Doing Business 2017 Romania Economy Profile 2017 Romania Doing Business 2017 Romania 2 © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Doing Business 2017 Romania 3 CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 Starting a business ..................................................................................................................... 17 Dealing with conustruction permits ........................................................................................ 25 Getting electricity ....................................................................................................................... 40 Registering property .................................................................................................................. 49 Getting credit .............................................................................................................................. 62 Protecting minority investors ................................................................................................... 68 Paying taxes ................................................................................................................................ 75 Trading across borders .............................................................................................................. 81 Enforcing contracts .................................................................................................................... 87 Resolving insolvency .................................................................................................................. 95 Labor market regulation ......................................................................................................... 104 Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking .................................................... 111 Resources on the Doing Business website ............................................................................ 114 Doing Business 2017 Romania 4 INTRODUCTION Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is also provides data for other selected economies for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in medium-size business when complying with relevant this report are current as of June 1, 2016 (except for the regulations. It measures and tracks changes in paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January– regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a December 2015). business: starting a business, dealing with construction The Doing Business methodology has limitations. Other permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting areas important to business—such as an economy’s credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, proximity to large markets, the quality of its trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving infrastructure services (other than those related to insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business trading across borders and getting electricity), the 2017 presents the data for the labor market regulation security of property from theft and looting, the indicators in an annex. The report does not present transparency of government procurement, rankings of economies on labor market regulation macroeconomic conditions or the underlying strength of indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance institutions—are not directly studied by Doing Business. to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing The indicators refer to a specific type of business, business. generally a local limited liability company operating in In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents the largest business city. Because standard assumptions quantitative indicators on business regulations and the are used in the data collection, comparisons and protection of property rights that can be compared benchmarks are valid across economies. The data not across 190 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; over time. The data set covers 48 economies in Sub- they also help identify the source of those obstacles, Saharan Africa, 32 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 25 supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform. in East Asia and the Pacific, 25 in Eastern Europe and More information is available in the full report. Doing Central Asia, 20 in the Middle East and North Africa and Business 2017 presents the indicators, analyzes their 8 in South Asia, as well as 32 OECD high-income relationship with economic outcomes and presents economies. The indicators are used to analyze economic business regulatory reforms. The data, along with outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where information on ordering Doing Business 2017, are and why. available on the Doing Business website at This economy profile presents the Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org. indicators for Romania. To allow useful comparison, it Doing Business 2017 Romania 5 CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2017 As part of a three-year update in methodology, Doing having equal evidentiary weight of women’s testimony in Business 2017 expands further by adding postfiling court. processes to the paying taxes indicator, including a Also for the first time this year Doing Business collects gender component in three of the indicators and data on Somalia, bringing the total number of developing a new pilot indicator on selling to the economies covered to 190. government. Also, for the first time this year Doing Business collects data on Somalia, bringing the total For more details on the changes, see the “”Old and new number of economies covered to 190. factors covered in Doing Business” section in the The paying taxes indicator is expanded this year to Overview chapter starting on page 1 of the Doing include postfiling processes – those processes that occur Business 2017 report. For more details on the data and after a firm complies with its regular tax obligations. methodology, please see the “Data Notes” chapter These include tax refunds, tax audits and tax appeals. In starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017 report. particular, Doing Business measures the time it takes to For more details on the distance to frontier metric, get a value added tax (VAT) refund, deal with a simple please see the “Distance to frontier and ease of doing mistake on a corporate tax return that can potentially business ranking” chapter in this profile. trigger an audit and good practices with administrative appeals process. This year’s Doing Business report presents a gender dimension in four of the indicator sets: starting a business, registering property, enforcing contracts and labor market regulation. Three of these areas are included in the distance to frontier score and in the ease of doing business ranking, while the fourth —labor market regulation—is not. Doing Business has traditionally assumed that the entrepreneurs or workers discussed in the case studies were men. This was incomplete by not reflecting correctly the Doing Business processes as applied to women—which in some economies may be different from the processes applied to men. Starting this year, Doing Business measures the starting a business process for two case scenarios: one where all entrepreneurs are men and one where all entrepreneurs are women. In economies where the processes are more onerous if the entrepreneur is a woman, Doing Business now counts the extra procedures applied to roughly half of the population that is female (for example, obtaining a husband’s consent or gender-specific requirements for opening a personal bank account when starting a business). Within the registering property indicators, a gender component has been added to the quality of land administration index. This component measures women’s ability to use, own, and transfer property according to the law. Finally, within the enforcing contracts indicator set, economies will be scored on Doing Business 2017 Romania 6 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers trying to improve their economy’s regulatory environment for business, a good place to start ECONOMY OVERVIEW is to find out how it compares with the regulatory environment in other economies. Doing Business provides an aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business Region: Europe & Central Asia based on indicator sets that measure and benchmark regulations applying to domestic small to medium-size Income category: Upper middle income businesses through their life cycle. Economies are ranked from 1 to 190 by the ease of doing business ranking. Population: 19,832,389 Doing Business presents results for 2 aggregate measures: the distance to frontier score and the ease of doing GNI per capita (US$): 9,500 business ranking. The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, DB2017 rank: 36 rounded to two decimals. An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where DB2016 rank: 35* 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. Change in rank: -1 (See the chapter on the distance to frontier and ease of doing business). DB 2017 DTF: 74.26 The ease of doing business ranking compares economies with one another; the distance to frontier score DB 2016 DTF: 74.12 benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory best practice, showing the absolute distance to the best Change in DTF: 0.14 performance on each Doing Business indicator. When compared across years, the distance to frontier score * DB2016 ranking shown is not last year’s published shows how much the regulatory environment for local ranking but a comparable ranking for DB2016 that entrepreneurs in an economy has changed over time in captures the effects of such factors as data revisions absolute terms, while the ease of doing business ranking and the changes in methodology. See the data notes can show only how much the regulatory environment has starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017 changed relative to that in other economies. report for sources and definitions. The 10 topics included in the ranking in Doing Business 2017: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The labor market regulation indicators are not included in this year’s aggregate ease of doing business ranking, but the data are presented in the economy profile. Doing Business 2017 Romania THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1.1 Where economies stand in the global ranking on the ease of doing business Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers, knowing where their economy regional average (figure 1.2). The economy’s rankings stands in the aggregate ranking on the ease of doing (figure 1.3) and distance to frontier scores (figure 1.4) business is useful. Also useful is to know how it ranks on the topics included in the ease of doing business relative to comparator economies and relative to the ranking provide another perspective. Figure 1.2 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of doing business Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2016 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 9 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1.3 Rankings on Doing Business topics - Romania (Scale: Rank 190 center, Rank 1 outer edge) Figure 1.4 Distance to frontier scores on Doing Business topics - Romania (Scale: Score 0 center, Score 100 outer edge) Source: Doing Business database. Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2016 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. The distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory practice, showing the absolute distance to the best performance in each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst performance and 100 the frontier. For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the 2 cities. Doing Business 2017 Romania 10 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business Doing Business introduced the distance to frontier score. tells only part of the story, so do changes in that ranking. This measure shows how far on average an economy is Yearly movements in rankings can provide some indication from the best performance achieved by any economy on of changes in an economy’s regulatory environment for each Doing Business indicator. firms, but they are always relative. Comparing the measure for an economy at 2 points in time Moreover, year-to-year changes in the overall rankings do allows users to assess how much the economy’s regulatory not reflect how the business regulatory environment in an environment as measured by Doing Business has changed economy has changed over time—or how it has changed over time—how far it has moved toward (or away from) in different areas. To aid in assessing such changes, the most efficient practices and strongest regulations in areas covered by Doing Business (figure 1.5). Figure 1.5 How far has Romania come in the areas measured by Doing Business? Note: The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator. Starting a business is comparable to 2010. Getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes and resolving insolvency had methodology changes in 2014 and thus are only comparable to 2013. Dealing with construction permits, registering property, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and getting electricity had methodology changes in 2015 and thus are only comparable to 2014. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the best performance (the frontier). See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2017 report for more details on the distance to frontier score. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 11 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The absolute values of the indicators tell another part of regulation—such as a regulatory process that can be the story (table 1.1). The indicators, on their own or in completed with a small number of procedures in a few comparison with the indicators of a good practice days and at a low cost. Comparison of the economy’s economy or those of comparator economies in the indicators today with those in the previous year may region, may reveal bottlenecks reflected in large numbers show where substantial bottlenecks persist—and where of procedures, long delays or high costs. Or they may they are diminishing. reveal unexpected strengths in an area of business Table 1.1 Summary of Doing Business indicators for Romania Slovak Republic DB2017 Best performer globally Czech Republic DB2017 Moldova DB2017 Romania DB2017 Romania DB2016 Hungary DB2017 Bulgaria DB2017 Poland DB2017 Indicator DB2017 Starting a Business 62 51 82 81 75 44 107 68 1 (New Zealand) (Rank) Starting a Business (DTF 89.48 90.46 86.82 86.86 87.28 91.96 84.22 88.62 99.96 (New Zealand) Score) Procedure – Men 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 1.0 (New Zealand) (number) Time – Men (days) 12.0 8.0 23.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 37.0 11.5 0.5 (New Zealand) Cost – Men (% of 2.0 2.1 1.3 5.7 7.1 6.2 12.1 1.2 0.0 (Slovenia) income per capita) Procedure – Women 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 1.0 (New Zealand) (number) Time – Women (days) 12.0 8.0 23.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 37.0 11.5 0.5 (New Zealand) Cost – Women (% of 2.0 2.1 1.3 5.7 7.1 6.2 12.1 1.2 0.0 (Slovenia) income per capita) Paid-in min. capital (% 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 45.5 0.0 10.9 17.8 0.0 (127 Economies*) of income per capita) Dealing with 95 95 48 130 69 165 46 103 1 (New Zealand) Construction Permits Doing Business 2017 Romania 12 Slovak Republic DB2017 Best performer globally Czech Republic DB2017 Moldova DB2017 Romania DB2017 Romania DB2016 Hungary DB2017 Bulgaria DB2017 Poland DB2017 Indicator DB2017 (Rank) Dealing with Construction Permits 68.67 68.38 75.06 62.76 71.70 54.14 75.15 67.82 87.40 (New Zealand) (DTF Score) Procedures (number) 20.0 20.0 16.0 21.0 17.0 27.0 12.0 10.0 7.0 (4 Economies*) Time (days) 171.0 171.0 105.0 247.0 202.0 276.0 153.0 286.0 28.0 (Korea, Rep.) Cost (% of warehouse 0.1 (Trinidad and 2.0 2.3 3.9 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 value) Tobago) Building quality control 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 (Luxembourg*) index (0-15) Getting Electricity 134 134 104 13 121 73 46 53 1 (Korea, Rep.) (Rank) Getting Electricity (DTF 56.48 56.44 64.97 90.32 60.13 74.60 81.35 80.31 99.88 (Korea, Rep.) Score) Procedures (number) 8.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 (15 Economies*) Time (days) 182.0 182.0 130.0 68.0 257.0 87.0 122.0 121.0 18.0 (Korea, Rep.*) Cost (% of income per 561.1 573.7 318.3 25.0 93.9 738.4 19.0 52.6 0.0 (Japan) capita) Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff 7.0 7.0 5.0 8.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 (26 Economies*) index (0-8) Registering Property 57 56 60 31 28 21 38 7 1 (New Zealand) (Rank) Registering Property 71.11 71.29 70.19 79.68 80.08 82.92 76.49 91.00 94.46 (New Zealand) (DTF Score) Procedures (number) 7.0 7.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 (4 Economies*) Doing Business 2017 Romania 13 Slovak Republic DB2017 Best performer globally Czech Republic DB2017 Moldova DB2017 Romania DB2017 Romania DB2016 Hungary DB2017 Bulgaria DB2017 Poland DB2017 Indicator DB2017 Time (days) 21.0 19.0 11.0 28.0 17.5 5.5 33.0 16.5 1.0 (3 Economies*) Cost (% of property 1.4 1.4 2.9 4.0 5.0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 (Saudi Arabia) value) Quality of the land administration index (0- 16.0 16.0 19.0 25.0 26.0 22.0 19.5 26.5 29.0 (Singapore) 30) Getting Credit (Rank) 7 7 32 32 20 32 20 44 1 (New Zealand) Getting Credit (DTF 85.00 85.00 70.00 70.00 75.00 70.00 75.00 65.00 100.00 (New Zealand) Score) Strength of legal rights 10.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 12.0 (3 Economies*) index (0-12) Depth of credit 7.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 (30 Economies*) information index (0-8) Credit registry coverage 16.8 15.9 66.9 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 100.0 (3 Economies*) (% of adults) Credit bureau coverage 51.1 50.1 0.0 79.2 89.8 11.4 92.5 76.4 100.0 (23 Economies*) (% of adults) Protecting Minority 53 51 13 53 81 42 42 87 1 (New Zealand*) Investors (Rank) Protecting Minority 60.00 60.00 73.33 60.00 55.00 63.33 63.33 53.33 83.33 (New Zealand*) Investors (DTF Score) Strength of minority investor protection 6.0 6.0 7.3 6.0 5.5 6.3 6.3 5.3 8.3 (New Zealand) index (0-10) Extent of conflict of interest regulation 6.0 6.0 6.7 5.3 4.0 6.3 6.0 4.7 9.3 (New Zealand) index (0-10) Extent of shareholder 6.0 6.0 8.0 6.7 7.0 6.3 6.7 6.0 8.3 (Norway) governance index (0- Doing Business 2017 Romania 14 Slovak Republic DB2017 Best performer globally Czech Republic DB2017 Moldova DB2017 Romania DB2017 Romania DB2016 Hungary DB2017 Bulgaria DB2017 Poland DB2017 Indicator DB2017 10) 1 (United Arab Paying Taxes (Rank) 50 54 83 53 77 31 47 56 Emirates) Paying Taxes (DTF 99.44 (United Arab 81.64 80.34 72.81 80.69 74.46 84.76 82.73 80.57 Score) Emirates) Payments (number per 3.0 (Hong Kong SAR, 14.0 14.0 14.0 8.0 11.0 10.0 7.0 8.0 year) China*) Time (hours per year) 161.0 161.0 453.0 234.0 277.0 181.0 271.0 192.0 55.0 (Luxembourg) Total tax rate (% of 38.4 42.0 27.0 50.0 46.5 40.4 40.4 51.6 26.1 (32 Economies*) profit) Postfiling index (0-100) 79.6 73.3 94.3 75.8 91.4 92.2 89.9 98.5 (Estonia) Trading across Borders 1 1 21 1 1 34 1 1 1 (10 Economies*) (Rank) Trading across Borders 100.00 (10 100.00 100.00 97.41 100.00 100.00 92.32 100.00 100.00 (DTF Score) Economies*) Time to export: Border 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 (18 Economies*) compliance (hours) Cost to export: Border 0 0 55 0 0 76 0 0 0 (18 Economies*) compliance (USD) Time to export: Documentary 1 1 2 1 1 48 1 1 1 (25 Economies*) compliance (hours) Cost to export: Documentary 0 0 52 0 0 44 0 0 0 (19 Economies*) compliance (USD) Time to import: Border 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 (25 Economies*) compliance (hours) Doing Business 2017 Romania 15 Slovak Republic DB2017 Best performer globally Czech Republic DB2017 Moldova DB2017 Romania DB2017 Romania DB2016 Hungary DB2017 Bulgaria DB2017 Poland DB2017 Indicator DB2017 Cost to import: Border 0 0 0 0 0 83 0 0 0 (28 Economies*) compliance (USD) Time to import: Documentary 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 (29 Economies*) compliance (hours) Cost to import: Documentary 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 (30 Economies*) compliance (USD) Enforcing Contracts 26 26 49 68 8 62 55 82 1 (Korea, Rep.) (Rank) Enforcing Contracts 71.08 71.08 65.09 60.36 75.79 60.87 63.44 58.92 84.15 (Korea, Rep.) (DTF Score) Time (days) 512.0 512.0 564.0 611.0 395.0 585.0 685.0 705.0 164.0 (Singapore) Cost (% of claim) 28.9 28.9 23.8 33.0 15.0 28.6 19.4 30.0 9.0 (Iceland) Quality of judicial 14.0 14.0 10.5 10.5 12.0 9.5 10.5 10.5 15.5 (Australia) processes index (0-18) Resolving Insolvency 49 50 48 26 63 60 27 35 1 (Finland) (Rank) Resolving Insolvency 59.16 58.21 59.38 76.42 51.25 52.61 76.37 70.53 93.89 (Finland) (DTF Score) Recovery rate (cents on 34.4 32.7 34.9 66.5 43.0 28.1 60.6 55.6 92.9 (Norway) the dollar) Time (years) 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.1 2.0 2.8 3.0 4.0 0.4 (22 Economies*) Cost (% of estate) 10.5 10.5 9.0 17.0 14.5 15.0 15.0 18.0 1.0 (22 Economies*) Strength of insolvency 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 13.0 15.0 (6 Economies*) framework index (0-16) Source: Doing Business database. Note: DB2016 rankings shown are not last year’s published rankings but comparable rankings for DB2016 that capture the effects of such factors as data revisions and changes to the methodology. The global best performer on time for paying taxes is defined as the lowest Doing Business 2017 Romania 16 time recorded among all economies in the DB2017 sample that levy the 3 major taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory contributions, and VAT or sales tax. If an economy has no laws or regulations covering a specific area—for example, insolvency—it receives a “no practice” mark. Similarly, an economy receives a “no practice” mark if regulation exists but is never used in practice or if a competing regulation prohibits such practice. Either way, a “no practice” mark puts the economy at the bottom of the ranking on the relevant indicator. * Two or more economies share the top ranking on this indicator. A number shown in place of an economy’s name indicates the number of economies that share the top ranking on the indicator. For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). Doing Business 2017 Romania 17 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many WHAT THE STARTING A BUSINESS immediate benefits for the companies and for business owners and employees. Legal entities can INDICATORS MEASURE outlive their founders. Resources are pooled as several shareholders join forces to start a company. Procedures to legally start and operate a Formally registered companies have access to company (number) services and institutions from courts to banks as well Preregistration (for example, name as to new markets. And their employees can benefit verification or reservation, notarization) from protections provided by the law. An additional benefit comes with limited liability companies. These Registration in the economy’s largest limit the financial liability of company owners to their business city1 investments, so personal assets of the owners are not Postregistration (for example, social security put at risk. Where governments make registration registration, company seal) easy, more entrepreneurs start businesses in the formal sector, creating more good jobs and Obtaining approval from spouse to start a generating more revenue for the government. business, to leave the home to register the company or open a bank account. What do the indicators cover? Obtaining any gender specific document for Doing Business records all procedures officially company registration and operation, national required, or commonly done in practice, for an identification card or opening a bank entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an account. industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid- Time required to complete each procedure in minimum capital requirement. These procedures (calendar days) include obtaining all necessary licenses and permits Does not include time spent gathering and completing any required notifications, information verifications or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities. The ranking of Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 economies on the ease of starting a business is procedures cannot start on the same day). determined by sorting their distance to frontier Procedures that can be fully completed scores for starting a business. These scores are the online are recorded as ½ day. simple average of the distance to frontier scores for Procedure completed once final document is each of the component indicators. received To make the data comparable across economies, No prior contact with officials several assumptions about the business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required Cost required to complete each procedure information is readily available and that the (% of income per capita) entrepreneur will pay no bribes. Assumptions about Official costs only, no bribes the business: No professional fees unless services required  Is a limited liability company (or its legal by law or commonly used in practice equivalent). If there is more than one type of limited liability company in the economy, the Paid-in minimum capital (% of income limited liability form most common among per capita) domestic firms is chosen. Information on the Deposited in a bank or with a notary before most common form is obtained from registration (or within 3 months) incorporation lawyers or the statistical office.  