The Water and Sanitation Program December 2003 is an international partnership for improving water and sanitation sector policies, practices, and Swiss Agency for Development and capacities to serve poor people Cooperation Field Note 38725 Component-Sharing: Up-Scaling Demand-Responsive Approaches in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Pakistan Water and Sanitation Program­South Asia (WSP-SA), in partnership with Government of Pakistan (GoP) agencies, has been working to implement the Rio/Dublin Principles in the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) sector in the country. Notable progress has been made, although considerable challenges remain.The overarching objectives of RWSS development activities continue to be improving access to, quality of, and gender and spatial equity in, delivery of services. In order to achieve these objectives, adoption of community-driven and demand-responsive implementation arrangements, leads to substantial savings in capital and recurrent project costs and also strengthens sustainability. Component-sharing is a very effective strategy to implement Demand-Responsive Approaches (DRAs). Over the past few years, several models have been used to make capital cost-sharing operational. Component-sharing is one such approach. It is transparent, less liable to abuse, and more practical to implement. Overview overcome through component- construction of internal sanitation sharing (See Box 2). Component- provided external infrastructure is A project based on a component- sharing includes cost-sharing but is available to them."2 sharing approach comprises a set likely to be more transparent, less of discrete activities (components), This field note presents three models liable to abuse, and more practical of component-sharing with differing allowing the community to to implement. As a one-time elements necessitated by the independently undertake one or contribution or otherwise, it is also specific environment of each model: more of these activities. likely to be less of a burden on the community.The well-documented Capital cost-sharing or, simply, cost- Local Government & Rural Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) in Development Department's sharing, is one strategy to ensure (LG&RDD) water supply the Demand-Responsive Approach Karachi first provided the conceptual schemes in Azad Jammu and or DRA.1 This, in turn, goes a long framework for component-sharing, Kashmir (AJK) way in achieving the objectives laid albeit in an urban setting and down in the Rio/Dublin Principles primarily focused on sanitation. Sanitation schemes in Lodhran (See Box 1). Over the last decade or According to the OPP model, district of the Punjab being so, various models have been used to "Sanitation can be divided into two implemented by Lodhran Pilot make cost-sharing operational. Each sections: internal and external. Project (LPP) of these models has its pros and Internal sanitation includes a cons. In the simplest of these models, sanitary latrine in the house, the The erstwhile Public Health Engineering Department's the community is required to sewer in the lane, and connector (PHED) pilot water supply contribute, in cash or kind, a fixed sewer, while the external consists of schemes in Sindh. percentage of the total project cost. trunk sewers and treatment plants. Implementation of this model, Furthermore, if [the] communities The models are not comparable in however, has limitations relating to are provided technical assistance terms of size (See Table 1). The AJK transparency and likelihood of and social guidance, they can model covers the entire rural water abuse. These limitations can be finance and manage the supply system in AJK and has been Box 1 The Rio/Dublin Principles An International Conference on Water and the Environment at Dublin in January 1992 enunciated the four Rio/Dublin Principles: (1) Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment (2) Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels (3) Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water (4) Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good. (From "Understanding the Importance of Water," Urban Water Resources Management, Global Development Research Center, www.gdrc.org) 1A distinction is made between need and demand for a service. Need is simply the desire to have a service. When this need is backed up by a willingness to pay for the service, partially or fully, it is described as demand. 2Arif Hasan, 1997, quoted in UNDP, "Accelerating the Pace of Development, A Case Study of The Lodhran Pilot Project," 2002. 