. 76 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Water resources management 4 5 and the need for more detailed monitoring. Small peaks in chlorophyll-a could also be observed at the end of the rainy season, indicating effects of surface run-off carrying nutrients into the lake (Fig. 4). These are indicators of anthropogenic eutrophication, most likely caused by urbanization and intensification of agricultural use of lands surrounding the lake which put pressures on the lake ecosystem. Moreover, a peak in chlorophyll-a concentration indicating an algae bloom was observed in October 2010. A similar event may have also occurred in October 1999 coinciding with massive fish kills. In addition to water quality, the analysis included temperature time series which compared well with existing historic measurements and showed a tight coupling of water temperature with the yearly summer-to-winter progression and climatological phenomena such as the presence of trade winds (Fig. 5). In nearby Lake Malombe, the chlorophyll-a concentration is much higher than reported historical 4. Red arrows points to chlorophyll-a plumes caused by riverine influx. Credit: WaterInsight. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 77 values, which provided an indication that some Arizona (UoA) have shown an increase of 243% in improvements in Lake monitoring may be necessary. Lake land allocated as pasture and agriculture in Southern Chilwa has also detected high values of chlorophyll Malawi. It also reported decreases in forested areas concentration, most likely cause by its enclosed nature and progressing soil erosion leading to the higher and shows a trend wise increase of chlorophyll-a from sediment load discharching to the River Shire. 2010 to 2011. However, UoA study was the last comprehensive assessment documenting the environmental impacts EO services have been shown to provide high temporal of changing land use patterns. At the same time, and spatial coverage of the lakes. However, not all recent increase of the profitability of tea and tobacco parameters (such as anion and cation content and pH production greatly intensified pressures on land and its values) that are included in-situ measurement programs adaptation for agricultural purposes. can be derived from EO information. Nevertheless, EO- derived information can be considered as supplementary In this context, the eoworld project provided the and can be used for guiding targeted in-situ measurements. most accurate and up to date land use, land use change information available for the area. It has been used to Erosion in shire basin prioritize World Bank interventions in the four selected catchments under the Shire River Basin Management In Malawi, soil erosion has been a major concern Program and will be further be integrated into dating back to the colonial era. Population pressure monitoring activities. increased the exploitation of natural resources. The studies conducted in the 1990’s by the University of 6 6. Land cover map for Shire Basin. Credit: NEO. 78 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Water resources management 7 8 of 5 years), development of new settlements around larger built-up areas (up 10%) and wetlands (the forested wetland decreased in size in favour to non-forested wetland). The assessment of these changes did not however account for seasonality (Fig. 6). An erosion map was also produced to indicate areas with an erosion potential which is influenced by the topography and rainfall erosivity. The accuracy of the proposed methodology to estimate soil losses depends The estimation of soil lost and erosion within Malawi’s however,on the good qualitative and quantitative Shire river basin was based on SPOT5 acquisitions information on soil type, rainfall events, grown crops, form the period 2005 to 2010 and covering 10798 km2 related crop calendars and farming practices (Fig. 7). in 17 land use classes. It revealed that 24% of the area underwent change from 2005-2010. The changes are related to deforestation (in the Natural Reserve (NR) classes one can see a change in land cover from Forest to grassland – shrubland and also woodland.), increase of agricultural areas: (growing rate of 9% in the period 7. Erosion map in the Shire sub basin (red: high erosion risk). Credit: NEO. 8. Workshop in Zambia gathered local authorities which were trained in the use of EO data for water resources management. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 79 monitoring of Water Quality and land use Changes in lake titicaca basin Users Lake Titicaca’s watershed is very complex. The lake basin World Bank Unit: is located on the border between Peru and Bolivia and Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region comprises of the high-altitude hydrological system of Local Stakeholders: approximately 140,000 square kilometers. Sharp population Autoridad Binacional Autónoma del Lago Titicaca (ALT) in Bolivia increase, fast-pacing urbanization, and the fact that most Ministerio de Culturas in La Paz, Bolivia of the agricultural activities are located in the areas EO services provided around the lake, make the watershed system very • Water quality monitoring using medium resolution imaging spectrometers, vulnerable, particularly to pollution problems. The main primarily Medium Resolution Optical data sources (e.g. ENVISAT MERIS) • Land use and land change with a special focus on wetlands /crop type derived environmental concerns are organic and bacteriological from high to very high resolution imaging optical sensors contamination caused by improper agriculture practices (fertilizers and pesticides runoff), urban wastes (solid Service providers  waste, sewage discharge and lack of secondary waste • GAF (Germany) • EOMAP (Germany) water treatment which generates the process of eutrophication) as well as mining (dumping of ESA Technical Officer wastewater from mines which is considered a principal Benjamin Koetz, Dr. sc. nat. European Space Agency cause of heavy metal contamination and alarming Science, Applications and Future Technologies Department, Exploitation concentrations of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in various & Services Division, Industry Section, Directorate of EO Programmes parts of the lake.) UNEP estimates that by 2025, the Tel: +39 06 94180653 | Benjamin.Koetz@esa.int volume of wastewater in the basin will double, which in WB Task Team Leader turn may lead to the disappearance of fish and aquatic Miguel Vargas-Ramirez life, among other potentially adverse environmental The World Bank Group impacts. At the same time local communities depend on Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Africa Region the lake resources for their economic livelihoods and John Morton well-being. Therefore the protection of the long-term The World Bank Group water quality and ecological integrity is one of the long Senior Urban Environment Specialist, Urban, Water and Disaster Risk Management, Latin America and the Caribbean Region term priorities for its sustainable development. The central concern is to reduce the flow of nutrients and pollutants, and reverse some of the adverse environmental damage sustained in the past. 1 One of the biggest challenges concerning management of Lake Titicaca basin is related the persistent lack of reliable data on the water parameters and land use patterns, as well as incomplete inventories of pollution 1. Example Land Use Map 2010. Credit. GAF. 80 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Water resources management hot spots and outdated water resources management The project was specifically designed to look at ecological plans. The creation of a Bolivia-Peru Binational and environmental borders of the Lake Titicaca basin, Autonomous Authority of Lake Titicaca (ALT, Autoridad rather than its administrative boundaries. It facilitated Binacional del Lago Titicaca Bolivia-Perú) in 1996 has synoptic observations, it set forth validated options for addressed some of these problems. Nevertheless a number the future consistent and cross-boundary data collection of challenges remain to be resolved. This includes method to facilitate regional integration and collaboration improving data collection and data dissemination, of Bolivian and Peruvian water authorities as well as ALT. refurbishing some of defunct water-quality monitoring stations and laboratories, providing platforms for sharing monitoring of long term trends in land use and consolidating available information, and promoting The observations covered 47,000 square kilometers of the standardization of data generated by different national basin territory creating the most comprehensive and institutions. detailed land cover inventory produced for this area to In this context the eoworld project demonstrated the date. Collected information allowed to address three major feasibility of setting up a satellite based monitoring system environmental concerns related to land use (Fig. 1): for a systematic collection of information concerning • soil erosion, temporal and spatial dynamics of the lake ecosystem. • land degradation and Satellite monitoring covered the entire sub-basin for the • loss of lake water body. year 2010/11 with high resolution (5m) and provided land use change detection for the period 2003-2010/11. Results revealed that expansion of agricultural activities Moreover, standardized and comparable water quality affects valued vegetation and ecosystem types such as products were generated from 2003 to 2010 for rivers, wetlands and forests (Table 1). This trend can be improved understanding of lake dynamics, identification associated with the fact that while the majority of crop of pollution sources, and early warning indicators for production in the region takes place in the areas algal bloom. Hot spots, natural sources of pollutants such surrounding the lake, only 17% of land is suitable for as river inflows as well as other spatial peculiarities in agriculture. the water bodies could also clearly be identified. Table 1 Table 1. Change Statistics for Land use between 2003 and 2010. Credit: GAF. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 81 2 3 2. Example Land Use Change 2010/2003 for Reserva Nacional – Titicaca and Land use change statistics for Puno Bay. Credit. GAF. 3. Examples of satellite MERIS and MODIS retrieved products for Chlorophyll and Suspended Matter concentration. Credit: EOMAP. 