Page 1 World Bank Loan Assisted Water Saving Irrigation Project Turfan Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Report on Social Assessment & Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) Turfan Water Conservation Bureau, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 2008 9 09/2008 IPP397 V 2 Page 2 2 Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 4 The objectives, rationales and principles of the mission......................................................... 4 The special goals of SA, work scope and contents, requested methods to be applied, and the corresponding outputs............................................................................................................. 6 Work program and process....................................................................................................10 1 Zoning of Project Areas, Selection of Survey Villages, Stakeholder Institute Analyses, Distribution of EM Groups and Review on the Relevant Policies.................................................13 1.1 Socio-economic and agro-ecological zoning of project areas.........................................13 1.2 Selection of survey villages.............................................................................................14 1.3 Stakeholder institute analysis..........................................................................................16 1.4 Resident distribution of EM groups in the project areas.................................................17 2 Methodologies of SA at village level and process of EM community consultation....................22 2.1 Methodologies of SA at village level..............................................................................22 2.2 process of EM community consultation..........................................................................22 2.3 Interviews with farm household questionnaires..............................................................23 2.4 The summary of PRA activities in the survey villages/group .........................................23 3 Summary of the findings and conclusions of SA at village level................................................24 3.1 The ethnic group composition of the survey villages in accordance with the feature of EM groups’ resident distribution in project areas..................................................................24 3.2 There are obvious differences in land resource and irrigation conditions among the villagers’ groups or natural villages in the project villages...................................................25 3.3 There are obvious differences in the elements for development among the farm households in the project villages .........................................................................................26 3.4 There are distinct differences in the composition of farm households’ livelihoods among the project villages, with obvious seasonality, which showed its dependence with irrigation water and land resources.......................................................................................................27 3.5 Results and findings of household questionnaire in EM population composition, arable land, irrigation types, and main crop species ........................................................................31 4 Summary of the findings and conclusions of community consultation.......................................32 4.1 Situation of, and problems in irrigation water use of EM communities and households, the causes and countermeasures............................................................................................32 4.2 The functions, possible negative effects and problems emerged and countermeasures..35 4.3 The results of community consultation through household questionnaire......................38 4.4 The results of community consultation for the involuntary resettlement by Ertanggou reservoir and the possible negative effects by Meiyaogou reservoir.....................................39 4.5 The situation of EM communities’ participation, the constraints and solutions..............41 5 The conclusions and recommendations of SA and EM community consultation........................42 5.1 Conclusions of SA and EM community consultation......................................................42 5.2 Recommendations of SA and EM community consultation............................................44 6 Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) of the Project in Social Aspects...........................46 6.1 The Logframe of EMDP of Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project in social aspects ....46 6.2 The framework for ensuring extensive consultation and informed participation of local EMG during project implementation ....................................................................................51 Page 3 3 6.3 The action plan of measures to ensure that local EM groups receive social and economic benefits from the project, which are culturally appropriate, and to avoid or mitigate the adverse impacts if identified during the SA..........................................................................56 6.4 The costs estimated for the measures and actions designed in the EMDP, in consideration of combination with the project activities.............................................................................58 6.5 Mechanism of the project for EM communities to express opinions and grievances caused by project implementation.........................................................................................59 6.6 Mechanisms and benchmarks appropriate to the project for M&E and reporting on the implementation of the EMDP................................................................................................59 Annex 1. The name lists of the participants in the interviews and workshops during SA, and the date and places (in Chinese) 2. Results of Zoning exercises of the project areas of the counties/city (in Chinese) 3. Questionnaires of households for SA and EMDP (in Chinese) 4. Results of field survey with PRA methods (in Chinese) - Results in Ya ’er Village of Turfan City - Results in Meiyaogou Village of Turfan City - Results in Awati Village of Turfan City - Results in Tuyugou Village of Shanshan County - Results in Qiketai Village of Shanshan County - Results in Aketake Village of Tuokexun County - Results in Aoyiman Village of Tuokexun County Page 4 4 Introduction Requested by the World Bank Project Identification Mission on the Social Assessment & Ethnic Minority Development Plan (SA&EMDP), Xinjiang Turfan Water Conservation Bureau hired Dr. Li Ou, Prof. of China Agricultural University to undertake the field study on SA&EMDP for the Ban loan assisted Xinjiang Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project at the prefecture level and in the project counties/city of Turfan, Shanshan and Tuokexun successively from Aug. 25 th to Sept. 17 th , 2008. After that, the consultant analyzed the collected date and survey results, drew conclusions and proposed recommendations, and basically completed the SA&EMDP Reports of Chinese and English versions by 15 th of Oct. The objectives, rationales and principles of the mission To conduct the Social Assessment (SA) and formulate the Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) for the World Bank-funded project aims to ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights, economy and cultural uniqueness of Indigenous Peoples so as to make contributions to the missions of WB and member countries for poverty reduction and sustainable development. For all projects that are proposed for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples, the Bank requires the borrower to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation. The Bank provides project financing only where free, prior, and informed consultation results in broad community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples. Such Bank-financed projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous Peoples’ communities; or (b) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for such effects. Bank-financed projects are also designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender and inter-generationally inclusive, it means to ensure women, the poor, the elderly and young to participate and be benefited. All the measures could only be identified and worked out through SA, ethnic minority community consultation and development planning, and organically incorporated into the project designs. Concretely speaking, the objective of Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project is to realize the sustainable development and use of Turfan water resources and livelihood rehabilitation of local people in connection with irrigation. While improving water conservation, the project needs also to help widen livelihood options and enhance capacities of local people in their interaction with ecological surroundings. The overall purpose of the SA is to assist the project entities in designing and implementing the project with the support and active involvement of individuals and groups that will potentially be the most directly affected by project activities (especially the poor, minority nationalities, women, or other groups whose views may otherwise be under-represented), so that the project’s positive benefits are identified and maximized while its negative social impacts are avoided or mitigated. The social assessment also establishes a basis for subsequent project monitoring and evaluation. Page 5 5 The identities and cultures of Indigenous Peoples are inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend. These distinct circumstances expose Indigenous Peoples to different types of risks and levels of impacts from development projects, including loss of identity, culture, and customary livelihoods, as well as exposure to disease. Gender and intergenerational issues among Indigenous Peoples also are complex. As social groups with identities that are often distinct from the dominant ethnic group in the national societies, the Indigenous Peoples are frequently among the most marginalized and vulnerable segments of the population. As a result, their economic, social, and legal status often limits their capacity to defend their interests in and rights to lands and other productive resources, and/or restricts their ability to participate in and benefit from development. At the same time, Indigenous Peoples play a vital role in sustainable development of the nation and their rights are increasingly being addressed under both domestic and international laws. SA&EMDP do identify those linkages, risks, impacts and limits, and raise the capacity of the affected ethnic minorities and communities through consultation and participation as well as the other project activities, to enable them exert their rights and pay their roles. Such requests of the Bank on project designing and preparation are also in accordance to the policies of Chinese central government in terms of the realization of the new thoughts on development, construction of the harmonious society, safeguarding the ethnic minorities’ development and to be benefited, ensuring the people at grassroots level to exert their democratic rights, “People-centered”, paying more attention to the livelihoods of the people, etc. and helpful for us to use the opportunity of this assessment and planning to concretely implement the requirement of Chinese central government. The relevant policy statements include: - Enlarge the socialist democracy, better safeguard people’s rights and interests and social equity and justice, emphasize on resolving the insures that are the most concerned with by the people, the most realistic and directly related to the interests of the people, to have the outcomes of the reforms benefit all of the people; - Equity, consolidation, mutual help and harmonious ethnic relationship is the basic patter of Chinese multiple ethnics, and reflects the fundamental interests of the family of Chinese ethnics. It should insist on the ethnic equity, strengthen the ethnic consolidation, and promote the ethnic mutual help and harmony. - People’s democracy is the life of socialism. It should insist on that every powers of the state belong to the people, enlarge the orderly political participation of the citizens at various levels and fields, the most broadly mobilize and organize the people manage the state and social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings according to the laws. Page 6 6 - The democratic institution should be enhanced, democratic modes diversified and democratic channels widened, to implement the democratic election, decision- making, management and supervision, and safeguard people’s rights of being informed (of the affairs directly affecting their interests and livelihoods), participation, giving voice and superintendence. While the characteristics of natural resources and socio-economy in rural area and ethnic minority communities and the realities of planning and implementation of projects of agricultural development, infrastructure improvement, etc. also highlighted the necessities to apply the Participatory approach and methodologies to make SA, planning, management and implementation of projects, to safeguard social justice and ensure farmers, esp. the marginalized groups to participate and being benefited equally. The breadth, depth and types of analysis required for the SA are proportional to the nature and scales of the proposed project’s potential effects on local Ethnic Minority Groups (EMGs), as well as to the complexity of the project. The special goals of SA, work scope and contents, requested methods to be applied, and the corresponding outputs The Social Assessment activities were undertaken by the sociological consultant with the help of the project implementation entity – Turfan prefecture water conservation bureau and the bureaus of the project counties/city. The specific goals of the social assessment exercise should be achieved in consultation with a broad sample of farm households, village leaders, local authorities, irrigation management officials, and urban entrepreneurs, as follows: - Obtain views on current irrigation management practices in the selected areas, and solicit views on how to effectively improve local water conservation and water productivities with more participatory water use management; - Identify ways for the project activities to bring equitable opportunities and benefits to small landholding farmers and ethnic minority households with enhancement of productivities and rehabilitation of irrigation system; - Provide a clear picture on presence of ethnic minority groups in overall project areas, ascertain who and where they are (meeting the criteria of “indigenous peoples” as spelled out in OP4.10), and indicate what the demographical census, socio- economic composition and cultural characteristics of the ethnic minority communities are; - Direct and extend free, prior and informed consultation among ethnic minority communities so as to ensure their broad support to the project activities which are devised as they need, and as compatible to local cultures; Page 7 7 - Identify any adverse impacts of the project, especially caused by involuntary resettlement for the proposed reservoir and canal construction; and cooperate with the RAP team to analyze and recommend appropriate measures to avoid or mitigate the related impacts and risks; - Provide assessment and methods (as exemplified with WUA approach or others) for establishment of participation framework and mechanism for majority farmers in general and ethnic minority communities in particular; - Identify and avoid any potential harm on the cultural heritages in the project area, notably represented by the Kariz, in accordance with OP4.11 requirements and in cooperation with the Turfan Relics Bureau; and - Provide baseline data and suggested monitoring indicators for use in project M&E. The project SA is a systematic investigation of the social processes and factors that affect, and are affected by, the project. It is conducted to help achieve identification of stakeholders, prioritization of social issues relating to the project like poverty, vulnerability, equitability, ethnicity, and gender, and establishment of a participatory process. In the project context, the SA work could be specialized as a set of tasks to be fulfilled by the consultant in the cooperation with the project entity during project preparation as follows: - Prepare for project entity and World Bank review and acceptance a brief work plan, including a sampling strategy for surveys and consultations, the range of issues to be considered in consultations, and methodologies to be used (such as outlines for semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions); - Make use of secondary data (information from project documents, relevant literatures and government reports) and discuss with local authorities for understanding of government water resources legislations and policy reform in conjunction with water conservation under this project; collect socio-economic statistics and demographical census especially ethnic minority composition in the project areas, and identify project key stakeholders. As a result, sampling sites for surveys and fieldwork should be determined under different water resources circumstances, with an emphasis on ethnic minority concentrated areas; - Provide training of SA practitioners and project staff after identifying capacity gaps amongst the staff and institutions to be engaged in project preparation. The consultant will prepare a SA conducting manual for the training workshop to be held in an early time in the SA process, and for the overall SA exercise to be undertaken in the entire project areas. It is expected that the trained project staff and practitioners Page 8 8 will have the capacity to extend the SA work in a broader scope and adopt participatory methodologies in all sub-project design; - Conduct sample surveys and consultation through fieldwork (with appropriate methodologies of participatory rural appraisal) in the selected sampling sites, in order to collect first-hand data for in-depth analysis and pilot the participatory process in project preparation. In particular, free, prior and informed consultation with ethnic minority communities should be highlighted in the project context in order to fully understand their coping strategies to local water scarcity and their interests and priorities in irrigation management reform and water resources rehabilitation. One of the project social objectives is to safeguard these ethnic minority groups not to become vulnerable and disadvantaged during the project process but receive social and economic benefits from it that are compatible with their cultures; - Carry out social analysis to assess project benefits and risks, and to establish participatory mechanism in project management. Stakeholder analysis, beneficiary assessment and institutional analysis will be employed as the main methods for the analyzing of the quantitative and qualitative data collected. The social analysis will be able to finally inform the project design and implementation arrangement of the key social processes and factors interacting with the project, and identify ways to minimize risks and maximize opportunities for local communities to participate in the project; - Based on the SA findings, an Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) will be prepared