2 Component-Sharing: Up-Scaling Demand-Responsive Approaches in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Pakistan in place for over a decade. The user community or the beneficiaries example in AJK, component-sharing Lodhran and Sindh models, on the and the government agency with has been in practice for almost 40 other hand, represent pilot activities the primary responsibility for service years with notable success. To in a few districts of the provinces of delivery. In a number of cases, a encourage component-sharing, the the Punjab and Sindh, respectively. third partner has been involved with evaluation criteria for all agencies Each model, however, has a great deal of success, that is, a concerned require initial assessment significant lessons to offer. non-governmental organization of the schemes.The proposed (NGO), as an intermediary, a schemes with greater component- Development Process in facilitator, a consultant, or even as a sharing are given more weight and Rural Water Supply and contractor. There are cases, too, proposals for schemes thus Sanitation where the communities and the prioritized. However, the chances of NGOs are the only partners. the evaluation favoring the relatively Any water supply and sanitation economically stronger communities Traditionally, the communities have system (or scheme, as it is are offset by the fact that poorer only been perceived as passive generally referred to in Pakistan) communities may choose service recipients of the service delivery goes through a number of phases levels commensurate with their provided by the respective from planning to implementation. capacity to share in the cost. government agencies. In recent These phases, as listed, are not years, and in the true spirit of the necessarily sequential and include, Three Component- Rio/Dublin Principles, efforts have though are not limited to: Sharing Models been made to change that. WSP-SA identification of the need and many other international AJK Rural Water Supply agencies have supported initial social and technical Government of Pakistan (GoP) in LG&RDD is primarily responsible assessment these efforts.Through component- for planning and implementing new prioritization sharing, modeled essentially after schemes. The requests for new OPP, effort is made to entrust schemes flow from the community social mobilization complete responsibility for to the LG&RDD through various channels such as community formalization of agreements implementation of a part or whole of activists and public servants, between various partners [for one or several components of the leading to an Application or example, through a Memorandum Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Demand Note on a standard form. of Understanding (MoU)] (RWSS) delivery system to the users. However, in an RWSS On filing of the Demand Note, the technical design system, it may not always be social organization (SO) staff possible to make a clear distinction undertake a baseline survey to procurement between the external and internal collect information about the installation/construction components. Nor does it appear to community and existing facilities. be necessary to make that The survey is followed by the operations and maintenance distinction. formation of a Water and (O&M) Sanitation Committee (WSC) with The component-sharing approach is extension, repair, rehabilitation. a Chairperson, a General now being used in the RWSS Secretary, a Treasurer and at least There are, usually, at least two initiatives all over Pakistan to varying three other members. The WSC partners in the whole process: the degrees. In some areas, as for Chairperson and a district official 3 An enabling policy environment to establish the essential working relationship between the partners is critical -- devolution provides a very important foundation for creating such an environment. sign an MoU, laying down Rights Box 2 and Obligations of both parties. Component-Sharing Objectives The WSC is responsible for: Box 1 Devolving decision-making to the lowest possible appropriate level ensuring representation of the Involving end users in all facets of planning entire community Assessing the demand coordination with LG&RDD Getting the users'inputs for an appropriate service level and design completion of tasks assigned to Sharing cost the community Entrusting communities, in order to keep them continuously opening and operating a bank engaged during the O&M, with complete responsibility for part or account for local community whole of one or more of the following components: contributions, public grants, provision of tanks and pipelines, including construction and fees, etc. installation, with technical guidance and supervision of collecting water service charges government and/or NGO and contributions supply of construction materials such as sand and gravel taking over the completed transportation of materials such as pipes, cement, pumps, scheme for O&M etc., from the nearest metaled road to the project site -- this arranging appropriate training for is often a substantial cost personnel from amongst the labor, where members of the beneficiary communities consumers volunteer to work on the project or the community arranges procurement of land and water for adequate compensation for the local laborers. sources Findings: Great Flexibility in Institutional Arrangements resolution of local disputes An enabling policy environment to establish the essential working keeping accounts relationship between the partners is critical -- devolution provides a very important foundation for creating such an environment ensuring effective participation of women Participation of the user community in the planning and design process to negotiate component-sharing can lead to important promotion of health and hygiene technical and financial breakthroughs education. Communities are frequently more knowledgeable about available The LG&RDD is responsible for: resources than other development partners preparing technical design Major reasons for selection of the technology include affordability, technical viability, quantity