a -cv v!SAt : :aZ; rural _ s water and sanitation I in India w~~~~ ,. so 0/ . 6 i - Strategic alliance on rural water sector reforms extended A partnership between the Government of India and WSP-SA to ensure access to sustainable drinking water services T he strategic alliance delivered the keynote address. disseminating information on between the Rajiv Gandhi Under the new alliance, WSP-SA global best practices and National Drinking Water will provide technical and advisory sharing experiences. Mission (RGNDWM) and the Water support to the RGNDWM to Spread across 63 districts in 26 and Sanitation Program-South Asia accelerate the on-going policy states, with a target to cover a (WSP-SA) has been extended for a reforms in the rural water supply population of 70 million, the pilot further period of three years. At an sector and strengthen local project will be one of the world's event presided over by Shri M. government capacity by promoting largest programs to improve water Venkaiah Naidu, Union Minister of the use of a demand-responsive and sanitation services.The work of Rural Development, the agreement approach, promoting a facilitating WSP-SA will focus on the pilot was signed on July 4, 2001 by role for the Government, project to carry out sector reforms Dr. R.C. Panda, Joint Secretary, encouraging the participation of the that will lead to a decentralized Government of India and Mission private sector and NGOs, and approach to water supply. The Director, RGNDWM and Shri Vivek developing the capacity of all key reforms will allow beneficiaries to Srivastava, India Country Team stakeholders. WSP-SA will further plan, partially fund, implement, Leader, WSP-SA. Shri S.K. Tripathi, assist the RGNDWM in operate, maintain, and manage Secretary, Drinking Water Supply implementing IEC strategy, water and sanitation schemes of Department, Government of India monitoring and evaluation, their choice. These will be achieved in ways that are financially and environmentally sustainable. In his address, Shri Venkaiah Naidu stated that the Government is committed to ensuring complete coverage for drinking water supply, and that it is the responsibility of -DJuly 4 2001 e the Government to create a suitable environment for ensuring L_ _ - ; o Jan equitable, sustainable, and ~ JD =_d_ _efficient supply of drinking water to all. To achieve this objective, the -7} ' _ (sz _ 'top-down' approach may not be effective and it is therefore necessary to promote a bottom-up approach, which is demand- responsive and based on the Jalvaani gram panchayat, publications. In 1999, the Cochin NGOs, community- Declaration was adopted at the 2t 35My W; IfrS4 6 tbased organizations, State Water Ministers' workshop V< >t%>;D.,^ M t , s State Government to take the reform process agencies, and the forward. A capacity-building i0n 'sBj1284;-' ii^ 7 _ * t;::';<1 Central Government framework has also been evolved work together. The that will now be taken up / role of the for implementation. e / ._x q Government in this The sector program involves a process would mainly partnership with the World Bank be as a facilitator. The group and other external support objective is not just to agencies, including DFID, UNICEF, imnplement the and bilateral agencies. WSP-SA will hardware component coordinate the activities of all the of a water supply partners under a single-window N scheme, but also to donor secretariat. adopt a particular The sector reform program, .-? philosophy and which is fully funded by the ,,,! . E Rr .8: ,1 ,, approach. The Government of India, u):m >.-,-- e f . 1- importance of piloting demonstrates that it is possible to P.! [ '.~ a -_ '- F:bw - ---the restructuring of support policy without lending or u| a-z~l 1,j~rs-2ijt#l-; v r .! ............ .Zn .i,j water boards and grants. The sector reform program, multi-village schemes which will now be reinforced with participation of the community. The were specifically highlighted by the extension of the strategic Minister also emphasized the need Dr. R.C. Panda in his address as alliance, offers an opportunity to to involve panchayati raj institutions next-generation issues. build the capacity of local in sector reforms, which would fit Over the past three years, the governments and empower in with the Government's larger alliance has resulted in WSP-SA communities, which could strategy of decentralization and the support for sector reforms in three ultimately lead to sustainable devolution of power and states and 10 districts of the solutions not only for water but for responsibility to local bodies. country. As part of the partnership, rural development as a whole. Shri S.K. Tripathi stressed the guidelines have been framed, For further information, contact need to institutionalize a rural meetings and workshops 55Waerdi EsanitationProgramSouthAsia drinking water supply system that convened at the national and New Delhi 110 003 will be sustainable in the long term. regional levels, and sector e-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org The sector reform process could information disseminated through RGNDWM ensure this, but a joint effort is Jal Manthans (regional workshops), Bl ock"1- 6th Floor, CGO New Delhi 110 003 required where the community, the newsletter Jalvaani and other e-mail: jstm@water.in.nicin