95963 Cover Credit: Logan Abassi/UN, 2011. OCHA and UNOPS Join Forces to Build Classrooms in Haiti IDP Camp © 2014 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Email: nharild@worldbank.org. Web site: www.worldbank.org/forced-displacement All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. With Thanks to GPFD Partners Special thanks and appreciation are extended to the bilateral partners, UN agencies, NGOs and research institutions with whom the Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) engages regularly as part of its informal network. Financial support is provided by Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, and Canada. Other partners include: Danish Refugee Council (DRC), European Union Development and Cooperation (EU DEVCO), FAFO, Finland, Germany, International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Japan, Joint IDP Profiling Service (JIPS), the Netherlands, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Refugee Studies Centre (RSC), Sweden, the United Kingdom, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and United States Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM). Acknowledgements This report was produced by the Global Program on Forced Displacement of the World Bank. The report was authored by Cordelia Chesnutt (World Bank, Junior Professional Officer), with support from Asger Christensen (Senior Consultant, World Bank), Nodoka Hasegawa (World Bank, Junior Professional Officer) and Jordanka Tomkova (Consultant, World Bank). Joanna de Berry (Senior Social Development Specialist) provided comments and Yonatan Yehdego Araya (Consultant, World Bank) and Kanishka Balasuriya (Consultant, World Bank) provided background analysis. Niels Harild (Manager, Global Program on Forced Displacement, World Bank) oversaw the work alongside Bernard Harborne (Lead, Social Cohesion and Violence Prevention, World Bank). The report was formatted by Danielle Christophe (Consultant, World Bank). Input was provided by World Bank Country Offices and sectors. Contents With Thanks to GPFD Partners ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Operational Support: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Partnerships: ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Analytical Work: ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Moving Forward: .....................................................................................................................................................................................10 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................11 2. Operational Support ................................................................................................................................................................................13 2.1 Examples of Operational Support ............................................................................................................................................15 Case: Central African Republic ....................................................................................................................................................15 Case: Colombia ....................................................................................................................................................................................16 Case: Cote d’Ivoire .............................................................................................................................................................................16 Case: Darfur..........................................................................................................................................................................................17 Case: DRC ..............................................................................................................................................................................................17 Case: Mauritania ................................................................................................................................................................................18 Case: The Sahel ...................................................................................................................................................................................19 Case: Mali ..............................................................................................................................................................................................21 Case: Somalia .......................................................................................................................................................................................21 Case: South Sudan .............................................................................................................................................................................22 Case: Syria crisis.................................................................................................................................................................................24 3. Partnerships .............................................................................................................................................................................................25 3.1 Internal Partnerships .....................................................................................................................................................................26 CAS Baseline Review ........................................................................................................................................................................26 3.2 External Partnerships ....................................................................................................................................................................27 Transitional Solutions Initiative .................................................................................................................................................29 4. Analytical Work .........................................................................................................................................................................................31 Political Economy Analysis of Forced Displacement ...............................................................................................................32 1 Information Profiles on Displacement ...........................................................................................................................................32 Impact and Cost Study – Application ..............................................................................................................................................32 Livelihoods Analysis ..............................................................................................................................................................................32 Human Rights and Displacement Analysis ..................................................................................................................................33 World Development Report 2014 on Risk and Opportunity ...............................................................................................33 Housing, Land and Property Note ....................................................................................................................................................33 Gender ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................34 Social Inclusion Flagship Report ......................................................................................................................................................34 The Triggers and Sustainability of Refugee Return .................................................................................................................34 Urban Displacement...............................................................................................................................................................................35 5. Knowledge Dissemination ....................................................................................................................................................................36 Pilot workshop in Uganda on implementing the Kampala Convention ....................................................................37 6. Trends and Lessons Learned ..............................................................................................................................................................38 6.1 Increasing interest in FCS and forced displacement within the World Bank .......................................................39 6.2 Increased demand for GPFD’s services ..................................................................................................................................40 6.3 Collaborating with CCSD is critical ..........................................................................................................................................41 7. Moving Forward........................................................................................................................................................................................42 7.1 Raise awareness of the development aspects of forced displacement ....................................................................43 7.2 Expand operational support .......................................................................................................................................................43 7.3 Complete the thematic analytical portfolio ..........................................................................................................................44 7.4 Strengthen knowledge dissemination ....................................................................................................................................44 7.5 Improve Monitoring & Evaluation ...........................................................................................................................................44 8. GPFD Resource Management ..............................................................................................................................................................45 8.1 Income & Expenditure ...................................................................................................................................................................46 8.2 Staff Changes ......................................................................................................................................................................................46 8.3 Resource Mobilization ...................................................................................................................................................................46 ANNEX 1: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................47 GPFD Activities and Results Tracking Tables ...................................................................................................................................47 2 ANNEX 2: Displacement Statistics ............................................................................................................................................................50 ANNEX 3: Displacement Profiles by GPFD ANNEX 4: World Bank Great Lakes Announcement .........................................................................................................................59 Literature ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................63 3 Acronyms AAA: Analytical and Advisory (activities of the WB) AFR: World Bank Africa Region AFTCS: World Bank Fragile States, Conflict & Social Development Unit in Africa AU: African Union BNPP: Bank-Netherlands Partnership Programme BPRM: United States Department of State Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration CAS: World Bank Country Assistance Strategy CBO: Community Based Organization CCSD: Global Center for Conflict, Security and Development CD: World Bank Country Director CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency CMU: World Bank Country Management Unit CPS: World Bank Country Partnership Strategy DEVCO: EU Development and Cooperation DRC: Danish Refugee Council DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo DRR: Disaster Risk Reduction EAP: World Bank East Asia Pacific Region ECA: World Bank Europe and Central Asia Region ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ESIA: Economic and Social Impact Assessment ESW: World Bank Economic Sector Work EU: European Union FCS: Fragile and Conflict Affected Situations FCV: Fragile, Conflict and Violence GFDRR: Global Facility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery GPFD: Global Program on Forced Displacement IDA: International Development Association 4 ILO: International Labour Organization IMF: International Monetary Fund IRC: International Rescue Committee ISN: World Bank Interim Strategy Note JESSRP: Jordan Emergency Services and Social Resilience Project JSDF: Japan Social Development Fund JIPS: Joint IDP Profiling Service KTFEP: Korean Economic and Peacebuilding Transitions Trust Fund LAC: World Bank Latin America-Caribbean Region LGSD: Local Governance and Service Delivery MDGs: Millennium Development Goals MDTF: Multi Donor Trust Fund MENA: Middle East and North Africa Region MTR: Mid Term Review NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NRC: Norwegian Refugee Council NTF: Nordic Trust Fund OCHA: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OPCFC: World Bank Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group PCAP: Post-Conflict Assistance Project PREM: World Bank Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RF: Results Framework SAR: World Bank South Asia Region SCVP: Social Cohesion & Violence Prevention cluster, World Bank Social Development Department SDN, SDV: World Bank Sustainable Development Network, World Bank Social Development Department SF: Strategic Framework SPF State and Peacebuilding Fund SIDA: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency TA: Technical Assistance TSI: Transitions Solutions Initiative UNDP: United Nations Development Programme 5 UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USAID: United States Agency for International Development WDR: World Development Report WFP: World Food Programme 6 Executive Summary This report covers the period 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2013. During 2012, forced displacement of people by armed conflict or other forms of violence affected 44.2 million people comprising 28.8 million Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and 15.2 million refugees. Compared with 2011, IDPs increased with 2.4 million, and reached the highest figure ever recorded, which is mainly attributed to the conflicts in Syria and the 1 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Most of the displaced are in situations of protracted displacement 2 that have lasted more than five years, and even when they are able to find solutions through return, integration in situ or elsewhere, this does not in itself ensure durable (re)integration. Adding to these figures, new conflicts in the Central African Republic (CAR) and South Sudan have displaced hundreds of thousands of people towards the end of 2013. The objective of the Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) is to improve the contribution of the World Bank and other key actors to an enhanced development response to forced displacement that supports economically and socially sustainable solutions. While the goal and purpose of GPFD remain unchanged, the program has refined its strategy during the reporting period to focus more on operational results and documentation, consolidation of partnerships, application of knowledge, and strengthening of dissemination. Operational Support: During the reporting period, GPFD experienced an increasing demand for its services within the Bank, particularly in the last six months of 2013. Highlights of its operational support activities during the reporting period include:  Colombia: Upon request from the LAC region, GPFD supported the Bank team in Colombia in assisting the Government with implementation of the Victims Reparations Law through: (i) a State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) grant, and (ii) future small-scale pilots targeting violence prevention, citizen security, reconciliation and land restitution.  