Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized YPWR_SD_EA CHS 0 E1238, Vol. 5 00 11 22 1 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 .............................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 .............................................................................................. 3 1.2.2 .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 .............................................................................. 5 1.3.1 .................................................................................. 5 1.4 ................................................................................... 6 1.5 .......................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 ........................................................................................... 8 1.5.2 A ............................................................................ 9 1.5.3 ........................................................................... 9 1.6 ................................................................................................................. 9 1.7 ................................................................................................................. 9 2 ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 ....................................................................................................... 12 2.2 ....................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 ............................................................................. 14 2.2.2 .................................................. 14 2.2.3 ..................................................................................... 16 2.3 ................................................................................................ 17 2.4 .................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 ............................................................................................. 19 1 2.4.2 ............................................................................. 20 2.4.3 ..................................................................................... 54 2.5 ....................................................................................................... 54 2.6 ................................................................. 54 2.6.1 .......................................................... 54 2.6.2 ............................................................................. 58 2.6.3 .......................................................................... 66 2.6.4 ............................................................................. 66 2.7 ................................................................................................... 82 3 ............................................................................................................. 84 3.1 ............................................................................ 84 3.1.1 ................................................................................................... 84 3.1.2 ............................................................................................ 94 3.1.3 ............................................................................................ 95 3.1.4 .......................................................................................... 125 3.2 ...................................................................................... 126 3.2.1 ......................................... 126 3.2.2 ................................................ 127 3.2.3 ........................................................ 129 3.2.4 ................................................ 130 3.2.5 ..................................... 131 3.2.6 ........................................................ 131 3.3 ...................................................................................... 132 3.4 ................................................................................................. 134 4 ............................................................................................................... 136 4.1 ............................................................................................................. 136 2 4.2 .................................................................................. 136 4.2.1 ........................................................................................... 136 4.2.2 ........................................................................................... 138 4.3 ........................................................................ 141 4.3.1 .............................................................................................. 141 4.3.2 .............................................................................................. 141 4.3.3 .............................................................................................. 142 4.4 .............................................................................................. 143 4.4.1 .......................................................................................... 143 4.4.2 .......................................................................................... 148 4.4.3 .................................................................................. 152 4.5 .............................................................................................. 153 4.5.1 .......................................................................................... 153 4.5.2 .......................................................................................... 160 4.5.3 .................................................................................. 165 4.6 .............................................................................................. 165 4.6.1 .......................................................................................... 165 4.6.2 .......................................................................................... 172 4.6.3 .................................................................................. 178 4.7 .............................................................................................. 181 4.7.1 .......................................................................................... 181 4.7.2 .......................................................................................... 185 4.7.3 .................................................................................. 189 4.8 ................................................................................................. 189 5 ....................................................................................................... 193 5.1 ...................................................................................................... 193 3 5.1.1 ............................................................ 193 5.1.2 ........................................................................... 195 5.1.3 ................................................................................... 196 5.2 ............................................................................... 196 5.2.1 ........................................................................ 196 5.2.2 ........................................................................... 196 5.2.3 ............................................................................... 197 5.3 ............................................................................................... 198 5.4 .................................................................................................. 199 6 ....................................................................................................... 202 6.1 ............................................................................................................. 202 6.2 .............................................................................................. 203 6.2.1 ................................................................................... 203 6.2.2 ................................................................................... 209 6.2.3 ........................................................................... 215 6.2.4 ................................................................................... 218 6.3 .............................................................................................. 222 6.3.1 ............................................................................................... 222 6.3.2 .................................................................................................. 229 6.3.3 ........................................................................................... 238 6.4 .............................................................................................. 240 6.4.1 ................................................................................... 240 6.4.2 ............................................................................... 240 6.4.3 ........................................................................................... 244 6.4.4 ................................................................................... 249 6.5 .................................................................................................. 251 4 7 ............................................................................................................... 260 7.1 .............................................................................................................. 260 7.2 ........................................................................ 260 7.2.1 ............................................................................... 260 7.2.2 ................................................................................... 263 7.2.3 ............................................................................... 263 7.3 ............................................................................... 264 7.3.1 ........................................................................... 264 7.3.2 ................................................................ 265 7.3.3 ....................................................................... 269 7.3.4 .......................................................................... 273 7.4 .................................................................................................. 277 8 ............................................................................................................... 279 8.1 ............................................................................................................. 279 8.2 ...................................................................................... 279 8.2.1 .............................................................................................. 280 8.2.2 ................................................................................................. 281 8.2.3 ............................................................... 283 8.3 .............................................................................................. 284 8.4 .............................................................................................. 284 8.5 ................................................................................................. 285 9 ....................................................................................................... 287 9.1 ............................................................................................................. 287 9.1.1 ................................................................... 287 9.1.2 ...................................................................................... 287 5 9.2 .................................................................................. 287 9.2.1 ....................................................................... 287 9.2.2 .......................................................................... 288 9.2.3 ................................................................................... 289 9.3 .............................................................................. 290 9.3.1 ............................................................... 290 9.3.2 .............................................................................................. 291 9.3.3 ................................................................... 293 9.3.4 ................................................... 293 9.4 ....................................................................................... 294 9.4.1 .......................................................................................... 294 9.4.2 .......................................................................................... 294 9.5 ..................................................................................................... 296 9.5.1 .................................................................................. 296 9.5.2 ............................................................... 296 9.6 ....................................................................................... 296 9.6.1 ....................................................................... 296 9.6.2 ................................................................... 297 9.7 ................................................................................................. 302 9.7.1 .......................................................................................... 302 9.7.2 .................................................................................. 303 10 ............................................................................................................. 314 10.1 ...................................................... 314 10.1.1 ...................................................................... 314 10.1.2 ................................................................................. 315 10.2 ............................................................................................. 317 6 10.2.1 ......................................................................... 318 10.2.2 ......................................................................... 319 10.3 ............................................................................................. 320 10.3.1 ................................................................................. 320 10.3.2 ......................................................................... 322 10.3.3 ...................................................................... 324 10.3.4 ...................................................................... 324 10.4 ......................................................................... 324 10.5 ...................................................................... 325 10.5.1 ...................................................... 325 10.5.2 ................................... 325 10.5.3 ...................................................... 325 10.6 ................................................................................................. 327 1.1 1 1.2 1 2.7 1 “ ” 4.2 1 4.2 2 4.2 3 4.2 4 6.3 1 7 1 1.1 20 80 1989 1992 2001 6 1 9 4 37 2002 6 [106] 11 2004 6 3 [112] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] 4 37 8 12 6 11 33 4 1.1- 1 1871.94 km2, 166000 2 1 1000 2005 5 2004 4 / [107] 2 004 6 2 [108] 2004 10 11 2004 11 30 1.2 1.2.1 / 3 1.2.2 1 1.1-1 2 2 OP/BP4.04 3 4 4 5 6 7 1.3 1.3.1 [401] [403] [420] 5 1.4 1 1 1 2 1-1 23 2 23 3 25 3 16 3 15 4 21 4 12 4 15 4 10 4 15 4 5 4 12 4 15 4 8 4 1 4 18 3 6 19 3 17 3 7 1-2 ( ) 1. LAL, JGZ, MJA, CJQ, LY 2. LYX, CJQ LXW 3. LAL, MJA, CJQ CWY BYD LY 4. JGZ, LYX, BYD YX 5. JGZ, MJA, CJQ CWY LHQ BYD 6. JGZ, LYX, CJQ CWY BYD XRC LXW 7. JGZ, LYX, XRC YX LXW 8. JGZ, MJA, CJQ LHQ WP WXY 9. JGZ, MJA, LXW WXY 10. JGZ, LYX, XRC ZN WJL CL 11. LAL, JGZ, MJA, LYX,CJQ ZN, WJL JGZ, LYX, LY A: LYX, LY WXY JGZ, LXW, CGR, LY WXY à 7`92 à Ã8BS2 à 8ERÃ2 à Ã8G2 Ãà à 8X`2 à ÃEBa2 à à G6G2 ÃÃÃGCR2 à GYX2 à ÃÃG`2 Ãà ÃÃÃG`Y2 à HE62 à à XQÃ2 Ãà à ÃXEG2 ÃÃÃXY`2 à YS8Ã2 à `YÃ2 Ãà à aI2 Ãà à 1.5 1.5.1 1 2 8 3 1.5.2 A 100 200 300 400 500 1.5.3 1.6 Richard.e.Chishoim 1.7 1 2 : 9 20 80 1989 1992 3 2001 6 2002 11 2004 4 10 4 4 37 1 871.94 km2, 166000 2 1 1000 2005 5 5 : 10 6 7 8 9 : 11 2 2.1 4 37 8 12 6 11 33 4 2 1 1.1 1 1.2-1 2 1 8 12 11 6 12 1989 1992 “ ” “ ” 2001 6 7 9 2002 6 13 2003 [101] 2.2 [101] 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.1 3516hm2 33048m 49511m3 496183m 29491hm2 52755h m2 1233311m 625769m 2 2 [101] 2.2.2 779 3hm2 55512hm2 22995hm2 71647 4903 03m3 212129m3 600407m 72782 79179 14 2 3 [101] 2 2 1 hm2 3516 643 1740 393 740 1 m3 49511 8500 20800 9365 10846 2 m 496183 99585 113900 10877 174621 3 m 33048 10747 9124 3504 9673 1 hm2 29491 7075 10828 6251 5337 2 2 hm 52755 15655 12567 12676 11857 1 m 1233311 187421 438890 335788 271212 2 m 625769 99145 244315 169309 113000 2 3 1 hm2 7793 2179 3334 670 1610 2 2 hm 55512 10966 13350 12939 18257 2 3 hm 22995 1708 15885 2952 2450 4 71647 15882 29119 11996 14650 5 m3 490303 66757 165920 62826 194800 3 m 212129 38453 148170 25506 m 600407 136284 172500 147425 144198 6 15 72782 22500 25824 7083 17375 79197 12216  4170 22661 2.2.3 2.2.3.1 2.2.3.2 2.2.3.3 16 2.2.3.5 2.3 1 3516hm2 7793hm2 [101] 2 17 29491 hm2 55512hm2 22995hm2 52755hm2 [101] 3 72782 79197 [101] 18 2.4 2.4.1 1 5 2 4 2.2 1 101 102 103 104 105 2 2 5 2 4 ( ) ( ) “ ” 19 4 37 2 2 5 2.4.2 2 6 101 102 103 104 105 20 2 5 39.1 -7.3 16.5 10 5508 859mm 1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2 14.8°C 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 2 5 44 17.7°C 3 5 9 70 45 46 17°C 5 9 50 4 47 5 48 49 50 2 6 5%-10% 51 52 2 6 5 15° 53 2.4.3 10 50 km2 274 2 3 6 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 “ ” “ ” 1 “ ” 54 20 80 1989 1992 33 “ ” 4 “ ” 2.6 1 2001 71 4 81.28km2 66.21km2 129.56km2 64.6km2 7.08km2 182.36km2 31.47km2 11939 2 7 101 2 7 (km2) (km2) % % 7224.39 71 481.28 14.0 17.5 1304.70 22 144.94 16.1 34.6 2820.25 25 63.28 5.1 6.0 1545.63 6 184.93 13.9 15.3 1553.82 18 88.13 15.9 14.0 2 1990 9 1993 11 1994 10 3 8 2002 9 5 1999 12 2004 55 9 7 21 8 4890km2 904.46km2 70.98km2 62.24km2 909.51km2 1360.4km2 308.92km2 1004.11km2 209hm2 149 1140 518 519 3 2000 10 76 56 522 523 4 2000 3 2000 2000 9 [2000]24 1 2 “ ” 3 4 80% 5 6 7 8 9 “ ” 57 50 10 11 12 “ ” 13 525 2.6.2 2.6.2.1 “ ” “ ” “ ” 334 “ ” 1999 2003 5 6 65 80706 156.19km2 90.69km2 27.59km2 0.56km2 1 9.59 km2 17.76 km2 58.0% 1 7.7% 0.4% 12.5% 11.4% 0.11hm2 0.06h m2 2325kg 449kg 58 “ ” 5 76.22km2 7.01km 2 19.74 km2 12.97km2 3.03km2 20.9km2 12.57 km2 78 354 4 5 59km 42km 15020 490.28 m3 360.56 m3 129.72 m3 “ ” 2 8 1 29.9% 34.4% 58.1% 47.5% 17.7% 38.6% 0.4% 2.3% 12.5% 0.1% “ ” 2 5 78.38km2 29. 93km2 50.2% 19.2% 32.12 t 7.5 t 4098t/ km2·a 2503t/ km2·a 2591.9 m3 16.6% 6 18.0% 40. 9% 59 3 0.06hm2 0.07hm2 16.7 % 3621.23 kg 3732.66 kg 3.1% hm 2 2325kg 2385kg 3.1% 449kg 463k g 1277 1866 46.1% 2 8 “ ” 1 km2 156.19 156.19 2 2 km 90.69 58.0 74.18 47.5 km2 41.75 46.0 41.75 56.3 km2 5.03 5.5 12.04 16.2 km2 43.91 48.5 20.39 27.5 3 km2 27.59 17.7 60.29 38.6 4 km2 0.56 0.4 3.59 2.3 5 km2 19.59 12.5 0.17 0.1 6 km2 17.76 11.4 17.96 11.5 1 80706 80655 2 6 7 3 hm2 0.11 0.09 4 hm2 0.06 0.07 16.7 5 hm2 kg 2325 2385 3.1 6 kg/a 449 463 3.1% 7 1277 1866 46.1 1 km2 78.37 50.2 29.93 19.2 km2 11.24 14.3 15.95 53.3 km2 28.62 36.5 10.53 35.2 km2 38.51 49.1 3.45 11.5 2 t/a 32.12 7.5 60 3 4098 2503 t/ km2·a 2.6.2.2 8 45.6 t 69.9 t 306 1263 55.24% 5700 t 4391 km2 7668km2 35.9 hm2 28.2% 49.3% 20.98% 55.24% 518 519 2 9 2 9 1 km2 15559 15559 2 2 km ) 4169.8 26.8 3415.2 22.0 km2) 2970 71.2 1168 34.2 3 km2) 4391 28.2 7668 49.3 4 6998.2 45 4475.8 28.8 1 20.98 52.24 31.26 1 306 1263 312 2 15.8 56 2.5 8.6 3 t 45.6 69.9 48.9 61 4 hm2 0.1 0.17 5 46.5% 65.04% “ ” 2 9 1 753km2 24.3 t 1993 2970km2 2001 1168km2 71.2% 34.2% 28.2 49.3 2 55.24 5700 t 3 0.1hm2 0.17hm2 62 1993 306 1263 3 14.8 2.5 56 8.6 2.7.2.3 522 52 3 524 2000 2002 20 5000 3000 1 , 63 2 32 t 18 t 56% 10.2 t 32% 31.6 t 42 3 4 8m3 2.25t 3 6 3 64 2.7.2.4 8 6 10 76% 3121.2t/ km2·a 2003 761.7 t/ km2·a 78% 1.7t 10 2000 2003 85.9 190.4 t/a 2003 42.3 t/a 148.1 t/ a 25° 74% 65 60 526 2.6.3 “ ” 2 10 2 11 2.6.4 “ ” “ ” 2 12   1 66 67 68 2 69 70 3 71 4 72 73 74   75 1 76 2 77 3 78 4 79 80 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 2 12 “ ” “ ” “ ” 81 2.7 2 5 2 6 33 “ ” 4 82 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 83 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1-1 3.1 1 [401] 84 [402 85 [404] 86 [405] 87 3 1 [406] 88 89 [408] 90 91 92 93 3.1.2 [412] 1 1998 94 [413] 2 1987 [414] 3 1993 [415] 4 1993 [416] 5 1989 [417] 6 1998 [418] 7 278 2 000 [419] 8 [420] 9 1994.12 [421] 10 1985.6 12 [422] 1993 3.1.3 3.1-2 95 3.1 2 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 8 106 107 3.1 2 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 70% 50% - - 116 117 118 119 120 28 121 122 123 124 3.1.4 1 GB3838 — [423] 2002 2 GB8978- [424] 1996 125 3 (SL190 96) [425] 6 4 GB/T [426] 16453.1 16453.6 1996 6 [427] 5 (GB6000 85) 3.2 3.2.1 126 80% 80% 37 2010 3.2.2 127 25 128 25 3.2.3 129 3.2.4 2020 “ ” 18.73% 30.64% 30.8% 35.8% 130 3.2.5 3.2.6 131 100 5 10 15 90% 75 24 1 80 3.3 20 1997 132 [502] 1 OP4.01 B [504] 2 OP4.09 6.3.1 [507] 3 OP4.37 BP/OP4. 37 133 5.2.2 [509] 4 OP4.36 6.2.2 6.4.3 [510] 5 OP4.04 O P BP4.04 5.2.1 6.3.3 3.4 1 134 2 3 135 4 4.1 4 4.2 4.2.1 33°28’ 91°08’ 5400 10 8 6300km 180 km2 4.2- 1 11 00mm 1 m3 36 1 49 4 10 4.2- 136 1 4.2-1 4.2-1 km km2 m3/s m3 1571 128444 1810 571 1155 90700 1570 495 735 135000 2850 877 1120 160000 2120 710 1037 87920 1650 508 1022 89163 2170 667 844 94660 2370 653 1577 159000 1710 511 751 83500 2130 675 146700km2 30 1.97 kW 1 kW·h 4.2- 137 2 271.5 kW 1820 kW 4 1/3 3.2 94 50 2000 100 6 4.2-2 kW kW·h % 19724 10275 100 9066 4723 46.0 5891 3234 31.5 3174 1489 14.5 10658 5552 54.0 3000 1807 17.6 5010 2614 25.4 2649 1131 11.0 4.2.2 6 44.21 km2 1.1 km2 14 22oC 1200 2200mm 4.2-3 4.2- 138 2 “ ” 139 4.2-3 ·km2 km 35.5 2074 2.58 327 5.72 773.3 8.68 1179 1.93 426 1.15 344 4.67 468 3.32 523 1.76 141 4.2-2 3360 m3 4700 m3 1.7 0.126 0.334kg/ m3 140 44.2 km2 4.8 km2 12.6 km2 0.006 km2 3/5 9002 490 m3 20513km 950 kW 34.3% 564 m3, 12% 2.3 km2 43.4%; 282 hm2 63%; 4.3 4 37 1.1-1 1.2-1 6905.05 km2 4.3- 1 33 248 6332.4 km2 4 26 572.65 km2 37 4.3.1 274 4.3.2 37 4.3-1,2,3,4 141 4.3.3 4.3-1 8 12 11 6 4 8 4 8 142 4 6 11 4.3-2 4.3-2 —— 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.1.1 80% 1000- 3500m 1000m 80% 2 0% 143 4.4.1.2 1 16.5 10 5508 2387h 51 2.5kJ/cm2 854mm 7- 9 56.0% 4.4-1 [102] 4.4-1 34.2 26.7 39.1 33 ( ) -7.3 0.4 -1.3 -6.1 15.8 15.3 21.7 15.6 1334.7 960.1 961.3 1086.5 1998 1973 2001 1998 (mm) 611.8 507.3 287.4 612.3 1980 1960 1960 1988 872 768 641 836 7~9 (mm) 418 352 354 503 10 ( ) 4952 5458 7718 4974 (d) 292 226 362 233 (h) 2368 2488 2623 2472 144 2 8253.9 4 m3 132.78m3/s 9904.73 m3 6603.16 m3 7- 9 65.0% 1486t/km2.a 4.4-2 4.4-3 4.4.1.3 4 14 24 59 37 1 690 2400m 2400m 4.4.1.4 12 169 209 25.5% 30% 36.1% 145 4.4-2 à m3 à 7 9 ( m3) m3/s à ( )à à à (m3/km2)à à 2 km à à à à à à à à à à 447.18 9904.73 6603.16 8253.94 6438.08 4292.05 5365.06 159.33 106.22 132.78 120617 45 à 149.50 2541.50 1694.33 2117.92 1651.98 1101.32 1376.65 142.05 94.70 118.38 141667 32 à à à 31.85 573.30 382.20 477.75 372.65 248.43 310.54 176.82 117.88 147.35 150000 32 à à à 29.40 529.20 352.80 441.00 343.98 229.32 286.65 152.88 101.92 127.40 150000 32 à à à 24.75 386.10 257.40 321.75 250.97 167.31 209.14 130.44 86.96 108.70 130000 32 à à à 21.53 310.03 206.69 258.36 201.52 134.35 167.93 117.48 78.32 97.90 120000 32 à à à à 14.04 235.87 157.25 196.56 153.32 102.21 127.76 94.92 63.28 79.10 140000 32 à à à 27.93 536.26 357.50 446.88 348.57 232.38 290.47 179.76 119.84 149.80 160000 32 à à à 242.08 1013.71 675.81 844.76 658.91 439.28 549.09 61.14 40.76 50.95 27917 56 à à à 55.60 3577.30 2384.87 2981.09 2325.25 1550.17 1937.71 274.80 183.20 229.00 192266 47 28.00 5931.63 3954.42 4943.03 3855.56 2570.37 3212.97 200.40 133.60 167.00 337500 32 146 4.4-3 104t 7 9 104t kg/m3 ( ) t/km2.a 2 km 5865.55 666.94 167.46 417.20 322.71 128.32 225.51 100.04 17.76 58.9 1486 63.47 1.512 2.41 1.96 1.32 0.8 1.06 71.3 6.79 39.0 1726 12.65 0.33 98 0.41 80 0.37 0.25 98 0.15 80 0.2 13 98 0.99 80 7.0 1436 32 8.73 0.185 98 0.37 80 0.28 0.19 98 0.11 80 0.15 12.1 98 1 80 6.6 1044 32 11.23 0.303 98 0.4 80 0.35 0.24 98 0.14 80 0.19 12 98 1.1 80 6.6 1521 32 8.11 0.1865 98 0.35 80 0.27 0.18 98 0.11 80 0.145 11.9 98 1.3 80 6.6 1207 32 8.98 0.2005 98 0.41 80 0.31 0.2 98 0.13 80 0.165 12.2 98 1.4 80 6.8 3546 32 13.77 0.307 98 0.47 80 0.39 0.26 98 0.16 80 0.21 10.1 98 1 80 5.6 1602 32 242.08 92.162 29.05 89 60.61 46.8 86 18.72 93 32.76 19.95 98 7.98 80 14.0 2000 32 5560 1767.3 136 59 951.64 920 74 108.8 93 514.4 8.79 98 2.99 80 5.9 732 47 147 4.4.1.5 “ ” 1704 1998 257 164 20 4.4.2 4.4.2.1 2004 30.57 5.04 16.5% [102 148 ] 4.4- 1 2004 928.6 4.4-1 4.4.2.2 1435.4km2 4.4-4 4.4- 2 [102] 149 4.4-2 60% 20% 10% 10% 4.4.2.3 75% 669.56km2 46.6% 4.4-5 4.4-3 [102] 4.4-3 150 4.4-4 km2 à à à 3!$e 1!