and quality informing WSC of project details More implementation responsibilities for communities strengthen delivering government funds and ownership and sustainability. materials 4 Component-Sharing: Up-Scaling Demand-Responsive Approaches in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Pakistan Estimated cost to the government of gravity and pumping schemes must not exceed Rs. 1,6503 and Rs. 3,300 per capita, respectively. Construction and material cost of overhead tanks that have more than a 5,000-gallon capacity is financed by LG&RDD. Smaller tanks are completely planned, financed and constructed by the community with technical assistance from the LG&RDD.The department finances pipes and associated fittings, and also processes the procurement, but the community is involved at every stage. On selection of the successful bid, the final work order is issued by WSC. Interim progress and completion is documented on standard forms. Transportation of materials from the nearest metaled road to the project site is the community's responsibility and community members undertake this voluntarily. The community also lays pipelines. For any required skilled labor that cannot be arranged on voluntary basis, the community identifies the resources and directly contracts the services, usually locally. preparing, monitoring, and assisting the WSC in case of observing the implementation losses due to natural disasters, NRSP Lodhran Pilot Project schedule on a case-to-case basis Lodhran is a typical, small training of technicians ensuring that quantity and agricultural market town in southern recommended by WSC Punjab with a population of a little quality of water supplied are of over 65,000. Lodhran residents checking the WSC's financial the required standards. consider sewage disposal their and other records and assisting In addition, LG&RDD and WSC have biggest problem. Impressed by OPP it in keeping the accounts in powers to initiate action to recover the and its other extensions, a local order funds or materials found embezzled. activist persuaded the political 3US $1 = Pakistan Rs. 58 (PKR 1 = US $0.17) as of May 2003. 5 Lodhran residents consider sewage disposal their biggest problem. Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) inspired by OPP's success, is a major indigenous initiative to address this problem. LPP has been set up as an NGO and it is the local support organization. It is responsible for coordination with the TMA, social mobilization and technical assistance to the community. leadership to initiate the pilot in undertaken sanitation work in seven installment of funds is then released Lodhran.The Municipal Committee villages in collaboration with the by NRSP, signaling formal initiation Lodhran (MCL, now known as the Rural Sanitation Cell (RSC) of the of the scheme. Funds are provided Tehsil Municipal Administration, National Rural Support Programme by NRSP in three or four installments. TMA) is the local executing agency (NRSP). LPP, NRSP, and Canadian After the initial installment, (instead of the PHED, in a International Development Agency subsequent installments are significant departure from the (CIDA) finance the external work provided based on expenditures previous policy). The TMA is directly (except for cost of land for the and progress. A Construction responsible for the rehabilitation disposal unit) while the communities Committee (CC) consisting of three and extension of main sewers and are responsible for internal work or four CO members is responsible disposal units before the plus land for the disposal unit. for procurement of materials and communities undertake construction implementation of the scheme. On The LPP-NRSP development of house latrines, house completion, the scheme is handed process in villages comprises the connections and also primary and over to the community for O&M. The following steps: Villagers form a secondary sewers. O&M funds are kept in a separate Community Organization (CO) and bank account opened for the LPP has been set up as an NGO adopt a resolution articulating purpose and operated by the and is the local support demand for LPP's intervention. This committee members. organization. It is responsible for is followed by an initial assessment. coordination with the TMA, social An engineer prepares a feasibility An NRSP Regional Professional mobilization and technical study, including financial cost, Officer (RPO) periodically visits the assistance to the community. OPP commitments and capacity of the project site to monitor progress, acts as LPP's Chief Technical CO to implement and maintain the compliance with design and cost Advisor, with its research and scheme. Terms of Partnership are estimates, and to provide any training arm -- Orangi Pilot Project­ then developed, discussed, agreed technical assistance that the CC Research and Training Institute upon and duly signed, supported by might require. NRSP staff members (OPP-RTI) -- also involved. O&M of another resolution signed by CO are required to file monthly and the lane-level system is the members confirming the quarterly progress reports. Regular responsibility of the community community's unanimous agreement visits by the NRSP RPO continue within the locality. LPP has also to the Partnership Terms. The first after completion. Table 1 Project Size in Terms of Cost and Population