DRC: GPFD provided input to the Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) and operational support to the design of a $75 million “Eastern Recovery Project” and associated SPF grant in the DRC. This project is to improve local governance, support local mechanisms for conflict resolution, and promote viable livelihoods and employment generation. As a result of GPFD engagement with the project team, attention to forced displacement permeates project design, and opportunities for employment will be tailored to the situation to ensure that displaced people have access to project-financed activities.  Mauritania: GPFD supported project preparation for the $3 million "Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host Communities in the Senegal River Valley Project". 1UNHCR Refugee Figures; IDMC Global Overview 2012. UNHCR and IDMC publish figures at the end of every year, and so the latest aggregate numbers available to GPFD are those for 2012 2UNHCR identifies a major protracted refugee situation as one where more than 25,000 refugees have been in exile for more than five years. Source: Loescher, Milner, “Understanding the Challenge – Main Feature: Protracted Displacement”, Forced Migration Review No. 33, September 2009 7  MENA: GPFD managed an SPF grant for Lebanon and Jordan, involving piloting support to communities hosting displaced. In addition, GPFD was part of the task team that designed the Bank’s expanded dialogue with the Jordanian and Lebanese Governments. This resulted in a $150 million loan to Jordan to offset expenditures related to displacement, as well as a $50 million grant operation that will invest in local institution building to increase capacity and build community resilience.  Regional strategies: GPFD was asked to contribute to the Bank’s regional strategies for the Sahel, the Great Lakes, and the Horn of Africa. In parallel, the team designed assessments of the displacement and development landscape in these regions in partnership with UNHCR and Bank teams. The assessment for the Sahel was completed, and recommendations are now being discussed with country teams to shape the Bank’s portfolio. Following finalization of the report, GPFD has engaged with project teams, including the Mali Reconstruction and Economic Recovery team (see box below), as well as with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), regarding its regional strategy and ways to address forced displacement. Similarly, GPFD is strongly engaged with the regional work in the Great Lakes and the Horn regions, both in terms of contributing to the Bank’s strategies moving forward, as well as informing operational design, based on analysis regarding the development challenges of forced displacement. Analytical work on the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa is ongoing. A $100 million livelihoods operation in the Great Lakes is currently being conceptualized, which will have a strong emphasis on displacement. In Mali, GPFD is working with colleagues from the Bank’s Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network (PREM) on a poverty mapping survey, using mobile phone interviews to track the welfare of (returning) refugees and IDPs.  Somalia: GPFD undertook a political economy analysis (PEA) of displacement in Somalia and supported the country team with input to a range of strategies and policy notes in connection with the New Deal process.  South Sudan: Ongoing advice was provided to the South Sudan country team, including a study on displacement and development to inform operations and other analytical work. This work will be updated in line with the changing situation on the ground.  Sudan: With support from GPFD, the Sudan country team obtained $3 million from the SPF to start the Transitional Solutions Initiative (TSI) operation in east Sudan. Partnerships: GPFD continued to engage with partners both within and outside the Bank during the reporting period, including bilaterals, UN agencies, and NGOs. Within the Bank, GPFD strengthened its partnership with the Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development (CCSD) by seconding a staff member to Nairobi to strengthen GPFD’s capacity to respond to client requests for operational experience and targeted advice . GPFD staff attended multiple conferences on displacement, including those on urban displacement in 3 Copenhagen, the Transitional Solutions Initiative in the Hague, and UNHCR’s Sixth High Commissioner’s 3 The Humanitarian Policy Group/Ministry of Foreign Affairs Denmark, “Urban displacement and development: moving the debate forward”, 7 - 8 February 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark 8 4 Dialogue on Internal Displacement, as well as Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Person, Chaloka Beyani’s, annual stock take meeting in Geneva. Analytical Work: GPFD focused on the following analytical topics during the reporting period:  Human rights, displacement and development: This study was finalized in partnership with the African Union (AU) and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) with funding from the Nordic Trust Fund (NTF). The piece explored how development actors can help implement the Kampala Convention on displacement in Africa, now that it has entered into force.  Livelihoods: The analytical work on Livelihood Support for Displaced Persons: A New Approach continued. It has received positive feedback from practitioners within the Bank and will be further refined to include operational guidelines during FY14.  Political Economy Analysis: With funds from the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Programme (BNPP), 7 PEAs on forced displacement (Casamance, Cote d’Ivoire, DRC, Liberia, Somalia, South Sudan and Zimbabwe) were completed, and engagement continues with country teams on their validation and future operational use.  Impact and costs: The method developed on social and economic impact assessment of forced displacement was applied in Jordan in connection with the displacement from Syria. Lessons were taken into account as the Bank prepared the Lebanon “Economic and Social Impact Assessment of the Syrian Conflict”.  Thematic notes: Analytical work was initiated on crosscutting themes that included housing, land and property, urban development, and gender.  Refugee return: In response to a request from one of the World Bank ’s regions, GPFD initiated a report on “what triggers refugee return and what makes it sustainable?”  Major Bank publications: GPFD contributed to the World Development Report 2014 on Risk and Opportunity and the Social Development Department’s (SDV) flagship report, Inclusion Matters, to ensure that forced displacement was appropriately reflected. Dissemination: GPFD pursued knowledge dissemination activities during the reporting period. As the report on Human Rights, Displacement and Development was finalized, events were organized to present results, including targeted presentations in Washington DC and a larger conference in Entebbe, Uganda. This conference was organized in collaboration with the African Union (AU), IDMC and the University of Bern, and featured wide participation from governments, bilateral partners, and NGOs in the region. GPFD further 5 disseminated findings at a panel presentation with the Brookings Institution in Washington , for audio click here. The Sahel displacement study, undertaken jointly with UNHCR, was disseminated within the Bank and with bilateral, UN partners and ECOWAS. Overall, the program’s visibility was strengthened through updates to the SDV website, departmental e-newsletters, as well as the design of a new GPFD logo. 4UNHCR, The Sixth High Commissioner’s Dialogue on Protection Challenges: Internal Displacement,11 -12 December 2013, Palais des Nations, Geneva 5 Brookings Institution, “The Kampala Convention on Internal Displacement in Africa: A Human Rights Milestone”, March 26, 2013 9 Moving Forward: In line with the World Bank’s increasing focus on Fragile and Conflict Affected States (FCS), GPFD is witnessing higher demand for its services, particularly in the Middle East and Africa. In Africa, GPFD has been asked to be involved in the development of the three regional strategies for the Sahel, Great Lakes, and the Horn. In the Middle East and North Africa, responses to the Syrian crisis and its high level of displacement take center stage. GPFD will continue to develop its global and country specific analytical work and design training tools. Planned analytical and operational cross-support activities are centered on: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, DRC, Mali, and the Philippines. GPFD expects to strengthen its results monitoring activities by updating the portfolio review of World Bank activities addressing forced displacement; continuing to develop a results framework table, and by identifying of results indicators on forced displacement that can easily be used into operations. Overall, GPFD will try to maintain its flexible approach so that it is able to respond to three types of operational situations: (i) crises, (ii) protracted displacement situations, and (ii) return or displacement situations where solutions have been found or are emerging. In order to do so effectively, however, GPFD will be in need for greater capacity and financial resources, particularly in light of drastically increasing demand for its services within the Bank and from partners. As this annual report was being finalized, the Mid-Term Review (MTR) of the GPFD was taking place, and the final output is anticipated for the second quarter of 2014. Key takeaways from both the annual report and the MTR will be shared with partners at the Annual Meeting in Copenhagen, scheduled for April 2014. 10 1. Introduction Photo: Fred Noy/ UN, 2006 11 During 2012, forced displacement – meaning the situation of people displaced by armed conflict or other forms of violence - affected 44.2 million people, including 28.8 million Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and 15.2 million refugees. This represents an increase of 2.4 million IDPs vis-à-vis 2011 and the highest figure ever recorded, mainly due to the conflicts in Syria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). 6 Most of the displaced are in situations of protracted displacement that have lasted more than five years, 7 and even when they are able to find solutions through return, integration in situ or elsewhere, this does not ensure durable (re)integration. Adding to these figures, new conflicts in the Central African Republic (CAR) and South Sudan have displaced hundreds of thousands of people towards the end of 2013. The Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) was established in 2009 to improve the contribution of the World Bank and key development actors to an enhanced response to forced displacement that supports economically and socially sustainable solutions. The program was set up by the Bank’s Social Development Department (SDV) and has an eight-year time frame. In line with the program’s overarching objective, GPFD pursues four core lines of activity: i) Operational support: to strengthen the World Bank’s and international partners’ responsiveness to existing and arising forced displacement scenarios; ii) Partnerships: with governments, multilateral organizations, donors, academic institutions and NGOs; iii) Analytical work: country/regional or thematic analytical work; and iv) Knowledge dissemination: to share operational approaches and lessons learned from analytical activities. Displacement can have negative development impacts, affecting human and social capital, economic growth, poverty reduction, MDGs, and environmental sustainability. At the same time, displacement can have positive effects when the displaced are able to develop skills and coping mechanisms in situ and contribute to economic growth. Both in protracted displacement and when solutions emerge, developmental responses become critical to address the needs of the displaced and their host or return communities. These needs include (i) access to land, property and housing; (ii) livelihoods; (iii) services delivery; and (iv) accountable and responsive governance. GPFD works on the following three categories of displacement situations: (i) Emerging crises, (ii) Protracted displacement, and (ii) Situations where solutions have been found whether in displacement or return situations. The following sections provide an overview of GPFD’s key achievements and activities for the 8 reporting period. 