73064 ENGLISH Indonesia has experienced an improvement in narrowing the gender gap in some key areas of endowment (e.g. health and education), opportunities, voice and agency, and necessary legislation for gender mainstreaming, but challenges remain. Gender parity index in education has been achieved. Maternal health has significantly improved. There are no pronounce gender disparities in infant and under five mortality rates and other health outcomes. Women labor’s participation rate continues to grow with better return for educated women than men. Women’s political representation has increased. Challenges persist in MMR, HIV/AIDS, stunting and wasting, gender streaming in education, economic opportunities, access to legal justice, and voice and agency in influential decision makings. These challenges juxtapose the emerging trends of human trafficking and non-women friendly policies at sub national levels. The key achievements and outstanding-issues are presented in the eight Policy Briefs, developed by the Government (the Ministry of National Planning and The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection) and development partners (the World Bank, AusAID, CIDA, The Netherlands Embassy, DFID, and ADB). Policy Brief 1: Gender Mainstreaming has been adopted since the issuance of Presidential Instruction No 9/2000. Presidential Instruction No 3/2010 and other ministerial regulations on gender mainstreaming further stipulate efforts on equitable and inclusive development. The emerging non- women friendly legislation at the local level signifies the importance of enforcing the aforementioned legislative and policy frameworks, coordination among national ministries and all levels of public institutions, and replication of good practices. Policy Brief 2: Gender Equality and Health in Indonesia shows positive results and remaining challenges in the four key health areas related to the MDGs. Important efforts have been made to increase women’s access to health services but Indonesia needs to work hard on reducing the high maternal mortality rate, increasing access to water and sanitation as well as HIV prevention and treatment for the increasing number of adult women living with HIV. Policy Brief 3: Gender Equality and Education has been one of the key achievements for Indonesia. The MDG targets on gender parity in net enrollment are on track to be met by 2015, especially if disparities at the provincial level are addressed. Focus is now on systematic measures to increase access to improved outcomes from a more gender responsive education. The challenge remains to mainstream a gender perspective in education which involves assessing the implication of any planned educational actions (legislation, policies or programs) to boys and girls, in all areas and at all levels. Policy Brief 4: Employment, Migration, and Access to Finance remain a challenge in that without proper measures may impede development. The average annual growth of women entering labor market is higher than men, but women continue to face lower labor’s participation and higher unemployment rates, poorer quality work and lower wages, limited access to resources, discrimination in hiring and promotion, and a higher level of economic informality. Women constitute most of self- employed, unpaid family workers, and migrant workers, making them susceptible to personal and financial insecurity, trafficking and other human rights violations. Closing these gender gaps requires focusing on the equal employment opportunities, link and match of women’s trainings and skills with the labor market, underlying factors of labor market segmentation, and wage gaps and career opportunities. ENGLISH Policy Brief 5: Poverty, Vulnerability and Social Protection has been one of the current highest government’s development priorities. Whilst the national poverty rate fell from 16.7% (2004) to 13.3% (2010) and poverty rates amongst female-headed households (FHH) remain lower than male-headed households (MHH), the overall rate of poverty reduction for FHH is lower than MHH. This is notwithstanding the well-targeted FHH in all Social Protection programs. Improved targeting techniques will reduce exclusion and inclusion errors and ensure that more poor households receive social protection. The challenge will be to ensure the new targeting mechanisms to include poverty indicators which reflect characteristics of poor and vulnerable FHHs and the male-female intra-household equal access to program benefits. Policy Brief 6: Gender Equality in Disaster Management and Climate Adaptation highlights the gendered differentiated impact of disasters. There has been significant learning from Aceh Tsunami on good practices for gender responsive disaster management. These need to inform and further strengthen all related national and local-level policies, institutions and programs to tackle the root causes of gender-based vulnerabilities, ensure use of gender analysis and sex-disaggregated