Gender in Turkey: A Snapshot of Key Issues and Indicators 1 Despite some progress on gender related issues over the last decade when compared to the regional Europe and Central Asia (ECA)2 average, gender disparities remain very pronounced in Turkey, particularly in endowments (education), access to economic opportunities (labor market) and women’s voice in society. Some key specific gender issues in Turkey are: o Net secondary enrollment rates are low, with a gender gap of 6 percentage points in favor of boys. o Gender imbalances in the labor market are manifested in low female labor participation rate along with a large gender gap in labor participation. o The low share of women in parliament and in top positions in firms shows that there is room to strengthen women’s voice in society. In addition to the gender gaps in endowments and access to economic opportunities revealed by the selected indicators, inequalities may also exist at a disaggregated level (for example, by ethnicity or rural/urban sector). Furthermore, this snapshot does not discuss inequalities in voice in depth, an area in which women lag in across the board in the region as well as globally (as indicated, for example, by their low participation in the political arena). Lastly, this snapshot presents only selected indicators, and is by no means comprehensive. 1Data accessed in March 2012, unless otherwise indicated. 2 Throughout this note, indicators for ECA refer to the World Development Indicators aggregate “ECA (developing only)�, which includes the following countries: Albania, Kosovo, Russian Federation, Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic, Serbia, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Tajikistan, Belarus, Lithuania, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Montenegro, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Romania. Endowments - Education Primary enrollment and Primary enrollment rates* (%, adjusted, net), 2009 completion rates 100 97 98 93 94 % of official school 90 Turkey has primary enrollment age children 80 rates above the regional ECA 70 average. The gender gap in 60 50 primary enrollment rates in 40 Turkey is low. TUR ECA Female Male Source: EdStats, World Bank. Notes: ECA refers to Europe & Central Asia (developing only). *See Annex 1, Section 1 for more information on adjusted net primary enrollment rate. Evolution of net primary Primary enrollment rates, by sex, (%, adjusted net), enrollment rates 2000-09 100 Primary enrollment rates for girls Female in Turkey rose significantly since 95 early 2000s, whereas the 90 enrollment rate for boys declined somewhat. 85 2000 2005 2009 TUR ECA Male 100 95 90 85 2000 2005 2009 TUR ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to Europe & Central Asia (developing only). Secondary enrollment rates Secondary enrollment rates (%, net), 2009 100 Secondary enrollment rates in % of official school age Turkey are low compared to the 90 82 77 81 ECA region. 80 71 children 70 The gender gap in secondary 60 enrollment rates in Turkey is significant and is in favor of 50 TUR ECA boys. Female Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only. Tertiary enrollment rates Tertiary enrollment rates (%, gross), 2009 100 Turkey has lower female % of official school age 90 enrollment rates in tertiary 80 education than the ECA region 70 61 children average, although male tertiary 60 51 50 enrollment rates are 50 40 40 comparable to the regional 30 average. 20 TUR ECA The gender gap in tertiary education in Turkey is large, Female Male compared to that in primary Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only. and secondary education, and favors men. Endowments – Health Life expectancy Life Expectancy Gender Gap*, in years, 2009 11 The life expectancy gender gap Life Expectancy Gap, 9 in Turkey is below the ECA 9 regional average and the OECD years average. 7 6 5 5 3 TUR ECA OECD Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high-income OECD members. *The life expectancy gender gap is defined as the difference in female and male life expectancies. Male adult mortality rates Male adult mortality rates* (per 1,000 adults), latest (ages 15-60) 350 300 284 Male adult mortality rate in Turkey is below the regional 250 average, but remains higher 200 139 than the OECD average. 150 118 100 50 0 TUR ECA OECD Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high-income OECD members. 