6UNHCR Refugee Figures; IDMC Global Overview 2012. UNHCR and IDMC publish figures at the end of every year, and so the latest aggregate numbers available to GPFD are those for 2012 7UNHCR identifies a major protracted refugee situation as one where more than 25,000 refugees have been in exile for more than five years. Source: Loescher, Milner, “Understanding the Challenge – Main Feature: Protracted Displacement”, Forced Migration Review No. 33, September 2009 8 The Activities and Results Tracking Table in Annex 1 served as one way of tracking the program’s results in the reporting period 12 2. Operational Support Photo: Stephanie Hollyman/ UN, 2003 13 Informing operations and thereby ensuring that the Bank and its partners adequately respond to development challenges linked to global forced displacement issues is one of GPFD’s top priorities. While GPFD’s limited staff size and resources allows it only on an exceptional basis to implement operations, GPFD helps strengthen strategies and operations by other units within the Bank to address displacement by providing technical assistance (TA) in addition to analytical work. Its TA involves strategic advice and inputs during: (i) operational missions; (ii) project design and implementation, (iii) drafting of Country Assistance Strategies (CASs)/Interim Strategy Notes (ISNs), (iv) preparations of poverty assessments and PRSPs, and (v) mobilization of resources and partners to facilitate programs addressing the needs of the displaced. Figure 1: GPFD Hotspot Map of Activities9 During the reporting period, GPFD provided TA to 7 operations in the design stages and participated in over 8 field assessments during project scoping and identification. Highlights include:  Participation in a joint mission with World Bank Fragile States, Conflict & Social Development Unit in Africa (AFTCS) to assess a possible project on forced displacement in the Central African Republic;  In Colombia, GPFD provided substantial support to the Country team to prepare a State and Peace Building Fund (SPF) project proposal at the request of Colombian government on implementation of the Victims’ Reparations Law;  In response to the Syrian crisis, GPFD was part of the core planning team of the Jordan Emergency Services and Social Resilience Project (JESSRP) that aimed to address the strains on municipalities regarding local public service delivery to refugees as well as host communities, who are increasingly becoming adversely affected by the crisis. 9This hotspot map reflects geographic areas of GPFD engagement during FY13, i.e. 1 July 2012- 30 June 2013. The map was prepared by Nodoka Hasegawa, World Bank 2014. 14 GPFD’s work affects all of the Bank’s regions. During the reporting period, the greatest proportion of GPFD’s Figure 2: GPFD Activities by Region workload was focused on addressing forced displacement issues in Africa (46%), while work on the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) took Global & up 18%. GPFD’s engagement in these regions involved Regional Europe & 16% country-specific issues as well as cross-border and Central Asia 10 Africa regional initiatives. 10% 46% Latin In Africa, displacement issues in the DRC, South America Sudan, and Mali demanded the highest intensity of 6% Middle East East Asia & & North GPFD’s attention. In the Middle East and North Pacific Africa Africa region, the perpetuation of the Syrian 3% 18% South Asia conflict and continued flow of displaced people to 1% surrounding countries led to request from governments for Bank support to mitigate the impact on host communities in Jordan and Lebanon. As the Bank initiated regional approaches in Africa, GPFD provided strategic and design inputs to address forced displacement issues in the Sahel, the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa regions. 2.1 Examples of Operational Support The following section presents 11 cases of work that GPFD has been involved in during the reporting period: Case: Central African Republic As part of the collaboration with the Africa Region’s Post -Conflict and Social Development Unit (AFTCS), GPFD has been working on developing an approach for an operation designed to address the needs of IDPs and returnees in the northwestern part of CAR (Ouham and Ouham-Pendé prefectures). Before the recent crisis, most of the displacement in Ouham and Ouham-Pendé happened between 2005 and 2007, during the rebellion where the assault of the presidential guard against rebels left hundreds of villages burned. Criminal gangs known as coupeurs de route or zaraguina as well as conflict between agricultural communities and pastoralists have also been causing displacement. GPFD took part in an AFTCS mission that visited CAR in September 2012 to assess the situation of the displaced and returnees and to meet with government officials, humanitarian and development agencies working in the two prefectures. Following the mission, an approach was prepared. However, due to the volatile security situation in CAR, the project is still on hold. 10Calculations with regard to GPFD’s workload and distributions across regions are based on the figures in Annex 1: GPFD Activi ties and Results Tracking Tables 15 Case: Colombia The five decades of civil war between the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), emergent paramilitary groups and government forces exacted a heavy toll on the Colombian people, the domestic economy, and rural development. The protracted armed violence was a key driver in the internal displacement that currently affects up to 5 million Colombians, or over 10% of the population. The poor, rural and ethnic minority populations have been disproportionately affected. In 2011, the Government of Colombia (GoC) passed an ambitious Victims’ and Land Restitution Law that establishes a comprehensive set of individual and collective reparation measures to victims. These include land and financial restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, psycho-social support and guarantees of non-repetition. Since 2012, GPFD has been engaging with and extending its technical assistance to the Victims’ Unit which is responsible for the implementation of the Victims’ Law. During the reporting period, GPFD’s support to the Government intensified in parallel to the unfolding peace talks between FARC and the GoC. If successful, these talks will have the opportunity to end one of the world’s longest civil wars. The implementation of victims’ restitution entitlements is an important element. Understanding the magnitude and complexity of this task, the GoC has requested the World Bank for an expanded package of technical assistance. In response, the World Bank Country Team, with inputs from GPFD, has developed a package of Programmatic Knowledge Services (PKS). Based on an inter-sectoral approach, the PKS will promote sustainable implementation practices that learn from small-scale pilots that target violence prevention, citizen security, reconciliation and land restitution. In addition, a proposal for a 2-year project, developed by the GPFD, was approved in June 2013 by the State and Peace-Building Fund, which will play a catalytic role in this programmatic approach. Case: Cote d’Ivoire To respond to a pressing need of addressing internal displacement after the 2011 post-electoral crisis in Cote d’Ivoire, the IDA-funded Post-Conflict Assistance Project (PCAP; US$120 million) initiated a sub- project known as the Projet d’Urgence pour le Retour des Personnes Déplacées Internes (PUR-PDI). Specifically targeting IDPs and those communities with a high concentration of Credit: World Bank Photo/2013. Houses for returnees being constructed in returnees, the PUR-PDI Niambly (Western Cote d’Ivoire) by the community in the context of local focuses on: (i) reconstructing social-cohesion projects (source: www.papc.ci) and rehabilitating community infrastructure to facilitate access to basic social services; (ii) strengthening social cohesion through local peace committees to foster reconciliation and manage local tensions such as recurrent land conflicts; and (iii) providing employment through labor-intensive public works and 16 income-generating activities for vulnerable populations. The holistic approach to the challenges of return - social infrastructures; reconciliation and cohesion; and economic opportunities - has proven an efficient mechanism to date. A similar model is being expanded in other fragile areas of the country through an additional financing (US$30 million) approved December 2013. The preparation of this operation benefited from the support and engagement of the GPFD team, which sustained a focus on the return of displaced people as a key target beneficiary group. Case: Darfur As part of its country support work, CCSD has been closely working with the Sudan Country Team on Darfur. In the run up to the Doha Conference, which took place in April 2013, the CCSD prepared the following documents: (i) an analysis of conflict and fragility in Darfur; and (ii) draft the World Bank strategy for Darfur. Both documents were prepared with GPFD’s input, which focused on highlighting the extent of the protracted displacement in Darfur, its development implications, and the need for addressing internal displacement as part of the efforts to address conflict and fragility in Darfur. GPFD also took part in the CCSD assessment in the Sudan in February 2013, which had the aim of conducting research that informed the preparation of the above-mentioned documents. Case: DRC The Bank's Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for FY2013-16 rests on the fundamental reality that business as usual is not an option for a country that will have the world’s eleventh largest population in 2050, and that is facing the challenges of stabilization and peace consolidation in its eastern provinces. In recognition of these challenges, one of the four goals of the CAS is to support “the country's transition out of fragility, with a focus on addressing the developmental deficits that help to perpetuate violence and conflicts in the eastern provinces”.11 Conflict has had a profound social and economic impact since the late 1990s. While disaggregated and accurate development indicators are difficult to obtain, available data points to the persistence of severe disruptions in livelihoods and basic services for a significant proportion of this population. In such a context of extreme fragility, there is significant potential for new forms of conflict and violence to emerge. Displaced populations are particularly vulnerable. At present, it is estimated that about 2.7 million people are displaced, up from 1 million in 2006, including 400,000 who live as refugees in neighboring countries. The displaced face tremendous challenges during displacement and upon their return. They can also constitute potential triggers for further conflict as they represent additional claims on available resources, and are vulnerable to recruitment into armed groups. The main operation under the CAS fourth pillar is the Eastern Recovery Project, a US$79 million grant that aims at improving community resilience through the expansion of socioeconomic opportunities and 11 The other three goals are: (i) increase the effectiveness of the state at the center and at decentralized levels and improve good governance while strengthening the development impact of World Bank operations; (ii) boost the competitiveness of the economy by accelerating private-sector-led growth that will create jobs; and (iii) improve social service delivery to raise human development indicators. Gender and climate change are treated as cross-cutting issues and are addressed through the above four strategic objectives as relevant 17 strengthening local conflict management capacities. 12 Given the large size of the displaced population and their particularly vulnerable situation, project design required a strong focus on forced displacement. Early on in the preparation cycle, therefore, the project team turned to GPFD for help. GPFD responded in two main ways: a) It consistently responded to requests for just-in-time technical advice, with its staff always ready to discuss approaches, give suggestions, retrieve information, provide data and useful contacts; b) It identified and financed a consultant with in-depth knowledge of the political economy landscape in eastern DRC who was able to join project preparation missions in the field. According to the Bank Task manager of the project, it is not an exaggeration to say that the Eastern Recovery Project would have looked considerably different if GPFD had not been there, and it would not have been possible to present it to the World Bank Board of Directors for approval in record time. Preparation missions were better planned and more productive because of the advice and information received from GPFD staff and consultant. Attention to forced displacement permeates project design and it is particularly explicit in the employment creation and livelihood component. Thus, opportunities for temporary employment or vocational training will be tailored to the IDPs situation to ensure that they have access to project-financed activities and services but in a way that does not create tensions with host communities (e.g., IDPs will only be offered vocational training for occupations that do not require permanent settings, such as tailoring or brick-laying). Arrangements for monitoring and evaluation will make it possible to track the project ability to reach displaced populations. According to the DRC project task manager, considering the global magnitude of forced displacement and the specific needs of the displaced, it is crucial for the World Bank to have a repository of knowledge on the issue, with two main responsibilities: (a) to raise awareness about the risks of ignoring displacement as well as the challenges in addressing it, and (b) to support teams in designing and implementing win- win projects, that is, projects that improve the situation of IDPs and refugees without any real or perceived collateral damage for the host community. Case: Mauritania GPFD has collaborated with the Bank’s Fragile States, Conflict & Social Development Unit in Africa (AFTCS) on project preparation for the "Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Sustainable Livelihoods for Returnees and Host Communities in the Senegal River Valley Project” since the third quarter of 2011. Building on an in-depth study and information gathering on the conditions of the returnee and local communities in the Senegal River Valley carried out by AFTCS in 2012, AFTCS and GPFD designed and co- funded an identification mission to Mauritania that took place in late September 2012. This mission designed the project to assess and develop a clear understanding of the situation of returnees in Mauritania and identify opportunities for Bank involvement to address development needs of returned Afro-Mauritanians. 