data, as well as give equal weight to men’s and women’s rights and capacities. Policy Brief 7: Women’s Voice in Politics and Decision Makings in Indonesia has increased due to, among others, affirmative action for women candidacy and political participation in 2008. Women’s representation in the Parliament (DPR) increased from 11% (2004-2009) to 18% (2009-2014). Representation remained below the desired 30% and inadequate in other critical areas of public service and decision-making roles. Significant disparities within political parties and across levels of national and sub national government constrain the MDGs’ achievement for women’s empowerment. Indonesia’s Constitution and legal framework assure the equal rights of women. Strengthening current laws/regulations as well as implementation and monitoring could more effectively address women’s institutional and socio-cultural barriers. Policy Brief 8: Violence Against Women (VAW): Domestic Violence and Human Trafficking in Indonesia show both important progress and outstanding issues. More efforts are needed for law enforcement, capacity building of service provider and wider community, and extend services to urban and rural areas. The increased trend of human trafficking demands more integrated efforts for prevention, protection, prosecution and reintegration. POLICY BRIEF 6 GENDER EQUALITY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION T his Policy Brief highlights the different ways in which disasters affect men and women. Gender- specific needs and opportunities are to be found along the entire disaster cycle which needs to be understood in disaster risk management. Since the tsunami in Aceh there has been significant learning about good practices for gender responsive disaster management. This can be strengthened through gender mainstreaming in all related national and local-level policies, institutions and programs to tackle the root causes of gender-based vulnerabilities, ensure use of gender analysis and sex- disaggregated data to help target resources and give equal weight to the rights as well as capacities of both men and women. Current Status Gender inequalities create specific vul­ nerabilities of men and women to the Indonesia is one of the world’s most disas­ impact of disasters, conflicts and climate ter-prone countries including the potential change impacts of climate change B etween 1980 and 2008, 293 disasters predomi- nantly caused by earthquakes and tsunamis were T he impact of a crisis depends to a large extent on the vulnerability of those likely to be affected. Vul- nerability is the result of prevailing social, economic recorded, affecting approximately 18 million people and political inequalities that are both contextual and and creating an estimated US$21 billion in damage. change over time. While men and women experience For 2004 Indian tsunami alone, the casualties are more distinct vulnerabilities, it is mainly women, especially than 200,000 people (International Disaster Database). from among the poor, elderly, ethnic or social minori- Assessing future risks, Indonesia is most prone to ties, who have more limited coping strategies and the landslides, earthquakes and tsunamis (UNISDR, 2009). highest risk of being affected by a natural disaster (see Comprehensive disaster risk management must en- Box 1). This is not always the case, as in the 2010 erup- compass strategies for climate change mitigation and tions of the volcano Merapi, where there were indica- adaptation since disasters and climate change are in- tions of more men than women victims, mostly due timately intertwined. Climate change in part will cre- to pyroclastic heat waves, but also to a considerable ate disasters such as floods and droughts that require extent by factors such as traffic accidents, heart at- immediate responses but will also bring about more tacks and suicide (BNPB 2010). In violent conflicts, it is subtle and potential more devastating changes that also mostly young men who are the primary victims. require longer term adaptation strategies. Understanding vulnerabilities and challenges in any 1 NEW brief 6.indd 1 6/13/2011 2:21:14 AM POLICY BRIEF 6 Box 1: Gender-based vulnerabilities given disaster sit- earthquake. A well-organized civil society consulted in Aceh uation requires a intensively with disaster victims including women. As Far more women were victims of the thorough assess- a result, for instance, volunteers and female police of- 2004 tsunami because they were at ment. Contribut- ficers were strongly present in IDP posts, which could home for livelihood and child caring activities while many men were at ing factors may explain why there were fewer cases of gender-based sea fishing where their boats stayed include so­cial ex- violence among these IDPs unlike in other disaster afloat. They never learnt to swim and their long skirts made it difficult to pectations of men situations low (Dewi, 2010). run away. Post-disaster