in accordance with requirements of OP4.10, as one of the project safeguard documents to be disclosed locally and internationally (guideline for EMDP could be found in OP4.10); and - Prepare the SA report, as the conclusion of the SA exercise to steer the project design and implementation in compliance with its social objectives. The TOR for SA requested to apply a variety of methods for collecting and analyzing data, including both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The SA should make use of the secondary statistic data from existing bibliography and reports. Meanwhile, detailed information will be gathered by consulting key stakeholders in a participatory manner. Most of the consultations require face-to-face qualitative interviews or focus groups with informants, conducted either alone or combined with additional PRA techniques. It is important that the selection of the informants is random and representative of the community population. Every effort should be made to reach the poor and marginal and remote individuals or groups. The baseline survey will require the drafting and pre-testing of a household questionnaire prior to the actual fielding. It is important that the questions accurately measure the intended concepts. Purposive sampling methods could be used in the Page 9 9 quantitative surveys of current socio-economic situations, and sentiments and perceptions of key stakeholders relative to the subjects covered by the proposed project, so as to ensure the data collected in a limited time period to be representative and typical. As a culminating activity of the SA, a stakeholder workshop for each of the project components may be conducted for validation, verification and communication of the SA results. The participatory approach developed during the SA is expected to pilot a framework for participatory management throughout the project cycle. According to the requirement of the TOR and t he Bank’s safeguard document of OP4.10, the EM community consultation should be conducted by the consultant as well as the PMO staff under his guidance, through the free, prior and informed consultation with the affected EMGs, establishing an appropriated gender and inter- generationally inclusive framework that provides opportunities for consultation at each stage of project preparation and implementation among the stakeholders esp. the ethnic minority communities, and directs the consultation and participation process in WUA E&D. All these consultation and participation should be processed in ways appropriate to the social and cultural values of the related ethnic minority communities and their local conditions (including using their languages, allowing time for consensus building, and selecting appropriate venues), and to make sure the project will receive a broad support from the ethnic minority communities. EMDP is formulated based on the social assessment and community consultation, by the consultant with the participation of the project entity. It includes: - A framework for ensuring free, prior, and informed consultation with the affected EM communities during project implementation. - An action plan of measures to ensure that the EM groups receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate, including, if necessary, measures to enhance the capacity of the project implementing agencies. - When potential adverse effects on EM groups are identified, an appropriate action plan of measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for these adverse effects. - The cost estimates and financing plan for the EMDP, in the consideration together with the project activities. - Accessible procedures appropriate to the project to address grievances by the affected EM communities arising from project implementation. When designing the grievance procedures, the borrower takes into account the availability of judicial recourse and customary dispute settlement mechanisms among the EM. Page 10 10 - Mechanisms and benchmarks appropriate to the project for monitoring, evaluating, and reporting on the implementation of the EMDP. The monitoring and evaluation mechanisms should include arrangements for the free, prior, and informed consultation with the affected EM communities. The SA exercise will be assigned with three primary outputs, each subject to review and acceptance by project entity and World Bank: - A work plan, establishing scope and methods for the social assessment process, is required before initiating fieldwork; - A social assessment report summarizing findings and making recommendations as may be warranted for the project design with its social objectives; and - The Ethnic Minority Development Plan in compliance with OP4.10, to ensure ethnic minority communities have equitable opportunity to gain access to and benefits from the project at their wills; and especially, those who are affected by resettlement and other potential adverse impacts are not marginalized and disadvantaged but compensated with sufficient resources and assistances to improve their livelihoods under the project (a RAP is prepared by another consultant team in compliance with OP4.12). Work program and process At the beginning from the end of June to middle of July, the consultant read over the Aide- memoire of the Bank’s Project Identification Mission on Xinjiang Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project, its Annex 3 – TOR for Social Assessment and Ethnic Minority Plan and the other Annexes as well as the Bank’s OP4.10 document of the Indigenous People, worked out the work plan and communicate it with the concerned Bank’s official and Turfan Prefecture Water Conservation Bureau. After the consultant and SA mission were confirmed, the consultant designed the framework and procedures of SA, EM community consultation and Development Planning, selected the appropriate methods of investigation including some PRA tools, and designed the household questionnaire, according to the requirement of the TOR and OP4.10 document, and based on his previous similar experiences working for WB and some other internationally assisted projects. Then from the late of July to middle of Aug., the consultant prepared successively the training outlines and materials on the survey of SA and DP, and EM community consultation, and the working manual of SA. After arriving in the project area on 25 th of Aug., the consultant started with the communication and consultation with the leaders and professionals of the prefecture Water Conservation Bureau and the relevant line agencies, held the workshop on zoning of the project areas in terms of water resource use, the types of irrigation and Page 11 11 the conditions and the situations related to ethnic minority groups, and determined the number of the survey villages in each project counties/city; then decided the participants of the training from the counties/city. It included 1 from prefecture and at least 3 from each county/city; mainly from water conservation bureau, keeping balance between male and female, and having at least 1 person speaking both Uygur and Han Chinese. It turned actually 11 participants totally (4 from Turfan City), 5 males and 6 females, and 6 Uygur (2 from each), and had met the requirement to conduct EM SA and community consultation. The consultant also went to Ya’er Village in Ya’er Township, Turfan City and pre-tested the questionnaire for revision. Then, made the preparation of the training. The collection and review of the project documents and related policies were started at the prefecture and continued in every counties/city. The training on field survey of SA and EM community communication and the field exercises were conducted for the prefecture and county/city water conservation bureau staffs on Aug. 28 th – 30 th . The training applied the Participatory methodologies. On the first day, the consultant illustrated the necessity to conduct SA and EM community consultation with actual examples, introduced the relevant concepts, the Bank’s requirement and the related policies of Central government; having followed the work sequences illustrated by SA manual, explained the procedures and key points of each step and the applied PRA methods and tools with actual cases. The participants got understood the necessity, concepts and policies through group discussions, and mastered the methods and tools through group exercises. On the second day, the field exercise was conducted in Ya’er Village. The activities and sequence were all the same as the actual procedures of SA and EM community consultation, for the participants to master the steps and methods of field work through the practice and further understand the necessity to apply Participatory methodology in project design and implementation, and pay attention to the necessary changes in own attitude and behaviors. On the third day, the results of field exercises were presented by the participants and commented by the consultant to point out the strong points and shortcomings as well as the suggestions to improve. Then the time program of field survey was discussed. Finally, the assessment of training was made, and the participants fully appreciated the training contents and methodology and own achievement. From Sept. 1 st to the morning on 4 th in Turfan City, the afternoon on 4 th to 9 th in Shanshan County and 10 th to 14 th in Tuokexun County, the consultant successively conducted, together with the water conservation bureau staff, esp. the training participants, the SA survey and EM community consultation. By the end of the field study in the county or city, the consultant presented the results of SA and EM community consultation and proposed some preliminary recommendations. The bureaus’ leaders and staffs made comments and suggestions. Page 12 12 All the process of field survey has gained the great assistance and cooperation from the leaders and staff of Turfan Prefecture Water Conservation Bureau, the bureaus of project counties/city and the concerned government and line agencies as well as the survey townships and the village cadres and villagers. For that, the consultant would like to express his cordial appreciations. Page 13 13 1 Zoning of Project Areas, Selection of Survey Villages, Stakeholder Institute Analyses, Distribution of EM Groups and Review on the Relevant Policies 1.1 Socio-economic and agro-ecological zoning of project areas The workshop at the prefecture level on Aug. 26 was participated by the leaders and professionals of water resource bureau and PMO, and the other relevant institutes. It used a table (see the table below) for zoning of the project areas in terms of ethnic population, socio-economy, infrastructures and agro0economy, to identify the differences, categories and distribution of the water resource and irrigation conditions, EM gr oups’ residence and distribution, the other socio-economic, agro-ecological and infrastructure situations, resettlement caused by reservoir construction, the use and maintenance of Kariz, etc. On the basis of the discussion results and the available time and other resources for SA, the amount of survey villages in each county or city was identified. Table 1.1 Zoning result on ethnic population, socio-economy, infrastructure and agro-ecology of the project areas Zones Turfan City Tuokexun County Shanshan County (Mountain south) Shanshan County Mountain north Physiognomy Basin land Basin land Basin land Plain/basin land Project townships All townships 4 rural townships 3 townships, 1 town 5 rural township, 1 state farm EM groups and % of population EM and Uygur 78.8 and 71.0% respectively 84.1 and 77.0% 71.3 and 66.2% and 1 Hui autonomous township Irrigation type/water resource deficit Surface water pure or mixed, pure well; serious decrease of underground water table in south lowland Surface water pure or mixed, pure well All the 3 types; but underground water over exploited, and table decreased seriously Surface water pure or mixed, pure well Kariz s use and maintenance Some in use, 2 of them for tourism Some in use Use stopped basically Some in use Grain/cash crops, importance ranking Water/sweet melons, cumin (intercropped with cotton), greenhouse vegetables Water/sweet melons, cotton, cumin (intercropped) Water/sweet melons (more than mountain north), greenhouse vegetables Water/sweet melons Livestock Short term fattening More grazing Short term fattening Fattening Main fruit trees Grape Grape Grape Poverty 3 AR level poor villages (in 1 township) Higher %, 5 AR level poor villages (in 4 townships) Higher % than mountain north, 3 AR level poor villages (in 1 township) Features of some survey villages Kariz Underground water table serious decrease Resettlement, Hui township Page 14 14 1.2 Selection of survey villages According to the above differences of distribution and the project components, the survey villages of the project counties/city should reflect not only the representativeness of irrigation types and water resource situation, some of them should also reflect the features of SA requirement – having village with Kariz project in Turfan City, the village with serious decrease of underground water table in the south of Huoyanshan Mountain in Shanshan County and the villagers’ group of resettlement by reservoir and the village of Hui autonomous township in the north of the mountain. Table 1.2 Number of survey villages identified at prefecture level workshop \03 Effects of project components Turfan City Tuokexun County Shanshan County (Mountain south) Shanshan County Mountain north Canal lining * * * * Water saving irrigation * * * * Resettlement (by reservoir) 1 villagers group (belong to Turfan City) Kariz 1 village The other EM group * Total 2+1 2 1 1+1+ 1 At the beginning of SA survey in each project county/city, the workshops were held with the similar method applied at prefecture level, participated in by leaders and professionals of PMO and the other relevant line agencies, make concrete zoning of the project areas (see Annex 2). Then, identify the representative survey villages according the number requested by the prefecture workshop. Among the survey villages, Qigaibulake Village in Turfan City was investigated after all the identified villages had been visited, because the Village located in the south lowland of the City, and has the severe saline and water deficit problems not covered by the identified villages, to make SA survey represent the comprehensiveness of the whole prefecture. The geographic location, water resource situation and irrigation types, poverty, etc. of the 9 investigated villages and 1 villagers’ group are summarized as the following: Table 1.3 Location, water resource, irrigation and poverty of the survey villages/group County Turfan City Shanshan County Tuokexun Village/ group Ya ’er Meiyao gou Awa ti Qigai bulake Tunai Maili Tuyu gou Qian jie Qike tai Ake take Aoyi man Town ship Ya’er Qi quanhu Sanpu Qiate kele Sheng jin Tuyu gou Dong bazha Qike tai Yilahu Xia xiang Page 15 15 Mount. south * * * * * * Huoyan Mount. north * * * * Surface water mainly * * * * * Wells mainly * * * Pure wells * * Kariz * * Specialty Reser voir Saline Resettle ment Hui EM Poor village * * * Water table serious decrease * * From the table, it could be found that the survey villages/group selected have the comprehensive representative not only for the counties/city belonging to but also the whole Turfan Prefecture. The project areas of Turfan City located basically in the south of Huoyanshan Mountain. The selected Ya ’er, Awati and Qigaibulake Villages have the irrigation types of surface water mainly, underground wells mainly and pure well respectively. The cropping patterns are also different from each other obviously (see the following sub-chapter). Especially, Qigaibulake Village located near Aiding Lake and has serious saline of shallow underground water layer formed historically. Among the other 2 village or villagers’ group, Meiyaogou located in the North of Huoyanshan Mountain, Meiyaogou Reservoir will be built within its boundary, and Tunaimaili Group located in the area to be submerged by Ertanggou Reservoir and has to be resettled, therefore, all need community consultation on the possible negative effects. Tuyugou and Qiketai Villages in Shanshan County represent the mountain south and well irrigation mainly, and mountain north and surface water mainly, respectively. Tuyugou also has serious decrease of underground water table. Qianjie Village has Hui as the main EM group, the pure well irrigation at the village residence but surface water mainly in Bake reclaimed land 23 km away from the residence. Aketake and Aoyiman Villages located in the west and east of Tuokexun County town, and well irrigation mainly and surface water mainly, respectively. 1 AR level poverty village was selected for SA in each county/city. Page 16 16 1.3 Stakeholder institute analysis After the zoning exercise, the stakeholder analyses were made at each county/city workshop. The stakeholder institutes at county/city level, related to the interests, participation and development of the EM groups to be affected by the project, were identified, their roles and functions in the realization of the project ’s social objectives, and protection of EM groups’ rights and interests, participation and being benefited were analyzed, and the conditions to play their positive roles, including mechanism arrangement, and measures to avoid the possible negative impacts were identified. The following table shows the results made at Turfan City workshop. Table 1.4 Result of stakeholder institute analysis in Turfan City Stakeholder agancy Possible functions to the project Constraints Measures City government project leading group Decision-making (including matching fund), coordination (needing reporting and meeting system) Water resource bureau and PMO Planning, coordinate the project implementation and management among water resource agencies and project townships Knowledge and skills of Participatory planning + management Training Development & reform commission Implement the policies, exam whether or not the project accordant to the national industrial policy and city development plan Financial bureau Allocation and management of matching fund Agric. develop. office Apply its fund to match with the project Agric. bureau, poverty alleviation office Technical support to farmers for adjusting agric. structure, developing high profitable ones and increase income EM & religion affair commission Coordinate the implementation of EM policies in the project Women federation Mobilize women to participate in the project and get benefit through each level WF Civic affairs bureau Implement relevant policy, if resettlement happens Forestry bureau Supervise and implement tree felling policy according to forestry law Land resource bureau Deal with the state-owned land use right, according to the law and regulations Environment protection bureau Raise environment protection requests and supervise the realization of the policies The similar analyses were made at the workshops in Shanshan and Tuokexun Counties. And the results of discussion were the same as the one of Turfan City workshop. Another important stakeholder – Xinjiang Shen Hong Group was also interviewed. It is proposed by the project that the main function of Meiyaogou Reservoir is to provide industrial water user to that Group. For recent years, the water demand of the Group has increased up to more than 2 to 3 million m 3 /year, and brought about some negative effects on irrigation and drinking water uses of local farmers. Therefore, the early starting the construction and playing roles of the Reservoir will not only Page 17 17 promote the industrial development of Turfan Prefecture, but also mitigate the negative effects on local farmers ’ living and production. Currently the Group has 3,600 staffs, 20% of them employed locally, and the workers of coal mining are mainly the local Uygur farmers. It was planned to have 30,000 staffs by 2020, and most of them are professional workers. The local Uygur farmers have constraints of education and Han Chjinese language to meet the requirement. Therefore, local government needs to do a lot to overcome the constraints. 