Distribution of the global population not served with Distribution of the global population not served with improved water supply, by region improved sanitation, by region 2% 2% 1 O Asia O Asia * Africa * Africa * Latin America 13% U Latin America and the and the 28% Caribbean Caribbean * Europe \ Europe Total Unserved: 1.1 billion Total Unserved: 2.4 billion SOURCE: GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ASSESSMENT 2000 REPORT Jalvaani editorial N >- U,: g i'4 a t #:; ............. * Programs for solid waste A significant development in the sector reform program management should be has been the extension of the strategic alliance between the :. . ,.1;' . :,, 'r *FZE; ' ' taken up under sanitation Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission and the Water ON THE E Sanitation campaigns to and Sanitation Program-South Asia (WSP-SA) for another rt ': s`. TATION { V': cover all educational three years. Signed on July 4, 2001, the extended alliance will To provide guidance institutions result in technical and advisory support to upscale the and accelerate the Total * IEC to be given highest Govemment of India pilot projects on rural water sector Sanitation Campaign, four priority at all levels reforms. Targeted to cover 70 million people, this program is regional workshops were * Funds for latrines should one of the largest of its kind and demonstrates that it is organized by the Ministry be raised locally, for possible to support policy initiatives without lending or funds. of Rural Development, example, through women's Mortality due to diarrheal disease is largely preventable Government of India. A self-help groups. A subsidy by handwashing with soap. With growing populations, it is meeting for the southern of Rs. 500 per household becoming increasingly clear that different agencies need to states was held in to be provided for pool resources to find sustainable solutions. One such Chennai on January 5, sanitation initiative is documented in this issue of Jalvaani - the global the western states in . The Government's role public-private partnership between the Water and Sanitation Pune on April 21, the to be limited to that of prograte Govemmet of Water and Schon northern states in a facilitator Program, the Government of Kerala, and the London School Chandigarh on July 27, . of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to encourage and for the eastern states "VEDC COrJFERENCE handwashing in rural areas that will result in reduced in Gangtok on September The 27th WEDC diarrheal disease in India. A series of meetings have been 27, 2001. Representatives Conference was held in held with key stakeholders to take the initiative forward. from the State Lusaka, Zambia on August Under the World Bank-assisted Swajal project in Uttar Governments, Central 20-24, 2001. Papers at the Pradesh, communities have been given financial control to Government, donors, and workshop focused on the contract goods, works and services to implement and NGOs participated in theme 'People and maintain water supply schemes. While this has ensured the the meetings. Systems for Water, use of high quality material and appropriate skills, upscaling The workshops aimed Sanitation and Health'. such schemes may require greater capacity-building at the at sharing the experience Some of the issues community level so that village committees can function of states and other addressed at the independently and take their own decisions rather than implementing agencies in conference were relying on centralized agencies. providing total sanitation in institutional development, It is now recognized that community participation is their respective areas so rainwater harvesting, essential for the success and sustainability of water and that the campaign can be hygiene education, school sanitation schemes. Shri R.R. Patil, Minister for Water promoted successfully. sanitation, wastewater Supply and Sanitation, Govemment of Maharashtra shares The current 63 districts collection, solid waste his experiences on how the State Govemment was able to covered by the campaign management, demand-led promote sanitation activities in rural areas through has been increased to inI partnerships, community community participation. Through the Sant Gadge Baba the next year. management, pumping, Village Sanitation Campaign, communities competed with The meetings drilling and boreholes, each other to keep their villages clean and were rewarded concluded that the water treatment, disposal with cash prizes. The contribution of the State Government following are essential of wastewater, unsewered to this campaign was negligible in terms of funding, but the for the successfui sanitation, and gender initiative encouraged a sense of pride and community implementation of the issues in water, sanitation, involvement to ensure cleanliness of the environment. sanitation program: and health. A wealth of information exists on the Web on the water o Complete integration of The next WEDC and sanitation sector. A comprehensive list of sites has been the total sanitation Conference will be held in compiled that interested readers can access. The list covers program with the sector Kolkata, India from institutions, research centers, newsletters, conferences, and reforms project for November 18-22, 2002. professionals in the sector water supply The theme of the * A holistic approach to conference is: R.C. Panda include the ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Today's ~~~~~~~~~Joint Secretary sanitation, to include the 'Sustainability: Today's Mission D0rector needs of the individual Priorities for Basic Services'. Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission Department of Drinking Water Supply and family, and For details, visit the website Ministry of Rural Development environmental issues at www.wedc.conf@lboro.ac.uk Govemment of India Jalvaanli STATES Conmunity contracting in rural water supply Beneficiaries in Swajal project villages manage their project funds I n a major shift from centralized A three-way agreement, the quality and quantity of items. The fiscal management in the Implementation Phase Tripartite next installment of 40 percent is implementation of water supply Agreement (IPTA), between the released after 80 percent of the first schemes, beneficiary committees village committee, the support installment has been utilized and in Uttar Pradesh have been given organization (usually a local NGO) construction is completed as per control over investment decisions and the Project Management Unit the milestones defined in the IPTA. for water supply and sanitation (PMU) is signed, which details the The final 10 percent is released infrastructure. In keeping with the roles and responsibilities of each of after submission of the completion community-driven approach under the three organizations. Before the report, and a physical and financial the World Bank-assisted Swajal document is signed, a two-day audit has been conducted. project, funds are transferred to training workshop is organized in Contracting for services, such as user communities at the village the village to familiarize community technicians to build gravity level, enabling them to procure members and the village committee systems, fitters, plumbers and materials and services and contract with the provisions of the IPTA. masons, is mainly done at the local works by themselves. Funds for construction are level through the village water and Through the social mobilization transferred by the PMU to sanitation committee, with the and capacity-building exercises community-managed bank assistance of the support under the project, the village water accounts at the village level. These organization. For more skilled and sanitation committee, a accounts are jointly operated with a services, such as constructing community level organization, is support organization. Funds are overhead tanks and drilling deep- empowered to manage all project released in three installments. Fifty bore tubewells, technicians are construction funds, procure goods, percent is given at the time of usually not available locally and works and services, contract all signing the IPTA, and after works have to be contracted out. construction activities, and operate submission of the proforma invoice Village committees use a formal and maintain constructed systems. and the verification of the rates, contracting process, usually by inviting bids and awarding J 7 % ){ t contracts on the basis of quality and price. Perhaps the biggest single quality assurance check in the community contracting system yur~1 I 4 ; is the transparency of the entire operation. When the detailed project report is being drafted, ,, _ 1 F . - -^ .... ^ community members decide the 3rX1|! ^_. t.~ .... I-W ,f brand of all non-local material (mainly pipes, cement and steel) to be purchased and nominate two representatives to the A.. 2 . - 1 ......... , > ~ | purchase committee. The - purchase committee conducts : , V- a market survey of manufacturers stocking ISI stamped material ;is, *- and collects invoices from them. .k ~ .. _The cost of local materials, labor _,and cartage is approved by Water and Vol 4 No JALVAAN I 00 W.terand Vol 4 No 2 July-October 2001 S-nifafion FEEDBACK FORM 1. Is the format of this publication easy to read? D Yes Cl No 2. Is the publication a comfortable length to read? DI Yes a No 3. If no, would you prefer El more details/data Ol less details/data 4. Do you find the information contained in this publication relevant to your work? 0 Yes D No If yes, how would you use this information in your work? (Use extra sheets of paper if required) If no, give reasons why (Use extra sheets of paper if required) ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . ....... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . ............... . . ........ What impact, if any, does this information have on: * Y o u . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...ou....... . . . ....... ........... * Y ou r . nization: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ........ Your colleagues: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What are the main lesson(s) you have learnt from the Information contained in this publication? Would you like to share any study/research similar to the information in this publication? ........................................ .. . . . . . 5. Give up to three subjects/issues in the Water Supply and Sanitation sector that interest you and you would like to know more about: i) . ii).. . ii) . .... 