vulnerabili- to protect their ties included increased workloads and pressure on women; in early families that may Women are more vulnerable to suffer in emergency operations mothers with encourage risk young children partly only received conflict situations single-adult portions of food distri- taking behaviours W butions (APWLD, 2005), increased that indirectly af- omen experience distinct vulnerabilities during in underage marriages after the tsunami and increased of alcoholism fect women and violent conflict situations particularly with men and violence among men. 75% of children; women’s away fighting. In 2003, an estimated 23% of women in widows in IDP camps are estimated to be victims of sexual harassment. access to educa- Aceh, of whom 60% had never attended school, sud- (UNIFEM, 2006) tional opportuni- denly became household heads as their husbands had ties, information either died or fled for security reasons (UNIFEM, 2006). about disaster risks, climate change or impeding Women are also victims of sexual harassment and vi- acute disasters, women’s reduced resilience to im- olence. During 30 years of civil war in Aceh, women pacts because of increased risks of poverty and their were victimized because they were wives or relatives limited mobility and access to services and the double of suspected Aceh Freedom Movement (Gerakan Aceh impact on them in losing their homes which are also Merdeka/ GAM) guerillas, suspected of being female their place of work. GAM soldiers (Inong Balee) or suspected of having re- lationships with or supporting members of the Indo- nesian Armed Forces. The extent of cases is unknown Women’s rights in emergency responses are as victims do not report abuse out of feeling of shame often neglected or disregarded without due and fear of social Box 2: Violence against women in consultation and participation stigma (see Box Aceh D riven by the ‘tyranny of the urgent’ the emer- gency response in Aceh and Nias largely failed to consult women effectively with poor results. Damage, 2). Anecdotal evi- dence from Aceh, Poso and West Of 103 cases of violence against women from before 1999 until after the signing of the MoU in 2007, more than half were sexual violence such loss and needs assessments were mostly conducted Timor reveals that as rape and sexual torture. (Komnas Perempuan, 2007b). The Commis- by male-dominated teams, who mainly relied on male displacement and sion for Disappearances and Victims heads of households for information and feedback loss resulting from of Violence Kontras recorded 128 rape cases during the Military Civil (Enarson, 2009, Komnas Perempuan 2007a). Disaster conflict, social un- Emergency Era alone. (Kontras, 2006). responses to the Merapi eruptions however benefit- rest and disasters Meanwhile, the Aceh NGO Forum es- timatesd that around 15.000 women ed from earlier coordination mechanisms to ensure leads to high lev- died in the course of the conflict gender sensitivity in emergency operations, such as els of stress or de- in Aceh and caused psychological trauma to around 7000 women the Gender Working Group set-up during the Yogya pression among (Kamis, Mahdi, 2006). 2 NEW brief 6.indd 2 6/13/2011 2:21:15 AM POLICY BRIEF 6 men. Their reluctance to seek help because of socio- Disasters also provide ‘windows of opportunity’ to ad- cultural barriers and scarce availability of psychosocial dress gender inequalities and advance women’s rights support potentially exposes women to sexual and (see Box 3). Civil society organizations can seize oppor- non-sexual violence within and outside their family tunities presented Box 3: Securing women’s right in (Komnas Perempuan, 2007a). by post disaster sit- post-tsunami Aceh. uations to advocate In 2009, almost 30% of the legisla- for women’s rights, tive candidates running for office were women. Due to advocacy of as in the case of the women’s organizations in the course second All-Aceh- of the recovery process, the Women’s Empowerment Bureau in Aceh was nese Women’s Con- upgraded in status to an Agency gress in June 2005 (Badan) giving it a wider mandate and increased funding.Several attended by more qanuns have been passed referring to than 400 women some of the principles as outlined in the Women’s Charter: e.g. qanuns on from 21 organisa- Population Administration, Educa- tions. This led to tion and Women’s Empowerment and Protection the Aceh Charter on Women’s Rights outlining the personal, legal, po- litical, social, economic and cultural rights of women in the specific Acehnese context of Sharia Law which was endorsed by a broad coalition in politics and so- Post-disaster recovery can provide ‘windows ciety including notable religious leaders. Badan Re- of opportunities’ to address systemic gender konstruksi dan Rehabilitasi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam inequalities and advance women’s human dan Nias (BRR) with strong support of international or- rights ganizations acknowledged gender equality as