1.4 Resident distribution of EM groups in the project areas Among the population of Turfan Prefecture, the EM groups account 77.1%, more than Han Chinese (22.9%). Among them, Uygur are the main, 70.4% of the total population, and Hui 6.4%. Such a feature remain the same in the 3 project counties/city. Among them, the proportions of EM and Uygur are higher in Tuokexun County, 84.1 and 77.0% respectively; the ones in Shanshan County are little bit lower, 71.3 and 66.2% respectively. Hui have a certain proportion in the three counties/city. The one in Shanshan County is lower – 4.9%, however, residing quite concentrate in the east suburb of the county town, therefore, the Dongbazha Hui Autonomous Township was established there. The other EM groups include Kazak, Mongolian, Xibo, Russian, Man, etc. most of them resid in urban area, accounting 0.3% of total prefecture’s population, and 0.2 – 0.4% in the counties/city. Table 1.5 Population and EM groups proportion of Turfan Prefecture and project counties/city (%, 2006) County/ city Popul. Han % EM % Uygur % Hui % Others % Total 589609 135265 219.6 317.4 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 22.9 454344 77.1 414904 70.4 37633 418.5 317.4 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 6.4 1807 0.3 Turfan 263184 55895 219.6 300.0 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 21.2 207289 78.8 186781 71.0 19538 418.5 300.0 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 7.4 970 476.0 300.0 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 0.4 Shanshan 214865 61589 219.6 282.3 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 28.7 153276 71.3 142206 66.2 10549 418.5 282.3 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 4.9 521 476.0 282.3 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 0.2 Tuokexun 111560 17781 219.6 264.8 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 15.9 93779 84.1 85917 77.0 7546 418.5 264.8 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 6.8 316 476.0 264.8 8.5 4.2 0 : \03 0.3 (Date source: Statistic yearbook of Turfan Prefecture, 2007) The proportion of EM groups is even larger in rural population, accounting 89.5% of the total, higher than the 77.1% of total prefecture’s population (see next table). In the project areas, the rural Hui population proportion (7.0%) in Shanshan County is higher than the other two. In all the project townships and villages except for Dongbazha Township with more Hui population (59.0%), Uygur have majority of population while the EM groups have very few or even no. Because the project covers all of the rural townships, all administrative villages have EM groups occupy the majority of population and farm households while Uygur dominate the most. Page 18 18 Table 1.6 Rural population and EM groups proportion of project counties/city (%, 2008) County/ city Rural popul Han % EM % Uygur % Hui % Others % Total 457024 198.0 650.5 8.5 4.2 0 : ff 1adotaccentff\03 10.5 409240 89.5 382019 83.6 397.2 650.5 8.5 4.2 0 : ffl n\1affdotaccent\03 5.9 463.3 650.5 8.5 4.2 0 : ff fi\03 0.1 Turfan 202809 ngarumlautflffiffi\03 9.4 183776 90.6 172839 85.2 caronhungarumlautbreve\03 5.3 fffl\03 0.1 Shanshan 161632 taccentfflffff\03 11.3 143388 88.7 132146 81.8 fflffffl\03 7.0 3 Tuokexun 92592 brevefl\1a\03 11.3 82076 88.7 77034 83.2 taccentfifi\03 5.2 fifi\03 0.2 (Date source: Provided by county/city water resource bureau, through coordination and collection) 1.4.1 Uygur Language and Characters Uygur has its own language and character. Uygur language belongs to Turki, Altai language system. According to the history, Uygur used Chahetai language based on Turkish, Mionan and Arab. The Uygur language used nowadays is based on Chahetai language. There are 32 letters. The old-fashioned Uygur language writes from right to left. In year 1960, Uygur language has been reformed to be a new set of Uygur language and in 1982, the old-fashioned Uygur language resumed. The difference between dialects in grammar is limited and little difference in pronunciation. There is no language obstacle within different areas in Xinjiang. The modern Uygur language is classified as central dialect, Hetian dialect and Luobu dialect. Many Uygur people also speak Chinese and Kazak as a result of communication with other nations. 1.4.2 Religion of Uygur In terms of nationality and religion, the central government of China and State Council pointed out clearly in the “The Decision of Strengthening the Nationality Affairs and Accelerating the Social-Economic Development and Ethnic Minorities in Ethnic Minority Areas” that the state will prepare “The Eleventh Five Year Plan” for ethnic minority areas. It is the requirement of the State Council in the “Law of Self- Government in Ethnic Minorities Areas in The People’s Republic China” that the government at higher level should support the social-economic development in the ethnic minority areas, consider the special needs and characteristics of the ethnic minority, while the government are making middle and long term development plan. The autonomous region committee in Xinjiang (The Bureau of Religion) prepared “The 11th Five Year Plan for the Affairs of Nationality and Religion in Xinjiang Autonomous Region”. It says in the plan that “Carrying out all the favorable policies of the state and the regional government, continue to promote the development of social-economy.” “Stick to the scientific development view and promote the fast development in the ethnic minority areas”. The Uygur believe in Shamanism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism in ancient times. In 16 century, Islam has become the ruling religion in Page 19 19 Uygur areas. Most of the Islam believed in Sunnite and some people believed in Yishanpai. After the establishment of the PRC, the senior level religious people are not allowed to interfere judicial and education. The normal religious activities have been protected by law. 1.4.3 Customs of Uygur A. Marriage and Family Monogamy is the basic rule in Uygur marriage. Intermarriage normally occurred within the nation or between the ethnic believed in Islam. Husband and wife are the base in the family, and members include direct relatives from the past three generations. Within families which have many springs, the sons lead a separate life after marriage and the youngest son stays with parents. The women’s status in the family was low because the marriage was arranged by parents although monogamy is the basic rule in Uygur marriage. The old has been respected in the families and in the sociality after the establishment of PRC. B. Clothes Uygur men usually wear gowns and it is called “Chipan” in Uygur, tight with long belt, without button. The rural women usually wear bag sleeve one-piece dress, the coat is black front opening sleeveless garment. The women in the urban areas usually wear western-style coat and skirts. Both men and women love to wear embroidery small cap and it is called “Paduo” in Uygur. Ladies love to wear ear ring necklace. Both men and women love to wear boots. C. Flower-trimmed bonnet The history of flower-trimmed bonnet is long with many varieties and it is called “Paduo” in Uygur. The Uygur, Kazakhstan, Kirgiz and Hui like to wear flower- trimmed bonnet, the flower-trimmed bonnet is made of hand-stitching work and string of beads. It differs by nations and areas. The flower-trimmed bonnet is nice to look very enjoyable. D. Courtesy The courtesy of Uygur is closely related to religion. The courtesy reflects equality, friendship, respecting the old and caring the young. The ordinary people shake hands with each other the old were respected. The old kiss the younger generation between ladies. As the economy develops, these courtesy shows ranking disappeared and the courtesy reflects friendship and love stays and new meanings was also added to these courtesy. The Uygur are very hospitable and polite. When walking, the old walk first and when talking, the old talk first and when sitting, the old always seat in main position. The young are not allowed to smoke or drink in front of the old. Friends and relatives greet each other by shaking hands and then bow back to each other, greeting members in the families. Women trunk bend to each other after greeting. When sitting in house, Page 20 20 it is required to squat and stretch legs face the bottom of the feet to others is not permitted. Both hands are required to take over objects or providing tea to guests, one hand is considered to impolite. E. Washing The nations who believed in Islam have a clean habit. They always wash their face from kettles, not basin. They must wash their hands before eating and drinking tea. They love to eat rice with their hands, that’s why washing hands is so important. When hands have been washed, squeeze water and then dry it. Dishware has to be washed one by one and dry it afterwards. Bowls are washed to dry naturally. F. Taboo Uygur believed in Islam has taboos like inhumation, not cremation. It is not allowed to talk loud around mosques or tombs. It is not allowed to stir up the food in plate, no leftover. Food dropped on the ground should be picked up in the napkin, not to be mixed with other food. When eating or talking to people, blowing one’s nose or spitting is not allowed. Pork, donkey meat, mule meat, dog meat or dead animals are not allowed to eat. In dressing, short clothes are not allowed and coats should be as long as over the knees and trouser-legs should be at the feet. G.: Funeral The Uygur funeral is an event both solemn solemnity. The funeral shall follow the Islam costume and is inhumation popular. According to Uygur costume, people died on Friday, Idal-fitr or Corban is a happy ending. Many people believe that in their old age, one wants to return to one’s hometown, especially the Uygur, people would rather chose to die at home and the corpse be kept at home for no more than two days to prevent decaying. The corpse has to be cleaned before inhumation. The dead male shall be cleaned by monk plus one or two older. The dead female shall be cleaned by old ladies and boys or girls can participate. After cleaning, the male corpse will be wrapped with three layers of clothe and female corpse will be wrapped with five layers of clothe. If the patient cannot be cured, people would rather chose to die at home than in the hospitals. If somebody died outside, their relatives would work out all ways to carry corpse back home to inhumation. The relatives inform others after corpse has been treated, especially for the old. When people died, their face have to face west and be covered by white clothe, the mouth has to be tight by clothe to close the mouth, looks like the dead is sleeping. Nobody shall stay at home when cleaning. The Uygur normally bury corpse in the evening if people died in the morning and bury corpse at noon if people died in the evening. After corpse has been cleaned, it be put on the wood frame and coved by white clothe and then escorted by the relatives to mosque for funeral (Ladies not participate). In mosque, the imam will distribute money and properties to imams in the mosque and others, the last alms, and then imams will patter and pray. The corpse then is sent Page 21 21 to tomb. The tomb is 2 meters long, 1 meter wide and 2 meter deep. The imam patter before inhumation. All people participate the funeral grab soil to spread around the dead and then block the tomb by big stone. Most of the tombs are rectangle. Some tombs look like palace. The relatives all cry when people died and others come to condolence when heard the crying. The relatives praise the good deeds of the dead while they cry to express the sadness. The close relatives of the dead wear white clothe belt and ladies wear white end shield, too. “Naizier”, which is a ceremony to mourn the dead will be held on the third, seventh and 14th day after the funeral. H. Housing The Uygur farmers use soil and mud to build their houses. The house usually have roof for lighting and fireplace inside fro heating and cooking. In some houses, there are niches made by plaster for articles for daily use, also as a ornament, too. For middle class families, they have house for winter and house for summer. Peach trees, apple trees, apricot trees, mulberry trees and flowers are planted around the houses. Some houses have grape in front of the house as pergola. I: Food The daily food of Uygur farmers are Uygur bread, noodle, mutton with rice, tea and milk. They treat guests with zhuanfang. Barbeque, Uygur bread and dumplings are favorite food of Uygur people. The Uygur love fruits, too. J: Traditional Holidays The traditional holidays of Uygur include: Balsam, Corban and Nauru. The annual Corban is the most important one. The families believed in Islam prepare “Sainz”(a kind of fried food) and slaughter goats and chickens for the festival. Peoples wear new clothes to greet each other during the festival. 1.5 Conclusions of the review on the relevant policies to EM groups ’ development Turfan Prefecture and the 3 project counties/city belong to Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The “EM Autonomous Region Law” stipulated the autonomous administrative institute to protect the rights and interests of EM groups. Because of the autonomy and the population composition with EM groups as the majority and Uygur dominated, every policy, and construction and development project of Turfan Prefecture and the counties/city have EM groups as the main beneficiaries. Therefore, the policies have not particularly emphasized on the protection and benefits of EM groups, as in the non-autonomous region or areas. Page 22 22 After having reviewed the central government policies on EM groups ’ development and the policies of prefecture and counties/city (the Chinese report provided the detailed review), it could be concluded that he policy environment, in terms of the irrigation management, water management reform, EM groups, poverty alleviation, women, etc. is favorite for the EM communities and farmers to participate in the project and be equally benefited, for the application of the Participatory project planning, implementation and management, and for the establishment, operation and development of the mechanisms and organizations such as WUA for EM community consultation and expression of own needs and concerns. 2 Methodologies of SA at village level and process of EM community consultation 2.1 Methodologies of SA at village level The SA survey was conducted together with EM community consultation in the investigated villages. Through the workshop of the village and group leaders, the differentiations among villagers’ groups and farm households, and the representatives of every party were identified, to ensure the poorer communities, EM groups, the poor and women to participate in SA and community consultation process, to exert their rights of to be informed, participation, expression own problems, needs and opinions, etc. The interviews with the households questionnaires have a certain functions of the consultation, and the collection of data and information as the important bases for SA and identification of M&E indicators as well as the benchmarks. The Chinese report described the detailed procedures and methods applied. 2.2 process of EM community consultation EM community consultations were conducted mainly through the workshops of the representatives of every type of EM groups and farm households, and women, to assess the effects of the project and analyze the countermeasures to overcome the possible negative effects. At the beginning, the SA consultant introduced the objectives and contents of the project, the importance and methods of SA and EM community consultation, and the concerned WB requirements and policies of central government, to mobilize the representatives to participate and disseminate the information to the villagers. Then, the village and group leaders presented the maps, tables and calendars produced from their workshop, to have the participants feel the relevance of such participatory methods and the outputs to their own interests, and strengthen their enthusiasts to participate in the consultation and express own wills. The discussions were conducted by 3 groups of the poor, the other households and women separately, to analyze the situation and problems in water use, the causes and solutions, and the possible positive and negative effects, against the main project components, and the countermeasures. In the villages with fewer participants, the workshops were Page 23 23 conducted with or without division of men and women for separate discussion. The discussions were moderated by the consultant and the members of SA team. It paid particular attention to the use of EM language and characters. When using Uygur, the writing sequence was from the right to the left. The topics include: 1) The situation and problems of the village/villagers ’ groups and the households in irrigation water use, the causes and the countermeasures willing to adopt; and 2) The positive functions and negative effects of the proposed project components on EM households’ livelihoods, the problems possibly happening during or after the project implementation, and how to avoid or mitigate and resolve them. After the group discussions, the plenary presentations were made to communicate, revise and improve the discussion results; and tried as much as possible to reach the consensus among the participants through consultation. 2.3 Interviews with farm household questionnaires Usually, 10 households were selected in proportion to each type of farm households, according to the results of wealth ranking made by the village leaders. Then they suggested the representative ones for the questionnaire interview (see Annex 3). The representativeness means the typical to certain type of households but not the extremely wealthy or poor. Because the farmers were very busy at harvesting, processing and selling grapes in Qianjie and Qiketai Villages, and most of the herders of Tunaimaili Group were in the farm away summer pasture, the number of households interviewed did not reach 10, but the selection was also accordant to the proportion of wealth ranking result. 