Final Report March 19, 2003 Pakistan Highway Rehabilitation Project Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects, Phase I Environmental E75 E752 Management Plan Volume 5 Afghanistan Pkt Iran |_ Balochistan 9O _g v M8, Sz\ 2 < t ~~~~~~India National Highway Authority, Pakistan REnC EMPfol PHIP ReIhabilitalnont anid Maigne,tanice ProjecIs Contents 1. Introduction ........................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Background ................................................. 1-1 1.2 Legislative Framework and Regulatory Requirements ......................... 1-4 1.3 Objectives of Environmental Management Plan .................................... 1-8 1.4 Environmental Management Organization ............................................. 1-9 1.5 EMP Components ................................................. 1-9 2. Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment . ................................... 2-1 2.1 Environmental Baseline ...................... ............................ 2-1 2.2 Corridor of Impact ................................................... 2-2 2.3 Key Environmental Issues .......................................... 2-3 2.4 Environmental Impact During Construction Phase . ..................... 2-1 2.4.1 Impact on Land Resources .................................................... 2-1 2.4.2 Impact on Water Quality ................................................. . 2-1 2.4.3 Impact on Ambient Air Quality . ..... ............................ .... 2-2 2.4.4 Impact on Noise Levels .............. .............................. .. 2-2 2.4.5 Impact on Biological Environment .. ... 2-3 2.4.6 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment ........................................... 2-3 2.5 Environmental Impact During Operation Phase .. .. ... 2-3 2.5.1 Impact on Land Resources ............2.-. ........................................... 2-4 2.5.2 Impact on Water Quality ...................... . . .......... 2-4 2.5.3 Impact on Ambient Air Quality............................................. 2-4 2.5.4 Impact on Noise Levels ................................................. ............. 2-4 2.5.5 Impact on Biological Environment .. . .......... .............................. 2-5 2.5.6 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment .............................. ......... 2-5 3. Mitigation Measures . . . . . . .............................. 3-1 3.1 Design Phase ............... 3-1 3.1.1 Outline Design . ....... . .. ............ 3-1 3.1.2 Project Facilities.. . ... . ..3-1 3.1.3 Highway Safety. . ..... ................................ 3-2 3.1.4 Detailed Design . . . 3-2 3.2 Pre-Construction Phase .....3-3 3.2.1 Land Acquisition, Relocation and Resettlement. 3-3 3/20/03 Contents E.A'P for PJ-IRP Rehlibilitationt and Maiaieiianice Projectv 3.2.2 Project Site Identification ....................... 3-9 3.2.3 Tree Plantation .................... ... 3-9 3.2.4 Community Protection . ......... .. ............................................... 3-9 3.2.5 Water Resources .........3.......-..... .... . ........................................... 3-9 3.3 Construction Phase .......... ............... 3-9 3.3.1 Mitigation of Impact on Land .................................................. 3-9 3.3.2 Mitigation of Impact on Water Resources ... ................................... 3-10 3.3.3 Mitigation of Impact on Ambient Air ................................................ 3-11 3.3.4 Mitigation of Impact on Biological Environment ...... ...................... 3-11 3.3.5 Mitigation of Impact on Socioeconomic Environment .......... ........... 3-12 3.4 Operation Phase .................................................. 3-13 3.4.1 Mitigation of Impact on Land .................................................. 3-13 3.4.2 Mitigation of Impact on Water Resources ....................................... 3-13 3.4.3 Mitigation of Impact on Ambient Air .......... ........ .......................... 3-13 3.4.4 Mitigation of Impact on Noise ......................................... 3-14 3.4.5 Mitigation of Impact on Biological Environment .............................. 3-14 3.4.6 Mitigation of Impact on Socioeconomic Environment .3-14 4. Environmental Supervision Plan . . .4-1 4.1 Environmental Supervision and Management Arrangements .. 4-1 4.1.1 Design Stage ..................4............. .... .... ................................. 4-3 4.1.2 Land Acquisition and Resettlement .......... 4-3 4.1.3 Construction Stage .................4.-....... ..................... ............ 4-4 4.1.4 Operation Stage ...................... 4-5 5. Environmental Monitoring Plan .. ................. 5-1 5.1 Objectives ...................... 5-1 5.2 Monitoring Roles and Responsibilities ...................... 5-1 5.3 Monitoring Program ...................... 5-2 5.4 Grievance Management System ...................... 5-6 5.5 Reports ...................... 5-7 5.6 Estimated Monitoring Cost ...................... 5-7 6. Environmental Technical Assistance and Training Program . 6-1 7. Estimated Cost of Environmental Management .7-1 3120103 Contents ii EMP for PHIRP Rehabilitatio,i anid Maitlntenanice Projects [ExhN~ts Exhibit 1.1: Sections Proposed for Rehabilitation Under Phase I ............. ............... 1-1 Exhibit 1.2: Project Corridor: Sections Proposed for Rehabilitation ......................... 1-2 Exhibit 1.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Industrial and Municipal Effluents ................................................... 1-5 Exhibit 1.4: National Environmental Quality Standards for Gaseous Emissions ...... 1-6 Exhibit 1.5: WHO Guideline Values for Community Noise in Specific Environments ................................................... 1-7 Exhibit 1.6: WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards ............................................... 1-8 Exhibit 1.7: Environmental Management Organization .......................................... 1-10 Exhibit 2.1: Project Impact Matrix .................................................. 2-1 Exhibit 3.1: Entitlement Policy Framework Matrix Under Resettlement Plan ........... 3-4 Exhibit 4.1: Organizational Structure for National Highway Improvement Program .................................................. 4-2 Exhibit 5.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................. 5-3 Exhibit 5.2: Cost Estimates for Air Quality, Water Quality, and Noise Monitoring .... 5-9 Exhibit 6.1: Personnel Training Program/TA Services ............................................. 6-2 Exhibit 7.1: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management ................... ................ 7-2 3/20/03 Exhibits iii EM1sfP fo, PIRPP Relwhabihiaoion and Maintenaince Project 1. Introduction 1.1 Project Background The National Highways Improvement Program (NHIP) was developed to address the increasing degradation of Pakistan's national highway system. Framed jointly by the National Highway Authority (NHA) and World Bank based on a strategic network analysis carried out using the Highway Design and Maintenance (HDM) module, the NHIP will be implemented in three phases over a ten-year period (2001-2010). The highway sections that fall under the NHIP have been divided into three groups prioritized according to need and source of funding. Group I includes I I sections of the N5 and one 48 km-section of the Karachi-Hyderabad Super Highway (M9), collectively referred to as the 'project corridor'. The improvement of these sections will be financed by the World Bank under the Pakistan Highway Rehabilitation Project (PHRP), henceforth referred to as 'the project' in this document. Under Phase I of the PHRP, a total of Jbur sections will be upgraded under rehabilitation and maintenance' projects (RMP) (see Exhiibit 1.1), ic, Hyderabad-Hala, Hala-Moro, Tumol-Chablat, and a 30 km section of the Karachi-Hyderabad Super lHighway. The scope of this environmental management plan (EMP) covers the rehabilitation of about 211 km of road altogether. Exhibit 1.1: Scctions Proposed for Rehabilitation Under Phase I Rehabilitation and No Highway Section Maintenance Projects (km) 1. Karachi-Hyderabad Super Highway 30 130 km-160 km (ECW/NB) 2. Hyderabad-Hala (ECW/SB) 45 3. Hala-Moro (ECW/SB)' 79 4. Turnol-Chablat (ECW/ACW SB/NB) 57 Total 211 Note: ECW Existing carriageway SB Southbound ACW AdditWinalcarriageway NB Northbound See Exhibit 1.2 for a map of the project cor r idor, also indicating the sections proposed for rehabilitation works. 1 Rehabilitation and maintenance projects involve those highway sections that need major reconstruction work 3/20/03 Introduction l-l EMP for PUHRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects Exhiibit 1.2: Project Corridor: Sections Proposed for Rchabilitation (Sce following page) 320/03 Introduction 1-2 le~~4 1g X FTN 1g - - Z//~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M \-1 or PHRPl Ch | 4t /! < (] Gah6XablW i sPojwbP ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sections Proposed Armbhan Sea t t -mxi wmw,Iy MDbxm Mmd 00 EMP foriPm-IP Rehabdluation and Maintenance Projects This document provides an overall 'approach for rnanaging and monitoring environment- related issues and describes the institutional framework and resource allocations proposed by the NHA to implement the EMP for rehabilitation projects. The EMP accompanies the environmental impact assessment (EIA) carried otlt for the RMP works proposed under Phase I of the project. 1.2 Legislative Framework and Regulatory Requirements The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 makes it mandatory for the project proponents to carry out an environmental assessment (EA) of development projects and incorporate environmental and social mitigation actions as part of the project planning. Apart from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, other statutes that are relevant to the project include the following: *. Government of Punjab, Forestry, Wildlife, Fisheries and Tourism Department (Notification No. FOFT (EXT) VIII. 17/96 Dated 1998 > The Provincial Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Acts, Ordinances and Rules (Sindh 1972, Punjab 1974, and NWFP 1975) o. The Antiquities Act, 1975 > Provincial Local Governincnt Ordinanccs, 1979180 > Regulation of Mines and Oil Ficlds and Mineral Dcvclopment Act, 1948 > Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965, and Rules, 1969 o Factories Act, 1934 * Highways Safety Ordinance, 2000 > Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 0. Explosives Act, 1884. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) define the limits for pollutants in industrial and municipal efflucnts relcased into inland watcr bodics (Exhilbit 1,), and in gascous emissions generated by industries and vehicles (Exhibit 1.4). Extending the NEQS to air quality is presently tinder considcration. In the long, terimi, the impact of vehicular cmissions on the air quality in areas adjacent to the project corridor as well as the noise from increased traffic will be of concerni. 3/20/03 Introduction 1-4 EMP.foi PIIRP Rehlabilitation and Maintenance Project. Exhibit 1.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Industrial and Municipal Effluents Maximum Concentration No. Parameter in Inland Water 1 Temperature or temperature =<30C increase 2 pH value 6 to 9 3 Five-day bio-chemical oxygen 80 demand (BOD)5 at 20°C 4 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 150 5 Total suspended solids (TSS) 200 6 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 3500 7 Grease and oil 10 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 9 Chlorides (as Cl') 1000 10 Fluorides (as F') 10 11 Cyanide total (as CN') 1 0 12 Anionic detergents (as MBAS) 20 13 Sulphates (SO4) 600 14 Sulphides (s') 1.0 15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 16 Pesticides 0.15 17 Cadmium 0.1 18 Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) 1.0 19 Copper 1.0 20 Lead 0.5 21 Mercury 0.01 22 Selenium 0.5 23 Nickel 1.0 24 Salver 1.0 25 Total toxic metals 2.0 26 Zinc 5.0 27 Arsenic 1 0 28 Barium 1.5 29 Iron 8 0 30 Manganese 1 5 31 Boron 6.0 32 Chlorine 1 0 320103 Introduction 1-5 EMP fo, PIIRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects Exhibit 1.4: National Environmental Quality Standards for Gaseous Emissions No. Parameter Source of Emission Existing Revised Standards Standards 1. Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 on 40% or 2 on Ringlemann Ringlemann Scale scale or equivalent smoke number 2. Particulate matter (a) Boilers and furnaces: i) Oil-fired 300 300 ii) Coal-fired 500 500 iii) Cement kilns 200 300 (b) Grinding, crusling, clinker 500 500 coolers and related processes, metallurgical processes, converter, blast furnaces and cupolas 3 Hydrogen chloride Any 400 400 4 Chlorine Any 150 150 5 Hydrogen fluoride Any 150 150 6 Hydrogen sulphide Any 10 10 7 Sulphur oxides Sulfuric acid/sulphonic acid 400 5000 plants Other plants 400 1700 9 Lead Any 50 50 10 Mercury Any 10 10 11 Cadmium Any 20 20 12 Arsenic Any 20 20 13 Copper Any 50 50 14 Antimony Any 20 20 15 Zinc Any 200 200 16 Oxides of nitrogen Nitric acid manufacturing unit 400 3000 Gas-fired 400 400 Oil-fired 600 Coal-fired 1200 3/20/03 Introduction 1-6 EMP for PHRP Reltahilitation anid Maintentance ProjecLt In addition to the national standards, the EMP applies the following environmental and pollution control standards to the project: Ambient Air Quality As air quality standards have not been introduced in Pakistan as yet, standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and other international standards including the Japanese standard were reviewed. For the purpose of this project, the following values were used: I CO: 35 ppm over an averaging time of one hour corresponding to both the USEPA and WHO standards * Nitrous oxides (NOx): 106 ppb over averaging time of one hour, corresponding to the WHO guidelines, which are less strintgent than the USEPA limit of 53 ppb * Sulfur oxides (SOx): 140 ppb over an averaging time of one hour, corresponding both to the WHO guidelines and USEPA standards. * PMIo: 200 ppm over an averaging time of one hour corresponding to the Japanese standard. Noise While standards for vehicle-generated noise are prescribed under the NEQS, noise standards for receptors have not been set as yet. Standards set by the WHO for various categories of receptors were used as refcrence points and are included in Exhibit 1.5 Exhibit 1.5: WHO Guideline Valucs for Community Noise in Specific Environmcnts Specific Environment LAeq LAmax, (dB) fast (dB) Outdoor living area 55 50 School class rooms and pre-schools (indoors) 35 School, playground (outdoors) 55 Hospital, ward rooms (indoors) 30 40 30 - Hospital, treatment rooms (indoors) #1 Industrial, commercial, shopping and traffic 70 110 areas (indoors and outdoors) #1 As low as possible 3/20/03 Introduction 1-7 EMWP for PHRP Rehabilitationi anid Maintenantce Projects Water Quality In addition to the NEQS that apply to effluents released from construction camps, WHO drinking water quality guidelines were used as reference points for determining water quality. These are outlined in Exhibit 1.6. Exhibit 1.6: WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards Constituent, mglL Recommended Limited (1961 European) Ammonia 0.5 Chlorides 350 Copper 0.05a Fluorides 1.5 Iron 0.1 Magnesiumb 1 25b Manganese 0.1 Nitrates 50 Oxygen 5.0 Phenols 0.001 Sulfates 250 Zinc 5.0 aMay be higher for new piping bIf 250 mg/L S04 is present, Mg not to exceed 30 mg/L 1.3 Objectives of Environmental Management Plan The EMP will help the NHIA address the adverse environmental impact of the project, enhance project benefits, and introduce standards of good environmental practice. The primary objectives of the EMP are to: 1. Facilitate the implementation of the mitigationi measures identified in the EIA by providing the technical details of each project impact, and providing an implementation schedule. 2. Define the responsibilities of project proponeints, contractors and other role players, and effectively communicate environmienital issUCs among them. 3. Define a monitoring mechanism and identify inonitorinig parameters to ensure that all mitigation measures are completely and effectively impieiliemited. 4. Identify training rcquiremicints at various levels and providle a plan for implementation. 3/20103 Introduction 1-8 EMPfo, PIIRP Rehiabdltation and Maintenance Projects 5. Identify the resources required to implement the EMP and outline corresponding financing arrangemcnts. 1.4 Environmental Management Organization The various agencies and institutions involved in implementing this EMP, and their interrelationship is illustrated in Exhibit 1.7. Essentially, there are two groups of institutions involved in the process of environmental management: those responsible for organizing or implementing the EMP and measures, and those that enforce the standards, laws and regulations relevant to the project, supervise the EMP and overall environmental performance of construction and operation. 1.5 EMP Components This document is structured as follows: Section 2 outlines the main conclusions of the impact assessment carried out for the project's RMP works; Section 3 prcscnts a management framework within which to implement the recommended mitigation measures; Scction 4 provides a plan for environmental supervision and management; Section 5 provides a monitoring plan for the EMP including a grievance redressal system; Section 6 discusses 'the project's scope for capacity building and training; Section 7 provides an estimated budgct for implementing the EMP. 3/20/03 Introduction 1-9 EMP Jor PHRP Rehabilhtation and Maintenance Projects Exhibit 1.7: Environmental Management Organization l . ~ ~ ~~~ ~~I -- - -- - -- - Genfral Manager Project Director Ginterol Manaer iI (Planning) (Project Management Unli) tLandbilErwironment) _ : Highway construction t EIA approvals I Environmefital Agenciees > Pro,ect design POM . Environmental coordination I Selection ofcontractors. Highway O and reporting o, Selection of contractors >. Environmental compliance n Technical support for I > Pakistan EPA and monitoring compliance and monitoring > Provincial EPAs/EPD . > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Resetttement D. Land acquisilion (Manager LandIs) I . ..... I - C Local government D iF .IF; w7>fie> 11 Ff I s Forestland Wildlife Department Dp Depariment of Archaeology _- . ,A, arid MuLseUms o ; Outline dosign ' Coristru, lion supervision 0, Ten(ter dchcunients D Supervision of Approval of detailed . environmen:at compliance - --j------I---- - ------ - ------- - - -- ---- - erigineer-g design and mon;toring F4JGOl Uniiershies ano I .R,9search Institutions _ . NGOs + C60s U Llnivrsitlies e- Research insiitiliocis Contractors _ Co_struztion The Wo,i BaFrk >- Detailed engineering . _ D. Construction > Environmental compliance i > > Environmental and socit l in construction ; specialist! i L -- - - -- - - _ ______ 3/20/03 Introduction 1-10 EMP.foi PIIRP Rehabhilafion anid Aatittenoiaice Projects 2. Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment This section provides an overview of the baseline conditions of the project corridor, and identifies the potential impact of rehabilitation works on the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the selccted highway sections. The assessment includes the effects of time-bound enhanced traffic volume. 2.1 Environmental Baseline Environmental baseline conditions as rclevant to aspects of the EMP are briefly described below: Soils The highway sections passing through northern Punjab (Turnol-Chablat) contain a diverse range of soils, including sand, loamy sand, silt-loam, loam, clay-loam, and clay. As the project corridor skirts the Cholistan and Thar dcscrts towards the south (Hyderabad-Hala, and Hala-Moro), the soils becomc coarser and sandier, and towar,ds Karachi, are ridden with gravel and pebbles. Ambient Air Quality Based on a study conducted for the Japan Intcrnational Cooperation Agency (JICA) for major urban centers such as Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi/Islamabad (HBP, 2000),: hourly CO levels were found to average between I and 4 ppm for typical I 0-hour z 1~~~~~~1 ~~~~~4 mcasurement periods, peaking in the range of 2-7 ppm. CO levels are higher in areas with extensive ribbon devclopment, irrespective of the traffic count. Hourly PM,O levels averaged between 74 and 206 ig/m3 for typical 10-hour measurement periods, and peaked in the range of 89-242 ig/ll3. Levels above the suggested limit of 200 ig/m3 were recorded at threc out of ninc sampling locations Noise Levels Average daytime and nighttime noise levels along the proposed RMP sections range between 64 and 65 dBA at 50 in. When compared to the WHO noisc guidelincs that prescribe a limit of 55 dBA for outdoor areas, the roadside noise level measurements for both day and night exceed the applicable limit Roadside noise level measurements taken at a distance of about 6 m from the edge of the highway were found to be well within the permissible limit of 85 dBA prescribcd by the National Environmental Quality Standards for motor vehicles. Water Quality The quality of groundwater in the project cor r idor ranges from frcsh near the major rivers to highly saline farther away. Six water samplcs collected from various surface and sub- surface sources in the vicinity of the sections proposed for RMP under Phase 1, were analyzed for important parameters with respect to suitability as drinking water. 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of impact Assessment 2-1 EMP for PI-HRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects The disposal of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater, as well as saline effluents from bordering agricultural areas, has led to significant deterioration in the quality of groundwater. Two samples collectcd from deep wells showcd high levels of E. coli, and were not deemed fit for drinking purposes. Biological Environment In general, the areas traversed by the project corridor are poorly vegetated. About 98% of the project corridor falls under tropical thorn forest and sand dune desert. Much of this region has been cleared for cultivation, and remnants of the original forest are heavily degraded as a result of the growing need for fuel wood, fodder, and timber. As levels of disturbance along the project corridor have been high and the areas accessible to humans for a long time, wildlife abundance and diversity in protected areas is very low. Socioeconomic Environment A total of 468 structures (all of which are commercial units) currently exist in the RoW of the project corridor's Phase I RMP sections, of which only 28 fall in the corridor of impact and will require relocation under Phase 1. Thirteen mosques and seven graveyards/shrines fall within the RoW of the proposed Phase I RMP sections. A number of public utility structures including wells; hand pumps, electricity and telephone poles, transmission towers, and police check posts are also located within the -RoW. Historically important buildings and monumelnts that fall in the vicinity of the project corridor are located more than 2 km from the proposed road construction sites. 2.2 Corridor of Impact The area of project influence is referred to as the 'corridor of impact' (Col), ie, the width of the corridor that will be impacted, directly or indirectly, by the project during the construction and operation phases. Major construction activities will remain confined to the existing right of way (RoW). However, situations in which rehabilitation works will extend beyond the existing RoW include: • Establishing construction campsites and asphalt plants on temporarily acquired land D Borrowing soil matcrial from temporarily acquired land D Quarrying aggregate material D Constructing haul tracks in order to transport construLction material, etc. For the purposes of this study, the Col has been divided into two zoncs, Col I and Col 2. The Col I marks the limit within whichi the dir-ect impact of construction activities is expected to take place. This inlcludes thc displacciemCInt or relocation of people, and the removal of vegetation or soil cover for construtction. The Col 2 marks the limit within which the indirect impact of project activitics is expected. This includes the effects associated with noise, vibrations, vehicular emissionis, toxic cmissions and fugitive dust from batching and mixing plants, and the conisumLiptioni of natuLral rcsources, such as earth fill and water, required during construLctioni 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-2 EMPfo, PHRP Reliabilitationi anyd Maintenance Pr-ojects 2.3 Key Environmental Issues The environmental issues associated with the proposed highway project are summarized below: * Contamination of air, water and soil during the construction and operation phases * Borrowing of earth-fill and soil erosion; loss of topsoil due to erosion and compaction Po Impact associated with the use of water rcsources, such as silting, stagnation and altered water courses * Impact of noise generated by vehicles, plants and equipment * Relocation of squatters' structures from the Col I * Loss of access to the main highway and resulting traffic diversions * Impact on community safety as a rcsult of accident hazards during highway construction and operation * Impact on vegetation and wildlife. The intensity of each impact is categorized in Exhibit 2.1 as high, medium, low, or insignificant/none. Each project component/activity is screened separately with regard to its construction and operation phase, and according to various physical, biological and, human parameters. 