$e à à à à à à  1557.87 463.52 103.31 90.84 13.22 256.15 684.77 397.39 267.80 19.58 49.89 42.25 7.64 24.65 232.68 102.36 135.25 34.09 4.34 15.64 0.73 13.38 77.42 34.95 36.67 5.80 0.16 0.16 2.59 16.87 4.12 211.19 35.15 8.91 21.66 1.16 3.42 124.27 89.33 33.47 1.47 0.32 0.32 3.56 36.92 10.97 234.95 64.82 15.78 36.63 12.42 107.87 34.49 68.53 4.85 10.77 10.77 5.50 38.43 7.56 146.62 19.17 4.00 9.85 0.18 5.14 116.33 60.18 54.39 1.76 1.10 1.10 1.24 5.35 3.42 276.37 139.48 22.63 2.55 6.74 107.56 128.71 94.56 31.90 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.00 6.50 157.73 75.80 19.62 0.46 3.90 51.82 60.97 42.58 17.57 0.82 2.99 2.99 0.00 1.06 1.72 15.19 172.66 25.12 7.53 1.93 0.51 15.15 32.60 11.13 21.33 0.14 10.76 10.76 0.00 4.43 62.10 37.65 223.10 69.89 20.50 2.13 47.26 36.60 30.17 3.94 2.49 23.79 17.25 6.54 4.59 71.29 16.94 4.4-5 km2 % [t/(km2·a)] km2 (km2) % (km2) % (km2) % (km2) % (km2) % 1557.87 798.64 51.3 293.15 36.7 315.66 39.5 144.51 18.1 44.81 5.6 0.51 0.1à 3069.13 135.25 71.44 52.8 22.51 31.5 32.87 46 14.91 20.9 1.15 1.6 à à 3866.98 211.19 74.97 35.5 33.47 44.6 36.92 49.2 4.58 6.1 à à à 3014.5 234.95 119.37 50.8 62.94 52.7 40.66 34.1 15.77 13.2 à à à 3187.63 146.62 66.82 45.6 56.15 84 8.89 13.3 1.79 2.7 à à à 1658.87 276.37 139.76 50.6 24.4 17.5 77.9 55.7 27.05 19.4 10.41 7.4 à 2455.35 157.73 91.02 57.7 31.32 34.4 38.47 42.3 15.54 17.1 5.69 6.3 à 3249.71 172.66 99.09 57.4 27.37 27.6 24.77 25 19.14 19.3 27.3 27.6 0.51 0.5à 4151.29 223.1 136.17 61 34.99 25.7 55.18 40.5 45.74 33.6 0.26 0.2 à à 2951.65 151 4.4.3 1 —— 50 m 3 [102] —— 0.50 0.96mm 9.21 21.10g/kg 4.21 6.18g/kg [102] —— 73 60 82% [102] 2 152 3 50% 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.1.1 2200 2400m 500 1500m — 153 50 22.3% 50 150 23.5% 150 250 24.5% 250 350 16% 350 13.7% 62.2 % 18.9% 14.6% 4.3% 4.5.1.2 1 11.8 18.1 3 1.5 41.3 -10.9 - 6.83 10 3717 5700 245 280d 1000.2 1348.9h 945.7 1180.8mm 7 9 684.7mm 59.8% 10 20 50 24 167.8mm 197.6mm 235.9mm 4.5- 1 [103] 4.5-1 ( ) 30.8 33.8 31.6 35 36.2 33.2 35.4 36.1 32.7 20.1 34 36.7 -11.2 -3 -3.2 -5 -10.2 -9.5 -10.4 -4.2 -3.3 12 -8.9 -7.9 154 10.8 13.9 18.7 20 12.7 12.8 13.8 13.5 16.1 15.3 15.1 15.2 1436.5 1209.5 1499 1789 1293.4 1623.5 1209.3 1340.7 1874.7 1867.4 1440.1 2105.5 1954 1983 2002 2002 1954 1964 1980 1977 1983 1997 1967 1965 (mm) 655.9 638.1 725 797 654.4 780 833.8 825.4 1112.7 735.1 747.7 791.5 1975 1989 2002 2002 1966 1966 1978 1965 1989 1989 1989 1958 962 849 1244 1293 895 1118 1005 1039 1370 1343 1250 1384 7~9 (mm) 480 322 611 1067 445 910 392 728 815 210 977 661 10 ( ) 2492 3569 1510 3302 3717 5234 4172 4788 4798 5247 5633 4531 (d) 181 248 230 278 285 254 264 303 305 304 288 273 (h) 1520 1416 1333 1160 1377 1336 1349 1096 1612 1511 1161 1594 2 889km, 66807 km2 2007.6m 2.05 300 800m 11 21km/100km2 376×108 m3 1295m3/s 562mm 0.50 18 m3/ km2 2150×104t 684t/km2.a 1.19kg/m3 263km 7651km2 425m 1.61 688 m3/s 52.1×108 m3 665 mm 2150×104t 451t/km2.a 3.06kg/m3 352km 20982km2 4.42 390 m3/s 121×108 m3 578 mm 317t/km2.a 1.20kg/m3 1- 155 6 1-7 4.5-2 4.5-3 156 4.5-2    P   P P V ( ) PNP  NP 2082.00 1965 1989 73280.00 1968 1989 37270.00 1986 1964 22.90 11.40 1958-2003 17.00 1995 1989 434.80 1996 1989 241.10 1995 1985 0.13 8.09 1983-2003 2999.00 1983 1975 132300.00 1983 1972 61010.00 1983 1979 42.40 14.10 1971-2003 2696.00 1997 1989 133600.00 1998 1990 6809.00 1991 2002 49.00 18.00 1957-2003 66.40 1977 1990 6349.00 1979 1990 3268.00 1977 1993 2.05 29.50 1974-2003 81.80 1957 1989 4766.00 1983 1989 2250.00 1997 2001 1.45 17.50 1975-2003 1944.00 1968 1990 66250.00 1968 1990 29780.00 1968 1972 20.70 10.40 1958-2003 1553.00 1964 1966 75670.00 1979 1966 33330.00 1998 2002 24.70 14.00 1962-2003 9456.00 1983 1990 443300.00 1983 1990 204900.00 1964 1993 140.00 17.20 1957-2003 999.00 1999 1990 43090.00 1991 1990 17730.00 1991 1993 13.20 13.60 1983-2003 2277.00 1997 1989 160900.00 1979 1989 86520.00 1997 1987 50.80 24.27 1958-2003 75.00 1997 1989 3541.00 1993 1989 1973.00 1995 1986 1.13 14.70 1981-2003 265.00 1997 1989 17320.00 1991 1989 9382.00 1982 1987 5.19 20.90 1979-2003 32.00 2000 1988 2744.00 2000 1996 1424.00 2000 1991 0.89 27.40 1983-2003 962.00 1961 1975 82410.00 1993 1972 43610.00 1985 1991 17.50 29.50 1959-2003 157 4.5-3 W   W NJP ( (  ) NP  WNP D 2696.00 569.00 1983 52.30 1966 238.00 384.35 1991 21.94 1966 113.56 4.14 1992 0.53 1966 1.72 932 1964-2000 3182.00 530.00 1982 48.40 1989 1830.00 310.69 1970 0.02 1976 892.44 5.09 1979 0.03 1976 3.63 555 1966-2000 9656.00 1630.00 1971 105.00 1992 279.00 610.68 1974 76.60 1990 305.34 3.19 1971 0.46 1968 1.38 676 1958-2000 1553.00 100.00 1992 10.10 1966 178.00 37.77 1979 0.94 1994 12.16 1.09 1992 0.19 1965 0.47 299 1964-2000 2290.00 496.00 1987 60.20 1989 201.00 171.69 1997 0.51 2000 112.76 2.46 1991 0.06 1987 2.79 752 1966.1984-2000 46845.00 7418.00 1968 265.00 1992 2027.00 1232.10 1983 17.17 1990 946.01 3.47 1988 0.16 1990 3.33 436 1983-2000 1080.00 52.00 1995 24.00 1983 38.00 44.00 1995 40.00 1983 42.00 1.64 1995 0.76 1983 1.20 317 1978-2001 158 4.5.1.3 900 1800m Fe Si P 1800 2200m 1400 1600m N C a 4.5.1.4 2004 474.35km2 19% 4.5.1.5 3 21 900 79 20 159 4.5.2 4.5.2.1 1 4.5- 1 2004 355kg 964 [103] 160 4.5-1 4.5.2.2 2496.48km2 4.5-3 4.5- 2 [103] 4.5-2 48.3% 34.9% 250 12.1% 4.5.2.3 161 1317.33k m2 52.8% 4.5-4 4.5- 3 [103] 4.5-3 162 4.5-3 km2 !e e 2496.48 1205.39 301.59 118.70 145.67 639.43 771.59 474.35 283.17 14.07 61.46 59.19 2.27 1623 249.06 192.75 180.86 88.63 28.86 59.77 44.93 18.03 26.80 0.10 0.41 0.41 1.16 35.38 10.35 214.66 97.63 12.36 22.68 62.59 81.12 55.26 25.86 7.98 7.98 0.99 20.23 6.71 152.68 81.43 17.56 3.16 5.14 55.57 49.92 15.48 34.28 0.16 2.74 2.74 0.92 10.14 7.53 202.95 89.30 30.36 16.67 42.27 48.78 48.06 0.72 19.16 17.16 2.00 1.27 8.99 35.45 264.57 166.13 51.72 11.32 17.77 85.32 79.92 10.04 67.57 2.31 2.86 2.86 0.80 4.87 9.99 264.39 136.81 39.80 5.24 32.47 59.30 83.15 77.86 5.00 0.29 4.74 4.74 1.12 25.18 13.39 357.63 176.54 36.06 15.75 22.72 102.01 89.40 81.38 5.44 2.58 4.08 4.08 4.73 21.90 60.98 286.09 97.82 26.77 16.12 6.20 48.73 144.52 82.46 60.81 1.25 12.71 12.71 1.56 18.47 11.01 176.00 68.29 19.88 12.58 12.12 23.71 43.56 23.14 16.50 3.92 6.18 6.18 2.33 38.96 16.68 136.57 75.23 20.26 13.76 5.94 35.27 30.92 19.82 10.54 0.56 0.14 0.11 0.03 0.54 22.66 7.08 88.46 52.91 10.82 16.83 0.47 24.79 19.03 2.39 13.74 2.90 0.22 0.22 14.18 2.12 171.62 74.67 7.14 7.27 20.16 40.10 56.34 40.43 15.91 0.24 0.24 0.81 28.10 11.46 163 4.5-4 2 (km2) 2 2 (%) 2 (km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) [t/(km ·a)] (km ) % (km ) (km ) (%) 2496.48 1317.33 52.80 520.21 39.50 459.76 34.90 218.92 16.60 100.73 7.60 17.71 1.30 2378.74 180.86 121.95 67.40 56.68 46.50 47.06 38.60 13.16 10.80 5.05 4.10 2400.38 214.66 131.36 61.20 32.33 24.60 36.07 27.50 32.17 24.50 19.63 14.90 11.16 8.50 3892.76 152.68 105.13 68.90 38.05 36.20 36.45 34.70 16.22 15.40 8.12 7.70 6.29 6.00 3346.48 202.95 51.98 25.60 31.73 61.00 18.00 34.60 2.25 4.30 0.00 1013.76 264.57 175.53 66.30 71.63 40.80 53.42 30.40 29.27 16.70 21.21 12.10 2906.76 264.39 121.95 46.10 21.09 17.30 33.99 27.90 37.83 31.00 29.04 23.80 3021.89 357.63 152.07 42.50 74.47 49.00 62.74 41.30 13.05 8.60 1.81 1.20 1568.04 286.09 134.21 46.90 62.04 46.20 59.91 44.60 12.26 9.10 0.00 1696.67 176.00 91.29 51.90 35.87 39.30 31.08 34.00 17.41 19.10 6.67 7.30 0.26 0.30 2268.78 136.57 74.41 54.50 39.17 52.60 25.98 34.90 7.91 10.60 1.35 1.80 1843.91 88.46 53.18 60.10 26.01 48.90 14.37 27.00 11.32 21.30 1.48 2.80 2268.77 171.62 104.27 60.80 31.14 29.90 40.69 39.00 26.07 25.00 6.37 6.10 2767.47 164 4.5.3 1 1979 2 m3 900 m3 1.75m [103] 2 1975 5% 1985 7 .9% 12.8% 621.56 km2 [103] 3 1949 1985 36 31 9 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.1.1 165 500~900m 2000~2500m 5° 30.9% 5° 15° 19.1% 15° 25° 21.6% 25° 35° 17.0% 35° 11.5% 4.6.1.2 15.4 18.3 43.0 - 12.8°C 276 349d 935mm 1281mm 5 9 75 80% 14 5d 155d 5 8 9 4.6-1 [104] “ ” 1187.8h 1640h 82.74kj/cm2 166 0.5 80 90% 4.6-2 4.6-3 4.6-1 à à à à à à à à à à à à à 42.1 42.2 40.3 42 41.3 41.4 40.8 41 41.8 43 40.5 ( )à à -3.7 -2.7 -12.8 -2 -2.3 -3.7 -2.9 -3.4 -8 -7 -2.3 à 17.8 18.1 15.4 17 18.3 18.1 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.4 17.5 à 1635.2 1373.5 1749 1537 1644 1429.6 1442.9 1578.5 1476 1780 1490.8 à 1982 1996 1982 1968 1998 1961 1962 1974 1982 1982 1986 (mm)à à 844.2 823.6 836.4 838.3 836.4 826 708.6 688.3 652 878 836.5 à 1966 1992 1988 1961 1981 1968 1961 1997 1997 2001 1961 à 1202 1105 1196 1146 1022 935 1050 1112 1087 1281 1156 7~9 (mm) 337 869 300 875 320 427 444 554 499 826 609 10 ( )à 6357 6040 4752 6151 4500 4853 5750 5694 5694 5523 à (d)à 349 285 290 320 294 331 312 322 315 276 331 (h)à 1295 1188 1240 1229 1200 1316 1299 1282 1640 1463 1209 4.6.1.3 800m 800m 500 1500m 1500m ( ) 167 1500m 168 4.6-2 m3 7 9 ( m3) m3/s m3/k km * * m2 2 365 21800 11000 15700 17440 8800 11520 15.9 2.9 7.3 90.01 1970-2002 53480000 37400000 12430000 5280000 64400 2940 965857 42530000 2.2E+07 13500 13.98 (1954) (1956) (1954) (1955) (1954) (1952) 1996-2002 97 2618 802 1710 1986 578 1282 0.86 0.22 0.54 6.18 1982-2002 342.2 25764.91 9460.8 16966.37 8275 2178.5 4213.13 8.17 3 5.38 309.04 1980— 2002 17411.10 7235.8 11305.90 5449.90 2264.90 3538.90 5.53 2.30 3.59 180.0 62.81 1976-2002 29420 1600000 800000 1200000 90 30 65 12400 60 400 12.5 1972-2002 201.2 1.3 0.37 0.69 0.77 0.29 0.53 3.08 1.32 2.2 34.29 1957-2002 865 69024 5805 32317 19998 4334 10487 2020 21 10.4 12.02 1955-2002 67.3 25765 9460 16966 8275 2178 4213 8.17 3 5.38 309 1978-2002 1176 125597 61952 93775 62798 30976 4687 2980 3.4 29.7 630000 1972-2002 2380.00 102.00 18.10 47.50 427.00 1.13 70.30 157 1952-2002 169 4.6-3 104t 7 9 104t kg/m3 t/k * * k m2.a m2 1.33 10.7 1982 5.35 1996 8.23 9.63 1982 4.81 1996 7.41 0.02 1998 0.01 1996 0.016 6192 1961-2002 0.7 0.51 1982 0.25 1996 0.35 0.46 1982 0.23 1996 0.35 0.02 1998 0.008 1996 0.013 5629 1958-2002 965857 75400 1954 42400 1953 54400 26100 1954 7520 1953 21300 2.4 1954 0.008 1954 1.24 564 1950-2002 97 1.78 1982 1.08 1988 1.43 1.78 1982 0.54 1988 1.16 1.01 1982 0.514 1988 0.762 472 1982-2002 180 16.46 1998 6.84 1981 10.69 5.10 1998 1.98 1981 3.31 1.46 1998 0.61 1981 0.95 594 1980-2002 29420 1050 1982 170 1993 710 1010 1982 102 1990 520 6.20 1986 1.2 1995 6.5 240 1972-2002 2026 807 1998 215 1986 630 215 1998 58 1986 126 0.82 1996 0.56 1986 0.69 3110 1986-2002 26.3 21 1982 7.4 1996 13 6.5 1982 2.7 1996 5.6 0.4 1998 0.2 1996 0.32 4942 1972-2002 2380 172 1982 2.73 1961 56.6 164 1982 0.729 1961 29.59 0.5 1998 0.2 1996 0.3 4990 1952-2002 170 4.6.1.4 5 22 25 85.4% 120 358 550 103.96k m2 7.3% 50.6% 6.52km2 0.4% 4.6.1.5 320 56 13 43 171 4.6.2 4.6.2.1 2004 69.42 4.64 6 4.78 38.29 55.2% 4.6- 2 2004 28.8 t 442kg 2026 85.5% 14. 5% [104] 172 4.6-2 4.6.2.2 1415.3km2 4 .6-4 4.6-3 [104] 4.6-3 4.6-2 1 99.3% 463 /km2 0.12hm2 2 173 57.8% 66.4% 3 196.97km2 57.5% 4 122.1km2 4.6.2.3 1999 831.15k m2 59.4% 4.6-5 4.6- 4 [104] 174 4.6-4 4.6.2.4 2002 12 7km 48 108º13 04 -108º28 07 30º51 03 - 30º58 57 , 91.00km2 4.6 5 4.6-6 175 4.6-4 km2 !e e 1415.30 808.81 39.49 256.79 60.98 451.56 342.35 103.96 196.97 41.42 14.31 11.89 2.42 43.27 122.13 84.43 139.42 13.73 1.22 3.85 2.24 6.42 79.64 13.13 62.94 3.56 2.85 38.56 4.65 128.14 29.65 5.80 1.52 3.68 18.65 55.63 24.16 29.05 2.42 11.99 10.64 1.35 0.27 20.68 9.92 141.56 57.98 0.81 9.59 10.30 37.28 40.00 22.15 16.28 1.57 0.93 0.75 0.18 10.23 29.34 3.10 156.89 94.37 31.57 6.94 55.86 33.92 12.67 16.32 4.93 0.00 0.91 16.98 10.71 92.18 62.50 2.29 17.64 16.50 26.07 22.52 7.42 13.62 1.48 1.39 0.50 0.89 3.22 0.11 2.44 143.98 103.27 1.85 46.71 1.22 53.49 19.48 2.12 6.02 11.34 7.30 1.03 12.90 111.96 63.34 1.65 17.54 7.55 36.60 30.13 5.87 22.03 2.23 0.00 2.61 6.71 9.17 127.14 90.54 17.77 25.37 0.87 46.53 20.11 2.95 11.91 5.25 3.43 2.32 10.74 103.65 67.68 0.98 21.02 3.59 42.09 23.06 10.07 10.12 2.87 4.29 3.13 5.49 147.56 125.28 1.91 52.79 70.58 6.46 2.56 2.20 1.70 4.22 1.85 9.75 122.82 100.48 5.21 29.19 8.09 57.99 11.41 0.86 6.48 4.07 3.94 1.42 5.57 176 4.6-5 (km2) (km2) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) % 1415.30 831.15 58.70 234.69 28.20 389.80 46.90 161.16 19.40 41.54 139.42 110.16 79.00 31.95 29.00 63.10 57.30 10.48 9.50 4.63 128.14 72.05 56.20 6.43 8.90 28.17 39.10 25.36 35.20 11.86 141.56 93.19 65.80 28.11 30.20 32.85 35.30 23.62 25.30 7.38 156.89 96.10 61.30 21.21 22.10 52.37 54.50 17.92 18.60 4.60 92.18 56.03 60.80 18.53 33.10 23.31 41.60 14.19 25.30 143.98 61.76 42.90 26.27 42.50 23.14 37.50 10.10 16.40 2.25 111.96 72.89 65.10 12.51 17.20 41.56 57.00 15.93 21.90 2.34 127.14 61.43 48.30 18.65 30.40 30.46 49.60 10.79 17.60 1.53 103.65 58.93 56.90 21.52 36.50 30.24 51.30 7.17 12.20 147.56 74.63 50.60 36.91 49.50 37.72 50.50 0.00 122.82 73.98 60.20 12.60 17.00 26.88 36.30 25.60 34.60 6.95 177 4.6-6 4.6.3 1 " " 25° 1958 2.0- 5.0% 1.3% 178 4.6-5 179 2 70% 500 3 4 180 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.1.1 70% 50 23.7% 5º 15º 22.0% 15º 25º 27.1 % 25º 35º 19.6% 35º 7.6% 4.7.1.2 1 12.5°C 16.9°C 41.5° C - 17.5°C 245d 1178mm 41% 7 9 4.7- 1 [105] 4.7-1 181 à à à à à à à à 41.2 40.4 40.3 38 41.5 40.3 ( )à à -17 -8 -1.95 -16 -8 -15.6 à 12.5 16.9 16.7 15 15.7 16.9 à à 1880 1797 2009.3 1961.1 2311.7 à à 1988 1998 1954 1983 1954 (mm)à à à 927 814.5 683 678.6 873.1 à à 1992 1992 1978 1978 1996 à 1472 1167 1406 1323 1072 1315 7~9 (mm) 736 651 216 574 886 à 10 ( )à 3849 5154 3125 4600 5880 à (d)à 233 279 305 190 225 251 (h)à 1409 1150 1550 2084 2089 1924 2 17.74 m3 7 9 6.89 m3 117.4 m3 7 9 73.8 m3 4.7-2 4.7-3 4.7.1.3 4.7.1.4 2004 317.9km2 22.5% 182 183 4.7-2    P   P P V  P N NP  P                         4.7-3 W   W NJP  WNP D  NP              184 4.7.1.5 5 62 45 45 350 106 50 4.7.2 4.7.2.1 6 2004 30.57 213 /km2 4.7- 1 2004 13.96 t 1613 [105] 9 8% 100% 185 4.7-1 4.7.2.2 1435.4km2 4.7-4 4.7- 2 [105] 4.7-2 186 30.15 98.6% 0.11hm2 0.367 hm2 20.9% 38.01% 4.7.2.3 1435.4km2 669.5 6km2 46.6% 4.7-5 4.7- 3 [105] 4.7-3 187 4.7-4 km2 !e e 1435.40 300.59 56.76 129.46 11.83 102.53 803.41 317.90 414.23 71.29 0.50 0.50 0.00 53.11 140.95 136.84 380.28 77.92 29.60 21.20 5.58 21.54 220.21 137.38 77.28 5.55 0.37 0.37 0.00 4.56 63.17 14.05 176.54 32.61 3.74 16.80 12.07 114.47 26.08 48.37 40.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.06 7.86 13.54 210.50 27.64 6.79 3.30 2.86 14.69 168.37 52.23 104.98 11.15 0.13 0.13 0.00 2.44 4.27 7.65 123.00 18.90 2.60 9.81 0.21 6.29 72.07 29.32 39.25 3.50 0.00 4.17 20.54 7.31 306.64 72.04 11.21 35.95 0.61 24.27 157.18 35.00 114.20 7.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.51 3.82 60.09 238.44 71.48 2.82 42.41 2.58 23.67 71.12 37.89 30.15 3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.36 41.29 34.19 4.7-5 2 (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) (km2) (%) [t/(km ·a)] (km2) (km2) % (km2) (km2) (%) 1435.40 669.56 46.60 256.15 38.30 204.57 30.60 185.48 27.70 23.16 3.50 0.20 3339.40 380.28 167.57 44.10 80.44 48.00 60.21 35.90 21.83 13.00 5.09 3.00 3274.64 176.54 68.30 38.70 28.22 41.30 22.66 33.20 16.62 24.30 0.80 1.20 4426.00 210.50 126.80 60.20 56.51 44.60 40.48 31.90 19.41 15.30 10.40 8.20 4356.25 123.00 66.30 53.90 39.28 59.20 15.62 23.60 8.80 13.30 2.40 3.60 0.20 0.30 3188.33 306.64 142.90 46.60 17.03 11.90 26.51 18.60 98.23 68.70 1.13 0.80 2826.74 238.44 97.69 41.00 34.67 35.50 39.09 40.00 20.59 21.10 3.34 3.40 2367.38 188 4.7.2.4 4.7.3 1 2 10 9 6 100- 120 3 4.8 189 5 10 70 80% 10 20 60 190 1293.6km2 18.73% 2004 198.581 6905.05km2 0.29hm2 2778.32m2 40.2% 1618.3 7km2 >25° 231.74km2 58.2% 3616.68km2 52.4% 3293.53km2 52.0% 323.15km2 56.4% 191 192 5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.1.1 1871.94 km2, 50 % 18.73% 30.64% [101] 5.1.1.2 BP/OP4.04 1 “ ” I —— / 193 2 “ ” III IV / V VI 3 “ ” IV / VI 4 5.1.1.3 BP/OP4.37 1 2 3 194 5.1.2 5 5 1 195 5.1.3 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 196 1 2 3 4 5.2.3 5- 2 8 197 5.3 1 0.053 0.067hm2 0.02 0.03hm2 2 3 198 5.4 8 199 5 1 5 2 a b ± 200 ± ± ± ± ± a b 201 6 6.1 6.2.4 6.3.1 274 7 8 37 37 37 5 5.3.3 6.2 6.3 6.4 202 6.2 6.2.1 47.5% 6.2.1.1 171062hm2, 11309hm2 29491hm2 55512hm 2 22995hm2 52755hm2 80% 25 [101] 203 12.26km2 5.91km2 48.2 % 4130t/km2.a 2.44 t 5.91km2 0.10km2 1.88k m2 0.93km2 1.59km2 1.40km2 20.3% 52.4% 100.0% 71.0% 11.62 m3 1.73 t [327] 6.2.1.2 1 30m 204 m 50- 100mm 3 1200mm 50mm 600mm 20m3 ( [514]) 6.2-1 107998hm2, 52755hm2 6.2-1 % mm 20 24 8 10 21 20 15 31 25 13 14 25 15 10 44 23 19 30 10 5 57 38 29 45 5 71 49 28 42 100 [517] 2 20 205 80% 9 85.97 t6.2-2 6.2-2 m3 t m3 m3 t m3 t t ) ) ) ) 408.9 12.27 1425.66 157.95 102.37 7.53 1936.93 177.75 852.02 25.56 2878.52 306.44 37.18 5.35 3767.72 337.35 399.48 11.98 1700.69 189.94 138.9 5.62 2239.07 207.54 462.5 18.5 2036.74 242.46 11.29 2.37 2510.53 263.33 896.79 10454.2 2122.9 68.31 8041.61 289.74 20.87 985.97 5 [101] 206 6.2.1.3 1 10 30cm 0.1 0.3 cm 1044.09km2 78.6% 33 7.35 t [302] [316] 242.1km2 101.43 km2 41.9% 44.46 t 232t 461t 1269t 5.07% 92.10 km2 28.21 t 207 494.22 m3 N P K 0.34 t [110] 2 11309hm2, 15d 3 490303m3 212129m3 600407m 100- 120 28.66km2 208 9.03km2 131 3 5 20 1.5km 100 85% [110] 6.2.1.4 669.56km2 46.6% 23875 m3 11670 m3 379 50 m3 85% 70% 177.75 t [1 02] [110] 6.2.2 1293.6km2 209 18.73% 78.87hm2 3.58% [110] / 1 85003hm2 29491 hm2 55512 hm2 52755hm2 22995hm2 129360 hm2 116217 hm2 12616 hm2 18.73% 52755hm2 211606 hm2 30.64% 11.91 35616hm 2 35.8 % 5.03 210 2 1 1/4 85003hm2 29491 hm2 55512 hm2 22995hm2 211 2 212 3 1 6905.05km2 40.24% 37.6% 1.8% 10.8% 2.0% 7.4% 11.3% 31.2% 160.4% 94. 0% 0.1% 29.9% 6.2 3 213 6.2 3 + - + h t hm2 - t m2 hm2 t 277832 3056152 246404 2710444 -31428 -345708 1024410 260212 78063600 341470 81258 24377400 00 12616 201856 32846 525536 20230 323680 13726 91964.2 13801 92466.7 75 502.5 74428 14885.6 4485 897 -69943 -13988.6 51637 10327.4 51444 10288.8 -193 -38.6 1057806 81438785 24341847 33 2 3 214 4 6.2.3 6.2.3.1 70% 30% 1200m 215 60% 70% 5° 23.2% 5° 15° 21.5% 15° 25° 24.5% 25° 35° 17.6% 35° 13.2% 15° 44.7% 6.2.3.2 6905.05km2 277832hm2 260212hm2 12616hm2 74428m2 13726hm2 51637hm2 40.24% 37.6% 1.8% 10.8% 2.0% 82749hm2 29.8% 27 4327hm2 60.5% >25° 23170hm2 8.3 13.8% 40.24% 60.5% 25° 216 8.3% 44.7% 18.3% 6.2.3.3 25° 25° 35.6% 11.3% 49.5% 31.2% 4.8% 160.4% 0.1% 94. 217 0% 2.0% 0.1% 7.5% 6.2 1 6.2 1 6.2.4 218 [110] [113] 6.2.4.1 1 40.24 60.5% 700 800 25 2 219 3 4 80 8m3 4 40 10- 15 0.27hm2 420 100 6.2.4.2 220 2.2.1 2.2.2 6.2.4.3 1 EU 1000 WB 221 2 3 4 6.3 6.3.1 “ ” 6.3.1.1 222 1 21 11 3 3 4 6.3-1 6.3- 2 21 6.3-2 6.3-1 1000 hm2 787.8 512.1 1012.4 378.8 453.2 277.4 16.9 39.7 25 10.3 720.3 474.3 690.0 519.4 414.9 480.9 13.3 20.0 40.0 3.3 738.5 322.7 430.0 283.0 403.0 13.3 13.6 46.4 172.7 12.8 1808.8 603.4 349.8 218.8 1201.9 119.4 38.3 40.9 109.6 8.9 2529.1 1912.5 2482.2 1400 2473.0 891.0 82.1 147.0 346.8 35.3 6.3-2 21 : hm2 223 4516.4 11067.4 6929.7 1124.3 9967.5 26.6 120 273.3 1220 45 22375.3 48793.7 80807.7 45393.0 21287.0 525.3 1889.7 1324.7 775.4 4333.3 306181.6 118448.3 169032.6 67309.8 137763.7 11181.6 5438.2 15215.3 76387.1 1143.3 93477.3 15596.1 48111.9 36054.1 60107.3 6895.0 966.7 1615.7 15452.3 606.7 426550.6 193905.5 304881.9 149881.2 229125.5 18628.5 8414.6 18429 93834.8 6128.3 2001 88.24 t 3744 78% 57.5 % 6.1% 20.9% 6.3- 3 6.3-3 224 , 21 6.3-4. 6.3-4 3162. 994.3 493.4 2759.8 277.4 16.9 N/ N/A N/A 3 A 6374.2 8716 6481.2 610.1 3 110 265 1100 1800 195588 58035.9 44563.5 62043.7 318.1 107 233 53054.6 1860 35975 2184 5644 28315 1427 73 2115 3625 N/A 238099.5 69930.2 57182.1 93728.6 2025.5 306.9 2652.7 57804.6 3670.3 3 49 21 4974.25 76.85% 70% 2.8% 6.3.1.2 225 50% 25 25 35.6% 11.3% 49.5% 4.8%% 31.2% 160.4% 110309hm2 55512 hm 22995hm2 82246hm2 1 28 2 226 3 — 2 (537hm2) 6.3.1.3 IPM IPM IPM / 1 7 10 2 227 1 / 2 3 3 228 4 IPM 5 6.3.2 6.3.2.1 229 96.2 1 a 6.3.2-1 6.3.2-1 kg/hm2 kg/hm2 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003 482.4 573.5 565 8.4 7.3 9.3 548.6 542.4 536.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 805.1 878.9 858 11.5 11.7 11.9 1298.8 1122.1 1117.2 5.9 9.2 9.6 6.3.2- 1 482.4 1298. 8kg 1.2 11.9 230 kg b 668416t 2836.8t 6.3.2-2 6.3.2-2 hm2 t t 319377 668416 2836.8 48310 26102 314.5 148856 550172 1369.6 37187 20101 55.8 85024 72041 1096.9 2 198.58 191.01 21.8 118.8/ 16.3 133.19 [101 ] 6.3.2.2 231 1 15 25° 3000 5000t/km2 500t/km2·a 527 60 250t 11309hm2 5655t 9 0t 1320t 18t 3958t 90t 264t 1 3t 1056t 5t 2 5000t/km2·a 1500 2000t/km2·a 232 29491hm2 11796t 236t 3146t 47t 3539t 59 t 590t 9t 2556t 38t 3 2500 5000t/km2·a 1500 2000t/km2·a 20 30cm 40 50cm 55512hm2 24980t 444t 5829t 89t 34417t 777t 233 4589t 140t 1240t 51t 4 2500 5000t/km2·a 1500t/km2·a , 22995hm2 8048t 184t 1610t 37t 6899t 14t 1380t 3t 230t 34t 5 52755hm2 7t 234 6 71647 72782 1859.08km 8m3 5000kg 0.5hm2 3882t 7 6.3. 2-3 6.3.2-4 6.3.2-3 W W  KP 11309 5655 1320 3958 264 1697 1056  KP 29491 11796 3146 3539 590 8257 2556  KP 55512 24980 5829 34417 4589 -9437 1240  KP 22995 8048 1610 6899 1380 1149 230  KP 52755 528 70 633 63 -105 7 235 72782 -3882 -647 3882 647 51007 11975 45564 6239 5443 5736 6.3.2-4  KP 11309 90 18 90 13 5  KP 29491 236 47 59 9 177 38  KP 55512 444 89 777 140 -333 -51  KP 22995 184 37 14 3 170 34  KP 52755 422 84 422 84 1376 275 1362 249 14 26 6.3.2.3 6.3.2- 4 5443t 5736t 14t 26t 6.3.2.3 1 236 2 3 8.2.4 8. 2.5 237 6.3.3 6.3.3.1 1.2.2 5.2.1 4.6.2.4 6.3.3.2 1200hm2 029- 033 386.2hm2 6.3-1 [110] 291.8hm2 45.6hm2 48.8hm2 12.2hm2 09 032 22.8hm2 026 027 45.6hm2 12.9hm2 31.9hm2 238 4.0hm2 21 1530m 6.3-1 6.3.3.3 1 2 25% 15- 25° 25° 25° 45.6hm2 3 21 400m3 100m3 3 10m3 2 30cm×40cm 239 6.4 6.4.1 6.2.1 6.3.2 6.4.2 6.4.2.1 6.2.1 6 11309hm2 7793hm2 3519hm2 240 20c m 241 6.4.2.2 37 2 74 242 6.4.2.3 11309hm2 7793hm2 3519hm2 , 6.4.2.4 1 2 3 4 243 5 6 6.4.3 6.4.3.1 1 400 100 100 50 53 74 70 51 13 38 [528] 529 2 a “ ” “ ” 244 b c d “ ” —— 5 10 5 ‘ ’ 245 3 a b c d 6.3.1 6.3.4.2 1987 7 194 2002.4.22 246 6.3.2 1 1333hm2 15000 hm2 400 hm2 3333 hm2 6666 hm2 100hm2 [110] ——— 2 6- 247 8 “ ” “ ” “ ” 1 2 3 6.3.4.3 1950 1998 68 5.99 6 70 100 10 1.2 43% 97% 29491 hm2 55512 hm2 22995hm2 52755hm2 18.73% 30.64% 248 4 6.4.4 249 6.2.1 6.2.2 1 2.4 2 250 6.5 6.2.4 6.3.1 5 251 129360hm2 18.73% 1 211606 hm2 30.64% 11.91 35616h m2 35.8 % 5.03 2 252 3 25° 1 1.3% 31.2% 160.4% 94.0% 0.1% 253 38 221 559863 89.65% 261067.5 0.12 36.521 t 9.575 t 6.443 t 254 80% 14897.7hm2 2254.8hm2 29149.1hm2 276 20 30 96.2 482.4 1298.8kg 255 1.2 11.9 kg 5443t 5736t 14t 26t 1 2 3 029- 033 386.2hm2 256 48.8hm2 12.6% 257 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.3.4 1 258 2 3 4 5 6 259 7 7.1 / / 5 5 274 7.2 7.2.1 4 37 5 260 20 50 km2 274 58 107 54 55 1 3 9.1 -7.3 16.5 10 5508 859mm 2358 h 191.1kj 7 58 1557.87k m2 669.56 km2 2 1200m 400 600m 700m 14.8°C 1146mm 5 9 261 70 12 107 2496.48k m2 1317.33km2 52.8% 3 66.5% 12.9% 12.5% 6.7% 17.7°C 1112mm , 5 9 70 3 16 358.06 km2 207.54 km2 58.0% 7.35 4 17°C 1150mm ,5 9 50 8 3 1824.561km2 1415.3 km2 409.26 km2 1115.55km2 61.1% 5 262 75 469.5m 1086mm 13.7 3 668.08 km2 306.89km2 45.9% 7.2.2 6 2004 2009 80 % 70% 80% 25 0.067hm2 30% 7.2.3 1 263 60% 25° 2 5° 25° 3 4 5 7.3 7 7 7.3.1 7 7 264 1 7 2 7 1 5 25° 2 3 4 5 6 7 ü 4309 3259 10727 2193 11196 3041 6615 116 301 320 205 508 254 230 / km2 hm2 464.80 616.23 1763.7 372.33 1418.15 557.63 903.00 % 78.2 43% 65.96 66.5 66.5 54.35 43.67 % 21.8 25.8% 20.89 29.2 29.2 28.57 10.17 % - 1.2 10.45 4.3 1.8 4.77 7.44 2 hm 0.11 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.14 kg 292 420 643 341.63 400.86 574 469 909 850 1017.4 1684 1195.6 1681 1375 7.3.2 7 7 265 0.11 0.19 hm2 292kg 643 kg 850 1684 266 ü 36.46 10.76 33.51 10.71 22.02 12.51 28.66 2 km 13 5e 632.8mü 72mü449.7 125.5m m 50m 1040m 975 60.09 5e 3.85 5 5e 29.2% 5 m 1491.0m 5e 1% 25e % 5eü e 17.6% 5ü ü 25.8% 125m 580m 2.44% 10e 10.85% 10 25e 32.5% 25e 69.0% 25e eü 25e77.16% 2 25e 49.9% 25e 1.8% 48.4% 5e 8.14% 16.10 18.3 16.5 15.8 21 15.1 10 4797.60 15.4 10 5761 10 5281 1058 10 8003 10 4349 137 1196.4mm 1273.6m 1 mm 646.8 124 0mm m 400mm mm 9.5mm 267 ü 464.80 616.23 hm2 1763.7 372.33 1418.15 557.63 903.00 hm2 hm2 5e hm2 hm2 5e hm2 5e hm2 2 hm2 5e 5 41.18% 5e 25 67.87% 5e~25 46.6% 5e 25e 13.22hm2 4.1% 15e 25e e 47.15% 25 e 34.99% 21.3% 25e 57.27% 19.0% e 11.67% 32.0% 12.75% 57.3% 52.6% 34.76% 64.40% 44.56% 31.51% 19.04 5.01k 17.61 5.44k 8.79k 694.61 10.09 2 2 2 2 2 hm2 km2 km m 4 km m m 3 55.54% 35.21% 52.2% 6.54% 52.6% 50.79% 9.9% 4 33. 59. 1 12. 0.87% 35.96% 3.1 54.51% 44% 1 7% .49% 64.4% 3% 34.9% 31.8% 2% 3.31% 41.65% 4 0% 2 2250.0t/km2ga 19.8% 15.8% 2526t/km g 5.04% 40.3% 47.7% 2 2 27 2090.4t/km a 5372t/km g 369 2 2 63t /km ga ga a 9.65t/km ga 268 7.3.3 7 7 3 269 ü hm2 h h km2 2 hm2 hm m2 m2 350 7.5km 48 36.46 1904.40 102.07 189.87 870.20 742.26 20 76 10.76 327.27 - 176.49 94.35 50.43 135 1km 70 132 1 35 7km 33.51 1542.7 27.5 255.4 339.9 819.8 52 35 7 1km 7 2.02km 25 10.71 436.00 32.36 128.51 153.6 69.18 2466.2m 28 13.66km 256 22.02 878.87 113.87 58.27 323.52 78.87 150 3 12.51 658.00 24.18 390.81 391.81 243.45 50 2.5km 1 150 20 1.5km 100 28.66 1009.00 41.73 82.93 388.27 496.27 3 5 270 7 4 ü hm 464.80 616.23 1763.7 372.33 1418.15 557.63 903.00 2 417.53 511.2 1198.8 243.82 1243.96 206.79 887.73 149.33 268.18 941.6 213.22 650.67 327.98 57.0 hm2 0 156.05 349.2 52.35 0 0 0 12.75 57.30 52.6 34.76 64.40 44.56 31.51 % 11.45 47.51 35.78 22.77 56.49 16.53 30.97 64.47 0 60.7 9.96 0 32.87 503.0 2 hm 254.34 176.49 316.1 138.47 58.27 423.68 585.93 hm 1865.13 247.61 583.2 487.7 78.87 611.75 1630.67 2 2724.33 568.88 1130.8 769.81 402.39 983.07 1668.60 hm 62.73 21.5 0 0 0 0 0 2 200.87 21.5 47.7 0 0 0 0 54.6 23.01 17.41 45.54 3.58 48.99 56.9 % 83.7 52.87 33.75 71.88 18.27 78.58 58.22 1012.8 159.82 879.60 153.6 159.82 10.62 37.93 hm2 0 1.11 849.20 0 1.11 0 0 0.11 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.14 2 hm 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.13 0.015 0 0.006 0.005 0 0.011 0.076 2 hm 0.059 0.054 0.029 0.063 0.005 0.14 0.089 25° 25° 25° 7 4 1 12.75% 64.40% 11.45% 271 56.49% 0.11 0.19hm2 0.10 0.16hm2 2 0 0.076hm2 0.005 0.089hm2 3 3.58% 56.9% 18.27 83.7% 4 1 2 15° 3 272 4 7.3.4 7 7 7 1 25 25 273 2 25 15 15 25 3 25 15 15 25 274 4 25 15 15 25 5 25 15 275 6 25 15 15 25 7 25 15 276 7.4 1 7 2 7 7 3 7 7 277 4 15° 278 8 8.1 1 2 3 8.2 279 8.2.1 6.3.2 6.4.3 6.3.2 6.4.3 8.2.1.1 GBT17331- 1998 8.2.1.2 37 1 8.2.1.3 280 3-4 4 2- 3 4 5 3 2 8.2.1.4 1 1 2 8.2.1.5 1 2 3 211 · 21 · 37 4 5 10000 / · 211.0 8.2.2 6.3.1 281 6.3.1 8.2.2.1 1 3 5 4 8 1 8 1 1 3 8.2.2.2 pH GB3838- 2002 8.2.2.3 282 2 50mm 50mm 10 12 8.2.2.4 1 2 8.2.2.5 1 2 3 32 · 21 · 3 9 4 71 · 114 · 43 · 21 · 5 8 3 12 4 260 · 10,000 / · 260.0 8.2.3 37 8.2.1 283 9.6 9. 7 8 12 6 11 3.5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4.5 ⋅ 5 80 ⋅ 10000 / · 80.0 8.3 8.2 8-1 8-2  1 211 8.2.1 * * 1.1 * * 1.2 * * 1.3 * * 1.4 * * 211 1.5 2 8.2.2 * * 260 3 8.2.3 * * 80 8.4 284 1 2 9.7.1 3 4 5 1 2 3  · 1 211 460000 680000 340000 630000 2 260 320000 710000 430000 1140000 7 80 175000 250000 150000 225000 8 955000 1640000 920000 1995000 9 119375 205000 115000 249375 8.5 2005 2009 8-1 285 286 9 9.1 9.1.1 A B 9.1.2 9.2 9.2.1 287 1 2 3 4 9.2.2 288 9-1  8 12 6 111 9.2.3 9.2.2 289 9.3 9.3.1 1 2 3 (a) (b) 3 (c) 290 (4) 8 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) / 9.3.2 9.3.2-1 9.3.2-2 9.3.2- 3 9.3.2-1 291 : 9.3.2-2 (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) ( ( B1) (B2) (C1) C2) : (A) 1. 2. (B1.2) 1. 2. 9.3.4- 1 (C2) 1.  292 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 : 37 274 5 9.3.3 / 9.3.4 9.3.4- 1  293 1. 2. 9.4 9.4.1 6 9.4.2 9.4.2.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) 294 (e) (f) (g) 9.4.2.2 (a) 9.4.2.1 (a) (b) 9.4.2.1 (b) (c) 9.4.2.1 (c) (d) (e) 9.4.2.3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 9.4.2.4 15 2.0 10 2 3 2 3 295 9.5 9.5.1 9- 3 566250 108570 171250 108750 177500 137,500 9-4 119375 205, 000 115000 249,375 8-2 256625 41725 0 251250 467375 9- 5 5.5 9.5.2 9.6 9.6.1 9- 7 296 9.6.2 9.6.2.1 (i ) (ii) (a) (b) , (c) (a) (b) (c) (1) 9- 7  1 a. 2 b. c. ( ) 297 d. 3 a. b. ; c. ; d. 4 e. f. g. h. a. 5 b. c. 6 7 8 9 10 11 / (a) (b) 298 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (d) 9.6.2.2 1 9.4 299 9.5 2 9.5 3 9.4 9.5 4 9.5 9.6.2.2 1 300 9.4 9.5 2 9.4 9.5 3 9.4 9.5 4 9. 301 5 5 9.5 6 9.5 9.6.2.3 9.7 9.7.1 1 2 3 302 4 5 (i) 9- 2 (ii) iii 9.7.2 9.3.2-1 9.3.2-2 256625 417250 251250 4 67375 9 –5 303  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5 5 1 10 1 20 1 10 1 15 1 25 1 15 60 90 60 2 85 2 135 2 85 20000 850000 20000 1350000 20000 850000 2 2500 106250 2500 168750 2500 106250 2 108750 171250 108750     10000 / ·        304  ( ) ( ) ( / ) 4 15 100 6,000 4 15 100 6,000 4 15 100 6,000 4 15 100 6,000 8 10 50 4,000 12 10 50 6,000 6 10 50 3,000 11 10 50 5,500 2 15 500 15,000 3 15 500 22,500 2 15 500 15,000 3 15 500 22,500 1 15 20,000 28,500 3,500 41,000 6,500 27,500 3,500 40,500 6,500 137,500 305  0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5 5 0.5 9-2 2500 106250 2500 168750 2500 106250 2500 17 9-3 28500 41000 27500 4 8-2 119375 205000 115000 24 - 2500 254125 2500 414750 2500 248750 2500 46 256625 417250 251250 467375 306 9-7 1. 8.2.1. 8.2.2.2 696250 1 a. 8.2. 8.2.2. 2.2 3 307 b. c. 8.2 8.2.1.1 .1.3 308 9-7 2. 8.2.1.1 8.2.1.3 8.2 8.2. .2.3 a. 2.2 309 8.2.1.1 b. 8.2.1.3 8.2 8.2. .2.3 2.2 15° 310 9-7 c. d. 311 e. 8.2.1.3 f. 8.2. 1.1 3. 