Operates in the economy’s largest business city.  The size of the entire office space is For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). Doing Business 2017 Romania 18  Is 100% domestically owned and has five owners,  Does not qualify for investment incentives or none of whom is a legal entity. any special benefits.  Has start-up capital of 10 times income per  Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one capita month after the commencement of operations, all of them domestic nationals.  Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale to the  Has a turnover of at least 100 times income per public of products or services. The business does capita. not perform foreign trade activities and does not  Has a company deed 10 pages long handle products subject to a special tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It is not using The owners: heavily polluting production processes.  Have reached the legal age of majority and are  Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not capable of making decisions as an adult. If a proprietor of real estate. there is no legal age of majority, they are assumed to be 30 years old.  The amount of the annual lease for the office space is equivalent to 1 times income per capita.  Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record.  Are married, the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities.  Where the answer differs according to the legal system applicable to the woman or man in question (as may be the case in economies where there is legal plurality), the answer used will be the one that applies to the majority of the population. Doing Business 2017 Romania 19 STARTING A BUSINESS Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to start a business in Romania? 2.1) is legally mandatory for both men and women. Most According to data collected by Doing Business, starting a indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business there requires 6.0 procedures , takes 12.0 days, business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for costs 2.0% of income per capita for men, and requires which the data are a population-weighted average of the 6.0 procedures , takes 12.0 days, costs 2.0% of income 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to per capita for women. A requirement of paid-in frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of minimum capital of 0.6% of income per capita (figure this profile for more details. Figure 2.1 What it takes to start a business in Romania Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita): 0.6 Source: Doing Business database. Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the starting a business indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Procedures in light blue for married women only. Doing Business 2017 Romania 20 STARTING A BUSINESS Globally, Romania stands at 62 in the ranking of 190 average ranking provide other useful information for economies on the ease of starting a business (figure 2.2). assessing how easy it is for an entrepreneur in Romania The rankings for comparator economies and the regional to start a business. Figure 2.2 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of starting a business Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 21 STARTING A BUSINESS Economies around the world have taken steps making it they often are part of a larger regulatory reform easier to start a business—streamlining procedures by program. Among the benefits have been greater firm setting up a one-stop shop, making procedures simpler satisfaction and savings and more registered businesses, or faster by introducing technology and reducing or financial resources and job opportunities. eliminating minimum capital requirements. Many have What business registration reforms has Doing Business undertaken business registration reforms in stages—and recorded in Romania (table 2.1)? Table 2.1 How has Romania made starting a business easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017 DB year Reform Romania made starting a business more difficult by requiring a DB2012 tax clearance certificate for a new company’s headquarters before company registration. Romania made starting a business easier by reducing the time DB2013 required to obtain a clearance certificate from the fiscal administration agency. Romania made starting a business easier by transferring DB2014 responsibility for issuing the headquarters clearance certificate from the Fiscal Administration Office to the Trade Registry. Romania made starting a business more difficult by increasing the time to register for Value Added Tax. DB2017 Source: Doing Business database. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2017 Romania 22 STARTING A BUSINESS What are the details? Underlying the indicators shown in this chapter for STANDARDIZED COMPANY Romania is a set of specific procedures—the bureaucratic and legal steps that an entrepreneur must complete to incorporate and register a new Legal form: Societate cu rãspundere limitatã - firm. These are identified by Doing Business through Limited Liability Company collaboration with relevant local professionals and the study of laws, regulations and publicly available Paid-in minimum capital requirement: RON 200 information on business entry in that economy. City: Bucharest Following is a detailed summary of those procedures, along with the associated time and cost. These Start-up Capital: 10 times GNI per capita procedures are those that apply to a company matching the standard assumptions (the “standardized company”) used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators measure). Table 2.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for starting a business in Romania Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Evidence of verification of company name availability and reservation thereof According to the Methodological Norms on keeping the trade register, making reservations and release of information: - The reservation of a company name is requested at the trade register office by application and is checked and made at national level so that company names are protected at national level as well. A company name shall not include words like: ”științific”, ”academie”, ”academic”, ”universitate”, ”universitar”, ”școală”, ”școlar” or their 1 day RON 72 1 derivatives. - A company name including words like ”național”, ”român”, ”institut” or their derivatives or words or phrases characteristic of the central or local public institutions or authorities may be used only with the approval of the General Secretariat of the Government or the Prefect. Such certificate is valid for a period of 3 months. Agency: Commercial Registry Deposit funds in a bank and obtain a document confirming bank deposit of sufficient funds The company's administrator or an authorized person must deliver certified copies of: (i) the name availability certificate, (ii) Articles of 1 day no charge 2 Incorporation, (iii) proof of the registered offices and (iv) the power of attorney (if applicable). After the documents are being reviewed by a bank's representative, the deposit is granted and the administrator/authorized person will receive a document confirming the deposit of sufficient funds. Doing Business 2017 Romania 23 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete The bank may charge the solicitants a commission, which may range from zero to 0.5% of the capital, in accordance to the internal regulations of each bank. Agency: Bank Company registration at the Commercial Registry In order to register at the Commercial Registry, the founders of the company shall have to prepare the articles of incorporation. Within 15 days from the establishment of the articles of incorporation, the founders or their mandates shall be under the obligation to register the company at the trade register in the area of the company's registered office. The articles of incorporation shall include, inter alia, the amount of the capital, which shall be fully subscribed by the founders. The trade register office also obtains electronically the fiscal record certificates. Registration at the trade register office is finalized by issuance of the certificate of incorporation ensures the following: - company incorporation - fiscal registration (for profit, wages, health, pensions, unemployment taxes) by obtaining the unique registration code from the Ministry of Public Finance - authorization, based on statements of own responsibility, in the field of food safety and sanitary-veterinary protection, environment protection and labor protection see procedure 3 3 days - publication in the Official Gazette of Romania as legal publicity. details Registration for VAT purposes is made at the Fiscal Administration Authority directly. Based on Government Emergency Ordinance no. 116/2009 instituting certain measures regarding the activity of registration in the trade register, in order to simplify the registration procedures, the final approval for incorporation is no longer given by a delegated judge, but by the director or the appointed person of the territorial trade register office in the county where the company is incorporated, Bucharest in our case study. Cost details: RON 585.5 = (RON 250 registration fee + 50% liquidation fund fee and 10% insolvency bulletin fee) + RON 31.50 fee for publication in the Official Gazette of Romania + (RON 100 fiscal record certificates (RON 20 per partner) + 50% liquidation fund fee) + RON 4 (fiscal stamp fee) Agency: Commercial Registry Acquisition of the company's Unique Registry for Controls 4 According to the law, all legal entities registered in the Trade Registry 1 day RON 31 have the obligation to purchase such a Registry for each of their seats (primary or secondary seats). The Registry must be purchased within 30 Doing Business 2017 Romania 24 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete days after the company is registered at the Trade Registry. If not, the company may be subject to penalties. The registry can be purchased the same day with no previous application requested, from the local offices of the Tax Administration. The company tax registration certificate is needed for the acquisition of the Registry and a copy of the lease for the space in which it operates. The Registry is used to record all inspections carried out by different control bodies: financial, consumer protection, urban planning, labor, fire protection etc. Agency: National Agency of Tax Administration (local office) Register for VAT Starting from January 1st, 2016, a new procedure for VAT registration purposes was introduced. If a company requests the VAT registration at the moment of incorporation, Form 098 "Application for VAT registration purposes" and Form 088 "Affidavit for assessing the intention and capacity to perform economic activities which are subject to VAT" must be submitted to the Tax Authorities. According to the recently introduced procedure, the above forms must be submitted in-person to the Tax Authority's registry or by post. In addition, the Form 088 shall be completed using the software support provided by the National Agency of Fiscal Administration which can be downloaded from the website www.anaf.ro. The Form 088 and 1 week the attached documentation (necessary for the assessment of the (simultaneous with *5 applicant's capacity and intention to perform operations which are no charge previous subject to VAT) which is uploaded on a CD shall be submitted in-person procedure) to the Tax Authority's registry. The changes amended the existing forms, in particular Form 088 by setting several criteria for performing the assessment of the applicant's capacity and intention to perform operations which are subject to VAT. Solicitants need to provide a considerable amount of information when completing Form 088, which after submission needs to be evaluated by the tax authority. The VAT certificates are issued by the relevant fiscal administration departments. Agency: National Agency of Tax Administration Register the employees contracts with the Territorial Labor Inspectorate (TLI) online Each employer shall be under the obligation to settle an internal 1 day general register record of all of his employees, in electronic format, (simultaneous with *6 no charge which shall be transmitted to the Territorial Labour Inspectorate in the previous jurisdiction the employer has its registered office or domicile. procedure) The registration of the employees' labor contract can be done online, after a representative of the employer obtains a password for operating Doing Business 2017 Romania 25 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete the online registry from the Territorial Labour inspectorate. This is based on the Government Decision 500/2011 on the general register of employees record, applicable starting with May 27, 2011. Agency: Territorial labor inspectorate * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Source: Doing Business database. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. Procedures in light blue for married women only. Doing Business 2017 Romania 26 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Regulation of construction is critical to protect the WHAT THE DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION public. But it needs to be efficient, to avoid excessive PERMITS INDICATORS MEASURE constraints on a sector that plays an important part in every economy. Where complying with building regulations is excessively costly in time and money, Procedures to legally build a warehouse many builders opt out. They may pay bribes to pass (number) inspections or simply build illegally, leading to Submitting all relevant documents and hazardous construction that puts public safety at risk. obtaining all necessary clearances, licenses, Where compliance is simple, straightforward and permits and certificates inexpensive, everyone is better off. Submitting all required notifications and What do the indicators cover? receiving all necessary inspections Doing Business records all procedures required for a Obtaining utility connections for water and business in the construction industry to build a sewerage warehouse along with the time and cost to complete Registering and selling the warehouse after its each procedure. In addition, the building quality completion control index evaluates the quality of building Time required to complete each procedure regulations, the strength of quality control and safety (calendar days) mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certification requirements. Does not include time spent gathering information The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their Each procedure starts on a separate day— though procedures that can be fully distance to frontier scores for dealing with completed online are an exception to this rule construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of Procedure considered completed once final the component indicators. document is received To make the data comparable across economies, No prior contact with officials several assumptions about the construction Cost required to complete each procedure (% company, the warehouse project and the utility of warehouse value) connections are used. Official costs only, no bribes Assumptions about the construction company Building quality control index (0-15) The construction company (BuildCo): Sum of the scores of six component indices:  Is a limited liability company (or its legal Quality of building regulations (0-2) equivalent). Quality control before construction (0-1)  Operates in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for Quality control during construction (0-3) the second largest business city. Quality control after construction (0-3)  Is 100% domestically and privately owned. Liability and insurance regimes (0-2)  Has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity. Professional certifications (0-4)  Is fully licensed and insured to carry out construction projects, such as building warehouses.  Has 60 builders and other employees, all of them nationals with the technical expertise and Doing Business 2017 Romania 27 professional experience necessary to obtain  Is valued at 50 times income per capita. construction permits and approvals.  Will be a new construction (there was no previous  Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, construction on the land), with no trees, natural both registered with the local association of water sources, natural reserves or historical architects or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed monuments of any kind on the plot. to have any other employees who are technical  Will have complete architectural and technical plans or licensed experts, such as geological or prepared by a licensed architect. If preparation of topographical experts. the plans requires such steps as obtaining further  Has paid all taxes and taken out all necessary documentation or getting prior approvals from insurance applicable to its general business external agencies, these are counted as procedures. activity (for example, accidental insurance for  Will include all technical equipment required to be construction workers and third-person liability). fully operational.  Owns the land on which the warehouse will be  Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays built and will sell the warehouse upon its due to administrative and regulatory requirements). completion. Assumptions about the warehouse Assumptions about the utility connections The warehouse: The water and sewerage connections:  Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery. The warehouse  Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing will not be used for any goods requiring special water source and sewer tap. If there is no water conditions, such as food, chemicals or delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole pharmaceuticals. will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be  Will have two stories, both above ground, with a installed or built. total constructed area of approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor  Will not require water for fire protection reasons; a will be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high. fire extinguishing system (dry system) will be used instead. If a wet fire protection system is required  Will have road access and be located in the by law, it is assumed that the water demand periurban area of the economy’s largest business specified below also covers the water needed for city (that is, on the fringes of the city but still fire protection. within its official limits). For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest  Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 business city. gallons) a day and an average wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak  Will not be located in a special economic or water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a industrial zone. peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a  Will be located on a land plot of approximately day. 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is  Will have a constant level of water demand and 100% owned by BuildCo and is accurately wastewater flow throughout the year. registered in the cadastre and land registry.  Will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection. Doing Business 2017 Romania 28 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to comply with the formalities to build an economy, except for 11 economies for which the data a warehouse in Romania? According to data collected by are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest Doing Business, dealing with construction permits there business cities. See the chapter on distance to frontier requires 20.0 procedures, takes 171.0 days and costs and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this 2.0% of the warehouse value (figure 3.1). Most indicator profile for more details. sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of Figure 3.1 What it takes to comply with formalities to build a warehouse in Romania Source: Doing Business database. Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the dealing with construction permits indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. . Doing Business 2017 Romania 29 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Globally, Romania stands at 95 in the ranking of 190 economies and the regional average ranking provide economies on the ease of dealing with construction other useful information for assessing how easy it is for permits (figure 3.2). The rankings for comparator an entrepreneur in Romania to legally build a warehouse. Figure 3.2 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of dealing with construction permits Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 30 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Smart regulation ensures that standards are met while an effort to ensure building safety while keeping making compliance easy and accessible to all. Coherent compliance costs reasonable, governments around the and transparent rules, efficient processes and adequate world have worked on consolidating permitting allocation of resources are especially important in sectors requirements. What construction permitting reforms has where safety is at stake. Construction is one of them. In Doing Business recorded in Romania (table 3.1)? Table 3.1 How has Romania made dealing with construction permits easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017 DB year Reform Romania amended regulations related to construction DB2011 permitting to reduce fees and expedite the process. Source: Doing Business database. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2006), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2017 Romania 31 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS What are the details? The indicators reported here for Romania are based BUILDING A WAREHOUSE on a set of specific procedures—the steps that a company must complete to legally build a warehouse—identified by Doing Business through Estimated value of information collected from experts in construction RON 1,755,459 warehouse : licensing, including architects, civil engineers, construction lawyers, construction firms, utility City : Bucharest service providers and public officials who deal with building regulations. These procedures are those that apply to a company and structure matching the The procedures, along with the associated time and cost, standard assumptions used by Doing Business in are summarized below. collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover). Table 3.