12 Community resilience is defined as the sustained ability of a community to utilize available resources to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations. It is therefore linked to access to socio-economic infrastructures, livelihoods and social cohesion 18 Based on this identification mission the SPF (State Peace and Building Fund) and the JSDF (Japanese Social Development Fund) were both approached to receive some funds to prepare an operation. While the SPF project is still under development (due to a current gap of funds for its preparation), the JSDF project has been signed with the government of Mauritania on February 18, 2014 for an amount of US$2.85 million. The project is being implemented by the Agence Tadamoun (Agence Nationale Tadamoun de Lutte contre les Séquelles de l'Esclavage, de l'Insertion et de Lutte contre la Pauvreté ) and, the overall Project Development Objective is to improve access to livelihood support for returnees and host communities and to enhance conflict prevention and risk management mechanisms in Brakna and Trarza in the Senegal River Valley area. The specific objectives are (i) to contribute to reducing food insecurity through support in the provision of production inputs for 3,830 households, with emphasis on women and youth, (ii) to enhance capacity for women and youth for 1,500 households, (iii) to establish and strengthen community-based organizations to work with communities to identify, develop, implement and evaluate their own community development plans; and (iv) to promote social cohesion efforts by strengthening 22 community structures on issues as local conflict prevention, risk management and participatory monitoring and evaluation. This exercise involved joint GPFD/AFTCS strategy development and technical work and is an example of the type of co-financing and technical assistance GPFD is involved in. The process was also one of strong partnership engagement, not only within the World Bank, but also involving UNHCR, WFP, local NGOs and provincial authorities in Trarza and Brakna. In addition, the project contributes to the achievement of the objectives of the cooperation strategy between Mauritania and the World Bank as reflected in the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Mauritania, 2013-2016, which includes several elements complementary to the support to returnees and local communities. Particularly Pillar 2 of the CPS Strategic Objectives, “Access to Basic Services and Resilience” focuses on employment creation for the poor and food security. Case: The Sahel An armed insurrection in northern Mali in January 2012, followed by a military coup, forced approximately 524,000 people from their homes. The crisis swelled brought the number of displaced in five countries of the Sahel, in Mauritania, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali and Chad, to an estimated 1.1 million. In November 2013, World Bank President Jim Yong Kim and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon traveled to several countries in the region. The proximate causes of the crisis in Mali stemmed from the revolution in Libya and the return it precipitated of hundreds of thousands of emigrants to their countries of origin in the Sahel. In the case of Mali, the return of militants led to the radicalization of the previously non-violent Tuareg liberation movement. The government concluded a ceasefire with the rebels last June, and internally displaced Malians have expressed a desire to return to their homes. As a first step toward reframing the problem of displacement, GPFD and UNHCR commissioned a study aimed at describing a policy framework for a regional policy dialogue and development planning that has the potential to yield durable solutions to displacement. This study informed the design of a World Bank program of reconstruction and economic recovery in Mali that was set to begin in December 2013 (see further information below). A key aim of the World Bank Group’s regional approach to the Sahel is to f orm partnerships with regional institutions and programs, including the Economic Commission of West African States, the Interstate 19 Committee to Combat Drought, and the Global Alliance for Resilience Initiative. These partnerships should lead to improved early warning systems for drought, floods and food security, improved drug treatment for tropical diseases and increased regional trade. The Sahel displacement study was finalized for publication in December 2013. The program is now conducting knowledge dissemination activities (including targeted presentations with key Bank staff and partners) to promote that operational recommendations are taken up by relevant stakeholders and streamlined into the Bank’s project pipeline. 13 Figures 3 and 4: Key displacement situations in the Sahel Fderik ! ❻ ❶ 26 000 Refugees Returned migrants Chad 87,189 MauritaniaAtar Niger 96,721 ! Akjoujt ! Tidjikdja ❺ Nouakchott ! 353,455 IDPs ! in Mali Faya ! ! Aleg Mali Timbuktu Niger Agadez Rosso Kiffa Ayoun El AtrousNema ! ! ! ! 75 261 ! Gao ! ! Kaedi ❸ ! Refugees ❷ Selibabi 2 692 Refugees ! Mopti ❹ Tahoua 47 000 Refugees ! 3 544 Returned migrants Chad Biltine Kayes Gorom Gorom ! ! Djibo ! Dori 3 000 Returned migrants ❼ Mao ! ! Zinder ! Abeche 12,000 Refugees in Mali 49 975 ! Niamey Maradi Bol ! 24,000 Returnees in Mauritania ! Segou ! ! Dosso ! ! Diffa ! Ati ❿ ! Refugees ! ! ! ! Bamako ! ! Ouagadougou ! ! ! ! ! ! Ndjamena Mongo Burkina Faso !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Bobo Dioulasso ! ! ❾ ! ! ! Am Timan ! ! ! ! ! Bongor 120 000 IDPs ! ! Lai 281 000 Refugees ! Sarh ! Moundou Doba ❽!! 79 000 Refugee Refugees population movement Refugee population movement IDP population IDP population movement movement Nationals forced Nationals to return forced to by events return by events Returnees Returnees 0 250 500 1,000 Kilometers 0 250 500 1,000 Kilometers 13The first map was prepared by Patrick Vinck (2013), Research Scientist from Harvard University. The second map was prepared by Bernhard Metz (2013), Consultant, World Bank 20 Case: Mali During 2013, GPFD undertook a regional study on forced displacement in the Sahel in partnership with UNHCR which has informed the design of “Reconstruction and Economic Recovery” in Mali that was approved by the Board on December 6, 2013. The objective of this project is to rehabilitate basic infrastructure and restore productive activities of communities impacted by the crisis. The study which included consultations with the displaced communities, government counterparts, development partners and a range of international and national NGOs, has provided pertinent and timely inputs for the design of this project. Overall, the regional displacement study has complemented the project team’s information and data sources, with an understanding of the extent of displacement within the country, the ethnic composition of the displaced, and the dynamics of post-displacement. The study’s insights on the causal factors leading to displacement, including structural factors like poor governance, and poverty; and the trust and service delivery deficits, have been very useful. This analysis also contributed to defining the potential investments from the project to meet the needs of the displaced people, including requirements to facilitate return, such as resumption of education and health services, reparation of water supply, and jump starting livelihoods including agriculture inputs support. The displaced people in Mali stand to benefit from two main investment components of the project, namely the rehabilitation of local public infrastructure in the three Northern regions and select host sites in the South, and support to productive investments in the North. The presence of these two factors in the potential return sites, the original place of the displaced, are considered critical in the decision of whether or not to move. Another important finding of the study, that the most willing to return are those who are among the poorer and vulnerable sections, and those who have exhausted their meager means while in displacement, provided an impetus for the project to focus on the resource poor and artisanal households and for investments to also meet their needs. As part of the community mobilization and engagement process, the displaced will have representation on Community Based Organizations (CBOs), and the more vulnerable groups, such as women and youth, will be supported to participate and benefit from the project. Given that many displaced will stay in the south of Mali creating a potentially protracted displacement situation, also corroborated by the study, investments under the project will also be made in the South to augment social service delivery that is currently stretched in the host community. The project begins implementation in December 2013. Case: Somalia As the World Bank starts reengaging in Somalia, GPFD has been providing support to the Somalia Country Team and sector teams working on Somalia. During the reporting period, GPFD has undertaken the following activities: i) Interim Strategy Note (ISN) for Somalia. GPFD provided the Somalia Country Team with inputs on forced displacement in Somalia and its development implications. The draft ISN reflects GPFD’s inputs. ii) A study on political economy of internal displacement in Somalia. In collaboration with two research firms, Tana Copenhagen and iDC in Kenya, GPFD conducted an assessment of the political 21 economy of internal displacement in Somalia. The assessment, which was finalized in May 2013, highlighted a number of findings, including the multitude of factors causing displacement; the protracted nature of displacement and the fact that the many of the long-term displaced have no intention of returning to their place of origin, but would prefer to remain in urban centers. Following this first report and in light of the opportunity presented by the Brussels Conference on Somalia, GPFD in consultation with the Bank’s Country team identified the need to conduct a deeper analysis of key emerging issues; and hence commissioned the second phase of the assessment. The overall aim of the assignment is to assist the World Bank to identify avenues of support to the Somali authorities (Somaliland, Puntland and South Central) with a view to addressing the issue of displacement from a development and durable solutions point of view. iii) SDN policy note on forced displacement in Somalia. In the absence of an IDA program and any substantial TF resources, one of the most pragmatic ways for the World Bank to provide a contribution to the new Somali Government is via short/focused policy notes to inform the government of the key issues they may wish to consider for the coming 6 months to 2 years. The Somalia Country Team requested various sector teams, including GPFD, to prepare short policy notes. GPFD prepared a policy note that focused on the following: i) background on forced displacement in Somalia; ii) key issues/development challenges; iii) rationale for addressing the challenges of forced displacement in Somalia; iv) relevant international experience; iv) proposed work plan: short- and medium-term interventions. The policy note was intended to provide the Somali Government with 'just-in-time' response that is based on global post-conflict experiences for them to consider. In addition to the policy note on displacement, GPFD provided inputs to the policy note on livestock and pastoral economy. Once the notes are completed, they will be used by the Somalia Country Team consider how the Bank can mainstream the issue of IDPs into programming, and also to advise government on developmental approaches to managing displacement. iv) New Deal engagement. On September 16, 2013, a landmark Conference on A New Deal for Somalia was held in Brussels, co-hosted by the Somali Federal Government and the European Union (EU), with participation from Somali regions, Members of Parliament and civil society, as well as international partners. The Conference endorsed a New Deal Compact and committed to support its implementation. The Compact is the result of an inclusive process to determine the priorities of Somalia for the next three years (2014-2016). The priorities and principles presented in the Compact were developed on the basis of consultations with citizens, at the national level and with international partners. The World Bank’s Somalia Country Team played a significant role in the preparation of the Compact. GPFD worked closely with the Somalia Country team to ensure that the Compact recognizes the issue of displacement and the need to address the development needs of IDPs and returning refugees. Case: South Sudan Local Governance and Service Delivery Project The Local Governance and Service Delivery project (LGSD) aims to support improvements in local governance and service delivery by simultaneously strengthening community engagement and local 22 government capacities in the planning, implementation and oversight of local development activities. With the analytic work14 and upstream advice undertaken and provided by the GPFD, the design of project activities were orientated to ensure that the displaced and returnees are included in community mobilization and consultation mechanisms and in the prioritization of project investments in service delivery and small scale infrastructure. The Fast Track Initiative implemented from August 2012 to September 2013 to fine-tune the community engagement approach and process provided an excellent platform to also ensure the inclusion of the displaced and returnees in the community mobilization process and as members on the Payam and Boma Development Committees. An evaluation workshop in June 2013 confirmed that the representation of displaced populations, including returnees, is taking place. In particular, their representation in the constitution of local government bodies has been ensured through guidelines issued by the Local Government Board, providing for representation of the displaced through defined committee quotas. The displaced people and returnees also actively contribute to setting priorities, in terms of which local infrastructure that is to be rehabilitated. The process for social and resource mapping focuses specifically on local conflict drivers and mitigation, and measures to enhance cohesion between the displaced and host communities. GPFD will continue to provide advice including bringing relevant global experiences to inform LGSD implementation as it is scaled up from the 4 States and 8 counties currently, to 10 states and 40 counties in the next four years. Safety Nets and Skills Development Project The South Sudan Safety Nets and Skills Development Project (SNSDP) aims to provide access to income opportunities and temporary employment to the poor and vulnerable and put in place building blocks for a social protection system in South Sudan. It will particularly target youth and women (including those in protracted displacement or have not been fully integrated) in poor households enabling them to have (i) short term monetary transfers linked to participation in public works, and (ii) access to livelihood opportunities through comprehensive skills development training comprised of technical, entrepreneurship and life skills. An inclusive and participatory process will be facilitated by NGOs, to identify the poorest and most vulnerable households to benefit from the Public Works component. Ongoing GPFD advice and support has informed the approach designed to identify beneficiaries to participate in public works, who will be receive transfers for working on the rehabilitation of infrastructure during the peak hunger months. Discussions on the design of SNSDP has helped to reiterate the need to make displaced persons among the targeted beneficiaries and offer them benefits, as well as by including displacement among the vulnerability criteria; which is to be further elaborated in the Project Implementation Manual. In terms of the skills development component of SNSDP, this component will be implemented in urban centers and focuses on youth from vulnerable households with meager incomes. The GPFD supported study on livelihoods of IDPs will inform the project implementation in terms of taking into account the education, skills, training and networks that the IDPs could potentially have. It is expected that active engagement of youth in urban areas, a majority of whom are IDPs, will reduce crime and criminality in urban centers. It is expected that a successful implementation of SNSDP will also inform government’s own employment programs. 