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-3 EMPJor PHRP Rehabhlitation and Maintenance Projects Exhibit 2.1: Project Impact Matrix Environmental Components Physical Environment Biological Environment Social Environment o A a E 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Prject Components > E O o a~~~ ~~~ 2 _ CoE E uc.2 n Ea a 0 __a c c _ __ 1 Camageway and a-s LA , MA| aA LA | O | O | L LALALA°A|OOALA|O|OMALMAHAMLAHAO OLAM 2 c a L - o o IEo -) fa 2 2 a ~~~ ov 31 a acoa ' cu ! 2 a~~~~~~ 0l > a (D V 76 x a) 2 o a c L 6 Brrw rea 1 H O O| LA MALAA LA L MALA :O 10 a 00 aA a Oj LAAAtO AL A|O A° | O LAB a, a)I -.-.., -- - -o- - - - .m - - - - - - - - - - … - 7AHaul trlack s | OIMA O 00O LALA LAO LAHALA O O LAIE O 00 0 LMA|LA| O LA LA | LB | LA TLAAO 00 OL 4Construclioncarnp IOMAO 00 J OLALALALAO 00 OLA~~~~~~~~~o OLcoOALLA cLO0oLAAL Quarres (xistng oly) j L 000 LA 0 0 MAMA 00 1L 00 ALAj 0 M LA 00 cLB A0 0 0 L Overall construction phase LAHLAMA LA 00| LALA LALA MA MALA 0 LA 00O LA |LA 0 L;A MA HA MA1 HA MBLA HA 0 LALALA LB 2 Avenue plantabion |0°L OO O MBLB OLAILB LBO ° IMB O |MB |MBIO O MB O 0 O |LB O 00 OLB LB HA = High adverse MA = Medium adverse LA = Low adverse LB = Low beneficial MB = Medium beneficial HB = High beneficial 0 = Nonefinsignificanl=not applicable 3po/203 Main Conclusions of Impadt Assessment 2-4 EMPforPHRP Rehabditation and Main tenance Projects 2.4 Environmental Impact During Construction Phase 2.4.1 Impact on Land Resources Phase I RMP works will be divided among five contracts. The total area required for establishing temporary RMP facilities, cg, campsites and asphalt plants, is estimated at 85 ha, spread over a collective 300-km stretch. In addition to this, areas for extracting about 0.25 Mm3 of earth material for the rehabilitation of embankments will have to be acquired on a temporary basis. The contractors or their suppliers will need to lease about 50 ha of land (assuming 50 cm-deep ditches are excavated) for this purpose from nearby private farmlands on terms mutually acceptable to the owners and the contractors/suppliers. Areas used to borrow earth material will be the most significantly impacted, followed by those used to install asphalt plants. The upgrade of the proposed sections will require the temporary acquisition of privately owned land by the contractor. The utilization of land for project activities will induce temporary as well as permanent changes in the existing land use pattcrn, as well as in soil resource quality. These are described below: 1. The loss of the fertile plough layer at campsites and asphalt plants, and a drop in the elevation of borrow areas will decrease land productivity. 2. Soil erosion may also occur in workshop areas as a result of unmanaged runoff from equipment washing-yards. 3. Scarified/scraped asphalt and concretc materials, if not disposed of properly, may~~ contaminate soil resources. 4. The possible contamination of soil by oils and chemicals at asphalt plant sites, workshop areas, and cquipment washing-yards may limit the future use of land for agricultural purposes. 5. Potential conflicts may emerge with landowncrs regarding the restoration of borrow areas. 6. Borrow pits and other landscape depressions if left open, may prove hazardous to human beings, livestock and wildlife. 7. Open pits containing water are potential sources of mosquito breeding if left stagnant, and can create health problems. 8. Highway embankments tend to restrict cross-counltry drainage, causing the land on either side of the embankment to flood in case of heavy rains. 9. Surface run-off from the impcrvious surface of the carriageway can further aggravate the flooding of embankment sides. 2.4.2 Impact on Water Quality The water resources and the surroundin, land's drainage systcm in each sclected RMP section will be affected by construction activities as follows: 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-5 EMPfor PfIRP Relhabilitailon and AMaintenance Projects 1. Local water supplies will need to be tapped to meet campsite and construction requirements', bringing its use into competition with local use. 2. Surface and subsurface water resources in the selected sections may be contaminated by fucl and chemical spills, or by solid waste and effluents generated by the kitchens and toilets at construction campsites. 3. Natural streams and irrigation channels may become silted by borrow material (earth) in the runoff from the construction area, workshops and equipment washing-yards. 4. If cross-drainage structures are not adequately maintained, culverts and water channels tend to become choked with debris and erodcd soil, adversely affecting agricultural lands. 2.4.3 Impact on Ambient Air Quality The air quality in and around the selected RMP sections will be affected by fugitive dust and emissions from constmction machinery, asphalt plants, and vehicular traffic during the construction phase. Emissions may be carried over long distances, depending on wind speed and direction, the temperature of the surrounding air, and atmospheric stability. The critical sources of air pollution during the construction phase are listed below: 1. Asphalt plants that generate toxic emissions containing unburnt carbon particulates, sulfur compounds, and dust from aggregate preparation 2. Quarry areas that generate fugitive dust during rock blasting and crushing 3. Earthen haulage tracks that generate dust, particularly during loading and unloading processes. 4. Traffic-diversion routes marked along dirt tracks that generate fugitive dust when in use by vehicular traffic. 2.4.4 Impact on Noise Levels Noise generated by construction machinery is likely to affect sensitive receptors located within about 50 m of the highway. These include 16 schools and two health centcrs, none of which are currently protected by adequate noise barriers, eg, walls or vegetation barriers. 1 Generally, Phase I RMP sections have access to adequate water resources The Turnol-Chablat section is an exception as sub-surface water does not extend beyond a depth of about 60 m, and barely fulfills the requirements of the local communities On the Karachi-Hyderabad section, surface water (Sindh River) is available only near Hyderabad, and sub-surface water resources are up to 90 km away 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-6 EMP fo, PIIRP RehIabil,aion aid Main tenance Project 2.4.5 Impact on Biological Environment Flora Although certain sections of the Col 2 lie near reserve forests, the proposed constnrction activities are not expected to affect surrounding vegetation to any significant degree. Most of the forests located near the selected RMP sections generally fall more than 500 m away from the highway. However, tree clearing will be necessary along avenue plantations on sections where the road embankment needs to be raised and widened. An estimated 600 mature trees will need to be cleared in the course of two of the four rehabilitation projects planned under Phase I, ie, Hyderabad-Hala and Hala-Moro. If immature trees are also taken into account, the total damage to the plantation will be in the range of 1,100 to 1,200 trees of various ages. In terns of the total reported population of trees along the project corridor, the damage falls within a range of 0.4 to 0.5% of the existing tree population in the project area. Fauna Only three protected areas extend within 500 m of the proposed RMP sections. These areas are poorly populated by common species, and no rare or endangered wildlife = species have been reported here. The wildlife population in these protected areas has either habituated to the noise from traffic, or has already moved away from the zone of high disturbance (500 m from the highway). 2.4.6 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment The area's surrounding communities will be affected as follows: 1. The general mobility of both local residents and their livestock in and around the construction area is likely to be hindered 2. The presence of migrant construction workers inevitably causes some degree of social unease and even active disputes with the local community as a result of cultural differences. 3. Unmonitored construction activities, cg, blasting, may create an accident risk for local residents, particularly their children 4. About 28 squatters' strUctures will need to be clearcd before construction works can begin. 5. Thirteen mosques and seven gravcyards/shrines arc located within the RoW of the selected RMP sections, portions of which fall witllhin the construl'ction limit and area of direct impact as delincated by the Col I 2.5 Environmental Impact During Operation Phase The traffic volume along the highway sectionis proposed tfor RMP tinder Phase I Is expected to increase by roughly 48% by 2009. Thc impact of this increase is discusscd below. 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-7 EMP for PillP Rehabilitationi alld Matintenanl ce Projects 2.5.1 Impact on Land Resources Once the highway returns to normal operation following the completion of RMP works, it will be subject to a natural depreciation in the following ways: 1. High embankments become increasingly prone to soil erosion, causing an increase in dust emissions, a fall in land productivity, and possible silting of nearby water bodies. 2. Embankments also tend to restrict cross-country drainage, causing the land on either side of the embankment to flood in case of heavy rains. 3. Surface run-off from the impervious surface of the carriageway can further aggravate the flooding of embankment sides. 2.5.2 Impact on Water Quality Surface water resources and the surrounding land's drainage system in each selected RMP section will be affected by the opcration of increascd traffic as follows: 1. Highway embankments restricting cross-country drainage, and causing the land on either side of the cmbankment to flood in case of heavy rains, may cause natural streams and irrigation channels to become silted. 2. If cross-drainage structures are not adequatcly maintained, culverts and water channels tend to become choked with debris and eroded soil, adversely affecting the quality of surface water. 2.5.3 Impact on Ambient Air Quality The time-bound increase in traffic volume will induce a corrclative increase in vehicular emissions. Air quality forecasts drawn from baseline conditions indicate that PM3O levels will have exceeded the suggested limit of 200 ig/m3 at most locations along the projcct corridor by 2024. CO levels are expected to remain within the suggested limit of 35 ppm. SOx and NOx levels, although not alarmingly high at present, are likely to surpass the suggested limits of 140 ppb and 106 ppb, respectively, by 2024 (see Section 1.2 for suggested limits). 2.5.4 Impact on Noise Levels Noise generated by vehicular traffic is likely to affect sensitive reccptors locatcd within about 50 m of the highway. These include 16 schools and two hcalth centers, none of which are currently protected by adequate noise barriers, cg, walls or vegetation barriers. Noise levels on the selected RMP sections are expected to reach between 52 and 71 dB(A) during the daytime, and 57 and 65 dB(A) at night, generally surpassing the WHO guideline values listed in Exhibit 1.5. 3120/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-8 EMVfPfor PffRP Rehabilitationi and MalntenanceP ojecL. 2.5.5 Impact on Biological Resources Flora The impact induced by increased highway operation will be similar to that described in Section 2.4.5. Fauna The impact induced by increased highway operation will be similar to that described in Section 2.4.5. 2.5.6 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment The potential impact of the highway's increased volume of traffic on its socioeconomic environment is described below: 1. The most pressing concern expresscd during stakeholder consultations (see Scction 6 of the accompanying EIA) was the potcntially large number of human and livestock fatalities as a result of highway accidents caused by unchecked speeding. 2. A second source of risk is the concentration of commercial activity along the project corridor. Vendors operating within the RoW invariably cause traffic/safety hazards. 3. The lack of bus bays and parking areas encourages bus drivers to stop their vehicles on the carriageway when collecting passengers, creating hazards for oncoming traffic. 