82 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Water resources management 4 Moreover, EO data provided the first evidence of the and chlorophyll, total suspended matter and turbidity alarming rate of receding lake water levels and succession were provided using different sensors such as ENVISAT of water bodies by wetlands, reeds and agricultural land. MERIS, MODIS Aqua/Terra (500m and 300m resultion) The estimated loss of the shoreline amounts to as much and RapidEye (5m, 50m scale resolution) (Fig. 3). as 100km - an equivalent of the 7 percent of the lake extent. This has a direct negative impact on the The innovative use of higher resolution sensors (Rapid biodiversity hotspots – coastal wetlands and Tortora Eye, 5m) significantly increased the spatial and temporal reeds. The project documented, for the first time, that resolution of the measurements, and optimized the survey the Reserva Nacional del Lago Titicaca at the Puno Bay planning by integration with standard ground truth — which is an area protected as a RAMSAR Convention sampling methods. As a result, the EO data provided an and an important wetland/breeding ground for endemic independent, area-wide long-term monitoring instrument species— is facing unprecedented transformation: fast with standardized and comparable water quality products, emergence of shrubs/grassland, agriculture surface types which can be generated independently on ground truth  and bare soil (Fig. 2). data thus offering important tool for monitoring, entirely of the applied countermeasures (Fig. 4). remotely, of the status of the lake as well as verification Water quality monitoring The project also provided harmonized water quality pollution hotspots information including the assessment of the flow of nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants to the lake. The leading cause of organic pollution in the Lake The EO-based water quality monitoring is a very Titicaca is poor waste disposal stemming from urban powerful tool used to improve the understanding of the centres as well as coastal villages surrounding the lake. impact of sediment-bound nutrient and contaminants on The most polluted areas are known to be located on both the aquatic ecosystems as well as managing pollution the Peruvian side (within the Puno’s interior bay, the hot spots. It can detect eutrophication sources and Torococha River and the lower course of the Coata River) mechanisms, nutrient concentrations, pollution, turbidity, as well as the Bolivian side (for instance within the sediment and phosphorus flows into the water bodies. Cohana Bay, northwest of La Paz). The satellite-based Key water quality parameters, such as phytoplankton analysis of chlorophyll concentration confirmed the 4. Examples of satellite RapidEye retrieved total suspended matter in 50m (left) and 5m (right) resolution for the northern and central part of Lake Titicaca. Credit: EOMAP. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 83 5 alarming trends of eutrophic process in the Puno Bay (suspended solids) and chemical (heavy metals) frequently associated with the disposal of the untreated contamination. Satellite Total Suspended Matter (TSM) sewage as well as agricultural run-off carrying fertilizers analysis is often used to measure sediments and other (Fig. 5). In the South Eastern, Bolivian, part of the lake, depositions originating from the rivers that are some regression in water quality was also observed, for characterized by high particles concentration, which are example, in the area of Lake Huiñaymarca, which present in case of various pollutants, including heavy includes Cohana Bay and its tributaries: Rio Seco, metals. Such TSM analysis indeed revealed spatial Pallina and Katari. Increased nutrient concentrations are peculiarities in Ramis and Suches rivermouths, having also frequent in Golfo de Achacachi and the Ramis River transboundary effect on the entire lake (Fig. 6) A  Delta. dedicated field campaign would however be necessary to provide a definitive verification of these observations. Moreover, in the Lake Titicaca watershed there are many environmental and health concerns with regard to toxic The combination of water quality information with waste and mineral residues inflow to the lake. This is detailed analysis of land use trends provided a clear usually correlated with sediments being flushed out from indication of changing land use patterns and the the mines up the river streams or with dumping of the evolving status of water bodies setting up a baseline for industrial wastewater. According to UNEP Ramis River various land management and planning tasks. Moreover, and River Suches are particularly affected by physical the project demonstrated that EO can provide an 5. During the dry season, from May through November, Rio Seco is just a trickle fed by wastewater from homes, slaughterhouses, tanneries and min- ing operations. Along its course through El Alto, the river runs red with blood, vivid green with algae, black with oil and a thick brilliant rust color from mineral processing. Image by Noah Friedman-Rudovsky. Bolivia, 2011. Credit: Pulizer Center on Crisis Reporting. 84 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Water resources management 6 7 independent evaluation of the key water parameters and indicate the degradation of water quality as well as associated causes. This is the first time this level of information has been generated for the Lake Titicaca basin in terms of detail, accuracy and direct relevance to the national authorities. Such information can be used in evidence-based environmental monitoring addressing the key policy issues: land use practices, location of the 8 hot spot areas, causative between the origins of pollution, and adverse impacts on the ecosystem and the effectiveness of the applied mitigation measures. As such generated datasets have filled the critical information gaps and provided options for setting up an operational monitoring system for counteracting negative environmental and population impacts of the degradation of land and decreasing water area. 9 6. TSM analysis on Lake Titicaca revealed spatial peculiarities in Ramis and Suches rivermouths, having transboundary effect on the entire lake. Credit: EOMAP. 7. Water runs down from Bolivia's glaciers, through rivers that pass the city of El Alto, and finally arrive at Lake Titicaca. Photo: Noah Friedman-Rudovsky 8. Aymara women cross a bridge of rocks on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The lake's water is increasingly contaminated by rivers that pass through the industrial city of El Alto. By the time the water reaches the lake it is highly contaminated, affecting the ecosystem and local residents. These com- munities produce crops and supply fish that Peru and Bolivia depend on to help feed their populations. Urban growth is not the only threat to tra- ditional lakeshore life: increased mining, cattle operations and overfishing also put the lake at risk. Photo: Noah Friedman-Rudovsky. 9. Aymara fisherman at dawn on Lake Titicaca near the city of Puno, Peru. Pollution and overfishing are killing off the fish population of the lake. Photo: Noah Friedman-Rudovsky. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 85 monitoring of Coastal vulnerability and Coastal Change trends in West Africa Users Figure 1 and 2 represent sample change maps of the World Bank Unit: coastline near the city of Bakau (11 km west of Gambia’s Environment and Natural Resource Management Unit, Africa Region Local Stakeholders: capital Banjul) for the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. The • World Bank country office in Dakar, Senegal red line shows the coastline for 1990, which retreated • World Bank Country Office in Lusaka, Zambia strongly until 2000 (green line, partly below yellow line). EO services provided: Some sand banks were present in the year 2000 (green • Coastal change maps  oval lines), but finally disappeared until 2010. While the • Sea level height and ocean currents estuary largely remains unchanged over 20 years, Service providers:  significant changes occur at the shoreline near the land • CLS (France) tongue in the northern part of Bakau. • GeoVille (Austria) Appropriate interpretation of the underlying driving ESA Technical Officer Gordon Campbell factors of these changes was conducted in collaboration European Space Agency with local experts. Some examples of trends interpretation Science, Applications and Future Technologies Department, Exploitation is given in Figure 4 where the signs of sand build-up & Services Division, Industry Section, Directorate of EO Programmes Tel: +39 06 94180406 | Gordon.Campbell@esa.int near Micolo between 1990 and 2010 can be clearly identified and correlated with the local community WB Task Team Leader decision to forbid sand extraction in mid-1994. Sofia Bettencourt Lead Operations Officer, AFTEN | The World Bank Country Office, Lusaka, Zambia The project has found that this type of information is Denis Jordy typically not readily available from public databases in Senior Environmental Specialist, AFTEN | The World Bank Country Office, the countries covered within this project. While terrestrial Dakar, Senegal field work may deliver more accurate results for limited areas, satellite data allow creating easy-to-understand maps, at different levels of accuracy from low-to-high in order to balance the benefits of general trends assessment with detail monitoring of hot spots (Fig 5). The eoworld project in West Africa provided important In the latter case EO data can be further used by local assessment of the vulnerability of West African coastal experts to plan field visits, to support the definition of areas to climate change and erosion. The chosen test countermeasures and to support further geospatial sites were located in Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal analyses. Moreover the unique added value of satellite and Gambia, Cotonou (Benin) coastline and Lagos (Nigeria). observation is the ability to utilize image archives of The assessment included analysis of past changes (10 to 30-40 years to identify past trends, compare them 20 years) due to erosion (coastal change maps) and to other locations and continuously track the recent changes in sea level height. development of coastlines. Coastal change maps sea level height Coastline maps were produced for three different points When it comes to obtaining accurate and operationally in time - 1990, 2000 and 2010 - using multi-spectral relevant sea-level rise information, typically it is gathered and panchromatic LANDSAT (30 m resolution) and SPOT through ground base tide gauges. However in case of satellite imagery (10 and 20 m resolution). They represent West African coasts such gauges are very sparsely an analysis of the individual coastline maps for various located and only one or two have data for more than 5 reference years and depict actual changes of coastal or 6 years. Therefore EO-based altimetry is the only areas that have happened between these dates to reliable way for assessing the regional mean sea level quantify the total area of erosion and accression rates. rise in this area. The altimetry-derived maps provided 86 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Coastal Zone management 1 2 synoptic view of sea level rise trends. Data are elevation is certainly not wholly due to climate change, homogeneous (they are intercalibrated across different but in part to interannual variability, since the monitoring sensors), continuous and validated, and provide the long period is not long enough. term assessment for the region. A complete set of maps and data covering Senegal and Gulf of Guinea revealed mean sea level trends, associated geostrophic currents, and tide amplitude as well as tidal and wind-driven currents. Both areas show an elevation of the sea level (slightly less than the global sea level rise for the Senegal, about the same rate for the Gulf of Guinea). However, this 1. Coastline maps from 1988, 2000 and 2010 for the city of Bakau in The Gambia (for complete project area see upper right image). Credit: Geoville. 