14The developments in South Sudan at the end of 2013 will require adjustments to GPFD’s ongoing support to the Bank country team as and when operations can commence 23 Case: Syria crisis As the conflict in Syria escalated, the World Bank began mobilizing its response to mitigate the impact of the Syrian refugee crisis in early 2012. At that time approximately 20,000 refugees had registered with UNHCR in neighboring states mostly in Jordan and Lebanon, and the Bank had its first discussions with these two governments on how support could be provided in the face of the increasing refugee presence. As the Bank’s custodian of global knowledge and experience on displacement issues, GPFD was asked by the MENA region to lead this work and by June 2012, the GPFD and the social and urban unit in MENA managed a grant financed by the Bank’s State and Peacebuilding Fund to help host and refugee communities in Jordan and Lebanon. Save the Children was engaged to implement activities focusing on early childhood development, education and livelihoods. The work on the SPF grant inspired wide discussion in the Bank country team on how best the Bank could support mitigation of the impact of Syrian refugees and a portfolio review was undertaken to this end. As the crisis intensified in early 2013 and the strain of hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees began to show on its host communities and public finances, the Bank expanded its dialogue with the Jordanian and the Lebanese Governments. In record-time, a multi-sectoral team prepared a $150 million loan to Jordan to offset expenditures incurred (i) in the health sector (vaccines and medications and healthcare for uninsured Jordanians crowded out in the public health facilities); and (ii) from Syrians benefitting from non-exclusionary subsidies on bread and household gas. GPFD was a full member of a task team that at the same time began designing a $55 million grant operation in Jordan, that will invest in local institution building to increase capacity and build community resilience to withstand external shocks like forced displacement. Through the initial SPF grant, the Bank leveraged financing for this project from Canada. This in turn leveraged financing from the UK and Switzerland as well as the State and Peacebuilding Fund. The project aims to enhance the local capacity to host the exponentially increasing populations in affected areas. Targeted municipalities selected based on the size of their refugee populations will receive discretionary grants that can be spent on projects and activities deemed a priority by the affected communities. In Lebanon, the World Bank, in collaboration with the UN, the EU, and the IMF, undertook a rapid Economic and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the Syrian conflict on Lebanon for the 2012-2014 period. The report, which was carried out at the request of the Government, quantified the fiscal, economic and social impact and stabilization needs of Lebanon. The second phase of this project focused on the identification of policy recommendations, programs and projects to mitigate the impact of the Syrian conflict. In parallel, the Bank has put together a Multi-Donor Trust Fund to allow for an orderly, reliable and flexible flow of funds to finance these projects. Through its partnership network GPFD has been supporting EU DEVCO and Denmark in the design of a regional development and protection program for refugees and host communities in the Middle East (Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq). This program is led by Denmark and scheduled for implementation in 2014 to 2016. GPFD has facilitated close collaboration between this program and the Bank’s work in the region for refugees. 24 3. Partnerships Photo: Dominic Chavez/ UN, 2013 25 During the reporting period, GPFD continued its regular engagement with partners, both within and outside the Bank, including bilaterals, UN agencies, and NGOs. 3.1 Internal Partnerships One of the key partners for the GPFD within the Bank is the Global Center for Conflict, Security and 15 Development (CCSD) in Nairobi. This ongoing partnership enables GPFD to influence Bank operations in FCS contexts. One highlight of this collaboration is the CAS Baseline Review: CAS Baseline Review During FY13, the Center on Conflict, Security and Development (CCSD) undertook the Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) and Interim Strategy Notes (ISN) Baseline study, which covered 53 strategies prepared during FY08–12. Out of the 53 CAS/ISNs, 16 were for countries that hosted more than 50,000 refugees while 33 were for countries that had over 50,000 IDPs displaced by conflict and violence at the end of 2011. The study aims to establish a baseline to assess the degree to which country strategies are aligned to the recommendations of the WDR 2011 and to provide recommendations to help the WBG further customize its support to the needs of countries facing fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). Taking into account the findings and recommendations of the WDR 2011, the study focused on the following six areas to review and rate the 53 CASs/ISNs: (i) the quality of the FCV analysis; (ii) the alignment of CAS/ISN pillars and operations with the FCV analysis; (iii) the extent to which implementation planning took into account the country’s fragile context; (iv) the adequateness of risk frameworks; (v) the quality of result frameworks; and (vi) the extent to which partnerships were used to address key FCV issues. The study includes an annex on forced displacement, which was prepared with GPFD’s technical inputs. The study shows that 17 CASs/ISNs mentioned the issue of conflict-induced forced displacement. The strategies identify the issue of displacement as a form of stress contributing to fragility. Some strategies have linked the discussion on stress with a particular development challenge. For instance, the impact of the presence of IDPs on service delivery was mentioned in the CAR strategy. The Colombia CPS links the presence of IDPs to the issues of land and livelihoods. The Cote d’Ivoire CPS also links the internal displacement to land issues. 10 strategies mentioned operational interventions benefiting the displaced. For instance, the Lebanon CPS mentions that the World Bank has set up an MDTF that channeled donor money to refugee camps. The Burundi, Colombia, Georgia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Uganda country strategies mention operational interventions benefiting the displaced and host communities. Displacement projects in Georgia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Sudan have the additional objective of building short-term confidence. Analytical interventions addressing the displaced were undertaken in Colombia and Cote d’Ivoire. When it comes to risk frameworks, the only strategy that makes reference to forced displacement in the context of risk analysis is the Djibouti CAS, which translates its FCV analysis—the external stress of refugee influx 15GPFD strengthened its partnership with the Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development (CCSD) by placing a staff member with their main offices in Nairobi. The GPFD team attended the Fragile and Conflict Affected States (FCS) Learning Week in Nairobi in December 2013, co-hosted by CCSD and SDV 26 from neighboring countries in particular—to its discussion on risks. None of the strategies mentioned forced displacement in their discussion on results framework. 3.2 External Partnerships GPFD engaged with 9 bilateral partners during the reporting period (Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Canada, Sweden, the EU, USAID and US BPRM), and 6 international NGOs (Care International, DRC, NRC, IDMC, Save the Children, IRC) while UNDP and UNHCR remained its key multilateral partners. For example, GPFD continued its partnership with UNHCR and UNDP in Eastern Sudan to develop a program for improving socio-economic conditions and increasing self-reliance of IDPs, refugees and host communities (see above). GPFD also collaborated with WFP, ILO and OCHA in operational and knowledge sharing contexts. Jointly, GPFD and its partners collaborated on: (i) developing new operational solutions, (ii) mobilizing joint resources for new projects, and (iii) conducting joint analytical work. GPFD is increasingly working with bilateral partners at the regional and country level, in addition to headquarters. In Colombia, engagement with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) sought to support the ongoing peace process and IDP situation through victims’ reparations and the implementation of the Victims Law. In Jordan, GPFD explored joint funding opportunities with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). In Lebanon GPFD worked with Save the Children and the Danish Refugee Council. GPFD supported the EU and Denmark in developing a regional EU development program to support governments coping with protracted displacement in the Middle East and North Africa region. GPFD has increasingly collaborated with regional organizations during the reporting period. GPFD staff met with key decision makers from the African Union (AU) in Addis Ababa in December 2013 to decide on a Credit: UN Photo/2013, Hawa Abdi Centre for Internally Displaced Somalis 27 future knowledge dissemination event for relevant GPFD analytical products. This engagement follows on GPFD’s activities with the AU in connection with the NTF funded publication on human rights and forced displacement. In connection with the World Bank Annual Meetings in September 2013, GPFD was asked to present implications of forced displacement at a WB/ECOWAS meeting on security and development. GPFD was also asked to contribute language to ECOWAS’ regional strategy. This partnership is ongoing under the guidance of senior management in the Bank’s Africa region. GPFD collaborated with the African Union Commission’s Humanitarian Affairs, Refugees and Displaced Persons Division (HARDP) on the Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (the Kampala Convention), which was adopted by the African Union in 2009 to address internal displacement due to armed conflict, generalized violence, violations of human rights, natural and human- made disasters, including climate-change-related disasters, as well as displacement due to development projects carried out by public or private actors. GPFD’s support focused on providing analytical and technical support to AUC’s effort to implement the Kampala Convention. GPFD participated in a number of key conferences with partners throughout the reporting period. These included a meeting organized by the Humanitarian Policy Group and the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on urban displacement,16 as well as several meetings regarding to the Transitional Solutions Initiative. The main takeaway from these engagements was that there is a need for a paradigm shift from relying only on humanitarian approaches to strengthening development solutions to forced displacement. Other key external engagements included participating in UNHCR’s High commissioner’s Dialogue on Protection Challenges, held in Geneva in December 2013.17 This Dialogue focused on Internal Displacement, and the Manager of GPFD spoke on a side-event panel on “Strengthening partnerships and capacity: how can we all do better?’ During this week, GPFD also represented the Bank at the Annual Consultation of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), as well as the Joint-IDP Profiling Service (JIPS) and discussed continued partnership. Finally, GPFD attended a discussion on the state of internal displacement, held by the Brookings-London School of Economics (LSE) Project on Internal Displacement, featuring Mr. Chaloka Beyani, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons. One of the key messages emanating from the meeting with the Special Rapporteur was the need for an increased development focus on internal displacement. Finally, GPFD has increased its collaboration with Danish Refugee Council (DRC), Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and has initiated contact with International Rescue Committee (IRC). 16 The Humanitarian Policy Group/Ministry of Foreign Affairs Denmark, “Urban displacement and development: moving the debate forward”, 7 - 8 February 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark 17 UNHCR, “The Sixth High Commissioner’s Dialogue on Protection Challenges”, December 11 -12, 2013 28 Transitional Solutions Initiative GPFD has continued its engagement with the UN and bilateral partners of the Transitional Solutions Initiative (TSI), both at the global level and with the East Sudan pilot: Eastern Sudan has recently emerged from a situation of conflict but remains fragile and subject to multiple sources of stress. Most urgent is that as a “host community” to refugees and IDPs for the past forty years, the population of Eastern Sudan suffers from acute poverty and limited development prospects, not dissimilar from those experienced by the IDP and refugee population in their midst. The government of Sudan recognizes the importance of displacement issues as set forth in its Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP). Displacement is amongst the government’s four key development priorities alongside growth and employment, governance and human resources. The Eastern Sudan Transitional Solutions Initiative (TSI) developed by the World Bank, UNHCR and UNDP and with the support of federal and state government, is an important starting point. The Eastern Sudan TSI is part of a global TSI initiative also being piloted in Colombia. It recognizes that, to improve how protracted displacement is handled and durable solutions promoted, there is a need for a comprehensive approach with increased emphasis on development interventions. For that to happen, governments, multilateral and bilateral development actors need to integrate activities to address displacement not only in their humanitarian but also in their development strategies. Besides, addressing the Eastern Sudan displacement issues, TSI will also open the door for a broader discussion on the overall displacement issues in Sudan and therefore on peace-building and post-conflict recovery. This approach is part of the Bank’s conflict and fragility agenda and is central to operationalize the 2011 World Development Report on Conflict, Security and Development. WDR-2011 emphasizes action on internal and external stresses that burden countries with low response capability. Rising inequality, legacies of violence and trauma, and economic deterioration need to be tackled through formal and informal institutions with enhanced capacity, leadership and shared values to implement sustainable development interventions. Complex conflict environments, as in Eastern Sudan, require integrated strategies across political, security and development