3/20/03 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment 2-9 E,WPfiot Pl-IRP Reh,ab,iliario,, a,id Maiienwace Projeci¶ 3. MitgatUon Measures This section provides a management plan to be followed under each RMP contract. It lists significant issues, recommends measures that will help mitigate the project's adverse environmental effects, and assigns responsibility for implementing these measures. 3.1 Design Phase The design consultants engaged by the NHA have prepared an outline design for the proposed highway. The contractors will be responsible for preparing a detailed engineering design according to the criteria and specifications provided in the outline. The environmental and safety features being implemented during the design phase are listed below. 3.1.1 Outline Design The outline design and project budget incorporates the cnvironmcntal requirements of the EIA and provisions for highway safety as follows: D A tree plantation program has been incorporated into the outline project design to compensate for the anticipated loss of vegetation during construction activities, and to help abate pollution caused by cmissions, dust, and noise during highway operation. t> Highway safety audits and improved road markings/signage havc been included in the outline design, and accident-prone junctions demarcated in order to improve the horizontal and vertical gcometry, and reduce conflicting movemcnt during operation, particularly along inhabited stretches of road. 3.1.2 Project Facilities As part of the detailed engineering design, the contractors will identify and detail the location of key project facilities, including: > Contractors' camps and facilities, ie, storage, cquipment parking and washing areas t> Sources of borrow material/carth-fill D Aggregate quarries tD Asphalt plants D Access roads for haulagc > Disposal sites and proceduies for the safe disposal of surplus construction and waste material. 3120/03 Mitigation Measures 3-1 EMP.1o, PHIP Re:habdltiallonr and Maintenance Projects The contractors and supervision consultants will locatc projcct facilities according to the following criteria: P Locate project facilities at a minimum distance of 500 m from existing settlements, built-up areas, w!ldlife habitats, or archacological and cultural monuments. *. Establish contractors' campsites and asphalt plants on waste/barren land rather than on forested or agriculturally productive land. While clearing away scrub and bushes may be unavoidable, the cutting of trces will be minimized. * As far as possible, demarcate natural areas with a high elevation for campsites and borrowing carth material. 3.1.3 Highway Safety The contractor and supervision consultants will include provisions for highway safety facilities to reduce the safety risks faced by pedestrians. These will include: * Improved intersections on side roads and village tracks, and eliminating bottlenecks. o. Roadside furniture and traffic control devices, including information and cautionary signs, signalsi, traffic diversion and flow markings, particularly where the highway lies near inhabited or protected areas. i- Public facilities, including bus,bays with passenger waiting sheds and latrines, service lanes, footpaths, pedestrian-crossing facilities, and fcnces. 3.1.4 Detailed Design The contractor will incorporatc the following design fcaturcs into the dctailed design: * Traffic diversion routes, detour roads, and tcmporary pcdestrian/livestock crossings to be operational during construction o Assessment of rcpair works required on existing cross-drainagc structures. i Assessment of appropriate locations and required capacities for new cross- drainage structures across highlway embankmcnts, intersecting rivers, natural streams and canals, to protect ncarby agricultural land and settiemcents from flooding. Thcse struCturcs will be simiilar to the existing cross-drainage stnicturcs on the adjoining (more reccntly constrLctedl) aciditional carriageway (ACW). * Outfalls for the highway mediain and side drains to divert surface run-off from the carriageway, and protcct ribbon dcvclopment areas and settlements. * Mcdian drains designed with o,utlets Icading into either natural strcambeds or open areas when no natural streamis arc locateci nearby 1 Highway safety devices to match the specifications of the (NTRC) manual of signs, signals and road markings, July 1989 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-2 EMP_foi PHIP Reliahilulatioa anid Maintienance Projecls D Appropriate measures for slope protection, ie, vegetation and stone pitching. D Sampling analysis plan for monitoring air quality, noise levels, and water and soil contamination. 3.2 Pre-Construction Phase 3.2.1 Land Acquisition, Relocation and Resettlement Land for campsites and borrow material will be acquired directly by the contractors from private landowners. The provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, will not be invoked in this case, as the acquisition of the land will be temporary under Phase 1, and will be covered by short-term lease agreements between the landowners and the contractors. Rental terms will have to be negotiated to the satisfaction of the landowners. The resettlement of project-affected persons (PAPs) and the relocation of 28 structures that fall in the RoW under Phase I will be carried out according to the entitlement policy framework and resettlement plan described in Exhibit 3.1. The following activities will be carried out in collaboration among the contractors, and the staff of the NHA Project Director and General Managers (Provinecs), the Land Acquisition Collector (LAC), and stakeholder/commun ity representatives: D. The loss of privately owned land or built-up property will be compcnsated on a replacement-cost basis. D Ten new kiosks will be construCted to accommodate displaced squatters whose structures cannot be moved any further back from their current location in the RoW. These will be leased to the affected squatters and the revenue will be used to provide them utilities and maintain the areas the kiosks are set up in. D 14 squatters, whose structures are mobile and can be moved further back into the RoW without requiring further relocation, will be provided only shifting assistance (the remaining four PAPs are encroachers and not entitled to any compensation). D Project-affected persons, specifically squatters, will be verified on the basis of their national identity card numbers/photographs to ensure that only those PAPs recorded during the census survey are allowed to claim cntitlemcnt benefits. D Existing public utilitics that may be affected within the RoW will be relocated with the prior approval of the concerned agencies and utilities. D Community-owned utilities, cg, hand pumps and wells that may be affected within the RoW will be relocated in consultationi with local communities. D All culturally significant structures that may be affected within the RoW will be relocated in consultation with the local coiimmuLity. 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-3 Note: Exhibit 3.1 stands SUPERCEDED EMPfor PHRP Rehahilitation and Maintenance Projects & Replaced by the 'Resettlement Policy Framework' attached as Appendix-A (pages 24-30) to the| Environmental Assessment Summary (Phase I & 11) J Exhibit 3.1: Entitlement Policy Framework Matrix Under Resettlement Plan No. Definition of PAP Definition of Entitlement Additional Facilities Actions Responsibility I. Loss of Privately Owned Land Owner of land as Cash compensabon in accordance with the Provincial revenue staff (tehsildars) will Land valued based on a fair market LAC in venfied by market value following the acquisition process carry out a survey of land pnces based on pnce as determined by the LAC consultation with updated revenue laid out in the LAA under non-emergency recent transactons of similar lands, following the acquisibon process laid stakeholders record situations, keeping in view the land type, registered for the preceding one year out in the LAA productivity, location, and record of past around locabons where the land is to be transactions acquired Compensation for loss of crops and trees as Crops, fruit-beanng and other trees Land class updated based on a cut-off LAC and provided in the LAA valued by respective departments date department concemed In addibon to the market value of the land, Compensation paid promptly, in LAC the owner of the land will be entitled to an accordance with the LAA, and pnor to additional sum of 15% of the land value if takeover of land - - - the acquisition was compulsory Transfer deed and title changed from LAC and NHA the original owner to NHA 11. Loss of Private, Built-up Property Owner of Cash compensation on a replacement-cost Replacement cost net of salvage value LAC property based basis net of salvage value and inclusive of assessed in accordance with the on verified cost of shifting schedule of rates of the provincial documents Buildings and Roads Department, inclusive of currently applicable premium Compensation paid prompgy, in LAC accordance with the LAA, and prior to takeover of land Structure to be demolished once NHA compensation amount has been released Continues. 3U20103 Mitigation Measures 3-4 EMPfor PHRP Rehabihitatiot and Maintenance Projects Continued No. Definition of Definition of Entitlement Additional Facilities Actions Responsibility PAP Ill. Loss of Squatters' Commercial Structures Within Col 1 Squatter- Squatter-owners to be resettled New kiosks will be provided within the RoW NHA to keep provision in the construction NHA owner within the RoW to re-establish their and leased a to those squatter-owners whose contract budget for the construction of new operating business at the nearest approprate structures cannot be moved any further back kiosks business location in the vicinity of their original from their current locabon in the RoW place of business In cases where new kiosks fall in areas that are NHA to collect lease payments at adjusted NHA not serviced, lease payments will be adjusted rates to compensate for the lack of public utilities/facilities that squatter-owners would otherwise be entitled to NHA to serve notice to affected squatter- NHA owners at least two months pnor to the start of construction NHA to provide the contractor with alternative NHA and sites for kiosks; the construction site within contractor the reach will not be handed over to the contractor unbl these kiosks are completed NHA to ensure that squatter-owners are NHA compensated through the provision of leased kiosks, and provided shifting assistance before the construction site is handed over to the contractor NHA to enter into a wntten agreement with NHA, local the local service provider to manage the new govemment and kiosks, provide utilities, and prevent further service provider encroachments in the resettled area Squatter-owners will be exempted from lease NHA and local government to forego lease NHA and local payments for a period that is twice the payments to compensate for delay in govemment disturbance period (ie, the period from the date relocation of relocation to the date of resettlement into the new kiosks) Continues 3120/03 Mitigation Measures 3-5 EMPfor PHRP Rehabilitatioon and Mainteenance Projects Con&nued No. Definition of Definition of Entitlement Additional Facilities Actions Responsibility PAP In case new kiosks are not provided within a period of Livelihood assistance to be paid by NHA NHA two months of relocabon, squatter-owners will be on a monthly basis (NHA to keep provided livelihood assistance at the rate of Rs provision in the local component of 5,000/month unbl such tme as the new kiosks are project cost /RMF budget) made available Owner allowed to salvage building Assistance in shiftng belongings/salvageable material NHA to keep provision in the construchon NHA matenal will be provided to all squatter-owners operating in the contract budget for assistance in shifting Col 1 Squatter- Squatter-tenants to be reseKtled New kiosks will be provided within the RoW and NHA to keep provision in the constructon NHA tenants within the RoW to re-establish their leased a to those squatter-tenants whose structures contract budget for the construction of operating business at the nearest appropnate cannot be moved any further back from their current new kiosks business location in the vicinity of thetr location in the RoW original place of business In cases where new kiosks fall in areas that are not NHA to collect lease payments at- NHA serviced, lease payments will be adjusted to adjusted rates compensate for the lack of public utilities/facilities that squatter-tenants would otherwise be entitled to NHA to serve notce to affected squatter- NHA tenants at least two months prior to the start of construction NHA to provide the contractor with NHA and alternative sites for kiosks; the contractor construchon site within the reach will not be handed over to the contractor