312 696250 313 10 10.1 10.1.1 1 2 314 10.1.2 10—1 10—2 —  1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 315 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 —  316 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 10.2 317 2004 9 10 10.2.1 1 2 3 4 5 1 318 2 3 4 5 10.2.2 1 4 5 7 396 261 76.1% 82 23.9 % 343 57 16.6% 84 24.5% 62 18.1% 140 40.8% 5 3 9.6 % 6.6 % 63.9% 19.9 % 87.4% 9.3% 4.0% 20 50 69 11 319 10.3 10.3.1 1 343 24 319 7% 93% 343 267 54 22 77.8% 15.7% 6.4% 329 2 12 95.9% 0.6% 3.5% 49 292 2 14.3% 85.1% 0.6% 2 320 1 2 3 4 321 10.3.2 1 2 322 3 323 10.3.3 53 14 38 1 26.4% 71.7 % 1.9% 52 1 98.1% 1.9% 1 52 1.9% 98.1% 10.3.4 10.4 324 10.5 10.5.1 10.5.2 2005 10 15 1.2-2 10.5.3 1 2 325 4 430051 027 84872714 e- mail:liyx@ywrp.gov.cn 3 326 10.6 343 53 396 10 3 10 7 2004 12 15 327 $ A 100 101 2003 6 102 2003 6 103 2003 6 104 2003 6 105 2003 6 106 2002 6 107 / 2004 4 108 2 004 6 109 2004 6 110 2004 111 2001 7 112 2004 6 113 2004 11 114 2004 11 200 201 2004 7 202 2000 3 203 2004 2 204 330 2004 8 300 301 2001- 2050 2002 302 2003 303 2002 304 2002 305 2002 306 2002 307 2002 308 2002 309 2003 310 2002 311 1987 331 312 313 314 2004- 2020 2003 315 2001 316 2001 317 2001 318 2001 319 2001 320 2001 321 2001 322 2001 323 2001 332 324 2001 325 2001 326 2001 327 2001 328 2001 329 2000 10 330 2004- 2020 2004 331 2002 332 1998 333 2004 334 “ ” 2004 333 335 2003 336 2002 337 2002 338 2001 339 2004 340 2003- 2010 2004 341 2001 342 20 01 343 1997- 2010 1998 344 2003 345 334 2000 346 2002 2002 347 2001 348 2000 349 2004- 2010 2004 350 2003 2003 351 / 2004 4 352 1998 353 2004 354 2000 355 2015 2001 335 356 1999 357 2015 1999 358 2001 359 2004 360 2010 2001 361 2001-2015 2000 362 363 2001 364 1998 365 1998 366 2002 367 2001 368 2002 336 369 2002 370 1999 371 1998 400 401 402 22 1 989 12 403 77 2002 10 404 2002 10 405 1991 406 1996 5 407 2004 9 408 1984 9 409 337 1988 11 410 2003 411 2002 412 253 1998.11.29 413 1987 414 HJ/T2.1 2.3 93 1993 9 415 1993 416 1989 417 1998 418 2000 419 , 1998 420 1994.12 421 1985.6 338 422 1993 423 GB3838 2002 2002 4 424 GB8978-1996 425 (SL190 96) 1997 426 GB/T 16453.1 16453.6 1996 427 (GB6000 85) 428 HJ/T91- 2002 2002 12 25 429 500 501 1998 502 OP4.01 1999 503 BP4.01 1999 339 504 OP4.09 1998 505 BP4.09 1998 506 OP4.37 2001 507 BP4.37 2001 508 OP4.36 2002 509 P4.36 2002 510 OP4.04 2002 511 BP4.04 2002 512 2000 12 513 514 515 “ ” 516 2010 19 96.12 340 517 518 2002 519 2004 520 521 2002 522 2004 523 2 004 524 2004 525 2004 526 2004 527 1235 528 2003 09 24 341 529 . 342 YPWR_SD_EA Eng YANGTZE/PEARL RIVER WATERSHED REHABILITATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT NOVEMBER 22, 2005 Changjiang Water Resources Protection Inst. With assistance from: National Agriculture Technology Extension and Service Center, Ministry of Agriculture Commonality Management Inst. of Hohai University 343 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION PREFACE Table of Contents Abbreviations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PREFACE 1.1 PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND OF EIA 1.2 EIA PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY 1.2.1 EIA Procedure 1.2.2 EIA Methodology 1.3 RELATIONSHIP TO PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY 1.4 EIA TEAM 1.5 REPORT ORGANIZATION 1.5.1 Organization of Overall Report 1.5.2 List of References (Annex A) 1.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT 2.2 PROJECT COMPOSING 2.2.1 Public Water and Soil Conservation Projects 2.2.2 Water and Soil Conservation Project for improving livelihood and individual benefits 2.2.3 Project Support Component 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES 2.4 PROJECT CONFIGURATION AND CONSTRUCTION SCHEME 2.4.1 Project configuration 2.4.2 Key construction techniques of project 2.4.3 Planned schedul 2.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT i WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2.6 EXPERIENCE OF CORRELATIVE IMPLEMENTED AND IMPLEMENTING PROJECT 2.6.1 Introduction of Correlative Implemented and Implementing Project 2.6.2 Effect of Analogous Project 2.6.3 Implementing Experience of Similar Project 2.6.4 Identification and Analysis of the Project 2.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3 POLICIES AND LAWS 3.1 RELATION WITH CHINA’S POLICIES AND INSTITUTION 3.1.1 Laws 3.1.2 Administrative Laws and Regulations 3.1.3 Environmental Policies 3.1.4 Environment Standards 3.2 RELATIONS WITH RELEVANT PLANNINGS 3.2.1 Adaptability to the State Planning of Eco-environment Construction 3.2.2 Adaptability to the Local Overall Plan of Land Use 3.2.3 Adaptability to the Local Plans of Water and Soil Conservation 3.2.4 Adaptability to the Local Plans of the Forestry Ecological Construction 3.2.5 Adaptability to Local Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection Plans 3.2.6 Adaptability to Local Pasturage Industry Plans 3.3 SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF WB 3.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 INTRODUCTION OF THE CHANGJIANG AND THE PEARL RIVERS 4.2.1 Changjiang River 4.2.2 Pearl River 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY AREA (PROJECT AFFECTED AREA) 4.3.1 Project Region 4.3.2 Project Count 4.3.3 Lower Reach 4.4 PROJECT REGION OF YUNNAN PROVINCE 4.4.1 Physical Environment 4.4.2 Social Environment ii WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4.4.3 Primary Environment Problems 4.5 PROJECT REGION OF GUIZHOU PROVINCE 4.5.1 Physical Environment 4.5.2 Social environment 4.5.3 Primary Environment Problems 4.6 PROJECT REGION OF CHONGQING CITY 4.6.1 Physical Environment 4.6.2 Social Environment 4.6.3 Primary environment problems 4.7 PROJECT REGIONS OF HUBEI PROVINCE 4.7.1 Physical Environment 4.7.2 Social Environment 4.7.3 Primary Environment Problems 4.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5 IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI 5.1 PROJECT ANALYSIS 5.1.1 Project Objective and Its Screening Principles and Standards 5.1.2 Analysis of Project Factors 5.1.3 Impact Characteristics 5.2 IDENTIFYING AND GRADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 5.2.1 Identifying Principle and Grading Methodology 5.2.2 Identification of EI Problems 5.2.3 Results 5.3 OBJECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 5.4 SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS 6.2.1 Water and Soil Resources Protection 6.2.2 Improve Eco-environment 6.2.3 To optimize land use structure 6.2.4 Improve Living Conditions 6.3 MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS iii WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6.3.1 Pest management 6.3.2 Water Quality 6.3.3 Forest Park 6.4 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 6.4.1 Impacts on downstream 6.4.2 Environmental impact during project implementation 6.4.3 Environmental risk 6.4.4 Global Environmental Issue 6.5 BRIEF SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 7 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 7.2.1 Environmental Features of the Project Regions 7.2.2 Objectives of the Project 7.2.3 Mitigative Measures and Arrangement 7.3 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES IN THE TYPICAL SMALL BASINS 7.3.1 Features of Natural Ecological Environment 7.3.2 Environmental Variable Trend of the Scenario without Scheme 7.3.3 Analysis of Mitigative Schemes for Controlling the Small Basins 7.3.4 Adjusted Suggestions of Schemes Optimization 7.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 MONITORING OF INDIVIDUAL SEIS 8.2.1 Pest 8.2.2 Water Quality 8.2.3 Monitoring done by EMIs 8.3 SUMMARY TABLE OF EMPS 8.4 MONITORING PARTICIPANTS 8.5 SUMMARIES AND CONCLUSIONS 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 Need for Environmental Management Plan iv WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 9.1.2 International Panel of Experts 9.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION 9.2.1 Provincial and Overall Coordinator 9.2.2 Provincial Environmental Organization 9.2.3 Other cooperative organizations 9.3 ROLE OF PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION 9.3.1 Duties of Provincial Environmental Management Organization 9.3.2 Illustration Figures 9.3.3 Provincial Environmental Management Subcontractors 9.3.4 Instructions to Contractors 9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM 9.4.1 Objectives 9.4.2 Training Contents 9.5 BUDGETS 9.5.1 Overall Environmental Management 9.5.2 Coordinator for provincial PMO 9.6 SUMMARY OF EMPS 9.6.1 EIs and Mitigation Measures 9.6.2 Guarantee of EPMs 9.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.7.1 Main Contents 9.7.2 Illustrative Figures and Tables 10 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 10.1 METHODOLOGY AND OBJECTS OF CONSULTATION 10.1.1 Consultation Objects 10.1.2 Consultation Methodology 10.2 INTRODUCTION OF PP 10.2.1 Procedure of PP 10.2.2 Implementation of PP 10.3 OPINIONS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPANTS 10.3.1 Affected Individuals 10.3.2 Advices of Relevant Government Agencies 10.3.3 Opinions of Unaffected Individuals 10.3.4 Opinions of NGOs v WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 10.4 DISPOSAL AND FEEDBACK OF THE PUBLIC OPINIONS AND ADVICES 10.5 DISCLOSURE OF EIA REPORT 10.5.1 Notice in Internet 10.5.2 Availability of EIA Report in Libraries 10.5.3 Availability of Notice 10.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION TABLES Table 1-1 EIA Team Table 1-2 TOR of EIA (EIA Team planning) Table 2-1 Counties of the project regions Table 2-2 Stat. of the public water and soil conservation projects in different provinces &cities Table 2-3 Stat. of water and soil conservation project for improving living and individual benefits in different provinces &cities Table2-4 Sub-regions of soil loss in the project regions Table 2-5 Measures arrangement for the sub-regions of soil loss Table 2-6 Technics and methods of the project construction Table 2-7 Current status of soil loss control in the project regions Table 2-8 Differences before and after the implementation of the fifth period of KPWSC in Wanzhou District Table 2-9 Contrast before and after the implementation of the first period of LPP Table 2-10 Experience from KPWSC and LPP Table 2-11 Experience from KPEHP and CFFP Table 2-12 Contrast between KPWSC and LPP Table 3.1-1 Relation among the project, EIS and China’s laws and regulations Table 3.1-1 Relation among the project, EIS and China’s laws and regulations Table 3.1-2 Analysis of the relation between the project and relating policies Table 4.2-1 Introduction on the Changjiang River Table 4.2-2 Introduction on water energy resources in the Changjiang River Table 4.2-3 Introduction on the main rivers and branches of the Changjiang River Table 4.3-1 Area Affected by the Project Table 4.3-2 Environmental Study Area-Lower Reaches vi WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Table 4.4-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Yunnan Province Table 4.4-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project Area Table 4.4-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Table 4.4-4 Land use of the Project Regions in Yunnan Province Table 4.4-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Yunnan Province Table 4.5-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Guizhou Province Table 4.5-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project Area Table 4.5-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Table 4.5-4 Land use of the Project Regions in Guizhou Province Table 4.5-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Guizhou Province Table 4.6-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Chongqing City Table 4.6-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project AreaTable Table 4.6-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Table 4.6-4 Land use of the Project Regions in Chongqing City Table 4.6-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Chongqing City Table 4.6-6 Tiefeng Hill State Forest Reserve in Chongqing Table 4.7-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Hubei Province Table 4.7-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project AreaTable Table 4.7-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Table 4.7-4 Land use of the Project Regions in Hubei Province Table 4.7-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Hubei Province Table 5-1 Affecting factor analysis of the project of water and soil conservation and ecological construction in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Chongqing Table 5-2 Identification matrix of the EI factors of the project Table 6-2-1 The effect of forest and vegetation on runoff retention Table 6-2-2 Statistics of benefits in terms of water retention and soil loss reduction under the Project Table 6.2-3 The Change of Biomass Before and After the Project Table 6.3-1 Planting areas of staple crops and fruits in 4 project provinces Table 6.3-2 Planting areas of main crops and fruits in 21 counties Table 6.3-3 Major pests in the 4 provinces Table 6.3-4 The annual yield losses caused by pest and disease in 21 counties Table 6.3.2-1 The Statistics of fertilizer and pesticides application in project counties Table 6.3.2-2 The Statistics of fertilizer and pesticide use in the project area vii WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Table 6.3.2-3 Estimated application and effluent of fertilizers before and after the Project execution Table 6.3.2-4 Estimated application and effluent of pesticides before and after the Project execution Table 7-1 Natural ecological environments in the typical small watersheds of the project Table 7-2 Socio-economic situation in the small watersheds of the project Table 7-3 Controlling schemes for the small watersheds of the project Table 7-4 Variety of Main indexes of the typical small watersheds before and after controlling Table 8-1 Summary Table of EMPps Table 8-2 Expenses estimation of Environmental Monitoring Table 9-1 Table of Environmental Management Organizations in the four provinces Table 9-2 Personnel Arrangement of Environmental Management Organizations Table 9-3 Estimated Costs for Management of Environmental Management in the four provinces Table 9-4 Estimated Costs for Training Program in YGEY Table 9-5 Estimated Costs for the Panel of Environmental Experts Table 9-6 Estimated Costs for Environmental Management in the four provinces Table 9-7 Summary Table of EMPs for WSCPYGEY Table10-1 Questionnaire of the public consultation for WSCPYGEY (1) Table 10-2 Consultation opinion questionnaire for WSCPYGEY (2) FIGURES Figure 1.1-1 Geological Location Map of the Project Provinces Figure 1.2-1 Geological Location Map of the Project Counties Figure 2.2-1 Organization system of monitoring and evaluation Figure 2.7-1 Relation Map of the Project Regions and the WSCY Project Ranges Figure 4.2-1 Area of each province in the Changjiang River Figure 4.2-2 Subarea of the Pearl River Figure 4.4-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Yunnan Province Figure 4.4-2 Landuse in Yunnan Province Figure 4.4-3 Soil loss in Yunnan Province viii WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Figure 4.5-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Guizhou Province Figure 4.5-2 Landuse in Guizhou Province Figure 4.5-3 Soil loss in Guizhou Province Figure 4.6-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Chongqing City Figure 4.6-2 Landuse in Chongqing City Figure 4.6-3 Soil loss in Chongqing City Figure 4.6-4 Geological Location Map of Tiefeng Hill State Forest Reserve Figure 4.7-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Hubei Province Figure 4.7-2 Landuse in Hubei Province Figure 4.7-3 Soil loss in Hubei Province Figure 6.2-1 The change of landuse after project implementation Figure 6.3-1 Relation Map of Liujiagou Small Watershed Control Regions and State Forest Reserve Figure 9.3.2-1 P/Environmental Management Organizations Structure Framework Figure 9.3.2-2 Main Responsibilities of the professionals in environmental management of the P/PMO Figure 9.3.4-1 Role of Professionals in Environmental Management of the Provincial PMOs and ECIs in Construction Area ANNEXES Annex A References ix WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT ABBREVIATIONS CC CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR CFFP CONVERSION OF FARMLAND TO FOREST PROJECT CNY CHINA YUAN CPPS COUNTY PLANT PROTECTION STATION CWRC CHANGJIANG WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION CWRPI CHANGJIANG WATER RESOURCES PROTECTION INSTITUTE EA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ECI ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRUCTION INSPECTOR ECM ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION MEASURE EI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EIRR ECONOMIC INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN EIS ENVIRONMENT IMPACT STATEMENT EMI ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING INSPECTOR EMO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OFFICE EMP ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN EMPP ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ENPV ECONOMIC NET PRESENT VALUE EP ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EPA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ADMINISTRATION EPM ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURE ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT ESC ENGINEERING SUPERVISOR FOR CONSTRUCTION ETP ENVIRONMENT TRAINING PROGRAM EU EUROPE UNION FFS FARMER FIELD SCHOOL FIG. FIGURE FIRR FINANCIAL INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN FNPV FINANCIAL NET PRESENT VALUE FS FEASIBILITY STUDY FSR FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT IAA INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE AGENCIES IPM INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND IUCN NATURAL RESOURCES KPEHP KULAK PLAN OF ECOLOGICAL HOMESTEAD PROJECT KEY PROJECT OF WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION IN UPPER KPWSC REACHES OF CHANGJIANG LPP LOESS PLATEAU PROJECT MA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE MAS MONITORING ASSESSMENT SYSTEM MF MINISTRY OF FINANCE MWR MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES NATIONAL AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY EXTENSION AND NATXSC SERVICE CENTER II WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT NGO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION PMP PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN PP PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PRC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA PRWRC PEARL RIVER WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION REF. REFERENCE SC STATE COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA SEI SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE SFB STATE FORESTRY BUREAU SPC STATE PLAN COMMISSION SWCD STRATEGY OF WESTERN CHINA DEVELOPMENT TOC TABLE OF CONTENTS TOR TERMS OF REFERENCE TOT TRAINING OF TRAINER VEO VILLAGE ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICER WB WB WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN YUNNAN WSCPYGEY PROVINCE, GUIZHOU PROVINCE, HUBEI PROVINCE AND CHONGQING MUNICIPALITY YUNNAN PROVINCE, GUIZHOU PROVINCE, HUBEI PROVINCE YGEY AND CHONGQING MUNICIPALITY III WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION PREFACE 1.1 Purpose and Background of EIA This report is the main EIA report for the Water and Soil Conservation Projects in Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, Hubei Province and Chongqing Municipality (WSCPYGEY). The purpose of the EIA is to prepare a report that satisfies the demands of both Chinese Government and World Bank (WB). The report is to be prepared in both Chinese and English languages and the English version is to be a compulsory part of WB’s Loan Agreement with Chinese Government. The upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the Pearl River lie in the west of China, where one of the most serious soil erosion regions is. For a long time, due to the natural factors and human activities, water and soil loss has been accelerating and resulting in environmental degradation. This severely restricted local socio-economical sustainable development and affected stabilization of the regions downstream in mid and lower reaches of the rivers. Since the 1980’s, Chinese government has paid great attention to soil and water conservation and ecological construction in the upper reaches of both the Changjaing and Pearl Rivers. In 1989, Key Project of Water and Soil Conservation in Upper Reaches of the Changjiang River (KPWSCC) started, followed by the comprehensive watershed rehabilitation project in the Northern and Southern Panjiang Rivers, which locates in upper reaches of the Pearl River since 1992. These two projects have shown obvious benefits. As the Strategy of Western China Development (SWCD) was boosted, the publics pay great attention to ecological and environmental protection. A series of ecological construction measures (ECMs) such as protection of natural forest and farmland returning were carried out in succession. Because of the rough tasks and lacking fund, these projects were carried through very slow. It is timely and necessary to making use of the loan from WB for speeding up soil erosion control in upper reaches of the Changjiang and Pearl Rivers. That will not only meet the demand of implementating SWCD, but also the demands of accelerating sustainable development of local economic society and making integrative control on the Changjiang and Pearl Rivers. Furthermore, the project will be helpful for introducing foreign advanced technologies of soil and water conservation and advancing the development of water and soil conservation. Preparing this project lasted two years. In June 2001, officers of MWR and WB inspected the regions and made the decision of the primary cooperation. In July, MWR submitted ‘Application for Using Loan from WB for Water and Soil Conservation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze and Pearl River’ to State Plan Commission (SPC) and Ministry of Finance (MF). In September, WB listed formally this project in the roll of the finance projects. Thirty-eight counties (including cities and regions) over four provinces (including municipality) of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing have been primarily selected to develop the project. In June, 2002, arranged by MWR, Changjiang Water Resources Commission (CWRC) and Pearl River Water Resources Commission PRWRC submitted ‘Proposals for WSCPYGEY Financed by WB’. In November, a group from WB reviewed the project again for determination of the project and organized pre-training workshops for the project. According to ‘Inform on Printing Inspection Memories of Identifying WSCPYGEY Financed by WB’ issued by MWR and the project proposals, CWRC 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION compiled ‘the Feasibility Study Report of the China Changjiang / Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project [101] and the Feasibility Study Reports (FSRs) of each province [102,103,104,105]. This project involves 37 counties of 4 provinces ie. Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing in western China, among which there are 8 counties in Yunnan, 12 in Guizhou, 6 in Hubei and 11 in Chongqing. Divided by watersheds, 33 counties are located in uplands and midlands of the Yangtze River and 4 in upper reaches of the Pearl River. The sketch map of the project region location is showed in Figure 1-1. The project is composed of commonweal water and soil conservation, individual benefit water and soil conservation and living melioration project as well as technique sustainment and service. The total area of water and soil conservation being regulated is 1,871.94 km2 and the total static investment for the project is 1, 660 million Yuan (2 hundred million dollars), of which $100 million will be provided by WB and 10 million euro will be presented by Europe Union (EU). The project will be carried out from 2005 and the construction time will last 5 years. Joint preparative group of WB/ EU inspected project area in April 2004. They pointed out in the memo [107] that MWR should done EIA as early as possible, which can maximize the active effect and minimize the potential passive effect. So, Changjiang Water Resources Protection Institute (CWRPI) started to carry out EIA of the project and compiled the task report of EIA in June 2004. According to TOR of EIA prepared by WB, CWRPI exchanged opinions with Dr. Zhu, an environmental specialist of WB, about the natural habitats and EIA report frame in the middle and last ten days of October and the first ten days of November in 2004. CWRPI compiled the EIA report of WSCPYGEY (draft). This edition has been modified according to the opinions of WB specialists. 1.2 EIA Procedure and Methodology 1.2.1 EIA Procedure The EIA of this project has performed the following five stages: First, desk review includes analyzing project compositions and relative documents, compiling technical/financial proposal, working out TOR for EIA and other preparation. Second, used the method of combining indoor analysis with fieldwork. Firstly the elementary function of the project was analyzed based on further study on related documents. Secondly the investigation of environment setting and ongoing and finished projects was carried out to collect documents and reports such as basic data, related plan of four provinces &municipality and regions, etc. At the same time, the environmental protection objectives were elementarily studies out by screening important environment problems. Third, carried out environmental analyse based on the overall investigation of environmental setting. According to TOR, assessed the frame of policy and rules/management, analyzed the function of policy and rules of each province on the project implementation, primarily analyzed related problems of inner organizations during or after the project construction, put forward the elementary frame of environmental management, summarized experiences and lessons of the ongoing and finished projects, screened EI, confirmed environmental protection objects, reviewed safeguards policies of WB, advancd suggestions of optimizing the project 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION composition, elementary environmental protection measures (EPMs), environmental monitoring plan (EMPp) and environmental management plan (EMP) and carried out investigation on public participation. Fourth, compiled the EIA report. Based on the third stage and the opinions of public participation, further improved EIA, EPMs, EMPp and EMP, analyzed and summarized data and documents acquired in the formal work, put forward the conclusions and the EIA report (draft). Fifth, compiled the final EIA report. According to the opinions of PMO and WB, amended and reported the EIA report formally. 1.2.2 EIA Methodology The essence of this project is to improve the usage of sustainable environment resources and reverse the trend of environmental deterioration since it is the ecological construction project of water and soil conservation. Besides, the project has the features such as obvious eco-environmental effects, large study scope, numerous small basins, etc. Following characters are considered in the EIA methodology. Focus the studies on typical small basins in the project regions. Based on the small basins in study regions, the study area includes the project regions, involved counties and impacted downstream regions. The geographic locations of the project counties are shown in Figure 1.1-1 and Figure 1.1-2. In term of Natural Habitats (OP/BP4.04) of WB, the screening criterions of the small basins are put forward. And the screening has been carried out to ensure that the control project of the selected small basins will not cause great change on natural habitats or will not be located in nature reserves and natural habitats. The project will be environmentally feasible. (If it is not feasible in environment, WB will not finance it.) According to TOR of EIA, the results of pest management are brought into the EIA report while social assessment is not. But in order to ensure the integrality and objectivity of the EIA report, EIA involves partial contents of social assessment. The investigation of environmental setting demanded by EIA is carried out through the ways of combining overall and emphasis investigation with fieldwork on spot. It makes emphasis investigation on the actuality of ecological environment and the typical small basins. 