interventions, as well as improvements in the speed, duration, and predictability of aid. The assessment of needs conducted by the World Bank and UNHCR in Eastern Sudan identified such issues and made them central to TSI. Consequent to the findings of this assessment, two joint pilot operation have been designed, namely, the already launched UNDP-UNHCR “Joint Program (for refugees and host communities)”; a nd the World Bank “Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced (IDPs and refugees) and Vulnerable Communities (host communities)” being launched in October 2013. Through SPF funding, the Bank’s pilot targets the self- reliance of displaced and vulnerable host communities by strengthening the capacity of local stakeholders, including state authorities, to plan and deliver services and develop sustainable livelihoods. Through the present SPF Grant, the World Bank is mobilizing internal funding in the amount of USD 3.08 million, to initiate the analytical and preparatory work for its proposed project, which has a total estimated cost of USD 17 million. The initial phase of the project will develop the basic mechanisms and tools for full project implementation; update project design and costs based on detailed appraisals and analytical work; and negotiate a funding proposal to materialize the commitment already expressed by donors. The Government of Sudan and three institutions have agreed to design and closely monitor the implementation of the two pilot projects with the view to generate operational mechanisms that can 29 provide sustainable responses to the protracted situation of refugees and IDPs in Sudan, as outlined in the I-PRSP. The two pilots will be implemented in different areas and contexts, thus, they are fully complementary in terms of the expected implementation lessons they would generate. In this regard, a Strategic Framework (SF) to concretize harmonization is being drafted to include three key components: (i) Implementation modalities to outline coordination mechanisms; (ii) Common Results Framework (RF) to underpin the SF; and (iii) Common Fundraising and Communication Strategy. GPFD and AFTCS have worked closely together in the development of this initiative. Moreover, GPFD participated in the Amsterdam meeting of the TSI in June 2013 and has been involved in the follow-up work leading to a round table on how best to improve this initiative, to take place in Copenhagen in April 2014. 30 4. Analytical Work Photo: Mohamed Azakir/ World Bank, 2014 31 The Global Program on Forced Displacement conducts and commissions several different types of analysis, including global analytical work on cross-cutting displacement issues, country specific political economy or context analyses, and displacement profiles for specific countries or regions. For GPFD, analytical work often is a starting point for engaging with country teams, partners and national governments on operations or policy dialogue. During the reporting period, more than 20 analytical studies on a range of forced displacement issues were commissioned or authored by GPFD, at times co-authored with partner institutions. Political Economy Analysis of Forced Displacement The greatest proportion (more than 75%) of analytical studies produced was country specific and operationally focused. Among these, the series of in-depth Political Economy Analyses (PEA) were an important contribution to strengthening GPFD’s experience. They were commissioned in 2012 based on interest from World Bank country teams and were designed to provide operational recommendations. Based on the lessons learned from the different PEAs, GPFD will finalize a How-to Note on Political Economy Analysis in FY 2014. Information Profiles on Displacement One of the most practical ways in which GPFD shares information with development practitioners and partners on the challenges related to forced displacement is by compiling displacement profiles on individual countries or regions. These profiles are compiled, either as a result of a request from a partner, or as a way of engaging partners on an emerging issue. These profiles typically contain overviews of the most recent displacement figures, maps of movements and locations, as well as summary analysis of the causes and consequences of, as well as the potential for solutions to, displacement. Impact and Cost Study – Application The study on the “Impact and Costs of Forced Displacement” found operational relevance during the reporting period as it was applied in Jordan at the request of the Government in connection with Syrian displacement. As noted in previous progress reports, the methodology had as its goal to ‘assess the economic and social impacts and costs of forced displacement as well as of the measures to mitigate these in order to distil lessons on operationally relevant and cost effective interventions that support durable solutions in return or in protracted displacement situations. On the basis of lessons learned in Jordan, the Bank prepared an “Economic and Social Impact Assessment of the Syrian Conflict” in Lebanon during the reporting period . Based on these lessons, GPFD will be working with relevant bank colleagues and partners to revise and improve the methodology in the coming fiscal year. Livelihoods Analysis During the reporting period, GPFD worked to revise the “Assessment of lessons learned on livelihood rehabilitation for refugees and IDP” study. In order to increase its operational relevance, the team decided to 32 generate a practical tool kit and field testing of the new approach, both of which are expected to be delivered in FY14. Human Rights and Displacement Analysis With financial support from the Nordic Trust Fund (NTF), GPFD undertook an analytical project titled “Operationalizing human rights instruments in the Bank's work targeting Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and Refugees in the Africa and MENA regions” (2011-2013). The development objectives of the project were to: i) Strengthen strategic, operational, and analytical objectives of Bank activities addressing forced displacement through the operationalization of human rights principles in the design and implementation of development interventions for displaced populations; and ii) Improve the Bank's knowledge base on how human rights concepts and principles embodied in international and regional instruments can be used to design and implement development operations targeting the specific needs of displaced people. The key deliverable from this project was a paper on internal displacement and the Kampala Convention prepared by Professor Walter Kälin (University of Bern) and Nina Schrepfer (IDMC).18 This study, entitled, “Internal Displacement and the Kampala Convention: An Opportunity for Development Actors” discusses the relevance of human rights approaches for development activities targeting conflict- and disaster-induced displacement in Africa. It explores the nexus between development, forced displacement and human rights, including practical recommendations on the operationalization of international conventions in development interventions for displaced people. A brochure with the same title was also prepared to provide guidance on how to integrate human rights approaches into development responses to forced displacement. World Development Report 2014 on Risk and Opportunity During 2012, GPFD engaged with the team designing the World Development Report (WDR) 2014 on Risk and Opportunity. GPFD provided a short note on displacement issues. GPFD also created a box that featured in the Yellow-Cover of the WDR2014 that went for Board Approval and Consultation with external stakeholders. The final version of the WDR2014 references refugees and displaced persons as a group that can be assisted. In addition, refugees are discussed as a consequence of conflict, a concern to the international community, and the fact that displaced people face social exclusion is also addressed. Housing, Land and Property Note GPFD has been partnering with the Brookings Institution on an analytical piece outlining the main housing, land and property issues related to forced displacement. A complementary initiative has begun in the Bank’s 18Kälin, Walter & Nina Schrepfer, 2012, “Internal displacement and the Kampala Convention: an opportunity for development actors. Analytical Paper on the Relevance of Human Rights Approaches for Development Activities Targeting Conflict- and Disaster-Induced Displacement in Africa”, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362- 1265299949041/6766328-1265299960363/Analytical-Study.pdf 33 ECA region to build a global community of practice around land issues in fragile and conflict-affected states. This initiative was recently funded by the Korean Economic and Peacebuilding Transitions Trust Fund (KTFEP) with $500,000. GPFD will support the implementation of this initiative, building on the lessons from the Brookings partnership piece. Gender During the reporting period, GPFD collaborated with the Bank’s Learning on Gender in Conflict and Africa (LOGiCA) Program on a study focused on the gender aspects of forced displacement across the Great Lakes Region. This work aims to: (i) provide an analysis of the gender aspects of forced displacement in the region; and (ii) provide operational recommendations going forward on approaches to integrate gender in development responses to displacement in the region. The study will pay specific attention to the inclusion of male gender issues, particularly those pertaining to male youth at-risk, as well as sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in the displacement context. Social Inclusion Flagship Report In 2012, GPFD supported the team working on the Social Inclusion Flagship – Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity.19 The final report, a key flagship of the Bank’s Social Development Department, draws attention to displaced persons as being excluded from society. Forced displacement is discussed as a result of conflict and the report distinguishes between the different circumstances facing refugees and internally displaced persons. The report looks at country-level efforts to tackle discrimination, and highlights good practices in countries such as Norway, the UK and the US to help refugees to integrate locally. The report notes refugees in Canada as an example of a socially excluded group that faces discrimination. Also, internally and externally displaced people are mentioned as often being particularly unwelcomed by their host communities. The report notes, furthermore, that female refugees from Somalia face multiple forms of exclusion, including from their status as refugees. The Triggers and Sustainability of Refugee Return Towards the end of the reporting period, GPFD initiated an analytical piece on “what triggers refugee return and what makes it sustainable? The purpose of this paper is to identify the conditions that trigger the decision of refugees in protracted displacement to return home by examining literature and cases of refugee return. The paper, which is scheduled for completion by end of FY14, will discuss whether there are lessons regarding the specific conditions of life in asylum and activities to support reconstruction and development in the country of origin that can be held to have been conducive for the sustainable return of refugees and that can inform future activities to assist the sustainable return of refugees. 19 World Bank, 2013, Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity 34 Urban Displacement Urban displacement is a thematic issue of increasing importance, considering that the majority of the world’s displaced now live in urban areas. For this reason and at the request of UNHCR, GPFD is preparing a note on urban displacement to guide urban development specialists and policymakers on how to include displacement issues when appropriate. This note is expected to be finalized in fiscal year 14. 35 5. Knowledge Dissemination Photo: Tobin Jones/ UN, 2013 36 Knowledge dissemination is the vehicle through which GPFD seeks to share lessons learned from operational experiences and from analytical reports and studies. During the reporting period, GPFD organized and represented the World Bank in several seminars, workshops and conferences on forced displacement issues. Among the most significant dissemination activities organized by GPFD were events related to the initiative on human rights, forced displacement and development, including events in Entebbe, Nairobi and Washington. Pilot workshop in Uganda on implementing the Kampala Convention As a follow-up to the legal experts meetings on the model law for the domestication and implementation 20 of the Kampala Convention, organized in June 2012 in Mombasa, GPFD sponsored and co-organized a workshop on the Kampala Convention in Entebbe, Uganda, on 12-13 November, 2012. The meeting was co-organized by IDMC, NRC Uganda, and the AUC. The purpose was to establish a dialogue between legal and humanitarian experts and development actors from multiple levels of the government and civil society in Uganda to facilitate the future process for domesticating and implementing the convention. The workshop was organized by IDMC, the AU, and the Ugandan government and facilitated discussions among Ugandan government officials on how to operationalize the Kampala Convention, taking into account the Model Law and its development implications. The workshop was attended by members of the Ugandan Government (11 participants, 6 from central government ministries and 5 from local governments), 2 IDP representatives from the country’s North (Gulu) and Northeast (Karamoja), Ugandan CSOs (16 participants), and the United Nations in Uganda (1 participant). One participant from Kenyan civil society attended the workshop to share the Kenyan experience of building a participatory process for the development of national legislation. The workshop highlighted the need for: (i) a new legal instrument to domesticate the Kampala Convention in Uganda; and (ii) the amendment of the existing IDP Policy enacted in 2004 in light of the Kampala Convention. The lessons learned from the pilot workshop were used to prepare two workshops in Abuja, Nigeria and Ndjamena, Chad. GPFD was invited by the AUC to contribute to both workshops. In addition, members of the Ugandan government that attended the workshop expressed interest in working with the World Bank to implement the Kampala Convention. Other major dissemination activities included sharing major analytical reports with partners, such as the Sahel displacement report. The report was shared with both external and internal partners; a feature story was placed on the Bank’s Intranet and GPFD’s website, and a joint dissemination event with the Bank’s Africa VP office and UNHCR was held in February 2014 in Washington DC. Towards the end of FY 2013, GPFD began to refine its corporate identity by creating a new logo. A GPFD logo and banner was designed in June 2013 to complement the overall dissemination strategy and to increase the program’s branding and visibility. The program will be employing graphic design elements to analytical products in the future in order to raise its image and the visibility of its products. 