until these kiosks are completed NHA to ensure that squatter-tenants are NHA compensated through the provision of leased kiosks, and provided shifting assistance before the construction site is handed over to the contractor Contnues 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-6 EMPfor PHRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects Continued No. Definition of Definition of Additional Facilities Actions Responsibility PAP Entitlement NHA to enter into a wntten agreement with NHA, local the local service provider to manage the new government, and kiosks, provide utilities, and prevent further service provider encroachments in the resettled area Squatter-tenants will be exempted from lease payments for a NHA and local administration to forego lease NHA period that is twice the disturbance penod (ie, the period from payments to compensate for delay in the date of relocabon to the date of resettlement into the new relocation kiosks) In case new kiosks are not provided within a period of two Livelihood assistance to be paid by NHA on NHA months of relocabon, squatter-tenants will be provided a monthly basis (NHA to keep provision in livelihood assistance at the rate of Rs 5,000/month until such the local component of project cost/RMF time as the new kiosks are made available budget) Assistance in shifting belongings/salvageable material will be NHA to keep provision in the construction NHA provided to all squatter-tenants operating in the Col 1 contract budget for assistance in shifting Absentee Allowed to NHA to serve notice to affected squatters at NHA squatter-owner salvage facilities least two months pnor to the start of not operating and materials construction works business IV. Loss of Community/Privately-Owned Utilities b Squatter-owner Allowed to NHA to serve nobce to affected squatter- NHA salvage facilities owners at least two months prior to the start of construction Assistance in shifting salvaged material to a location within 5 NHA to keep provision in the construction NHA km of the original location contract budget for assistance in shifting NHA to ensure that squatters are provided NHA shifting assistance before the contractor is mobilized in the concerned reach Continues 3/20103 Mitigation Measures 3-7 EMPfor PARP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects Continued No. Definition of PAP Definition of Entitlement Additional Facilities Actions Responsibility V. Loss of Trees Owned by Squatters Squatter-owner or tenant as Allowed to salvage trees/wood NHA to serve notice to NHA applicable affected squatters at least two months prior to the start of construction VI. Loss of Culturally Significant Buildings Existing mosque committee or Cash compensabon on a replacement-cost Replacement cost assessed in NHA Imam basis net of salvage value accordance with the latest schedule of rates NHA to arrange space at NHA to keep provision in the NHA and local govemment the nearest appropnate project budget for providing locabon to reestablish the space facility Assistance in shifting NHA to keep provision in the - -NHA - - salvageable material contract budget for assistance in shifting Community/caretaker Shifting of graves Assistance in shifting NHA to keep provision in the NHA and local govemment responsible for graves graves to the nearest contract budget for assistance in consultaton with appropnate location in shifting stakeholders a Revenue from lease payments will be shared between the NHA and local government b Community-owned utilities include hand pumps, boundary walls, and other fixed assets that can be salvaged LAC Land acquisition collector LAA Land Acquisition Act, 1894 3Q20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-8 EM'IPfor PHIRP Rehabililation and Mamitenance Projects 3.2.2 Project Site Identification The contractor will identify sites for labor camp/equipment storage and borrowing earth fill, subject to the approval of the supervision consultant. 3.2.3 Tree Plantation The NHA will award a contract to an experienced private firm to supervise the planting of saplings to compensate for those trees removed from the planned construction site, or transplant young trees removed from the site. This will be carried out in consultation with the provincial forest departments. 3.2.4 Community Protection The following measures will be carried out in order to protect surrounding communities from the expected impact of construction: D The contractor will raise the level of boundary walls or construct new walls for buildings surrounding sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals, to reduce the impact of noise generated during construction and operation. D> The NHA in conjunction with the National Highway and Motorway Police (NHMP) will initiate a road safety awareness campaign among roadside communities settled along project reaches. 3.2.5 Water Resources In sections such as Turnol-Chablat, where potable water is in short supply, the contractor will assess the availability of water to evaluate the impact on community resources. Approval from the local administration and representatives of the concerned irrigation departments will be obtained before using local water resources. 3.3 Construction Phase 3.3.1 Mitigation of Impact on Land D Where the use of agricultural land is unavoidable, the top 30 cm of the plough layer will be stripped and stockpiled for redressing the land after the required borrow material has been removed. D The excavation of earth fill will be limited to an approximate depth of 50 cm. This practice will be applied uniformly across the entire extent of the farmland unit acquired for borrowing earth material. Where deep ditching is to be carried out, the top I m layer of the ditching area will be stripped and stockpiled. The ditch will initially be filled with scrap material from construction and then leveled with the stockpiled topsoil to make it even with the rest of the area. 3t20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-9 F,,IP /o, PIIRP Rehahilitationi and Maini tenance Projectv * The contractors will be required to instrLct and train their workforce in the storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination. * Soil contamination by asphalt will be minimized by placing all containers in caissons. * Side drains and median drains will be constructed to prevent flooding on the carriageways. In ribbon development areas, concrete drains will be built along the road shoulders; in open areas, drains/ditches will be constructed along the toe of the embankment. * An adequate number of bridges and culverts will be constructed across the highway embankments and across intersecting rivers, natural streams and canals, and will be regularly monitored and cleaned. * Low embankments will be protected from erosion by planting indigenous grasses that can flourish under relatively dry conditions * High embankments, ie, over 2 m high, will be protected by constructing stone pitching or a riprap across the embankment. This practice will also be applied along cross-drainage structures where embankmiients are more susceptible to erosion by water runoff. * Solid waste generated during construction and at campsites will be properly treated and safely disposed of only in demarcated waste disposal sites approved by the supervision consultant. * Debris generated by the dismantling of existing pavement structures will be recycled subject to the suitability of the material and the approval of the supervision consultant, or otherwise safely disposed of. * Construction material will be acquired from quarries approved by the Department of Mines, Government of Pakistan, with the consent of the supervision consultant. * Ditches or borrow pits that cannot be fully rehabilitated will be landscaped/converted into fish ponds to minimize erosion and to avoid creating hazards for people and livestock. * The staff of the NHA's General Manager Lands/Environment will monitor the process of restoration and will ensure, through the terms of the construction contracts, that landowners are compensated according to the terms of their lease agreements, and that the restoration actions agreed upon by the contractors are duly carried out. 3.3.2 Mitigation of Impact on Water Resources * Construction camps will be established in areas with adequate natural drainage channels in order to facilitate the flow of treated effluents. *. Camps will be located at least 500 in away from the nearest local settlement to prevent the contamination of commu-nity-owned water resources. 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-10 EMP foi PHRP Reaiahliatioton and Mamitentance Projects • Guidelines will be established to minimize the wastage of water during construction operations and at campsites. • Wastewater effluent from contractors' workshops and equipment washing-yards will be passed through gravel/sand beds to remove oil/grease contaminants before discharging it into natLral streams. According to local laws, the BOD5 concentration in sewage must be brought down to less than 80 before being discharged into a natural stream with a capacity to dilute the effluent further by 10 times. D Earth and stone material will not be allowed to block existing cross-drainage structures on sections along or close to water channels. • Borrow pits and natural depressions with pre-laid impervious liners will be used to dispose of scarified/scraped asphalt, and then covered with soil. This will check potential groundwater contamination. Options for completely or partially recycling scraped asphalt will also be taken into account. • The contractors will be required to maintain close liaison with local communities to ensure that conflicts, if any, related to the utilization of water for project purposes are resolved quickly. • Retention work will be carried out on roadside drainage channels as per the drainage design to prevent silting. 3.3.3 Mitigation of Impact on Ambient Air > Quarry areas and asphalt plants will be located at least 500 m downwind from populated areas, wildlife habitats, and contractors' camps, to minimize the impact of dust emissions. Plants will also be suitably equipped with dust control devices. D Asphalt, hot mix and batching plants will be equipped with dust control equipment such as fabric filters or wet scnibbers to reduce the level of dust emissions. D Where dust emissions are high, diversion tracks will be overlain with shingle or surface treated. Where necessary, and subject to the availability of water, dust emissions will be reduced by the regular sprinkling of water at least twice a day. In addition, traffic on diversion tracks will be managed to reduce air pollution. D Haul-trucks carrying asphalt-concrete mix and/or aggregate fill materials will be kept covered with tarpaulin to help contain construction material being transported between sites. > The NEQS applicable to gaseous emissions generated by construction vehicles, equipment, and machinery, will be enforced during construction works. 3.3.4 Mitigation of Impact on Biological Environment D The contractor will ensure that there is minimal disruption to the area's vegetation. Trees or shrLbs will be felled only if they impinge directly onto sites 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-11 AlP/hi PHIRP Reahilitration and Malaittenance Projecls demarcated tor permanent works or necessary temporary works, and with prior approval from the supervision consultant/forest department. * Constmiction vehicles, machinery and equipment will remain confined within their designated areas of movement. * The contractor will coordinate with the provincial wildlife departments to ensure that there is minimal disturbance to the area's wildlife. 3.3.5 Mitigation of Impact on Socioeconomic Environment * The contractor will be required to ensure that construction work does not hinder local people's access to the highway and their ability to cross it safely. Constructing temporary ramps and diversion routes will facilitate pedestrians and livestock when crossing the highway. * The contractor will be required to adopt good engineering practices to minimize safety and health hazards among its workers as well as the local population. Mitigation measures will include the following: D Complying with safety precautions for construction workers as per the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as applicable to this contract D Training workers in construction safety procedures, equipping all construction workers with hard boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and sustained usage. D Displaying warning signs along the work site, communicating advance warnings to local communities prior to any blasting, and using protective devices (eg, wire containment mats) to enhance blasting safety. D Providing well-planned traffic diversions at construction sites to avoid traffic bottlenecks. At most places, the ACW can be used to divert traffic, but where this is not possible, the diversion route plan should use the space available within the RoW as far as possible. * A detailed traffic control plan will be drafted and implemented with the approval of the supervision consultant. *. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure the safety of traffic during construction, including barricades (including signs, pavement markings, flags, and lights) erected as required by the NHA/NHMP. All such barricades will be set up as per local regulations. * Any discovery of archaeological artifacts will be reported to the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan As far as possible, construction work will be coordinated such that one carriageway at a time is upgraded on any one section, leaving the other available to serve dual traffic. Special attention will be paid to sections where ribbon development is extensive, such as the Turniol-Chablat section. 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-12 EjMFPtor PHRP Rehabihliation and Maintenance Projectv > Campsites will be located at least 500 m away from local settlements, and sensitivity towards local customs and traditions will be encouraged. D Good relations with local communities will be promoted by encouraging contractors to provide opportunities for skilled and unskilled employment to locals, as well as on-the-job training in construction for young people. Local vendors will be supplied with regular business by purchasing campsite goods and services from them. 3.4 Operation Phase 3.4.1 Mitigation of Impact on Land The contractors will establish contingency plans to counter the accidental spillage of oil, fuels and toxic chemicals. These will be monitored by the supervision consultant. 3.4.2 Mitigation of Impact on Water Resources D The NHA's routine maintenance contractors will ensure that storm drains and highway drainage systems are periodically cleared to maintain storm water flow. • The NHA will work with local tehsil governments to better manage ribbon development liable to cause traffic hazards, and to prevent the accumulation of solid waste and impoundment of wastewater along the highway. 3.4.3 Mitigation of Impact on Ambient Air The improvement of the highway as envisaged under the project will help reduce traffic- related emissions in the short tern by allowing a smoother traffic flow. In the long term, however, increasing traffic levels and congestion will lead to pollution levels well above acceptable international standards. Accordingly, the NHA will adopt the following measures to reduce the impact of highway traffic on air quality: > The NHA will set up a system to monitor air quality along the project corridor in accordance with accepted international standards. The system will cover protocols for sampling and analysis, assessment of air quality at sensitive locations, reporting, and infonnation sharing. The NHA will coordinate all efforts in this area with the EPAs and local authorities concerned. > The TA consultant to be engaged by the NHA for training will advise the Pak- EPA on establishing national standards for air quality, and targets for improving air quality along the highways. D The TA consultant to be engaged by NI-A for training will also advise the Pak- EPA and Road Transport Authority on revising and improving the existing vehicular emissions standards and testing procedures. > The NHA will facilitate EPAs in monitoring vehicular emissions in collaboration with the NHMP, motor vehicle examiners, organizations of fleet owners and transporters, and the local authorities concerned. 3120/03 Mitigation Measures 3-13 EAIPJot PHRP Rel/ahIbliatio,z and Mailoenance Projectv *. Where emissions exceed the prescribed limits at specific locations, the NHA will help the owners and occupants of affected premises to identify and implement special measures to help reduce air pollution. These measures will include setting up vegetation or other barriers to reduce the dispersion of pollutants into the premises. In addition to the measures listed above, long-term initiatives managed by the Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, and the National Energy Conservation Center will help mitigate the adverse impact on air quality. These include measures initiated under the Pakistan Clean Fuels Program reviewing gasoline and HSD specifications affecting emissions; launching a nationwide move towards unleaded gasoline; and tightening other gasoline parameters to improve fuel quality. In addition, the Fuel Efficiency in the Road Transport Sector (FERTS) project is promoting improved vehicle maintenance practices and a countrywide netvork of modern tune-up facilities. 3.4.4 Mitigation of Impact on Noise Mitigation measures to protect existing sensitive locations from high noise levels in the long term, include: * Monitoring noise levels and facilitating EPAs in enforcing vehicle noise standards as prescribed in the NEQS. *. Raising building boundary walls facing the highway for sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals. As part of the construction contracts, a total of 3,500 rft of ten-foot high wall will be constructed for the 15 schools and two hospitals that are located within 50 ft of the proposed sections. This will be carried out in consultation with the building owners and occupants. *. Altering the occupation and utilization patterns of these buildings to shift frequently occupied areas away from the highway. The supervision consultant will assess the current noise levels and advise occupants on the suitability of available alternatives. *. Under highway regulations, the construction of buildings is not allowed within 34 m from the centerline of the highway. The NHA will strictly monitor such irregularities in future, and seek the assistance of the NHMP in keeping the highway clear of encroachments. 3.4.5 Mitigation of Impact on Biological Environment The NHA will coordinate with the provincial wildlife departments to ensure that there is minimal disturbance to the area's wildlife. 3.4.6 Mitigation of Impact on Socioeconomic Environment * The NHA will work closely with the newly established NHMP to ensure that drivers as well as pedestrians observe traffic rules and that the safety of the pedestnans is not compromised. 3/20/03 Mitigation Measures 3-14 LAIP foa PHIRP Reliabilitation and Alaitenance Projects > Traffic management plans will be prepared and implemented in conjunction with the NHMP and roadside commuters to reduce congestion and traffic hazards. D Driving permits, licenses, and special permits if prescribed will be inspected for vehicles delivering hazardous substances. D The NHA will negotiate improved roadside facilities for road users, with major oil marketing companies and other service providers operating along the main highways. 3120/03 Mitigation Measures 3-15 EA'IPJoi I IRP Rehahbilutation and Maui:enance Projects 4. Environmental Supervision Plan This section describes how the EMP will be implemented in conjunction between the NHA, supervision consultant, contractors, and local authorities. 4.1 Environmental Supervision and Management Arrangements Exhibit 4.1 illustrates the overall organizational structure of the NHA, and shows how the National Highways Improvement Program (NHIP) will be managed. The NHIP will be managed by a steering committee consisting of the Chairman NHA, the Member Operations, Member Finance, and Member Planning. The NHIP's Program Management Unit headed by a project director, will serve as secretariat to the steering committee, with the Project Director responsible for day-to-day project management. The Project Director will be supported by a project coordinator in each of the provinces, assisted by deputy project coordinators assigned to individual contracts for highway sections. The regional General Managers responsible for highway maintenance and operations will liaise with the Project Coordinators on project-related matters. A supervision consultant appointed by the NHA under international competitive bidding (ICB) will be designated the "Engineer/Project Manager". The Supervision Consultant will be responsible for supervising the project's contractors and ensuring that all contractual obligations related to design and construction, as well as environmental and social compliance are met. The General Manager Lands/Environment (GM LE), working under the Member Operations, will have overall responsibility for ensuring compliance with the EMP. The scope of responsibilities will include: 1. Setting up systems for environmental management 2. Coordinating with regulatory agencies including EPAs, local NGOs, and community-based organizations (CBOs) that could assist the NHA in independent reviews of environinental and social compliance. 3. Liaising between project staff (essentially the Project Coordinators in each province and the Deputy Project Coordinators assigned to the contracts) and the Supervision Consultant's staff to monitor environmental compliance during construction. 4. Coordinating with the operations staff working under the regional General Managers to monitor environmental compliance during highway operation. 5. Providing support and assistance to the General Manager Planning to ensure that environmental and social considerations are incorporated into the project design. The distribution of responsibilities for environmental supervision and management within the NHA for various stages of the project is described below. 3/19/03 Environmental Supervision Plan 4-1 EMPfoi PHRP Rehabilitation and Maintena,ice Project, Exhibit 4.1: Organizational Structure for National Highway Improvement Program ........................ NHNlIP . Project *Supervision .terig Chira ' Consultant * Management teer. Chairman **Unit * Committee |~~~~~~~~~~~ .............................. ......................... .... Project . D Dlrector/ , Member Member Member General : Planning Operations Finance ManrManager _ . ... ................ .. t...................... I . ~~~~~~~~Genera Ch*f _ BMana s Gentral Re'hn Plannmg Manager Manager Eng:nleer .Audits Fiance _ Director Design _ Director _ Contracts . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~General Manager 3119103 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EnvironmentalSpriinPa Project General| r Lands |Coordinator | , Manager ._ . | ~~~Punjab I Punjab IIi |Resident e 1 euty | |Manager ||Manager |Engineer | | |Poect Lands Environment Punjab Prjc r i, | ori or II I I | ProJect | ' { ~~~General I Coordinator * . Manager Dpt Depujty I ' | NWFP | | I | ~~~~~~NWFP Mngr Manager | esi et 1 Deputy | Lns ||Environment En ineer III Project I . . I | NWFP | , I , | | Coordinator | l l | Assistant | | Assistant . -Project I F GTenerl |Mngr||Manager Coordinator j' , Manager Lns Environment I | | ~~Sindh I| Sindh :|Resident ||Deputy| 'tEngineer ' Project *| Sindh |*|Coordinator | | General | -- ---------- --- - ..... Manager |Balochistan| | Contractors 3/19103 Environmental Supervision Plan 4-2 EAMP for PHRP Rehrabilitatoon alld Mainltenianice Projeca 4.1.1 Design Stage General Manager LandslEnvironment The GM LE and his staff are responsible for the following: * Supervising environmental and social assessments, and providing substantial inputs and guidance to the General Manager Planning in preparing engineering design and tender documents * Having EIAs approved by the EPAs concerned * Developing the Entitlement Policy Framework for resettlement (see Section 3) and conducting surveys to determine resettlement requirements * Vetting construction tenders and contracts in an cnvironmental context. General Manager Planning The General Manager Planning and his staff are responsible for: * Supervising the Design Consultant when preparing an outline design and tender documents for RMP contracts *. Hiring an independent firm to'carry out the required environmental and social assessments of each project *. Hiring contractors and awarding contracts for detailed cngineering and construction, using a competitive bid process * Coordinating with the GM LE on all environment-related issues and ensuring that the environmental concerns identified in the EIA are incorporated into the highway design. 