a cor- I n searching for stability in times of crisis, traditional nerstone of the recovery process (Enarson, 2010) with patriarchic norms may surge up on the basis that ‘all women’s rights in land titling as one of its flagship have suffered’. Women were not represented during programs. In contrast to traditional practice in post- the negotiations that ended the conflict and women tsunami Aceh, in an estimated 30% of cases women combatants were initially excluded from the design were registered as land-owners (Harper, 2007) follow- of reintegration efforts. Most notably, women were ing a policy allowing joint land titling of husbands and largely absent from consultative processes and meet- wives adopted in September 2006. ings including for the Master Plan for Recovery in Aceh. Donors initially accepted this on the grounds of Gender-based roles render women more local culture. In addition, the application of Sharia law vulnerable to the impacts of climate became distinctly stricter post- tsunami, restricting change women’s mobility and behavior and incurring human rights violations against women by the Sharia police (Human Rights Watch, 2010). G lobal climate change is expected to create ex- treme weather events in Indonesia including extreme rainfall and rising sea temperatures and 3 NEW brief 6.indd 3 6/13/2011 2:21:16 AM POLICY BRIEF 6 levels. This will affect people’s lives in complex ways, economic roles in the family and in recovery (Gender encompassing areas as varied as agriculture and food Working Group Aceh, 2007). Efforts to train women in security, forest and water resources, energy, health, non-traditional livelihood skills, such as painting and natural hazards, migration and conflict. Indonesia is brick-making, had mixed outcomes because contrac- the world’s third largest emitter of greenhouse gases tors in part refused to employ women (Nowak, Caul- and research and policy discourse has so far almost field, 2008). Legal rights, specifically the ownership exclusively been dominated by natural scientists’ per- of land and assets or guardianship of children during spectives on natural resources degradation. Limited post-disaster recovery are particularly sensitive is- involvement of social scientists has led to a lack of em- sues that require specific attention and interventions pirical data on gender-related vulnerabilities in climate in order to protect women’s rights. Successful efforts change, however international research from places to safeguard land rights of women in Aceh helped to like Bangladesh and India supports the notion that increase the security of women headed households vulnerability to climate change is strongly shaped by and ensure their access to productive resources and gender relations, Women’s roles in small-scale farming credit. communities as primary producers of food crops and fetching water and fire wood puts them at high risk Men and women can play complementary roles in re- of being critically affected. Other risks include water covery from disasters: men generally carry out physi- scarcity and increased water- and vector-borne dis- cal reconstruction while women contribute by extend- eases increasing women’s workloads in caring for sick ing psychosocial support and diversifying livelihoods. and elderly , inadequate food supplies reducing food Women’s awareness and knowledge is essential for intake for women and girls and dwindling household effective risk management preparing homes, stockpil- incomes resulting in girls being pulled out of school ing food and maintaining social networks that dissem- first (UNDP/AusAID, 2009). inate information, educate children and communities. As shown by an evaluation of GTZ assistance after the Yogya earthquake, women were more responsive Gender inclusion in reconstruction and than men towards acknowledging the importance of rehabilitation can reinforce gender equality earthquake safe construction practices and willing to and further empower women. invest into applying these principles (Holländer, 2008). L ivelihood programs in recovery often focus on Children also were acknowledged for their potential the heads of households who are typically men, role in contributing to disaster reduction by commu- disregarding women’s role in family livelihood strate- nicating disaster risks (Haynes, 2010). gies and neglecting single or widowed women. For example, economic rehabilitation in Aceh strongly focused on the fishery sector replacing boats, nets and other facilities and gear, largely ignoring women’s role in processing and trading of fish (Cosgrave, 2008). Conversely programs for women often reinforced tra- ditional female livelihoods such as cake baking and sewing, reinforcing gender disparities in terms of 4 NEW brief 6.indd 4 6/13/2011 2:21:18 AM POLICY BRIEF 6 Gender-sensitive disaster risk management Men and women have different roles in mitigation is needed to keep MDG achievements on and adaptation to climate change due to their