20This legal experts meeting, which falls outside of the reporting period, was an effort to bring development actors to an African Union workshop on the design of the Model Law to ensure that it reflected the development dimensions as appropriate. As the re sult of GPFD’s contribution to the meeting, the legal and development experts have a better understanding of the development challenges of internal displacement in Africa. A key outcome is AUC’s willingness to jointly work with GPFD to pilot a country -specific workshop in Uganda to facilitate the implementation of the Kampala Convention 37 6. Trends and Lessons Learned Photo: Sophia Paris/ UN, 2010 38 Responding to a request from donors to identify the results of GPFD’s work, this section discusses the key achievements of the program since its initiation in 2009. As detailed above, GPFD’s approach entails operational support, partnership engagements, analytical work and knowledge dissemination, all with the objective of improving development responses to forced displacement. As a result of this approach, the program has observed the following trends since its creation in 2009: 6.1 Increasing interest in FCS and forced displacement within the World Bank In order to bolster the World Bank twin goals of eradicating poverty and achieving shared prosperity, the 21 Bank has made support to Fragile and Conflict Affected States (FCS) a strategic priority. During a joint 22 mission with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon to the Great Lakes in May 2013 , WBG President Jim Y. Kim announced a $1 billion investment in the region. This announcement included a $100 million allocation for 23 agriculture and rural livelihoods for internally displaced people and refugees. Following this, the heads of the UN and the World Bank made a trip to the Sahel region in November 2013, highlighting the development challenges associated with conflict and fragility. The Bank’s Sustainable Development Network (SDN) Vice President, Rachel Kyte also brought attention to the World Bank’s engagement in Jordan and Lebanon to address the socio-economic impacts of the Syrian refugee crisis on host communities during an event in the Bank in February 2013 (see quote box). During the reporting period, GPFD had several opportunities to brief senior management units at the World Bank on “In [the] Middle East and North Africa, forced displacement issues. These included: we are working with the Lebanese and  Providing talking points and briefing notes for Jordanian government on ways to support host communities to deal with President Kim’s visit to the Great Lakes region (May the refugee crisis in a different way and 2013) and the Sahel (November 2013); for governments to assess the impact of  A request by the Bank’s Africa Vice President’s the crisis upon their economies. Absolutely foundational work, as we see Office to provide inputs on displacement issues in whole populations potentially having to the region to inform its regional strategies in the move” Sahel, Great Lakes, and Horn of Africa; Rachel Kyte  A request by the Yemen CMU and Yemeni government World Bank Vice President* delegation to the Bank’s Annual Meeting in October 2013 for a briefing on best global policies and *Comments delivered as part of SDN Week, programming practices on IDPs; February 28, 2013  A request for a presentation at the Bank’s Annual Ministerial Meeting with the ECOWAS delegation on security and development, providing GPFD with an opportunity to highlight displacement implications in this region of Africa; 21Commitment amounts to the International Development Association (IDA) have more than doubled between 2001 and 2011. Source: Independent Evaluation Group, “World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States – An Independent Evaluation” 2013” 22 World Bank, May 20, 2013, “UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim to Make Historic Joint Visit to Africa’s Great Lakes Region May 22-24” 23 World Bank, May 22, 2013, “World Bank Announces US$1 Billion Pledge to Africa’s Great Lakes Region, Targeting Energy, Roads, Agriculture, Cross-Border Trade, Health, and Jobs” 39  Providing talking points for President Kim before a meeting with the CEO of the International Rescue Committee, Mr. David Miliband. These points centered on urban displacement, where GPFD drew on its active engagement on the topic over the course of the past year. 6.2 Increased demand for GPFD’s services In an effort to establish its institutional presence and visibility, GPFD spent a significant proportion of its time in the first few years of its existence pro-actively contacting Bank project leads and country teams in countries affected by forced displacement. Country teams were contacted where GPFD found that measures could be taken to strengthen the way their portfolio addressed forced displacement. However, more recently, GPFD has witnessed an increase in the demand for its technical and advisory services. For example, as described above, GPFD was approached by senior management in connection with the three regional strategies in Africa and asked to contribute inputs to strategy papers and provide continuous support to portfolio development. Another example is the request for the Bank’s Middle East and North Africa region for assistance from GPFD in connection with the Syrian displacement crisis. Such exchanges have resulted in targeted support to Bank country teams and enhanced the opportunity for GPFD to promote development approaches to forced displacement. These interventions frequently involved collaboration with external bilateral, multilateral, UN and NGO partners and GPFD will continue to respond to such demands. The increasing volume of visitors’ traffic on GPFD’s external website reflects the increasing interest in the program. The figure below demonstrates a steadily increasing trend of website visitors since its launch in February 2010. Thus, in June 2013, the GPFD website ranked in terms of visits among the top 6 of more than 50 web pages within the Social Development Sector at the World Bank. Interestingly, it has been observed that events, such as the Workshop on Internal Displacement and that on the Kampala convention in Uganda and the corresponding dissemination event in Washington (both November 2012) appear to have increased the number of website visitors. The spike in visitors around April 2013 is most likely associated with the events taking place in the World Bank around the Spring 24 Meetings, as well as the “Fragility Forum”. This confirms that outreach and dissemination are important ways of generating interest in the program and its activities. Figure 7: GPFD Website traffic Feb 2010 – December 2013 24For more information on the World Bank’s “Fragility Forum”, please visit: World Bank, “Ending Extreme Poverty Hinges on Progress in Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations” April 30, 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/30/ending-extreme- poverty-hinges-on-progress-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-situations 40 6.3 Collaborating with CCSD is critical From its inception, GPFD has worked closely with the Bank’s Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development (CCSD). In order to build on this engagement, and recognizing the increasing importance of FCS issues within the Bank, GPFD placed a core team member with CCSD in Nairobi during the reporting period. This deployment allows for joint and coordinated activities between actors in the Bank addressing fragility and conflict, while keeping GPFD informed of developments, increasing coordination, and allowing for faster deployment of consultants to the field. GPFD’s partnership with the conflict and social development team in the Africa region, AFTCS, has similarly shown its value in operational engagements, including those in Sudan, Mozambique, Mauritania, and Niger. Credit: UN Photo/2010, New Camp in Croix-des-Bouquets Welcomes Displaced Haitians 41 7. Moving Forward Photo: Salahaldeen Nadir / World Bank, 2013 42 As this Annual Report was being finalized, GPFD initiated a Mid-Term Review (MTR) process. The purpose of this process was to provide senior World Bank management, donors and partners with a review of the program and its results, and provide recommendations on its future direction. To inform the MTR, GPFD began to update its 2009 portfolio review of Bank activities addressing forced displacement, in order to understand what trends there have been in the Bank activities on this after the creation of GPFD. The World Bank has been undertaking a change process which will affect the GPFD, and this process is expected completed before the end of the fiscal year in June 2014. The results may affect resources and staffing as well as the future location and work program of the GPFD. The Annual Meeting of the GPFD will provide a key opportunity for partners to provide strategic guidance on the future directions of the GPFD based not only on the conclusions from this annual report, but also on the main findings of the MTR, the portfolio review, and the change process. Suggestions below on the way forward for GPFD will be discussed with partners at the Annual Meeting in Copenhagen in April 2014. This discussion will be centered on the conclusions of the Mid Term Review. 7.1 Raise awareness of the development aspects of forced displacement In order for GPFD to achieve its stated objective, an increased awareness of the development aspects of forced displacement is necessary. While the program is experiencing more interest within the Bank, there is more work to do to improve the contribution of the World Bank and other key actors to an enhanced development response to forced displacement that supports economically and socially sustainable solutions. Among the greatest challenges to achieving this objective is the political nature of forced displacement, as key decision makers can be reluctant to take on the displacement agenda from a development perspective. Recognition and demand is on the increase and GPFD has for example engaged with governments of Colombia, Jordan, Lebanon and Yemen. Moving forward, GPFD will work with bilateral, UN, and NGO partners to take build on such positive developments and further broaden support for development work to address forced displacement. 7.2 Expand operational support Considering the unprecedented high demand for operational support from GPFD, the program plans to strengthen and prioritize its cross-support to Bank country offices. Among the most critical activities are, and will likely continue to be those relating to forced displacement following the uprising in Syria (and its effects on neighboring countries, mainly Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq). The Bank’s three regional strategies in Africa for the Sahel, the Great Lakes, and the Horn will also be priority tasks, as recommendations from the displacement assessments will need to be adapted to the Bank’s existing and pipeline portfolio. In addition, the program’s engagement in Colombia and the Philippines, which has been extensive over the past few years, is likely to continue as peace processes progress in both countries. Finally, work will continue on planned analytical and operational engagements in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, DRC, and Mali. 43 7.3 Complete the thematic analytical portfolio A key priority for the GPFD moving forward will be to continue to develop and finalize the thematic analytical work it has begun. This will include key analytical work on: livelihoods, housing land and property, urban displacement, and gender and forced displacement. In addition, GPFD intends to revise and update the methodology on assessing the economic, social, and fiscal impacts of forced displacement, based on lessons of the first applications of the methodology. Finally, GPFD will initiate thematic notes on service delivery, governance, and update the 2009 document on the development challenge of forced displacement. 7.4 Strengthen knowledge dissemination As a result of funding limitations, knowledge dissemination has not been given as much attention as it warrants. Responding to a call from partners to strengthen knowledge dissemination activities, GPFD is currently working with partners to organize a dissemination event on its political economy analysis before the end of the fiscal year in Nairobi. This event will be an opportunity to share key analytical reports produced by the program with an African audience. Pieces that are being planned for dissemination include the how-to note on political economy analysis of forced displacement, the analytical report on human rights and forced displacement in relation to the Kampala Convention, and a new regional profile on African displacement that the program is currently developing at the request of the regional integration department in the Bank’s Africa region. The program also plans to partner with the World Bank Institute to synthesize analytical products into an e-learning course that will be a ready tool for Bank staff and development partners. 7.5 Improve Monitoring & Evaluation With a few exceptions, GPFD does not directly manage projects, but provides support to a range of actors with both analytical, operational and partnership elements. Consequently, the process of tracking its results and causal paths from activities to outputs, outcomes and impact, is challenging since attribution is often not straightforward. In order to better track its results and to respond to the donors’ calls for an increased f ocus on achievements, GPFD has refined and streamlined the way it monitors its activities and tracks its results. To this effect, GPFD has taken the following steps: (i) an overview table for results tracking has been developed that aligns the program’s core objective, the activities undertaken each fiscal year (by country and region), and their corresponding results (see Appendix 1); (ii) to provide an ‘over time perspective’, GPFD will be undertaking periodic portfolio reviews of the program’s activities based on a select set of indicators linked to its core objectives. 44 8. GPFD Resource Management 45 8.1 Income & Expenditure During the first four years of GPFD ’s existence, donor contributions totaled $4,917,987, coming from Denmark ($2,337,444), Norway ($1,435,568) and Switzerland ($1,144,975). In addition, GPFD secured $1,941,969 in support from Bank sources (trust funds and regular budget), bringing the total income of the program to $6,859,956. Expenditures for the first four years, ending June 2013, totaled $3,574,926. The remaining balance has either been spent in the current fiscal year or is allocated or earmarked for specific activities. This amount is insufficient to cover existing and projected demand for years 5 and 6. 