6. Do you know anyone else who might benefit from receiving our publication? If yes, provide the following details (optional) Name: . Designation: Organization: Address: . P hone N um bers:.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-mail:.. . Area of work: Government / NGO / Private Sector / Academia / Consultant / Bilateral Agency / Dev Bank / any other 7. Provide your particulars (if different from address on envelope) Name: . Designation: . Organization: Address:. Phone Numbers:........................................... ............ E-mail: Area of work: Government / NGO / Private Sector / Academia / Consultant / Bilateral Agency / Dev Bank / any other 8. Indicate your area of interest: O Water O Sanitation 0 Rural O Urban Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia 55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003 * Tel: 91-11-4690488/89 - Fax: 91-11-4628250 E-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org * Website: www.wsp.org STATES Jalvaani 100 percent is the total hardware cost of the project. -- SY Compared to centralized _' §rl . ... - '-processes for material tff v 7t g t - _>tt- procurement, community Xii r ,1 -(.c-9 --=- /8 ; 7 iK contracting is much quicker as the U, U :|ff tt-*j4village committee, along with the jld¶ x support organization, is S1lE ^ii l ; empowered to purchase directly is ''_!from the market or the i-- manufacturer. Moreover, process costs are generally lower, the quality of material procured high, and the quality is maintained through external supervision and spot checks of material reaching ... -- - - 4.i , _- --- - _ the village. the community. The District Engineers of the PMU and the While community contracting Project Management Unit verifies support organization help the has a number of advantages, other rates. village purchase committee choose for effective communsrty Simple accounting systems have suitable materials and select been adopted at the community appropriate contractors to execute that decisions are not influenced level. A daybook, receipt book and large works. Cross-visits are by the support organizations. voucher files are maintained by the arranged for village committee The Government would also village committee treasurer. A members to project villages to have to change its procurement register is also maintained to share the experience of other rules to allow the users to manage record and monitor household groups of community contracting. their own construction and contributions to capital cost. The Swajal project covers a procurement funds with adequate To build the capacity of the population of 1.2 million spread capacity-building. village committees, training over approximately 1,200 villages For further information, contact capsules on community contracting in 19 districts. The project cost Parameswaran Iyer capsuls on ornmuity cotractng in19 ditricts The rojec cost Water and Sanitation Program procedures have been developed. is US$ 63 million, of which e-mail: piyer@worldbank.org Technology Average Value Type of Type of Contractor Selection Process (US $) Contract Mechanized borewell 30,000 Written Private/public Bidding/market survey by with overhead tank (mid-sized sector corporation village water and sanitation and distribution network scheme) committee/support organization Boreholes with 4,000 Verbal Private/Government Market survey by handpumps corporation village water and sanitation (8 handpumps per committee/support organization village on an average) i Hand dug wells 4,000 Verbal Private/Government Market survey by corporation village water and sanitation committee/support organization i Gravity-flow system 20,000 Verbal Community Community technician consensus Individual household 80 Verbal Local mason Household latrine chooses Drainage soakpit 50 Verbal Community Household _______ ____ technician chooses Jalvaani PARTNERSHIP Handwashing can save n9rIions f of A global handwashing initiative to reduce diarrheal diseases among children very year almost three sectors will eventually result in a WSP and LSHTM, organized a E million children across the significant reduction in infant workshop in Thiruvananthapuram world die of diarrheal deaths due to intestinal disease. to establish a core group that will diseases. Handwashing with The public-private partnership serve as the driving force for the soap after contact with fecal will support pilot projects in Ghana initiative. It was decided that the matter prevents the transmission and India to promote handwashing World Bank-funded Kerala Rural of organisms that cause diarrhea with soap. The results of these Water Supply and Sanitation and can prevent the extent of projects will be documented and Agency will co-ordinate the deaths. However, currently widely disseminated. The initiative in Kerala. Participants there are few focused programs to partnership will also identify and from the private, public, and NGO promote this practice. sectors expressed their Governments are enthusiasm for what was increasingly recognizing regarded as a unique that they cannot fully , w r . opportunity for cross- meet the health needs - . . , sectoral collaboration. of the people by relying . A follow-up meeting on public resources , of representatives of the alone. Consequently, India Soap and Toiletries public-private Manufacturers Association, partnerships