Model No. of Completed No. of Range of Cost Communities' Schemes Schemes Beneficiaries of Schemes Share in Cost (Per Capita) AJK Rural Water Supply 1,588 1,264 857,638 Rs. 634 to 1,924* Up to 40% Lodhran Pilot Project 7 4 6,561 Rs. 306 to 965 28% in the form of internal systems Sindh Pilot Project 3 3 7,700 Rs. 975 to 1,670 4­18% *Cost to government 6 Component-Sharing: Up-Scaling Demand-Responsive Approaches in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Pakistan Sindh Pilot Project technical solutions at the selected sites. After initial contacts were The Sindh Pilot Project (SPP) was established with the communities, undertaken against the backdrop of the proposed project and the the experience of earlier rules were clearly defined before International Development being launched. Association-assisted RWSS projects in Sindh, Balochistan and The communities' willingness to AJK. Interim project reviews share in the capital cost and labor, indicated the need for greater and subsequently take over the clarification of institutional and O&M, was assessed. Village project roles for scheme selection Development Committees (VDCs) and more community participation in were formed and bank accounts project design and implementation. opened.The SGA social organizers, There was also the need for in consultation with the uniformity in financial policy across communities, developed village the sector, better compliance with profiles.Various technical options site-selection criteria, a wider choice were considered along with their Key Findings for service-level options, and user financial implications in terms of satisfaction with the quality of capital and O&M cost to the Flexibility for Institutional drinking water. communities, and options were Arrangements finalized with the VDCs' consent. The pilot was "to test and The three component-sharing models demonstrate alternative social The responsibilities for different described above present three mobilization models and viable components were shared as different institutional arrangements. In technical options under a new set of described in Table 2 on page 11. AJK, LG&RDD, a government project rules and implementation PHED then prepared the project agency, works directly with the strategies, following a DRA leading communities to the extent that it documentation for approval of the facilitates the latter in organizing the to sustainable water supply steering committee. Respective WSCs. LG&RDD has dedicated staff schemes." OPP-RTI developed the responsibilities of PHED and VDCs for social mobilization for the conceptual framework for the pilot. were defined for project purpose.The WSCs have the The Sindh Graduate Association implementation and execution. potential not only to work for water (SGA), with a province-wide network Tenders (invitations for bids) were and sanitation but also to undertake of volunteers and impressive track then advertised as per the PHED other activities, such as education record in social development of the procedures. PHED and VDCs jointly and micro-financing, depending on rural communities, was chosen as evaluated the bids. Contracts were the communities' preferences. the principal social mobilization awarded by PHED in accordance agent.Three villages were selected with the joint evaluation. PHED and In LPP, there are two arrangements: by SGA and PHED, following mutual VDCs jointly supervised the execution In the urban areas, the government consultation with the community, on of construction, on completion of (MCL), an NGO (OPP), and local the basis of community response which the schemes were handed activists have collaborated to form a and the flexibility of using various over to VDCs for O&M in 2001. local NGO, LPP. This NGO in turn 7 The differences in the institutional arrangements demonstrate the great flexibility available in applying the component-sharing models. Adaptations to the model may be made depending upon the resources available locally, the local policy and development environment, and other factors. works both with MCL and OPP, as elements of planning, designing, Community Participation in well as helps the user communities construction and O&M.The extent Planning organize into smaller (lane) groups. to which the communities need this In Sindh, discussion with the In the rural areas, LPP has would depend upon the nature of community on various technical arranged for assistance from the the scheme. For larger and more options and the implications of national NGO, NRSP, to work with complex schemes, the communities each, for the project as a whole the local communities, organize would need greater technical and for the community, led to a them, and improve sanitation. In this assistance as well as financial major change in the design effort, MCL is not involved directly. resources. As long as some public funds are involved, the public sector criterion (See Box 3). Such Finally, in SPP, the principal partners would be involved in planning, detailed discussions with the include the government agency, implementation and monitoring. community and the appropriate PHED, a provincial NGO, SGA, and response by the project team the members of the beneficiary Enabling Policy Environment enhanced the transparency and communities.Though PHED has ownership of the project by the An enabling policy environment had experience of social