2. Coastal change map for Bakau, Gambia, and Delta du Saloum, Senegal for the time period 2000 to 2010. Credit: Geoville. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 87 3 4 5 3. Land reclamation by aquafarming and stilt housing Ganvié – Lake Nokoue(Benin). Credit: Geoville. 4. Coastal erosion caused by beach sand mining near Micolo (São Tomé). Credit: Geoville. 5. Examples of results that can be achieved at different levels of accuracy. 88 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Coastal Zone management 6 7 8 6. Regional sea level rise trend. Credit: CLS. 7. Training in Sao Tome. Photo by Geoville. 8. Waters off the coast of Ghana. Ghana. Photo Curt Carnemark World Bank. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 89 monitoring of Environmentally sensitive Areas in the mozambique Channel, real-time Oil spills detection & polluter identification Users The World Bank is actively engaged in development of World Bank Unit: active pollution management measures involving eight World Bank, South Africa Country Office (Pretoria) Environment and Natural Resources Management Unit, Africa Region countries in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region: Local Stakeholders: South Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, South African Maritime Safety Agency (SAMSA) Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania and France (Reunion). This National maritime institutions and port authorities from: • Seychelles, includes hydrographic surveying for the main maritime • Mauritius, routes, enhancing maritime surveillance as well as • Mozambique, protection of sensitive mangrove and coral ecosystems • Madagascar, • Tanzania, from contamination due to maritime transport. The aim • Kenya, is to reduce the amount of pollution from collisions and • Comoros groundings and to develop reactive measures to address for the oil spill surveillance service as well as Indian Ocean Commission for the any threats to ecosystems in case of accidents. Earth coral reef monitoring service. Observation services contributed to these activities in EO services provided two important areas — the timely detection of oil spills • Real time oil spill detection and polluter identification  by ships and assessment of the status and health of • Coral reef health– status and evolution observation priority coral ecosystems to detect deterioration caused Service providers by marine traffic. • CLS (France) • IRD (France) Potential damage due to accidental spills and illegal ESA Technical Officer discharges from ships or ports would have disastrous Gordon Campbell consequences to the unique and ecologically vulnerable European Space Agency ecosystems of the Mozambique Channel. This area Tel: +39 06 94180406 | Gordon.Campbell@esa.int contains a number of protected marine and coastal WB Task Team Leader reserves including the UNESCO’s World Heritage site of Juan Gaviria Aldabra Atoll in Seychelles as well as two of the six The World Bank Sector Manager, Transport Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region Large Marine Ecosystems located in Africa: Agulhas and Somali Current. Moreover, extensive coral reefs as well as mangrove forest and internationally significant wildlife 1 1. Fusion of SAR imagery (e.g. ENVISAT-ASAR, Radarsat) with vessel identification data from satellite-based Automatic Identification System (or SatAIS). Credit: CLS. 90 → EArth ObsErvAtiOn fOr sustAinAblE dEvElOpmEnt Marine Environment Management are prevalent in Mozambique, Madagascar, Tanzania, thanks to their AIS signal collected by satellite, leading South Africa, Comoros, and Mauritius. These countries to an identification rate of 26% per spill. largely depend on tourism and aquaculture as a major source of their income. Therefore improving marine environmental These results were groundbreaking. This is the first protection and the capacity to respond to disasters is time that such state of the art monitoring system was one of the priorities for the regional development. implemented in the area other than Europe and Northern America and it significantly upgraded the ways of Oil spill detection and polluter identification conducting maritime safety operations in Western Indian Ocean. The oil spill monitoring system has been design as a continuous, near-real time delivery of information in The concept of operations was based on the use of support of anti-pollution operations, as well as polluter wide-swath satellite radar imagery delivered in real time identification and backtracking. The program of observation and fused with vessel identification data from satellite- covered a total 17.5 million square kilometers of the based Automatic Identification System (or SatAIS) (Fig Mozambique Channel geographic area and combined 1). Resulting “oil pollution report” was delivered to the coastline of 13,300 kilometers. As a result of the 5 appropriate coast guard authorities and port authorities months of operations from July to December 2011, 38 between 30 min and 1hr from data acquisition via a potential slicks were detected and investigated. 23 of dedicated web portal. The entire service has been visualized them were classified high degree of confidence as ‘oil using a user friendly, comprehensive web interface spills’. Moreover six potential polluters were identified 2 2. Concept of operations – service chain. (1) Acquisition planning - users browse available scenes and send wish list to the service operator, (2) Satel- lite tasking, image acquisition over the area of interest and data downlink, (3) Oil pollution report, (4) Pollution notification and polluter identifica- tion if oil spill is detected. Credit: CLS European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 91 3 dispatched from Mauritius to fly on-site to check on the situation. Suspected polluters were later on boarded for  inspection while in port transit in South Africa. The same concept of operation was applied in support of crisis management off the coast of Mauritius to mitigate potential pollution risks and provide early warning during an accident taking place from August 30 to September 9 when very large crude carrier vessels run aground. Seven high resolution images were acquired within short notice to monitor the status of wreckage, look for signs of oil leaks and to support the oil spill contingency plan activated after the shipwreck. Fortunately, no spill occurred during the rescue operations (Fig. 4). Monitoring of environmentally sensitive areas Given the proximity of shipping lanes to sensitive habitats even small volumes of mineral oil could harm surrounding marine ecosystems. Therefore the combination of oils spill detection and with coral reef observations established a basis for a highly effective and easily accessible database providing a description of the event: image footprint, which supported to conventional monitoring and acquisition time, slick location and extent, environmental surveillance capabilities in the area. conditions, and polluter identification (Fig. 2) Long term protection of the regional coastal and marine Satellite radar technology (SAR) is a key tool used for oil environments and their rich biodiversity from damage spill operational surveillance due to its wide area coverage, is one of the priorities in the region. The EO data and day and night monitoring capability which is contributed to the existing maps of environmentally independent of cloud cover. A single satellite pass may sensitive areas with analysis of the environmental stress image the area equivalent to the entire Mozambique conditions of coral reefs. This was based on the estimation of Channel area in few seconds. In the best possible the reefs morphology as well as main stressors such as sea- configuration satellite-based observations are combined surface temperature, suspended sediment concentration, with aerial surveillance to optimize the aerial water transparency, chlorophyll concentration, and reconnaissance missions which are sent directly on the significant wave height (Fig. 5). Detailed analysis using polluted sites. A good example of this type of end-to- very high resolution (VHR) data was conducted for four end service delivery is represented in Figure 3 which coral reefs study sites: Aldabra Atoll in the southwest showcases a large oil spill (more than 50 km long) Seychelles (a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1982 discovered on July 28, 2012 at 19:32 UTC between and an official RAMSAR site since 2010), Mayotte Mayotte and Comoros. The spill was captured in the (France), Rodrigues (Mauritius), and Tulear (Madagascar) satellite imagery. The AIS message broadcasted by the providing habitat maps (detailed geomorphological vessel and collected by the communication satellites zonation) and assessing their evolution between 2000 allowed polluters non-ambiguous identification. Following and 2011. The basic elements of the reef system were this notification, the reconnaissance aircraft was delineated and characterized. The map products 3. Screenshots of the visualization system which shows an oil spill detected between Comoros and Mayotte (using radar imagery) and its connection to the polluter vessel (as identified by its AIS message signal collected by satellite). Credit: CLS; ENVISAT ASAR data © ESA. 92 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt Marine Environment Management included, in their full complexity, as much as 26 classes breaking and moving coral colonies in search of benthic representing the geomorphological diversity of the invertebrates. studied sites, and for some classes, additional information on benthic cover. follow on This information offered an important insight into the The added value of Earth Observation to the existing state of the coral reef systems and surrounding instruments for data collection and pollution control in environment, which was complemented with the analysis the region has been groundbreaking. After the 5 month of their long term evolution. For example, observations demonstration the services were taken up as an revealed massive loss of coral zones over the period of integral part of the World Bank-implemented Western 1962-2012 at the Grand Recife de Toliara, GRT, site (Fig. Indian Ocean Marine Highway Development project. In 6) as well as changes in Mayotte’s seagrass zones. For the first phase of the transition of the service to the local the GRT the time series of images clearly reveal authorities the coverage was extended to include all of modifications of geomorphological zones and the loss of the coastal waters of South Africa, coastal waters of coral communities. Between1962 and 2011, 77% of the Mauritius including Rodrigues and the marine route initial coral stripes surface was lost. These changes are between La Réunion and south of Madagascar. The local resulting from various factors, such as sediment users of the services received on-site trainings on dynamics, cyanobacteria development as well as erosion principles of radar satellite remote sensing , use of the of dead coral framework. However, the biggest cause of on-line system and interpretation of the reports as well the changes is due to destructive fishing practices, with as recommendations for coordinated space/ground a high frequentation of fishermen tramping over, operations (acquisition planning and how to conduct 4 4. Support to crisis management after Angel One carrier run aground. Credit: CLS. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 93 on-site validation). In this transition phase, ESA continued projects will be enabled by the operation of ESA’s new to provide radar satellite images for analysis. Moreover, satellite missions. In particular, the Sentinel-1 satellite a number of improvements were proposed to user will ensure the continuity of the ENVISAT radar interface, including the integration of the coastal AIS observations on which the Mozambique Channel network operated locally, integration of maps of sea- surveillance service was based. Moreover, as the services surface current and sea-surface swell to the system as are gradually adopted by the local authorities, the well as development of the tailored application suitable timeliness of delivered information will be greatly for mobile devices (tablets, smartphones, satphones, etc.). improved when using the local satellite receiving In the long run the aim is to integrate these services to antenna based in La Réunion (SEAS-OI, Surveillance de the Regional Coordination Center for Oil Spill and l'Environnement Assistée par Satellites dans l'Océan Chemical Spill Prevention which is planned to be hosted Indien, satellite receiving station). This will allow direct by South African Maritime Safety Agency (SAMSA). Coral downlink of the data after their acquisition and the reef monitoring will continue in collaboration with the reduction of time from detection to notification of the Mauritius Oceanographic Institute, partially implemented potential events to less than 30 minutes. within the framework of the European Union MESA (Monitoring of Environment and Security in Africa) project which will additionally study coral reef stress indexes with the objective to provide 10 to 20 maps per year. If required, field surveys could be carried out to allow the inference of more complex products (reef states, species, etc.) From the technical perspective, the availability of Earth Observation satellites, particularly near-real-time radar data covering, is essential for the long-term sustainability of this type of operational maritime monitoring and surveillance services. The guaranteed long term access to appropriate satellite observations in support of this and other environment- and security-related monitoring 5 5. Maps of chlorophyll concentration (left) and sea surface temperature (SST) (right). Credit CLS. 94 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt Marine Environment Management 6 6. GRT area processed for change detection between 1962 and 2011 is shown on the lower images. All available imagery for change detection are shown on the upper right. Credit: IRD. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 95 historical assessment of spatial Growth of built-up and Metropolitan areas of delhi, Mumbai and dhaka Users Within the framework of the South Asia Megacities World Bank Unit: Improvement Program, the eoworld project focused on World Bank Urban Development Department, South Asia Megacities Improvement Program mapping 20 years of urban expansion in the metropolitan Local Stakeholders: areas of Delhi (the Delhi National Capital Region Dhaka: municipalities & local engineering department (South-East part)), Mumbai (the Metropolitan Region of Mumbai: metropolitan development agency Delhi: several state governments including main capital planning board Mumbai) and Dhaka (the Statistical Metropolitan Area). The analysis of high-resolution satellite data provided EO services provided spatially-explicit information about the current state Accurate historical land cover/use mapping by exploiting the High Resolution (HR) Optical data archive: providing a sequence of land use datasets monitoring and previous development of land use and land cover urban growth in 1992, 2003 and 2011. resources, including: • Structure of the land cover and land use stock; Service providers  • Spatial and temporal distribution of land use and GISAT (Czech Republic) land use change over the past two decades; and ESA Technical Officer • Comparison between metropolitan areas in space and Benjamin Koetz, Dr. sc. nat. time. European Space Agency Tel: +390694180653 | Benjamin.Koetz @esa.int The observations covered a total of 18,000 square kilkometers. WB Task Team Leader Songsu Choi The World Bank Group structure of the land cover and land use stock Former Lead Urban Economist, Urban Development Unit, South Asia Region The analysis conducted for 2010/11 revealed that the land cover and land use composition in the three Major benefits on EO based service Major benefits on EO data level Major benefits on EO based level including dissemination via information level the Web Tool platform framework • time-space comparable contents • spatial explicit information on • easy exploration tool for • synoptic and consistent mapping land cover/land use evolution complex data around the globe, including • state-of-the art image analysis • instant integration of various remote locations techniques (e.g. object oriented presentation modes in easy-to-use • multi-scale (global, regional, local) approaches) integrated environment and multi-sensor (high res/low • harmonized contents for large • integration of spatial and res) solutions areas over long time socio-economical data • long temporal archives • information on spatial/temporal • multiple views across multiple • free data or competitive pricing patterns, quality and intensity themes of changes • predefined or user defined • represents cost effective solution comparing to in-site • information comparable between analytical units survey or mapping cities • support to collaborative work, • consistent analytical data analysis and reporting framework - insight into urban related processes and drivers • past trends / forecasting • identification of priority areas • retrospective potential 96 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt urban development megacities is quite distinct. In Delhi National Capital of trees. Non-urbanized area is dominated by agriculture Region (South-East part) the land use is dominated by land (43%) (Fig. 1) agriculture (73%). Urbanized area represent only 20% of the land cover. In the Metropolitan Region of Mumbai structure and intensity of change only 15% area is urbanized, while the share of non- Satellite-based monitoring is an extremely effective urbanized area is balanced between agriculture land method of identifying the rate, location and the (34%), (semi-)natural vegetation (28%) and forest characteristics of urban sprawl which takes place (17%). In Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area the outside of administrative boundaries of cities as well urbanized area is 48%, but large parts of that is as other types of urban expansion. As a monitoring occupied by rural settlements and scattered built-up method it can offset any missing or inaccurate areas (18%), surrounded by a specific class of groves 1 1. Example of the land use maps developed for the year 2010/2011 and statistical information derived from spatial data analysis. Credit: GISAT. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 97 2 3 2. Example of the land use maps developed for the year 2010/2011 and statistical information derived from spatial data analysis. Credit: GISAT. 3. Overall change type in all three megacities. Credit: GISAT. 98 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt urban development information and track the de facto trends occurring under dynamic development. Except in the Mumbai often outside of control or supervision of local area, the change rate is also increasing. authorities. The ability to collect this type of information is particularly important in view of the lack In addition, Figure 3 below shows that in all three of a consensus regarding the administrative borders of megacities the increase of artificial surfaces is by far the 100 largest urban areas in the world. the most dominating type of change in comparison to other land transformations (i.e. extension/reduction of As seen in Figure 2, the overall change rate in the urban greenery, rural settlements, recultivation, etc.). three megacities studied is high (0.3%-1% of total The study also assessed the structure of a massive area per year (i.e. 5-8 times more than the average in urban sprawl (land uptake by residential, commercial Europe (0.11%)), which confirms that all areas are and industrial buildings together with associated services 4 4. Overall change type in all three megacities. Credit: GISAT. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 99 5 6 5. Annual increase of industrial, commercial and transportation areas (class 12*) in percent of initial area and its trend in all three megacities. Credit. GISAT. 6. Non-artificial land consumption (due to artificial land uptake) structure and its trend in all three megacities. Credit: GISAT. 100 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt urban development 7 7. Overall change type in Delhi. Credit: GISAT. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 101 8 and urban infrastructure) taking place since 1991/ impact on the surrounding environment 1992, including the changes between residential, Urbanization in the form of new constructions projects, commercial and industrial zones (Fig. 4). In Dhaka it is residential quarters, new industrial and commercial clearly dominated by residential built-up, while in Delhi facilities or transport infrastructure, changes the and Mumbai, the urban sprawl is accelerated by industrial functions of the surrounding environment. If occurring development (during 2003-2010 predominantly for Delhi) in uncontrolled manner, rising percentages of the (Fig. 5). Large increase of construction sites indicates ground sealing levels may lead to a number of that this trend will likely continue in the future. challenges to sustain the urban development, such as 9 9. In Delhi and Mumbai the urban sprawl is accelerated by industrial development. Photo: Delhi, World Bank 102 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt urban development 10 Tool can be accessed at the dedicated Urban Portal (https://eoworld.gisat.cz). The advantage of working with digitalized spatial data lays in the possibility to analyze datasets at the level of different administrative units: metropolitan level, city level, district level, sub-district level, as well as other city catchment (non-administrative) units depending on information needs. Such datasets allow flexible aggregation. For instance they can provide information concerning the ratio of population growth correlated with urban growth rate, the proportion of uptake of the arable land, reduction in soil permeability, sprawl by district, the distribution and density of urban and