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for dealing with construction permits in Romania Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Obtain urban planning certificate Pursuant to Order No. 839/2009 issued by the Ministry of Regional Development and Housing (“Order 839”), approving the Methodological Norms to the Construction Law, the following urban planning documents are required: • The general urban plan (PUG) and the related local regulation • The (zone) urban plan (PUZ) and the related local regulation • The detailed urban plan (PUD) The urban planning certificate provides information on the ownership, the public utility service availability, the location within (intravilan) and outside (extravilan) the city limits, the urban planning requirements, the land use at the time, the allowed uses, and so forth. From a technical point of view, the certificate shows the percentage of land occupation, the coefficient of land use, the 30 days RON 17 1 minimum and maximum dimensions of the plots, the allowed built-up area, utilities, and access, necessary parking, alignment of the land and buildings with the adjacent streets, and the maximum and minimum construction height allowed. This certificate does not grant the right to build. Its validity period varies but cannot exceed 12 months. Construction must start during that 12-month period. The urban planning certificate enumerates all the necessary project clearances applicable to the warehouse case considered here. The municipality has the right to decide which project clearances are needed. Agency: Department of Urbanism of the local City Hall Doing Business 2017 Romania 32 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Obtain project clearance from Bucharest Regional Environmental Protection Agency According to the Order of the Ministry of the Environment and the Climacteric Changes no. 865 / 2014 regarding the amendment of certain regulations in the environment protection field, the cost in case the application requires no assessment (the project can be built without environmental permit) is of Ron 100. In this case, the application will be responded in 10 days; 21 days RON 500 *2 If a preliminary assessment of the project is found necessary by the Environmental Protection Agency (highly probable for our case study) the tax is of Ron 500 and the application will be responded in 21 days. Agency: Bucharest Regional Environmental Protection Agency Obtain project clearance from water supply and sewerage authority (Apa Nova SA) By law, the project clearance from the water supply and sewerage authority (Apa Nova S.A.) must be issued within 15 18 days RON 72 *3 days, but, in practice, it can take up to 18 days. Agency: Apa Nova SA Obtain project clearance from General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations The relevant legal provisions in force are Methodological Norms for the Endorsement and Permitting regarding Fire Security and Civil Protection, approved by Order no. 3/2011 of the Ministry of Administration and Interior. *4 15 days no charge According to the amendments to the Construction Law, if the 15- day term provided by the law for issuing the clearance is not observed by the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, the legal provisions referring to tacit approval shall be applied. Agency: General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations Obtain project clearance from Health Department The maximum term to respond to the application for project clearance from the Heath Department is 20 working days by the Order no. 251/2012 issued by the Ministry of Health, published in the Official Gazette Part I, no. 196/2012. In practice, the term 15 days RON 200 *5 to obtain the clearance is normally 15 days. To apply for approval at the Bucharest Health Department, several documents must be submitted: - urbanism certificate with annexed plans - technical memorandum drafted by the architect Doing Business 2017 Romania 33 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete - ownership title - incorporation certificate Agency: Bucharest Health Department Obtain project clearance from the electric power supply authority (Enel S.A.) According to Order No. 48/2008 on the Approval of the Methodology Regarding the Issuance of Clearance Permits by Network Operators, BuildCo must obtain a project clearance from Enel S.A. prior to beginning construction. The electric power 15 days RON 118 *6 authority will clear the electrical plans, by confirming that the plans are in compliance with regulations and standards. An approval from the electric power supply authorities is required for all construction projects implying the use of electricity. Agency: Enel S.A. Sign contract with the solid waste authority (REBU SA) Through the certificate of urbanization the municipality requests that a contract be signed with a waste disposal company to clear construction debris from the construction site. There are two companies that provide services in this area: ROSAL S.A. and REBU S.A. The latter is a larger player with a wider network. The fees are RON 93 (RON 75.00 + 24% VAT) per cubic meter of *7 waste (although VAT is not taken into account in the Doing 1 day RON 5,292 Business case study). Additionally, for the surface of the land in question, a tax of RON 42.00 would also be applicable. The minimum of 35 cubic meters must be contracted according to the requirements of company. Agency: REBU SA Notarize statement about nonexistence of land disputes BuildCo must obtain a notarized statement stating that there are no disputes related to the land. This procedure is not a standard requirement by law but is often requested in practice. Each notary charges a different fee, but the fee cannot exceed 1 day RON 15 *8 RON 30.00, the maximum notary fee established by the National Notaries Union. Agency: Notary Doing Business 2017 Romania 34 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Obtain building permit BuildCo must apply for a building permit by submitting the following documents: • City-planning certificate • Property title on the land (there are no requirements as to how recent the title must be) • Technical documentation which replaced former plans for the authorization of construction • Necessary approvals, as required by the city-planning certificate • Environmental approval • Proof of payment of the legally required taxes (receipts from the tax authorities) • Legalized copy of the title to the real estate or the updated 30 days RON 17,555 9 cadastral plan and land registry extract for informative purposes The building permit is issued by the City Hall. For Bucharest, the construction permit is issued by the General Mayor of Bucharest if the construction is outside the buildable area or if it exceeds a district area; or by the relevant district mayor if the construction is located in one of the six districts of Bucharest. The cost of the building permit is 1% of the value of the construction work. Agency: City Hall Notify the City Hall of the start of construction works According to Law 50/1991 on Approval of Construction works, the investor must notify the building permit issuing authority, the City Hall, of the date on which construction work will begin. 1 day no charge 10 Agency: City Hall Notify the Bucharest Construction Inspectorate of the start of construction works According to Law 50/1991 on Approval of Construction works, the investor must notify the Bucharest Construction Inspectorate 1 day no charge * 11 of the date on which construction work will begin. Agency: Bucharest Construction Inspectorate Doing Business 2017 Romania 35 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Notify the Bucharest Labor Inspectorate of the start of construction The investor or the project manager of the construction project must notify the local Labor Inspectorate if (i) the extent of the works is estimated to be over 30 days and there are at least 20 workers on the site simultaneously or (ii) the estimated workforce is greater than 500 workers/day. * 12 The notification must be submitted at least 30 days prior to the 1 day no charge commencement of the construction works. Otherwise, the Labor Inspectorate will impose a fine. This is prescribed in Government Decision No. 300/2006 on minimum health and safety requirements for temporary construction sites. Agency: Bucharest Labor Inspectorate Submit a schedule of inspections to the Bucharest Construction Inspectorate and awaits approval The schedule of inspections must be submitted by the investor prior to the commencement of the construction works along with a copy of the building permit and other relevant technical documentation. This is done 48 hours after the submission of the notification announcing the start of construction works to the Bucharest Construction Inspectorate. The Bucharest Construction Inspectorate generally takes no more than a week to review and 7 days no charge 13 approve the inspection schedule. This is prescribed in Order No. 1370/2014 of the MInistry of the Regional Development and Public Administration for the approval of the procedure regarding the performance of state control during certain stages of the construction that are determined for the mechanical resistance and the stability of construction projects. Agency: Bucharest Construction Inspectorate Receive foundations work inspection The schedule of inspections is described in the building permit. By law, BuildCo must pay 0.1% of the authorized value to the competent territorial inspectorate for construction. In addition, 14 the investors or owners must pay the State Inspectorate for 1 day RON 10,533 Construction a monthly payment equivalent to 0.70% of the value of the expenses incurred in that month for the execution of the construction work. Agency: Bucharest Construction Inspectorate Doing Business 2017 Romania 36 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Receive frame inspection 15 1 day no charge Agency: Bucharest Construction Inspectorate Request final assessment of the construction from the Acceptance Commission BuildCo notifies the local public administration and other relevant authorities of the date of completion of construction so 16 that the Acceptance Commission may be convened and a final 1 day no charge assessment can be carried out. Agency: Acceptance Commission Receive final inspection from the Acceptance Commission The final acceptance commission will analyse: (i) the protocol(s) signed upon completion of the works, (ii) the manner the remaining works [mentioned by the initial protocol(s)] were performed and (iii) the report on the construction performance in time. 17 1 day RON 150 Although prescribed by the law, in practice, the final inspection hardly ever takes place (especially in cases where the investor is also the construction company). Agency: Acceptance Commission Obtain final assessment of the construction from the Acceptance Commission BuildCo notifies the local public administration and other relevant authorities of the date of completion of construction so that the Acceptance Commission may be convened. The Acceptance Commission is a body made up of the construction beneficiary (BuildCo), officials from local public administration, 18 and technical experts. It is legally required to meet and 90 days RON 350 determine that the construction meets all applicable legal requirements. The Commission must be convened within 15 days from the date of completion of works. The utility connections would have been made at this stage. The final assessment can take several days and includes an on-site inspection. Within 3 working days from the end of the assessment, the Acceptance Commission must Doing Business 2017 Romania 37 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete submit the notes and conclusions to the beneficiary of construction and recommend approval (with or without reservations), postponement, or rejection of the construction. In the event that the reception is accepted with objections, considering that some corrections/additional works are necessary, the procedure may last 90 days. Agency: Acceptance Commission Obtain water and sewage connection (Apa Nova SA) According to the water and sewage authority (Apa Nova S.A.), this procedure takes approximately 2 -- 3 months due to a significant increase in demand and backlog. The associated costs were increased to RON 520.00 for connection fee, RON 62.00 for * 19 application fee and 64.18% VAT (VAT is not taken into account in 75 days RON 582 the Doing Business case study). Inspections for utilities occur at the same time as the connection. Agency: Apa Nova SA Register the building with the Real Estate Registry The building can be registered once it has been completed and approved. There are two stages of approval, and for that reason, the building can be registered twice. The first stage is after the Acceptance Commission, and the second is when the warranty period has expired, after the approval by the Acceptance Commission. The second approval applies only when the owner and the builder are different entities. Therefore, in the case considered here, it is assumed that only one registration is done. Pursuant to Order no. 700/2014 for the approval of the 7 days RON 480 20 regulation regarding the endorsement, the reception and the registration with the Real Estate Registry, the standard registration time is 15 days but, if the applicant pays an additional fee, the registration time will be reduced to 5 business days. According to Order No. 39/2009 on the approval of fees for performing services by the National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration ("Order 39"), the standard registration fee is RON 120 and the fast-track fee is 4-times the standard fee. Agency: Real Estate Registry * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Source: Doing Business database. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. Doing Business 2017 Romania 38 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Building Quality Control Index The building quality control index is the sum of the The index ranges from 0 to 15, with higher values scores on the quality of building regulations, quality indicating better quality control and safety mechanisms in control before construction, quality control during the construction permitting system. construction, quality control after construction, The indicator is based on the same case study liability and insurance regimes, and professional assumptions as the measures of efficiency. certifications indices. Table 3.3 Summary of quality control and safety mechanisms in Romania Answer Score Building quality control index (0-15) 13.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in compliance with existing building Licensed architect. regulations? (0-1) Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your Available online; Free of 1.0 economy? (0-1) charge. List of required Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly documents; Fees to be specified in the building regulations or on any accessible website, 1.0 paid; Required brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in compliance with existing building Licensed architect. 1.0 regulations? (0-1) Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0 Inspections by in-house engineer; Inspections at What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be various phases; No 1.0 carried out during construction? (0-2) inspections are legally required during construction. Mandatory inspections Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during are always done in 1.0 construction? (0-1) practice. Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0 Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that the Yes, final inspection is building was built in accordance with the approved plans and done by government 2.0 regulations? (0-2) agency. Final inspection always Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? (0-1) 1.0 occurs in practice. Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 1.0 Doing Business 2017 Romania 39 Answer Score Architect or engineer; Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural flaws or Professional in charge problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability of the supervision; 1.0 or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) Construction company; Owner or investor. Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance No party is required by policy to cover possible structural flaws or problems in the law to obtain insurance 0.0 building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability Insurance or . Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) Professional certifications index (0-4) 4.0 Minimum number of years of experience; What are the qualification requirements for the professional University degree in responsible for verifying that the architectural plans or drawings 2.0 architecture or are in compliance with existing building regulations? (0-2) engineering; Passing a certification exam. Minimum number of years of experience; University degree in What are the qualification requirements for the professional who engineering, 2.0 supervises the construction on the ground? (0-2) construction or construction management; Passing a certification exam. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 40 GETTING ELECTRICITY Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for WHAT THE GETTING ELECTRICITY businesses. To counter weak electricity supply, many firms in developing economies have to rely on self- INDICATORS MEASURE supply, often at a prohibitively high cost. Whether electricity is reliably available or not, the first step for Procedures to obtain an electricity connection a customer is always to gain access by obtaining a (number) connection. Submitting all relevant documents and What do the indicators cover? obtaining all necessary clearances and permits Doing Business records all procedures required for a Completing all required notifications and local business to obtain a permanent electricity receiving all necessary inspections connection and supply for a standardized warehouse, Obtaining external installation works and as well as the time and cost to complete them. These possibly purchasing material for these works procedures include applications and contracts with Concluding any necessary supply contract and electricity utilities, clearances from other agencies obtaining final supply and the external and final connection works. In addition, Doing Business also measures the reliability Time required to complete each procedure of supply and transparency of tariffs index (included (calendar days) in the aggregate distance to frontier score and Is at least 1 calendar day ranking on the ease of doing business) and the price Each procedure starts on a separate day of electricity (omitted from these aggregate measures). The ranking of economies on the ease of Does not include time spent gathering getting electricity is determined by sorting their information distance to frontier scores for getting electricity. Reflects the time spent in practice, with little These scores are the simple average of the distance follow-up and no prior contact with officials to frontier scores for each of the component Cost required to complete each procedure (% indicators. To make the data comparable across of income per capita) economies, several assumptions are used. Official costs only, no bribes Assumptions about the warehouse Excludes value added tax The warehouse: The reliability of supply and transparency of  Is owned by a local entrepreneur. tariffs index  Is located in the economy’s largest business city. Sum of the scores of six component indices: For 11 economies the data are also collected for Duration and frequency of outages the second largest business city. Tools to monitor power outages  Is located in an area where similar warehouses Tools to restore power supply are typically located. In this area a new electricity connection is not eligible for a special investment Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance promotion regime (offering special subsidization Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages or faster service, for example). Transparency and accessibility of tariffs  Is located in an area with no physical constraints. Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* For example, the property is not near a railway. Price based on monthly bill for commercial  Is a new construction and is being connected to warehouse in case study electricity for the first time. *Price of electricity is not included in the calculation of distance to frontier nor ease of doing business ranking Doing Business 2017 Romania 41 The warehouse (continued): Assumptions about the monthly consumption  Has two stories, both above ground, with a total  It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square a month from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours a day), meters (14,000 square feet). The plot of land on with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity on which it is built is 929 square meters (10,000 average and that there are no electricity cuts square feet). (assumed for simplicity reasons).  Is used for storage of goods.  The monthly energy consumption is 26,880 kilowatt-hours (kWh); hourly consumption is 112 Assumptions about the electricity connection kWh. The electricity connection:  If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse  Is a permanent one. is served by the cheapest supplier.  Is a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a  Tariffs effective in March of the current year are subscribed capacity of 140-kilo-volt-ampere used for calculation of the price of electricity for the (kVA) with a power factor of 1, when 1 kVA = 1 warehouse. Although March has 31 days, for kilowatt (kW). calculation purposes only 30 days are used.  Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or medium-voltage distribution network and is either overhead or underground, whichever is more common in the area where the warehouse is located  Requires works that involve the crossing of a 10- meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out on public land. There is no crossing of other owners’ private property because the warehouse has access to a road.  Includes only a negligible length in the customer’s private domain.  Does not require work to install the internal wiring of the warehouse. This has already been completed up to and including the customer’s service panel or switchboard and the meter base. Doing Business 2017 Romania 42 GETTING ELECTRICITY Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to obtain a new electricity connection Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest in Romania? According to data collected by Doing business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for Business, getting electricity there requires 8.0 procedures, which the data are a population-weighted average of the takes 182.0 days and costs 561.1% of income per capita 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to (figure 4.1). frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of this profile for more details. Figure 4.1 What it takes to obtain an electricity connection in Romania Source: Doing Business database. Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. For more information on the methodology of the getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Doing Business 2017 Romania 43 GETTING ELECTRICITY Globally, Romania stands at 134 in the ranking of 190 average ranking provide another perspective in assessing economies on the ease of getting electricity (figure 4.2). how easy it is for an entrepreneur in Romania to connect The rankings for comparator economies and the regional a warehouse to electricity. Figure 4.2 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting electricity Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 44 GETTING ELECTRICITY What are the details? The indicators reported here for Romania are based on a OBTAINING AN ELECTRICITY CONNECTION* set of specific procedures—the steps that an entrepreneur must complete to get a warehouse connected to electricity by the local distribution utility— ENEL Distributie Name of utility: identified by Doing Business. Data are collected from the Muntenia distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent Price of electricity professionals such as electrical engineers, electrical (US cents per kWh): 8.5 contractors and construction companies. The electricity distribution utility surveyed is the one serving the area City: Bucharest (or areas) in which warehouses are located. If there is a *Price is calculated as a monthly consumption of 26,880 kWh choice of distribution utilities, the one serving the largest for business customers, based on a standardized case study number of customers is selected. adopted by the getting electricity methodology. Doing Business measures the price of electricity but does not include these The procedures are those that apply to a warehouse and data when calculating the distance to frontier score for getting electricity connection matching the standard electricity or the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover). The procedures, along with the associated time and cost, are summarized below. Table 4.