establishes the essential working- community. As a result, the mobilization, in this pilot it confines level basis between the partners. community was aware and prepared itself to technical and financial This policy environment defines the for the O&M requirements of the aspects. Social mobilization is the quality and extent of interaction water supply system, and is responsibility of SGA. between the partners. managing it successfully to date. The differences in the institutional arrangements demonstrate the great flexibility available in applying Box 3 the component-sharing models. Community Participation in Planning Leads to Major Change Adaptations to the model may be in Engineering Design Criterion made depending upon the resources available locally, the local In Sindh, government agency and NGO discussions with the community policy and development on various technical options, with implications of each for the project environment, and other factors. With as a whole and for the community, led to a major change in the design communities as the principal criterion. PHED, for many years, has designed rural water supply beneficiaries and decision-makers, schemes based on the criterion that a supply of 20 gallons of drinking as many components as possible water is required per capita per day. In one of the three schemes of the should be entrusted to the pilot, water supply was from a canal. PHED's responsibility was to build communities. The communities the pipeline from the canal up to a holding/settling reservoir.The reservoir need assistance for social was to be built by the community. The community found the cost of the mobilization, which may be reservoir very high. It asked PHED to change the design criterion from available internally. Most material 20 gallons to 5 gallons per person per day. The community stated that resources, including funds, it would use the filtered water only for drinking and cooking purposes. procurement and construction skills, For other purposes, it decided that it would use unfiltered water available are available locally also. However, right at the source.This amendment in design led to a reduction in overall communities do need limited cost of the project as well as the cost to be borne by the community. technical assistance in engineering, 8 Component-Sharing: Up-Scaling Demand-Responsive Approaches in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Pakistan Communities are the Most as the most important partner in the Box 4 Knowledgeable Partners on development process leading to Local Government Ordinance Available Resources empowerment and increased and Component-Sharing ownership. However, thus far, the In AJK, the LG&RDD has frequently communities seem to be continuing All four provinces in the discovered that communities are more to depend on the social and political country promulgated the Local knowledgeable about available springs activists among themselves to Government Ordinance (LGO) as sources of water.LG&RDD staff are provide the requisite leadership. in August 2001.In consultations directed to springs and water sources The quality of consultation preceding the drafting of the that communities consider more cost- between the leadership and the ordinance, the process effective to tap.The communities general membership is variable. considered various options and also enter into dialogue with There is an effort by all models, including the models neighboring communities in order to communities to subsidize the described in here.The objective share a source in the interest of a benefits to the poorer sections. is to "devolve political power and better and cheaper solution. However, that necessarily financial authority, and decentralize administrative Selection of Appropriate translates into a lesser share for the authority to accountable local Technology and Service Level poorer sections in the decision- making. Likewise, women seem to governments for good The reasons for selection of the be the greatest beneficiaries of the governance, effective delivery appropriate technology can be Water and Sanitation Sector (WSS) of services and transparent many. These include affordability, development.They are known to use decision-making through technical viability, quantity and their influence through the male institutionalized participation of quality. In mechanized water supply family members for better WSS the people at grassroots level."4 schemes, for example, energy cost services and are not seen to be Clearly, the introduction of the can constitute up to 70 percent of actively engaged directly in social new local government system the O&M cost. The preferred quality mobilization and decision-making. devolves the highest authority and quantity of service will also for processing development Legal Framework impact on the selected technology. schemes from provincial-level For example, in Sindh, one The major impediment in offices to (in the case of WSS) community preferred filtered water introducing the component-sharing the tehsil level. There is and also agreed to bear the model in the country, with the built-in flexibility and resultant cost. But in Lodhran, the exception of AJK, hitherto, encouragement, furthermore, communities are unable to treat appeared to be the absence of a to devolve the decision- sewage before it is disposed off. legal framework for entrusting more making process to the lowest administrative level possible. responsibilities to the beneficiaries Empowerment of Communities Consequently, the tehsil and for establishing partnerships councils can approve rules One of the inherent strengths of the with the NGOs. In capital cost- and bye-laws that facilitate component-sharing model is that, sharing, the community's role was component-sharing and continuous dialogue compels all limited to mostly contribution of community-contracting. partners to recognize the community manual labor. No transactions of 4The Punjab Local Government Ordinance, 2001. All four provinces have promulgated similar ordinances. 