2009 data for Turkey; 2008 for ECA, and 2007 for OECD. *Probability that those who have reached age 15 will die before reaching age 60. Maternal mortality rates Maternal mortality rates (per 100,000 live births), 2008 80 Maternal mortality in Turkey is Maternal mortality 70 below the ECA regional average, 60 but remains higher than the 50 34 rate OECD average. 40 30 23 20 14 10 0 TUR ECA OECD Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high-income OECD members. Fertility rates Fertility rates (births per woman), 1990-2009 Fertility rates have declined in 3 Turkey since 1990s. The decline was somewhat steeper in the 2 1990s vis-à-vis 2000s. The average fertility rate was 2.1 in 1 Turkey in 2009, compared to 2004 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1.8 the ECA region. TUR ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high-income OECD members. Adolescent fertility rate Adolescent fertility rates (births per 1,000 women, 15-19 yrs), 2009 The adolescent fertility rate in 40 Turkey is similar to the ECA Births per 1,000 29 28 regional average, but is 30 women substantially higher than in the 19 20 OECD. 10 0 TUR OECD ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high-income OECD members. Access to economic opportunities - Labor markets Labor force participation rate Labor force participation rate, (% population 15 -64), 2009 Turkey has a very low female labor 100 force participation rate. As a result, 75 75 79 the gender gap in labor 80 65 % population 58 participation rate is large. Men’s 60 labor force participation rate, 40 29 however, is comparable to the ECA regional average. 20 0 TUR ECA OECD Female Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high- income OECD members. Data accessed in June 2012. Changes in labor force Labor force participation rate, % point changes, 2000- participation 2009 2 percentage points From 2000 to 2009, labor force 2 1 participation in Turkey increased 0 for women and decreased for men. -1 The decrease for men was -1 -1 -1 somewhat larger in magnitude -4 than for women. TUR ECA OECD Female Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high- income OECD members. Data accessed in June 2012. Unemployment rate Unemployment rate 15+, 2009 In 2009, Turkey had a high 20 Unemployment rate 14 14 unemployment rate compared to 15 9 10 8 the ECA regional average and the 10 8 OECD average. The gender gap in 5 unemployment was minimal. 0 TUR ECA OECD Female Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high- income OECD members. Self-employment Self-employed, by sex (%), latest % of employed 50 49 37 The rate of self-employment in 40 Turkey for both men and women is 30 19 20 16 20 11 higher than in the ECA region. The 10 rate of self-employment is 0 exceptionally high for women, at TUR ECA OECD 12 percentage points higher than Female Male for men. Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high- income OECD members. 2009 data for Turkey, and 2008 for ECA and OECD. Women employers: gender gap Gender gap among employers (% points), latest among employers 7 6 Percentage points 6 The gender gap among employers 5 in Turkey is high, at 4 percentage 4 3 2 points above the average for ECA. 2 1 0 TUR ECA Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high- income OECD members. Data shows the difference between the share of men and women employers as a percentage of total employment. Sectoral employment Sectoral employment (% of total employees), latest 100 The services and agricultural Agriculture % of total male or female employed 80 sectors absorb most of the women 60 employees in Turkey. The gender 38 gap is especially noticeable in 40 17 15 16 agriculture, where the share of 20 3 4 women employees is higher. The 0 share of male employees in the TUR ECA OECD services sector is higher than that of women employees. Female Male The gender gap in the industry 100 sector is also significant, though Industry % of total male or female employed 80 comparable to the ECA regional average. 60 35 34 40 29 The gender gap in the services 15 18 20 12 sector is smaller, but still 0 significant, with a higher share of TUR ECA OECD men employees. Female Male 100 85 Services % of total male or female employed 80 66 62 60 54 47 49 40 20 0 TUR ECA OECD Female Male Source: WDI. Notes: ECA refers to developing countries only and OECD to high- income OECD members. 