drainage capacity among others. EO is a very sprawl, urban area class evolution, the drivers of urban powerful tool to identify the extent of urban impact on change, and so on. In addition, in combination with the natural areas and assess potential conflict available environmental or socio-economic data it is between them. The eoworld study revealed that while possible to measure different city indicators, such as agriculture land is taken almost exclusively in Delhi compactness (as a function of city density), the ratio of area (>95%), in Mumbai, large share of land turned to green urban areas per inhabitant, or the proximity and urban is represented by (semi-)natural land (~38%). accessibility of green urban areas, among others. In Dhaka, land consumed by urban sprawl is dominated by rural settlements. The latter is a sign of gradual densification of rural settlements leading to 11 disappearance of surrounding high vegetation and small gardens (Fig 6). Finally, insight into the spatial distribution and intensity of changes within the monitored areas was also provided. As seen in Figure 7, spatial distribution of urban sprawl has a different pattern in each megacity. In Dhaka the urban sprawl is mostly concentrated in central-north part of the area, while in Mumbai in the central/central-west part. In Delhi low density urban sprawl is distributed almost equally over the whole megacity territory. Working with data: better visualization, comparison and analysis In addition to the core mapping outputs, the project provided a state-of-the-art data exploitation Web Tool which facilitates spatial data integration with other in-situ datasets to support collaborative work, data analysis, and the use of data in reporting. The Web 10. The study found that urban sprawl in Dhaka is clearly dominated by residential built-up areas. Photo: World Bank 11. In Delhi and Mumbai the urban sprawl is accelerated by industrial development. Photo: Mumbai, India by Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 103 sustainable Oil palm production in papua new Guinea Users to increase, in a sustainable manner, the level of World Bank Unit: involvement of targeted communities in their local World Bank PNG Country Office (Sidney, Australia) Local Stakeholders: development through measures aimed at increasing oil • Provincial government of the PNG Orto and West New Britain provinces palm revenue and local participation. • Oil Palm Industry Corporation (OPIC) • PNG Oil Palm Research Association (PNGOPRA) Environmental and social sustainability of oil palm EO services provided cultivation is a priority for SADP. The project adopted • Forest mapping for three points in time 2005-2009-2011 using High sustainability principles & criteria reflecting the key to Very High Resolution (HR/VHR) Optical sensors • Land cover mapping for 2011 using High to Very High Resolution mechanism for certifying palm oil as sustainable - the (HR/VHR) Optical sensors Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) to mitigate environmental impacts of the main project activities Service providers which include infill planting of 9000 of hectares of new SarVision (Netherlands) village oil palms and rehabilitation of 550km of the ESA Technical Officer existing rural roads to facilitate local communities’ Benjamin Koetz, Dr. sc. nat. access to critical social services and markets. European Space Agency Tel: +39 06 94180653 | Benjamin.Koetz@esa.int Moreover, SADP promotes measures to prevent WB Task Team Leader smallholders from displacing their food gardens into Mona Sur Senior Agriculture Economist, Pacific Islands Sustainable Development protected areas. A special attention is paid to ensure that Department, East Asia and the Pacific Region | The World Bank Country the buffer zones along rivers, springs and streams are Office, Sydney, Australia maintained and that the patches of mangroves, wetland and remnant swamp areas remain undisturbed (i.e. there is no construction or renovation of drainage channels in adjacent oil palm blocks or roads). Oil palm agriculture production is one of the most important sources of cash income for rural households in The key added value of satellite mapping services in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The smallholder oil palm support of implementation of the SADP project concentrated blocks support between 180,000 and 200,000 people. on a reduction of a number of investment risks. It In this context, the Smallholder Agriculture Development provided new opportunities for verification of the planting Project (SADP) funded by the World Bank and PNG process and supported project management with innovative Sustainable Development Program Ltd (PNG SDP) aims options for effective monitoring of potential stresses due 1 1. Oil palm production is one of the most important sources of cash income for rural households in Papua New Guiney. Smallholder oil palm blocks support between 180,000 and 200,000 people. Photo(s): Mona Sur / World Bank 104 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt agriculture and rural development to planting or road construction. It demonstrated that land use trends tangible and factual information concerning the status The presence of both the established mature oil palm of oil palm plantations, forests and other types of land estates as well as smallholder areas dominates the cover can be provided objectively and on the regular agricultural landscape in Oro Province (Fig 1). However, basis. there is no evidence of the oil palm plantation expansion into primary forest after 2005 and, consistently with this, investment planning the encroachment to secondary forest is driven by EO mapping supported the investment planning by selective logging, logging for road development and creating the baseline map showcasing the current land small clearings for small subsistence agriculture and food use to make sure that the active planting is taking place gardens (< 0.5 ha) rather than clearing for palm oil only in eligible areas, and that the planting does not affect production. primary forest or high conservation value areas (HCVA). The baseline mapping focused on in two SADP locations Moreover, the examination of the forest cover and - Oro Province and West New Britain Province and provided deforestation rate between 2005and 2011 clearly the most spatially and thematically detailed land cover indicated that the rate of deforestation in that area is maps of Oro and WNB to date, the most recent and minimal. The net forest loss during that period amounts up-to-date forest cover change (deforestation) map of to 15,481 ha which equals to 1.8% of the total forest Oro to date. It also upgraded the roads dataset. They cover in 2005. The map in Figure 2 based on the were significantly improved in terms of accuracy and RapidEye 5m satellite image mosaic for the year 2011 detail in comparison to the previously available data from (left) shows how EO-based information was used for 2009. The new road datasets also allowed to accurately identification of small clearings (blue spots), secondary assess the location and length of (access) roads for project forest (dark brown), smallholder oil palm (dark orange) as planning and compliance monitoring purposes (Fig. 5 a/b). well as other land cover types. The forest cover change map on the right (at 30m resolution) shows deforestation of secondary forest during 2005-2009 (orange), 2 2. Land cover map for Oro Province. Credit: SarVision. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 105 3 deforestation of secondary forest during 2009-2011 assessment of forest change trends is exemplified in (blue), and non-forest including oil palm (white). (red), in addition to secondary forest (green), rivers Table 1. The largest noticeable area of deforestation in primary forest was found to be 3,832 hectares during 2005-2009. This forest loss appeared to be caused by a The forest cover change map product provided information cyclone that hit PNG in 2007 which decimated forested for assessment of compliance with deforestation areas by spawning numerous landslides and causing monitoring requirements resulting from SADP and RSPO rivers to change course. The map in Figure 4 illustrates sustainability Principles and Criteria. The detailed the landslides effect in area ‘A’, while area ‘B’ is an area 4 3. Detail of 5m RapidEye image (left) and 30m Forest Cover Change map (right) showing small clearings for food gardens/subsistence agriculture in Oro. Credit: SarVision, EO data © RapidEye, 2011. 4. Subset example of cumulative Forest Cover Change map 2005-2011 for Oro province. Dark green: Primary forest (dark green); Secondary forest (light green); Deforested 2005-2011 (red); Non-forest (white); Water (blue). Credit: SarVision. 106 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt agriculture and rural development Table 1 with small-scale clearing for good gardens and agriculture. RapidEye 5m satellite image mosaic on the left shows Area ‘C’ is an area of logging along the road networks. older logging roads in white and more recent selective logging gaps and logging roads in blue tones. The land The landscape of West New Britain Province is quite cover map product (right) indicated such logging different from Oro. It is mostly dominated by industrial activities as bare (white), while also showing secondary oil palm estates, while extensive tracts of remaining forest (green), woody shrub (light olive), and oil palm secondary forest are subject to selective logging (Fig. 4). (light pink), among others. 5 6a Table 1. Forest status information Oro province project area. Credit: SarVision. 5. Example of land use information and logging patterns in West New Britain. Credit: SarVision. EO Data © RapidEye, 2011. 6a. Example of detailed road dataset produced for West New Britain. Previously available roads dataset released in 2009, courtesy of the PNG Remote Sensing Centre (left), and more detailed and up-to-date road network dataset for 2011 produced during the eoworld project (right). Credit: SarVision. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 107 protecting high value Conservation areas (hvCa) at ‘B’) (Fig. 6). While the initial examination confirmed that human influence seems to be limited there - roads or Land cover maps showing environmentally sensitive oil palm areas were not found within the area - overall, to areas (e.g. wetlands) are now available as tangible proof enhance the assessment of the of potential conflicts that operational procedures for robust spatial planning between high value ecosystems and anthropogenic and monitoring of environmental safeguards are under activities additional information from ancillary data development and being implemented. Radar sensors sources and field surveys concerning protected areas, such as ALOS PALSAR, or ESA’s upcoming Sentinel-1, can species, the conservation status, erosion risks, and local provide unique information on the location and status of community dependence on forests is necessary. wetlands and wetland forests. The information generated in the framework of the In the framework of the eoworld project ALOS data was eoworld project will be integrated in the Smallholder used to demonstrate how these EO can be used to Information System maintained by the PNG Oil Palm assess the extent of large tracts of intact (peat) swamps Industry Corporation (OPIC) - one of the key SADP still found in the North-Eastern part of Oro (indicated in stakeholders, and the key local user this information. In brown at ‘A’) and regularly flooded riparian forest (white the future EO is planned to be incorporated in the 6b 6b. Roads datasets in one of the plantations in West New Britain. Previously available dataset (left) and dataset produced in the framework of eoworld project (right) overlaid on the satellite data (bottom row). Credit: Sarvision. 