9 AJK presents a remarkable model for contracting by the community. It has had a legal framework for a component-sharing model for almost 40 years. funds, equipment or other assets onward disbursement, communities can reverse the very advantages of were involved. Therefore, the need also receive materials such as component-sharing, that is, efficiency for a legal framework was not pipes, etc. (See Box 5). In any and cost-effectiveness. paramount. In component-sharing public sector, such transactions are Sustainability models, however, not only are funds open to considerable scrutiny and transferred to the communities for bureaucratic processing.This, in turn, The component-sharing model Box 5 Community-Contracting: Procuring Construction Services With component-sharing, communities themselves are responsible for a number of project components, including procurement of materials, transportation and even construction. In any case, for small (social sector) development projects, most materials as well as requisite skills are available locally. Thus, it would seem more prudent to entrust contracts for all related works and services to the communities. This would also be in the true spirit of community empowerment. Unfortunately, the legal framework for public sector development in Pakistan did (and, in many areas, still does) not allow it. This is a significant impediment in realizing the full potential of a public/NGO/community partnership. In Pakistan, as in AJK, public sector agencies normally engage private sector firms for providing construction services. These firms act as vendors for supply of skilled/ unskilled labor and materials, and also coordinate construction activities. But, in the case of small, component- sharing-based projects, use of an external vendor may actually be counterproductive, since most private firms do not have the skills for interaction with communities and normally have relatively high overhead costs. AJK presents a remarkable model for contracting by the community. It has had a legal framework for a component-sharing model for almost 40 years. A Manual of Instructions (or Dastoorul Amal in the official Urdu language) was first published as far back as in 1964. In 1990, the Manual was revised and updated. There are plans now to make available copies of the Manual to all offices concerned. The Manual lays down the procedure, allowing the community to undertake procurement of all construction work. The LG&RDD acts primarily as a technical advisor, facilitator and a conduit for the public sector grants provided to the community in the form of funds and materials such as pipes, pumps, etc. WSC members are jointly held responsible. In this way, as far as LG&RDD is concerned, the communities are the owners. Construction of small tanks is completely the responsibility of the community and is not included in the project cost. Similarly, the community also makes provision of land and rights to source of water at no cost to the project. For larger overhead tanks (with a capacity of more than 5,000 gallons), the community undertakes the procurement of construction services in accordance with the project specifications. The community is free to use any procurement method (sole-source, limited or full competition, etc.). Payments are released by the public agency to the community in pre-specified tranches based on satisfactory construction progress and quality. The community is responsible to pay the contractors. LG&RDD and WSC jointly undertake procurement of technically more complex tasks. LG&RDD invites the bids and WSC participates in bid evaluation and approval. On identification of the lowest evaluated bid, WSC issues the work order.The funds are released by LG&RDD to WSC to be disbursed to the supplier on performance that is certified as satisfactory by WSC and LG&RDD.Transportation of pipes from the nearest road to the project site and their installation is the complete responsibility of the community. It is believed that this simplified contracting method has reduced cost, execution time, and has improved quality of construction. 