2.4 The summary of PRA activities in the survey villages/group Because of a few villages or group being very busy and having no enough participants, the group discussions had not been able to fully follow the procedures above mentioned in those communities, but mainly through the key informant interviews. The following table summarized the methods and the applied times in the survey villages and group. Table 2.1 Summary of methods and tools applied in the survey communities Village Work Ya ’er Meiyao gou Awa ti Qigai bulake Tunai Maili Tuyu gou Qian jie Qike tai Ake take Aoyi man Sum Key informant interview 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Resource map 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Page 24 24 Typology of groups 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 HH wealth ranking 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Seasonal calendar 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Group discussion 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 15 HH questionnaire 10 10 10 3 11 4 5 10 11 74 All the survey villages and group made the key informant interview (KII). Although a few did not draw resource map, the classification of villagers ’ groups was made (except for Qianjie Village without group division and Tunaimaili Group). All made wealth ranking but a few did not use the table for that, but through KII. Except for Qigaibulake and Qianjie Villages, all the others drew or discussed about the seasonal calendar of farm livelihood activities. For focused group discussions, 1 village divided into 3 groups and 3 villages into 2 groups, the others did not split but moderated by the consultant to encourage the different groups of people to express themselves, to make up the shortcomings of no group division. Totally, the village level SA made 10 times of KII, 7 resource map, 6 times of villagers’ group classification, 10 households’ wealth ranking, 8 seasonal calendar, 15 times of focused group discussions with cards and paper sheets or through KII, and 74 household questionnaire interviews. 3 Summary of the findings and conclusions of SA at village level 3.1 The ethnic group composition of the survey villages in accordance with the feature of EM groups ’ resident distribution in project areas The ethnic composition of the survey villages’ households further reflected the feature of the EM groups’ resident distribution (see table next). Except for Qianjie Village with Hui as the main EM group, all the others with Uygur being the main. Among those, all households are Uygur in Qigaibulake and Tuyugou Villages and Tunaimaili Group. Only a few Hui in Ya’er and Qiketai Villages (8.9 3.0%). Only Ya’er Village has very few other EM groups (0.4%, Wuzibieke and Kazak). Quite more villages have Han households but with comparatively larger portions in Qiketai and Aoyiman Villages (22.1 and 11.7% respectively), the others have only 1.6 – 3.0%. Table 3.1 Ethnic composition of the survey villages/group Village/group Total HH Uygur % Hui % Han % The others % Ya ’er 1018 896 88.0 91 8.9 27 2.7 4 0.4 Meiyaogou 305 296 97.0 9 3.0 Page 25 25 Awati 430 417 97.0 13 3.0 Qigaibulake 940 940 100 Tunaimaili 24 24 100 Tuyugpou 856 856 100 Qianjie 255 1 0.4 250 98.0 4 1.6 Qiketai 467 350 74.9 14 3.0 103 22.1 Aketake 450 441 98.0 9 2.0 Aoyiman 580 512 88.3 68 11.7 The participants in SA and community consultation were Hui in Qianjie Village, Uygue mainly with Hui in Ya ’er Village, and all Uygur in the other villages/group. 3.2 There are obvious differences in land resource and irrigation conditions among the villagers ’ groups or natural villages in the project villages The results of community-resource mapping showed that the villagers ’ groups are different, although most of the villages have no natural villages division except for Ya’er, Tuyugou and Qiketai Villages, in the location and conditions of arable land, the acreage per capita and irrigation infrastructures, therefore, also in the species of crops (e.g. whether grape grown and more or fewer), yield and income. Generally speaking, in the surface water dominated irrigation area, the groups with the arable land next to the channel head or along the ditches with better conditions could use the surface water, the volume enough and irrigation timely. Some of them could even use Kariz. They depend less on underground water wells, have fertile land condition due to long time better cultivation, favorite for grape to grow, therefore, have higher crop yield, profit or income, e.g. the 1 st , 2 nd and 5 th natural villages and the villagers’ groups. While the ones located at the channel tail without surface water guaranteed or even no at all, depend mainly on wells, land conditions also poor, with less or without conditions for grape or water/sweet melons to grow, e.g. the 6 th natural village and the group in Ya’er Village (see the map below, the Chinese report had more detailed illustration). Page 26 26 Figure 3.1 Community-resource map of Ya ’er Village It could be concluded That drawing community-resource map and making classification of the villagers ’ groups is very important, and the methods appropriate. It could have the leaders and farmers in the project villages aware of the differences among groups, and understand the necessity to have the representatives of the poorer groups participate in the project planning and community development. Such participation should be institutionalized to concretely reflect and ensure the social equity and realize the harmony of the community. On the other hand, the map is also the effective tool to mobilize the community and farmers to participate, and should become the basis for the project to adapt the plan and design to local reality and farmers’ wills. 3.3 There are obvious differences in the elements for development among the farm households in the project villages All the survey villages and Tunaimaili Group made the wealth ranking (see an example on next page). The results were used for the selection of households with questionnaire interviews. Generally, it was classified into 4 types, i.e. the comparatively better-off, middle, the poor and poorest. It was caused mainly by the arable land acreage per capita, irrigation condition, surplus or deficit of labor, composition of farming systems, and with or without the long-term ill, disabled, etc. (the Chinese report had the findings in details) It could be concluded from the above findings that it is very necessary to make wealth ranking during SA process, and the method appropriate. It could have the leaders and farmers in the project villages aware of the differences among the farm households, and understand the necessity to have the poor have own representatives to participate Page 27 27 in the project planning and community development. Such participation should also be institutionalized to concretely reflect and ensure the social equity and those democratic rights of the farmer, esp. the poor. Figure 3.2 Result of wealth ranking in Awati Village 3.4 There are distinct differences in the composition of farm households ’ livelihoods among the project villages, with obvious seasonality, which showed its dependence with irrigation water and land resources From the results of KII with the village leaders (see the table on next page) and the seasonal calendars made, the differences in farm livelihood systems could be found among the 10 survey villages and group. From the summary table, it could be found that the farming systems in Turfan Prefecture could be categorized into 4 types (the Chinese report made the detailed descriptions): 1) The system with the surface water as the main irrigation type and grape as the main crop, including Ya ’er and Meiyaogou Villages in Turfan City and Tuyugou and Qianjie (Baka reclaimed land uses surface water but the village residence has not since 1980s due to the man-made reasons) Villages. 2) The system with underground water wells (a few with surface water) as the main irrigation type and cotton inter-cropping with cumin or melons as the main Page 28 28 cropping pattern, including Awati Village in Turfan, Qiketai Village in Shanshan and Aketake and Aoyiman Villages in Tuokexun County. 3) The system with pure well irrigation in Qigaibulake Village of Turfan City. Page 29 T a b l e 3 . 2 S u m m a r y o f p o p u l a t i o n , n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d f a r m i n g s y s t e m c o m p o s i t i o n V i l l a g e / g r o u p Y a ’ e r M e i y a o g o u A w a t i Q i g a i b u l a k e T u n a i M a i l i T u y u g o u Q i a n j i e Q i k e t a i A k e t a k e A o y i m a n N o . o f g r o u p 9 - 4 1 0 1 1 1 - 6 4 8 H o u s e h o l d s 1 0 1 8 3 0 5 4 3 0 9 4 0 2 4 8 5 6 2 5 5 4 2 0 4 5 0 5 8 0 P o p u l a t i o n 4 5 0 6 1 1 5 9 2 4 6 0 5 3 0 0 1 1 6 4 5 7 1 1 2 9 2 1 8 9 3 1 7 4 0 2 7 1 3 A r a b l e l a n d ( m u ) 8 1 2 3 1 2 7 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 7 0 0 9 3 3 , 8 0 0 1 1 4 0 6 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 A m o n g : f a m i l y c o n t r a c t e d 4 9 0 0 7 0 7 H H 6 0 0 e x c e p t f o r h e r d e r H H 6 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 , 8 0 0 1 1 4 0 ( 7 0 0 m u i n B a k e ) 4 0 0 0 ( 1 6 5 0 p e o p l e 3 2 4 0 4 6 0 0 ( 2 0 5 0 p e o p l e ) A r a b l e a n d c o n t r a c t e d l a n d / c a 1 . 8 / 1 . 1 1 . 1 / 0 . 5 4 . 1 / 2 . 4 3 . 0 / 2 . 1 0 . 8 0 . 9 3 . 2 / 2 . 1 2 . 3 / 1 . 9 2 . 5 / 1 . 7 F r u i t s ( o t h e r t h a n g r a p e , m u ) 4 8 1 ( 3 1 H H ) > 1 0 0 0 t r e e s W o o d l a n d ( m u ) 1 3 5 1 1 0 0 ( > 2 0 0 m u f l o o d e d a w a y i n 2 0 0 5 ) 5 2 0 0 0 t r e e s , 2 0 m u w i l d b r u s h G r a s s l a n d ( 1 0 , 0 0 0 m u 0 1 8 . 5 ( 2 2 h e r d e r H H ) ? ( a l s o r e n t f r o m o t h e r v i l l a g e s ) I r r i g a t i o n t y p e + i n f r a s t r u c t u r e S u r f a c e w a t e r , 2 5 w e l l s , 3 K a r i z S u r f a c e w a t e r m a i n l y , 4 0 0 m u m o r e r e l y o n r i v e r a n d s p r i n g s 5 3 c o l l e c t i v e w e l l s , 2 4 p r i v a t e w e l l ( f o r r e c l a i m e d l a n d ) , f o r 9 , 0 0 0 m u t o t a l l y , s u r f a c e w a t e r 1 , 0 0 0 m u 1 1 2 w e l l s ( 2 1 p r i v a t e f o r 4 0 0 0 m u r e c l a i m e d ) , 2 0 0 0 m u l o w p r e s s u r e p i p e R i v e r w a t e r 1 5 w e l l s , s u r f a c e w a t e r S u r f a c e w a t e r m a i n l y i n B a k e w i t h 4 w e l l s p r e p a r e d p u r e w e l l ( 5 ) i r r i g a t i o n a t v i l l a g e S u r f a c e w a t e r f o r c o n t r a c t e d l a n d , 2 3 w e l l s , 7 . 5 K a r i z ( 3 . 5 d r i e d u p ) S u r f a c e w a t e r f o r 1 , 0 0 0 m u , 3 , 0 0 0 m u r e l y m a i n l y o n w e l l s ( 3 1 ) S u r f a c e w a t e r m a i n l y , 1 , 0 0 0 m u r e l y o n w e l l s C r o p p i n g p a t t e r n ( m u ) A l l g r a p e s ( b e a r f r u i t s G r a p e 1 , 1 1 6 W a l n u t s 1 6 0 G r a p e 2 , 0 0 0 ( 1 0 0 0 n e w l y p l a n t e d ) , C o t t o n - c u m i n 1 1 0 0 0 , P o t a t o , w h e a t , G r a p e 3 8 0 0 ( 3 0 0 0 m u d i g G r a p e 9 4 0 , c o t t o n 1 5 0 , G r a p e 2 3 5 0 , c o t t o n 2 , 9 5 0 , C o t t o n - c u m i n , m e l o n s , C o t t o n - c u m i n o r m e l o n s Page 30 3 0 p a t t e r n ( m u ) ( b e a r f r u i t s 7 6 4 2 m u W a l n u t s 1 6 0 n e w l y p l a n t e d ) , m e l o n - c o t t o n 5 0 0 0 c u m i n - c o t t o n 2 0 0 0 d a t e s , p l u m 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 , m e l o n s 3 0 0 0 , g r a p e 1 0 0 0 w h e a t , s o y b e a n , c o r n o r a l f a l f a ( 3 0 0 0 m u d i g a n d r e n e w e d , 9 0 % H H c o u l d n o t y e t d u e t o p o v e r t y ) c o t t o n 1 5 0 , g r e e n h o u s e v e g e t a b l e 5 0 c o t t o n 2 , 9 5 0 , w i n d b r e a k b e l t 4 0 0 s o r g h u m , d a t e s ( n o t g a i n b e n e f i t y e t ) v e g e t a b l e 1 0 0 ( 1 8 H H ) o r m e l o n s 3 , 0 0 0 , d a t e s - c o t t o n , c u m i n , m e l o n s , e t c . g r a p e 1 0 0 L i v e s t o c k F a t t e n i n g ( 2 0 0 + H H ) 5 , 5 0 0 g o a t s a n d s h e e p F a t t e n i n g 2 0 , 0 0 0 ( g o a t > s h e e p ) 8 0 % H H , f a t t e n i n g 4 0 H H , f a t t e n i n g 4 0 H H , f a t t e n i n g 4 5 H H , f a t t e n i n g O t h e r s C o m m u t e r , 1 7 f a m i l y t o u r i s m 1 3 f a m i l y t o u r i s m , 3 0 0 w a g e l a b o r n e a r b y 5 % l a b o r s i n m a r k e t i n g H H w i t h l e s s g o a t s t o l o o k a f t e r f o r t h e r i c h H a r v e s t c o t t o n f o r o t h e r s 2 0 H H r u n s h o p + r e s t a u r a n t , 3 0 0 s e r v a n t s W a g e l a b o r 4 0 H H , s h o p + e a t i n g 2 0 , 1 0 s t o n e c u l t u r e 1 2 0 H H a n d 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 p e o p l e c o l l e c t c o t t o n 4 0 0 w a g e l a b o r , c o l l e c t c o t t o n . , e t c . N e t i n c o m / c a 4 9 3 5 5 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 1 9 1 8 2 1 0 0 3 6 0 0 3 1 9 0 2 , 4 0 0 3 1 8 0 Page 31 4) The system of livestock grazing, including the herder households of Meiyaogou Village and Tunaimali Villagers ’ Group. From the descriptions on the 4 farming systems above and the differences in between, it could be concluded that the seasonal calendar of farm household livelihoods is one of very effective tools for participatory survey and consultation. It could not only help the researchers or evaluators understand and analyze close dependence of EM groups’ livelihoods on the resource endowment and infrastructure conditions, but also have the project planners and designers better understand the coping strategies of local farmers with the resources and conditions and the rationalities, and pay attention to the timing arrangement of project operational plan not conflict to the existing production and basic needs of the farm households. Therefore, it could be also used as the entry point for the EM communities to participate in the project operational planning. 3.5 Results and findings of household questionnaire in EM population composition, arable land, irrigation types, and main crop species Except for Qigaibulake Village complementarily investigated by the end of SA had no household questionnaires made, the other 8 survey villages and 1 villagers’ group made questionnaire interviews of 74 households totally, among which there were 69 Uygur and 5 Hui households; 345 population with Uygur 325 and Hui 20, males 189 and females 156, 62 younger than 16 years old, 246 adults of 16 – 60 years old and 37 elderly than 60. For educational level, 12 university or college, 35 senior high or vocational school, 117 junior high school, 95 elementary and 5 illiterates or semi- illiterates. Among the schooling students, 4 university or college, 5 senior high or vocational school, 12 junior high school, 26 elementary. There were 13 permanent migrants and 14 seasonal migrated labors, amounting 5.3 and 5.7% of labor population of 16 – 60 age old respectively, only 11.0% in total. Among the adults, 7.6% have long term ill, 3.4% disabled and 2.7 drop-outs due to poverty. In the surface water dominated mixed irrigation areas with grape as the main crop, there was 1.8, 1.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mu arable land/ca in Ya’er, Meiyaogou, Tuyugou and Qianjie Villages respectively, 1.2 mu on average; sown area of grape occupied 85.2% of the arable land. In the underground water well or surface water dominated mixed irrigation areas with cotton inter-planting with ? or water melon/sweet melon as the main cropping pattern, there was 3.8, 1.3, 2.7 and 2.6 mu arable land/ca in Awati, Qiketai, Aketake and Aoyiman Villages respectively, 2.8 mu on average; sown area of cotton inter- or single planting occupied 65.8% of the arable land. About the importance of the irrigation types, in Ya’er Village with grape as the main crop, 6 households ranked Kariz as the primary, 3 and 1 ranked surface water and underground wells as the primary respectively, which showed the importance of Kariz to irrigation water supply in this village. In Meiyaogou Village, 9 households ranked surface water as the 1 st and one the river water. In Tuyugou Village, 10 households Page 32 32 ranked surface water as the 1 st and one the underground water well. In Qianjie Village, although the arable land in Bake reclaimed land 23 km away from the residence is irrigated mainly with surface water, but the land in the village residence has not since 1980s due to the artificial reason, the four interviewed households ranked the wells as the 1 st . Among the villages with cotton inter-cropping as the main cropping patter, 9 interviewed households ranked the wells and 1 the surface water as the 1 st in Awati Village, all 5 households ranked the wells as the 1 st in Qiketai Village, 6 households ranked wells and 4 surface water as the 1 st in Aketake Village, and 8 households ranked surface water and 3 the wells as the 1 st in Aoyiman Village. The findings showed the differences in irrigation types existing among the communities or villagers ’ groups in the project villages. The above findings in arable land, irrigation type, main crop or cropping pattern, etc. showed that the classification of farm household livelihood systems made the previous sub-chapters was basically correct and in accordance to the realities of the project areas. 4 Summary of the findings and conclusions of community consultation The community consultations were made mainly on the situation of, and problems in irrigation water use of EM communities and households, the causes and countermeasures, and the functions, possible negative effects and problems emerged and the countermeasures. 