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The EIA make emphasis analysis on the positive impacts caused by the project implementation. Aiming at the potential, long-time and accumulated EIs, the method of combining qualitative and quantitative analysis is carried out. And it gives prominence to the analysis of ecological environment effects and important environment problems. Mitigation measures are put forward according to the adverse environment impacts during the design, implementing and operation periods. Owing to the depth of FSR and the features of the project, EIA is carried out at plan levels to make overall analysis and argumentation on the environmental rationality and feasibility of the project. Each project county should carry out EIA during the implementation period according to the EIA demand of Chinese government and aiming at the construction projects of the design of the small basins. In addition to the SEIs listed above, it also makes analysis on other important issues such as adaptability of policies and related plans, experiences of similar projects, public consultation/disclosure, environmental risks, etc. 1.3 Relationship to Project Feasibility Study According to “Law on Environmental Protection of the PRC” [402],“ Law on Environment Impact Assessment of People’s Republic of China ”[403] and “Ordinance on the Management of Environmental Protection in Construction Project”[412] issued by Chinese Government, EIA for a project should be compiled at the feasibility study (FS) stage of the project and approved by the authority departments of environmental protection. As this project is composed of numerous and disperse small projects, the depth of FS could be equal to plans of general construction projects. At present, MWR is consulting with State Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) how to carry out the internal EIA in terms of the EIA demand of Chinese Government. 1.4 EIA Team With the help of the related departments, CWRPI are responsible for preparing the project EIA. The participants of the EIA Team organized by CWRPI are shown in table 1-1 and table 1-2. Table 1-1 EIA Team Years of Workloa Assignment Name Responsibility Qualifications Specialty Experienc d s e (Months) Director, Professor, Water &Soil Organizing, Lei Alin Charge 23 2 Ecological Specialist Conservation coordinating Project presiding Engineer-in-Chief, Jiang Technical Aquatics Checking Professor, Ecological 23 3 Guzheng charge Ecology Chinese and Specialist English EIA reports Technical Professor, Professional Ma Jing’an Meteorology 25 3 charge Environmental director 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Specialist Senior Engineer, Technical Water &Soil Professional Li Yingxi Environmental 16 3 charge Conservation director Specialist Summarizin Senior Engineer, Cai Designing g, Chapter Environmental Microbiology 15 4 Jianqing charge 1, Specialist 2,3,5,6,8,11 Senior Engineer, Checking Environmenta Zhengfeng Environmental 15 English EIA 3 l economy Specialist reports Senior Engineer, Caowenyin Water Chapter3, 5, Environmental 21 4 g Resources 6 Specialist Senior Engineer, Chapter5, Li hongqing Environmental Ecology 12 4 6,8 Specialist Senior Engineer, Chapter3, Bayadong Environmental Computer 15 4 4,5,6 Specialist Senior Engineer, Water &Soil Yangxin Environmental 10 Chapter4, 7 4 Conservation Specialist Senior Engineer, Xiao Chapter Environmental Ecology 15 4 Renchun 6,7,10 Specialist Chapter2, Water &Soil Liuxuewen Engineer 5 6,9 4 Conservation translation Years of Workloa Assignment Name Responsibility Qualifications Specialty Experienc d s e (Months) Science and Chenguiron Translater technology 12 Translation 4 g English Senior Engineer, Entironmental Wang Pei Environmental 15 Chapter8 4 Engineer Specialist Water Chapter1, 3 Liuyun Engineer 8 4 Resources translation Wang Environmenta Chapter8, 9 Engineer 1 4 Xiaoyuan l Engineering translation Environmenta Chenling Engineer 18 Chapter10 3 l Economics Water Chapter10, Zhangning Engineer Conservancy 19 3 drawing Engineering Environmenta Chapter10, Wangjunlin Engineer 17 3 l Economics drawing Table 1-2 EIA work program (Assignments for team members) Main Task EIA Team (b) 1. Preface LAL, JGZ, MJA, CJQ, LY 2. Project Introduction LYX, CJQ LXW 3. Policies and Laws LAL, MJA, CJQ CWY BYD LY 4. Environmental Setting JGZ, LYX, BYD YX 5.Identification of the EI JGZ, MJA, CJQ CWY LHQ BYD JGZ, LYX, 6. Environmental Impact of the Project CJQ CWY BYD XRC LXW 7. Comparison of Alternatives JGZ, LYX, XRC YX LXW 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8. Environmental Monitoring JGZ, MJA, CJQ LHQ WP WXY 9. Environmental Management Plan JGZ, MJA, LXW WXY 10. Public Consultation JGZ, LYX, XRC ZN WJL CL 11. Conclusion LAL, JGZ, MJA, LYX, CJQ Drawing ZN, WJL Executive Summary JGZ, LYX, LY Annex A: References LYX, LY WXY Translation JGZ, ZF, LXW, CGR, LY, WXY Note EIA Team of CWRPI BYD=Ba Yadong CGR=Chen Guirong CJQ =Cai Jianqing CL=Chen Lin CWY=Cao Wenying JGZ=Jiang Guzheng LAL=Lei Alin LHQ=Li Hongqing LXW=Liu Xuewen LY=Liu Yun LYX=Li Yingxi MJA=Ma Jingan WP =Wang Pei WJL=Wang Junling WXY=Wang Xiaoyuan XRC =Xiao Renchun YX =Yang Xin ZF=Zheng Feng ZN=Zhang Ning 1.5 Report Organization 1.5.1 Organization of Overall Report The EIA report of WSCPYGEY is composed of the following parts: 1) Table of Contents 2) Executive Summary: This is a consolidation of the Main Report, to be a relatively short report, which presents the study’s essential findings, conclusions, and recommendations designed to suit executive reviewers. It may be also desirable to prepare a “Summary of the Executive Summary”, which has a few pages for used by higher-level officials. 3) Main Report Chapters: These are shown in the Table of Contents. 1.5.2 List of References (Annex A) This includes all-important references used in the study, which are numbered in 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500. These numbers are keyed into the text and shown in all tables and figures as needed to show sources of the data. 1.6 Acknowledgments Assistance has been given to the EIA Team by Dr. Zhuda (Environmental Specialist of WB), Caimantang (Specialist of Social Development and Forestry), Richard.e.Chishoim (Agricultural Specialist), Water Resources Departments of YGEY, Departments of the local governments, Survey &Design Departments, Scientific Research Institutes and technical personnel. Sincere thanks are extended to the above for their precious support and assistance. 1.7 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 1 includes the following components: (1) Purpose and Background of EIA: To satisfy the demands of both Chinese Government and WB, the EIA report is to be prepared in both Chinese and English languages and the English version is to be a compulsory part of WB’s Loan Agreement with the Chinese Government. Besides, WB policy is, when WB participates in financing part of an overall project, EIA must cover the entire project 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION cycle. This report is prepared by CWRPI together with assistance from departments involved, and with assistance from consultants furnished by WB. Now CWRPI has compiled the EIA report of WSCPYGEY (draft) based on environmental setting investigation, public participation and data collection. This edition has been modified according to the opinions of WB specialists. (2) Project Background: The upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the Pearl River lie in the west of China, where one of the most serious soil erosion regions is. For a long time, due to the natural factors and human activities, water and soil loss has been accelerating and resulting in environmental degradation. This severely restricted local socio-economical sustainable development and affected stabilization of the regions downstream in mid and lower reaches of the rivers. Since the 1980’s, Chinese government has paid great attention to soil and water conservation and ecological construction in the upper reaches of both the Changjaing and Pearl Rivers. In 1989, KPWSCC started, followed by the comprehensive watershed rehabilitation project in the Northern and Southern Panjiang Rivers, which locates in upper reaches of the Pearl River since 1992. These two projects have shown obvious benefits. As SWCD was boosted, the publics pay great attention to ecological and environmental protection. The project accords with the demand of SWCD. (3) WB Involved the Project: In June 2001, November 2002, April and October 2004, officers of MWR and WB inspected the regions time after time. They made the decision of the primary cooperation on how to carry out ecological construction of water and soil conservation and do the preparative work. (4) Project Description: This project involves 38 counties of 4 provinces ie. Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing. It is composed of commonweal water and soil conservation, individual benefit water and soil conservation and living melioration project as well as technique sustainment and service. The total area of water and soil conservation being regulated is 1,871.94 km2 and the total static investment for the project is 1, 660 million Yuan (2 hundred million dollars), of which $100 million will be provided by WB and 10 million euro will be presented by EU. The project will be carried out from 2005 and the construction time will last 5 years. (5) EIA Procedure and Methodology: The EIA of this project has been performed in five procedures: desk review, preparation, formal work, report compiling and final report compiling. Through general investigation, key investigation, spot investigation, etc., the basic data will be collected. The EIA report considers all the impacts probably caused by the project except some social environmental problems and emphasizes the analysis of environmental benefit and important environmental problems. It aims at assessing potential, longtime, accumulative EIs and presenting mitigation measures for the negative EIs during design, implementation and operation periods. (6) Relation with FS: The EIA report is considered to be an integral part of the Project FS, not an attachment. The EIA team is also one part of the overall FS team. (7) EIA Team: This section describes the members of the EIA team, their regular positions, their specialty skills, and their workload. The various specialties involved include environmental engineering, environmental economics, environmental sociology and environmental ecology. (8) Report Organization: It describes TOC of the EIA report. The EIA report is compiled to satisfy the demands of WB. 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (9) Acknowledgments: It gives credits to those agencies and individuals that gave important assistance to the EIA team. 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Description 2.1 Background of the Project This project involves 37 counties over 4 provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing, among which there are 8 counties in Yunnan, 12 in Guizhou, 6 in Hubei and 11 in Chongqing. Divided by watersheds, 33 counties are located in uplands and midlands of Yangtze River and 4 in upper reaches of Pearl River. Counties of the project regions are shown in Table 2-1 and the geographic locations are shown in Figure 1.1-1~2. Table 2-1 Counties of the project regions ea/city County/city, district uxiong Muding Yuanmu Yaoan Dayao aotong Weixing Zhenxiong Qiaojia Yongshan Weining Hezhang Nayong Jinsha Zhijin Bijie Dafang Qianxi panshui Panxian nxinan Anlong Xingyi Xingren Wanzhou Fuling Qianjiang Yubei Jiangjin Hechuan Yongchang Rongchang Wuxi Kaixian Changshou Yiling, Changyang Lichuan nggang Hong’an Macheng Xishui The project area mainly lies in the southwest of China, where the economy is undeveloped and the minorities are concentrated. In these regions, the rural infrastructure is weak and the people’ living is poor. There is great income disparity between the city and country, and every economic index is lower than the national average level, even the local average level. For a long time, because of the traditional agriculture production pattern, the single rural 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION economy configuration has lead to a vicious circle of “the more cultivation, the more poor and the more poor, the more cultivation”, and the farmers’ income increased slowly. Steep topography, thin soil layer and concentrated rainfall result in heavy soil loss in the project regions. Intense soil erosion directly washes soil away, which makes soil depth thin, reduces soil fertility and crop productivity, and even causes desertification, loses agriculture value. Especially stony desertification will become more serious in karstic regions. In addition, due to destroy of vegetation, thinning of soil depth and reducing capacity of water storage, the streams and rivers dry up during winter and spring. Consequently, there are not enough water supplies for irrigation, even for domestic uses, especially in areas with carbonate rock distribution. Soil loss also aggravates drought and flood hazards, landslide and mud-rock flow, which cause great loss to human life and fortune. All those restrict the sustainable development of the local economy and society. Hence, the local government and people press for controlling soil erosion in regions, in order to improve ecological environment and develop regional economy. Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, especially from 1980’s, the government has attached great importance to soil and water conservation. In 1989, KPWSC started, followed by the comprehensive management engineering project in Northern and Southern Panjiang River in upper reaches of the Pearl River since 1992. These two projects have shown greatly effects. As SWCD was put into practice, the government pays attention to eco-environmental development and protection. A series of measures were carried out on protecting natural forest, conversion of farmland on steep slope to forestry. Because of the rough of tasks and short of fund, these projects were in a slow progress. And it has large disparity compared with the requirement of “Plan Design of Water and Soil Conservancy in China”, which was ratified by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (SC). Hence, it is timely and necessary of making use of the loan from WB for speeding up soil erosion control in upper reaches of the Changjiang and Pearl Rivers. Furthermore, the project will be helpful for introducing foreign advanced technologies of soil and water conservation, and this is also important for local socio-economic sustainable development. The preparation of the project lasted for almost 3 years. In June 2001, officers from MWR and WB inspected the regions and made the decision of the primary cooperation. In July, MWR submitted a correspondence on implementation of water and soil conservation project in upper reaches of the Changjiang River and Pearl River using loan from WB to SPC and MF. In September, WB listed formally this project in the roll of the finance projects. In June 2002 and in 2003, arranged by MWR, CWRC and PRWRC suggested ‘Proposals for Water and Soil Conservation Projects in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing Financed by WB’ and ‘the Feasibility Study Report on Water and Soil Conservation Projects in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing Financed by WB’. [101] 2.2 Project Composing According to the feasibility report, this project includes three parts: public water and soil conservation projects, water and soil conservation project for individual benefit and improving livelihood, technical supporting and service system. Therein, public water and soil conservation projects mainly involve constructions of farmland ensuring basic production, blocking sediment, afforestation and infrastructure in country, which are shown in Section 2.2.1; Water and soil conservation projects for individual benefit and improving livelihood mainly involve constructions of farmland ensuring basic production, planting economic trees, planting grass, stock breeding, irrigation and energy renewal, which are 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION shown in Section 2.2.2; Project support component includes technical demonstration extension, technical training and investing overseas or at home, monitoring and evaluation, investigating and designing, running management, vehicles, equipments, etc. which is shown in Section 2.2.3. 2.2.1 Public Water and Soil Conservation Projects Public water and soil conservation projects mainly involve constructions of farmland ensuring basic production, blocking sediment, drainage, removing sand, afforestation and infrastructure in country. The projects include: 3516hm2 rocky terrace, 33048m granaries, 49511m3 sediment traps, 496183m drains, 29491hm2 water and soil conservation forests, 52755hm2 closure protection area, 1233311m field roads, 625769m tractor-ploughing road. Stat. of the public water and soil conservation projects in different provinces &municipality is shown in Table 2-2. 101 Table 2-2 Stat. of the public water and soil conservation projects in different provinces &cities Item Unit total Yunnan Guizhou Hubei Chongqing A Basic farmland 1 rocky terrace hm2 316 643 1740 393 740 Water sediment B retention 1 sediment pool m3 49511 8500 20800 9365 10846 2 drain m 496183 99585 113900 10877 174621 3 granary m 33048 10747 9124 3504 9673 C Afforestation water and soil hm2 1 conservation 29491 7075 10828 6251 5337 forests 2 enclosing hm2 52755 15655 12567 12676 11857 Infrastructure in D country 1 field pavement m 1233311 187421 438890 335788 271212 tractor-ploughing 2 m 625769 99145 244315 169309 113000 roads 2.2.2 Water and Soil Conservation Project for improving livelihood and individual benefits Water and soil conservation Project for Individual benefit and improving livelihood mainly involve constructing rocky terrace, planting economic trees, planting grass, domestic breeding, irrigation, energy renewal and other projects. The projects include: 7793 hm2 rocky terrace, 55512hm2 economic trees, 22995hm2 grass, 71647 houses for livestock, 490303m3 ponds, 212129m3 water vaults, 600407m channel, 72782 biogases, and 79179 wood saving ovens. Stat. of Water and soil conservation project for improving living and individual benefits in different provinces &cities is shown in Table 2-3. 101 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.2.3 Project Support Component 2.2.3.1 Research &extention The project research extention is to apply relative agricultural and ecological protection technology to the whole activities through experimentation, demonstration, training, guidance, consultation, etc. The means include breeding good seed, using fertilizer, preventing and curing pests, cultivating and breeding, processing agricultural byproduct, applying agricultural mechanism and farmland water conservancy technology, keeping water and soil, supplying water in country, using agricultural energy sources and environmental protection technology, applying agricultural management technology, etc. Operation demonstration on spot, technological contract, technological demonstration fields and houses, agricultural technological book rooms, etc. composes the extention forms. Table 2-3 Stat. of water and soil conservation project for improving living and individual benefits in different provinces &cities Item Unit Total Yunnan Guizhou Hubei Chongqing 1 rocky terrace hm2 7793 2179 3334 670 1610 Economic hm2 2 55512 10966 13350 12939 18257 tree Planting hm2 3 22995 1708 15885 2952 2450 grass livestock 4 unit 71647 15882 29119 11996 14650 breeding 5 Irrigation pond m3 490303 66757 165920 62826 194800 water-vault m3 212129 38453 148170 25506 channel m 600407 136284 172500 147425 144198 Energy 6 renewal biogas unit 72782 22500 25824 7083 17375 wood saving unit 79197 12216  4170 22661 oven 2.2.3.2 Technology introduction and demonstration extension In recent years, the provinces/municipality that the project areas belong to, have carried out environmental protection and ecological construction projects, such as “long-term” project, comprehensive agricultural development, conceding farmland to forestry and wildwood protection. They have accumulated much successful experience and many technical achievements, and have formed a set of demonstrations. All of these achievements and experience can be used for reference by this project. The demonstration and extension of advanced science and technology aims to promote the harmonious development in agriculture, forestry and livestock agriculture, and establish mode of production with high yield, quality and efficiency, then basically control the soil and water loss, and make the ecology develop in a benign circle, improve the farmer’s 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION production and living conditions and make the rural economy increase steadily. The demonstration and extension contents include four aspects: comprehensive erosion controlling demonstration, single measure demonstration, economic development demonstration, and scientific and technical achievements extension. 2.2.3.3 Technical Training In order to improve the project implementation and management, and the participation degrees of the public, to ensure the prospective aims, technical training should be run with efforts. This training job mainly depends on the technological training centers and sub- centers that can cooperate with the relevant research institutions and form training net in different levels. According to the project need, the corresponding training organizations would be set up, and the corresponding professional technologists, managers, and skeleton technical farmers would be trained. This can be classified by organizing modes as domestic training and oversea training. 2.2.3.4 Survey &design The survey and design runs through the whole process of the project implementation, including social-economic investigation, landuse investigation, soil loss investigation, control measures design, research extension schemes design, construction quality monitoring, benefit monitoring assessment, etc. It is such an important step that relates to the project success or failure. The county project offices preside the survey design of small watersheds. Normally, they use two ways: one is to relegate to the special design organizations which have relative water and soil conservation design qualification through the forms of technological service contracts; the other is to finish the design through organizing technological force by themselves. 2.2.3.5 Monitoring and evaluation The monitoring and evaluation includes two aspects: one is the project schedule and management; the other is the project impact. The purpose of the first aspect is to master roundly the accomplishment situation, the using situation of the project capital, the management process, etc. The second aspect is to know positive and negative impacts caused by the project measures and to assess scientifically the project benefit in order to avoid the project risk. 2.3 Environmental Protection Measures The project is an extensive environmental protection project and their main environmental protection functions are as follows: (1) Project for the Earth terrace, water conservancy, and water and soil conservation: the level terrace can play a role in storing the water, reducing the erosion, keeping the soil and fertility, benefiting the irrigation, enhancing the productivity and the yield. The level terrace construction is an important measure not only for the control of slope erosion, but also for the food safety in the poor mountain area, at the same time, it can make sure the successfully implementation of conceding the farmland to forestry without rebounding. Combining the channel control measure of the Tank, the checkdam, the sediment arrest and the slope water system project measure of the pond, the irrigating and drainage the ditch together, we can restore and protect the basic farmland, control the soil loss, which can create a good 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION condition for the agriculture product. There will be 3516hm2 rocky terrace and 7793hm2 101 earth terrace. (2) Forestation, grass planting and closure control: constructing large mass of forestry for the water and soil conservation, economic forestry, grass and closure control will add the vegetation area, enhance the coverage of the forestry and grass, not only preserve the water, adjust the microclimate, protect the wild biology, clean the atmosphere, improve the eco- environment of the whole project area, reduce the soil loss, but also alleviate natural disastrous from the drought, the pest, the wind, etc. The environment, on which the human and biology have relied, will develop toward the direction of a benign circle. The people will live and work in peace and contentment, each industry in the country will develop in harmony, and the people’s standard of living will improve gradually. 29491hm2 area water and soil conservation forestry, 55512hm2 area economic forest, 22995hm2 area grasses and protection of 52755hm2 natural forest will be implemented. 101 (3) Biogas and wood saving oven: there are much mountain, less farmland, much slope farmland and less paddy field in the project area with small overlay vegetation and serious soil loss, And that there are short of firewood in the country, and the living energy problem is serious. The Biogas and wood saving oven in the country could not only resolve the living energy problem, but also help to control the soil loss and implement the policy of conceding the land to forestry, bring a good ecology, economic benefit to the country. Furthermore, the construction of firedamp pond will greatly improve the people’ inhabitation and living environment and sanitation condition and protect the people’ physical health, especially help to prevent endemic fluorosis; the use of firedamp pond will dispose of the human and domestic animal dejecta, reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and help to control the non-point source pollution. There will be 72782 firedamp ponds and 79197 101 economical kitchens constructed in the project area. After the project is finished, the soil loss will be controlled and its harm will be alleviated. The reasonable layout of the controlling measure for the water and soil conservation formed three-dimensional integrated prevention system for the water and soil conservation, the water and soil resources can be properly used and the ability of preserving water and soil will be enhanced, enlargement of the soil loss area can be controlled. At the same time, the project can preserve the water, adjust the microclimate, and protect the wild propagation, add the bio diversity, and make sure that the environment, on which the human and propagation have relied on, will develop toward the direction of a benign circle. 