10 Component-Sharing: Up-Scaling Demand-Responsive Approaches in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Pakistan also strengthens the prospects of Constraints and sharing. AJK already has a long-term sustainability of the Recommended Actions framework.The proposed development process as extensive distribution of the communities assume more and Lack of an appropriate legal Manual of Instructions should be more implementation framework and system can be a accompanied by workshops to responsibilities and develop a major impediment to successful facilitate greater discussion. strong sense of ownership. implementation of component- Further, the Manual itself should Table 2 Summary of theThree Models Model Component5, 6 Community Local Support Government/ Organization/NGO Donor Agency Azad Jammu · Scheme Identification · Scheme Identification and Kashmir · Land · Social Mobilization Rural Water · Source · Social Assessment Supply · Main/Storage Tanks · Training · Concrete Materials · Technical Assessment · Partial Transportation of Pipes · Design · Installation of Pipelines · Overhead Tanks · Operations and Maintenance · Pipes · Equipment Lodhran Pilot · Flush Latrines · Scheme Identification Project Rural · Land · Social Mobilization Sewage · Concrete Materials, · Social Assessment Disposal7 Pipes and Installation of · Technical Assessment Internal Pipelines · Design · Land for Disposal Units · Concrete Materials, · Operations and Maintenance Pipes and Installation of both the Internal and of External Pipelines External Systems · Equipment · Disposal Units Sindh Pilot · Land · Scheme Identification · Scheme Identification Project Water · Main/Storage Tanks · Social Mobilization · Technical Assessment Supply · Pipes and Installation · Social Assessment · Design of Pipelines · Source · Operations and Maintenance · Main/Storage Tanks · Concrete Materials, Pipes and Installation of Pipelines · Equipment · Filtration Units 5Soft components are in italics. 6Components appearing under more than one heading are either jointly performed or, as in the case of SPP, are performed by one entity in one scheme and by another entity in another scheme. 7The local support organization in LPP is partially supported by MCL, NRSP, and OPP. 11 be updated in the light of recent supply must be accompanied by experiences. In the four systems for disposal of used provinces, the LGO provides a water. Lack of proper disposal of good legal basis for providing solid and liquid waste leads to Water and Sanitation Program­South Asia this framework (See Box 4). contamination of water supply 20 A, Shahrah-e-Jamhuriat, Ramna 5 and also problems in disposal of G-5/1, Islamabad, Pakistan Inclusion of the poor and women sewage. Development efforts in in the decision-making process Tel: +92 (51) 909 0161 water supply and sanitation must is an important consideration in Fax: +92 (51) 282 6362 address all aspects (water the development process. In the E-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org supply, solid and liquid component-sharing models Website: www.wsp.org waste disposal and hygiene) reviewed here, it appears that simultaneously. An integrated decisions on behalf of the user approach, however, would communities are still taken by present greater challenges in the activists and opinion leaders component-sharing, requiring of the community. Although there additional resources. is consultation among the community members, it is not Rural communities cannot be clear if the component-sharing expected to address certain has actually helped include the serious health and environmental poor and women in the decision- considerations without external WSP MISSION making process. Separate, assistance. For example, neither To help the poor gain sustained access to focused initiatives will be AJK nor SPP provide for any improved water and sanitation services. required for participation of mechanism for initial and WSP FUNDING PARTNERS women in the process. periodic testing of water for The Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, chemical and biological Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Respective government contaminants. All international Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and agencies/NGOs require capacity the United Kingdom, the United Nations standards require both. Similarly, Development Programme, and The World Bank. for social mobilization. AJK has in the LPP project area, the staff but not on a permanent collected sewage is disposed off basis. PHED in Sindh also had untreated and used to irrigate project-financed social agricultural lands. Untreated mobilization staff who were sewage disposal is a serious terminated when the project environmental hazard and its use closed down.Therefore, either for irrigation of agricultural lands these positions should be can lead to serious health issues. regularized or the work should Technical assistance and be done through NGOs. guidance must be made available to the communities to The AJK and SPP projects cover address these issues. only water supply. The issue of sanitation, including disposal of Finally, a mechanism must be in solid and liquid wastes, is not place to monitor all developmental addressed.The LPP addresses activities, document and only issues of sewage but not disseminate lessons learned, and disposal of solid waste. This is a facilitate review and revision, serious shortcoming. Water as necessary. WSP-SA publishes documents to enable sharing of experiences for the benefit of various stakeholders on innovative activities being undertaken in the sector. Other publications in this series are: External Support Agencies in the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector, August 2000. Pictures: WSP-SA/Guy Stubbs Costing Basic Services for the Urban Poor, December 1999. Created by: Roots Advertising Services Pvt Ltd Octroi in Four Municipal Councils of Southern Punjab, August 1999. Printed at: Thomson Press