4.1 Situation of, and problems in irrigation water use of EM communities and households, the causes and countermeasures The Chinese report presented the visualized focused group discussion examples and summarized the results of the discussions and consultations for the 4 systems above mentioned separately. Then summarized the problems in agricultural water use, the causes and the negative effects in social aspect in whole Turfan Prefecture, with the diagramming (see the next page), according to the results of EM communities and farmers’ own discussions and analyses, and provided a base for the identification of the project social objectives and formulation of EMDP. From the diagram, it could be found the core problem is “Farmers’ irrigation water demand could not be satisfied”, which was concretely reflected by “Volume and timing of surface water could not meet the demand and water fee increased”, “Many groups, villages and even townships at channel tail or lower reaches could not use surface water”, “Cost of well irrigation increased, even not profitable at all”, “Degree of Kariz to meet irrigation and drinking water demand became less and less”. Besides these, there is also the problem of “saline water and land” in the lowland of south Turfan City. The causes include: Page 33 33 - The surface water: Due to “lack of fund” and “No reservoir in upper reaches to store flood water” caused “Flood destroyed dams, channels and forest, water wasted”; “lack of fund” also made “Branch and sub-branch canals lack maintenance, with serious leakage and evaporation”, “channels below branch the earth ones, and long, with serious leakage and evaporation” and “lack of field ditches, land uneven, backward flood irrigation”. Also because of “lack management”, “too much exploration of land before 2005, too much land but less water, made surface water insufficient”. Besides, “Industrial water use, esp. of oil field, increased greatly”. - Underground water wells: Also because of “lack of management” and “surface water insufficient”, “too many and densely drill wells before 2005, esp. in upper reaches, over exploited”, plus “industrial use increased greatly”, lead “underground water table seriously dropped’, “outlet volume decreased, time spent extended; some have to be renewed or deepened, even can’t be used ”. Page 34 F i g u r e C a u s a l d i a g r a m o n t h e p r o b l e m s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r u s e i n T u r f a n P r e f e c t u r e , t h e c a u s e s , a n d s o c i a l n e g a t i v e i m p a c t s D e s t r o y e d d a m s , c h a n n e l s a n d f o r e s t , w a t e r w a s t e d N o r e s e r v o i r i n u p p e r r e a c h e s t o s t o r e f l o o d w a t e r M a n y g r o u p s , v i l l a g e s a n d e v e n t o w n s h i p s a t c h a n n e l t a i l o r l o w e r r e a c h e s c o u l d n o t u s e s u r f a c e w a t e r V o l u m e a n d t i m i n g o f s u r f a c e w a t e r c o u l d n o t m e e t t h e d e m a n d a n d w a t e r f e e i n c r e a s e d W a t e r t a b l e s e r i o u s l y d r o p p e d O u t l e t v o l u m e d e c r e a s e d , t i m e s p e n t e x t e n d e d ; s o m e h a v e t o b e r e n e w e d o r d e e p e n e d , e v e n c a n ’ t b e u s e d C h a n n e l s b e l o w b r a n c h t h e e a r t h o n e s , a n d l o n g , w i t h s e r i o u s l e a k a g e a n d e v a p o r a t i o n B r a n c h a n d s u b - b r a n c h c a n a l s l a c k m a i n t e n a n c e , w i t h s e r i o u s l e a k a g e a n d e v a p o r a t i o n C o s t o f w e l l i r r i g a t i o n i n c r e a s e d , e v e n n o t p r o f i t a b l e a t a l l o u t l e t v o l u m e d e c r e a s e d , i r r i g a t i o n t i m e l o n g e r ; m a n y c a n ’ t b e u s e d a n y m o r e l a c k o f f i e l d d i t c h e s , l a n d u n e v e n , b a c k w a r d f l o o d i r r i g a t i o n T o o m a n y a n d d e n s e l y d r i l l w e l l s b e f o r e 2 0 0 5 , e s p . i n u p p e r r e a c h e s , o v e r e x p l o i t e d D e g r e e t o m e e t i r r i g a t i o n a n d d r i n k i n g w a t e r d e m a n d b e c a m e l e s s a n d l e s s K a r i z c o u l d n o t g e t m a i n t a i n e d , d i t c h e s l e a k s e r i o u s l y l a c k o f m a n a g e m e n t S a l i n e w a t e r a n d l a n d i n l o w l a n d o f s o u t h T u r f a n C i t y T o o m u c h e x p l o r a t i o n o f l a n d b e f o r e 2 0 0 5 , t o o m u c h l a n d b u t l e s s w a t e r , m a d e s u r f a c e w a t e r i n s u f f i c i e n t C o o r d i n a t i o n a m o n g g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s n o t e n o u g h a n d d e m a n d o f c o m m u n i t i e s f o r i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t n o t g o t r e s p o n d e d I n d u s t r i a l w a t e r u s e , e s p . o f o i l f i e l d , i n c r e a s e d g r e a t l y S o m e e n g i n e e r t o o p o o r i n q u a l i t y a n d c o u l d n o t b e a c c e p t e d L e a k a g e - p r e v e n t i o n c h a n n e l s m a d e w i n d b r e a k t r e e s d r i e d u p A f f e c t e d t h e c r o p y i e l d , ( f a r m e r s ’ , e s p . t h e p o o r ’ s ) i n c o m e a n d p r o f i t , r e s t r i c t e d t h e c r o p p i n g A f f e c t e d t h e s o c i a l e q u i t y i n i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r u s e , e n l a r g e d t h e w e a l t h d i s p a r i t y a m o n g c o m m u n i t i e s a n d h o u s e h o l d s P r o j e c t p l a n n i n g , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t l a c k c o m m u n i t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n L a c k o f f u n d Page 35 - Kariz: Due to “lack of fund” and “management”, Kariz “could not get maintained, ditches leak seriously”; plus “water table decreased seriously”, made “outlet volume decreased, irrigation time longer; many can’t be used anymore”. - Besides, the irrigation projects’ “planning, implementation and management lack community participation”, led “coordination among government agencies not enough and demand of communities for infrastructure improvement not got responded upon”, “leakage-prevention channels made windbreak trees dried up”, “some engineer too poor in quality and could not be accepted”. The main social negative impacts include: “affected the crop yield, (farmers’, esp. the poor’s) income and profit, restricted the cropping pattern adjusted to higher profitability (grape, melons, etc.)” and “affected the social equity in irrigation water use, enlarged the wealth disparity among the communities and households”. 4.2 The functions, possible negative effects and problems emerged and countermeasures From the results of community consultation on the solutions to resolve the problems in irrigation water use, it could be concluded that the proposed project components of the reservoirs, canal lining, field water saving engineers, etc. are in accordance with the wills of EM communities and farmers, and supported fully by them. Some of the countermeasures suggested by them went beyond the scope of the project proposal and need the other sources’ support. It was included into the project activities of EMDP, to remind the project initiating the cooperation mechanism with the other projects of local government for mutual complementation, to respond the needs of EM communities and farm households more comprehensively and integratedly. The positive functions are obvious. It includes: - The reservoirs could store the flood water, to avoid disasters and waste of water, solve the seasonal shortage of irrigation water, and meet the demand of Turfan Prefecture to develop industry and urban area. - Canal lining could reduce the waste of water evaporation and leakage, to have more communities, esp. in the lower reaches and channel tails reduce their dependence on underground water wells; plus the field water-saving engineers, to have the water fee and electricity costs reduced in all the irrigation areas. - The village with Kariz project will improve its supply of irrigation and drinking water, but also have such a long historic wisdom of Uygur be sustained. - After the irrigation water supply is improved, farmers could adjust their cropping pattern, to develop more high-profitable crops of grape, melons, etc.; the labor Page 36 36 inputs to irrigation management could be reduced, to increase the migration or commuters for wage labor or develop the service industry. However, such benefits could not be brought about naturally and the combination with the local conditions and farmers ’ wills must be insisted on. It needs the project continues the application of the Participatory approach and methodologies of project planning, designing, operational planning, implementation, management, M&E and insists on the community participation and consultation, then the problems happened in the previous project could not occurred anymore. The survey villages made thorough discussions on the possible negative effects caused by the project activities or problems possibly happening during project implementation or the use of engineers. The following situations or instances need the project planning and designing to consider: About the water-saving engineers . The project proposed the water-saving adopt the low pressure pipes and dripping irrigation. It seems that the technicians prefer the dripping. However, the villagers doubted the suitability of dripping irrigation; - In Awati Village, dripping irrigation was tried in 2006 – 07 with quite good effects. Although the inputs were high, the farmers want to do and borrow loan for that if the conditions appropriate. However, some of them also mentioned that the pipes need to be collected before winter, and could not last 2 years, as it was said, and used anymore because of the poor quality. They need the better ones and the training on its use too. As for whether or not needing compensation for stopping the well use, they considered that the concerned households should not be compensated, if the dripping could meet their irrigation needs. - The amount of dripping water is too little to meet the requirement (of grape, and even of cotton-cumin inter-cropping – Aoyiman Village), esp. in June and July with high temperature, and must be mixed with surface water irrigation. Some of the land growing grapes are sandy and even more not suitable to dripping irrigation. It involves quite a lot of households with different crops grown so that it is also difficult to manage and use dripping uniformly. They considered the low pressure pipe more practical, which has leaking and can save water, irrigating 1 – 2 times more with the same water volume, with high suitability to different crops; and the needs to occupy some land for pipe construction could be dealt with through mutual consultation. - The participants in Qianjie Village said that the grape grain of the dripping pilot and demonstration project in nearby village was too small for selling; burying grape vines in autumn needs the earth wet, otherwise it would by dried up, dripping irrigation could not make it; the farmers use farm manure for grape grow, own produced and no need to buy, however, dripping could not have the earth wet Page 37 37 enough to make the manure functioning; therefore, dripping needs the liquid fertilizers uniformly among the households sharing the same irrigation system, which made it difficult to share the costs among them and to arrange the irrigation if the crops they grow are different or not the same in the cultivation seasons. However, they thought that the management difficulties or issues could be resolved through the establishment and operation of WUAs. - The participants in Aketake Village considered that the experiments or pilot could be conducted on the suitable land (for Chinese dates; grape not suitable – the problems in manure or fertilizer as the mentioned above, and its root system being too large), however, it could be disseminated only after the pilot and demonstrations succeed, because the wind is too strong and soil sandy there. They hope the dripping irrigation could be applied for the construction of the windbreak belt urgently needed by them. The thought that low pressure pipes might not be suitable for the villages with the farmers growing different crops. A nearby village made the pilot, but did not use it anymore. About canal lining . Except for Tuokexun County with some field channels planned, the canal lining proposed by the project are mainly the main, branch and sub-branch canal. However, the participants of the survey villages in Turfan City and Shanshan County reflected that the distributaries and field channels below the branches are earth ones with serious leakage but they don’t have own fund to line the channels. The fund is for the construction materials, and they themselves could contribute their labor. Therefore, it is better for the project to suggest, if it could not be included into plan, the local government support the needs with the other projects. For the channel lining project within the village boundary, the villagers agreed that the villagers’ groups and farm households in the lower reaches and channel tails should be benefited first, for them to be also able to use surface water (Awati Village). The land occupation by the channel lining could be solved through mutual consultation. Some survey villages also mentioned particularly that: - The overground channels should be remained, even if the lining or low pressure pipes are made or built, to irrigate the windbreak belt trees (Ya’er Village); - Tuyugou Village would like the dam in the branch canal collapsed by flooding included into the project plan; - Qigaibulake Village hoped the project planned canal lining could be extended from the place where Qiatekele Township government located to their village (14 km) and could also use surface water. If it could not, the saline water problem should be resolved first, by drilling deep wells to penetrate the saline layer; after the water quality improved, the high profitable crops such grape could be grow more. Meanwhile they also hoped to be included into the water-saving project (it seems not be included in the project proposal)m with low pressure pipes (there is Page 38 38 too strong sunlight, high temperature and strong evaporation for dripping irrigation to meet the water demand for crops to grow). 4.3 The results of community consultation through household questionnaire The results of household questionnaires also showed the supports of EM communities and farmers to the project proposals. Among the 57 interviewed households who made ranking of the importance for the project components, 38.6% ranked Reservoir as the 1 st ; among them, although the Dam will be built within the boundary of Meiyaogou Village, which might bring about negative effect on irrigation, and the villagers of Tunaimaili group will be resettled due to Ertanggou Reservoir construction, 100% of the farmers interviewed in these two communities ranked it as the 1 st . 29.8% of the 57 ranked canal lining as the 1 st , the portion was much high in Aketake and Aoyiman Villages, 77.8 and 50% respectively, which showed the urgent demand for surface water of the farmers there, esp. in Aketake Village. 21.1% of the 57 ranked water saving irrigation as the 1 st with the highest portion of 100% in Awati Village, which showed the severe deficit of water supply in that village. 10.5% of the 57 ranked Kariz as the 1 st , all of whom come Ya ’er Village where there will be the project of Kariz rehabilitation. The results also showed that the interviewed households fully understood the benefits to be brought about by the project. About “ whether or not understand the possible increase of water fee ”. Among the 60 interviewed households who answered the question, 32 choose “understood”, accounting 53.3% and 28 “did not understand”, 46.7%. The answers to “why increase” include the promotion of water saving, lifting the awareness, reduction of water waste, large investment of project engineer, maintenance of canal and devices, ensuring the operation, etc. It showed that majority of farmers understand the necessity to rationally increase water fees. Among 39 households who answered ‘ the countermeasures ”, 22 selected “increase inputs and raise crop yield”, accounting 56.4%; 17 selected “develop the high profitable cash crops and fruit trees”, 43.6%. It showed that the farmers have already adopted, and want to continue, the measures to deal with the trend of water fee increase. Among the 41 interviewed households who answered “ whether or not understand the resettlement caused by reservoir construction or occupation of arable land by canal construction ”, 27 choose “understood”, accounting 65.9% and 14 “did not understand”, 34.1%. The answer to “if understood, how should make the resettlement and compensation of the land” was mainly “make the compensation according to the relevant policies of the nation”. It showed that the majority of farmers support the project components, understand the necessity to scarify ? part of private interests and belief in the national policies. Page 39 39 Among the 61 interviewed households who answered the question “ whether or not understand the gradual and rational reduction of agricultural water use to develop local industry in the consideration of the limited water resource and the trend of urban and rural integrated development in Turfan Prefecture ”, 44 choose “understood”, accounting 72.1% and 17 “did not understand”, 27.9%. Among the 52 households who answered to “whether or not willing to enter city for development”, 42 choose “want”, 80.8% and 10 “don’t want”, 19.2%. About “what want to do after entering city”, 23 choose “wage labor” and “running business” respectively, all accounting 44.2%, and 9 “engaging in eating and other services”, 17.3%. 23 households wanted to enter city with “whole family”, 44.2% and 13 “individually”, 25%. About the contracted arable land after entering city, 35 wanted “to keep” the use right, 67.3%; 8 “lease to the others”, 15.4% and no “return it to the collective”. Such a result showed that majority farmers understand the necessities, to reduce agricultural water use and increase water for industrial and urban use, for local development and own family’s long term livelihoods. Most of them want to enter city as wage labor or run business or services of eating, etc. More want “with whole family” than “individually”. Most of them want continuing their land use right as living guarantee and no one want to return it to the collective. Therefore, the long term goals of the project and local government in the plan and development in such a direction are accordant with the willingness of the majority farmers. However, the government should cautiously deal with the land use right of the farmers and respect their desires. 4.4 The results of community consultation for the involuntary resettlement by Ertanggou reservoir and the possible negative effects by Meiyaogou reservoir About the consultation with the involuntary resettlement of Entanggou Reservoir submerging area. The affected villagers of Tunaimaili Villagers’ Group, Qialekan Village of Shengjin Township in Turfan City all agreed upon the resettlement, and considered that there is canal in the new settlement to use surface water, and also Kariz; the land is flat and convenient for construction of houses and schools, the road is also convenient; there is also mosque in the nearby village. If it was resettled in the original village in Shengjin Township there would be no water source, the topography poor and transportation not convenient. Besides the houses, land, fruit trees, trees, etc. to be submerged should be compensated according to the national policies’ stipulation, there will be no path for livestock to move to the other seasonal pastures, due to the submerging. The mountain could be climbed but the topography is too sloppy and difficult to cross through. Although grass could be grown in the new settlement for stall feeding, they have too many livestock (the main income source, 60 – 70% of the total) for that. The livestock could be stall-fed in winter of Nov. to Feb. but have to be grazed on their pastures in the other seasons for rotational grazing. They wonder whether the project could build Page 40 40 an animal path along the boarder of the reservoir. An interviewee of questionnaire also asked for solution for water, electricity, road, land, mosque and school in the new settlement. About the consultation on the possible effects by construction of Meiyaogou Reservoir. The participants had no objection to the proposed location of the Dam – in the north of the village residence and upper reaches, which does not cause their residence and arable land submerged. However, they expressed following concerns with the problems possibly happened during construction and the possible effects after that: - During and after the construction, the leaked river or spring water might be reduced, affecting the irrigation of about 400 mu of river bank arable land; - During the construction, the heavy lorries will destroy the road along the residence, which was built with the money own raised by the villagers and the government assistance, and may increase the accident of the elderly and children; - The dam may have the hidden trouble of safety threatening the human life and agricultural production. The measures and compensation suggested or asked for include: - Measure the existing water volume and monitor it after the construction; if it is reduced, the Reservoir should compensate it with water supply; - Repair the road if it is destroyed during construction; it is better to strengthen it in advance to make it able to bear the heavy lorries; - Hire the labors and transportation devices of the village for the construction; - The existing amount of water fee will not be increased after the construction; - Prioritize their wills to use the reservoir to develop tourist after the construction; - Hope the above wishes be responded before the construction and a written commitment is made for those promised. The women also asked fore more support to channel lining and resolving the drinking water. The factories, staff and residents of Shen Hong Industry Group nearby also use the water of Meiyaogou