dis- track. tinctly different roles in livelihood strategies and in the household. For effective climate change mitiga- S udden-onset disasters such as earthquakes, vol- cano eruptions or floods as well as the impacts of climate change erode achievements in human devel- tion, for instance, women will be crucial to contribute to more effective patterns of energy use, waste as well as natural resources management. In subsistence opment. In post-tsunami Aceh poverty had increased farming women usually contribute to about 70% to from 28.4% to 32.6% while in the rest of the country 80% of household food production (UNDP, 2009). Ad- poverty was decreasing (World Bank, 2008). Women aptation to climate change will, thus, require gender- from marginalized groups such as widows have great- responsive approaches to introduce new agricultural est vulnerability in disasters which leads to further technologies and/or develop alternative livelihood disempowerment and impoverishment. The number strategies. of early marriages increased in the aftermath of the tsunami, which is known to have long-term negative effects on all MDGs. Maternal and neo-natal health in Establishment of National Agency for Di­ post-tsunami Aceh was particularly at risk with higher saster Management (BNPB) is designed to levels of miscarriages, premature deaths and children target and provide humanitarian assistance being born under unsafe conditions (APWLD, 2005). to the most vulnerable groups. Disaster recovery and risk management cannot be successful without taking on a gender lens in help achieve the MDGs in a sustainable way. T he Government of Indonesia through Presidential Decree No 8 year 2008 has established the Na- tional Agency for Disaster Management which reports directly to the President of Indonesia. This Agency will Specific attention on women and men’s lead disaster related activities which include disaster different roles and priorities in responses risk reduction, emergency response, preparedness to disasters and climate change creates and recovery on behalf of Government of Indonesia. more sustainable results BNPB has established regulations and guidelines that ensure Indonesia’s disaster system effectively address- I nternational research has shown that men and women prioritize different needs and approaches in emergency recovery. Livelihood issues and ac- ing the needs of the most vulnerable, including wom- en and children, in times of emergencies, and lead the coordination mechanism in the aftermath of disaster. cess to shelter, water and sanitation facilities as well Good practices of BNPB were captured, for instance, as psychosocial counseling typically rank highest for during the Mt. Merapi volcano response operation in women, while men give higher priority to larger-scale 2010, where BNPB collected sex-disaggregated data; infrastructure (Fordham, 2000). Direct cash transfers made a special arrangement for pregnant women and and revolving funds programs in Aceh that targeted families with infants at main collective centers and exclusively women often proved to be more success- camps; and closely liaised with NGO gender working ful than those involving both men and women. group. 5 NEW brief 6.indd 5 6/13/2011 2:21:20 AM POLICY BRIEF 6 Indonesian policy documents on disaster Research on gender-based vulnerabilities risk management are bound by the principle and collection of sex-disaggregated data of equality before the law and government. related to disaster, conflicts and climate change is fundamental to designing and T he Government of Indonesia Law number 24 year 2007 on disaster management stipulates the principle of equality before the law and government, implementing gender-responsive policies measures which means that content of provisions in disaster management cannot set out matters that differentiate against amongst others religious, ethnic, race, group, T here are currently no official guidelines on the col- lection of sex and age-disaggregated data of vic- tims and internally displaced persons (IDPs). Empirical gender, or social status background. This principle also research on distinct vulnerabilities in disaster situa- applies to the provision of early warning that is identi- tions as experienced by women in Indonesia is limited fied as one of pre-disaster events in the Law number and mostly confined to the situation in Aceh and there 24 Year 2007. is no empirical data at all of the specific conditions and risks experienced by men. Estimations of the numbers of victims in the 2004 tsunami was largely based on The importance of effective early warning system is the ratio of survivors. World Vision estimated women also highlighted as one of core action programs under accounted for 60% victims while based on a ratio of priority 9 – environment and management of natural 3:1 for men and women survivors while Oxfam’s figure disasters – in the five year medium-term development was up to 80% (Oxfam, 2005) and Flower Aceh