108 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt agriculture and rural development framework of SADP bi-annual environmental and social technical developments will allow to (semi-)automate audits which are aimed to assess whether necessary the production of forest and land cover change information measures have been successfully taken to comply with maps over the eoworld PNG locations as well as over the Bank’s safeguards policies. much larger areas. Systematic provision of such information can be further improved after data from ESA’s Sentinel- 1 Moreover, the successful implementation of the project (radar) and Sentinel-2 (optical) satellites become available resulted in the interest to provide more dedicated in 2013-2014 timeframe. training and capacity building to the local experts and auditors, to extend the mapping to other SADP locations as well as to test new applications to support the coffee and cocoa plantations monitoring. In the future 7 8 7. Example for Oro province based on ALOS PALSAR 100m multitemporal image composite using data collected every 46 days for a full season between 2010 and 2011. Credit: SarVision, ALOS data © JAXA. 8. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was formed in 2004 with the objective of promoting the growth and use of sustainable oil palm products through credible global standards and engagement of stakeholders. Photo: Anna Burzykowska / World Bank. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 109 forest resources Management in liberia Users opportunity for Liberia to benefit from the carbon World Bank Unit: market. Liberia’s participation in REDD + was formally Environment and Natural Resources Management Unit, Africa Region, Liberia Forestry Program submitted in May 2011 with the objective to introduce Local Stakeholders: a range of new priorities and instruments for forest • Liberian National Forestry Development Authority (FDA) conservation and management. • FAO’s Liberia Forest Initiative (LFI) Partnership EO services provided In view of this, the need for adequate geo-data to • Forest mapping in North-Western Liberia for 2002, 2006, 2011 assess the state and evolution of Liberia’s forest is • Land cover and terrain mapping for 2011 immense. The eoworld project demonstrated that the Service providers  assessment as well as control of the use of forest • Metria (Sweden) resources can be much improved with a use a monitoring • GeoVille(Austria) system based on a combination of EO analysis and field ESA Technical Officer data collection. In addition, a parallel study was conducted Benjamin Koetz, Dr. sc. nat. to provide an independent validation of various European Space Agency contradictory reports on Liberia forest base, in particular Tel: +39 06 94180653 | Benjamin.Koetz@esa.int the accuracy of forest assessments conducted in the WB Task Team Leader past, and potential overlaps of land allocation concessions. Paola Agostini The results supported the World Bank dialogue with the The World bank Senior Economist, Africa Region government concerning land use reforms and were transferred to the national Liberian Forest Authority to inform discussions concerning different land uses and the allocation of concessions (i.e. which areas are more Unsustainable depletion of natural resources is a serious suitable to be designated for agriculture concession, problem in many developing countries. Fortunately for commercial forestry or kept for carbon and biodiversity Liberia, deforestation and forest degradation remained conservation.) low during the last decade despite the pressures to allow greater forest resources exploitation. At present, independent verification and concessions mapping the main challenge is to reconcile different visions for the forest sector development which would take into Over the years, several forest assessments were account the needs of export-oriented commercial timber conducted in Liberia including a nation-wide forest industry, with conservation and community needs. mapping in 2004 which constituted the basis for allocation of forest concessions. A recent reevaluation of The issues related to forest management in Liberia are the country’s forest resources indicated however, that a very complex. Liberia’s forest is rich in biodiversity and national forest type map series is outdated, that the a recognized global hotspot for conservation. At the previous maps are not compatible, and that there are same time timber sector is very important for country’s some methodological problems in the earlier forests social and economic development. Whereas timber assessments (i.e. regarding definitions of land cover production can become a significant source of GDP, most classes and the estimation of forest cuttings and of the country’s rural population is dependent on forests re-growth which were not accounted for). This as well as various forests products and ecosystem services independent verification has also revealed serious for their day-to-day livelihoods (i.e. ecotourism industry, overlaps of existing concessions for timber, agriculture, soil conservation, and protection of water resources). conservation, and mining. The mapping of concession Moreover, the establishment of an international mechanism areas based on the government level data indicated that to compensate countries for reducing emissions from several proposed Forest Management Concessions (FMC) deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) offers an – (B, C, D, H, M, ULF) and Timber Sale Contracts 110 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt forestry 1 extensively overlap with Mineral Project Exploration forest cover Concessions (in one case these overlaps affect 100% of the mineral concession site). There were also major overlaps The analysis of forest cover begun with two biggest between Forest and Agricultural Concessions found in proposed Forest Management Concessions (M and D) in the sudy areas. In addition, some Forest concessions North-Western Liberia (Gbarpolu & Grand Cape Mount) coincided with Proposed Conservation Areas (Fig. 1) which was completed for the years 2002, 2007 and 2010 covering approximately 75,000 ha of forest and identifying This independent verification confirmed the need for a the rate of deforestation and net re-growth between new comprehensive study to support forestry and land these years. It yielded the most accurate information of use planning decisions in Liberia and consequently, the forest and land use in that area to date setting the potential land use tradeoffs. The World Bank basis for creating a country-wide forest and land cover recommendation was to conduct a new assessment of map in view of future REDD activities (Fig. 2). the location, extent and main characteristics of the remaining forests – a process which was initiated The analysis was based on the data derived from two through the World Bank –ESA partnership for two pilot sensors: Landsat TM (30m), SPOT5 (2,5m - 20m) and locations in Northwest Liberia, and is planned to be RapidEye (up to 5m). With the use of these latest satellite carried over nation-wide through the newly awarded datasets and enhanced processing techniques the mapping Liberia Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Grant. accuracy was greatly improved. In comparison to the 1. Overlay map of land allocations. Credit: Metria/Geoville. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 111 2 best previously available analysis the minimal mapping Clearing Re-growth Clearing unit (MMU) came down to less than 1 ha as compared to the previous assessments of Liberian forest dated to Forest Area 2002-2007 2007-2009 2007-2009 2006 and conducted at the scale of 1000 ha (Fig. 2). "D" -0,15% 0,53% -0,28% "M" -0,29% 0,66% -0,35% 5 2. Land cover map over the M and D areas in North Western Liberia. Credit: Metria/Geoville. 5. Slope calculations based on the DEM SRTM and ASTER GDEM and an example of indication of harvestable areas along the road networks. Credit: Metria/Geoville. 112 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt forestry 6 The study analyzed the state of the forest resources in the areas where logging should be restricted - along the rivers’ buffer zone of 200 meters. It was estimated that almost 70% of the land within 200m from rivers is forest with a density of 30 % or higher and that most of it is intact. Moreover, forest map was enhanced with terrain mapping using Digital Elevation Model (ASTERGDEM exploited together with the SRTM DEM at 15m vertical resolution). Such elevation model gives information about topographic characteristics other then land use, such as the course of river valleys, mountain ridges, and depressions. This information is essential for an effective and efficient planning of infrastructure elements as roads or power transmission lines (Fig. 5). 7 land use assessment In addition to the assessment of forest cover, detailed land use and land cover maps were provided for the year 2010 with 11 thematic classes revealing forest areas as well as primary roads, grassland, shrubs, urban areas, isolated rural villages, base soil, sand rocks and rivers (of minimum width of 10 meters) (Fig. 6). The study found that 90% of the area is covered by forest (of different densities), 5% by shrub land, and almost 5% indicates human activities such as housing, infrastructure, The results proved that rate of change in forest cover in or farming. Gbarpolu and Grand Cape Mount is relatively small with a net regrowth of approximately 0.20 %. The annual deforestation rate between 2002 and 2007 was respectively 0.15 % and 0.3 % (Fig. 4). Deforestation, if at all, was mainly taking place close to populated areas 8 and likely as a result of traditional agricultural practices, which did not encroach into the surrounding dense forest (Fig. 3). Moreover, there was no evidence of timber harvesting taking place in the investigated time period, despite the presence of visible timber roads in the imagery from 2002. Such little-exploited forest areas have presumably high biodiversity and conservation value despite the fact that the presence of timber roads may indicate that some selective cuttings could have been taking place. 6. A detail from land cover mapping from 2010 with a MMU of 1 ha. Credit: Metria/Geoville. 7. Land cover status map and area distribution of Forest areas D and M. Credit: Metria/Geoville. 