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for getting electricity in Romania Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Submit application with ENEL, await a proposal study, a study solution and technical connection approval The customer submits the application with ENEL for technical conditions. In the answer, ENEL writes if the connection is confirmed or not and recommends doing a technical study. The technical study is done by 1 ENEL. The study will give the different technical options for the 40 calendar days RON 7,564.5 connection works. ENEL approves the best option and informs the customer about their choice. Agency: ENEL Distributie Muntenia Receive site inspection by utility Utility visits the site to visualise possible solutions for connection and also confirms the technical information provided by customers at the *2 time of application. 1 calendar day RON 0 Agency: ENEL Distributie Muntenia Doing Business 2017 Romania 45 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Submit documents for connection contract and receive contract Once ENEL has approved the study, the customer gets the technical connection approval together with the proposal of connection contract. After the conclusion of the connection contract, the customer gets the estimate for the connection cost including the component related to the 3 cost of the connection installation (material and labor force), signs the 10 calendar days RON 0 use of land contract, as well as prepares the component corresponding to the work inspection and activation of the installations for use. Agency: ENEL Distributie Muntenia Obtain design of works and get design approved by utility The customer hires an electrical contractor to make the design of the 4 connection. The design needs to be approved by ENEL. 30 calendar days USD 2,901.42 Agency: Electrical Contractor Obtain construction permit for connection works After the design has been approved by ENEL, the customer goes to the municipality to pay 1% of the utility's invoice to the municipality, 0.1% plus 0.7% to the State Inspectorate in Construction. This is the fee to obtain the construction permit that the customer has to submit for the connection works. The construction permit can be obtained by the electrical contractor on behalf of the customer. Depending on the 5 municipality, 5-20 permits need to be obtained before at other 30 calendar days RON 2,812.74 agencies/stakeholders and then submitted to the municipality in order to obtain the construction permit for the connection works. At some municipalities, a geodesic assessment has to be submitted as part of the application package. Agency: Municipality Conclude execution contract with ENEL and await connection works After the construction permit has been obtained, ENEL concludes a contract (execution contract) with the private firm (that was hired by the client) and the works start. At the same time, the private firm makes a file about the internal wiring that confirms that the internal wiring was done 60 calendar days USD 47,596.24 6 accordingly to safety standards. The client pays the cost for the connection works directly to ENEL and not to the private firm. Agency: Electrical contractor Doing Business 2017 Romania 46 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Receive final inspection by ENEL, submit internal wiring file and receive connection certificate The electrical contractor has to call ENEL towards the end of the works for them to inspect the works. The time plan for the construction of the connection work, for inspection, commissioning and tests is mentioned 7 in the connection contract. The internal file is presented to ENEL at this 10 calendar days RON 0 time. Agency: ENEL Distributie Muntenia Sign supply contract and receive meter installation by ENEL The customer concludes the supply contract with ENEL. 48 hours after the signature of the contract, ENEL comes to the warehouse to install the meter and electricity starts flowing. When the connection to the network 8 is done, the overall grid in the neighborhood needs to be interrupted. 2 calendar days RON 0 This is announced in the newspaper. There is no waiting time. Agency: ENEL Distributie Muntenia * Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 47 GETTING ELECTRICITY Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs Doing Business uses the system average interruption index encompasses quantitative data on the duration duration index (SAIDI) and the system average and frequency of power outages as well as interruption frequency index (SAIFI) to measure the qualitative information on the mechanisms put in duration and frequency of power outages in the largest place by the utility for monitoring power outages business city of each economy (for 11 economies the data and restoring power supply, the reporting are also collected for the second largest business city). relationship between the utility and the regulator for SAIDI is the average total duration of outages over the power outages, the transparency and accessibility of course of a year for each customer served, while SAIFI is tariffs and whether the utility faces a financial the average number of service interruptions experienced deterrent aimed at limiting outages (such as a by a customer in a year. Annual data (covering the requirement to compensate customers or pay fines calendar year) are collected from distribution utility when outages exceed a certain cap). companies and national regulators on SAIDI and SAIFI. Both SAIDI and SAIFI estimates include load shedding. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater reliability of electricity supply and greater transparency of tariffs. Table 4.3 Reliability of Supply and Transparency of Tariff Index in Romania Answer Score Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) 7.0 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 2.0 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 3.32 System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 3.48 Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1.0 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1.0 Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1.0 Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor Yes the utility’s performance on reliability of supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 1.0 Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face fines by Yes the regulator (or both) if outages exceed a certain cap? Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) 1.0 Are effective tariffs available online? Yes Link to the website, if available online http://www.enel.r Doing Business 2017 Romania 48 Answer Score o/ro/clienti- oferte-em.html Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of the billing cycle? Yes Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 8.5 Source: Doing Business database. Note: If data on power outages is not collected or if the SAIFI index or SAIDI index are above the threshold of 100, the economy is not eligible to obtain a score in the Reliability of Supply and Transparency of Tariff Index. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 12 (equivalent to an outage of one hour each month) or below, a score of 1 is assigned. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 4 (equivalent to an outage of one hour each quarter) or below, 1 additional point is assigned. Finally, if SAIDI and SAIFI are 1 (equivalent to an outage of one hour per year) or below, 1 more point is assigned. Doing Business measures the price of electricity but does not include these data when calculating the distance to frontier score for getting electricity or the ranking on the ease of getting electricity. The price of electricity is measured in cents per kilowatt-hour. On the basis of the assumptions about monthly consumption, a monthly bill for a commercial warehouse in the largest business city of the economy is computed for the month of March. As noted, the warehouse uses electricity 30 days a month, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., so different tariff schedules may apply if a time-of-use tariff is available. Doing Business 2017 Romania 49 REGISTERING PROPERTY Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental. WHAT THE REGISTERING PROPERTY Effective administration of land is part of that. If INDICATORS MEASURE formal property transfer is too costly or complicated, formal titles might go informal again. And where property is informal or poorly Procedures to legally transfer title on administered, it has little chance of being accepted immovable property (number) as collateral for loans—limiting access to finance. Preregistration (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, paying property What do the indicators cover? transfer taxes) Doing Business records the full sequence of Registration in the economy’s largest business procedures necessary for a business to purchase city property from another business and transfer the property title to the buyer’s name. The transaction is Postregistration (for example, filing title with the municipality) considered complete when it is opposable to third parties and when the buyer can use the property, Time required to complete each procedure use it as collateral for a bank loan or resell it. In (calendar days) addition, Doing Business also measures quality of Does not include time spent gathering the land administration system in each economy. information The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their distance to Each procedure starts on a separate day— frontier scores for registering property. These scores though procedures that can be fully completed online are an exception to this rule are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators. To Procedure considered completed once final make the data comparable across economies, document is received several assumptions about the parties to the No prior contact with officials transaction, the property and the procedures are used. Cost required to complete each procedure (% of property value) The parties (buyer and seller): Official costs only, no bribes  Are limited liability companies, 100% domestically and privately owned and perform No value added or capital gains taxes included general commercial activities in the economy’s Quality of land administration index (0-30) largest business city.  Have 50 employees each, all of whom are  Has no mortgages attached, has been under the nationals. same ownership for the past 10 years. The property (fully owned by the seller):  Consists of 557.4 square meters (6,000 square feet)  Has a value of 50 times income per capita. The of land and a 10-year-old, 2-story warehouse of 929 sale price equals the value and entire property square meters (10,000 square feet). The warehouse is will be transferred. in good condition and complies with all safety  Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or standards, building codes and legal requirements. both, and is free of title disputes. There is no heating system.  Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required. Doing Business 2017 Romania 50 REGISTERING PROPERTY Where does the economy stand today? What does it take to complete a property transfer in Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest Romania? According to data collected by Doing Business, business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for registering property there requires 7.0 procedures, takes which the data are a population-weighted average of the 21.0 days and costs 1.4% of the property value (figure 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to 5.1). The score on the quality of land administration frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of index is 16.0 this profile for more details. Figure 5.1 What it takes to register property in Romania Source: Doing Business database. Note: Time shown in the figure above may not reflect simultaneity of procedures. Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For more information on the methodology of the registering property indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter. Doing Business 2017 Romania 51 REGISTERING PROPERTY Globally, Romania stands at 57 in the ranking of 190 regional average ranking provide other useful economies on the ease of registering property (figure information for assessing how easy it is for an 5.2). The rankings for comparator economies and the entrepreneur in Romania to transfer property. Figure 5.2 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of registering property Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 52 REGISTERING PROPERTY What are the details? The indicators reported here are based on a set of STANDARD PROPERTY TRANSFER specific procedures—the steps that a buyer and seller must complete to transfer the property to the buyer’s name—identified by Doing Business through information collected from local property lawyers, Property value: RON 1,755,459 notaries and property registries. These procedures are those that apply to a transaction matching the City: Bucharest standard assumptions used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover). The procedures, along with the associated time and cost, are summarized below. Table 5.2 Summary of time, cost and procedures for registering property in Romania Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Obtain information from the Cadastre Time Cost: (simultaneous The seller obtains information drafted by an authorized expert from the with procedure 2 1. Consultation of Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity Office. This information includes: and 3): archives on the technical memorials, coordination inventory, analytical calculation of the Duration of spot - cost: 10 land, topographical description, area plan on a scale of 1:500; and on the procedure RON for 15 scale of 1:2000, description of property, the plan of the real estate, and a according to the minutes. property statement regarding the identification of the limits of the Order 117/2016 measured real estate. are following: 2. Land Book 1. Consultation of information The documentation shall include: archives: on the excerpt - cost: 20 spot. RON per property. • Application form 2. Obtaining a Land Book 3. Certified copies • A copy of the property title information of documents 1 excerpt: from the • A copy of the identification documents of the owner Order no. 2 business document files 700/2014 provides the deadlines for obtaining technical information days (regular and land books - from the Cadastre which differ by taking into account the relevant Procedure) and cost: 5 RON per requested document and vary between two (2) days and three (3) days in 1 business page (3 pages). the normal Procedure and one (1) day in the expedited Procedure. day (expedited Order no. 700/2014 provides the relevant taxes to be paid which also vary from RON 15/hour to RON 30/sheet or even RON 150 for certain Procedure). 4. Certificate for technical data. Order no. 39/2009 was repealed and replaced by Order 3. Obtaining the identification no. 700/2014 since August 30, 2014. In addition, any document having a certified copies of of the public character (e.g., location layouts, cadastral data) can be obtained documents from topographic/cadas by any person and not only by the owner of the property. the files and land tre number and books: land book number 2 business according to the Cost: days (regular name of the owner Procedure) and - cost: 100 RON Doing Business 2017 Romania 53 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete 1. Consultation of archives on the spot - cost: 10 RON for 15 minutes. 1 business per owner/land day (expedited book office. 2. Land Book information excerpt - cost: 20 RON per property. Procedure). 4. Obtaining the 5. Cadastre plan 3. Certified copies of documents from the document files and land books certificate for the excerpts - cost: 15 - cost: 5 RON per page. identification of RON per property 4. Certificate for the identification of the topographic/cadastre number the and land book number according to the name of the owner - cost: 100 topographic/cada RON per owner/land book office. 5. Cadastre plan excerpts - cost: 15 stral number and RON per property land book number according to the Time: name of the owner: 1. Consultation of archives on the spot - time: on the spot. 10 business days (regular 2. Land Book information excerpt - ordinary Procedure: 2 days; Procedure) and emergency Procedure: 1 day. 3 business 3. Certified copies of documents from the document files and land books days (expedited - ordinary Procedure: 2 days; emergency Procedure: 1 day. Procedure). 5. Obtaining 4. Certificate for the identification of the topographic/cadastres number cadastral plan and land book number according to the name of the owner - ordinary excerpts: Procedure: 3 days; emergency Procedure: 1 day. 3 business days (regular 5. Cadastre plan excerpts - ordinary Procedure: 3 days; emergency Procedure) and Procedure: 1 day. 1 business day (expedited Agency: Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity Office Procedure). Obtain the fiscal certificate from the direction for public taxes of the Municipality The Seller obtains a clearance certificate from the direction for public taxes of the Municipality from the district were the real estate is located attesting that the property is not owned by someone else and that there are no unpaid taxes. This fiscal certificate is required for completion of a 3 business days transfer of ownership. The fiscal certificate is valid for up to 30 days for (simultaneous *2 legal entities (90 days for individuals). No cost with Procedures 1 The documentation shall include: and 3) • An application from the owner • A copy of the last receipt with which it is demonstrated that there are no unpaid taxes • A copy of the identification documents of the owner • The last accounting records of the company • The power of attorney for the company's representative Doing Business 2017 Romania 54 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete Agency: Municipality Obtain the Land Registry extract (non-encumbrance certificate) from the Land Registry office For the notarization of the transfer deed of an immovable, the notary public requests an authentication excerpt from the Land Registry office where the immovable is registered. In this respect, the notary public submits to the relevant Land Registry office the application form signed and stamped by it and the owner of the immovable, along with the For the excerpt payment proof of the issuance fee. The authentication excerpt may only (requested by the be obtained by a notary public. notary public): Authentication 2 business days excerpt - 40 RON The validity of the authentication excerpt is of 10 business days, starting (regular in regular with the day when the request application form was requested. During Procedure) and Procedure, 3 the 10-business days validity period, the Land Registry office clerk is not 1 business day 200 RON in entitled to register any other operation in the relevant Land Registry, (expedited expedited save for the one for which the excerpt was required; the Land Registry is blocked during the aforementioned period, in order to ensure the Procedure) Procedure; security of the real estate transactions. However, if during the validity term, the notarial deed for which the excerpt was requested is submitted to the Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity Office for registration or if the notary public made an express request in this sense, the validity of the excerpt expires. Agency: Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity Office The notary authenticates the transfer deed RON 5,080 + 0,44%, of the The notary public verifies the fiscal certificate and the Land Registry excerpt and notarizes the sale purchase agreement. Without these transaction value documents, the notary public may not notarize the agreement. exceeding RON According to the actual legal provision, the sale purchase agreement 600,001 (notary shall be drafted only by the notary public.The costs related to the fees) procedure could be paid either directly to the notary public, or via bank For transactions transfer. Though it is not mandatory, a lawyer may conduct a due with the value of 4 diligence before this procedure, by perusing the previous successive 1 business day the transaction (in transfers and owners of the property. The notary public is obliged to RON): verify all encumbrances and relief measures instituted over the • Below RON immovable to be sold in the public records and it is liable for the failure 15,000 - the fee is to specify in the notarial deed the encumbrances and the relief measures 2,2% but no less over the immovable - see also 2.1.3., above. The documentation for the than RON 150 notarization of the transfer deed includes, among others, the following: • From RON (i) the property title in original, 15,001 to RON 30,000 - the fee is Doing Business 2017 Romania 55 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete (ii) the cadastral documents of the property (obtained in Procedure 1), RON 330 + 1,6% for the amount (iii) the Fiscal certificate from the local taxes office (obtained in exceeding RON Procedure 3), 15,001 • From RON (iv) identification certificates/documents for the signatory parties 30,001 to RON (identity cards, passports, registration certificates, etc), 60,000 - the fee is (v) documents attesting the capacity of the signatories to sign the sale RON 580 + 1,3% purchase agreement (power of attorney, shareholders' decision, articles for the amount of incorporation, etc.). exceeding RON 30,001 The Seller - legal entity has to pay an income tax of 16% applied on the • From RON profit resulted in the company's balance sheet, including this transaction. 