2009 data for Turkey, and 2008 for ECA and OECD. Women’s Voice Women’s political participation Women’s political participation, latest (%) Women have low political 4 participation in Turkey. The shares TUR of women among ministers and in 9 the parliament are below the ECA regional average. In addition, the 13 share of women ministers in ECA ECA 18 is 13 percent on average, lower than the Africa (18) and LAC (24) averages.* Countries like the 0 5 10 15 20 Share of women among ministers, 2006 - 2011 (%) United States and the United Share of Women in the parliament (lower or single house), 2010 (%) Kingdom have 23 and 24 percent share of women ministries, Source: UNECE. Turkey data on women representation among ministers is for 2011. respectively. * Average is calculated with data for 47 African countries with available data and, and 28 LAC countries. For ECA, average includes 27 countries. Women’s participation in Share of firms with female (%), latest business 41 The share of women with firm TUR ownership in Turkey is above the 12 ECA regional average; however the share of firms with female top managers remains low. 37 ECA 19 0 10 20 30 40 50 Participation in Ownership Top Manager Source: WDI. Turkey data is for 2008, the average for ECA is calculated based on data for 2008 and 2009. Trafficking in persons Based on the information compiled by the U.S. State Department, the Government of Turkey does not fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s standards to combat human trafficking, but is making significant efforts to bring the country in compliance with these standards (Tier 2*). *Source: U.S. State Department Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons., see Annex 2, Section 2 for more information. Annex 1. Additional Information 1) The adjusted primary net enrollment rate reflects the total number of pupils of the official primary school age group who are enrolled at primary or secondary education levels, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population. It differs from the primary enrollment rate in that it also includes the official primary age group who are enrolled in secondary education (e.g., from skipping grades or entering school earlier). 2) TIER 1: Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards; TIER 2: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bri ng themselves into compliance with those standards. TIER 2 WATCH LIST Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND: a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the 
 next year. TIER 3: Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so. Source: U.S. State Department, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Annex 2. Selected gender-related indicators by country Health and demographics Education Labor Voice FY11 portfolio performance Subject- Female Share of Ratio of Ratio of Female Gender gap Share of Women ECCU Country IDA Life Maternal Share of related earnings Share of Share of gender- Sex ratio at female/mal female/mal labor in labor women trafficking: expectancy mortality female pop. gender relative to women in women informed # projects birth e secondary e tertiary participatio participatio with firm Tier gap ratio 65+ segregation $1 male parliament managers projects(% enrollment enrollment n rate n rate ownership Placement* in tertiary earnings ) Europe and Central Asia** 9 34 1.07 64 96 122 0.30 58 18 0.7 36 15 19 .. 40% 55 1 Russia 12 39 1.06 69 98 135 69 9 0.7 33 14 14 2WL 50% 2 2 Belarus 12 15 1.06 68 102 144 0.40 62 7 0.7 53 35 25 2WL 0% 2 2 Moldova x 8 32 1.06 63 102 134 46 4 0.8 53 24 21 2 33% 3 2 Ukraine 11 26 1.06 67 98 125 62 10 0.8 47 8 28 2 0% 1 3 Armenia x 6 29 1.15 62 102 128 0.31 69 14 0.6 32 9 13 2 67% 6 3 Azerbaijan 6 38 1.17 59 96 99 0.36 65 6 0.5 11 11 5 2WL 67% 3 3 Georgia x 7 48 1.11 62 95 125 0.23 59 18 0.6 41 7 20 1 0% 2 4 Albania 6 31 1.07 53 98 56 21 0.7 11 16 20 2 100% 1 4 x Bosnia & Herzegovina 5 9 1.07 58 103 130 41 27 33 19 14 1 0% 1 4 FYR Macedonia 4 9 1.08 57 98 119 0.23 50 28 36 33 19 1 0% 1 4 Kosovo*** x 4 43 26 32 11 33 2 0% 3 4 Montenegro 5 15 1.08 58 101 128 26 11 24 2 0% 1 4 Serbia**** 5 8 1.08 57 102 130 0.25 29 22 16 2 100% 1 5 Bulgaria 7 13 1.06 59 96 131 0.24 63 10 0.8 34 21 26 2 0 5 Croatia 7 14 1.06 62 104 127 60 11 0.9 34 24 23 1 50% 2 5 Czech Republic 6 8 1.06 60 101 138 0.30 61 17 0.7 25 22 18 2 0 5 Estonia 10 12 1.06 67 102 170 0.32 71 7 0.7 36 23 26 2WL 0 5 Hungary 8 13 1.06 63 99 137 0.29 55 13 0.8 42 9 14 2 0 5 Latvia 10 20 1.04 67 101 182 0.30 71 6 0.8 46 22 31 2 0% 1 5 Lithuania 