4.1.2 Land Acquisition and Resettlement The GM LE will be responsible for managing the acquisition of land and supervising the resettlement program. A resettlemcnt committec consisting of the Deputy Director Maintenance, Deputy Manager Environmcnt, and the Land Acquisition Collector (LAC) will be appointed to supervise the resettlement process and to ensure that it conforms to the Entitlement Policy Framework adoptcd for the project. Specifically, the resettlement committee will ensure that the following activities are carricd out transparently and according to acccptable standards. * Identifying and verifying project-affected persons (PAPs) * Identifying which public facilities and utilities need to be relocated * Identifying suitable relocation sites * Signing leases and recording compensation payments in case of dclays * Providing shifting assistance to displaced squattcrs. 3119103 Environmental Supervision Plan 4-3 EMPfot PHRP Rehabilitationi and Maintenance Projects 4.1.3 Construction Stage General Manager LandslEnvironment The General Manager Lands/Environment and his staff will be responsible for the following: D Monitoring tree plantation along the highways • Monitoring compliance with the EMP D Supervising and providing technical support to project and operations staff to help ensure compliance with the EMP • Assessing the environmental impact of highway construction D Monitoring the resettlement of displaced squatters • Sustaining working partnership among the NHA, EPAs, provincial agriculture, forest and wildlife departments, NGOs/CBOs and other public/private sector organizations. Project Coordinators The Project Coordinators will be rcsponsible for handling thc NHA's (as the Employer) obligations with respect to the RMP contracts assigned to their rcspective provinces. The Deputy Project Coordinators assigned to thcse individual construction contracts will be responsible for ensuring that the provisions of the EMP are implcmented.in their construction areas. The Deputy Project Coordinator will also coordinate with the General Managers (Provinces) in order to manage traffic and construction activities within the RoW and corridor of impact. Supervision Consultant The Supervision Consultant engaged by the NHA will be designated as the "Engineer/Project Manager", and will be responsible for supervising all aspects of the contractors' performance. The Supervision Consultant will ensure that: > The contractors fulfill their environmental obligations during the construction phase of the project D The contractors carry out the specific environmental mitigation measures assigned to them under their contract in accordance with the EMP. The Supervision Consultant will also assist the GM LE in coordinating with the EPAs, provincial agriculture, forest and wildlife departments, NGOs/CBOs and other public/private sector organizations. 3/19/03 Environmental Supervision Plan 4-4 EMP for PIIRP Rehabdlitallon and Maintenance Projects 4.1.4 Operation Stage General Manager LandslEnvironment The GM LE will be responsible for: * Advising on, and monitoring tree plantations along the highways * Monitoring compliance with the EMP, and supervising and providing technical support to operations staff to help ensure compliance * Managing environmental monitoring according to the EMP * Rcporting the progress of environmental compliance to the federal and provincial EPAs * Assessing the long-term environmental impact of highway operation * Sustaining a working partnership among the NHA, EPAs, provincial agriculture, forest and wildlife departments, NGOs/CBOs and other related public/private sector organizations. Supervision Consultant The Supervision Consultant, who will also continue during Phase II of the project, will assist the GM LE in environmental monitoring and assessing the long-term impact of highway operation. 3/19/03 Environmental Supervision Plan 4-5 EMPforPHIRPReh,abihiation, anidMaintenanceProjecis 5. Environmental Monitoring Plan 5.1 Objectives The main objectives of the pre-construction and construction phase monitoring plans will be to: *. Monitor the actual project impact on physical, biological and socio-economic receptors. This will indicate the adequacy of the EIA. * Recommend mitigation measures for any unexpected impact or where the impact level exceeds that anticipated in the EIA. * Ensure compliance with legal and community obligations including safety on construction sites. *. Monitor the rehabilitation of borrow areas and the restoration of construction campsites as described in the EMP. * Ensure the safe disposal of excess construction materials. The main objectives of monitoring during the operation phase will be to: * Appraise the adequacy of the EIA with respect to the project's predicted long- term impact on the corridor's physical, biological and socio-economic environment. * Evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures proposed in the EMP, and recommend improvements in the EMP, if necessary. o Compile periodic accident data to support analyses that will help minimize future risks. o. Monitor the survival rate of roadside plantations. 5.2 Monitoring Roles and Responsibilities General Manager LandslEnvironment The GM LE will have overall responsibility for organizing and managing the environmental monitoring program for the project. Air quality, water quality, noise, and soil will be periodically monitored during the construction and operation phase, monitoring activities assigned on contract to private or public sector organizations that are appropriately equipped and have demonstrated their capability of implementing environmental monitoring programs. The supervision consultant will assist the GM LE in monitoring construction activities. 3/19/03 Environmental Monitonng Plan 5-1 FEMPfol PIIRP Rehahbiltatioai anrd Maintenance Pr ojects Regulatory Agencies The federal and provincial EPAs will review the monitoring process as well as periodic reports submitted by the NHA evaluating the monitoring process in their capacity as regulators. In addition to monitoring air quality, vehicular emissions will also be monitored to support the achievement of long-term targets for air quality along the highway. The NRA will facilitate the EPAs in carrying out vehicular emissions testing by providing support for such programs through the National Highway Police and the NHA's own operations staff. The NHA will also make available mobile vehicular emissions testing laboratories to the respective EPA in each province in which the proposed highway sections are located. In addition, it will make budgetary provisions for providing support in meeting the operating costs of conducting vehicular emissions testing for the project period. Subject to the satisfactory perfonnance of each EPA, these mobile units will be transferred to the respective EPAs. NGOs and CBOs In addition to monitoring by the NHA and EPAs, various NGOs/CBOs will be involved in providing independent evaluations of the quality and effectiveness of the monitoring process adopted by the NHA. Through a public solicitation of interest, the GM LE will identify NGOs/CBOs that show suitable capacity for participating in the monitoring program. The GM LE will facilitate the participation of NGOs/CBOs by providing logistical and office support to the designated staff. National Highway Police The role of the National Highway Police, which is presently limited to traffic management, will be expanded to provide field-level support in environmental management. In addition to supporting the vehicular emissions testing program, the National Highway Police will assist NHA operations staff in managing the RoW including monitoring encroachments and the safe disposal of solid waste and liquid effluents. 5.3 Monitoring Program A monitoring plan for the project providing paramctcrs, frequency, locations and applicable standards, is presented in Exhibit 5.1. The GM LE will sclect and engage a monitoring agency to implement this monitoring plan. The scope of monitoring will cover air quality, noise, water quality, tree plantation, and vegetation cover. In addition to this formal monitoring, that may be used for complianice purposes as legal records of environmcntal pcrformance on construction sites, the contractor and supervision consultant will carry out periodic routine monitoring Monitorinlg methods and parameters will include: * A weekly check of noise levels using a portable noise mctcr operated near major construction equipmcnt and machinery * Visual checks of exhaust cmissions fiom cqLipmncit ancl vehicles on a daily basis * Visual checks of airborne dutst on temporary access roads, material stockpiles, disturbed soil, and hatul tracks. 3/19/03 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-2 EMPforPHRP Rehabilitation andMawttenance PiojectL Exhibit 5.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan Project Stage Parameters Details Standards Responsibilty to be Applied Location Frequency Duration Air Quality Pre- PMIo, S02, NOx, 15 m from the edge of the USEPA NAAQS Four selected locations on Baseline, once prior to Continuous 24 hours construction CO, HC, 03 pavement downwind WHO Air Quality each highway section construction Guidelines Construction PM,o, HC 40 m from the hot mix plant USEPA NAAQS Wherever the contractor Once every four months Continuous 24 hours or in downwind direction WHO Air Quality decides to locate the hot- during construction over one full working Guidelines mix plant period day PM1o 15 m from edge of the USEPA NAAQS Stretch of highway where Once every four months Continuous 24 hours or pavement downwind WHO Air Quality construction is in progress during construction over one full working Guidelines penod day Operation PM1o, S02, NOR, 15 m from the edge of the USEPA NAAQS Four selected locations on 3 samples in a week, Continuous 24 hours CO, HC, 03 pavement downwind WHO Air Quality each highway section once a year for three Background concentration Guidelines years Near a residential area At a sensitive location eg, a hospital or school Water Quality Pre- Pb, total coliforms, Community groundwater WHO Drinking Two selected locations on Once, about a fortnight construction and faecal coliforms source near the edge of the Water Quality each highway section before construction RoW Guidelines starts Continues 3/19/03 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-3 EMPfor PHRP Rehabihtation and Maintenance Projects Contnued Project Stage Parameters Details Standards Responsibility to be Applied Locabon Frequency Duration Construction Pb, total coliforms, Community groundwater source WHO Drinking Two selected Once in the middle and and faecal near the edge of the RoW Water Quality locations on each once at the end of the coliforms Guidelines highway secton construction period Operation Pb, total Community groundwater source WHO Drinking Two selected Once a year in the coliformns, and near the edge of the RoW Water Quality locabons on each summer, just before faecal coliforms Guidelines highway section monsoon season Noise Levels Pre- Noise levels on Four locations WHO Noise Four selected Once, one to two weeks 24 hours, readings taken at construction dB(A) scale 15 m from the edge of the Guidelines locabons on each before start of 15 s intervals over 15 min pavement highway section construction every hour, and then Background noise averaged A sensitive location Residentiallcommercial area Noise levels on 7 m from the equipment whose Pakistan EPA At equipment yard As and when necessary Readings taken at 15 s dB(A) scale noise level is to be determined NEQS (Noise), and road or as instructed by NHA intervals over 15 min every 1997 construction site hour, and then averaged Construction Noise levels on 15 m from the edge of the WHO Noise One selected Once every four months 24 hours, readings taken at dB(A) scale pavement Guidelines location on each during construction 15 s intervals over 15 min highway section phase every hour, and then averaged Coninues 3/19/03 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-4 EMPfor PHRP Rehahilitation and Maintenance Projects Continued... Project Parameters Details Standards Responsibility Stage to be Applied Location Frequency Duration Operation Noise levels on Four locations: WHO Noise Guidelines Four selected locabons on Once a year 24 hours, readings dB(A) scale 15m from the edge of the each highway section taken at 15 s pavement intervals over 15 Background noise min every hour, and then averaged A sensitive locabon Residential/commercial area Soil Construction Oil and grease Threshold for each Five selected locations in As per occurrence contaminant to be set contractors' equipment of spills using USEPA's IRIS yards on each highway database until national section as idenbfied by the standards are established supervision consultant Operation Oil, metals and Parameters to be analyzed according Threshold for each Spill locations involving As per occurrence chemicals to nature of the spill contaminant to be set vehicles carrying fuels and of spills using USEPA's IRIS hazardous materials database until national standards are established Vegetation Cover Pre- Number of Only marked trees