River, which made the drinking water difficult; and hope it be solved with reservoir water. Page 41 41 4.5 The situation of EM communities ’ participation, the constraints and solutions The community consultation on the situation of EM communities ’ participation, the constraints and solutions was conducted mainly through the household qyestionnaire. Among the 70 interviewed households who answered about “whether or not participated in the irrigation project planning, construction, use and management”, 64.3% choose “in ditch maintenance”, 61.4% in “managing own field irrigation”, 58.6% “in the meeting to allocate labor input, 48.6% in “labor input”, 41.4% “in water use analysis and raise improvement requests”, 27.1% in raising water demand, 18.6% “in concrete planning”, 17.1% “in supervision of engineering materials and quality”, 14.3% “in exam and acceptation”. About “who participated”, husband 60%, wife 8.6%, the elder 7.1%, young people 10.0%. About the assessment on the roles of the organization and individuals in irrigation project planning, construction and management”, 55 households ranked the villagers’ committee or cadre as the 1 st , accounting 78.6%, and the comprehensive score was 1.2 (the mean of the total score of the importance, the 1 st was 1 score, 2 nd as 2 score, and so on, as less as more important); 5 selected the head of villagers’ group as the 1 st , 7.1%, and score 2.4; 3 selected the irrigation management agents, 4.3%, and score 2.8; 1 selected the clan seniority, score 3.8; 2 selected the EM groups’ elderly, score 3.9; 1 selected the management committee of mosque, score 4.0; and no one selected the women cadre as the 1 st , score 4.0. On “whom to tell about the problems and disputes in irrigation water use”, 68.6% selected the village cadres, 10.0% selected the villagers’ group’s heads, 2.9% the irrigation agents and 1.4% WUA, 1.4% the irrigation management station. For “whether it could be solved satisfactory”, 75.7% answered “yes” and 11.4% “no”. The above results showed that; - The EM communities and farmers have a certain degree of custom or tradition to participate in the discussions on the community’s affairs or issues. However, the higher level and comprehensive participation in planning, management, supervision, etc. was not enough and there is lack of the corresponding organizations and regulations. - In the organization and management of infrastructure development, O&M and dealing with the water use disputes in the project areas, the Villagers’ Committee and cadres played the major roles, and the heads of villagers’ groups and irrigation agents also played important roles. On the other hand, the positive functions of the clan seniority, EM groups’ elderly and the management committee of mosque should also be paid attention to. In particular, the roles of women cadres in mobilization of women’s participation and protecting their rights and interest should be put into full function. Page 42 42 - The existing leaders and cadres in most of the villages could basically resolve the conflicts or disputes among the communities and farm households. But in a few villages it could not, esp. where the big households contracted extraordinarily more land. It showed the necessity to develop the new organizational and managerial mechanism, i.e. WUA and to conduct the training on social equity awareness. 5 The conclusions and recommendations of SA and EM community consultation 5.1 Conclusions of SA and EM community consultation Besides the conclusions made in previous sub-chapters, some general ones could be drawn as the following: 1. The framework and methodology of SA and EM community consultation was effective. The resident distribution of EM groups in the project areas and the differences among the villages/groups and farm households were identified. It ensured the participation of EM communities and farmers, esp. the poorer communities and households as well as women in the process of SA and consultation, to exert their rights to be informed, participate, express, etc. The inter-dependent relations between the farmers ’ livelihoods and the conditions of irrigation water use and the other natural resources have been concretely analyzed and understood. Through the consultation, the leaders and farmers of the EM communities got known of the project objectives and components and, at the same times, analyzed the problems in irrigation, the causes and countermeasures, expressed their concerns with the protection of own interests and adaption of the project activities to local realities, and proposed corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. It has made consequently the proposed project gain the understanding and supports of the EM communities. 2. The policy environment of the nation, autonomous region, Turfan prefecture and the project counties/city on irrigation management, water management reform, EM groups, poverty alleviation, women, etc. is favorite for the EM communities and farmers to participate in the project and be equally benefited, for the application of the Participatory project planning, implementation and management, and for the establishment, operation and development of the mechanisms and organizations such as WUA for EM community consultation and expression of own needs and concerns. 3. Among the stakeholder institutes to the realization of the project’s social objectives and protection of EM groups’ interests and rights, the county magistrates responsible for the project and the leading groups play very important roles of decision-making. The project has the Water Resource bureaus as the main institute for planning, implementation and management. However, it has no Page 43 43 enough knowledge and skills of the Participatory development and project approach. The other relevant institutes could play their respective roles to the project. 4. The population and leaders ’ compositions have EM groups as the main in the project villages, among whom Uygur dominate or the only EM group in the villages. Hui has only small amount and comparatively concentrated residence. The other EM groups are very few and only the individuals. Therefore the project has Uygur as the main beneficiaries, and SA and community consultation had them as the main participants, which is in accordant with the requirement of WB for the work. 5. There is obvious social inequity in irrigation water use in Turfan Prefecture, causing the disparities, together with some other reasons, among the communities and farm households in the cropping patterns, yield and income. Besides the constraints of irrigation infrastructure conditions and investment fund, such disparities are caused also by the deficit of the development and project planners and managers in the awareness on social equity and justice and the concrete methodologies to implement the concepts. The concerned institutes and staffs have not been able to pay enough attention to the problems of the communities and farm households in the lower reaches and channel tails not being able to use surface water; and prevent those capable communities and farmers from reclamation of non-agricultural land and drilling wells in great amount. Threre were no organizations and regulations in the irrigation district, esp. among the villages and groups and within the communities to equally distribute and manage the use of surface water. The water use of the urban and industrial enterprises, oil field has increased greatly, but the affected rural communities and households have not been informed and consulted with, and properly compensated. 6. The EM communities and farmers in the project areas understood the necessities to stop land reclamation and drilling wells, and develop water-saving agriculture and the general trend to increase the urban and industrial water use. After the irrigation infrastructures are improved and their water demand justly met, they understand and support the policies and measures to close some wells in the areas with too many and densely distributed wells, stop the high water demand grain crop of wheat, and rationally and properly increase water fee. Some of them are willing to enter city and towns for livelihoods, however, they would not like to give up their land use right. 7. The construction of Ertanggou and Meiyaogou Reservoirs would bring some negative effects on the livelihoods of the communities concerned. The participants there raised the concerns with their interests during the consultation, Page 44 44 but also identified the necessity and importance of the reservoirs to the agriculture and urban and industrial development in the whole Turfan Prefecture. 8. Compared with the Han residences, the EM groups in the project areas have the cultural traditions to participate in the community affairs and express own needs and opinions. However, there is no mechanism to effectively protect the interests and rights of the poorer communities, the poor and women. 9. The existing organizations and leaders/cadres of most of the survey villages play important roles in the irrigation and engineer management. However, they also considered the necessity to organize and operate WUAs, taking them as the center, in order to have the communities and farmers more comprehensively and deeply participate in the whole process of irrigation management. However, they don ’t have the knowledge and skills related to WUA development. 10. The EM communities and farmers in the project areas have the ability or potentials to apply the participatory methods and tools to analyze the situation and problems in irrigation water use, the causes and countermeasures, by themselves. Through such a process, they will change themselves from “being asked to do it” to “doing it with own initiatives”. Therefore, it is very necessary and possible for the project to continue using the participatory approach and methodologies in project planning, operational plan, implementation, quality supervision, exam and acceptation of engineers, the management, O&M, WUAs’ organization and operation, project M&E, etc. 5.2 Recommendations of SA and EM community consultation 1. Through training and workshops, strengthen the awareness of development and project planners and managers on social equity and pro-poor, have them master the methodologies to concretely realize those concepts through operation, make the necessary adjustment of the project components’ distribution, and cooperate with the other projects to have as many EM communities and farm households as possible able to use the surface water for irrigation. 2. Considering the difficulties of the project communities to raise own fund and the necessity of the field ditch development, besides the lining of the main, branch and sub-branch canals, the project should cooperate with the other project to support the communities lining the distributaries and field channels within the ability. 3. The project counties/city and townships should support the project villages, through the other channel, to build the field irrigation ditches and devices, level the land and make it into small plots for irrigation, to reduce the waste of water and increase the efficiency of water use. Page 45 45 4. Continue strictly the implementation of the policies and measures to stop land reclamation, and shift crop cultivation into forest and grassland development, guide the farmers adjust the cropping patterns, to develop the water saving and high profitable crops, and fruit or ecological-use trees. 5. Apply the Integrated Water Management (IWM) approach, to adjust the distribution of underground water wells, strictly control drilling new wells and close some wells in the areas with too many and densely distributed wells, at the same times, pay attention to the rational needs to drill wells by the poverty communities with irrigation water deficit, avoiding imposing uniformity in all cases. 6. Through the trials and demonstration and the participation of farmers in the option selection and project activity planning, have the water saving technologies of drip irrigation and low pressure pipes adapting to local situation and farmers ’ willingness. 7. Based on water saving and guarantee the agricultural water use of EM communities and farmers, gradually increase the portion of industry and urban water use, and conduct the free, prior, and informed consultation in the affected EM communities, to identify the countermeasures to avoid potentially adverse effects or mitigate and compensate for such effects according to the national relevant policies. 8. Formulate the long-term and effective measures and regulations for Kariz maintenance and operation, and develop the corresponding management organizations. 9. At the same time as the implementation of the compensation and settlement of the migrants, try as much as possible to consider the rational requests of Ertanggou Reservoir’ resettled herder households and Meiyaogou Village, to mitigate the negative effects to the minimum degree. 10. Extend the main and branch canal lining to the townships and villages in the south lowland of Turfan City, for them to use the surface water; support the concerned EM communities rationally, effectively and sustainably drill and use limited number of deep wells, under the pre-conditions that their water demand could not be met with the other measures such ecological resettlement of some households; grow the drought-resisted plants such as Saxoul, to increase the vegetation coverage of salina land. 11. Provide training on the concepts of equity, participation and democratic rights and the implementation and exertion methods to the leaders and farmers’ representatives (with enough the poor and women). On the base of existing Page 46 46 villagers ’ representative meeting, increase the proportion of representatives of the poorer communities, EM group with less population, the poor and women, to make it in accordance to their proportion of households and population, to ensure them exert their rights and equally participate and getting benefited. 12. Make pilots in the project townships and villages, and then disseminate and establish WUAs, to guarantee EM communities and farmer equally participate in project planning, designing, implementation, supervision over the quality of the engineer works, inspect and then accept them, O&M, and M&E; 13. Establish the procedures and mechanism of the grievances on water use and the response among the water resource administration institute, irrigation suppliers and EM communities and WUAs. 6 Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) of the Project in Social Aspects 6.1 The Logframe of EMDP of Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project in social aspects Based on the causal diagram of the problems in agricultural irrigation water use in Turfan Prefecture, and the causes and social impacts (see Chapter Four) as well as the results of EM community consultations and discussions on the problems or negative impacts possibly brought about by the project activities during and after the implementation, and the countermeasures, the consultant drafted the following Logframe of EMDP of Xinjiang/Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project in social aspects with the method of Objective-Oriented Project Planning (see the next page). The Long-term goals of the project in the social aspects could be suggested as : The equity in irrigation water use will have been realized, the EM communities and farm households, esp. the poorer ones become able to develop the water saving and high profitable agriculture, increase incomes, and get rid of the poverty caused by water deficit, and the wealth disparity among the communities and farm households shortened. The indicators such as the per capita annual net income, amount and % of poverty villages and poor households, the satisfactory degree of farmers with water use, in project villages, could be objectively verified with the statistic data, sample investigation, Participatory impact assessment, etc. The purposes of project phase could be suggested as: The demand for irrigation water use of the project townships, villages and farm households will have basically met. The indicators of water use situation of the villages and households (volume, time) could be objectively verified with the record of water supply, participatory M&E, etc. Page 47 T a b l e 6 . 1 T h e L o g f r a m e o f E M D P o f X i n j i a n g / T u r f a n W a t e r S a v i n g I r r i g a t i o n P r o j e c t i n s o c i a l a s p e c t s O b j e c t i v e s a n d a c t i v i t i e s O b j e c t i v e l y v e r i f i a b l e i n d i c a t o r s V e r i f i c a t i o n m e t h o d s I m p o r t a n t a s s u m p t i o n s L o n g - t e r m g o a l s T h e e q u i t y i n i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r u s e w i l l h a v e b e e n r e a l i z e d , t h e E M c o m m u n i t i e s a n d f a r m h o u s e h o l d s , e s p . t h e p o o r e r o n e s b e c o m e a b l e t o d e v e l o p t h e w a t e r s a v i n g a n d h i g h p r o f i t a b l e a g r i c u l t u r e , i n c r e a s e i n c o m e s , a n d g e t r i d o f t h e p o v e r t y c a u s e d b y w a t e r d e f i c i t , a n d t h e w e a l t h d i s p a r i t y a m o n g t h e c o m m u n i t i e s a n d f a r m h o u s e h o l d s s h o r t e n e d . P e r c a p i t a a n n u a l n e t i n c o m e , a m o u n t a n d % o f p o v e r t y v i l l a g e s a n d p o o r h o u s e h o l d s , t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y d e g r e e o f f a r m e r s w i t h w a t e r u s e , i n p r o j e c t v i l l a g e s S t a t i s t i c d a t a , S a m p l e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , P a r t i c i p a t o r y i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t P u r p o s e s o f p r o j e c t p h a s e T h e d e m a n d f o r i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r u s e o f t h e p r o j e c t t o w n s h i p s , v i l l a g e s a n d f a r m h o u s e h o l d s w i l l h a v e b a s i c a l l y m e t . W a t e r u s e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e v i l l a g e s a n d h o u s e h o l d s ( v o l u m e , t i m e ) R e c o r d o f w a t e r s u p p l y , p a r t i c i p a t o r y M & E O u t p u t s t o r e a c h t h e p u r p o s e s 1 . T h e E M c o m m u n i t i e s i n l o w e r r e a c h e s a n d a t c h a n n e l t a i l s c o u l d u s e s u r f a c e ; t h e v o l u m e a n d t i m i n g b a s i c a l l y m e t t h e d e m a n d ; a n d t h e w a t e r f e e b e c o m e r a t i o n a l a n d a c c e p t a b l e . 2 . T h e d e p e n d e n c e o n u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r w e l l s w a s r e d u c e d , c o s t s r a t i o n a l , a n d p r o f i t a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e d . 3 . I n t h e v i l l a g e w i t h K a r i z r e s t o r a t i o n p r o j e c t , t h e d e g r e e f o r K a r i z t o m e e t t h e d e m a n d f o r i r r i g a t i o n a n d d r i n k i n g w a t e r w a s i n c r e a s e d , a n d t h e p h y s i c a l c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e p r o t e c t e d a n d u s e d s o u n d l y . 4 . T h e p r o b l e m s o f s o u t h l o w l a n d o f T u r f a n C i t y i n i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r q u a l i t y a n d s a l i n a s o i l w e r e r e s o l v e d b a s i c a l l y . 