2.4 Project configuration and construction scheme 2.4.1 Project configuration (1) Partition of the soil loss type According to FSR of the project, 5 types soil loss sections can be partitioned in the project 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 area, which is shown in table 2-4 and Figure 2.2-1. (2) Layout of the control measures The layout of water and soil conservation measures in the project area put emphasis on the control of the soil loss and reduction of the sediment, and based on the slope farmland rebuilding and basic farmland construction, combining the slope and channel control 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION together, combining the forestry, grass growing and closure management together, combining the key engneering and the common engneering together, properly collocating the engneering measure, forestry and grass measure, preserving soil and cultivation measure, comprehensively planning the mountain, the water, the forestry, the field and the road, integrated controlling, developing harmoniously the terrace, the dam, the beach, the forestry, the fruit and the grass, enhancing the landuse efficiency and labour productivity. According to the characteristics of soil, climate and soil loss of each sub-region, the key measure collocations are set down, as shown in table 2-5. 2.4.2 Key construction techniques of project According to the composition of project, the construction techniques of the main project is 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 shown in table 2-6. Table2-4 Sub-regions of soil loss in the project regions Administrative regions included Soil Land Soil loss Features of loss Topography area Regions soil loss Province County/district area (km2) (km2) West Yunnan (medial and low sheet Mouding, Yuanmou, Yaoan, Dayao, Plateau, mountain, erosion, Yunnan 1557.87 669.56 mountain Weixing Zhenxiong Qiaojia Yongshan hilly, rill erosion medial erosion region) West Guizhou (mountain, medial and Wide, Weining, Hezhang, Nayong, Jinsha, Zhijin, medial low intensity, Guizhou Bijie, Dafang, Qinxi, Anlong, Xingyi, 2496.48 1317.33 and mountains, rockification Xingren, Panxian intensity hills erosion region) East Sichuan Wide, (mountain, medial and mainly in medial Chongqing Rongchang, Hechuan, Yongchuan 358.06 207.54 low hills medial and and light light erosion erosion region) Three medial mainly in Yubei, Fuling, Wanzhou, Kaixian, Gorge mountains, medial Chongqing 1824.56 1115.55 Changshou, Jiangjin, Qianjiang, Wuxi (medial hills erosion mountain caused by 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION mountain caused by and hilly, human medial activities Hubei Lichuan, Yiling District, Changyang erosion region) Dabie Wide, Mountain mainly in (low low medial mountain mountains, erosion, Hubei Hongan, Macheng, Xishui 668.08 306.89 and hilly, hills scattered medial forests’ erosion erosion region) Total 4 37 6905.05 3616.87 2.4.3 Planned schedule In the project area, there are 274 small river basins with an area of about 10 to 50 km2. The river basins will be divided into two groups and each basin will take three years for construction. The construction of the two groups of river basins will be joined tightly in time schedule. Practical plans for each river basin and general programming of every county and village be prepared one year ahead. Front-end works, such as, technical training, material purchasing, machine maintaining, and road building, will be carried out one-year ahead to get ready for the implementation the project. The implementation of the project will make the best use of slack farming seasons. The practical measures of forestation, soil improvement, and earth works will be carried out in winter and spring. The project will be finished in 5 years. 2.5 Project Management The project involved a lot of specialties and scopes. In order to strengthen the project management, leading groups and project offices will be established at different levels, such as central committee, province (or municipality), prefecture, and county. The leading groups will found the project offices to take charge the implementation and the daily management work. The project offices at levels of central committee and province (or municipality) will invite relevant experts to make up advisory groups, while counties will establish advisory service groups. These groups can offer advisory services and give technological instructions for the preparation and implementation of the project. In addition, some measures, such as Management of Engineering and Technology, Material Management and Financial Management will be implemented in the process of construction. 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Table 2-5 (1) Measures arrangement for the sub-regions of soil loss Subregion Background NO for the soil Property of the Measures loss Soil type Climate soil loss (1) Increasing vegetation coverage by rebuilding the The maximum secondary forest in low coverage, afforestation in mixed temperature in a year is The soil loss is forests and selecting local species 39.1oC, and the o mainly caused WEST minimum is -7.3 C. The by water erosion. (2) Terrace construction for cropland and fruits land based on basic farmland construction. Furthermore, the structures of YUNNAN average annual Sheet erosion agricultural production are adjusted by planting fruits in high (MEDIAL temperature is 16.5 oC. distributes qualities, flowers, and medicinal materials to develop rural red earth, widely. Gully economy AND LOW MOUNTAIN, brown earth, Degree day for temperature above 10 oC erosion develops .(3) Emphasis on construction project for water storage. Engineering project like water 1 purple soil o due to thick soil storage pools, sediment deposition pools and water cellars are built by adapting to local HILLY, MEDIAL and paddy is 5508 C. Average annual rainfall is depth and long conditions. Irrigation with water saving measures is extended to solve drought problem. EROSION soil. 859mm and slope. In Sediment control measures include building small granaryies and silt arresters for blocking REGION) concentrates in summer addition, there sediment in the gullies. and autumn when the are collapsing heat resources are hill, Landslide (4) Emphasis on prevention and protection. New energy is developed such as marsh gas abundant. Sunshine hour and Debris Flow ponds and saving bavin stoves to protect the vegetation in mountain areas. is 2358 h/a. in some parts. (5) Use of abundant mountain resources to develop house stock raising and hybrid improvement as husbandry. The soil erosion (1)Change sloping cropland of 5-25 o into terraces with thick The southern region is is severe from soil depth. Undertake basic farmland construction for slope in subtropical climate slope cropland runoff control, and build water conservancy projects such as WEST zone, and the northern because its large drainage channels, water storage ponds. Increase crop yield. GUIZHOU region is in plateau area. Most area (2)Convert from cropland to forestry and grassland for all (MOUNTAIN, yellow palm monsoon climate zone. in this region slopes above 25o for ecological balance. Afforest in MEDIAL AND soil yello The average annual locates limestone wasteland for reduction of runoff and increase of vegetation 2 INTENSITY w soil, red temperature is 14.8°C. region where the coverage. Protect forest for young forest and shrub with EROSION soil yellow The average annual speed for soil coverage less than 60%. REGION) red soil rainfall is 1146mm formation is (3)Combined development of cash forest and husbandry. concentrating during slow and soil Adjust agricultural structures by planting local species such May to September, 70 layer is thin to as tea, nut to increase farmers’ income. of the annual value. result in rock (4)Afforest arbor, shrub and grass to protect land resources in desertification rockification areas which have potential dangers of soil loss. after soil was (5)Develop new energy. Build fundamental facilities like eroded. water supply projects and road construction for living 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION eroded. water supply projects and road construction for living condition improvement and economic development. Table 2-5 (2) Measures arrangement for the sub-regions of soil loss Subregion Background NO for the soil Property of Measures loss Soil type Climate the soil loss (1)Construct basic farmland by change slope cropland into level terraces or terraces where are near water sources. The area of basic The region is in farmland per capita is 1 mu to meet grain demand. Build water subtropical humid control projects for runoff storage and drainage to reduce soil EAST monsoon climate zone. eroded by runoff. SICHUAN The average annual Soil erosion in (2)Convert from cropland to forestry and grassland for all slopes (MOUNTAIN, Purple temperature is 17.7°C, the region is above 25o. Afforest in wasteland hill tops for increasing resistance 3 MEDIAL AND soil, and the average annual mainly in for soil erosion and detachment, reducing soil loss, and improving LIGHT paddy rainfall is 1112mm medial and ecological environment. EROSION soil concentrating from May light intensity. (3)Use local resources such as flat topography, plentiful heat and REGION) to September, 70 of the fertile purple soil to develop cash forestry, husbandry, agricultural annual value. byproducts and their manufacture processing. A rural economic region with raw material processing features will be built. It includes processing for agricultural products and byproducts, production of non-staple food, and knitting. Farmers will be relieved from poverty. (1)Construction of basic farmland focusing on conversion of slop It belong to the cropland to terraces in areas in hills and around reservoirs. subtropical continental (2)Integration of soil loss control and exploration in small DABIE monsoon climate zone extensive and watersheds by plantation of cash forests, like chestnut, tea and MOUNTAIN There is obvious 4 yellow seasons medially silkworm, and reforming low quality forest, like young and pure (LOW palm in climate with intensive soil pine forest (P.massoniana). Conveyance systems are built for 4 MOUNTAIN soil, plentiful sunshine, loss, most of reduction of sediment into rivers and reservoirs. AND HILLY, rainfall, and paddy free days. The long frost- which belong (3)Small water conservancy projects are built focusing on runoff MEDIAL soil average to the sparse and soil loss control. EROSION annual temperature is forestry. (4)Implementation of the plan for fertilizing soil. Plantation of REGION) 13.7°C, and average green manure is combined with slope cropland conversion projects annual rainfall is and measures for soil and water conservation to increase content of 1086mm. organic matter and soil fertility. This is helpful for husbandry development. 10 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (5)Arrangement of different measures in different areas: afforestation for shelter-belt in the area with relative elevation of more than 300m; plantation of cash forests in the area with relative elevation of 100~300m; development of rural and aquatic economy in the upper and middle regions of gullies areas; development of effective economy of water and soil conservation in the area with relative elevation of less than 100m. Table 2-5 (3) Measures arrangement for the sub-regions of soil loss Subregion Background NO for the soil Property of Measures loss Soil type Climate the soil loss (1)Without stressing self-supply of grain because of bad conditions. Control slope land as follows: convert cropland with soil depth thicker than 25cm and slopes of 5-15o into terraces; The region locates the convert cropland with slope of 5-15o into high-grade rocky THREE paddy These terraces where grain crops and economic fruit trees are planted; subtropical humid monsoon caused GORGE soil Purple convert cropland into forestry and grassland for all slopes above (MEDIAL climate zone. The average severe soil annual temperature is 17°C, 25o. MOUNTAIN soil yellow loss and AND HILLY, and the average annual (2)Develop forestry, husbandry, fruit and medicinal materials 5 soil yellow geological MEDIAL rainfall is 1150mm production integrating with vegetation construction for disasters EROSION palm concentrating from May to economic development in mountain areas. like REGION) soil lime (3)Increase vegetation coverage by protecting natural forests September, 50 of the landslide and optimizing vegetation structures. soil annual value. and debris (4)Reform and construct planted grassland and natural flow. grassland. (5)Control soil loss both in slopes and channels by dam construction and sediment deposition for reduction of sediments 11 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Table 2-6 (1) Technics and methods of the project construction Construction NO. Project Function Area to layout Construction pattern season Public project for the A water and soil conservation I Basic farmland The area with thin soil Make sure the lest amount of line Confirmation, Groundwork layer and more Keep away from the 1 Earth terrace basic farmland for each person cleaning, bank building, surface soil irrigation rainstorm season in absent farmland area conservation and land Prep establishments II Water sediment retention Earth checkdam line Confirmation, Groundwork cleaning, linking slot digging and the soil filling and Stabilize the channel bed, The ditch which has a tamping prevent erosion of the ditch large gradient(5-12) Rock checkdam line Confirmation, 1 Checkdam bottom and the collapse of and is intensive cut Groundwork cleaning of the channel ditch bank down bed, and rock building plant checkdam Stake selecting and burying, rock material plaiting and filling Near the upper Deposit the sediment of the 2 Sediment trap entrance to the Excavation water from the slope and pipe pond The head of the Excavation, bank building, greensward 3 Irrigating and drainage Drain the runoff of the surface channel and slope and stone spread against scouring farmland Forestation and III enhancement of the vegetation overlay 1 Water and soil Control the soil loss and The conceding slope land Prep holelike ranklike land Prep usually conservation forestry improve the eco- farmland in the waste channellike and squama pit in the winter and 12 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION conservation forestry improve the eco- farmland in the waste channellike and squama pit in the winter and environment hill and steep slope forestation plant seedling, insert spring branch and grow forestation usually in the winter, rainy season and spring Table 2-6 (2) Technics and methods of the project construction Construction NO. Project Function Area to layout Construction pattern season The place which belong Combining the closure, Breed and fill in Closure to medial and light the incomplete and sparse forestry. Cut pattern: the Accelerate the vegetation erosion and the field the stubble and make it strong, clip the whole year restoring progress on virtue of 2 Closure with definite digamous branch and cut down the tree, select the Closure, season the climate advantage and self- tree, sparse tree, young excellent seedling to breed, accelerate closure, and recovery ability of the ecology tree, and bush in barren the grow of the tree and quicken the alternate hill or slope vegetation restore. Closure IV Village infrastructure Near the inhabitant Confirm the line, Groundwork cleaning, road exercise pavement Resolve cultivation, drinking 1 location, field, and material spread, land Prep to prevent the ,Tractor road and traffic problem economic forestry scouring in the rain in the management Private project for the water and soil B conservation and improvement of living standard I Basic farmland thick soil layer Farmland line Confirmation, Groundwork 1 Earth terrace Enhance the yield of the crop with 5-15 gradient cleaning, bank building, surface soil slope conservation and land Prep 13 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Increase the agriculture The conceding slope productivity, accelerate the farmland or the waste land Dormancy time adjustment of the industry hill and slope with little II Economic forest configuration, improve the eco- the wind, to the sun Prep holelike terracelike ranklike for live through and level channellike the winter environment and control the direction and with good soil loss soil and water resource Preserve the soil and meet the The conceding slope land Prep, fertilize, deep plough and III Grass need of stockbreeding farmland and the waste harrow development hill and slope Increase the income of the IV Livestock farmer 14 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Table 2-6 (3) Technics and methods of the project construction Construction NO. Project Function Area to layout Construction pattern season V Irrigation Cumulate the runoff of the The low-lying place of the slope, irrigate the crops and slope, the foot of slope, excavation, Groundwork cleaning 1 Pond economic forestry and which is joined to the and tamping, rock spread Resolve the drinking drainage channel problem for part people Resolve the fuel problem of human or (and) livestock 2 Small water vault drinking and irrigation in drought season VI Energy renewal Resolve the fuel problem, improve the sanitation situation 1 Biogas and protect the forestry resource 15 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.6 Experience of Correlative Implemented and Implementing Project 2.6.1 Introduction of Correlative Implemented and Implementing Project As Correlative Finished Project, KPWSC, the Loess Plateau Project (LPP), the “Kulak Plan of Ecological Homestead” Project (KPEHP) and the “Conversion of Farmland to Forest” Project (CFFP) were introduced as following: (1) KPWSC Since the 80s of 20 century, the central government has paid great attention to soil and water conservation in up-stream regions of the Changjiang River and the Pearl River. SC authorized KPWSC in 1988. In 1992, PRWRC implemented the comprehensive control project for soil and water conservation in south and north Panjiang Rivers of up-stream regions of the Pearl River. 33 counties in this project financed by WB were included in key prevention and control region of KPWSC. Four county of Xingyi, Xingren, Anlong, Panxian in Pearl watershed were included in key control regions of Pearl River project. By the end of 2001, there are 71 catchments in control of soil loss, in 481.27km2 of soil loss control area, including 6620.6hm2 terraces converted from slope cropland, 12, 956.3hm2 planted forest for soil and water conservation, 6, 460.2hm2 planted economic fruits trees and 708 hm2 planted grass, 18, 236hm2 protected forest, 3, 146hm2 cropland with tillage for soil and water conservation, and 11, 939 small soil and water conversation engineering projects (Table 2-7 101 and Figure 2.6-1). Table 2-7 Current status of soil loss control in the project regions Amount of Degree of Percent of Project Total land area Area with control 2 catchments with control reduced soil region (km ) practice (km2) control practice (%) loss (% Sum 7, 224.39 71 481.273 14.0 17.5 Yunnan 1, 304.70 22 144.935 16.1 34.6 Guizhou 2, 820.25 25 63.278 5.1 6.0 Chongqing 1, 553.82 18 88.133 15.9 14.0 Hubei 1, 545.63 6 184.927 13.9 15.3 (2) LPP In September 1990, collectivity plan and primary design of LPP were implemented, whose evaluation was passed by the WB in November 1993, and was taken effect on Oct. 3rd 1994. Periods of WB loans project included two periods of time. The first period of the project lasted for eight years, and was checked and accepted by the WB in September 2002. The second period of the project scheduled five years, from December 1999 to the end of 2004. The first period of the project about soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau supported by the WB loan, involved nine rive watersheds, seven districts and twenty-one counties, located in high-intensive erosion area of the middle reaches of Huanghe River, including Fenhe River, Xinshui River, Hequ, Baode, Pianquanpian of Shanxi Province, 16 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Hantaichuan River, Hashilachuan River, Husitai River of Iner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Yanhe River and Jialu River in Shan’xi Province and Malian River in Gansu Provinc. The main construction of the project included: terrace, alluvial terra dam, dam terra, developing paddy field, prevented channel engineering projects, minitype water dam, planting trees and grass, raising seedlings and technique support of technically training, supervise and evaluation, etc. For eight years of the first period, there are in all 4890 km2 in control of soil loss area, including 904.4km2 terraces, 70.98km2 paddy field, 62.24km2dam terra, 909.51km2 arbor, 1360.4km2 shrub, 308.92km2 economic fruit trees, 1004.11km2 grasses, building 209hm2 nursery, 149 seats prevented channel engineering projects, and 1140seats alluvial terra dam. 518 , 519 (3) KPEHP At the beginning of 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture (MA) startupped 10 demostration villages of KPEHP in seven provinces of West China like Shanxi, Ganshu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan through ways of experiments exploring and demonstration. 76 other demonstration villages distributed in the whole country were arranged at the end of this year. Its purposes include exploring the project function on implementing agricultural sustainable development stratage, summarizing technological routes and work experiences to make prophase preparation of implementing the project on a large scale. Technological persons in the east part going to the west part will be adopted to construct the demonstration projects and help to train technological force in the west part. KPEHP involves policy and technology. For the policy, governments at different levels will take measures to channel off farmers producing and living in the way of ecological homestead. For the technology, Renewable energy source in counties and ecological agriculture technology will be optimized, including ecological economy improving project, energy source optimizing project, etc. After carrying out several technologies like saving energy, solar energy usage, firedamp zymosis usage, new energy exploitation, etc., it will improve energy usage effectivity, establish warm and clean living condition, change laggard living ways of farmers and decrease biological matter energy wastage of farmers’ living. (All the data are extracted from “Implementation and Assessment of KPEHP” and “Main Contents of KPEHP” of the references as 522 , 523 .) (4) CFFP After authorized by SC, State Forestry Bureau (SFB), SPC and MF issued “Notice on Carrying Out Experimental Units Demonstration of Conversion from Farmland to Forest in the Upper Reaches of Changjiang River and the Upper and Middle Reaches of Huang River in 2000” in March 2000. It confirmed elementarily the policies of returning farmland to forest. To make certain the responsibilities, strengthen management and promote health development of experimental units, SC promulgated “Several Notions on Farther Carrying Out Experimental Units of Returning Farmland to Forest” (No. 24 of State Issued in 2000). At present, the main policies of returning farmland to forest involve: (1) Persevere in preferential ecological benefit and also considering living and income improving of farmers and local economic development; Persevere in paying equal attention to ecological construction and protection and carrying out integrative measures to prevent problems like destroy environment while control; Persevere in combining the policy lead and the farmers’ unconstraint and adequately respecting farmers’ desire; Persevere in obeying natural rule and 17 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION scientifically choosing tree seeds; Persevere in adjusting the local conditions, planning as a whole, giving prominence to emphases and paying attention to substantial results. (2) Seriously carry out the policy measures of “Returning farmland to forest”, “Sealing mountains and making virescence”, “Substituting crop for relieve” and “Individual contract”. (3) Slopland and sand cropland which have serious soil loss and low crop yield will be carried out returning farmland to forest according to the plans authorized by the state. (4) Returning farmland to forest will give priority to building ecological forest. The proportion could not be under 80% and county will be used as the check unit. For the multifold economic forests that have exceed the stated proportion, only seedling and afforestation subsidy will be given out without food and cash. (5) The state will offer volunteer food and cash to the farmers who return farmland to forest. (6) The state will offer seedling and afforestation subsidy to the farmers who return farmland to forest. (7) Derating policies of agricultural tax expropriation on returning farmland to forest. (8) After carrying out returning farmland to forest, it needs to ensure that the farmers take the forest property of planting on returning land and wasteland. Also they need to follow the regular laws to fulfil the procedure of landuse alteration. The people’s government at the levels upwards county will issue all the certificates of authority. (9) Based on confirming land authority and access, the policy that who return farmland, which make afforestation, which take the management and who will be benefited will be carried out. The contract period will be prolonged to 50 years after the farmers’ contract farmland and wasteland, which is suitable for forest. It is allowed to be inheritted or be conveyed and continue the contract at term according to laws and rules. (10) Adopt multifarious forms to advance returning farmland to forest. (11) Carry out ecological emigration, enclosed virescence, energy source construction in country, enclosed herd, enclosed breeding, farmland construction on slopeland and riverland, rural industry structure adjusting and farmland income increasing. (12) Goal, tasks, capital, food and responsibility should be carried out unto the provinces. The provincial government should take charge the project. (13) The state will give appropriate subsidy for the prophase work and scientific supporting expenses of returning farmland to forest, work design, etc. 522 According to the project construction, SPC will arrange the subsidy in the year plan. 2.6.2 Effect of Analogous Project 2.6.2.1 KPWSC Owing to KPWSC, water and soil loss have been basically controlled, eco-environment and agricultural production conditions markedly improved, agricultural industry structure, landuse patterns become reasonable, environmental capacities and living standard of people improved. The effects of KPWSC on water and soil conservation can be illustrated by its 334 fifth period in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality. The fifth period of KPWSC in Wanzhou District was executed from 1999 to 2003. Five small watershed, six towns and sixty-five villages were involved in the project area, including 80706 framers, covering total land area of 156.19km2 (90.69km2 farmlands, 27.59km2 woodland, 0.56km2 grasses, 19.59 km2 barren hills and steep slope lands, 17.76 km2 for other use. Per capita farmland was 0.11hm2; per capita basic farmland was 0.06hm2, average annual grain output per ha. was 2325kg. During the fifth period of KPWSC in 5 small catchments (Lushan River, Tongping River, Wangjiagou Stream, Longxigou Strram and Wanjiagou Stream), altogether 76.22 km2 have been rehabilitated, including 7.01km2 terraces converted from slope cropland, 19.74km2 soil 18 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION conservation forest, 12.97km2 economic fruit trees, 3.03km2 grasses, 20.9km2 forest under closure protection, 12.57km2 cropland where soil conservation tillage is adopted, 78 tanks, 354 ponds, 4 granaries, 5 silt-arresters, 59km irrigating and drainage ditch, 42km level dyke, 15020 sediment traps. Both rock and earth excavation and filling totaled 4902800m3, with earth of 3605600 m3 and rock of 1297200m3. Main benefits of the fifth period of KPWSC are as follows: (shown in Table 2-8) Table 2-8 Differences before and after the implementation of the fifth period of KPWSC in Wanzhou District Before After Serial Item Amount Proportion Amount Proportion A Land use pattern Land total 1 156.19 156.19 area km2 Account for 50.8% Account for 47.5 of 2 farmland km2 90.69 74.18 of total land area total land area Account for 46.0% Account for 56.3 of among Paddy field km2 41.75 41.75 of farmland farmland Account for 5.5 of 12.04 Account for 16.2 of terrace km2 5.03 farmland farmland slope Account for 48.5 Account for 27.5 of 43.91 20.39 farmland km2 of farmland farmland Account for 17.7 Account for 38.6 of 3 woodland km2 27.59 60.29 of total land area total land area Account for 0.4 of Account for 2.3 of 4 grass km2 0.56 3.59 total land area total land area Mountain Account for 12.5 Account for 0.1 of 5 19.59 0.17 waste km2 of total land area total land area Account for 11.4 Account for 11.5 of 6 other km2 17.76 17.96 of total land area total land area B Society economy Agricultural 1 80706 80655 population person Administrative districe 2 Town involved 6 7 readjusted Farmland per 3 0.11 0.09 farmer hm2 Basic farmland per 4 0.06 0.07 increasing16.7 farmer hm2 5 average grain output 2325 2385 increasing 3.1 19 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION . kg/ha Per capita 6 449 463 increasing 3.1% grain kg/a Per capita net 7 income Yuan 1277 1866 increasing 46.1 RMB C Water and soil loss Area of water and soil Account for 50.2 Account for 19.2 of 1 78.37 29.93 loss km2 of total land area total land area Account for 14.3 Account for 53.3 of among Low-grade km2 11.24 15.95 of soil loss area soil loss area Account for 36.5 Account for 35.2 of moderate km2 28.62 10.53 of soil loss area soil loss area Soil 2 32.12 7.5 erosion 104t/a Mean soil erosion 3 4098 2503 modulus t/ km2·a (1) Agricultural structure adjusted After the implementation of the project, the proportion of basic farmland to total farmland increased from 29.9% to 34.4%. As compared with total land area, the proportion of farmland decreased from 58.1% to 47.5%, forest increased from 17.7% to 38.6%, grassland increased from 0.4% to 2.3% and bare hilly and slope land decreased from 12.5% to 0.1%. All these indicated that the land use pattern became more reasonable. The target of “stabilizing grain harvest, increasing farmers’ income and adjusting agriculture structure” had been preliminarily realized. Along with the further raising of benefits of economic fruits, grass land and soil conservation forest, increasing of output value from forest, husbandry, industry and sideline production, local agricultural structure would be essentially changed and the economy of the region would be stably developed. (2) Soil and water erosion basically controlled and flood and sedimentation significantly mitigated Implementation of the project in the 5 small watersheds made the soil erosion area decreased from 78.38 km2 to 29.93km2, the ratio of erosion area to total land dropped from 50.2% to 19.2%, the soil eroded decreased from321, 200t to 75,000t per year, and soil erosion modulus declined from 4098t/(km2·a) to 2503t/(km2·a). On the other hands, the vegetation coverage climbed from 18.0% to 40.9% and the runoff retained reached 25919000m3 each year, or accounting for 16.6% of total, about 6% higher than before. As a result, local eco- environment has been significantly improved and the endangerment of frost, freeze, drought, wind and storm reduced. (3) Increased economic income After rehabilitation in the watersheds, the basic farmland for each farmer increased by 16.7% from 0.06hm2 to 0.07hm2, total grain output changed from 36212.3t to 37326.6t, increased 20 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1%, average output per hm2 enhanced from 2325kg to 2385kg, increased by 3.1%,per capita grain increased from 449kg to 463kg. The net income for each farmer changed from 1277Yuan RMB to 1866Yuan RMB, increased by 46.1%. 2.6.2.2 LPP The monitoring results for the first period of LPP demonstrated that outstanding effects had been achieved, not only on significant economic and social benefits but also on enhancement of local eco-environment, improvement of rural infrastructure and advancement of Scio- economic sustainable development. The total grain yield increased from 456 thousands tons before the implementation of project to 699 thousands tons, the farmer’ average net income increase from 306 Yuan RMB to 1263 Yuan RMB a year. At the end of the implementation period, the total area under various rehabilitation measures accounted for 55.24% of the soil loss area, and reduced soil loss quantity of each year came up to 57000 thousands ton. The area of the forestry and grass increased from 4391 km2 to 7668km2 with increment of 359 thousands hm2. The vegetation coverage increased from 28.2% to 49.3% the control efficiency increase from 20.98% to 55.24%. All measures effectively preserved the soil and sand, alleviated the damage of the wind, adjusted the runoff and the rivers, reduced the soil loss, improved the eco-environment, and enhanced the ability of the resistance of the disastrous of the regional ecology. The farmers’ living standard was improved and the rural 518 , 519 economy was developed quickly. The comparison of conditions before and after the first period of LPP is shown in Table 2-9. The main benefits are embodied in the follow aspects (shown in table 2-9): Table 2-9 Contrast before and after the implementation of the first period of LPP Before the project After the project No Items Amounts Remark Amounts Remark A Land use configuration 1 Total area km2 15559 15559 26.8 percent of the 22.0 percent of the 2 Farmland km2) 4169.8 total 3415.2 total 71.2 percent of the 34.2 percent of the Slope farmland km2) 2970 farmland 1168 farmland Forestry and grass 28.2 percent of the 49.3 percent of the 3 4391 7668 land km2) total total 28.8 percent of the 4 Others 6998.2 45 percent of the total 4475.8 total B Soil loss 1 Control rate 20.98 52.24 added 31.26 C Socio-economy Average net income a 1 306 1263 added 312 farmer Yuan Poor population 8.6 percent of the 2 158 56 percent of the total 25 (thousand family) total 21 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Total food 3 456 699 added 48.9 yield thousand ton Basic farmland per 4 0.1 0.17 capita hm2 Drinking water for the 5 46.5% 65.04% human and livestock Note: Control rate refers to the ratio of rehabilitated area to total area of soil loss. (1) Adjustment of land use configuration After the implementation of the project, traditional extensive cultivation pattern has been improved. The food product mainly has relied on basic farmland, the agriculture production has transformed into intensive cultivation management gradually. The total farmland area reduced 753km2, but the output of the food increased 243 thousands tons. The slope farmland area reduced from 2970km2 in 1993 to 1168km2 in 2001, and the proportion of the slope farmland area reduced from 74.2 to 34.2 . The large area of conceding the land to forestry provided advantageous condition for the construction of the forestry and grass. The land use configuration was effectively adjusted in the project area. The coverage of forestry and grass increased from 28.2 before the implementation of project to 49.3 . The unused ground and wasteland have been reduced. All these make the soil resources be fully developed properly; the land use configuration becomes reasonable and the rural economy develops quickly. (2) Preliminary control of soil loss By mass area and high quality integrated control of water and soil conservation, the control area of various measures increased to a great degree, the vegetation on the ground restored. The damage from the runoff, erosion and nature disasters has been reduced, the surface capability of preserving the soil and water enhanced, the sediment into the Yellow River reduced, the eco-environment in the project area improved and the stability of the eco- environment enhanced. At the end of the project, the accumulative area under various rehabilitation measures accounted for 55.24% of the soil loss area. The capability of preserving soil each year reached 57000 thousands ton, the serious soil loss was controlled effectively in the project area. (4) Enhancement of the economic income The project implementation in the area greatly helped local farmers to relieve from poverty. The basic farmland for each farmer increased from 0.06hm2 to 0.07hm2 averagely in the project area and the yearly net income each farmer tripled from 306Yuan RMB in 1993 to 1263Yuan RMB. Poverty family number declined from 148,000 (accounting for 56% of total farmer family) to 25,000 (accounting for 8.6%). 2.6.2.3 KPEHP KPEHP will beautify and purify the rural living condition. It will also save energy source and solve the problems of rural fuel. Forestry resources will be protected in favor of the implementation of the state policies like returning forest, grass, lakes, etc. Its effect could be 522 , 523 , 524 analyzed according to the implementation of the project in Chongqing. 22 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION KPEHP has been in experiments in Chongqing since 2000. These years the government persists in combining the experimental work with ecological agriculture, poverty supporting, emigration, ecological construction and protection, agricultural structure adjusting, etc. around the masterstroke of “Increasing Effects of Agriculture, Increasing Farmers’ Income and Adjusting Structure”. An obvious effect has been achieved through seriously carrying out the project, developing ecological agriculture, advancing roundly relieving from poverty and constructing country. By the end of 2002, it has built 20 ecological homestead demonstration villages, including more than 5000 families. The average income of every family is exceeding 3000 Yuan. Ecological homestead construction could be propitious to protect vegetation, decrease producing pollutants, developing breeding in country, impulse adjusting planting to increase adjusting agricultural economy structures. So it is widely welcomed by farmers. Through the demonstration effect, farmers could realize the benefits of ecological homestead construction. They widely reflect that the project realizes saving coals, labor, electricity and money; increasing fertilizer, effects and production; decreasing pests and soil loss and purifying living condition. As a whole, the project has the following effects: (1) Advance the adjustment of agricultural economy structures and increase farmers’ income KPEHP, which takes marsh gas as the tache, changes the simple economic structure of planting crop to advance the development of breeding and planting. It also forms the agricultural production structure with local features, which could satisfy the market demand. The construction of ecological homestead has become a new “Bright Point” of the adjustment of agricultural structure and the increase of farmers’ income and a “Breaking Point” of ecological agriculture construction. Pollution produced by traditional planting and breeding has been decreased through setting up the procreative mode of “Pig-Marsh gas- Fruit (fish and vegetable)”. This mode benefits to improve soil fertility, advance the farm produce yield of non-social pollution and develop a new way of ecological agriculture construction. (2) Protect ecological environment In mountains area, farmers mainly use firewood. According to the statistic data of Zhong County of Chongqing City, the annual living energy in rural area converts to 0.32 million tons coal. There into, forest converts to 0.18 million tons coal, 56% of the total; crop straw converts to 0.102 million tons coal, 32% of the total. Almost 0.316 million tons firewood were burned every year in the whole county, equaling to the annual growth amount of 28 thousand hectare firewood. One 8m3 marsh gas pool could satisfy the demand of cooking and illuming for a rural family with three or four persons. 2.25 tons firewood could be saved every year. It equals to the annual forest cumulation amount of 0.2 hectare firewood or 0.4 hectare forest. The ecological homestead, which takes marsh gas as the tache, could decrease resource waste caused by shortage of rural energy sources and illogicality of energy structures. Forest could be effectively protected to confirm returning farmland to forest. In the area where the project has been carried out, vegetation protection and afforestation have been obviously improved. (3) Improve living quality of farmers and advance rural social civilization The ecological homestead construction, in which marsh gas will be mainly developed, could change the traditional living ways of farmers and rural visage. By developing marsh gas, it 23 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION will improve farmers’ living condition and quality. Garbage of farmers’ production and living will be realized usage of resource. In some demonstration villages of ecological homestead, the places are so clean that it is difficult to find mosquito and fly. Dejecta of human and livestock goes into pools in time. That destroyed the breeding ground of mosquito and fly. So the rural public sanitation environment was greatly improved and the spread of disease was decreased. By using clean fuel, woman could be extricated from hard labor. 2.6.2.4 CFFP According to the investigation on the project counties, which firstly carried out conversion of farmland to forest in the whole country, obvious effects have been achieved in the past five years after the implementation of the project. Serious soil loss and sandy land has been got primary control in the project area. Farmers got benefits and their income increased. At the same time, it advanced reasonable adjustment of landuse structures. So the implementation of the project will have long affects on social-economic development and people’s living in the project area. By vigorously cultivating forest and improving ecological environment, it will provide important guarantee of improving production condition, living level and quality. The following is to explain the implementation effects of CFFP through the case of Guizhou Province. According to the monitoring and assessing implementation plan of integrated benefits for returning farmland to forest in Guizhou Province, 10 counties like Majiang, Liping, Tongren, Kaiyang, Qianxi, Guanling, Longli, Wangmo, Xishui, Shui City, etc. chosen from the 86 project counties are as the monitoring and asseessing network counties for the project. After three years’ consecutive monitoring and analysis, the results show that the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest have appeared. Average soil erosion module decreased 76% from 3121.2t/(km2·a) to 761.7t/(km2·a) in 2003. Annual soil erosion amount decreased 78% with 25.5t reduction per hectare every year. From 2000 to 2003, 57.3 thousand hectares area have been finished returning farmland to forest in the 10 monitoring counties with annual soil erosion amount decreasing 1481 thousand t/a from 1904 thousand t/a to 423 thousand t/a in 2003. For the slopelands with slope above 25°, annual soil erosion amount decreased obviously, accounting 74% of the total. The earth’s surface vegetation species in the project areas have increased to 60 from simple crop structure, which existed before implementing the project. Herbage vegetation like gramineae, feverfew, etc. increased obviously. The renewal speed of vegetation coverage degree and biological multiformity is fast. ((All data are extracted from “Elementary appearance of biological benefits for the project of returning farmland to forest in Guizhou Province” of the references as 526 .) 2.6.3 Implementing Experience of Similar Project Many feasible successful experience and management methods on the soil loss control from KPWSC, LPP, KPEHP and CFFP were summarized, shown in Table 2-10 and Table 2-11. 2.6.4 Identification and Analysis of the Project The project is more similar to KPWSC and LPP in the composing and the analysis, which also involves contents of KPEHP. Three of them all stress the soil loss and reduction of sediment, having the slope farmland and basic farmland construction as the foundation and having the small watershed as cell, carrying out the sheet control. In the composing of the 24 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION project, the earth terrace, small project for the water and soil conservation, forestry and grass, closure are all the common items, energy construction (biogas and wood saving oven) is a powerful measure to solve the energy sources problem and consolidate the production of conceding the land to forestry. Technology support was successfully carried out in LPP, so it has been ranked an important composing in the project. The contrast analysis between KPWSC and LPP is shown in Table 2-12. KPWSC have been carried out in the project area for several years, and each county has accumulated much successful experience and management method, which can be use for the project. LPP is a large project for the water and soil conservation, which is firstly carried out by our government using the international finance institute loan. It impels the water and soil conservation work of the yellow river in a bran-new pattern. It was the former preparation firstly carried out according to the capital construction process, set up a mature item organization leader and implementing management system, introduce the yield an account system and offer a good references in the item organization management and fund management for the project. Moreover, presently, the Agricultural Comprehensive Development Item (MA), the ecology homestead project for the richness of the people (MA), the ecology Self- recovery project for the water and soil conservation. (MWR), Wildwood Protected Project (SFB) and Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project (SFB) all have a tightly relationship with the item in the project area besides KPWSC. The project should be linked up to the other items in process of the implementation of the project and attain the purpose of improving the eco- environment and controlling the soil loss. Whereas the intercommunity between the project and other similar projects and relative experices of other similar projects, it will achieve the similar effects after the imiplementation of the project. 25 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Table 2-10 Experience from KPWSC and LPP Numbe Project KPWSC LPP r 1.)The correlative departments such as SPC, MF and MWR, offered great supports in establishing of project, signing the Support Carried out strict object responsibility system contract, setting up of special account, the fund expense and the 1 from the and strengthened check responsibility system in raise of domestic attached fund. governmen t to leaders their term. 2)All levels governments in the project area placed the implementation of the project on the agenda and offered effective assurances for the success of the project. The project county founded the leading group of KPWSC, whose header was the subprefect and 1)The leader groups, technology committees and project offices whose members were principals of water were founded in the central and provincial governments to answer Organizatio conservancy department and relative for the decision-making for major issues, technology consultation 2 n and departments. Closed the Agricultural and management . manageme Comprehensive Development Item (MA), 2.)The project offices of all level presided over the plan, nt KPWSC (SFB), Project of conceding the land to arrangement, technology, organization and management, checkup forestry (SFB) to the watershed of KPWSC plan. and acceptance, the use of the fund and the routine of the project Enhanced the controlling comprehensive degree, implement. offseted the short of fund. Project county established a detail fund Each province set down a set of method and regulations on management system for KPWSC, trained the finance management and the use of the fund according to the Finance finance personnel of the villages and towns, correlative state regulations and the demand of WB, and the 3 manageme embody to person, set up special account for the Normalizing and systemic management to the implementation of nt project, made sure the fund to be used in the soil project was carried out, plugging up the hole and nipping in the loss control. bud. extensively propagandized relative law and The project stressed the consultation of the farmer’ idea and regulation such as the water and soil absorbed their requirement and advice in the plan and conservation law of PCR the forestry law implementation and let the farmer take part in the project. The Public of PCR , the regulation for the river farmers participated not only in the planning, but also in the 4 participatio management of PCR in the project area, construction, checkup and acceptance of the control measure. The ns enhanced public opinion and made the local censor would be valid until the farmers have censored and signed. people control the soil loss voluntarily and By this means, the farmer’ benefit was ensured to most degree positively, actively appealed to renovate the soil and the participation of the farmer was greatly enhanced. loss completely and rebuilded a benign eco- environment. 26 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION environment. 27 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION Table 2-11 Experience from KPEHP and CFFP No. Project KPEHP CFFP Carry out goal, tasks, capital, food and responsibility unto the provinces; The project is taken charge by the provincial Persist in carrying out government; every provincial Government responsibility system; contract 1 government carries out the Support responsibility certificate; make construction goal and clear award and punishment. responsibility layer upon layer, and contract responsibility certificate, and seriously inspects and checks. Persist in planning as a whole and bundling relative projects together; centralize limited human resources, material resources, financial, resources, etc. and actively carry out the plan; combine “Kulak Plan of Provide subsidy of seedling Ecological Homestead” with planting and afforestation to Organization poverty supporting, rural the farmers of returning 2 and energy sources development, farmland; derate agricultural Management forest development, water tax of retruning farmland to conservancy construction, forest; carry out ecological traffic work, changing rural emigration. water supplying and toilet, agricultural integrated development, small towns construction, etc.; ensure integrated benefits of the project. Make training, checking and attestation on the professional Carry out scheming system of technology team; develop bid inviting and bid to ensure service network, make Quality the quality; carry out stockking 3 counties having service Management and cultivating seedling stations, villages having publicly to ensure the seedling service points; increase the quality. strength of propagandism and training on marsh gas users. Propagandize the advantages Propagandize important of building marsh gas pools to signification and policy farmers through broadcast, measures widely to fully Public TV, newspapers, catchline and launch crowd through 4 Participation documents; In order to affect broadcast, TV, newspapers, farmers’ enthusiasm of catchline, sign, etc.; create nice building marsh gas pools, consensus atmosphere for the organize cadres of villages to favoring implementation of the 28 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION visit the demonstration project. villages of ecological homestead. 2.7 Summary and conclusion This chapter briefly introduces background, composing, layout and construction schemes, economic analysis, management of the project as well as experiences of finished and on-going projects. The figures of the project regions have been done (shown in Figure 1.1-1 and Figure 1.2-1). (1) Project composing The project includes three parts: commonweal water and soil conservation projects, water and soil conservation project for individual benefit and improving living, technical supporting. Table 2-12 Contrast between KPWSC and LPP Four provinces water and soil NO Project KPWSC LPP KPEHP CFFP conservation project loaned from the WB Control of A slope farmland 1 Earth terrace Keep soil 2 cultivation Project for water B sediment retention Forestation and increase C of the overlay of vegetation 1 Arbor 2 Shrub 3 Grass 4 Closure Center 5 nursery D Road infrastructure 29 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION infrastructure Domestic E animals breeding Energy F porject 1 Biogas Wood saving 2 oven Technical G support Special 1 research Technology 2 training Project 3 monitoring (2) Project layout According to the features of water and soil erosion, the project regions could be partitioned into 5 soil loss zones. The allocation emphases of partitioned measures for soil loss could also be confirmed based on the characters of soil, climate and soil erosion (shown in Table 2-5). In addition, the EIA report introduces main construction methods of the project (shown in Table 2-6). (3) Experiences of finished and on-going projects Now 33 counties in the Changjiang River watershed were included in the regions of KPWSC. KPWSC had been also implemented in Xingyi, Xingren, Anlong and Pan Counties of the Pearl River watershed. There are integrated institutions of soil and water conservation with rich experiences of soil erosion control and management in the project regions. And publics have favorable skills and consciousness of participation. Except for KPWSC, some other projects related to WSCPYGEY have been carried out, including KPEHP by MA, Ecological Rehabilitation Plan of Water and Soil Conservation by MWR and Wildwood Protection Project, CFFP and Chang- fang Project by SFB, etc. At the same time, LPP supported by the WB loan have acquired remarkably economic, social, ecological effects. A set of Templet Projects with high quality and effectivity for soil and water conservation were established. Some advanced technique and management were imported and many excelle nt managers were cultivated, which provided a lot of sufficient management modes. 30 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS i WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS Policies and laws 3.1 Relation with China’s Policies and Institution 3.1.1 Laws FSR and EIS follow requirement of the "Constitution of the PRC", "Law on Environmental Protection of the PRC" and other relevant laws and regulations. The relation between the project and these relevant laws see Table 3.1-1. 