will be felled As per detailed design of All along the project construction trees felled project corridor Operation Survival rate of On each visit, the number of surviving The survival rate should Plantabon sites Every year for trees and re- trees to be compared to the number of be at least 70%, below three years or vegetation saplings planted which re-plantation shall more depending be done on the survival rate 3/19/03 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-5 EMAPfoi PIIRP Rehabilitaltion and Maintenance Projectv The supervision consultant will be further required to: * Systematically observe the activities carried out by the contractors or any other person associated with the project * Verify that the activities carried out comply with the EIA/EMP and other conditions identified by NHA *. Document and report their observations to the GM LE on a monthly basis so that any corrective measures, if required, can be implemented in time. * Maintain a record of all incidents of environmental significance as well as related actions and corrective measures. The supervision consultant will train his own staff to conduct monitoring and compliance reporting, and will also train the contractors' staff in carrying out routine monitoring. The supervision consultant will submit a monthly report to the NHA's Project Director and a copy to the GM LE summarizing the instances of non-compliance observed and the corrective measures taken. The GM LE will review these reports, and his representative will conduct site visits to inspect the progress of monitoring work. All monitoring and reporting obligations will be included in the contractors' and supervision consultant's contracts. In addition to environmental monitoring by the supervision consultant, NGOs and local CBOs engaged by the GM LE will be asked to verify the effectiveness of the resettlement program, and report their findings to the GM LE. This will include reconfirming the identity of project-affected persons (PAPs); explaining resettlement entitlements and the process to PAPs; ensuring that resettlement and compensation is carricd out according to the Entitlement Framework Policy; and facilitating dispute resolution, if any. 5.4 Grievance Management System The deputy project coordinator assigned to each construction contract will maintain a community complaints-management regiister (CCMR) to record complaints brought forward by the local commtunity, and to ensure that these are appropriately redressed. The information recorded in the register will include the date of the complaint and particulars of the complainant; a description of the grievance; the follow-up action required; the person responsible for implemcnting the action; and a target date for its completion. Affected communities and their representatives will be idcntified before the project begins. The deputy project coordinator will visit eaclh commulnity at regular intervals, typically once a month. The interval may depend on the frequency with which grievances are recorded. The representative will maintain a rccord of these visits (date visited, persons met, issucs discussed, and complaints brought forward) using the CCMR. The NHA's decision on any issuLc will always bc commiitillcated to the complainant. 3/19/03 Environmental Monitonng Plan 5-6 EMPfor PHRP ReI?I,halitalio,i and Mainienance Projects The CCMR and feedback from the NGOs/CBOs engaged in monitoring will periodically (eg, once a month) be reviewed at a high-level mceting at the GM LE's office. Matters related to unfulfilled contractual obligations under the EMP and the Entitlement Framework Policy will be promptly communicated to the supervision consultant for rectification. 5.5 Reports The GM LE's office will be responsible for submitting the following reports: Monthly Environmental Report The GM LE will compile the reports and information acquired from the following sources to produce a monthly environmental report for the project: D Monthly report from the supervision consultant providing a province-wise and contract-wise breakdown of non-compliances and rectification by the contractors D The results of monitoring environmental parameters carried out by the Manager Lands/Environment as specified in (Exhibit 5.1) D Reports submitted by the NGOs/CBOs engaged to carry out environmental and social monitoring D Field observations made by the GM LE's staff and the deputy project coordinators. Final Environmental Report A final report summarizing the non-compliances observed, corrective measures taken, and the extent to which the impacts remained within those predicted by the EIA will be prepared by the supervision consultant once the contract has been completed. The final report will be reviewed by the Manager Lands/Environment, and submittcd to the federal EPA and the provincial EPA concerned. These reports will be submitted to the project director and copied to the federal and provincial EPAs. Meetings will be held with the EPAs at least once a quarter to discuss the status of compliance and problcms. 5.6 Estimated Monitoring Cost The monitoring program to be carried out by the NHA spans a two-ycar construction period, and the first three years of highway operation. The cost of the program is estimated at Rs 3.73 million (see Exhibit 5.2). Operation phase monitoring will continue through the first three years of operation to evaluate environmental performance and to assess the degree of impact relative to that predicted in the EIA. Following the first three years, the monitoring system may be revised and be made less intensive depending on the results of the first three years of operation. In addition, a 20% contingcncy of Rs 0.622 million is planned for the construction phase, to budget for any unexpected need for additional monitoring work. 3/19/03 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-7 EMPfor PHIRP Relaiaoltatioti and Mainitenance Pr-ojects The cost of three units of vehicular emissions monitoring equipment to be procured by the NHA and transferred to the EPAs, is cstimated at $ 125,000 each, ie, $ 375,000 for three units (Rs 22.5 million). An amount of $ 25,000 (Rs 1.5 million) will be allocated to cover the incremental costs of equipment operation when monitoring vehicular emissions on the highway sections during the first three years of operation. The cost of daily monitoring to be carried out by the contractor and the supervision consultant will be included as part of the contract price. The cost of selecting and facilitating NGOs/CBOs in monitoring will be included as part of the contract price of the supervision consultant. 3/19103 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-8 EMPfor P-fRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects Exhibit 5.2: Cost Estimates for Air Quality, Water Quality, and Noise Monitoring Monltonng Component Parameters Quantity Amount, Details Rs '000' Air Quality Monitoring Pre-construction PM1o, SO2, NOx, CO, HC, 03 8 480 Eight tests @ Rs 60,000/test Construction PM1o, HC 32 288 Four tests per year; four sectons; two-year construction period; @ Rs 9,000/test PM1o 32 192 Four tests per year; four sections; two-year construction penod, @ Rs 6,000/test Operation PM,o, SO2, NOx, CO, HC, 03 36 1,620 Three tests per year; four sections, three-year operation period, @ Rs 45,000/test Noise Level Monitoring dB(A) 72 288 16 readings during pre-construction; 32 during construction, and 24 during operation phase; @ Rs 4,000/reading Water Quality Monitoring Pb, total coliforms, and faecal 48 240 Eight samples dunng pre-construction; 16 during construction, 24 dunng coliforms operation phase: @ Rs 5,000/sample Subtotal 3,108 Contingency 622 Subtotal cost of monitoring 3,730 Monitoring Equipment Vehicular emissions monitoring 3 22,500 equipment Incremental cost of operabon - 1,500 Subtotal cost of equipment 24,000 Total cost of monitoring 27,730 3/19/03 Environmental Monitoring Plan 5-9 EMP fo, PHRP Rehabilitatioti and Maintenance Projects 6. Environmental Technical Assistance and Training Program An environmental training and technical assistance (TA) program will be carried out to build the NHA's capacity to effectively implemcnt this EMP, as well as to facilitate the improved environmental management of future highway projects. The success of environmental management on this project relies on the expertise and experience of the personnel involved in implementing it. As contemporary approaches towards environmental management for highway construction and operation are relatively new to the NHA, personnel training both in Pakistan and abroad will be needed. The overseas training will take place in countries with well-established environmental management systems for highway design, construction and operation. The NHA will engage an international technical assistance (TA) consultant to manage the environmental training program. The objective of the TA will be to help establish appropriate systems, and to train senior NHA staff responsible for managing environment, operations, and planning, who can then impart training at,a broader level within and outside the NHA (ie, the training of trainers). The TA consultant will organize foreign and in-country training courses for NHA staff; train NHA staff in specialized areas such as air and noise pollution modeling; develop environment operation manuals in consultation with the NHA Manager Environment, and train senior NHA staff in applying these manuals. In addition to the training arranged and imparted by the TA consultant, the supervision consultant will train the staff working under the project's contractors and the NHA's Deputy Project Coordinator, in environmental compliance and the daily monitoring of construction projects. The cost of this training will be included in the budget of services provided by the supervision consultant. The details of this training program are presented in Exhibit 6.1. 3119/03 Environmental Technical Assistance and Training Program 6-1 EMPfor PHRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projects Exhibit 6.1: Personnel Training Program/TA Services Type Provided By Contents TraineeslEvents Duration Cost Foreign Institutions recommended by TA Structured course on the One trainee from GM LE staff; one 3 months $ 80,000 consultant environmental management of trainee from GM Planning staff highway construction and operation Foreign Institutions recommended by TA On-the-job field training in the One trainee from Manger 2 months $ 40,000 consultant environmental monitoring of Environment's staff, and one highway construction and trainee from GM Planning's staff operation In-country TA consultant/ organizations Short seminars and courses on: Four seminars for GM Provinces' 5-7 days $ 30,000 specializing in environmental Environmental laws and staff management and monitoring regulations Daily monitoring and supervision Resettlement In-country TA consultant Resident advisor assisting with GM LE's staff and EPA staff 10 months $ 200,000 the development and application of environment operation manuals, environmental monitoring program, air quality and noise modeling, and advice on vehicle emissions standards. Contingency $ 10,000 Total $ 360,000 3/19/03 Environmental Technical Assistance and Training Program 6-2 EM P fol PHIIP Rehcabilrahilan anid Malaitetteance ProjecLs 7. Estimated Cost of Environmental Management Cost estimates of mitigation and other environmental management measures are summarized in Exhibit 7.1. All these costs have been incorporated into the project budget, except where indicated. 3/19/03 Estimated Cost of Environmental Management 7-1 EMP for PHRP Rehabilitation and Maintenance Projectv Exhibit 7.1: Cost Estimates for Environmental Management Mitigation Area Description Quantity Cost, Budget Details Rs million Component I. Monitoring Costs Air quality and noise 2.87 Project budget Monitoring services to be monitoring procured by the NHA Water quality monitoring 0.24 Project budget Vehicular emissions 24.00 Project budget Equipment to be transferred to monitoring equipment EPAs by the NHA Subtotal (including contingency) 27.73 II. Mitigation Costs Noise mitigation measures 3,500 rft 3.50 Civil works 10 ft high wall to act as noise barrier, @ Rs 1,000/rft Air quality and noise Tree plantation 266 7.98 Project budget Rs 30,000/km mitigation avenue km Resettlement costs Provision of new kiosks, compensation - 7 32 Civil works + See Social Assessment Phase for disturbance, shifting costs etc. project budget I for details Subtotal 18.80 Ill. Training Costs Staff training TA and training costs 21.60 Civil works Estimated $ 200,000 for TA and $ 160,000 for training Subtotal 21.60 Total cost of EMP 68.13= approx. 1.14 million USD 3/19/03 Estimated Cost of Environmental Management 7-2