8. Painting numbers and letters in large white print so they can be easily read from afar. Photo by Flore de Preneuf/PROFOR. European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 113 service providers altamira information Contact Project Manager: fifame Koudogbo ́ rcega, 381-387 E-08037 Barcelona, SPAIN Altamira Information, C/ Co Tel: +34931835750 fifame.koudogbo@altamira-information.com | www.altamira-information.com Cls - space Oceanography division Contact Project Manager: Olivier Germain CLS, 8-10 Rue Hermes, 31520, Ramonville Sait-Agne, FRANCE tel. +33 561 394 856, ogermain@cls.fr www.aviso.oceanobs.com | www.altimetry.info Critical software Contact Project Manager: ricardo armas Critical Software, Campus do Lumiar - Edifí cio M8, Estrada do Paç o do Lumiar 1649-038, Lisboa, PORTUGAL Tel: +351 239 989 100 rgoncalves@criticalsoftware.com | www.criticalsoftware.com EOMap Contact: EOMap Sonderflughafen Oberpfaffenhofen, Friedrichshafener Str. 1, D-82205 Gilching, GERMANY Tel.: +49 (0) 8105 370778 0 info@eomap.de | www.eomap.de Eurosense Contact Project Manager: Jolijn leen Eurosense, Nerviërslaan 54, B-1780 Wemmel, BELGIUM Tel.: +32 2 460 70 00 info@eurosense.com | www.eurosense.com Gaf Contact Project Manager: rainer fockelmann GAF, Arnulfstrasse 197 80634 Muenchen, GERMANY Tel: +49 89 121528-43 rainer.fockelmann@gaf.de | www.gaf.de Geoville Contact Project Manager: Juergen Weichselbaum GeoVille, Sparkassenplatz 2 A - 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA Tel: +43-512-562021-17 weichselbaum@geoville.com | www.geoville.com Gisat Contact Project Manager: tomas sykup, Gisat GISAT, Milady Horakove 57, 107 00 Praha 7, CZECH REPUBLIC Tel: +420270003735 tomas.soukup@gisat.cz | www.gisat.cz Gras Contact: Geographic resource analysis & science ltd. c/o Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, DENMARK Tel: +45 35 32 41 75 gras@gras.ku.dk | www.gras.ku.dk hansje brinker Contact Project Manager: Mathijs schouten Hansje Brinker, Oude Delft 175, 2611 HB Delft, NETHERLANDS Tel: +31 15-8200225 mathijs.schouten@hansjebrinker.com | www.hansjebrinker.com hidrOMOd Contact: hidromod Rua Rui Teles Palhinha nº 4, 1º.2740-278, Porto Salvo, PORTUGAL Tel: +351 218 486 013 hidromod@hidromod.com | www.hidromod.com 114 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt service providers ird Contact: institut de recherche pour le développement Le Sextant 44, bd de Dunkerque, CS 90009, 13572 Marseille cedex 02, FRANCE Tel: +33 (0)4 91 99 92 00 www.ird.fr Marine spatial Ecology lab, Contact Project Manager: peter Mumby university of Exter College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1392 723798 | http://msel.ex.ac.uk/gis/belize Metria Contact Project Manager: Eric Willen Metria, P-O Box 24154, 104 51 Stockholm, SWEDEN erik.willen@metria.se | www.metria.se nEO Contact Project Manager: Corne van der sande NEO, Utrechtseweg 3E, Postbus 2176, NL-3800 CD Amersfoort, NETHERLANDS Tel: +31334637433 corne.vandersande@neo.nl | www.neo.nl nOa Contact Project Manager: haris Kontoes National Observatory of Athens, Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing Vas. Pavlou & I. Metaxa, 15236 Penteli, GREECE Tel: +30-2108109182 | www.space.noa.gr planquadrat Geoinformation Contact: Christophe dreiser Planquadrat Geoinformation Brüsseler Str. 12, D-13353 Berlin, GERMANY Tel: +49-30-49803849 info@plan-quadrat.de | www.plan-quadrat.de sarvision Contact Project Manager: niels Wielaard SarVision Agro Business Park 10, 6708 PW Wageningen, NETHERLANDS Tel: +31 317 452310 wielaard@sarvision.nl | www.sarvision.nl technical university of delft Contact: nick van de Giesen Water Management, Civil Engineering & Geosciences, TU Delft Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, Room 4.73, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, NETHERLANDS Tel: +31 (0)15 2787180 giesen@tudelft.nl | www.wrm.tudelft.nl trE Contact: alessandro ferretti Telerilevamento Europa srl, Ripa di Porta Ticinese, 79, 20143 Milano, ITALY Tel: +39 02 4343 121 info@treuropa.com | www.treuropa.com Water insight Contact: steef peters WaterInsight, Marijkeweg 22, 6709PG Wageningen, NETHERLANDS Tel: +31 317 210004 info@waterinsight.nl | www.waterinsight.nl European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 115 Earth Observation satellite missions used in the eoworld projects The eoworld initiative took the opportunity to showcase through sharing of Ground Segment facilities or opera- the capabilities of European and Canadian satellites, ESA tions) or for which ESA assumes a data distribution re- and national missions, and also harnessed a variety of sponsibility to a European or worldwide user community. other missions’ datasets. The plethora of data used re- flected the needs of the ESA-World Bank projects which The ESA TPM scheme currently includes over 50 relied on a combination of EO data from different sources, instruments on more than 30 missions serving a wide both to increase sustainability of services provision and range of users globally, including Africa, Asia, and South to complement the range of observation parameters. In America. The most prominent examples of ESA TPM addition, ESA have been early in discussions with mission used in the framework of the eoworld initative are operators to anticipate new data acquisition for the ma- SPOT1-4, Landsat, Kompsat, ALOS, and Ikonos. The jority of the twelve ESA-World Bank projects. service providers were granted a Category 1 user sta- tus, which allowed them to access TPM data at cost of The services are largely based on ESA’s own Earth reproduction. observing satellites – the ERS-1&2 and ENVISAT mis- sions. Moreover, ESA provided access to the so-called Concerning EO data not covered by the ESA TPM scheme, ‘ESA Third Party Missions’ (ESA TPM) - satellites operated these were procured commercially by the service by organizations (public and private) other than ESA, both providers (i.e. RapidEye, SPOT5, SPOT DEM, Cosmo European and non-European. These are often the mis- SkyMed, TerraSAR-X, Radarsat, GeoEye, Quickbird and sions to which ESA contributes financially (usually WorldView). In case of the European national missions 116 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt ESA was in a fruitful dialogue with the operators Along with the Sentinels, there are around 30 existing or concerning planning, programming and acquisition of planned missions contributing to the GMES programme. new data to stimulate their active involvement in data These include missions from ESA, their Member States, procurement. Eumetsat (European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) and other European and data policy international TPM. European Space Agency’s Earth Observation Data Policy Sentinel Data Policy Principles includes full and open access is based on free and open access principles and it was to Sentinel data to all users. Overall, with GMES operations defined by the ESA Member States with the objective of in place ESA is aiming for maximum availability of data in maximizing the beneficial use of ESA and of TPM data support of increasing demand of EO data in context of and to facilitate balanced development of science, public climate change initiatives and for the implementation of utility and commercial applications. environmental policies, also resulting in many humanitarian benefits to international development community. ESA is moreover dedicated to advancing international trends for full and open access to EO data, in line with GMES is all about delivering products and services to inter-governmental Group on Earth Observation (GEO) data manage and protect the environment and natural resources, sharing principles, setting the context for future data policies. and ensure civil security. The GMES services fall into six In case of non-ESA missions used in the framework of main categories: services for land management, services eoword projects, the underlying image data licensing for the marine environment, services relating to the conditions vary. This is in particular relevant to the data atmosphere, services to aid emergency response, services available commercially for which data licenses usually associated with security and services relating to climate depend on the applicable Terms and Conditions (rights change, including downstream sector providing information and obligations of the users). based on these core thematic areas and offering tailored solutions to specific regional or local needs, as well as the future Esa Missions: GMEs sentinels needs of the specialized global users. The monitoring capacity of GMES will be used for the benefit of the With the start of the European flagship space program- international community with the objective to support GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) effective environmental policy-making for a more sus- European Union and ESA provide the framework for the tainable future. development of the operational Earth Observation system of a new generation. ESA is developing five families of new Sentinel missions specifically for the GMES programme, the first of which is scheduled to be launched in 2013/2014. The Sentinels will provide a unique set of observations, starting with the all-weather, day and night radar images from Sentinel-1 to be used for land and ocean services, followed by Sen- tinel-2 which will deliver high-resolution optical images for land services, Sentinel-3 for services relevant to the ocean and land and Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 for atmospheric composition monitoring from geostationary and polar or- bits, respectively. Sentinel missions will provide worldwide carpet coverage resulting in an unprecedented increase in the amount of Earth Observation data available to the users while guaranteeing a long-term continuity of observations for future decades (25+ years). European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 117 Envisat (Esa) Launch date: 2002 Type: Optical and radar Envisat is the largest Earth Observation spacecraft ever built. The instruments address four major areas: (i) radar imaging, (ii) optical imaging over oceans, coastal zones and land, (iii) observation of the atmosphere, and (iv) altimetry. The Envisat data are used in many fields of Earth science, including atmospheric pollution, fire extent, sea ice motion, ocean currents and vegetation change, as well as for operational activities such as mapping land subsi- dence, monitoring oil slicks and watching for illegal fisheries. www.esa.int/esaEO Ers 1-2 (Esa) Launch date: ERS-1 (1991-2000), ERS-2 (1995-2011) Type: Radar ESA's first Earth Observation satellites carried a comprehensive payload including an imaging Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Both ERS satellites (ERS1&2) were built with a core pay- load of two specialised radars and an infrared imaging sensor. The two spacecraft were designed as identical twins with one important difference - ERS-2 included an extra instrument de- signed to monitor ozone levels in the atmosphere. www.esa.int/esaEO spOt 1-5 (CnEs / spotimage) Launch date: SPOT 1 (1986-1990), SPOT 2 (1990-2009), SPOT 3 (1993-1997), SPOT 4 (since 1998), SPOT 5 (since 2002) Type: VHR and HR Optical (2,5m — 20m res) The SPOT system was designed by the French space agency (CNES) and it is operated by Spot