5 . E M c o m m u n i t i e s a n d f a r m e r s e q u a l l y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n p r o j e c t p l a n n i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , a n d b e n e f i t e d . S u r f a c e w a t e r u s e s i t u a t i o n o f l o w e r r e a c h e a n d c h a n n e l t a i l c o m m u n i t i e s , r e d u c t i o n o f u n d e r g r o u n d w e l l u s e , u s e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f K a r i z , i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r a n d s o i l q u a l i t y i n h e a v y a l k a l i a r e a o f T u r f a n C i t y , p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d g e t t i n g b e n e f i t e d b y t h e p o o r c o m m u n i t i e s , h o u s e h o l d s a n d w o m e n I n v e s t i g a t i o n , s t a t i s t i c s , r e c o r d s o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e b u r e a u ; r e p o r t f o r m s o f p r o j e c t v i l l a g e s ; p a r t i c i p a t o r y p r o j e c t M & E , a n d I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t P r o j e c t a c t i v i t i e s t o g a i n t h e o u t p u t s 1 . 1 C o n s t r u c t t h e w a t e r r e s e r v o i r s o f M e i y a o g o u , E r t a n g g o u a n d A l a g o u , t o s t o r e a n d r e g u l a t e f l o o d w a t e r ; r a t i o n a l l y c o m p e n s a t e a n d a l l o c a t e t h e i n v o l v e d i n v o l u n t a r y r e s e t t l e d h o u s e h o l d s ; 1 . 2 L i n e t h e m a i n , b r a n c h a n d s u b - b r a n c h c a n a l s , a n d s u p p o r t t h e c o m m u n i t i e s l i n i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t a r i e s a n d f i e l d c h a n n e l s w i t h i n t h e a b i l i t y ; 1 . 3 B u i l d t h e f i e l d i r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s a n d d e v i c e s , l e v e l t h e l a n d a n d m a k e i t i n t o s m a l l p l o t s f o r i r r i g a t i o n ; 1 . 4 C o n t i n u e s t r i c t l y t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e p o l i c i e s a n d m e a s u r e s t o s t o p l a n d r e c l a m a t i o n , a n d s h i t c r o p c u l t i v a t i o n i n t o f o r e s t a n d g r a s s l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t , g u i d e t h e f a r m e r s a d j u s t t h e c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s , t o d e v e l o p t h e w a t e r s a v i n g a n d h i g h p r o f i t a b l e c r o p s , a n d f r u i t o r e c o l o g i c a l - u s e t r e e s . I n p u t s a n d c o s t s T e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g , i n f o r m a t i o n a n d m a r k e t i n g s e r v i c e s Page 48 4 8 2 . 1 A p p l y t h e I n t e g r a t e d W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t ( I W M ) a p p r o a c h , t o a d j u s t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r w e l l s , p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e r a t i o n a l n e e d s t o d r i l l w e l l s b y t h e p o v e r t y c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r d e f i c i t , a n d c l o s e s o m e w e l l s i n t h e a r e a s w i t h t o o m a n y a n d d e n s e l y d i s t r i b u t e d w e l l s ; 2 . 2 H a v i n g a d a p t e d t o l o c a l s i t u a t i o n , t o a p p l y t h e w a t e r s a v i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s , e . g . d r i p i r r i g a t i o n a n d l o w p r e s s u r e p i p e s 2 . 3 B a s e d o n w a t e r s a v i n g a n d g u a r a n t e e t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l w a t e r u s e o f E M c o m m u n i t i e s a n d f a r m e r s , g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s e t h e p o r t i o n o f i n d u s t r y a n d u r b a n w a t e r u s e , a n d a v o i d p o t e n t i a l l y a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o n t h e E M c o m m u n i t i e s o r m i t i g a t e a n d c o m p e n s a t e f o r s u c h e f f e c t s . 3 . 1 R e s t o r e K a r i z i n t h e v i l l a g e s w i t h s u c h a c t i v i t i e s ; 3 . 2 F o r m u l a t e t h e l o n g - t e r m a n d e f f e c t i v e m e a s u r e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s f o r K a r i z m a i n t e n a n c e a n d o p e r a t i o n , a n d d e v e l o p t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a n a g e m e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s . 4 . 1 E x t e n d t h e m a i n a n d b r a n c h c a n a l l i n i n g t o t h e t o w n s h i p s a n d v i l l a g e s i n t h e s o u t h l o w l a n d o f T u r f a n C i t y , f o r t h e m t o u s e t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r . 4 . 2 S u p p o r t t h e c o n c e r n e d E M c o m m u n i t i e s r a t i o n a l l y , e f f e c t i v e l y a n d s u s t a i n a b l y d r i l l a n d u s e l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f d e e p w e l l s ; 4 . 3 G r o w t h e d r o u g h t - r e s i s t e d p l a n t s s u c h a s S a x o u l , t o i n c r e a s e t h e v e g e t a t i o n c o v e r a g e o f s a l i n a l a n d . 5 . 1 P r o v i d e t r a i n i n g o n t h e a w a r e n e s s o f s o c i a l e q u i t y a n d p r o - p o o r , a n d t h e a p p r o a c h a n d m e t h o d o l o g i e s o f P a r t i c i p a t o r y p l a n n i n g , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , m a n a g e m e n t , M & E t o t h e l e a d e r s a n d s t a f f s o f P M O a n d r e l e v a n t a g e n c i e s ; 5 . 2 P r o v i d e t r a i n i n g o n t h e c o n c e p t s o f e q u i t y , p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d d e m o c r a t i c r i g h t s a n d t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d e x e r t i o n m e t h o d s t o t h e l e a d e r s a n d f a r m e r s ’ r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ( w i t h e n o u g h t h e p o o r a n d w o m e n ) ; 5 . 3 M a k e p i l o t s i n t h e p r o j e c t t o w n s h i p s a n d v i l l a g e s , a n d t h e n d i s s e m i n a t e a n d e s t a b l i s h W U A s , t o g u a r a n t e e E M c o m m u n i t i e s a n d f a r m e r e q u a l l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n p r o j e c t p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n i n g , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , s u p e r v i s i o n o v e r t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e e n g i n e e r w o r k s , i n s p e c t a n d t h e n a c c e p t t h e m , O & M , a n d M & E ; 5 . 4 E s t a b l i s h t h e p r o c e d u r e s a n d m e c h a n i s m o f t h e g r i e v a n c e s o n w a t e r u s e a n d t h e r e s p o n s e a m o n g t h e w a t e r r e s o u r c e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n s t i t u t e , i r r i g a t i o n s u p p l i e r s a n d E M c o m m u n i t i e s a n d W U A s . C o n s u l t a n t a n d t r a i n i n g o n I W M , n e e d s a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e p o o r c o m m u n i t i e s P a r t i c i p a t o r y p r o j e c t p l a n n i n g , o p e r a t i o n a l p l a n s C o n s u l t a n t , t r a i n i n g , f i e l d s u r v e y T r a i n i n g , c o m m u n i t y m o b i l i z a t i o n C o n s u l t a n t , n e e d s a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e p o o r c o m m u n i t i e s C o n s u l t a n t a n d t r a i n i n g o n p a r t i c i p a t o r y p o v e r t y r e d u c t i o n a n d W U A C o n s u l t a n t a n d t r a i n i n g o n p a r t i c i p a t o r y p o v e r t y r e d u c t i o n a n d W U A C o n s u l t a n t , c o s t s o f D e m o - W U A s ’ e s t a b l i s h m e n t , o p e r a t i o n a n d p a r t i c i p a t o r y m a n a g e m e n t , f i e l d v i s i t s a n d t r a i n i n g C o n s u l t a n t , c o s t s o f t h e r e l e v a n t m e e t i n g s a n d m e c h a n i s m ’ s o p e r a t i o n Page 49 49 The outputs to reach the purposes include five aspects of surface water use, underground water wells, Kariz, the heavy kaline of the south lowland in Turfan City, and the participation of EM communities: 1. The EM communities in lower reaches and at channel tails could use surface; the volume and timing basically met the demand; and the water fee become rational and acceptable. 2. The dependence on underground water wells was reduced, costs rational, and profitability increased. 3. In the village with Kariz restoration project, the degree for Kariz to meet the demand for irrigation and drinking water was increased, and the physical cultural heritage protected and used soundly. 4. The problems of south lowland of Turfan City in irrigation water quality and salina soil were resolved basically. 5. EM communities and farmers equally participated in project planning and implementation, and benefited. The indicators of the surface water use situation of lower reache and channel tail communities, reduction of underground well use, use and maintenance of Kariz, irrigation water and soil quality in heavy alkali area of Turfan City, participation and getting benefited by the poor communities, households and women, etc. could be verified objectively with the investigation, statistics, records of water resource bureau; report forms of project villages; participatory project M&E, and Impact Assessment. Project activities to gain the outputs . It includes in the aspect of surface water use: - Construct the water reservoirs of Meiyaogou, Ertanggou and Alagou, to store and regulate floodwater; rationally compensate and allocate the involved involuntary resettled households; - Line the main, branch and sub-branch canals, and support the communities lining the distributaries and field channels within the ability; - Build the field irrigation ditches and devices, level the land and make it into small plots for irrigation; - Continue strictly the implementation of the policies and measures to stop land reclamation, and shift crop cultivation into forest and grassland development, guide the farmers adjust the cropping patterns, to develop the water saving and high profitable crops, and fruit or ecological-use trees. Page 50 50 It includes in the aspect of underground water wells: - Apply the Integrated Water Management (IWM) approach, to adjust the distribution of underground water wells, pay attention to the rational needs to drill wells by the poverty communities with irrigation water deficit, and close some wells in the areas with too many and densely distributed wells; - Having adapted to local situation, to apply the water saving technologies, e.g. drip irrigation and low pressure pipes - Based on water saving and guarantee the agricultural water use of EM communities and farmers, gradually increase the portion of industry and urban water use, and avoid potentially adverse effects on the EM communities or mitigate and compensate for such effects. In the aspect of Kariz, it includes: - Restore Kariz in the villages with such activities; - Formulate the long-term and effective measures and regulations for Kariz maintenance and operation, and develop the corresponding management organizations. In the aspect of the heavy kaline of the south lowland in Turfan City, it includes: - Extend the main and branch canal lining to the townships and villages in the south lowland of Turfan City, for them to use the surface water. - Support the concerned EM communities rationally, effectively and sustainably drill and use limited number of deep wells; - Grow the drought-resisted plants such as Saxoul, to increase the vegetation coverage of salina land. In the aspect of the participation of EM communities, it includes: - Provide training on the awareness of social equity and pro-poor, and the approach and methodologies of Participatory planning, implementation, management, M&E to the leaders and staffs of PMO and relevant agencies; - Provide training on the concepts of equity, participation and democratic rights and the implementation and exertion methods to the leaders and farmers ’ representatives (with enough the poor and women); Page 51 51 - Make pilots in the project townships and villages, and then disseminate and establish WUAs, to guarantee EM communities and farmer equally participate in project planning, designing, implementation, supervision over the quality of the engineer works, inspect and then accept them, O&M, and M&E; - Establish the procedures and mechanism of the grievances on water use and the response among the water resource administration institute, irrigation suppliers and EM communities and WUAs. The corresponding inputs and costs include: For “farmers to adjust the cropping patterns”, it needs the technical training, information and marketing services; for “the application of IWM approach and just adjustment of underground water wells’ distribution”, it needs the consultant and training on IWM, needs assessment of the poor communities; for “adapting to local situation and develop water saving irrigation”, it needs the Participatory project planning and operational planning; for “avoiding or mitigating potentially adverse effects of industrial and urban water use increase on the EM communities”, it needs the consultant, training and field survey; for “formulating the measures and regulations for Kariz O&M and developing the corresponding management organizations”, it needs training, community mobilization; for “supporting the poor EM communities with heavy saline rationally, effectively and sustainably drill and use deep wells”, it needs the consultant, needs assessment of the poor communities; for “the training on Participatory concepts and methods to the leaders and staffs of PMO and relevant agencies as well as EM communities’ leaders and farmers”, it needs the consultant and training on participatory poverty reduction and WUA; for “the pilots, dissemination and establishment of WUAs, to guarantee the equal participation of EM communities and farmer”, it needs the consultant, costs of Demo-WUAs’ establishment, operation and participatory management, field visits and training; and for “the establishment of the procedures and mechanism of the grievances on water use and the response”, it needs the consultant, costs of the relevant meetings and mechanism’s operation. 6.2 The framework for ensuring extensive consultation and informed participation of local EMG during project implementation According to the above results of SA and EM community consultation, the framework should consist of the organization structure, regulations and norms, actual operation and supervision or M&E: 6.2.1 Organizational structures The organizational structure of the framework at the community level could be suggested as the organization of WUAs or strengthening the social equality of the existing organizational structure of the villages, to ensure the informed participation and extensive consultation of EM groups in project planning, implementation and irrigation systems’ use and management, and exertion of the rights endorsed by the Page 52 52 central government of being informed, participation, expression of own needs and opinions, decision-making, supervision, etc. Therefore, the following framework and procedures are proposed: - The hydrological boundaries of irrigation systems in the project areas are basically accordance to the ones of administration villages. Therefore, it is suggested that WUA is organized with the village as the unit, dividing into four levels of water users ’ group, water users’ representative meeting, convention of all water users, and WUA executive. - The water users’ group is organized taking the villagers’ group as the unit, for the participation, consultation and management of irrigation works’ construction, use and maintenance, and irrigation delivery within the group. After the classification of farm households of the group, allocate the quota of the representatives to each EM group, the poor households and the other ones, according to the ratio of 5 (for the village with less than 300 households) – 7 (for the village with more than 300 households) to 1; among it women should be 30%, and the EM group with less than 5 – 7 households have at least one quota. Then, the poor households, the others and women of the EM groups elect own representatives respectively, to represent them exerting their democratic rights in the organization and operation of WUA; the existing villagers’ representatives will become the water users’ representatives directly without needs to be elected again, and occupy the quota of own EM group, household’s type and gender. If adopting the method to strengthen the equality of existing structure, it is necessary to enlarge the representativeness of the existing villagers’ representative meeting system, to make its composition in accordance with the household proportion of each EM group, the poor villagers’ group and households, and increase the one of women. The concrete operation of it is the same as the method of water users’ representatives. - The water users’ representative meeting or the enlarged villagers’ representative meeting is the institute of consultation on WUA’s establishment and operation or village development, to discuss and nominate the candidates of WUA executive or village project management group and supervision group; draft the schemes, through discussion and consultation, for WUA constitutions and regulations, planning, implementation and management of the project components in the village, the use and maintenance of the irrigation system, and irrigation management and water use planning, reach the consensus and propose them to the convention of water users or all villagers. - The convention is the top institute of decision making, to elect WUA executives or project management group members, and members of supervision group; discuss, revise and approve the schemes proposed by the representative meetings; Page 53 53 hearing the annual work report and next year ’s plan, water use plan of the executive or management group and report of supervision group. In the villages where the villagers residing scatteredly and it is not feasible to held the convention, or the majority of villagers endorse the right, the representative meetings could play the functions of the convention. - WUA executive or project management group is responsible for the organization and implementation of the project activities in the village, implementation of the regulations of irrigation management and engineering works’ maintenance, coordinate the irrigation water distribution and possible disputes in water use among the water users’ or villagers’ groups. It is not appropriate to have the member of the executive or management group exceed 3 – 5 people, to reduce the costs of compensation and leave the main portion for the staffs who do the actual field irrigation management such as the irrigation management agents. Because the project take the community as the whole scope, i.e. needing all the villagers participate and equally benefited, the main leaders of village party branch and villagers’ committee who take the responsibility for the project should enter the executive or management group directly without need to be elected, and lead the work, to avoid forming two leadership centers in one community. The other executive or group members and the members of supervision group should be elected by the convention or representative meeting. The supervision members should have no direct relative relation with the executive or group members in order to perform well the supervision. - The responsibilities of the village party branch and villagers’ committee include: With the assistance of PMO, make the analyses of differentiations among the villagers’ groups and farm households, organize the representatives from every types analyzing the problems in irrigation water use and the countermeasures, participating in the project activities’ planning and designing; mobilize and organize every villagers’ groups electing the water users’ representatives or the members of enlarged villagers’ representative meeting, prepare the establishment and convene the representative meeting and whole water users or villagers’ convention; after WUA or project management group are organized, besides the main leaders enter the institute and lead the work, the party branch and villagers’ committee continue supporting the work of WUA or project management group, coordinate the above-low and internal-external relationships, and make the necessary supervision, but not displace WUA executive or project management group on the responsibilities. - During the processes of consultation, organization and implementation, O&M, dispute resolving, the roles of clan seniority, EM groups’ elder, the management committee of mosque and the old party members and cadres need to be played, to support the development and operation of WUA or project management and supervision groups; at the same times the young people should be encouraged to Page 54 54 participate in WUA ’s development and project planning, implementation and management. - When several WUAs locate along a canal or main sub-canal and form an upper and lower reaches relation, the WUA Federation should be organized among the WUAs when the conditions are ready, to bargain on the irrigation sequence and volume, coordinate the mutual relations and mediate the possible dispute. The number of the Federation leaders should not exceed 3 – 5 people. The quota are allocated to the concerned WUA and have it to elect own Federation member. Where there is not yet WUA established, a joint conference system needs to be established among the concerned project villages to exert the functions of the Federation. 