calcu- plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014, which defined an equitable lated that 75% of IDPs were men. Emergency opera- and just nation as one of eight national development tions in Yogya during and after the Merapi eruptions missions. “Just� nation means that there is no dis- in 2010 learnt from earlier experiences and benefited crimination in any form, among individuals, gender, from the active role of many civil society actors. IDP nor among regions. The development of early warn- data collected by civil society networks included com- ing system is further entailed in the National Disaster prehensive information on pregnant and lactating Management Plan 2010-2014 and the National Action women, newborn or people with disabilities which Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction 2010-2012, both of were used to target assistance to some of the most which recognize that gender inequality will have an vulnerable disaster victims (Dewi, 2010). impact on the fate of women in disaster situations, and unequal position will be exacerbated by the special needs of women in disaster situations. Policy Issues Gender perspectives are still to be adopted and institutionalized in disaster recovery and management legal and policy frameworks. T he Government has put in place a national frame- work for disaster recovery and management which could be further strengthened. For example, 6 NEW brief 6.indd 6 6/13/2011 2:21:22 AM POLICY BRIEF 6 Law No. 24/2007 on Disaster Management promotes Standards, Procedures and Criteria (NSPK) in form of a non-discrimination of all citizens in protection, partici- Guidance on the Implementation of Women Empow- pation in planning and decision making and access to erment and Child Protection (Ministerial Regulation assistance in compensation. This would be greatly en- No. 2/2008) stipulates the integration of women’s pro- hanced with an explicit call for gender mainstreaming, tection policies, programs and activities into all pro- which includes social and gender analysis and affirma- vincial and district planning and budget documents. tive actions. As acknowledged in the 2009 National While the NSPK on Gender- and Child- Data (Ministe- Report on the Progress of the Implementation of the rial Regulation No. 6/2009) stipulates the collection, Hyogo Framework for Action, gender perspectives in analysis; the use of sex and age disaggregated data disaster risk management policies and frameworks so in all provincial and district policies, programs and ac- far have received little attention and no significant in- tivities. However, BNPB as the lead agency at national stitutional progress has been made. level for disaster risk management so far has no unit or working group focusing on gender mainstreaming and there is not yet any gender mainstreaming strat- The National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction egy. 2010-2012 (NAP-DRR) prepared by Bappenas with assistance from the World Bank and UNDP refers to the Hyogo Framework for Action and the Law No. 24/207. The Plan includes one specific chapter on Recommendations gender mainstreaming, but it does not promote gen- •• BNPB to recruit gender expert and set framework der mainstreaming for the entire action plan. Local conditions by developing basic gender main- governments in Yogyakarta, Central Java and Maluku streaming strategies, policies and institutional have already moved ahead in preparing Local Disaster structures Management Action Plans, recognizing the impor- •• BNPB to develop guideline, format, capacities for tance of gender mainstreaming such as the Plans for data collection and needs assessment the districts of Magelang and Sleman. •• BNPB to commission research on hazard- and loca- tion-specific disaster vulnerabilities, giving atten- The National Action Plan for Mitigation and Adapta- tion to different impact of disaster to women and tion to Climate Change (NAP-MACC/2007) acknowl- men. edges the multi-dimensional threat climate change •• Ministry of Environment and other government poses on human and national development and out- and non-government key players in climate change lines short-, medium- and long-term plans on mitiga- to promote and commission more research on tion and adaptation. gender and climate change, particularly gender- specific vulnerabilities, challenges and opportuni- The Presidential Instruction on Gender Mainstream- ties in climate change mitigation and adaptation. ing (INPRES No. 9/2000) stipulates the need to main- •• Gender perspectives to be mainstreamed in the stream gender dimensions in the planning, develop- development, implementation and evaluation of ment, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs for disaster risk reduction; all government policies and programs. The Norms, response and adaptation to climate change with 7 NEW brief 6.indd 7 6/13/2011 2:21:23 AM POLICY BRIEF BRIEF 6 4 a focus on reducing gender-based vulnerabilities, Badan