60,001 to RON 300,000 - the fee is Agency: Notary Public RON 970 + 0,9% for the amount exceeding RON 60,001 • From RON 300,001 to RON 600,000 - the fee is RON 3,130 + 0,65% for the amount exceeding RON 300,001 • Over RON 600,001 - the fee is RON 5,080 + 0,44% for the amount exceeding RON 600,001 Register the title with the Land Registry Office 0.5% of the The same public notary applies for registration of the property title at the property value Land Book Office, by sending the application and the original notary without VAT deed, directly or by fax, to the district Land Book Office where the real Regular (regular estate is placed. Therefore, the registration is performed ex officio by the procedure - 7 Procedure); notary, based on the authenticated sale purchase act. An expedited business days 5 option is available given that an extra fee of 4 times the normal fee will Expedited 2% of the property be added. The extra fee can not be more than RON 5,000. Registration procedure - 2 value without VAT fees are 0.5% of property value with a minimum of RON 60 according to business day (expedited Order no 39/06.04.2009, for a Procedure that takes 9 days. An expedited Procedure). Procedure is available (3 days) for an additional fee of 2% of property Minimum cost value. According to the article 1 paragraph 6 of Order no 39/2009, this RON 60. additional fee cannot exceed RON 5000. Only when the real estate is registered in the Land Book for the first time a tax of RON 120 should be Doing Business 2017 Romania 56 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete paid for this registration. In case the owner registers his/her property for the first time (i.e. following the reconstitution of the ownership for The extra fee paid which the cadastre is made for the first time) the terms for registration for the expedited are 21 days (regular Procedure) or 7 days (expedited Procedure). Procedure cannot exceed RON 5,000. The documentation shall include: • Sale-purchase contract (notarized in Procedure 4) • Fiscal certificate (obtained in Procedure 2) • Cadastre certificate (obtained in Procedure 1) • ID of the buyer • A registration application • The property title, all the originals, plus a legalized copy from a public notary • Proof of total payment Agency: Land Registry office File the fiscal declaration confirming the acquisiton of the property The fiscal declaration concerning the immovable acquisition should be filled in by the purchaser at the Local Tax Department within a 30-day term since the notarization of the transfer deed. The documentation shall include: tax statement for the immovable, the property title, in original 6 and a copy, accounting documents (invoice, analytical balance, balance 1 calendar day RON 10 sheet, etc.), cadastral documents, copy of the registration certificate of the company. Agency: Local Tax Department Registration of workplace with the Trade Register Office 45 RON - register taxes; The buyer should apply for registration with the Trade Register Office of 27 RON - the work place located at the newly acquired property. If the property is representing a a working unit of the company, it has to be registered, as it is mentioned percent applied to in the Commercial Registration Law (Law Number 26 1990). The 4 business days the register taxes - 7 registration includes, among others, environment, sanitary, fire protection, labor approvals from various relevant authorities, all located 50% liquidation in a one-stop shop. The registration is not necessary for the transfer of fund and 10% the title, but only for making it opposable to third parties and for registration bulletin fund, as as a place of business. The concrete use of the property as a work place per Insolvency Law is not required but the evidences necessary for using it as such are 83/2014; Doing Business 2017 Romania 57 Time to No. Procedure Cost to complete complete needed for obtaining the authorizations within the corporate registration 72 RON for each process. Stamp tax and registration fees are lump-sum taxes and do not authorized work depend on the property value. The Trade Register tax and fees could be place; paid either directly to the Trade Register or through special bank 104 RON per accounts organized for such purposes. In summary, the total amount to manuscript page be paid for the registration of a working place is made up of several (2000 characters) taxes. When the application is filed only for the establishment of the working place, the taxes are: • Ascertaining certificate: 30 lei • for publication in Registration of secondary business place: 30 lei • Registration of the the Official standard-form (regarding the fulfillment of the conditions to perform Gazette activities): 30 lei • Liquidation fund (50% of points 1-3): 6 lei • Bulletin fund (10% of points 1-3): 1.5 lei • Judicial stamp duty: 39 lei • Commission for the judge’s mention: 60 lei • Transmission of documents to be published in the Official Gazette: 20 lei • Official Gazette commission (depends on the number of documents, for this example we have counted 5): 50 lei • Publication in the Official Gazette (depends on the number of rows in the document; only the resolution deciding the establishment of the working place is published): 80-150 lei •TOTAL: 350-420 lei. For online registration of the work place with the Trade Register Office (http://portal.onrc.ro), the buyer needs to have a paid account and a valid digital signature in order to sign online forms. Agency: Trade Register Office * Takes place simultaneously with another procedure. Source: Doing Business database. Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. Doing Business 2017 Romania 58 REGISTERING PROPERTY Quality of land administration The quality of land administration index is the sum of If private sector entities were unable to register property the scores on the reliability of infrastructure, transfers in an economy between June 2015 and June transparency of information, geographic coverage, 2016, the economy receives a “no practice” mark on the land dispute resolution and equal access to property procedures, time and cost indicators. A “no practice” rights indices. economy receives a score of 0 on the quality of land administration index even if its legal framework includes The index ranges from 0 to 30, with higher values provisions related to land administration. indicating better quality of the land administration system. Table 5.3 Summary of quality of land administration in Romania Answer Score Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 16.0 Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 4.0 Bucharest Cadastre and Land Registration Office ("Oficiul de What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Cadastru si Publicitate Imobiliara Bucuresti") In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the Computer/Scann largest business city—in a paper format or in a computerized format 1.0 ed (scanned or fully digital)? Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, No 0.0 mortgages, restrictions and the like)? In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city—in a paper format or in a computerized format Paper 0.0 (scanned or fully digital)? Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing cadastral information (geographic information Yes 1.0 system)? Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, Single database 1.0 in different but linked databases or in separate databases? Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or Yes 1.0 mapping agency use the same identification number for properties? Transparency of information index (0–6) 6.0 Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in Anyone who pays 1.0 Doing Business 2017 Romania 59 Answer Score charge of immovable property registration in the largest business city? the official fee Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of Yes, online 0.5 property transaction made publicly available–and if so, how? http://www.ancpi. ro/pages/wiki.ph Link for online access: p?action=show&l ang=ro&pnu=us efulInformation Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of immovable property registration in the largest Yes, online 0.5 business city made publicly available–and if so, how? http://www.ocpib. Link for online access: ro/fisiere/tarife_M of_253_o39.pdf Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a legally binding document that proves property Yes, online 0.5 ownership within a specific time frame–and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? http://www.ocpib. ro/fisiere/termen e.xls. Also available at Link for online access: the local district Cadaster and Land Registration Offices. Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property Yes 1.0 registration? http://ancpi.ro/pa Contact information: ges/legea544.php ?lang=ro Are there publicly available official statistics tracking the number of Yes 0.5 transactions at the immovable property registration agency? According to the information published in the Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2015: website of the National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration, in Bucharest took Doing Business 2017 Romania 60 Answer Score place 17,471 transactions. Anyone who pays Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? 0.5 the official fee Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made Yes, online 0.5 publicly available—and if so, how? http://www.ocpib. Link for online access: ro/fisiere/tarife_M of_253_o39.pdf Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a specific time frame—and if so, how does it Yes, online 0.5 communicate the service standard? http://www.ocpib. Link for online access: ro/fisiere/termen e.xls Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about Yes 0.5 a problem that occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency? Geographic coverage index (0–8) 0.0 Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at No 0.0 the immovable property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally No 0.0 registered at the immovable property registry? Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? No 0.0 Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? No 0.0 Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 6.0 Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable property registry to make them opposable to third Yes 1.5 parties? Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or Yes 0.5 private guarantee? Is there a specific compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who engaged in good faith in a property transaction No 0.0 based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry? Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a property transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of Yes 0.5 contracts with requirements of the law)? Doing Business 2017 Romania 61 Answer Score Registrar; Notary; If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Interested Parties. Does the legal system require verification of the identity of the parties Yes 0.5 to a property transaction? Registrar; Notary; If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of the parties? Interested Parties. Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity Yes 1.0 documents? For a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights of a property worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per The Bucharest capita and located in the largest business city, what court would be in Tribunal charge of the case in the first instance? How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the first- Between 1 and 2 2.0 instance court for such a case (without appeal)? years Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the first No 0.0 instance? Number of land disputes in the largest business city in 2015: Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0.0 Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights Yes 0.0 to property? Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to Yes 0.0 property? Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 62 GETTING CREDIT Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to WHAT THE GETTING CREDIT INDICATORS credit and improve its allocation: credit information MEASURE systems and borrowers and lenders in collateral and bankruptcy laws. Credit information systems enable lenders to view and consider a potential borrower’s Strength of legal rights index (0–12) financial history (positive or negative) when assessing Rights of borrowers and lenders through risk and they allow borrowers to establish a good collateral laws credit history that will facilitate their access to credit. Protection of secured creditors’ rights through Sound collateral laws enable businesses to use their bankruptcy laws assets, especially movable property, as security to generate capital—while strong creditors’ rights have Depth of credit information index (0–8) been associated with higher ratios of private sector Scope and accessibility of credit information credit to GDP. distributed by credit bureaus and credit registries What do the indicators cover? Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of borrowers and Number of individuals and firms listed in largest lenders with respect to secured transactions through credit bureau as percentage of adult population 2 sets of indicators. The depth of credit information Credit registry coverage (% of adults) index measures rules and practices affecting the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit Number of individuals and firms listed in credit registry as percentage of adult population information available through a credit registry or a credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. Doing Business uses two case scenarios, Case A and Case B, to determine the scope Has up to 50 employees. of the secured transactions system, involving a secured borrower and a secured lender and Is 100% domestically owned, as is the lender. examining legal restrictions on the use of movable The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit collateral (for more details on each case, see the Data is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores Notes section of the Doing Business 2017 report). for getting credit. These scores are the distance to These scenarios assume that the borrower: frontier score for the strength of legal rights index and Is a domestic limited liability company. the depth of credit information index. Has its headquarters and only base of operations in the largest business city. For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added. Doing Business 2017 Romania 63 GETTING CREDIT Where does the economy stand today? How well do the credit information system and collateral Globally, Romania stands at 7 in the ranking of 190 and bankruptcy laws in Romania facilitate access to economies on the ease of getting credit (figure 6.1). The credit? The economy has a score of 7.0 on the depth of rankings for comparator economies provide other useful credit information index and a score of 10.0 on the information for assessing how well regulations and strength of legal rights index (see the summary of institutions in Romania support lending and borrowing. scoring at the end of this chapter for details). Higher scores indicate more credit information and stronger legal rights for borrowers and lenders. Figure 6.1 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of getting credit Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 64 GETTING CREDIT One way to put an economy’s score on the getting credit rights index for Romania and shows the scores for indicators into context is to see where the economy comparator economies as well as the regional average stands in the distribution of scores across economies. score. Figure 6.3 shows the same for the depth of credit Figure 6.2 highlights the score on the strength of legal information index. Figure 6.2 How strong are legal rights for borrowers Figure 6.3 How much credit information is shared — and lenders? and how widely? Economy scores on strength of legal rights index Economy scores on depth of credit information index Source: Doing Business database. Source: Doing Business database. Note: Higher scores indicate that collateral and bankruptcy Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit laws are better designed to facilitate access to credit. information, from either a credit registry or a credit bureau, Source: Doing Business database. to facilitate lending decisions. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Doing Business 2017 Romania 65 GETTING CREDIT When economies strengthen the legal rights of lenders information, they can increase entrepreneurs’ access to and borrowers under collateral and bankruptcy laws, and credit. What credit reforms has Doing Business recorded increase the scope, coverage and accessibility of credit in Romania (table 6.1)? Table 6.1 How has Romania made getting credit easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017 DB year Reform Romania strengthened its legal framework for secured transactions by allowing the automatic extension of security DB2013 interests to the products, proceeds and replacement of collateral. Source: Doing Business database. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2017 Romania 66 GETTING CREDIT What are the details? The getting credit indicators reported here for Romania The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are are based on detailed information collected in that gathered through a survey of financial lawyers and economy. The data on credit information sharing are verified through analysis of laws and regulations as well collected through a survey of a credit registry and/or as public sources of information on collateral and credit bureau (if one exists). To construct the depth of bankruptcy laws. For the strength of legal rights index, a credit information index, a score of 1 is assigned for each score of 1 is assigned for each of 10 aspects related to of 8 features of the credit registry or credit bureau (see legal rights in collateral law and 2 aspects in bankruptcy summary of scoring below). law. Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Index score: 10.0 Does an integrated or unified legal framework for secured transactions that extends to the creation, publicity and enforcement of functional equivalents to security interests in movable 1 assets exist in the economy? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of 1 movable assets, without requiring a specific description of collateral? Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its 1 assets, without requiring a specific description of collateral? May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and may it extend automatically to 1 the products, proceeds or replacements of the original assets? Is a general description of debts and obligations permitted in collateral agreements; can all types of debts and obligations be secured between parties; and can the collateral agreement include a 1 maximum amount for which the assets are encumbered? Is a collateral registry in operation for both incorporated and non-incorporated entities, that is 1 unified geographically and by asset type, with an electronic database indexed by debtor's name? Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, 1 through a web interface, a system-to-system connection or both)? Does a modern collateral registry exist in which registrations, amendments, cancellations and 0 searches can be performed online by any interested third party? Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor 1 defaults outside an insolvency procedure? Are secured creditors paid first (i.e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is 1 liquidated? Are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement when a debtor enters a court-supervised reorganization procedure? Does the law protect secured creditors’ rights by 1 providing clear grounds for relief from the stay and/or sets a time limit for it? Doing Business 2017 Romania 67 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Index score: 10.0 Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security interest is created? Does the law allow the secured creditor to sell the collateral through public auction and 0 private tender, as well as, for the secured creditor to keep the asset in satisfaction of the debt? Depth of credit information index (0–8) Credit bureau Credit registry Index score: 7.0 Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? No Yes 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed? Yes Yes 1 Are data from retailers or utility companies - in addition to data from banks and financial institutions - No No 0 distributed? Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed? (Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more than 10 years Yes Yes 1 of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0 for this component.) Are data on loan amounts below 1% of income per Yes No 1 capita distributed? By law, do borrowers have the right to access their data Yes Yes 1 in the credit bureau or credit registry? Can banks and financial institutions access borrowers’ credit information online (for example, through an online Yes Yes 1 platform, a system-to-system connection or both)? Are bureau or registry credit scores offered as a value- added service to help banks and financial institutions Yes No 1 assess the creditworthiness of borrowers? Note: An economy receives a score of 1 if there is a "yes" to either bureau or registry. If the credit bureau or registry is not operational or covers less than 5% of the adult population, the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau Credit registry Number of individuals 6,805,000 1,933,578 Number of firms 0 302,638 Total 6,805,000 2,236,216 Total percentage of adult population 51.1 16.8 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 68 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of WHAT THE PROTECTING MINORITY companies to raise the capital they need to grow, innovate, diversify and compete. Effective regulations INVESTORS INDICATORS MEASURE define related-party transactions precisely, promote clear and efficient disclosure requirements, require Extent of disclosure index (0–10) shareholder participation in major decisions of the Review and approval requirements for related-party company and set detailed standards of accountability transactions; Disclosure requirements for related-party for company insiders. transactions What do the indicators cover? Extent of director liability index (0–10) Ability of minority shareholders to sue and hold Doing Business measures the protection of minority interested directors liable for prejudicial related-party investors from conflicts of interest through one set of transactions; Available legal remedies (damages, indicators and shareholders’ rights in corporate disgorgement of profits, fines, imprisonment, rescission governance through another. The ranking of economies of the transaction) on the strength of minority investor protections is Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores Access to internal corporate documents; Evidence for protecting minority investors. These scores are the obtainable during trial and allocation of legal expenses simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0– extent of shareholder governance index. To make the 10) data comparable across economies, a case study uses Simple average of the extent of disclosure, extent of several assumptions about the business and the director liability and ease of shareholder indices transaction. Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) The business (Buyer): Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate decisions  Is a publicly traded corporation listed on the Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) economy’s most important stock exchange. If the Governance safeguards protecting shareholders from number of publicly traded companies listed on that undue board control and entrenchment exchange is less than 10, or if there is no stock exchange in the economy, it is assumed that Buyer Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) is a large private company with multiple Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, shareholders. compensation, audits and financial prospects Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10)  Has a board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) who may legally act on behalf of Buyer Simple average of the extent of shareholders rights, extent of ownership and control and extent of corporate where permitted, even if this is not specifically transparency indices required by law. Strength of minority investor protection index (0–  Has a supervisory board (applicable to economies 10) with a two-tier board system) on which 60% of the Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest shareholder-elected members have been appointed regulation and extent of shareholder governance indices by Mr. James, who is Buyer’s controlling shareholder and a member of Buyer’s board of directors.  Has not adopted any bylaws or articles of association that differ from default minimum standards and does not follow any nonmandatory codes, principles, recommendations or guidelines Doing Business 2017 Romania 69 relating to corporate governance.  Is a manufacturing company with its own distribution network. The transaction involves the following details:  Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and elected two directors to Buyer’s five-member board.  Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, a company that operates a chain of retail hardware stores. Seller recently closed a large number of its stores.  Mr. James proposes that Buyer pur chase Seller’s unused fleet of trucks to expand Buyer’s distribution of its food products, a proposal to which Buyer agrees. The price is equal to 10% of Buyer’s assets and is higher than the market value.  The proposed transaction is part of the company’s ordinary course of business and is not outside the authority of the company.  Buyer enters into the transaction. All required approvals are obtained, and all required disclosures made (that is, the transaction is not fraudulent).  