are Kerala Khadi and Village becoming a mechanism Industries Board, and the for furthering public public sector was held on health agendas. By June 5, 2001. A pooling public and Memorandum of private resources and Understanding was capitalizing on the skills _ adopted at the meeting, of each sector, the which pledged the partnership aims to commitment of both the improve the delivery of State Government and basic health services the private sector to and the implementation realize the objectives of of related programs. the partnership. To meet the huge Representatives of the need to promote small-scale/tiny/cottage handwashing in soap manufacturing developing countries, a industry also expressed global public-pivate their views on participating partnership has been set up by the document successful initiatives for in the initiative. World Bank and the Water and behavioral change in other sectors, On July 4, a meeting was Sanitation Program (WSP) in review the existing global market held in Mumbai to review the collaboration with the London for soap, and study the constraints progress of the partnership. A School of Hygiene and Tropical and opportunities for market Steering Committee has now Medicine (LSHTM), EHP, the expansion to the poor through been set up to monitor and BASICS Project, UNICEF, the such partnerships. implement the project. private sector, the Government of Several meetings have been For further information, contact Ghana, and the Government of organized to take the public-private Parameswaran lyer Kerala, India. This joint initiative partnership forward. On January Water and Sanitation Program 1818 H Street N. W, linking stakeholders in the 31, 2001, the Government of Washington DC government and non-government Kerala, in collaboration with e-mail: piyer@worldbank.org Water , sanitation.com Downloading information from the Web 1 he Internet offers enormous professionals. The Water opportunities for knowledge- Engineering and Development Forlinks torelatedwebsites, i sharing and accessing Center (WEDC) (www.wedc.ac.uk) the following sites are useful: information on the water and and the London School of Hygiene t official site f/teRaji Gandhi sanitation sector. The Web and Tropical Medicine National Drinking Water Mission is loaded with databases of (www.lshtm.ac.uk) are currently * www.swajal.org is the site for sector information, vibrant managing the center. the Swajal Project Management networks of sector professionals, * www.irc.nl Unit and links to institutions and The IRC Water and Sanitation * www.cseindia.org is the site for resource centers interested in Center provides news and the Center for Science and providing improved water and information, advice, research, and Environment sanitation services. training on low-cost water supply * www.ids.ac.uk/eldis provides an Some sites require speedy and sanitation in developing extensive database on connections (or bandwidth) to countries. IRC collaborates with development topics, including download graphics or large the Water Supply and Sanitation water supply and sanitation files.This guide to key links Collaborative Council * www.lboro.ac.uk/well/links/ focuses on 'content-rich' sites (www.wsscc.org) to produce a contents.htm classifies sites into intended for quick and easy particularly useful fortnightly Institutions and research tapics access to information. Type the e-newsletter (sent via e-mail) called information from the West Bengal Web address (www. ...) into any Source Weekly (www.wsscc.org/ infmand Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis internet browser (for example, source). IRCDOC provides a Information Center Internet Explorer or Netscape bibliography of nearly 13,000 * www.lboro.ac.uk/garnet Navigator) to view the site (the full references available on the Web provides information on applied address is usually http://www. ). (www.irc.nl/products/ research in the water supply and For information on the water documentation/ircdoc). sanitation sector and sanitation sector, visit the * www.wsscc.org/interwater * www.saniconn.net specifically following websites: InterWater provides a focuses on sanitation * worldbank.org/html/fpd/ comprehensive list of institutions * www.id2l .org brings you a water/helpdesk.html operating in the water sector. selection of the latest and best The World Bank Water Help * www.jiscmail.ac.uk UK-based development research Desk has an advisory service for Jiscmail provides a platform for * www.oneworld.org/thinktank/ professionals within the water thousands of discussion groups on the most prominent networks sector. For a response to any query various topics (www.jiscmail.ac.umists/ within development that provides on water supply and sanitation, dra.html), including specific water and an archive for a number of e-mail whelpdesk@worldbank.org. sanitation issues. Of particular interest electronic discussions on water www.worldbank.org/watsan is to the water sector is the water-and-san- supply and sanitation the link to water and sanitation applied-research list. The list also * www.ehproject.org has a activities within the World Bank. archives many electronic conferences reference list that provides plenty * www.lboro.ac.uk/we11 that may be of interest. of sector information, particularly WELL (Water and Environmental * www.thewaterpage.com the technical brief series Health at London and Lough- The Water Page is an * www.skat.ch focuses on borough) is a resource center independent initiative dedicated to appropriate technology established by the Department for the promotion of sustainable water a www.watermagazine.com International Development, UK resource management and use. provides current news that promotes environmental Particular emphasis is placed on the on the sector. health and well-being in development, utilization, and developing countries through protection of water in Africa and Mike Webster technical briefs, studies, and a other developing regions. The site is Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia library catalogue (as well as a packed with information and links 55 Lodi Estate New Delhi 110 003 document service) for sector on topical subjects. e-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org ISSN 1564 6823 Jalvaani INTERVIEW Meeting sanitation needs through the active participation of the community Shri R.R. Patil, Minister for Water Supply and Sanitation, Government of Maharashtra The Sant Gadge Baba Village Sanitation ,- sustainable, meetings were organized in Campaign in Maharashtra has been - every village during which the community widely complimented on its success. collectively pledged to promote What has prmtdtcleanliness. The campaign turned out to be What has prompted the Government of.. a major movement in Maharashtra in Maharashtra to launch this program? which every villager actively participated. The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) of the Government of India was . t 5 & \ How do you evaluate the achievements of implemented in selected districts in . ,; this campaign? Maharashtra to address the sanitation problems of The campaign has been a tremendous success, the state. However, the benefits of the program especially in terms of mobilizing resources. were not apparent and the construction of toilets Communities provided shramdan (voluntary labor) did not induce behavioral changes as expected. equivalent to Rs. 200 crore. This extent of The critical components for the successful community involvement is unparalleled, not only implementation of a sanitation program were not in Maharashtra, but in the entire country. No integrated at the ground level.This resulted in a lack additional Government programs or funds were of participation and involvement of the entire sanctioned for the implementation of works. The community. Consequently, the TSC was not only financial contribution made by the Government effectivly implemented to prevent diseases. was to provide cash prizes of Rs. 2 crore. By this did you bring about people's in initiative, we were able to reinforce our traditional tho patiiato values and inspire the community with the ideals of the program? our social reformers to work together for prosperity Sant Gadge Baba was a pioneering saint who through cleanliness. worked to improve rural sanitation in Maharashtra. To inspire the community to put their body and soul What are the indirect benefits you perceive as into the campaign and enlist their active being brought in by the program? participation, the objectives of the campaign were For one, this program has revitalized the role of explained at the state level by the Chief Minister of panchayati raj institutions in the state. The village Maharashtra, Shri Vilasrao Deshmukh, and at the cleanliness campaign and the village competition district level by the Guardian/Parent Minister. Village have also reaffirmed the role of the gram sabha, and, committees were set up with representatives from during the campaigns, there was almost full the community. The media was involved in the attendance at the gram sabha meetings. In fact, publicity for the campaign. when villages were being evaluated, people working Communities were encouraged to compete for far away and children married outside the village the clean village prize. Every person in the village came back to attend gram sabha meetings. The was involved in sanitation activities to try and make campaign also provided an opportunity for elected their village one of the cleanest in the state. To representatives, officials, and NGOs to work together ensure that the sanitation program would be with the people at the grassroots.. newsletter iointiy produced by: Contributions, comments, suggestions and requests for subscription A newsletter Jointly produced by: may be sent to: _ Rajiv Gandhi National i INSDOC Drinking Water Mission Water and Sanitation c/o RGNDWM, Block 11, 6th Floor, CGO, New Delhi 110 003 Government of India * El Program-South Asia Tel: 436 1656, 1950 & 2106; Fax 436 4113/4427; RGNDWM WSP-SA e-mail: jstm@water.in.nic.in; ddarwsp@water.in.nic.in INDIA COUNTRY TEAM WSP-SA, 55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003 Jalvaani Tel: 469 0488-9; Fax: 462 8250; e-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org Jal means water and vaani, voice. This newsletter aims at communicating key themes and messages on Earlier issues of Jalvaani are available at www wsp.org water and sanitation to different stakeholders in India. This newsletter is supported by the. UK Depanment for International Development (DFID) Created by Write Media * Printed at Thomson Press