Image. SPOT imagery comes in a full range of resolutions from 20m down to 2,5m, for work on regional or local scales (from 1:100 000 to 1:10 000). Thanks to the constellation of SPOT satellites and their revisit capabil- ities, it is possible to obtain an image of any place on Earth, each day. A SPOT DEM is a digital elevation model produced by automatic correlation of stereopairs acquired by the HRS instru- ment on SPOT5 with 10 to 20m vertical accuracy. www.spotimage.com 118 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt rapidEYE (rapidEye aG) Launch date: 2008 Type: HR Optical (5m res) RapidEye - a German constellation of five identical EO satellites at 5m spectral resolution - provides multispectral optical data since 2009 with five spectral bands, including the near infrared, which is very valuable for land use/ land cover applications. Other main areas of applications is agriculture, forestry, energy & infrastructure, environment and security & emergency management. Together, the 5 satellites are capable of collecting over 4 million km² with a revisit date of 1 day. The system is op- erated by RapidEye AG. www.rapideye.de landsat (nasa) Launch date: 1972 Type: Optical (30m res) Landsat imagery accounts for the largest parts of Earth’s surface displayed on web mapping services. NASA-owned the vast ma- jority of Landsat data is made available free of charge for any use by different web services like the USGS Landsat archive. Landsat is ESA’s Third Party Mission. http://earth.esa.int/TPMDAG/landsat.html KOMpsat-2 (Kari) Launch date: 2006 Type: VHR Optical (1m res) Kompsat-2 was developed in South Korea by KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute). The main mission objectives of the KOMPSAT-2 system are to provide a surveillance of large scale disasters and support disaster response, acquisition of independent high resolution images for GIS (Geographic Information Systems), composition of printed maps and dig- itized maps for domestic and overseas territories and survey of natural resources. Kompsat is ESA’s Third Party Mission www.esa.int/esaEO European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 119 COsMO skyMEd (asi / e-geos) Launch date: 2007 Type: VHR Radar (up to 1m res) COSMO-SkyMed (Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediter- ranean basin Observation) is a 4-spacecraft constellation, con- ceived by ASI (Italian Space Agency) and funded by the Italian Ministry of Research (MUR) and the Italian Ministry of Defence (MoD). Each of the four satellites is equipped with the SAR-2000 instrument operating in the X band and is capable of operating in all visibility conditions at high resolution and in real time. The primary mission is to provide services for military and civil (in- stitutional, commercial) community for land monitoring, territory surveillance, management of environmental resources, maritime and shoreline control, law enforcement, topography as well as scientific applications.  www.egeos.it tErra sar-X (dlr / infoterra Gmbh) Launch date: 2007 Type: VHR Radar (up to 1m res) TerraSAR-X Earth Observation satellite system was designed by the German space agency (DLR) and  is operated by Infoterra GmbH. TerraSAR-X acquires high-resolution all-weather SAR (Syn- thetic Aperture Radar) data in the X-band for research and devel- opment purposes as well as scientific and commercial applications. A second sister satellite, TanDEM-X launched in early 2010, makes the two satellites acting as a pair and producing a Digital Eleva- tion model featuring a vertical accuracy of 2m (relative) and 10m (absolute), within a horizontal raster of approximately 12x12 square meters. Global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of an unprecedented quality, accuracy, and coverage will be soon available for the Earth’s complete land surface. www.infoterra.de radarsat 1-2 (Csa / Mda) Launch date: Radarsat-1 (1995), Radarsat-2 (2007) Type: VHR Radar (up to 2m res) Equipped with a powerful synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instru- ment Radarsat satellites acquire images of the Earth day or night, in all weather and through cloud cover, smoke and haze. The sys- tem has three main uses: maritime surveillance (ice, wind, oil pollution and ship monitoring), disaster management (mitiga- tion, warning, response and recovery) and ecosystem monitoring (forestry, agriculture, wetlands and coastal change monitoring). The system is operated by the Canadian company MDA. Radarsat-2 is ESA’s Third Party Mission. www.gs.mdacorporation.com http://earth.esa.int/TPMDAG/radarsat_sar.html 120 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt alOs (JaXa) Launch date: 2006-2011 Type: VHR Optical (2,5-10m res), HR Radar (up to 20m res) The Advanced Land Observing Satellite "DAICHI" (ALOS) has been developed by the Japanese Space Agency - JAXA - to con- tribute to the fields of mapping, precise regional land coverage ob- servation, disaster monitoring, and resource surveying. ALOS is ESA’s Third Party Mission. http://earth.esa.int/TPMDAG/alos_palsar.html iKOnOs (GeoEye) Launch date: 2000 Type: VHR Optical (0,8m res) The world's first commercial satellite able to collect black-and- white (panchromatic) images with 82-centimeter resolution and multispectral imagery with 4-meter resolution. Imagery from both sensors can be merged to create 1-meter colour imagery (pan-sharpened). It is being used for national security, military mapping, air and marine transportation, and by regional and local governments. Ikonos is ESA’s Third Party Mission. http://earth.esa.int/TPMDAG/ikonos.html GEOEYE 1 (GeoEye) Launch date: 2000 Type: VHR Optical (0,4m res) GeoEye offers unprecedented spatial resolution by simultane- ously acquiring 0,41-meter panchromatic and 1,65-meter mul- tispectral imagery allowing for a number of applications in every commercial and government sector. www.geoeye.com European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 121 usEful linKs Coastal water monitoring Combating desertification CoastColour desertWatch www.coastcolour.org www.coastcolour.org Satellite-derived wind-wave Satellite monitoring in support and swell data to early warning of volcanic risks GlobWave Globvolcano www.globwave.info */2%YROFDQR www.globvolcano.org Global Land Cover Support to the implementation GlobCover of the RAMSAR Convention GlobWetland www.ionia1.esrin.esa.int www.globwetland.org Global Snow monitoring Global Aerosol monitoring Globsnow Globaerosol www.globsnow.info www.globaerosol.info Earth Observation for Epidemiology Urban heat island information Epidemio www.urbanheatisland.info www.epidemio.info European association Committee on Earth of Remote Sensing Companies Observation Satellites Epidemio CEOs www.epidemio.info www.ceos.org Group on Earth Observation GEO www.ceos.org 122 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpMEnt aCKnOWlEdGEMEnts The ESA-World Bank partnership report is a result of contributions from a wide range of experts from across the World Bank Group, from the European Space Agency and from external partners. We thank everyone who contributed to its content. The report has been prepared by Anna Burzykowska (ESA/World Bank), Karolina Ordon (World Bank) and Benjamin Stewart (World Bank). It has been reviewed by a team from the World Bank and ESA led by Anthony Gad Bigio (World Bank) and Stephen Coulson (ESA), and including Philippe Bally (ESA), Benjamin Koetz (ESA), Ola Grabak (ESA), Gordon Campbell (ESA) and Diego Fernandez (ESA). Valuable guidance and oversight was provided by Zoubida Allaoua (World Bank) and Volker Liebig (ESA), as well as Sameh Wahba (World Bank), Maurice Borgeaud (ESA) and Mark Doherty (ESA). The description of the final eoworld project results is based on the final reports delivered by the team of the service providers from across Europe. We would like to thank the following authors: Peter Mumby, Iliana Chollett, John Hedley and Ian Elliott from the University of Exeter (UK), Eric Willen and Tobias Edman from Metria (Sweden), Corne van der Sande from NEO Netherlands), Haris Kontoes from the National Observatory of Athens (Greece), Christophe Dreiser from Planquadrat Geoinformation (Germany), Christian Tottrup and Lotte Nyborg from Geographic Resource Analysis and Science Ltd (Denmark), Niels Wielaard from SarVision (Netherlands), Nick van de Giesen from the Technical University of Delft (Netherlands), Alessandro Ferretti from TRE (Italy), Steef Peters from WaterInsight (Netherlands), Fifame Koudogbo and Alain Arnoud from Altamira Information (Spain), Olivier Germain and Vinca Rosmund from CLS (France), Ricardo Armas from Critical Software (Portugal), Tomas Haage from EOMAP (Germany), Reiner Fockelmann from GAF (Germany), Ides Bauwens, Han Tambuyzer and Jolijn Leen from Eurosense (Belgium), Juergen Weichselbaum, Eva Haas and Christian Hoffmann from Geoville (Austria), Tomas Sykup from GISAT (Czech Republic), and Mathijs Schouten from Hansje Brinker (Netherlands). The Paraná River cuts through this image of southern Brazil In the area pictured, the river marks the borders of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso do Sul to the north and west, São Paulo to the east and Paraná to the south. Agricultural structures are evident in the surrounding land. Near the centre of the image, smoke from a fire was captured blowing southwest from its source. Copyright ESA European Space Agency – World Bank Partnership | 2008-2013 123 We are also grateful to colleagues from the World Bank for their insightful comments and contributions: Mats Andersson, Arish Dastur, Mona Sur, Fook Chuan Eng, Arlan Rahman, Abby Baca, Sofia Bettencourt, Alessandra Campanaro, Joaquin Toro, John Morton, Abhas Jha, Zuzana Stanton Geddes, Liana Zanarisoa Razafindrazay, Henrike Brecht, Nagaraja Harshadeep (Harsh), Marcus Wishart, Erik Foster Moore, Miguel Vargas Ramirez, Juan Gaviria, Songsu Choi, Paola Agostini, Oliver Braedt, Walter Vergara and Winston Yu. We acknowledge with gratitude inputs from Julie Oakley (ESA/Serco) as well as Marco Manca, Giorgia Marino and Federica Mezzo from the ESA Earth Observation Graphics Bureau (EOGB) who prepared the graphic layout and contributed to the production of this report. Alexander Link (ESA), Alessandro Solaro del Borgo (ESA) and Fernando Armendaris (World Bank) provided valuable support to this team. Lake Malawi in the Eastern Rift of the Great Rift Valley, a geological fault system of Southwest Asia and East Africa. One of the world’s few ancient lakes, Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa, is the third largest lake in Africa. Copyright ESA 124 → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE dEvElOpmEnt Cover Images Credit Geoville, ENVISAT data © ESA. | Credit: Altamira Information; COSMO-SkyMed data Credit: e-Geos | Credit: Altamira Information; ENVISAT ASAR image data © ESA. | Credit: GRAS | Credit: Critical Software, NOA and INPE. SPOT5 Data © Astrium Geoservices. Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) image of Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. Credit ESA. → Earth ObsErvatiOn fOr sustainablE DEvElOpmEnt partnership report | June 2013 www.worldbank.org/earthobservation www.vae.esa.int