3.1.2 Administrative Laws and Regulations In order to guarantee the laws mentioned above are effective and implement in order, the professional administrative authority or the local government has issued a series of administrative regulations, include: Ordinance on the Management of Environmental Protection in Construction Project [412], SC, 1998; [413] Regulations on environmental protection design for construction project , SPC, Environmental Protection Commission, 1987; Guidance of Environmental Impact Assessment Technique [414], EPA, 1993; Implementing regulations of water and soil conservation law in the PRC [415], SC, 1993; [416] Implementing regulations of the law on water pollution prevention of the PRC , EPA, 1989; Implementing ordinances of the law on land management of the PRC [417], SC, 1998; Implementing ordinances of the law on forest of the PRC [418], SC, 2000; Ordinances on basic farmland protection [419]; Ordinances on natural reserve protection of the PRC [420], 1994.12; Interim ordinances on scenic spot management [421], 1986.6; Notice on strengthening management of EIA of the construction project loaned from international financing organizations [422], EPA, SPC, 1993. The project implementation and preparation of EIs will follow above laws and regulations. 3.1.3 Environmental Policies The policies affecting or involving the project area include those on environmental protection, sustainable development strategy, agricultural policy, land policy, forestry policy and return farmland into forest, etc. Their relations with the project see Table 3.1-2 3.1.4 Environment Standards The standards listed as follow are followed as conducting EA, taking EPMs and preparing EMP: 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS The Standards on environmental quality of surface water GB3838-2002"[423]: The standards are divided into five classes according to the use and protection objectives of surface water areas. It regulates that the highest function class is used for the same water areas with many classes of functions concurrently; they can be divided by seasons for the function with seasonality. The comprehensive discharge standard of sewage, GB8978-1996 [424]: The standard clearly regulates the principle that the comprehensive discharge standard and sector discharge standard do not carry out alternately, but the entity who can discharge according to the corresponding state sector standard. The standard, divided into three levels, regulates the effluence standards of different receiving water areas. This standard is suitable for "the discharge management of water pollutant of existing entity, and that of carrying out EIA or the environmental protection design, final acceptance and operation of the construction project." The technical specification for comprehensive harnessing of water and soil conservation (GB/T 16453.1-16453.6-1996) [426]: The specification includes technologies of slope farmland control, wasteland control, gully control, small-scale storage and diversion works, sand blown control, and hillock collapse control. The main species and seeds of trees for afforestation [427], (GB6000 85). 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS Table 3.1-1 Relation among the project, EIS and China’s laws and regulations laws and No. Main content Note regulations The project implement fully Article 26 regulates: "the state protects and improves life and reflects regulation on protection 1 Constitution ecological environment, prevents and controls pollution and other and improvement of life hazards." [401] environment and eco-environment of the state. Article 13 regulates: "EIs of the construction project must assesses Law on EIs of the construction project, regulates preventive and control 2 Environmental measure, and is pre-examined by the project authority and approved It is considered in EIs of the project Protection by the environmental protection authority according to legal procedure." [402] Law on Article 16 regulates: "the state manages the EIA of construction The EIA of the project is carried 3 Environmental project by class. Construction unit should organize and prepare EIs, out under the requirement of the Impact Assessment tabular EIS or EI regiatation." [403] Law. Article 9 regulates: "the state protects water resource and takes The project implement reflects 4 Law on Water effective measures to protect vegetation, plant tree and grass, spirit of ecological protection. EIs conserve water source, protects and controls soil erosion and water recommends countermeasures to pollution, and improves eco-environment." [404] potential water pollution. Article 14 regulates:"prohibit reclaim or plant crop on the slope over 25 degree"; Article 22 regulates:"in hydraulic erosion zone, the whole planning and comprehensive control should carried out in the unit of a The project implement reflects the Law on Soil and small basin formed by natural valley and slopes both sides, spirit of soil erosion control of the 5 Water Conservation establishing a comprehensive system for preventing and managing law. Relevant regulation should be soil erosion"; Article 23 regulates:"the state encourages agricultural collective economic organization or farmer of the soil erosion regions followed as the project implement. to control soil erosion, and gives some policy support on fund, energy, food and taxation that regulates by the State Council." [405] 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS Article 38 regulates: "pesticide use must be compliance with the state regulations and standards on safe pesticide use. transferring and storing pesticide or disposing expired and abated pesticide must The EA of the project analyses Law on water manage strictly to prevent water pollution"; Article 39 regulates: "the non-point source pollution 6 pollution prevention agricultural or other authorities of the people’s government at county produced by the project and level or higher level should take measures to guide agricultural recommends mitigative measures. producer for rationally use fertilizer and pesticide so as to control their overcommit and prevent water pollution." [406] Table 3.1-1 Relation among the project, EIS and China’s laws and regulations laws and No. Main content Note regulations The project implements basic farmland construction through measures of Article 34 regulates: "the state implements basic farmland protection transforming slope land into terrace and system"; Article 35 regulates: "the people’s governments at all level Law on land supplementary measure of water projects, 7 should take measures to maintain drainage and irrigation facilities, management which could improve soil erosion improve soil, increase land productivity, and prevent desertification, condition of the project area and soil basification, soil erosion and land polluted." [407] performance, reflecting the requirement of the law. The project takes measures of forest grass Article 26 regulates: "the people’s governments at all level should vegetation build and closure and prohibit, 8 Law on forest prepare afforestation plan and determine the objective to increase [408] which will improve forest coverage rate forest coverage of the region according to local condition." of some area effectively. After the implementation of the project, Article 26 regulates: "construction unit should submit EIs if the the living environment of wild animal will construction project has potential adverse impact on habitat of the Law on wild get great improvement. EIs will 9 state or local protected wild animal; the environmental protection animal protects recommend regional wild animal authority should consult wild animal authority at the same level as protective measures aimed at potential approval." [409] impact of the project. 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS Article 4 regulates: "the state takes measure to ensure the role of The project implementation reflects the agriculture in providing food, industrial material and other spirit of improving agricultural ecological agricultural product, maintaining and improving eco-environment, Law on environment of the law, according with 10 and promoting rural economic and social development." Article 59 agriculture the regulations to strengthen regulates: "the people’s governments at all level should take measure comprehensive harnessing and control to enhance comprehensive harnessing of small basin, and prevent soil erosion of small basin. and control soil erosion." [410] Article 31 regulates: "as for the grassland of degeneration, desertification, basification, stony desertification and soil erosion, the people’s governments at all level should determine control area Greatly improve soil erosion current according to the plan of protection, construction and use of situation of the project area with the Law on 11 grassland, and implement special harnessing." Article 46 regulates: project implementation, which accords grassland "prohibit reclaim grassland. The claimed grassland with serious soil with the regulations on grassland erosion, desertification tendency and eco-environment improvement protection of this law. need should implement the system of prohibiting and temporary stopping herd." [410] 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS Table 3.1-2 Analysis of the relation between the project and relating pplicies N. Policies Main content Explanation Basic Strategic objective: resolve the environmental protection problem Natural ecological condition of the project area is worsening due to infuence of soil erosion. national mostly so as to realize the benign cycle of natural ecology, the clean, The project implementation will improve 1 policy beautiful and peaceful environment of urban life and production, and existing soil erosion condition of the project — adaptability of the environmental condition all over the country to the area and realize the requirement of "realizing environment development of national economy and improvement of people's al protection benign cycle of natural ecology" that is one of material and cultural life. national plocies of China. The existing development of the project is Preparing economic and social development strategy should reflect the unsustaianable. Soil erosion results water and Sustainable strategic thinking for sustainable development, mixing and imposing soil losses, meanwhile has adverse effects on 2 developmen environmental protection to relating economic policies, index and ecology and economy, which affects adversely t strategy tasks. The sustainable development concept becomes one of basic social production finally. The project principles of China's development policies, which don't damage implementation can treat some major restricts resources or developing ability that future generations need for living. of sustanainable development and favors China's overall development objective. China's agricultural policies changes greatly in recent years. China's WTO entry promots a fundamental change of its agriculture, that is, the focus on self-sufficiency autarky transforms into a various The project supports the action of above Agricultural agricultural production driven by market. At the same time of the policies through promotion of trainning and 3 policies transformation, agricultural product is paid more attention to its market information services so that the poor quality than quantity; agricultural technology is relied on more and farmers who lack market experiences can take more; the green/organic production starts to be reconized, it is necessary selves-adjustment. advocated for the production and sale pattern led by the leading enterprises, agricutural scientists or farmer leader. The project supports this new policy and Land Now, the state land policies focus on the protection of farmer's requires that farmer's any investment on land, 4 policies property right. The new law of land contract has progress in this e.g. build terrace, plant economic trees and aspect. forest, could be protected for 30-50 years by the land contract. 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS The state forestry policies change greatly in recent decades, which transform the permitting deforestation before into prohibiting it. The prohibiting deforestation policy has immediate benefit but has some disadvantages: 1) people who have cut forests for a livelihood are 5 Foresttry affected adversely; 2) make private investors loss economic driving The state forestry policies has direct and strong policies force for afforestration and greatly decrease construction of new effect on the project implementation. forests. The government has recognized the problem now. it is predicted that future forestry policy will permit sustainable use of forestry resource. Table 3.1-2 Analysis of the relation between the project and relating pplicies No. Policies Main content Explanation It is a policy that government encourages farmers return their margin farland to trees and gives them reward subsidy during a period of 8 years. The policy has many Policy on negative effects though increased afforestation area. The returning Plan of returning farmland toforest could affect the 6 most one is that some poor farmers worry their future farmland project. living after subsidy period due to they lossed their toforest farmland. The implementation scope of the policy reduces greatly last year due to the shortage of the policy and the fact of rapidly drop of the state grain output. Many project counties of the project will follow the policy. Many areas implement the closed off and Grassland The state grassland manaement prohibits graze on prohibition control beacuse it needs a few investment for 7 management grassland and shrubs of many serious erosion regions. good vegetation rehabilitation and the funds can be used policy effectively compensate farmers for their other effective economic activities. Rocky desertification is a irreversible process. China, as The rocky desertification on slope is progessing rapidly in Desertification a sign country of the global convention on prevention of many project counties of the project. The project 8 control policy desertification, commits further prevent development of implementation will favor to prevent desertification its desertification process. process there and help the effort of goverment greatly. 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS Over the past 20 years, the quantity of the absolute population below the poverty line of China has been In the county of the project area, there are a lot of people reduced greatly, but still there is numerous population below the poverty line. Through build demonstration below the poverty line who mostly live in the remote pilot, the project let residents know how to visit to Poverty relief area and belong to the minority or disabled. It is very improve their poor and backward condition, supporting 9 policy difficult for them to get material benefit. So, the poverty the poverty relief policy of the country greatly. The way if relief policy of the government classes the beneficial make well is reasonable and feasible, but it is an object, from appointed the poor county originally to exception. Most investment for poverty relief should be poor township, poor village and poor family into the used in the remote villages and small towns. target supported now. The project implementation environment is rural region where trend earning non-agricultural income. The Over the past 20 years, the proportion of agricultural implementation of the project can play a supporting role people in China have been reduced greatly (from about to the long-term urbanization policy, which can increase Urbanization 70% to 50%), and one of the key development policies 10 farmers’ income, making their future generation have a policy of the country is to continue encouraging population to chance to receive an education, make them get more shift from the rural-agriculture to the urban-industry and resources, and become urban population. At the same services. time, those still living in countryside will improve their living standard. Table 3.1-2 Analysis of the relation between the project and relating pplicies No. Policies Main content Explanation The policy is becoming one of the state policies and is Integrated the fundamental point of the project, which requires a basin close cooperation among sectors (management Project will promote the implementation of the policy 11 management departments in charge of water resources, forestry, through strengthen interdepartmental coordination further. policy agriculture, animal husbandry, planning, finance, etc.) in order to realize the common purpose. 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS For many years, the problem on farmer, countryside and agriculture has been paid close attention to by the country all the time. The country has issued a series of Policy on policies of supporting agriculture in succession in recent farmer, Implementation of the project will support the state policy years. For example, the country has arranged subsidy for 12 countryside on farmer, countryside and agriculture, increase farmers’ improved seeds, subsidy for purchasing farm machinery and income and improve agricultural efficiency. and tool, agricultural tax bite, and cancelled the local agriculture product tax etc. in 28 provinces of the country, in order to promote the increasing farmers’ income, the increasing production, and improving agricultural efficiency. [526] In order to change farmers’ poor current situation, the Build such auxiliary facilities as livestock barn, fruit project of building ecological homestead and enriching storehouse and marsh gas pool is to apply ecologic people has been implemented in the countrywide economic principle in agricultural production in this Plan for progressively since 2000, including political and project, which is compliance with the technological pattern enriching technological aspects: The governments at all levels take of the plan for enriching farmers by ecological measures, 13 farmers by measures to lead farmers to arrange their production and i.e. transfer farmers’ traditional production mode by the ecological live by the mode of ecological home; The rural project of enriching farmers through courtyard ecological measures renewable energy technology and courtyard ecological and economic measures. It favors to improve agricultural technology are optimized, assembled, comprehensive use efficiency of resources and increase of integrated and matched. farmers’ income. 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS 3.2 Relations with relevant plannings 3.2.1 Adaptability to the State Planning of Eco-environment Construction Ecological environment, one of basic conditions for human survival and development, is the restriction factor of economic and social development. It is one of the basic policies as China’s modernization construction to protect and build ecological environment well, realizing sustainable development. The overall objective of the State planning of the ecological environment construction is: “…Vigorously plant trees and grass, control soil erosion, prevent and control desertification, build ecological agriculture, improve working and living condition, strengthen comprehensive harnessing, and complete some projects having significant influence for improving national ecological environment, so that turn back the worsening tendency of eco-environment. Strive to basically control any soil erosion area of China where could be controlled in middle period of next century, plant tree or grass in any area where is suitable for afforestation, rehabilitate grassland from basification, desertification and deterioration basically, and set up a preventive monitoring and protective system of eco-environment, so as to obviously improve eco-environment in most areas, becoming China with beautiful landscape basically." The project proposes setting up a comprehensive defending system of soil erosion, which a sustainable rural development pattern could be formed through measures of basic farmland construction, afforestration and closure or prohibition control, rural infrastructure construction, and energy renewal. As a result, over 80% of soil erosion area of the project area could be under control, over 80% of the area where is suitable for tree or grass could be afforested, the deserted mountain and barren hill could be all afforested, the forest land with irrational structure could be improved, the coverage rate of vegetation could be raised notably, local farmers' production and living conditions could be improved, and the ecological environment presents benign cycle initially. It is consistent with the overall objective of the planning of the state ecological environment construction. In addition, 38 counties selected by the project from Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hubei are key soil erosion control areas listed in the State Planning of Eco- environment Construction, in which most locate in the upstream areas of the Yangtze River. It accords with the planned control objective near future (2010), that is, "make an initial success with harnessing those key soil erosion areas in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River with very inferior eco- environment and other serious desertificated areas. ……Build a batch of demonstration projects of water and soil conservation, water-saving irrigation, dry farming and ecological agriculture in the key regions." Therefore, the project implementation is a practice of the Planning and is in harmony with it. 3.2.2 Adaptability to the Local Overall Plan of Land Use Overall plan of land use is a basic plan for the preparation of plans of water and soil conservation, agriculture, and forestry. Though the difference exists in such aspects as geographical condition, area, population and economy development level among 10 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS provinces and city related to the project, there are following common problems on land use in the project areas: 1) The land per capita is small in quantity, cultivated land is inferior in quality and reserve of resource is insufficient; 2) The cultivated land is reducing constantly, the conflict of land use is conspicuous; 3) Soil erosion is large in area, and land deterioration and damage is serious; 4)The land use structure is unreasonable, e.g. the cultivated area is too large while the area of forest and grass is small. The overall plan of land use of every province or city, therefore, is prepared under the guidance, that is, "must insist on the basic national policy of treasuring land very much, using land rationally and protecting cultivated land in practice all the time, deal with the relation of economic development, cultivated land protection and of ecological environment construction correctly, insist the policy of development and saving of land resource simultaneously, and saving the first, develop in protecting, protect in developing, promote intensive use and optimal configuration of land resource; Under the prerequisite of protecting and improving eco-environment, create condition actively, strengthen land clearing and reclaim further, develop reserve land resource appropriately, and ensure sustainable development of society and economy." Under this guidance, these plans adjust land use structure on the basis of protecting cultivated land and basic farmland, which increase garden area, expand forestland and properly increase grass area. The adjusting index of every kind of land use is proposed on the basis of considering all relevant factors. Every province or city has proposed strengthening guidance, and regulation and control of land use by type further according to different regional characteristics. The content about the project area is as follows: Yunnan Province: The northwest region should strengthen the protection and construction of forest and grassland, return the cultivated land on steep slope back into forest or grass land in a planned way, arrange land for traffic and energy construction rationally; The middle region should control the land for urban and rural construction strictly, protect cultivated land conscientiously, and strengthen deserted mountain afforestation and comprehensive basin harnessing. Guizhou Province: The west and southwest regions should arrange land for agriculture, forestry and herd uses on the basis of local conditions, strengthen land clearing and reclamation of ground for industrial and mining discarding, enhance forest land protection, implement the closing mountain to facilitate afforestation and returning cultivated land into forest. Hubei Province: The eastern and western mountain region should strengthen forest land protection and soil erosion control, return the cultivated land on steep slope into forest in a planned way, and develop and use mountain resources and water resource on the premise of eco-environment protection. Chongqing city: Protect cultivated land strictly in the farming hills region, use land according to its planning, and accelerate the construction of cities and towns; Do well the adjustment of land use structure; Return the cultivated land on the steep slope more than 25 degrees back into forest step by step to increase coverage of forest and grass, prohibit destroying forest and opening up wasteland to plant grain. Protect basic farmland strictly in the farming and herding mountain region, protect and improve ecological environment, Return the cultivated land on the steep slope more than 25 degrees back into forest gradually; Arrange construction land for the communications and transportation and development of small city, centre market town and township 11 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS enterprise according to planning strictly; Firmly prevent from land occupation or construction arbitrarily. In FSR on ecological construction project of water and soil conservation of the four provinces and city, land use structure of the project area is adjusted on the basis of the overall plan of land use of every province or city, combined with the overall objective of harmonious sustainable development of the ecology, economy and the society of the project area, and according to the population, grain yield, rural economy development, energy demand and ecological construction objective at end of the project construction period. After adjustment, the agricultural land area in the project area drops to some extent while the basic farmland area increases certainly; the forest land area increases very much, the grassland area increases appropriately; the deserted mountain and barren hill reduce greatly, but water areas and nonproductive area seldom increase. The result of above adjustment accords with the overall plan of land use of every province or city, and the project puts the basic farmland construction of the project area in the first place and implements comprehensive harness of water and soil conservation on the basis of ensuring food security, which reflects the guidelines of land use planning of every province or city fully. 