The transaction causes damages to Buyer. Shareholders sue Mr. James and the other parties that approved the transaction. Doing Business 2017 Romania 70 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Where does the economy stand today? How strong are minority investor protections against protection index (figure 7.1). While the indicator does self-dealing in Romania? The economy has a score of 6.0 not measure all aspects related to the protection of on the strength of minority investor protection index, minority investors, a higher ranking does indicate that an with a higher score indicating stronger protections. economy’s regulations offer stronger minority investor protections against self-dealing in the areas measured. Globally, Romania stands at 53 in the ranking of 190 economies on the strength of minority investor Figure 7.1 How Romania and comparator economies perform on the strength of minority investor protection index Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 71 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS One way to put an economy’s scores on the A summary of scoring for the protecting minority investors protecting minority investors indicators into context indicators at the end of this chapter provides details on is to see where the economy stands in the how the indices were calculated. distribution of scores across comparator economies. Figure 7.2 highlights the scores on the various minority investor protection indices for Romania. Figure 7.2 Summary of the various minority investor protection indices for Romania and comparator economies. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 72 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS What are the details? The protecting minority investors indicators reported to disclosure, director liability, shareholder suits, here for Romania are based on detailed information shareholder rights, ownership and control and corporate collected through a survey of corporate and securities transparency in a standard case study (for more details, lawyers about securities regulations, company laws and see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2017 court rules of evidence and procedure. To construct the report). The summary below shows the details underlying six indicators on minority investor protection, scores are the scores for Romania. assigned to each based on a range of conditions relating Table 7.2 Summary of scoring for the protecting minority investors indicators in Romania Answer Score Strength of minority investor protection index (0-10) 6.0 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 6.0 Extent of disclosure index (0-10) 9.0 Which corporate body is legally sufficient to approve the Shareholders excluding interested 3.0 Buyer-Seller transaction? (0-3) parties Must Mr. James disclose his conflict of interest to the board Full disclosure of all material facts 2.0 of directors? (0-2) Must Buyer disclose the transaction in published periodic Disclosure on the transaction and 2.0 filings (annual reports)? (0-2) on the conflict of interest Must Buyer immediately disclose the transaction to the Disclosure on the transaction and 2.0 public and/or shareholders? (0-2) on the conflict of interest Must an external body review the terms of the transaction No 0.0 before it takes place? (0-1) Extent of director liability index (0-10) 4.0 Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital sue directly or derivatively for the damage the transaction Yes 1.0 caused to Buyer? (0-1) Can shareholders hold the interested director liable for the Liable if negligent 1.0 damage the transaction caused to Buyer? (0-2) Can shareholders hold the other directors liable for the Liable if negligent 1.0 damage the transaction caused to Buyer (0-2) Must Mr. James pay damages for the harm caused to Buyer Yes 1.0 upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-1) Must Mr. James repay profits made from the transaction No 0.0 upon a successful claim by shareholders? (0-1) Is Mr. James disqualifed or fined and imprisoned upon a No 0.0 successful claim by shareholders? (0-1) Can a court void the transaction upon a successful claim by Only in case of fraud or bad faith 0.0 shareholders? (0-2) Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10) 5.0 Before suing can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's Yes 1.0 share capital inspect the transaction documents? (0-1) Can the plaintiff obtain any documents from the defendant Any relevant document 3.0 and witnesses at trial? (0-3) Can the plaintiff request categories of documents from the No 0.0 Doing Business 2017 Romania 73 defendant without identifying specific ones? (0-1) Can the plaintiff directly question the defendant and No 0.0 witnesses at trial? (0-2) Is the level of proof required for civil suits lower than that of No 0.0 criminal cases? (0-1) Can shareholder plaintiffs recover their legal expenses from Yes if successful 1.0 the company? (0-2) Extent of shareholder governance index (0-10) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10) 6.0 Does the sale of 51% of Buyer's assets require shareholder Yes 1.0 approval? Can shareholders representing 10% of Buyer's share capital Yes 1.0 call for an extraordinary meeting of shareholders? Must Buyer obtain its shareholders’ approval every time it No 0.0 issues new shares? Do shareholders automatically receive preemption rights Yes 1.0 every time Buyer issues new shares? Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the Yes 1.0 external auditor? Are changes to the rights of a class of shares only possible if Yes 1.0 the holders of the affected shares approve? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, does the sale of No 0.0 51% of its assets require member approval? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members representing 10% call for an extraordinary meeting of No 0.0 members? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must all Yes 1.0 members consent to add a new member? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a member first offer to sell his interest to the existing members before No 0.0 selling to a non-member? Extent of ownership and control index (0-10) 5.0 Is it forbidden to appoint the same individual as CEO and No 0.0 chair of the board of directors? Must the board of directors include independent and No 0.0 nonexecutive board members? Can shareholders remove members of the board of Yes 1.0 directors without cause before the end of their term? Must the board of directors include a separate audit No 0.0 committee exclusively comprising board members? Must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to all Yes 1.0 shareholders upon acquiring 50% of Buyer? Must Buyer pay dividends within a maximum period set by Yes 1.0 law after the declaration date? Is a subsidiary prohibited from acquiring shares issued by its No 0.0 parent company? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, is there a Yes 1.0 management deadlock breaking mechanism? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must a potential acquirer make a tender offer to all shareholders upon No 0.0 acquiring 50% of Buyer? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer Yes 1.0 Doing Business 2017 Romania 74 distribute profits within a maximum period set by law after the declaration date? Extent of corporate transparency index (0-10) 7.0 Must Buyer disclose direct and indirect beneficial ownership Yes 1.0 stakes representing 5%? Must Buyer disclose information about board members’ other directorships as well as basic information on their No 0.0 primary employment? Must Buyer disclose the compensation of individual No 0.0 managers? Must a detailed notice of general meeting be sent 21 days Yes 1.0 before the meeting? Can shareholders representing 5% of Buyer’s share capital Yes 1.0 put items on the agenda for the general meeting? Must Buyer's annual financial statements be audited by an Yes 1.0 external auditor? Must Buyer disclose its audit reports to the public? Yes 1.0 Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must members Yes 1.0 meet at least once a year? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, can members No 0.0 representing 5% put items on the meeting agenda? Assuming that Buyer is a limited company, must Buyer's annual financial statements be audited by an external Yes 1.0 auditor? Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 75 PAYING TAXES Taxes are essential. The level of tax rates needs to be WHAT THE PAYING TAXES INDICATORS carefully chosen—and needless complexity in tax rules avoided. Firms in economies that rank better MEASURE on the ease of paying taxes in the Doing Business study tend to perceive both tax rates and tax Tax payments for a manufacturing company administration as less of an obstacle to business in 2014 (number per year adjusted for according to the World Bank Enterprise Survey electronic and joint filing and payment) research. Total number of taxes and contributions paid, What do the indicators cover? including consumption taxes (value added tax, sales tax or goods and service tax) Using a case scenario, Doing Business records the taxes and mandatory contributions that a medium- Method and frequency of filing and payment size company must pay in a given year as well as Time required to comply with 3 major taxes measures of the administrative burden of paying (hours per year) taxes and contributions and dealing with postfiling processes. This case scenario uses a set of financial Collecting information and computing the tax payable statements and assumptions about transactions made over the year. Information is also compiled on Completing tax return forms, filing with the frequency of filing and payments, time taken to proper agencies comply with tax laws, time taken to comply with the Arranging payment or withholding requirements of postfiling processes and time waiting for these processes to be completed. The Preparing separate tax accounting books, if required ranking of economies on the ease of paying taxes is determined by sorting their distance to frontier Total tax rate (% of profit before all taxes) scores on the ease of paying taxes. These scores are Profit or corporate income tax the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the four component indicators – number Social contributions and labor taxes paid by of tax payments. time, total tax rate and postfiling the employer index – with a threshold and a nonlinear Property and property transfer taxes transformation applied to one of the component Dividend, capital gains and financial indicators, the total tax rate1. If both VAT (or GST) transactions taxes and corporate income tax apply, the postfiling index is the simple average of the distance to frontier Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes scores for each of the four components: the time to Postfiling Index comply with a VAT or GST refund, the time to obtain The time to comply with a VAT or GST refund a VAT or GST refund, the time to comply with a corporate income tax audit and the time to complete The time to receive a VAT or GST refund a corporate income tax audit. If only VAT (or GST) or The time to comply with a corporate income corporate income tax If onapplies, the postfiling tax audit index is the simple average of the scores for only the The time to complete a corporate income tax two components pertaining to the applicable tax. If audit neither VAT (or GST) nor corporate income tax 1 The nonlinear distance to frontier for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier for the total tax rate to the power of 0.8. The threshold is defined as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the overall distribution for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. All economies with a total tax rate below this threshold receive the same score as the economy at the threshold. Doing Business 2017 Romania 76 applies, the postfiling index is not included in the ranking of the ease of paying taxes. Assumptions about the corporate income tax audit process: Taxes and mandatory contributions include corporate income tax, turnover tax and all labor  An error in the calculation of the income tax taxes and contributions paid by the company. A liability (for example, use of incorrect tax range of standard deductions and exemptions are depreciation rates, or incorrectly treating an also recorded. expense as tax deductible) leads to an incorrect All financial statement variables are proportional to income tax return and consequently an 2012 income per capita. To make the data underpayment of corporate income tax. comparable across economies, several assumptions  TaxpayerCo. discovered the error and are used. voluntarily notified the tax authority of the error TaxpayerCo is a medium-size business that started in the corporate income tax return. operations on January 1, 2014. The business starts from the same financial position in each economy. All the taxes and mandatory contributions paid during the second year of operation are recorded. Taxes and mandatory contributions are measured at all levels of government. Assumptions about the VAT refund process:  In June 2015, TaxpayerCo. makes a large capital purchase: one additional machine for manufacturing pots.  The value of the machine is 65 times income per capita of the economy.  Sales are equally spread per month (that is, 1,050 times income per capita divided by 12).  Cost of goods sold are equally expensed per month (that is, 875 times income per capita divided by 12).  The seller of the machinery is registered for VAT or general sales tax (GST).  Excess input VAT incurred in June will be fully recovered after four consecutive months if the VAT or GST rate is the same for inputs, sales and the machine and the tax reporting period is every month. Doing Business 2017 Romania 77 PAYING TAXES Where does the economy stand today? What is the administrative burden of complying with tax table 8.3 the end of this chapter for details). Most obligations and postfiling processes in Romania—and indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest how much do firms pay in taxes? Globally, Romania business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for stands at 50 in the ranking of 190 economies on the ease which the data are a population-weighted average of the of paying taxes (figure 8.1). The rankings for comparator 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to economies and the regional average ranking provide frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of other useful information for assessing the tax compliance this profile for more details. burden for businesses in Romania (see table 8.2 and . Figure 8.1 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of paying taxes Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 78 PAYING TAXES Economies around the world have made paying taxes and exemptions. Many have lowered tax rates. Changes faster, easier and less costly for businesses —such as by have brought concrete results. Some economies consolidating payments and filings of taxes, offering simplifying tax payment and reducing rates have seen electronic systems for filing and payment, establishing tax revenue rise. What tax reforms has Doing Business taxpayer service centers or allowing for more deductions recorded in Romania (table 8.1)? Table 8.1 How has Romania made paying taxes easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017 DB year Reform Romania introduced tax changes, including a new minimum tax DB2011 on profit, that made paying taxes more costly for companies. Romania made paying taxes easier for companies by introducing an electronic payment system and a unified return DB2012 for social security contributions. It also abolished the annual minimum tax. Romania made paying taxes easier and less costly for companies by reducing the payment frequency for the firm tax DB2014 from quarterly to twice a year and by reducing the vehicle tax rate. Romania made paying taxes easier for companies, with the DB2015 majority now using the electronic system for filing and paying taxes. Romania made paying taxes less costly for companies by DB2016 reducing the rate for social security contributions and the rate for accident risk fund contributions paid by employers. Source: Doing Business database. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2006), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2017 Romania 79 PAYING TAXES What are the details? The indicators reported here for Romania are based LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY on the taxes and contributions that would be paid by a standardized case study company used by Doing Business in collecting the data (see the section in this City: Bucharest chapter on what the indicators cover). Tax practitioners are asked to review a set of financial statements as well as a standardized list of assumptions and transactions that the company The taxes and contributions paid are listed in table 8.2, completed during its 2nd year of operation. along with the associated number of payments, time Respondents are asked how much taxes and and tax rate. mandatory contributions the business must pay, how these taxes are filed and paid, how much time The postfiling index is based on four components—the taxpayers spend preparing, filing and paying three time to comply with a VAT or GST refund, the time to major taxes (profit taxes, labor taxes including obtain a VAT or GST refund, the time to comply with a mandatory contributions and consumption taxes) and corporate income tax audit and the time to complete a how much time taxpayers spend complying with corporate income tax audit. These components are postfiling processes and waiting for these processes based on expanded case study assumptions. If only VAT to be completed. (or GST) or corporate income tax applies for an economy, the postfiling index is the simple average of the scores for only the two components pertaining to the applicable tax. If neither VAT (or GST) nor corporate income tax applies, the postfiling index is not included in the ranking of the ease of paying taxes. Table 8.2 Summary of tax rates and administration Total tax Notes on Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory Tax base rate (% of total tax contribution (number) payments (hours) tax rate profit) rate online and gross Health insurance contributions 0 5.2% 5.87 jointly salaries Employer paid - Social security gross 1 online 82 15.8% 17.82 contributions salaries taxable Corporate income tax 1 online 25 16% 11.60 profit building Building tax 2 1% 0.98 value online and gross Medical leave 0 0.85% 0.96 jointly salaries online and gross Unemployment contribution 0 0.5% 0.56 jointly salaries Doing Business 2017 Romania 80 Total tax Notes on Tax or mandatory Payments Notes on Time Statutory Tax base rate (% of total tax contribution (number) payments (hours) tax rate profit) rate online and gross Accident risk fund 0 0.15-0.85% 0.29 jointly salaries online and gross Guarantee fund 0 0.25% 0.28 jointly salaries fixed fee depending Vehicle tax 2 varies 0.03 on type of vehicle various Land tax 2 land area 0.02 rates A fixed The amount per surface of square Firm tax 2 the 0.00 meter of lighting lighting panel panel Urbanism tax 1 surface 0.00 RON 2 per weight of small Environmental taxes 1 kilo of 0.00 packaging amount packaging included in small Fuel tax 1 0.00 fuel price amount various type of small Stamp duty on contracts 0 0.00 rates contract amount Employee paid - Social security online and gross 0 16.5% 0.00 withheld contributions jointly salaries value not Value added tax (VAT) 1 online 54 24% 0.00 added included Totals 14.0 161.0 38.4 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 81 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In today’s globalized world, making trade between WHAT THE TRADING ACROSS BORDERS economies easier is increasingly important for INDICATORS MEASURE FOR IMPORT & EXPORT business. Excessive use of paper documents, burdensome customs procedures, inefficient port operations and inadequate infrastructure all lead Documentary compliance to extra costs and delays for exporters and Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents importers, stifling trade potential. during transport, clearance, inspections and port or border handling in origin economy What do the indicators cover? Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents Doing Business records the time and cost required by destination economy and any transit associated with the logistical process of exporting economies and importing goods. Doing Business measures the Covers all documents required by law and in time and cost (excluding tariffs) associated with practice, including electronic submissions of three sets of procedures—documentary information as well as non-shipment-specific compliance, border compliance and domestic documents necessary to complete the trade transport—within the overall process of exporting Border compliance or importing a shipment of goods. The ranking of economies on the ease of trading across borders is Customs clearance and inspections determined by sorting their distance to frontier Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more scores for trading across borders. These scores are than 10% of shipments) the simple average of the distance to frontier Port or border handling scores for the time and cost for documentary compliance and border compliance to export and Processing of documents during clearance, import (domestic transport is not used for inspections and port or border handling. calculating the ranking). Domestic transport Loading and unloading of shipment at warehouse, To make the data comparable across economies, a dry port or border few assumptions are made about the traded goods and the transactions: Transport by most widely used mode between warehouse and terminal or dry port Time Traffic delays and road police checks while Time is measured in hours, and 1 day is 24 hours shipment is en route (for example, 22 days are recorded as 22 × 24 = 528 hours). If customs clearance takes 7.5 hours, the data are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose Cost that documents are submitted to a customs Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt agency at 8:00 a.m., are processed overnight and is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. Costs are can be picked up at 8:00 a.m. the next day. In this reported in U.S. dollars. Contributors are asked to convert case the time for customs clearance would be local currency into U.S. dollars based on the exchange rate recorded as 24 hours because the actual procedure prevailing on the day they answer the questionnaire. took 24 hours. Doing Business 2017 Romania 82 Assumptions of the case study  If government fees are determined by the value of the shipment, the value is assumed to be $50,000.  For each of the 190 economies covered by Doing Business, it is assumed that a shipment  The product is new, not secondhand or used travels from a warehouse in the largest merchandise. business city of the exporting economy to a  The exporting firm is responsible for hiring and paying warehouse in the largest business city of the for a freight forwarder or customs broker (or both) importing economy. For 11 economies the and pays for all costs related to international shipping, data are also collected, under the same case domestic transport, clearance and mandatory study assumptions, for the second largest inspections by customs and other government business city. agencies, port or border handling, documentary  The import and export case studies assume compliance fees and the like for exports. The different traded products. It is assumed that importing firm is responsible for the above costs for each economy imports a standardized imports. shipment of 15 metric tons of containerized  The mode of transport is the one most widely used for auto parts (HS 8708) from its natural import the chosen export or import product and the trading partner—the economy from which it imports partner, as is the seaport, airport or land border the largest value (price times quantity) of auto crossing. parts. It is assumed that each economy exports the product of its comparative advantage  All electronic submissions of information requested by (defined by the largest export value) to its any government agency in connection with the natural export partner—the economy that is shipment are considered to be documents obtained, the largest purchaser of this product. Special prepared and submitted during the export or import products, such as precious metal and gems, process. live animals and pharmaceuticals are excluded  A port or border is defined as a place (seaport, airport from the list of possible export products, or land border crossing) where merchandise can enter however, and the second largest product or leave an economy. category is considered as needed.  