Rekonstruksi dan Rehabilitasi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Nias (BRR) (2006), “Promoting Gender Equality in the Rehabilitation and strengthening resilience and enhancing women’s Reconstruction Process in Aceh and Nias�. Policy and Strategy Paper, leadership. September 2006. Bennett, Jon; Harkin, Claire; Samarasinghe, Stanley (2006), “Coordination of •• Cross-sectoral coordination to be carried out be- International Humanitarian Assistance in Tsunami-Affected Countries: tween the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Evaluation Findings�, Indonesia, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition BNPB, 2009, Child Protection (MoWECP), BNPB and other sec- Indonesia – National Progress Report on the Implementation of the toral ministries in order to promote the adoption Hyogo Framework for Action, accessed at: www.preventionweb.net/ english/countries/asia/idn/. of internally accepted principles (e.g. Sphere Stan- Cosgrave, John, “Responding to Earthquakes (2008): Learning from Earthquake dards, UNDP Eight Point Agenda), the use of key Relief and Recovery Operations�, ALNAP and Prevention Consortium, instruments such as gender assessments, discus- 2008. Accessed at: www.alnap.org. sion of relevant research findings and integration Dewi, Sinta (2010), “Gender Highlights of Emergency Situations in Mentawai and Merapi Affected Areas�, Internal Report, commissioned by AusAID, of gender equality indicators in key policy papers Jakarta. and programs. Disaster Management Law 24/2007 Enarson, Elaine (2009), “Women Building their Future: Gender Breakthroughs in •• BNPB to closely cooperate with initiatives under Post-Tsunami Aceh�, UNIFEM. the Office of the Vice President to accelerate pover- Fordham, Maureen (2000), “The Place of Gender in Earthquake Vulnerability and ty reduction on how to mainstream issues around Mitigation�, Anglia Polytechnic University: Disaster Studies Project. gender-sensitive disaster risk reduction in priority Gender Working Group Aceh (2007), “Evaluation of Women Situation in Aceh 2006�. poverty reduction policies and schemes. Harper, Erica et al. (2007), “Guardianship, Inheritance and Land Law in Post- •• Create awareness about the importance of gender Tsunami Aceh�, International Development Law Organization. Haynes, Katherine; Lassa, Jonatan; Towers, Briony (2010), “Child-Centered mainstreaming in disaster risk reduction at na- Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: Roles of Gender tional and local level disaster management institu- and Culture in Indonesia 2010�, Children in a Changing Climate Research, tions, particularly among district and village gov- Working Paper No. 2. ernments. This should emphasize the importance Holländer, Michael (2008), “Evaluation Report of GTZ Earthquake Recovery Assistance for DI Yogyakarta and Central Java Provinces�, unpublished of compiling disaggregated data and gender re- report. sponsiveness of public communication strategies. Human Rights Watch (2010), “Policing Morality: Abuses in the Application of Sharia in Aceh, Indonesia�, New York. •• Disaster management agencies at district and International Disaster Database at www.emdat.be, Centre for Research on provincial level to actively seek collaboration with Epidemiology of Disasters (RED). NGOs who are experienced in applying interna- Kamis, Mazalan; Mahdi, Saiful (2006), “Tsunami Response and Women�, Paper tionally available knowledge and best practices presented at the International Conference on Development in Aceh at the National University of Malaysia, December 26-27, 2006. related to gender mainstreaming. Komnas Perempuan (2007a), “Perempuan Pengungsi: Bertahan dan Berjuan alam Keterbatasan – Kondisi Pemenuhan HAM Perempuan Pengungsi References Aceh, Nias, Jogjakarta, Porong, NTT, Maluku dan Poso�, Jakarta. Komnas Perempuan (2007b), “Seeking and Accessing Justice: Experiences of Acehnese Women. 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Umar, Risma et al, 2006, “Tsunami Aftermath: Violations of Women’s Human Rights in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia�, Asian Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD). UNDP, 2009, “Gender and Climate Change: Impact and Adaptation�, Highlights from Regional Gender Team Workshop, Negombo, Sri Lanka, 24-26 September 2008. UNDP Pacific Center/AusAID, 2009, “The Gendered Dimensions of Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change: Stories from the Pacific�. UNIFEM, 2006, “Women’s Voices in Aceh Reconstruction: The Second All-Acehnese Women’s Congress�. UNISDR (UN International Strategies for Disaster Reduction Secretariat), 2009, “Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction�, at www. preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/report/index.php?id=1130. RPJMN 2010-2014 P I-50, “National Priorities – Environment and Management of Natural Disasters 9 NEW brief 6.indd 9 6/13/2011 2:21:25 AM NEW brief 6.indd 10 6/13/2011 2:21:25 AM