11 13 1.04 66 100 151 68 4 0.9 39 19 15 1 0 5 Poland 9 6 1.06 62 99 143 0.26 58 14 0.8 48 20 31 1 0% 1 5 Romania 7 27 1.06 60 99 134 0.22 56 16 0.9 48 11 25 2 50% 2 5 Slovak Republic 7 6 1.05 63 101 159 0.33 61 16 0.7 30 15 20 1 0 5 Slovenia 7 18 1.05 61 100 145 0.33 67 8 0.9 42 14 16 1 0 6 Turkey 5 23 1.05 56 91 79 29 47 41 9 12 2 25% 4 8 Kazakhstan 10 45 1.07 68 97 144 74 7 0.6 34 18 25 2 33% 3 8 Kyrgyz Republic x 8 81 1.06 59 99 130 0.29 59 23 0.7 60 26 23 2 33% 6 8 Tajikistan x 7 64 1.05 57 87 41 60 17 0.6 34 19 12 2 50% 4 8 Turkmenistan 8 77 1.05 59 49 29 17 3 0 8 Uzbekistan x 6 30 1.05 57 99 70 0.40 51 26 40 22 11 2WL 100% 3 IDA mean 6 42 1.08 60 98 108 0.31 57 17 1 38 20 16 .. 35% 4 Non-IDA mean 8 22 1.06 62 99 136 0.30 61 13 1 35 18 21 .. 34% 1 Flagging 5± from 60% IDA 10+ 60+ 1.10+ 65+ Outliers 0.40+ 50 or lower 20+ 0.7 or lower 35 or lower 10 or lower 15 or lower 2WL or 3 criteria parity Target 1: compliance Percent of w/ Women's Firms with Trafficking As % of total % of female % of male firms with Indicator Female minus Per 100,000 Male per monthly women in top Victims PRMGE 65+ Ratio Ratio Duncan Index population population female Percent details male (years) live births female births earnings as % management Protection monitoring population ages 15-64 ages 15-64 participation of men's (%) Act’s; 2WL is in ownership 2-Watch List Sources: WDI, GenderStats, UNECE, Enterprise Surveys, U.S. State Department. Data for latest available year. * See Annex 1, Section 2 for more information on U.S. State Department's tier definitions. ** Excluding high-income Europe. *** Missing data on Kosovo is completed with statistics in the Kosovo Gender Diagnostics (WB, 2012). **** The 2012 WDR highlighted Serbia as a country with high sex imbalances at birth. Further work is planned to understand the severity and factors behind the issue in this country. Annex 3. Selected key gender-related issues by country Health and demographics Education Labor Voice FY11 portfolio performance Subject- Female Ratio of Ratio of Female Gender gap Share of Women Share of ECCU Country IDA Life Maternal Share of related earnings Share of Share of Sex ratio at female/mal female/mal labor in labor women trafficking: gender- expectancy mortality female pop. gender relative to women in women # projects birth e secondary e tertiary participatio participatio with firm Tier informed gap ratio 65+ segregation $1 male parliament managers enrollment enrollment n rate n rate ownership Placement* projects(%) in tertiary earnings Europe and Central Asia** √ .. √ 55 1 Russia √ √ .. √ √ √ √ √ 2 2 Belarus √ √ √ √ √ 2 2 Moldova x .. √ √ 3 2 Ukraine √ √ .. √ √ 1 3 Armenia x √ √ √ √ √ 6 3 Azerbaijan √ √ √ √ √ 3 3 Georgia x √ √ √ √ √ 2 4 Albania .. .. √ √ √ 1 4 x Bosnia & Herzegovina .. √ √ .. √ √ √ 1 4 FYR Macedonia √ √ .. √ 1 4 Kosovo*** x .. .. .. .. .. √ √ .. √ .. √ 3 4 Montenegro .. .. .. .. √ √ 1 4 Serbia**** .. .. .. √ 1 5 Bulgaria √ 0 5 Croatia .. √ √ 2 5 Czech Republic √ √ 0 5 Estonia √ √ √ √ √ 0 5 Hungary √ √ 0 5 Latvia √ √ √ √ 1 5 Lithuania √ √ .. √ 0 5 Poland √ 1 5 Romania √ 2 5 Slovak Republic √ √ 0 5 Slovenia 0 6 Turkey √ .. √ √ .. √ √ √ 4 8 Kazakhstan √ √ .. √ √ √ 3 8 Kyrgyz Republic x √ √ √ √ 6 8 Tajikistan x √ √ √ .. √ √ √ √ 4 8 Turkmenistan √ .. .. .. √ √ .. .. .. √ 0 8 Uzbekistan x √ √ .. √ √ 3 Flagging 5± from 60% IDA 10+ 60+ 1.10+ 65+ Outliers 0.40+ 50 or lower 20+ 0.7 or lower 35 or lower 10 or lower 15 or lower 2WL or 3 criteria parity Target 1: compliance Percent of w/ Trafficking Women's Firms with As % of total % of female % of male firms with Victims Indicator Female minus Per 100,000 Male per monthly women in top PRMGE 65+ Ratio Ratio Duncan Index population population female Percent details male (years) live births female births earnings as % management Protection Act’s; monitoring population ages 15-64 ages 15-64 participation 2WL is 2-Watch of men's (%) in ownership List Sources: WDI, GenderStats, UNECE, Enterprise Surveys, U.S. State Department. Data for latest available year. * See Annex 1, Section 2 for more information on U.S. State Department's tier definitions. ** Excluding high-income Europe. *** Missing data on Kosovo is completed with statistics in the Kosovo Gender Diagnostics (WB, 2012). **** The 2012 WDR highlighted Serbia as a country with high sex imbalances at birth. Further work is planned to understand the severity and factors behind the issue in this country. .. - Data not available.