Government agencies considered relevant are  A shipment is a unit of trade. Export shipments agencies such as customs, port authorities, road do not necessarily need to be containerized, police, border guards, standardization agencies, while import shipments of auto parts are ministries or departments of agriculture or industry, assumed to be containerized. national security agencies and any other government authorities. Doing Business 2017 Romania 83 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS Where does the economy stand today? The Trading across Borders indicator refers to a case Globally, Romania stands at 1 in the ranking of 190 study scenario of a warehouse in the largest business city economies on the ease of trading across borders (figure of an economy (except for 11 economies for which the 9.1). data are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest While not included in the distance to frontier or ease of business cities) trading with the main import and export doing business ranking, data on domestic transportation partner through the economy’s main border crossing. is also recorded for all economies and provided in Table 9.3. Figure 9.1 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of trading across borders Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 84 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS What are the details? The indicators reported here for Romania are based LOCATION OF STANDARDIZED COMPANY on a set of specific predefined procedures for trading a shipment of goods by the most widely used mode of transport (whether sea or land or some City: Bucharest combination of these). The information on the time and cost to complete export and import is collected The details on the predefined set of procedures, and the from local freight forwarders, customs brokers and associated time and cost, for exporting and importing a traders. shipment of goods are listed in the summary bellow, along with the required documents. Table 9.2 Summary of export and import time and cost for trading across borders in Romania Romania Europe & Central Asia Time to export: Border compliance (hours) 0 28 Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) 0 195 Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours) 1 27 Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) 0 111 Time to import: Border compliance (hours) 0 26 Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) 0 202 Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours) 1 26 Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) 0 91 Source: Doing Business database. Table 9.3 Summary of trading details, transport time and documents for trading across borders in Romania Export Import HS 85 : Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and HS 8708: Parts and accessories Product reproducers, television image of motor vehicles and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles Trade partner Germany Germany Romania- Hungary border Romania- Hungary border Border crossing crossing Distance (km) 610 610 Domestic transport time (hours) 9 9 Doing Business 2017 Romania 85 Export Import Domestic transport cost (USD) 650 650 Source: Doing Business database. Note: Although Doing Business collects and publishes data on the time and cost for domestic transport, it does not use these data in calculating the distance to frontier score for trading across borders or the ranking on the ease of trading across borders. Documents to export CMR waybill Commercial invoice Packing list Intrastat Documents to import CMR waybill Commercial invoice Packing list Intrastat Source: Doing Business database. Note: Doing Business continues to collect data on the number of documents needed to trade internationally. Unlike in previous years, however, these data are excluded from the calculation of the distance to frontier score and ranking. The time and cost for documentary compliance serve as better measures of the overall cost and complexity of compliance with documentary requirements than does the number of documents required. Doing Business 2017 Romania 86 Figure 9.2 Summary of Romania on the ease of trading across borders Export Import Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 87 ENFORCING CONTRACTS WHAT THE ENFORCING CONTRACTS Effective commercial dispute resolution has many benefits. Courts are essential for entrepreneurs INDICATORS MEASURE because they interpret the rules of the market and protect economic rights. Efficient and transparent Time required to enforce a contract through courts encourage new business relationships because the courts (calendar days) businesses know they can rely on the courts if a new customer fails to pay. Speedy trials are essential for Time to file and serve the case small enterprises, which may lack the resources to Time for trial and to obtain the judgment stay in business while awaiting the outcome of a long Time to enforce the judgment court dispute. Cost required to enforce a contract through What do the indicators cover? the courts (% of claim) Doing Business measures the time and cost for Attorney fees resolving a standardized commercial dispute through a local first-instance court. In addition, Doing Court fees Business measures the quality of judicial processes Enforcement fees index, evaluating whether each economy has Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and efficiency in the court system. The Court structure and proceedings (0-5) ranking of economies on the ease of enforcing Case management (0-6) contracts is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores. These scores are the simple average Court automation (0-4) of the distance to frontier scores for each of the Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) component indicators. The dispute in the case study involves the breach of a sales contract between 2 domestic businesses. The  The seller sues the buyer before the court with case study assumes that the court hears an expert on jurisdiction over commercial cases worth 200% of the quality of the goods in dispute. This distinguishes income per capita or $5,000. the case from simple debt enforcement. To make the  The seller requests a pretrial attachment to secure data comparable across economies, Doing Business the claim. uses several assumptions about the case:  The dispute on the quality of the goods requires an expert opinion.  The dispute concerns a lawful transaction  The judge decides in favor of the seller; there is no between two businesses (Seller and Buyer), both appeal. located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for  The seller enforces the judgment through a public the second largest business city. sale of the buyer’s movable assets.  The buyer orders custom-made goods, then fails to pay.  The value of the dispute is 200% of the income per capita or the equivalent in local currency of USD 5,000, whichever is greater. Doing Business 2017 Romania 88 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Where does the economy stand today? How efficient is the process of resolving a commercial frontier and ease of doing business ranking at the end of dispute through the courts in Romania? According to this profile for more details. data collected by Doing Business, contract enforcement Globally, Romania stands at 26 in the ranking of 190 takes 512.0 days and costs 28.9% of the value of the economies on the ease of enforcing contracts (figure claim. Most indicator sets refer to the largest business 10.1). The rankings for comparator economies and the city of an economy, except for 11 economies for which regional average provide other useful benchmarks for the data are a population-weighted average of the 2 assessing the efficiency of contract enforcement in largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to Romania. Figure 10.1 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of enforcing contracts Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 89 ENFORCING CONTRACTS reducing backlogs by introducing periodic reviews to Economies in all regions have improved contract clear inactive cases from the docket and by making enforcement in recent years. A judiciary can be improved procedures faster. What reforms making it easier (or in different ways. Higher-income economies tend to look more difficult) to enforce contracts has Doing Business for ways to enhance efficiency by introducing new recorded in Romania (table 10.1)? technology. Lower-income economies often work on Table 10.1 How has Romania made enforcing contracts easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017 DB year Reform Romania made enforcing contracts easier by adopting a new DB2014 civil procedure code that streamlines and speeds up all court proceedings. Romania made enforcing contracts easier by transferring some enforcement responsibilities from the court to the bailiff, by DB2016 making it easier for the bailiff to obtain information from third parties and by making use of the electronic auction registry mandatory. Source: Doing Business database. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2017 Romania 90 ENFORCING CONTRACTS What are the details? The data on time and cost reported here for ECONOMY DETAILS Romania are built by following the step-by-step evolution of a commercial sale dispute within the court, under the assumptions about the case Claim value: RON 65,655 described above (figure 10.2). The time and cost of resolving the standardized dispute are identified Bucharest Court of First through study of the codes of civil procedure and Court name: Instance other court regulations, as well as through questionnaires completed by local litigation lawyers City: Bucharest (and, in a quarter of the economies covered by Doing Business, by judges as well). Figure 10.2 Time and cost of contract enforcement in Romania and comparator economies Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 91 Table 10.2 Details on time and cost for enforcing contracts in Romania Europe & Central Indicator Romania Asia average Time (days) 512 486 Filing and service 52 Trial and judgment 365 Enforcement of judgment 95 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 26.6 Attorney fees 7.7 Court fees 11.2 Enforcement fees 10.0 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 92 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Quality of judicial processes index The quality of judicial processes index measures The scores reported here show which of these good whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices are available in Romania (figure 10.3). practices in its court system in four areas: court This methodology was initially developed by Djankov and structure and proceedings, case management, court others (2003) and is adopted here with several changes. automation and alternative dispute resolution. The The quality of judicial processes index was introduced in score on the quality of judicial processes index is the Doing Business 2016. The good practices tested in this sum of the scores on these 4 sub-components. The index were developed on the basis of internationally index ranges from 0 to 18, with higher values recognized good practices promoting judicial efficiency. indicating more efficient judicial processes. Figure 10.3 Quality of judicial processes index in Romania and comparator economies Doing Business 2017 Romania 93 Source: Doing Business database. Table 10.3 Details of the quality of judicial processes index in Romania Answer Score Quality of judicial processes index (0-18) 14.0 Court structure and proceedings (0-5) 5.0 1. Is there a court or division of a court dedicated solely to hearing Yes 1.5 commercial cases? 2. Small claims court 1.5 2.a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small Yes claims? 2.b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? Yes 3. Is pretrial attachment available? Yes 1.0 4. Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? Yes, automatic 1.0 5. Does a woman's testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in Yes 0.0 court as a man's? Case management (0-6) 4.0 1. Time standards 1.0 1.a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for key court events in Yes a civil case? 1.b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least three court events? Yes 1.c. Are these time standards respected in more than 50% of cases? Yes 2. Adjournments 0.0 2.a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of adjournments that No can be granted? 2.b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and exceptional No circumstances? 2.c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected in more than 50% n.a. of cases? 3. Can two of the following four reports be generated about the competent court: (i) time to disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; Yes 1.0 (iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress report? 4. Is a pretrial conference among the case management techniques No 0.0 used before the competent court? 5. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the Yes 1.0 competent court for use by judges? Doing Business 2017 Romania 94 Answer Score 6. Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the Yes 1.0 competent court for use by lawyers? Court automation (0-4) 2.0 1. Can the initial complaint be filed electronically through a dedicated No 0.0 platform within the competent court? 2. Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims Yes 1.0 filed before the competent court? 3. Can court fees be paid electronically within the competent court? Yes 1.0 4. Publication of judgments 0.0 4.a Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at all levels made available to the general public through publication in official gazettes, No in newspapers or on the internet or court website? 4.b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at the appellate and supreme court level made available to the general public through No publication in official gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) 3.0 1. Arbitration 1.5 1.a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by a consolidated law or consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil Yes procedure encompassing substantially all its aspects? 1.b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from those that deal with public order or public policy—that cannot be submitted to No arbitration? 1.c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements usually enforced by the Yes courts? 2. Mediation/Conciliation 1.5 2.a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes 2.b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by a consolidated law or consolidated chapter or section of the applicable code of civil Yes procedure encompassing substantially all their aspects? 2.c. Are there financial incentives for parties to attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of Yes court filing fees, income tax credits or the like)? Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 95 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter, WHAT THE RESOLVING INSOLVENCY ensuring the survival of economically efficient companies and reallocating the resources of INDICATORS MEASURE inefficient ones. Fast and cheap insolvency proceedings result in the speedy return of businesses Time required to recover debt (years) to normal operation and increase returns to Measured in calendar years creditors. By clarifying the expectations of creditors and debtors about the outcome of insolvency Appeals and requests for extension are proceedings, well-functioning insolvency systems can included facilitate access to finance, save more viable Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s businesses and sustainably grow the economy. estate) What do the indicators cover? Measured as percentage of estate value Doing Business studies the time, cost and outcome of Court fees insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal Fees of insolvency administrators entities. These variables are used to calculate the Lawyers’ fees recovery rate, which is recorded as cents on the Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees dollar recovered by secured creditors through Other related fees reorganization, liquidation or debt enforcement Outcome (foreclosure or receivership) proceedings. To determine the present value of the amount Whether business continues operating as a recovered by creditors, Doing Business uses the going concern or business assets are sold lending rates from the International Monetary Fund, piecemeal supplemented with data from central banks and the Recovery rate for creditors Economist Intelligence Unit. Measures the cents on the dollar recovered To make the data on the time, cost and outcome by secured creditors comparable across economies, several assumptions Outcome for the business (survival or not) about the business and the case are used: determines the maximum value that can be  A hotel located in the largest city (or cities) has recovered 201 employees and 50 suppliers. The hotel Official costs of the insolvency proceedings experiences financial difficulties. are deducted  The value of the hotel is 100% of the income per Depreciation of furniture is taken into capita or the equivalent in local currency of USD account 200,000, whichever is greater. Present value of debt recovered  The hotel has a loan from a domestic bank, Strength of insolvency framework index (0- secured by a mortgage over the hotel’s real 16) estate. The hotel cannot pay back the loan, but makes enough money to operate otherwise. Sum of the scores of four component indices: Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy and integrity of the existing legal framework Management of debtor’s assets index (0-6) applicable to liquidation and reorganization Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) proceedings through the strength of insolvency Creditor participation index (0-4) framework index. The index tests whether economies adopted internationally accepted good practices in management of debtor’s assets, reorganization four areas: commencement of proceedings, proceedings and creditor participation. Doing Business 2017 Romania 96 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY Where does the economy stand today? Globally, Romania stands at 49 in the ranking of 190 not measure insolvency proceedings of individuals and economies on the ease of resolving insolvency (figure financial institutions. The data are derived from 11.1). The ranking of economies on the ease of resolving questionnaire responses by local insolvency practitioners insolvency is determined by sorting their distance to and verified through a study of laws and regulations as frontier scores for resolving insolvency. These scores are well as public information on bankruptcy systems. the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the recovery rate and the strength of insolvency framework index. The resolving insolvency indicator does Figure 11.1 How Romania and comparator economies rank on the ease of resolving insolvency Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 97 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY Recovery of debt in insolvency Data on the time, cost and outcome refer to the most average recovery rate is 34.4 cents on the dollar. Most likely in-court insolvency procedure applicable under indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest specific case study assumptions. business city of an economy, except for 11 economies for which the data are a population-weighted average of the According to data collected by Doing Business, resolving 2 largest business cities. insolvency takes 3.3 years on average and costs 10.5% of the debtor’s estate, with the most likely outcome being that the company will be sold as piecemeal sale. The Figure 11.2 Efficiency of proceedings - time, cost and recovery rate in Romania and comparator economies. Source: Doing Business database. Note: The recovery rate is calculated based on the time, cost and outcome of insolvency proceedings involving domestic legal entities and is recorded as cents on the dollar recovered by secured creditors. The calculation takes into account the outcome: whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern or the assets are sold piecemeal. Then the costs of the proceedings are deducted. Finally, the value lost as a result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is taken into account. The recovery rate is the present value of the remaining proceeds, based on end-2015 lending rates. Doing Business 2017 Romania 98 Table 11.1 Details of data on efficiency of insolvency proceedings in Romania Indicator Answer Explanation According to Article 66 para. (1) of Law no. 85/2014, the Insolvency Code, Mirage management is obliged to file for insolvency within 30 days of the occurrence of the insolvency state. Mirage management will file for insolvency liquidation in order to benefit from the moratorium of all ongoing judicial proceedings (after an involving its creditors and to renegotiate payment with creditors. However, Proceeding attempt at reorganizations in Romania are rare and banks prefer liquidation. Under Article reorganization) 143 para. (1) of the Insolvency Code, if the debtor fails to comply with the reorganization plan or its activity bring losses, the judicial receiver or any of the creditors may request the syndic-judge to approve the commencement of the bankruptcy and liquidation procedure against the debtor. The hotel will continue its current activity only during the observation period (art. 87 of Law 85/2014) and in the reorganization procedure according to the reorganization plan (art 141 (1) of Law 85/2014). If Mirage enters the Outcome piecemeal sale bankruptcy/liquidation procedure, then the hotel will stop operating, as it is unlikely that a buyer can be found willing to purchase the hotel as a going concern and continue operating it. Insolvency proceedings last on average 3-5 years due to a large number of cases filed and delaying tactics used by the debtors to avoid liquidation of the company. Most statutory deadlines cannot be complied with in practice. The main procedural steps for the completion of the insolvency process for Mirage are: (i) the observation period (as of the opening of the insolvency proceedings and until the reorganization plan is approved or the bankruptcy proceedings Time (in are initiated) may take a maximum of 12 months (art. 112(3) of the Insolvency 3.3 years) Code); (ii) reorganization may take 4 years after the confirmation of the plan, but this period may be extended (art. 139(5), Insolvency Code). After one year to one year and a half, the course of proceedings becomes apparent: either successful completion of reorganization (in very few cases), or the bankruptcy proceedings are initiated, (iii) liquidation may take 9 months to 2.5 years, depending on the nature and quantity of the debtor’s assets to be capitalized on. The majority of the expenses will go to the fees of the insolvency Cost (% of 10.5 representative - up to 10% of the value of the estate, attorney's fees can be up estate) to 5% of the value. Other expenses are minimal. Recovery rate: 34.4 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 99 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY Strength of resolving insolvency index The strength of insolvency framework index is the with higher values indicating insolvency legislation that is sum of the scores on the commencement of better designed for rehabilitating viable firms and proceedings index, management of debtor’s assets liquidating nonviable ones. Romania’s score on the index, reorganization proceedings index and creditor strength of insolvency framework index is 13.0 out of 16. participation index. The index ranges from 0 to 16, Data on provisions applicable to judicial liquidation and reorganization is based on the current law governing insolvency proceedings in each economy. Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) in Romania and comparator economies Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 100 Note: Even if the economy’s legal framework includes provisions related to insolvency proceedings (liquidation or reorganization), the economy receives 0 points for the strength of insolvency framework index, if time, cost and outcome indicators are recorded as “no practice”. Doing Business 2017 Romania 101 Table 11.2 Summary of data for the strength of insolvency framework index in Romania Answer Score Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16) 13.0 Commencement of proceedings index (0-3) 2.5 (a) Debtor may What procedures are available to a DEBTOR when commencing insolvency file for both 1.0 proceedings? liquidation and reorganization (b) Yes, but a Does the insolvency framework allow a CREDITOR to file for insolvency of creditor may file 0.5 the debtor? for liquidation only (a) Debtor is What basis for commencement of the insolvency proceedings is allowed generally unable 1.0 under the insolvency framework? to pay its debts as they mature Management of debtor's assets index (0-6) 6.0 Does the insolvency framework allow the continuation of contracts Yes 1.0 supplying essential goods and services to the debtor? Does the insolvency framework allow the rejection by the debtor of overly Yes 1.0 burdensome contracts? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of preferential Yes 1.0 transactions? Does the insolvency framework allow avoidance of undervalued Yes 1.0 transactions? Does the insolvency framework provide for the possibility of the debtor Yes 1.0 obtaining credit after commencement of insolvency proceedings? (b) Yes over ordinary Does the insolvency framework assign priority to post-commencement unsecured 1.0 credit? creditors but not over secured creditors Reorganization proceedings index (0-3) 2.5 Which creditors vote on the proposed reorganization plan? (a) All creditors 0.5 Does the insolvency framework require that dissenting creditors in reorganization receive at least as much as what they would obtain in a Yes 1.0 liquidation? Are the creditors devided into classes for the purposes of voting on the Yes 1.0 Doing Business 2017 Romania 102 Answer Score reorganization plan, does each class vote separately and are creditors in the same class treated equally? Creditor participation index (0-4) 2.0 Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for Yes 1.0 selection or appointment of the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework require approval by the creditors for sale No 0.0 of substantial assets of the debtor? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to No 0.0 request information from the insolvency representative? Does the insolvency framework provide that a creditor has the right to Yes 1.0 object to decisions accepting or rejecting creditors' claims? Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 103 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A well-balanced bankruptcy system distinguishes change. Many recent reforms of bankruptcy laws have companies that are financially distressed but been aimed at helping more of the viable businesses economically viable from inefficient companies that survive. What insolvency reforms has Doing Business should be liquidated. But in some insolvency systems recorded in Romania (table 11.3)? even viable businesses are liquidated. This is starting to Table 11.3 How has Romania made resolving insolvency easier—or not? By Doing Business report year from DB2011 to DB2017 DB year Reform Substantial amendments to Romania’s bankruptcy laws— DB2011 introducing, among other things, a procedure for out-of-court workouts—made dealing with insolvency easier. Romania amended its insolvency law to shorten the duration DB2012 of insolvency proceedings. Romania improved its insolvency system by introducing time limits for the observation period (during which a reorganization plan must be confirmed or a declaration of bankruptcy made) and for the implementation of the DB2016 reorganization plan; by introducing additional minimum voting requirements for the approval of the reorganization plan; and by clarifying rules on voidable transactions and on payment priority for claims of post-commencement creditors. Source: Doing Business database. Note: For information on reforms in earlier years (back to DB2005), see the Doing Business reports for these years, available at http://www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2017 Romania 104 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business studies the flexibility of regulation of food retail sector and they apply even to firms employment, specifically as it relates to the areas of that are not party to them. hiring, working hours and redundancy. Doing Business  Abides by every law and regulation but does not also measures several aspects of job quality such as the grant workers more benefits than those availability of maternity leave, paid sick leave and the mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable) equal treatment of men and women at the workplace. collective bargaining agreements. Doing Business 2017 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on these indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. Detailed data collected on labor market regulation are available on the Doing Business website (http://www.doingbusiness.org). The data on labor market regulation are based on a detailed questionnaire on employment regulations that is completed by local lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the worker and the business are used. The worker:  Is a cashier in a supermarket or grocery store, age 19, with one year of work experience.  Is a full-time employee.  Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory. The business:  Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy).  Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city.  Has 60 employees.  Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover more than 50% of the Doing Business 2017 Romania 105 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Employment laws are needed to protect workers from the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient market flexibility. What changes did Romania adopt that contracting between employers and workers. Many affected the Doing Business indicators on labor market economies that changed their labor market regulation in regulation (table 12.1)? Table 12.1 What changes did Romania make in terms of labor market regulation? DB year Reform Romania increased the maximum duration of fixed-term DB2012 contracts and also decreased the severance pay applicable in case of redundancy dismissal of employees. Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 106 LABOR MARKET REGULATION What are the details? The data reported here for Romania are based on a Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary detailed survey of labor market regulation that is sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. completed by local lawyers and public officials. Hiring Data on hiring cover five areas: (i) whether fixed-term minimum wage to the average value added per worker contracts are prohibited for permanent tasks; (ii) the (the ratio of an economy’s GNI per capita to the maximum cumulative duration of fixed-term contracts; working-age population as a percentage of the total (iii) the minimum wage for a cashier, age 19, with one population). year of work experience; and (iv) the ratio of the Hiring Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months) 36 months Maximum length of fixed-term contracts, including renewals (months) 60.0 Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study 338.2 (US$/month) Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0.3 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 107 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Working hours Data on working hours cover nine areas: i) the maximum and nonnursing women can work the same night hours number of working days allowed per week; (ii) the as men*; (vii) whether there are restrictions on weekly premium for night work (as a percentage of hourly pay); holiday work; (viii) whether there are restrictions on (iii) the premium for work on a weekly rest day (as a overtime work; and (ix) the average paid annual leave for percentage of hourly pay); (iv) the premium for overtime workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure, and 10 work (as a percentage of hourly pay); (v) whether there years of tenure. are restrictions on night work; (vi) whether nonpregnant Working Hours Data Maximum number of working days per week 5.0 Premium for night work (% of hourly pay) 25.0 Premium for work on weekly rest day (% of hourly pay) 100.0 Premium for overtime work (% of hourly pay) 75.0 Restrictions on night work? No Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same night Yes hours as men Restrictions on weekly holiday? No Restrictions on overtime work? No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (working days) 20.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in 20.0 working days) Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 108 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy rules Data on redundancy cover nine areas: (i) the length of whether the employer needs approval from a third party the maximum probationary period (in months) for to terminate one redundant worker; (vi) whether the permanent employees; (ii) whether redundancy is employer needs approval from a third party to terminate allowed as a basis for terminating workers; (iii) whether a group of nine redundant workers; (vii) whether the law the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker government agency) to terminate one redundant worker; before making the worker redundant; (viii) whether (iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether terminate a group of nine redundant workers; (v) priority rules apply for reemployment. Redundancy rules Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 3.0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party notification if one worker is dismissed? No Third-party approval if one worker is dismissed? No Third-party notification if nine workers are dismissed? No Third-party approval if nine workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? Yes Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 109 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of requirements and severance payments due when tenure, a worker with 5 years and a worker with 10 years terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of is considered. One month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 salary. The average value of notice requirements and weeks. Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 4.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 4.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 4.0 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years 4.0 of tenure) Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 0.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years 0.0 of tenure) Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 110 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Job quality Doing Business introduced new data on job quality in leave receive 100% of wages; (vi) the availability of five 2015. Doing Business 2017 covers eight questions on job fully paid days of sick leave a year; (vii) whether a worker quality (i) whether the law mandates equal remuneration is eligible for an unemployment protection scheme after for work of equal value; (ii) whether the law mandates one year of service; and (viii) the minimum duration of nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring; (iii) the contribution period (in months) required for whether the law mandates paid or unpaid maternity unemployment protection. leave; (iv) the minimum length of paid maternity leave (in . calendar days); (v) whether employees on maternity Job Quality Data Equal remuneration for work of equal value? Yes Gender nondiscrimination in hiring? Yes Paid or unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? Yes Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? 126.0 Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? No Five fully paid days of sick leave a year? Yes Unemployment protection after one year of employment? Yes Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection (months)? 12.0 Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2017 Romania 111 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING Doing Business presents results for two aggregate even though it is no longer at the frontier in a measures: the distance to frontier score and the ease of subsequent year. doing business ranking, which is based on the distance For scores such as those on the strength of legal rights to frontier score. The ease of doing business ranking index or the quality of land administration index, the compares economies with one another; the distance to frontier is set at the highest possible value. For the total frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to tax rate, consistent with the use of a threshold in regulatory best practice, showing the absolute distance calculating the rankings on this indicator, the frontier is to the best performance on each Doing Business defined as the total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the indicator. When compared across years, the distance to overall distribution for all years included in the analysis frontier score shows how much the regulatory up to and including Doing Business 2015. For the time to environment for local entrepreneurs in an economy has pay taxes the frontier is defined as the lowest time changed over time in absolute terms, while the ease of recorded among all economies that levy the three major doing business ranking can show only how much the taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory regulatory environment has changed relative to that in contributions, and value added tax (VAT) or sales tax. For other economies. the different times to trade across borders, the frontier is Distance to Frontier defined as 1 hour even though in many economies the time is less than that. The distance to frontier score captures the gap between an economy’s performance and a measure of best In the same formulation, to mitigate the effects of practice across the entire sample of 41 indicators for 10 extreme outliers in the distributions of the rescaled data Doing Business topics (the labor market regulation for most component indicators (very few economies indicators are excluded). For starting a business, for need 700 days to complete the procedures to start a example, New Zealand has the smallest number of business, but many need 9 days), the worst performance procedures required (1), and New Zealand the shortest is calculated after the removal of outliers. The definition time to fulfill them (0.5 days). Slovenia has the lowest of outliers is based on the distribution for each cost (0.0), and Australia, Colombia and 111 other component indicator. To simplify the process two rules economies have no paid-in minimum capital were defined: the 95th percentile is used for the requirement (table 14.1 in the Doing Business 2017 indicators with the most dispersed distributions report). (including minimum capital, number of payments to pay taxes, and the time and cost indicators), and the 99th Calculation of the distance to frontier score percentile is used for number of procedures. No outlier is Calculating the distance to frontier score for each removed for component indicators bound by definition economy involves two main steps. In the first step or construction, including legal index scores (such as the individual component indicators are normalized to a depth of credit information index, extent of conflict of common unit where each of the 41 component interest regulation index and strength of insolvency indicators y (except for the total tax rate) is rescaled framework index) and the recovery rate (figure 14.1 in using the linear transformation (worst − y)/(worst − the Doing Business 2017 report). frontier). In this formulation the frontier represents the In the second step for calculating the distance to frontier best performance on the indicator across all economies score, the scores obtained for individual indicators for since 2005 or the third year in which data for the each economy are aggregated through simple averaging indicator were collected. Both the best performance and into one distance to frontier score, first for each topic the worst performance are established every five years and then across all 10 topics: starting a business, dealing based on the Doing Business data for the year in which with construction permits, getting electricity, registering they are established, and remain at that level for the five property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, years regardless of any changes in data in interim years. paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts Thus an economy may set the frontier for an indicator and resolving insolvency. More complex aggregation methods—such as principal components and unobserved components—yield a ranking nearly Doing Business 2017 Romania 112 identical to the simple average used by Doing Business2. The nonlinear transformation is not based on any Thus Doing Business uses the simplest method: economic theory of an “optimal tax rate” that minimizes weighting all topics equally and, within each topic, giving distortions or maximizes efficiency in an economy’s equal weight to each of the topic components 3. overall tax system. Instead, it is mainly empirical in nature. The nonlinear transformation along with the An economy’s distance to frontier score is indicated on a threshold reduces the bias in the indicator toward scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst economies that do not need to levy significant taxes on performance and 100 the frontier. All distance to frontier companies like the Doing Business standardized case calculations are based on a maximum of five decimals. study company because they raise public revenue in However, indicator ranking calculations and the ease of other ways—for example, through taxes on foreign doing business ranking calculations are based on two companies, through taxes on sectors other than decimals. manufacturing or from natural resources (all of which are The difference between an economy’s distance to outside the scope of the methodology). In addition, it frontier score in any previous year and its score in 2017 acknowledges the need of economies to collect taxes illustrates the extent to which the economy has closed from firms. the gap to the regulatory frontier over time. And in any Calculation of scores for economies with 2 cities given year the score measures how far an economy is covered from the best performance at that time. For each of the 11 economies in which Doing Business Treatment of the total tax rate collects data for the second largest business city as well The total tax rate component of the paying taxes as the largest one, the distance to frontier score is indicator set enters the distance to frontier calculation in calculated as the population-weighted average of the a different way than any other indicator. The distance to distance to frontier scores for these two cities (table frontier score obtained for the total tax rate is 13.1). This is done for the aggregate score, the scores for transformed in a nonlinear fashion before it enters the each topic and the scores for all the component distance to frontier score for paying taxes. As a result of indicators for each topic. the nonlinear transformation, an increase in the total tax rate has a smaller impact on the distance to frontier score for the total tax rate—and therefore on the distance to frontier score for paying taxes—for economies with a below-average total tax rate than it would have had before this approach was adopted in Doing Business 2015 (line B is smaller than line A in figure 14.2 of the Doing Business 2017 report). And for economies with an extreme total tax rate (a rate that is very high relative to the average), an increase has a greater impact on both these distance to frontier scores than it would have had before (line D is bigger than line C in figure 14.2 of the Doing Business 2017 report). 2 See Djankov, Manraj and others (2005). Principal components and unobserved components methods yield a ranking nearly identical to that from the simple average method because both these methods assign roughly equal weights to the topics, since the pairwise correlations among indicators do not differ much. An alternative to the simple average method is to give different weights to the topics, depending on which are considered of more or less importance in the context of a specific economy. 3 For getting credit, indicators are weighted proportionally, according to their contribution to the total score, with a weight of 60% assigned to the strength of legal rights index and 40% to the depth of credit information index. Indicators for all other topics are assigned equal weights Doing Business 2017 Romania 113 Table 13.1 Weights used in calculating the distance to the most. First, it selects the economies that in 2015/16 frontier scores for economies with 2 cities covered implemented regulatory reforms making it easier to do business in 3 or more of the 10 topics included in this Economy City Weight (%) year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. Twenty-nine Dhaka 78 Bangladesh economies meet this criterion: Algeria; Azerbaijan; Chittagong 22 São Paulo 61 Bahrain; Belarus; Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Brazil Rio de Janeiro 39 Côte d’Ivoire; Georgia; India; Indonesia; Kazakhstan; Shanghai 55 Kenya; Madagascar; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; China Beijing 45 Pakistan; Poland; Senegal; Serbia; Singapore; Thailand; Mumbai 47 Togo; Uganda; the United Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan and India Delhi 53 Vanuatu. Second, Doing Business sorts these economies Jakarta 78 Indonesia on the increase in their distance to frontier score from Surabaya 22 Tokyo 65 the previous year using comparable data. Japan Osaka 35 Mexico City 83 Selecting the economies that implemented regulatory Mexico Monterrey 17 reforms in at least three topics and had the biggest Lagos 77 improvements in their distance to frontier scores is Nigeria Kano 23 intended to highlight economies with ongoing, broad- Karachi 65 based reform programs. The improvement in the Pakistan Lahore 35 distance to frontier score is used to identify the top Moscow 70 Russian Federation improvers because this allows a focus on the absolute St. Petersburg 30 improvement—in contrast with the relative improvement New York 60 United States Los Angeles 40 shown by a change in rankings—that economies have made in their regulatory environment for business. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD- ROM/Default.aspx. Ease of Doing Business ranking The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190. Economies that improved the most across 3 or more The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the Doing Business topics in 2015/16 aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to 2 Doing Business 2017 uses a simple method to calculate decimals. which economies improved the ease of doing business Doing Business 2017 Romania 114 RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE Current features Law library News on the Doing Business project Online collection of business laws and regulations http://www.doingbusiness.org relating to business http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library Rankings How economies rank—from 1 to 190 Contributors http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings More than 12,500 specialists in 190 economies who participate in Doing Business Data http://www.doingbusiness.org/contributors/doing- All the data for 190 economies—topic rankings, business indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators Entrepreneurship data http://www.doingbusiness.org/data Data on business density (number of newly registered companies per 1,000 working-age Reports people) for 136 economies Access to Doing Business reports as well as http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/ent subnational and regional reports, case studies and repreneurship customized economy and regional profiles http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports Distance to frontier Data benchmarking 190 economies to the frontier in Methodology regulatory practice and a distance to frontier The methodologies and research papers underlying calculator Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/distance-to- http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology frontier Research Information on good practices Abstracts of papers on Doing Business topics and Showing where the many good practices identified related policy issues by Doing Business have been adopted http://www.doingbusiness.org/research http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/good-practice Doing Business reforms Short summaries of DB2017 business regulation reforms and lists of reforms since DB2008 http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms Historical data Customized data sets since DB2004 http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query Doing Business 2017 Romania 115