8.2 Staff Changes GPFD experienced several staff changes during the reporting period, which affected capacity, predictability and the stability of work planning. In the immediate term, funding and staffing challenges are sought mitigated through selectivity, as interventions are prioritized on the basis of expected impact, at the cost of excluding some activities that otherwise would merit funding. With demand increasing towards the end of the reporting period, GPFD must increase the capacity of its team if demands are to be met satisfactorily. 8.3 Resource Mobilization In the context of the challenging global economic climate, GPFD continued its resource mobilization efforts within and outside the Bank. While core contributions were delayed, funding was secured from existing Credit: UN Photo/2010. Displaced Haiti Children Find Solace in Camp Play Area partners, and new funding was obtained from Canada and the KTFEP. Uncertainties and delays in the receipt of contributions led GPFD to focus more on activities for which earmarked funds were available, such as the NTF and the BNPP. As the demand for GPFD’s services outstrips its present capacities, the program will explore new ways to mobilize internal and external resources to be able to respond to the growing needs of forced displacement situations. The Mid Term Review should provide strategic recommendations and guidance on this issue. 46 ANNEX 1: GPFD Activities and Results Tracking Tables 47 Table 1: GPFD Activities and Results Tracking Tables ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENT OPERATIONS KNOW- TOTAL INTRA WB EXTERNAL TOTAL Intra WB External LEDGE Country Engaging Inputs to Nat. UN, Project design, PEAs, AAA New New Institu- New New Partner New with CMU/ CAS, ISN, Gov. policy bilat., mission, needs Project AAA tional Project AAA activity funds CM/ CT PRSP, CEM, dialogue NGOs assesst, Visibility CPSPs technical regional assistance strategies. Global    Regional: Sahel           Regional: GLR       Regional: AU     Subtotal 2 2 1 4 2 3 14 0 2 3 0 0 3 1 9 Iraq    Libya  Yemen     MENA Jordan            Lebanon         Subtotal 4 1 3 2 2 4 16 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 11 Chad   Ethiopia  Somalia       Kenya  Burundi  AFRICA DRC          Liberia   Mozambique Zimbabwe      Niger  CAR    48 Horn of Africa S. Sudan   Sudan         Casamance       Cote d’Ivoire      Mali  Mauritania   Subtotal 13 4 0 7 4 13 41 2 1 4 0 0 6 1 14 Pakistan Afghanistan.  SAR Nepal Sri Lanka Subtotal 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Myanmar   Indonesia EAP Philippines  Subtotal 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Colombia        LAC Subtotal 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 Georgia         Russia/ North Caucasus Azerbaijan   ECA Armenia  Turkey    Subtotal 2 0 1 1 2 3 9 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 5 TOTAL 25 7 6 15 11 25 89 4 5 14 1 1 12 4 41 49 ANNEX 2: Displacement Statistics 50 Table 2: Displacement Statistics Refugees fled to the Refugees fled from the Country IDPs country country AFRICA Angola 23,413 19,258 Up to 20,000 Burundi 41,813 73,363 About 78,800 Cameroon 98,969 13,382 Central African 14,014 164,568 225,000 to 280,000 (August 2013) Republic Chad 373,695 39,654 90,000 Congo Rep 98,455 12,119 Up to 7800 Côte d'Ivoire 3,980 100,689 40,000 - 80,000 Democratic 65,109 509,290 About 2.7 million Republic of the Congo Eritrea 3,600 285,371 Up to 10,000 Ethiopia 376,393 74,968 Undetermined Kenya 564,933 8,950 About 300,000 Liberia 65,909 23,428 At least 227,000 Mali 13,928 149,943 353,400 Mauritania 80,496 33,765 Niger 50,510 832 Undetermined Nigeria 3,154 18,021 at least 63,000 Rwanda 58,212 97,373 Undetermined Senegal 14,237 18,724 20,000 - 40,000 Sierra Leone 4,204 6,204 * Somalia 2,309 1,136,719 1,100,000-1,360,000 South Africa 65,233 420 South Sudan 202,581 87,009 At least 240,000 Sudan 152,194 568,943 At least 2,500,000 (June 2013) 51 Refugees fled to the Refugees fled from the Country IDPs country country Tanzania 101,021 1,128 Uganda 197,877 5,608 About 30,000 Zimbabwe 4,356 22,101 57,926 (June 2013) EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Indonesia 1,819 15,523 Up to 170,000 Myanmar 0 415,371 At least 450,000 Philippines 141 986 At least 15,746 (July 2013) Thailand 84,479 381 Undetermined Timor-Leste 0 9 Undetermined EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaijan 1,468 15,537 Up to 600,000 Bosnia & 6,903 51,822 about 103,000 Herzegovina Croatia 724 62,606 0 Cyprus 3,631 11 Up to 210,000 Georgia 469 9,261 Up to 280,000 Kosovo Please refer to Serbia’s Please refer to Serbia’s 18,000 refugee statistics refugee statistics Kyrgyzstan 4,941 3,489 Up to 164,000 Russian 3,178 110,588 At least 29,000 Federation Serbia 66,370 157,929 About 225,000 (including Kosovo) (including Kosovo) (excluding IDPs in Kosovo) Turkey 267,063 135,372 954,000 - 1,201,000 52 Refugees fled to the Refugees fled from the Country IDPs country country LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Colombia 219 394,117 4,900,000 - 5,500,000 Peru 1,122 5,212 About 150,000 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Algeria 94,133 5,677 Undetermined Egypt 109,933 10,020 Iran 868,242 75,940 Iraq 98,822 746,206 At least 2,100,000 Israel 48,505 1,340 Undetermined Jordan 2,337,348 2,368 Lebanon 575,081 15,106 At least 44,600 Libya 7,065 5,251 Around 50,000 Syria 975,695 729,022 More than 4.25 million (when, At least 3 mil as of end of 2012) West Bank and 1,944,544* About 144,500 Gaza Yemen 237,182 2,594 about 385,000 SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan 16,187 2,586,152 At least 492,000 Bangladesh 230,697 10,161 Undetermined India 185,656 14,258 At least 540,000 Nepal 56,264 7,612 Undetermined Pakistan 1,638,456 49,785 At least 758,000 Sri Lanka 110 132,731 At least 93,000 Source: UNHCR, UNRWA, and IDMC 53 ANNEX 3: Displacement Profiles by GPFD 54 Table 3: Displacement Profiles by GPFD Displacement Profiles by GPFD Country FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 Afghanistan X X Algeria X Angola Armenia X Azerbaijan X Bangladesh X Bosnia & Herzegovina X X Burundi X X X Cameroon Central African Republic X Chad X X X Colombia X X Congo Côte d'Ivoire X X Croatia X Cyprus X Democratic Republic of the Congo X Egypt X Eritrea Ethiopia X Georgia X India Indonesia X X 55 Iran Iraq X Israel Jordan X Kenya X X Kosovo X Kyrgyzstan Lebanon X Liberia X Libya X X Mali X X Mauritania X X Mozambique X Myanmar X X Nepal X Niger X X Nigeria X Pakistan X X X Papua New Guinea X Peru Philippines X Russian Federation Rwanda Senegal X X Serbia X Somalia X X 56 South Africa South Sudan X Sri Lanka X Sudan X X Syria X X Tanzania X X Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey X Uganda X X X West Bank and Gaza Western Sahara Territory X Yemen X X X Zimbabwe X X 57 Table 4: Regional displacement profiles by GPFD Displacement Profile Displacement Situation Covered Countries FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 Mali Afro-Mauritanian displacement Mauritania X Senegal Gambia Casamance displacement Guinea-Bissau X Senegal Burundi DRC Great Lakes Region X Rwanda Uganda Burkina Faso Mali Mali crisis X Mauritania Niger Burkina Faso Chad Sahel Region Mali X Mauritania Niger 58 ANNEX 4: World Bank Great Lakes Announcement 59 PRESS RELEASE25 World Bank Announces US$1 Billion Pledge to Africa’s Great Lakes Region, Targeting Energy, Roads, Agriculture, Cross- Border Trade, Health, and Jobs May 22, 2013 KINSHASA, DRC, MAY 22, 2013–On the first day of an historic joint United Nations/World Bank Group mission to the Great Lakes region, the World Bank Group announced $1 billion in proposed new funding to help countries in the region provide better health and education services, generate more cross-border trade, and fund hydroelectricity projects in support of the Great Lakes peace agreement that was signed by 11 countries in February. World Bank Group President Dr. Jim Yong Kim, who is traveling with the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki- moon, on a three-day trip to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, and Uganda, said that a secure and developed Great Lakes region was vital to Africa’s efforts to dramatically reduce extreme poverty and create prosperity for millions who have had little economic opportunity. “We made extraordinary efforts to secure an additional $1 billion in funding because we believe this can be a major contributor to a lasting peace in the Great Lakes region,” Kim said. “This funding will help revitalize economic development, create jobs, and improve the lives of people who have suffered for far too long. Now the leaders of the Great Lakes region, by restarting economic activity and improving livelihoods in border areas, can boost confidence, build economies, and give new opportunities for millions of people.” Kim said the new regional pledge, in zero-interest financing from the International Development Association* or IDA, will support two major regional development priorities: recovery of livelihoods to reduce the vulnerability of people living in the Great Lakes whose communities have suffered greatly during conflict in the region; and revitalizing and expanding cross-border economic activity to spur greater opportunity and integration in the areas of agriculture, energy, transport and regional trade. The World Bank’s proposed additional funding includes roughly $100 million for supporting agriculture a nd rural livelihoods for internally displaced people and refugees in the region; $340 million to support the 80 megawatt Rusumo Falls hydroelectric project for Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania; $150 million for the rehabilitation of the Ruzizi I and II hydroelectric projects and financing for Ruzizi III, supplying electricity for Rwanda, Burundi, and DRC; $165 million toward building roads in DRC’s North and South Kivu and Province Orientale; $180 million for improving infrastructure and border management along the Rwanda-DRC border; and additional millions of dollars for public health laboratories, fisheries, and trade facilitation programs among others. While other parts of sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing high growth rates, countries of the Great Lakes region have had extremely high levels of poverty and very low levels of key services such as access to electricity. Yields from agriculture also are typically quite low. A key part of the World Bank Group’s 25Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/05/22/world-bank-announces-us-1- billion-pledge-to-africa- great-lakes-region-targeting-energy-roads-agriculture-cross-border-trade-health-jobs 60 development approach to the region is to increase power generation and interconnectivity to take advantage of low-cost and renewable sources of hydropower and geothermal energy. Developing the hydropower potential in DRC, in particular, will provide Burundi and Rwanda access to low-cost power and a stake in regional stability. Currently, there is no regional grid and very limited interconnectivity between countries in the region. In Kinshasa, UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, warmly welcomed the World Bank Group pledge. “Many countries in Africa are taking dynamic forward strides, and now the people of the Great Lakes region, especially the DRC, deserve their full chance for progress. A peace agreement must deliver a peace dividend. That is why Dr. Jim Kim and I are making this visit. We see a horizon of hope for the people of the Great Lakes, and we are determined to help them every step of the way,” said the UN Secretary-General. Cross-border trade key to peace In announcing its new funding pledge, the World Bank Group said that promoting significantly more trade is in the common interest of all countries in the region and will greatly improve the effectiveness of national development policies. “Together with much more electricity for the Great Lakes, there will be very large economic pay -offs if we can all help to make border crossings easier and faster for people and their goods to move from one country into another,” said Makhtar Diop, the World Bank’s Vice President for Africa , who is accompanying President Kim and the UN Secretary General on their fact-finding mission. “Africa’s potential to provide food for its citizens, however, is not yet being realized because farmers in areas like the Great Lakes face more trade barriers in getting their food to markets across the region than farmers anywhere else in the world,” Diop said. “Too often borders get in the way of getting plentiful food supplies to homes and communities that are struggling with too little to eat.” Improving roads will also help trade and people’s livelihoods In calling for a regional peace and development solution for the Great Lakes, the World Bank officials said the new financing pledge will help to rehabilitate roads to connect remote trading communities with regional markets. Bank support will focus on rehabilitation of primary cross-border trunk roads, to be complemented through the rehabilitation and opening of secondary roads required to bring goods to markets. The benefits of this approach are two-fold: first, increased trade will significantly increase economic activities, livelihoods and jobs; second, connectivity will allow free movement of people and goods, and enable restoration of the state’s regulatory functions. Within the DRC, the Bank Group’s current roads project (Pro -Routes -US$248 million) is having an important impact by contributing to the reopening of 2,176 km of roads in Province Orientale, South Kivu and Katanga. The economic impact of the rehabilitated sections has been significant, reducing transportation costs by as much as 80 percent in some cases and cutting travel time by more than half. Empirical evidence suggests that insecurity is decreasing in areas where roads have been rehabilitated. 61 Renewed opportunity for peace in the Great Lakes Mary Robinson, the Special Envoy of the Great Lakes Region of Africa, who is also part of the fact-finding trip with Ban Ki-moon and Jim Yong Kim, endorsed the World Bank Group’s new development commitment to the Great Lakes and its people. “There is a fresh chance to do more than just attend to the consequences of conflict,” Robinson said. “There is a chance to resolve its underlying causes and to stop it for good. If this new attempt is to succeed where others have fallen short, there must be optimism and courage in place of cynicism. The governments and the people of this region, and the international community, must believe once again that peace can be achieved, and be determined to take the necessary and well-coordinated actions to obtain it." *The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, helps the world’s poorest countries by providing zero-interest development financing for projects and programs that boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve poor people’s lives. IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 82 poorest countries, 40 of which are in Africa. Resources from IDA bring positive change for 2.5 billion people living on less than $2 a day. Since its inception, IDA has supported activities in 108 countries. 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