WHAT PAKISTAN GETS FROM WATER ECONOMIC OUTCOMES Major economic benefits are from irrigation and hydropower and major costs are from inadequate water supply and sanitation, flood damage to property, water scarcity for agriculture and loss of ecosystem services. The four major crops responsbile for around 80% of agriculture water consumption currently contribute Wheat Rice Sugarcane Cotton less than 5% of total GDP and this share is in decline. Livestock production uses very little water compared SHARE OF AGRICULTURAL WATER USAGE AND to irrigated cropping while it represents largest share of 100 WATER-DEPENDENT AGRICULTURAL TO GDP IN PAKISTAN, 2016 agricultural GDP 80 Share of water-dependent 58% 37% 60 Livestock agricultural GDP (%) 40 share of agricultural GDP Major crops comes from major crops share of agricultural GDP 20 comes from livestock Other crops production 0 20 40 60 80 100 Share of agricultural water use (%) LOW YIELDS PER HECTARE BY GLOBAL STANDARDS PRODUCTION PER UNIT OF IRRIGATION WATER Average yields for the major food crops are: Water productivity is significantly higher in Punjab than in Sindh even though yield per hectare is lower. This is due to several factors: 1.5 to 4.2 Waterlogging and salinity impacts in Sindh times below field potential. Groundwater provides greater irrigation control in Punjab Water losses are a greater fraction of withdrawals in Sindh 2.1 to 5.6 Higher evaporative losses due to greater proportion of rice crop in Sindh times below international best practice. WATER PRODUCTIVITY (US$/m3) 0.08 Punjab 0.06 Sindh THE ECONOMIC RETURN FROM IRRIGATION WATER POWER SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY The economic return from irrigation water has doubled The share of hydropower in the total electricity over the last three decades. generation mix has reduced from: Punjab Sindh 60% 30% US$ 0.04-US$ 0.08 US$ 0.03-US$ 0.06 The reduction is because short-term planning has Water productivity must improve markedly as potential to favoured thermal power. increase yields through additional inputs is limited. THE ECONOMIC COST RELATED TO WATER 5 Average annual 3 4 US$ 800 M- 1.8 B 4% 2 1 losses due to flood Average annual losses associated with Annual agriculture inadequate water supply and sanitation losses ≥ US$ 600 M services, flood damages to property, of GDP and water scarcity in agriculture. Degradation of Indus delta US$ 2 B Additionally, there are costs due to loss of ecosystem services Soil salinity and indirect costs of water-related disasters. losses US$ 250 - 750 M SOCIAL OUTCOMES There is a high social cost of unsafe and unreliable availability of water impacting health and well-being. Extreme events (floods and droughts) may lead to short-term migration. HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING SOCIAL COST OF POOR WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE Average time An estimated spent by women on collecting 20 % to 40 % water 15% of Mortality 0 s/ rate 00 h of hospital admissions and a their time 0, at 10 0 de large proportion of infant deaths have been linked to 2 water-related diseases. On average 110 children This equates to 50-60 M 44% die each day in Pakistan because of water-related 39,000 people in Punjab & National diseases, poor sanitation children every year. Sindh Over 50% People at risk and hygiene. due to arsenic in Balochistan contamination and FATA of water supplies Childhood stunting WATER-LED CONFLICT AND MIGRATION Short-term, temporary 35% - 45% migration is a common of families migrated response to droughts In Tharparkar, to barrage areas in and floods, especially in Sindh during the search of labor and Balochistan and Sindh. 2014–17 drought grazing for livestock. ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES Environment resources and ecosystems are under increasing stress from high levels of water withdrawal, widespread water pollution, rapid urbanization, and agricultural expansion. 4 out of 8 Consequences of environmental Indus delta is the world's 5th largest plant species in the delta have stress include biodiversity loss, delta home to more than disappeared in recent years declining fish stocks, and degradation of ecosystems in the Indus Delta and other parts of the Indus Basin. 180 species Degradation of the Indus delta has affected the lives of at least 1/2 M people Adverse impacts on Ramsar sites that support 18 threatened mammal species Shrimp production and the catch The catfish, Glyptothorax kashmirensis, for Tor putitora, or Himalayan Mahseer , of the prized Palla fish has fallen by example, has suffered an abundance abundance has declined by more than decline of more than 50 %. Trends suggest decline could 90% reach 80%. 80% over 5 to 10 years, given the preference of the species for fast-flowing habitat. This series of infographics is developed by LEAD Pakistan based on World Bank Group’s report Pakistan: Getting More from Water (Young et al. 2019).