6.2.2 Regulations and norms of consultation - The constitutions of WUA and Federation should stipulate the articles to ensure the above mentioned concerns with the inclusion and proportion of EM groups, the poor villagers’ groups and households, and women in the water users’ representatives. - The process of the consultation and decision-making on WUA or project needs the formulation of the concrete regulations and norms, such as the group discussions by the poor and women’s representatives separately, than plenary communication to reach the consensus, to ensure the rights of EM groups, the poor villagers’ groups and households and women to participate, be informed, expression of own needs and opinions, etc. and getting benefited equally, and for them to participate in the whole process of WUA’s development and project planning, implementation, management and M&E. 6.2.3 Actual operation PMO staff should apply the Participatory methods and tools to: - Assist the village/villagers’ group leaders to identify the residence distribution of EM groups, the differences among the villagers’ groups and farm households, moderate the discussions of the representatives, esp. of the poorer communities, the poor and women on the problems in irrigation water use and the causes and countermeasures, for them to understand the necessities to implement the project components and organize WUA, analyze the effects of the components, esp. the negative ones, and the problems possibly happened during implementation, and identify the measures to avoid or mitigate the negative effects and possible problems; concretely plan and design the project components of the village, according to the actual situations and conditions, and farmers’ needs and desires, and work out the operational plan of the project. Page 55 55 - Facilitate the organization and election processes of the water users ’ groups, representative meeting, and WUA executive or the enlarged villagers representative meeting, to ensure the realization of the articles of WUA constitution and project regulations on the representativeness of EM groups, the poor communities and households, and wonen. - Assist WOA and Federation or project management groups and joint conferences of the villages to formulate the management regulations of irrigation, engineering works and finance, and work out the plans of maintenance and water use, among which, particular attentions should be paid to the rights of EM groups, poorer communities and households, and women to equally participate, being consulted and benefited; ensure them expressing the problems and difficulties in water use and allocation, maintenance of field engineering devices, share the water fee, etc., and rational request, opinions and suggestions; resolve the possible conflicts in water use among WUAs or water users’ groups. - To make training and capacity building for the male and female water users, their representatives and WUA or project management group leaders and supervision group memebers, esp. to strengthen the WUA leaders and relevant persons’ abilities of listening to, and communicate with, , and the awareness on the equity among ethnic groups, social justice and pro-poor, etc. - During the field work, the local EM group’s languages and characters must be used, to have the communities and farmers hold the ownership and accountability over the results of the discussions, analyses, planning and decision-making and the constitutions and regulations formulated. 6.2.4 Supervision and M&E - Elect the supervision groups at the same time as the election of WUA leaders or project management group members. If there is the supervision institute such as the democratic financial management team in the village, the team members should be included into the group, and the supervision regulations should be formulated accordingly. - At the end of each year or combined with the project implementation cycle, periodically conduct the Participatory M&E to the project, having the beneficiaries, esp. the water users’ representatives or enlarged meeting members compare and examine the M&E indicators with baseline data and information. Page 56 56 6.3 The action plan of measures to ensure that local EM groups receive social and economic benefits from the project, which are culturally appropriate, and to avoid or mitigate the adverse impacts if identified during the SA According to the recommendations drawn from the conclusions of SA and EM community consultation, the following action plan is proposed: 1. Through training and workshops, strengthen the awareness of development and project planners and managers on social equity and pro-poor, have them master the methodologies to concretely realize those concepts through operation, make the necessary adjustment of the project components ’ distribution, and cooperate with the other projects of the project counties/city and townships, to have as many EM communities and farm households as possible able to use the surface water for irrigation. 2. Considering the difficulties of the project communities to raise own fund and the necessity of the field ditch development, besides the lining of the main, branch and sub-branch canals, the project should cooperate with the other project of the counties and townships to support the communities lining the distributaries and field channels within the ability. 3. The project counties/city and townships should support the project villages, through the other channel, to build the field irrigation ditches and devices, level the land, change the flooding irrigation into small plots irrigation, to reduce the waste of water and increase the efficiency of water use. 4. Continue strictly the implementation of the policies and measures to stop land reclamation, and shift crop cultivation into forest and grassland development, guide the farmers adjust the cropping patterns, to develop the water saving and high profitable crops, and fruit or ecological-use trees. 5. Apply the Integrated Water Management (IWM) approach, to adjust the distribution of underground water wells, strictly control drilling new wells and close some wells in the areas with too many and densely distributed wells, at the same times, pay attention to the rational needs to drill wells by the poverty communities with irrigation water deficit, avoiding imposing uniformity in all cases. 6. Through the trials and demonstration of the engineer and techniques and the participation of farmers in the option selection and project activity planning, have the water saving technologies of drip irrigation and low pressure pipes adapting to local situation and farmers’ willingness. 7. Based on water saving and guarantee the agricultural water use of EM communities and farmers, gradually increase the portion of industry and urban Page 57 57 water use, and conduct the free, prior, and informed consultation in the affected EM communities, to identify the countermeasures to avoid potentially adverse effects or mitigate and compensate for such effects according to the national relevant policies. 8. Integrated with the development strategies and industrial structure of Turfan Prefecture and the project counties/city, provide the training on the proper techniques and skills, and urban living, Han Chinese language, etc., funds for initiating enterprises, and the other encourage and preferential policies as well as the employment information services to the EM farmers and herders who want to develop in the urban areas. At the same times, really protect their rights of contracted arable land use and deposition, according to the central government policies. 9. Formulate the long-term and effective measures and regulations for Kariz maintenance and operation, and develop the corresponding management organizations. 10. At the same time as the implementation of the compensation and settlement of the migrants, try as much as possible to consider the rational request of Ertanggou Reservoir ’ resettled herder households for leaving the road for the seasonal rotation of their livestock, and the one of Meiyaogou Village for guarantee the irrigation water use, protection the road they built, and use of reservoir to develop tourism in future, to mitigate the negative effects and develop the other livelihoods. 11. Extend the main and branch canal lining to the townships and villages in the south lowland of Turfan City, for them to use the surface water; support the concerned EM communities rationally, effectively and sustainably drill and use limited number of deep wells, under the pre-conditions that their water demand could not be met with the other measures such ecological resettlement of some households; grow the drought-resisted plants such as Saxoul, to increase the vegetation coverage of salina land. 12. Provide training on the concepts of equity, participation and democratic rights and the implementation and exertion methods to the leaders and farmers’ representatives (with enough the poor and women). On the base of existing villagers’ representative meeting, increase the proportion of representatives of the poorer communities, EM group with less population, the poor and women, to make it in accordance to their proportion of households and population, to ensure them exert their rights and equally participate and getting benefited. 13. Make pilots in the project townships and villages, and then disseminate and establish WUAs, to guarantee EM communities and farmer equally participate in Page 58 58 project planning, designing, implementation, supervision over the quality of the engineer works, inspect and then accept them, O&M, and M&E; 14. Establish the procedures and mechanism of the grievances on water use and the response among the water resource administration institute, irrigation suppliers and EM communities and WUAs. 6.4 The costs estimated for the measures and actions designed in the EMDP, in consideration of combination with the project activities According to the “Project activities to gain the outputs” within the Logframe of EMDP of Xinjiang/Turfan Water Saving Irrigation Project in social aspects, the costs could be estimated with the following table ( however, the person times, person month and estimated costs should be filled in by PMO ): Table 6.2 The costs estimated for the measures and actions designed in the EMDP Project activities to gain the outputs Inputs Person time /month Costs Provide training on the awareness of social equity and pro- poor, and the approach and methodologies of Participatory planning, implementation, management, M&E to the leaders and staffs of PMO and relevant agencies Consultant and training on participatory poverty reduction and WUA Provide training on the concepts of equity, participation and democratic rights and the implementation and exertion methods to the leaders and farmers ’ representatives (with enough the poor and women) Consultant and training on participatory poverty reduction and WUA Make pilots in project areas, and then disseminate and establish WUAs, to guarantee EM communities and farmer equally participate in the whole process of project and getting benefited Consultant, Demo-WUAs’ establishment, operation and participatory management, field visits and training Guide the farmers adjust the cropping patterns, to develop the water saving and high profitable crops, and fruit or ecological-use trees Technical training, information and marketing services Having adapted to local situation, apply the water saving technologies, e.g. drip irrigation and low pressure pipes Participatory project planning, operational plans Apply IWM approach, to adjust the distribution of underground water wells, pay attention to the rational needs to drill wells by the poor communities with irrigation water deficit, and close some wells in the areas with too many and densely distributed wells Consultant and training on IWM, needs assessment of the poor communities Save water and guarantee the agricultural water use, gradually increase the portion of industry and urban water use, and avoid potentially adverse effects on the EM communities or mitigate and compensate for such effects Consultant, training, field survey Formulate the long-term and effective measures and regulations for Kariz maintenance and operation, and develop the corresponding management organizations Consultant, training, community mobilization, organization development Support the EM communities with heavy saline and water deficit rationally, effectively and sustainably drill and use Consultant, needs assessment of the poor Page 59 59 limited number of deep wells communities Establish procedures and mechanism of grievances on water use and response among water resource bureaus, irrigation suppliers and EM communities and WUAs Consultant, costs of the relevant meetings and mechanism ’s operation 6.5 Mechanism of the project for EM communities to express opinions and grievances caused by project implementation - PMO publicize the objectives and contents of the project, in the project areas, townships and villages, and the proposals for the activities, e.g. the technologies for water-saving, acreage of the activities, timing, locations of the reservoir dams, whether a path for livestock to the seasonal grassland is built or not, etc. extensively ask for the opinions of EM communities and farmers, esp. the poorer communities and farm households, women, and make the necessary revision of the project plan. - When the project makes the concrete planning, designing, reconnaissance, etc. in the villages, the Participatory planning approach and methodologies should be applied, to make them adapting to local conditions and farmers ’ desires. - In the project township, the joint conference systems should be established, participated in by the project management groups or WUAs’ leaders of the villages, and held the meeting periodically or aperiodically, according to the requirement of the project cycle and irrigation use and management phases, or the settlement of the emergency or disputes, to hear the opinions of every parties, discuss and consult on the solutions. - PMO staffs and the project township government cadres timely find out and hear the opinions and requests of EM communities and farmers caused by the implementation of the project or the use of irrigation engineering, timely report them to PMO, township government or the other relevant agencies, and try to get resolution or response as soon as possible. 6.6 Mechanisms and benchmarks appropriate to the project for M&E and reporting on the implementation of the EMDP It is suggested to apply the Participatory M&E approach and methodologies. Besides the periodic collection of the quantitative data related to the M&E indicators, have EM communities and farmers, esp. the enlarged villagers’ representative meeting members or water users’ representatives participate and conduct M&E and Impact Assessment with PRA methods and tools. According to the results of SA, community consultation and household questionnaire interviews as well as the project’s EMDP in social aspects, the following M&E indicators and benchmarks are proposed and listed. Page 60 60 Table 6.3 M&E indicators and benchmarks for the project ’s EMDP in social aspects Benchmarks Surface water dominated mixed irrigation area with grape as the main crop Underground water well or surface water dominated irrigation area with cotton inter- or single planting M&E indicators Ya ’er Meiyao gou Tuyu gou Qian jie Awa ti Qike tai Ake take Aoyi man Key points for M&E Sown area of high profitable crop % 85.2 65.8 (Cotton inter- or single planting) Whether grape or cotton inter-cropping increased Primary irrigation type Kariz Surface water Surface water Well Well Well Well Surface water Whether ranking sequence and portion of surface water lifted, disparity among communities reduced Whether understand water fee increase and the fee rational Understood: 53.3%; Did not understand: 46.7% Whether portion of “understood” increased the portion considering fee rational Whether understand reduce agric. water use and increase urban + industry use Understood: 72.1%; Did not understand: 27.9%. About willingness to enter urban sector for development, “want”:80.8%, “don’t want”: 19.2% Portion of understood and “want” Participation in irrigation project planning, construction, use and management; the gender difference In ditch maintenance: 64.3%, manage own irrigation: 61.4%, in meeting to allocate labor input: 58.6%, labor inputs: 48.6%, in water use analysis and raise improvement requests: 41.4%, raise water demand: 27.1%, in concrete planning: 18.6%, supervision of engineering materials and quality: 17.1%, in exam and acceptation: 14.3%. “Who participate”: husband 60%, wife 8.6%, the elder 7.1%, young people 10.0%. Whether participation in the deep activities increased, the one of women increased Assessment on roles of organization + person in irrigation project planning, construction, management (% of ranking as 1 st and comprehensive score) Villagers’ committee or cadre: 78.6%, score 1.2; head of villagers’ group: 7.1%, score 2.4; irrigation management agents: 4.3%, score 2.8; clan seniority 3.8; EM groups’ elderly 3.9; the management committee of mosque 4.0; women cadres 4.0 The changes in portion of ranking as 1 st and comprehensive score, esp. of WUA and women cadres Whom to tell about problems and disputes in irrigation, whether it could be resolved Village cadres: 68.6%, villagers’ group’s heads: 10.0%, irrigation agents: 2.9%, WUA: 1.4%, management station: 1.4%; For “whether it could be solved satisfactory”, “yes” 75.7%, “no” 11.4% Whether WUA’s role and portion of “can be solved” increased. Page 61 61