3.2.3 Adaptability to the Local Plans of Water and Soil Conservation The plan of water and soil conservation of the four provinces and city is prepared on the basis of the plans of water and soil conservation of every province or city, which combines the soil erosion current situation and characteristic there. The planning carries out the water and soil conservation policy of "prevention first, full planning, comprehensive control, adjusting measures to local conditions, strengthening management, and focusing on benefit". The planning principles adopted are mainly 1) Comprehensive harnessing principle, that is, soil erosion control must carried out by unit of small basin, which takes measure according to existing local conditions of small basin, prevents by specific disaster, scientifically arranges structural measure, plantation measure and cultivation measure for soil protection, and comprehensively harness mountain, water, field, forest and road so as to form an integrated control system with high benefit; 2) The principle of combining management with protection and development with use, that is, on the premise of the ecological benefit first, insist on combining control with development and short-term interest with long-term interest, and comprehensively consider the ecological benefit, economic benefit and social benefit; 3)The principle of using land resource wisely, that is, rationally arrange land used for agriculture, forest and herd, cultivate land resource according to local ground conditions and production developing direction of the soil erosion area, combining with rural industrial structure adjustment, so as to realize sustainable development. Every province or city has proposed, in its planning, comprehensive control measures of long and middle term and their concrete area or quantity of every measure. Water authority of every county prepares its ecological construction plan for water and soil conservation in view of the above, and presents further measure to every measure. FR of the project is based on the ecological construction plan for water and soil conservation of every province, city and counties of the project, which follows the guidelines and principles of the planning fully, implements integrated harnessing by unit of small basin, and considers improvement of productive and living conditions of farmers of the project area and increase of their economic income, so as to make 12 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS control result more stable. Therefore, it is concrete embodiment of the planning. The implementation of the project and other ecological construction projects in the project area, such as "harnessing project of the Yangtze " and "harnessing project of the Pearl River", the planning objective could be realized. 3.2.4 Adaptability to the Local Plans of the Forestry Ecological Construction The four provinces or city, in their forestry development plan in 2020, propose: implement the key forestry projects, promote ecological construction actively and make great efforts to realize the safety and civilization of ecology. Protect resources of wildwood, wild animals and plants, and wetland of reservoir area, improve existing forest quality constantly, and strengthen the protective function. Strengthen forest breeding greatly, increase the total amount of forest resource, improve the whole quality of ecology, and build forests for water source conservation, water and soil conservation, and public welfare in the area with fragile ecology. Optimize the structure of forestry constantly, quicken the development of forestry’s industry, and realize the objective of "green mountains, rich people and prosperous trade". The project takes measures of building the ecological forest for public welfare and closing mountain and prohibiting disafforestation, and rebuild some forest land with poor quality so as to increase total amount of forest resource, improve ecological quality and increase biological variety, which accord with the forestry development objectives of every province and city. After the project implemented, the area of forest land in the project area could be improved greatly, the forest coverage rate could rise from present 18.2% to 30%, and the forest grass coverage rate could increase from 30.8% to 47.8%, which play a positive role for the realization of forestry development objectives of every province or city. 3.2.5 Adaptability to Local Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection Plans The ecological construction and environmental protection plans, prepared by the EPA of every province or city, are a comprehensive plan, involving in the department of environmental protection, forestry, agriculture, and water resource, etc. It follows the guidelines of insisting on people first, regarding ecological improvement and environmental protection as the major content of economic development and life quality improvement, taking advantage of the role of market mechanism, perfecting the regulation and policy as a guarantee, regarding institution innovation and scientific progress as driving force, regarding solving the problems of the key area and field as the breach, strengthening comprehensive coordination and guidance by types, and promoting sustainable development strategy in an all-round way. The plan proposes the protective objectives on forestry ecological construction, bio-diversity protection, agricultural eco-environment construction, grassland eco-environment construction, soil erosion control, and water environmental protection. The project regards the comprehensive control of soil erosion and improvement of eco-environment, and the poverty relief and improvement of farmers’ living standard 13 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS of the project area as two parallel major objectives, which is compliance with above guidelines fully. The essence of the project is to promote sustainable use of environmental resources and reverse the trend of environment deterioration of the basin. The project, therefore, is an eco-environmental protection project with better adaptability to the environmental protection plan of every province or city. 3.2.6 Adaptability to Local Pasturage Industry Plans The pasturage industry of the four provinces and city develops slower, which is in the farmer’s raising period mostly, is the major source of farmer’s income, and has not formed the pillar industry in national economy yet. The development plan of animal husbandry industry of Yunnan Province determines its industry development position as: Develop live pig production steadily and quicken development of the meadow animal husbandry that ecology is regarded equally important as economy and gives priority to the plant-eating domestic animals; Stress deep the processing and commodity rate of livestock product, make great efforts to develop to the modern animal husbandry industry. The plan determines its striving objective, that is, develop animal husbandry and relevant industries from rural pillar industry to provincial pillar industry of national economy, and develop Yunnan province as a state industry base of the "evergreen meadow industry animal husbandry base". The meadow animal husbandry development objective of Hubei province is: Increase 100 million mu of the area of growing grass newly every year, increase two percentage points of the treatment and use ratio of crops straw by every year, and increase 5% , 10% and 15% separately of the production of cattle, sheep and milk cow by every year. Set up three major industrial belts of milk cow, sheep and cattle. Set up the industrial belt of high-quality milk cow and strive to make the milk output account for 90% of one of the whole province, which regards the cities of Wuhan, Yichang, Huanggang, Xianning, Shiyan, Xiangfan and Jing Zhou as the major region, and round the large and medium cities and leading enterprise. Set up the industrial belt of sheep and strive to make the mutton output account for 75% of one of the whole province, which regards the Han River, Qingjiang river basin and Dabiesan Mountain as the major region. Set up the quality cow industrial belt and strive to make the beef output account for 80% of one of the whole province, which regards 24 state-level demonstration counties and one demonstration zone for raising cows by straw as the major region. The project, combining land use structural adjustment of the project area, will greatly promote the development of animal husbandry industry of the project area through growing artificial grassland in the area suitable for planting grass and offer the herb for the animal husbandry development of the project area while conserving water and soil. Project implementation not only brings the economic income to the farmers of the project area but also totally accord with the animal husbandry development objective of every province. For example, Hubei project area is located in both major industrial belt of milk cow and seep so that the raising domestic animal could be combined with local plan, providing a better technical support service and good market prospects for the project implementation. 14 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS 3.3 Safeguard Policies of WB The WB has implemented the environment and social policy more than 20 years. WB management explained the concept of the safeguard policy for the first time in 1997, in order to emphasize this kind of business policy being important for realizing the environmental and social goals of WB and business quality of the WB. At present, the WB has ten safety policies, including the environmental policies on EA, natural habitats, pest management, forests and safeguard of dams, the social policies on cultural property, involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples, and the law- related policies of disputed areas and international waterways. The main purpose of these safeguard policies is to identify, prevent and mitigate the negative effects of the project on environment and the society as much as possible, promote considerations of environment and society in the decision-making process, and protect the prestige of the borrowing country and the WB. The project only involves the social polisies of indigenous peoples that is in charge of the social assessment panel. The main content is how EIs of the project follows the WB’s environmental policies. The WB’s EA operational policies, (OP4.01) [502] EIs of the project are carried out compliance with requirement of WB fully. At first, EIs of the project are screened compliance with the requirement of classification of WB’s EA projects, according to class, site, sensitivity and size of proposal project and nature and extent of its potential EIs. The project is a category B project. Then, the Project Conceptual Document is prepared. The EA panel considers WB’s requirement on EA content during EA period. The panel not only assesses potential environmental risk and impact of the area affected by the project, but also analyses alternatives of the project, determines relevant measures for preventing, mitigating, controlling or compensating negative effects and enlarging positive effects. The public consultation investigation is carried out after environmental screening and draft EIS are finished, which determines disclosure manner and implementing method. Finally, the EMP of the project is prepared. Environmental assessment of pest management, OP4.09 [504] A pest management panel set up according to the requirement of the WB’s EA operational policy on the pest management. The panel carries out the consultant and coordination with pest management departments and prepares the PMP. The result of the PMP is listed in Chapter 6.3.1 of the EA report of the project. Safety of dams, OP4.37 [507] The project will build some weir, silt retention dam, valley dam and storage pond, which are small dams regulated by the WB. The diversion irrigation project of the project will revolve in some operating reservoirs. The dams revolved have prepared their dam safety reports, including dam safety plan, safety assessment and safety measures, which meets the requirements of the WB’s dam safety policies. In order to mitigate EIs of the silt retention facilities construction, the EA report presents the siting standards in Chapter 5.2.2. Forests, OP4.36 [509] The project area, located in where the forest resource is destroyed seriously, does not involve in wildwood resources. The measures taken by the project include 15 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 3: POLICIES AND LAWS afforestation, vegetation coverage increase and others, which do not result significant conversion or degradation of wildwood and relating, and can promote forest biovariety of the project area. It is discussed detailed in Chapter 6.2.2 of the EA report that analyses the biological risk as a result of introducing exotic species by the wildwood project. The potential effects of the project on local residents’ lives quality/right will be described in the social assessment report specially. Natural habitats, OP4.04 [510] To ensure the screened small basin control project no significant conversion to natural habitats or not in the protection zone and natural habitat, a preliminary screen is carried out according to the "Natural habitats" of the WB’s policy (OP/BP4. 04). Chapter 5.2.1 of the EA report presents the small basin screening principle and Chapter 6.3.3 discusses the relation between the project and natural habitats detailed. 3.4 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 3 includes following parts: Relation with domestic systems and policies: briefly address how FSR of the project and this report follow laws and regulations and standards issued by China’s Government, analyze the affected or related policies and management framework in the project area, involving environmental protection, sustainable development strategy, forestry, returning farmland to forestry, management of land and grassland, desertification control, poverty relief, urbanization and integrated basin management, etc., and explain how they restrain from or help the project activities implemented. Relation with relevant planning: explain the adaptability of the implementation of the project to the comprehensive and professional plans, involving in ecological construction, water and soil conservation, land use, forestry ecological construction, ecological construction and environmental protection, and animal husbandry industry, etc. The WB’s safeguard policies review: Introduce the information about the WB’s safeguard policies followed as the EA of the project. 16 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Environmental Setting Introduction The main contents of this chapter are to confirm the environmental study region affected by the project and divide the environmental setting into physical environment, socio-economic environment and existing primary environment problems to describe environmental setting and characters of every related province &city. All of that are according to the environmental background investigation and data collecting &analysis that was carried out by the EIA team, of the four provinces such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Hubei concerned in the project. Introduction of the Changjiang and the Pearl Rivers 4.2.1 Changjiang River The Changjiang River is the largest river in China. It originates from the northwest of the Geladandong Jokuls, which is the highest peak of the Tanggula Mountains on the Qinghai- Tibet altiplano with North Latitude of 33°28’ and East Longtitude of 91°08’. The headstream of glacier end is on the altitude of 5400m. Its main river flows through 10 provinces, cities and municipalities like Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Chen, E, Xiang, Gan, Wan, Su, Hu, etc. and infuses into Dong Sea to the east of Chongming Island, while its branches flows through 8 provinces and municipalities like Gan, Shan, Qian, Yu, Zhe, Gui, Min, Yue, etc. The whole length of the main river is about 6300km with an area of about 1.8million km2 (The area of each province in the Changjiang River basin is shown in Figure 4.2-1.). Most of the river basin is located in subtropical monsoon climate zones. The climate is warm and average annual precipitation is 1100mm. Average annual water amount flowing into the sea is nearly 1000 billion m3, accounting for 36% of the total river runoff in China and occupys the third largest in the world (All of the data in this section are extracted from the 530 website of Changjiang Water Resources .) Figure 4.2-1 Area of each province in the Changjiang River 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Water systems in the Changjiang River basin are complex with thousands of branches. There have 49 branches, which have the basin area above 10 thousand square kilometers. And the basin area of the four largest branches like Jialing River, Han River, Min River and Yaxi River are all above 100 thousand square kilometers (An introduction of the main branches in the Changjiang River is shown in Table 4.2-1.). Table 4.2-1 Introduction on the Changjiang River Length Area Average annual runoff Annual runoff River 2 3 km km m /s 108m3 Yaxi River 1571 128444 1810 571 Dadu River 1155 90700 1570 495 Min River 735 135000 2850 877 Jialing 1120 160000 2120 710 River Wu River 1037 87920 1650 508 Ruan River 1022 89163 2170 667 Xiang River 844 94660 2370 653 Han River 1577 159000 1710 511 Gan River 751 83500 2130 675 Note: The data are extracted from the website of Changjiang Water Resources. The middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River are the most concentrative area of freshwater lakes in China. There have Boyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Big Lake, Chao Lake, etc. Its irrigation area is about 146.7 thousand km2, occupying 30% of the total in China. Water energy resources in the whole basin are very abundant with a potential developing energy of 0.197billion kW and annual generating electricity of 1000billion kW·h. It is only inferior to Brazil (An introduction of water energy resources in the Changjiang River is shown in Table 4.2-2.). Table 4.2-2 Introduction on water energy resources in the Changjiang River Installing machine Annual generating Basin capability (10 electricity (0.1 Electricity proportion thousand kW) billion kW·h) Total basin 19724 10275 100 Main river 9066 4723 46.0 Thereinto: upwards 5891 3234 31.5 Yibing Yibing to Yichang 3174 1489 14.5 Branches 10658 5552 54.0 Thereinto: upwards 3000 1807 17.6 Yibing Yibing to Yichang 5010 2614 25.4 Afterwards Yichang 2649 1131 11.0 Note: The data are extracted from the website of Changjiang Water Resources. At present, Gezhou Dam has been built in the Changjiang River with an installing machine capability of 2.715 million kW. Water conservancy of the Three Gorge Project, which is 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING under construction, will have an installing machine capability of 18.2 million kW, occupying the first all over the world. Almost 0.4billion people are living in the river basin, accounting for 1/3 of the whole state. The population of farmers is about 0.32billion. Han nationality is occupying 94%. There have more than 50 minorities with 20million people. In these minorities, the population of six nationalities like Tujia, Miao, Yi, Dong, Tibet and Hui is above 1 million. Most of them are living in Yunnan-Guizhou Altiplano, Qinghai-Tibet Altiplano, West Sichuan, West Hunan and West Hubei. 4.2.2 Pearl River The Pearl River is one of the largest rivers in China. It spans seven provinces like Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, etc. The total area is about 0.4421 million km2 in China and 0.011million km2 in Vietnam. The basin locates in subtropical zones with the tropic of cancer traversing the central part. It belongs to tropical and subtropical climate of wet hot and rainy area. The features of four seasons are: continuous overcast and rainy days in spring; high temperature and wet hot in summer with concentrative rainstorm; frequent typhoon in autumn; seldom frost in winter with sparse rainfall. Average temperature of most area is between 14 oC and 22oC. Average annual precipitation is varying from 1200mm to 2200mm (All the data of this section are extracted from the website of Pearl 531 River Resources .). Four water systems like Xi River, North River, East River and all rivers around the Pearl River delta compose the Pearl River (An Introduction of the main rivers and branches of the Pearl River are shown in Table 4.2-3. Subarea in the Pearl River is shown in Figure 4.2-2.). Xi River makes up of South Pan River, Redwater River, Qian River and XunRiver with the main branches of North Pan River, Liu River, Yu River, Gui River and He River. The main branches for North River are Wu River, Lian River, Tuo River, etc. and for East River are Xinfeng River, Xizhi River, etc. The two rivers of North and West make confluence and flows into the Pearl River delta in Sixian Vault of Sanshui City, Guangdong Province while the East River in Shilong Town of Dongwan City, Guangdong Province. Then the rivers infusing the South Sea from eight seaprots like Tiger, Jiao, Hongqi, Heng, Modao, Jidi, Tiger jumping and Cliff Gates. This structures the particular water systems’ features of “Confluence of three rivers and distributary of eight seaports”. Table 4.2-3 Introduction on the main rivers and branches of the Pearl River River Area (10 thousandkm2) Length (km) Main Rivers of the Xi River upwards 35.5 2074 SixianVault North Pan 2.58 327 River Branches of the Xi Liu River 5.72 773.3 River Yu River 8.68 1179 Gui River 1.93 426 He River 1.15 344 North River upwards Sanshui 4.67 468 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Main Rivers of the East River 3.32 523 (Including the delta) Delta of the Northwest River 1.76 141 531 Note: The data are extracted from the website of Pearl River Resources. The total average annual runoff in the basin is 336 billion m3. Apportioned to every person, it is 4700 m3, which equals to 1.7 times of the state average. Average annual sediment in the Pearl River is the smallest in the largest rivers of China with only 0.126~0.334kg/m3. Figure 4.2-2 Subarea of the Pearl River The total area of land resource in the Pearl River is 442 thousand km2 with farmland of 48 thousand km2 and forestland of 126 thousand km2. Farmland ratio is below the state average. Every person only possesses farmland of 0.006 km2, accounting for 60% of the state average. There have built 9002 reserviors of many kinds with the total store capacity of 49 billion m3, and 20513km dikes. The total installing machine capacity of water and electricity stations built is 9.5 million kW, accounting for 34.3% of the potential developing electricity. At present, annual water supplying of the water conservancy projects is 56.4 billion m3, which is 12% of the total amount of water resources in the river. The degree of water conservancy reaches 67% with an irrigation area of 2.82 million ha. The area of soil and water conservancy is about 23 thousand km2, accounting for 43.4% of the total. The Pearl River is one of the regions in China where there have many minorities. The main nationalities here are Han, Zhuang, Miao, Buyi, etc. In the minorities, the population of Zhuang Nationality is the highest, then Miao Nationality. Environmental Study Area (Project Affected Area) All together the project affected area are including 37 counties, cities &districts of Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, Chongqing Province and Hubei Province as shown in Figure 1.2-1 &1.2-2. The total project affected area is 6905.05 km2 as shown in Table 4.3-1 with 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 6332.4 km2 land area of 248 small river basins in 33 counties of the Changjiang River Basin and 572.65 km2 land area of 26 small river basins in 4 counties of the Pearl River Basin. So the environmental study area of the project is decided to be the above 37 counties, cities &districts and related regions. According to the characters of the project EIs, the study area can be sub-divided into the project region, the project county and the lower reach. 4.3.1 Project Region The project regions are the area composed by the 274 small river basins that are affected by the project. 4.3.2 Project County The project counties as shown in Figure 4.3-1~4 are the area composed by the 37 counties, which are affected by the project. Table 4.3-1 Area Affected by the Project Province Region, City River Basin County, City &District Amount &City &Canton Belonging Muding, Yuanmou, Yaoan, The Changjiang Chuxiong Dayao River Yunnan 8 Weixin, Zhenxiong, Qiaojia, The Changjiang Shaotong Yongshan River Weining, Hezhang, Nayong, The Changjiang Bijie Jinsha, Zhijin, Bijie, Dafang, River West Qian Guizhou 12 Liupanshui Pan County The Pearl River South-west Anlong, Xingyi, Xingren The Pearl River Qian Wanzhou, Puling, Qianjiang, Yubei, Jiangjin, Hechuan, The Changjiang Chongqing 11 Yongchuan, Rongchang, River Wuxi, Kaixian, Changshou The Changjiang Yichang Yiling District, Changyang River The Changjiang Hubei Enshi Lichuang 6 River The Changjiang Huanggang Hongan, Macheng, Xishui River 4.3.3 Lower Reach The lower reaches are the infall estuary regions where the project affected rivers join into higher branches and their lower reaches’ controlled reservoirs. They are described as following: The project regions of Yunnan Province are located in the Changjiang River basin. There have the Longchuan River (including two branches of the Qingling River and the Daguyan 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING River) and the Yupao River in the four counties of Dayao, Yaoan, Muding and Yuanmou that are belonging to Chuxiong Canton. Their lower reaches are the estuary regions that the rivers join into the Jinsha River. Qiaojia and Yongshan Counties in Shaotong are located beside the Jinsha River. Its lower reaches starts from the involved branches to the estuary that the branches join into the Jinsha River. Zhenxiong County is located in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River. Its lower reaches starts from the Liuchong River to the Wujiangdu Reservoir. Weixin County is located in the upper reaches of the Chishui River. Its lower reaches starts from the Chishui River to the estuary of the Jinsha River. The project regions of Guizhou Province also involve the two large river basins of the Changjiang River and the Pearl River. Thereinto, There are 8 counties &cities involved in the Wu River of the Changjiang River Basin. That is Weining, Hezhang, Nayong, Zhijin, Bijie, Dafang, West Qian and Jinshan. And the Southern &Northern Pan River of the Pearl River Basin involves 4 counties &cities like Xingyi, Xingren, Anlong and Pan. The 8 counties’ lower reach of the Changjiang River Basin is the Wujiangdu Reservoir of the Liuchong River, the Sancha River and the Yeji River flowing into the Wu River. The infall of the branches flowing into the Southern &Northern Pan River is the 4 counties’ lower reach of the Pearl River Basin. The project regions of Hubei Province involve 6 counties &districts like Changyang, Hongan, Lichuan, Yiling, Macheng and Xishui with the Qing River, the Huangbai River, the Ju River, the Dao River and the Xi River inside. Thereinto, the lower reach of the Qing River is the Geheyan Reservoir. Lower reaches of the partial small river basins in Yiling District are belonging to the three gorges’ reservoir area. And lower reaches of other project counties are the infalls of the branches flowing into the Changjiang River. The eleven project counties of Chongqing City are mostly located in the three gorges’ reservoir area. Their lower reaches involve the Wu River, the Jiangling River and the Xiao River of the three gorges’ project area as shown in Table 4.3-2. Table 4.3-2 Environmental Study Area-Lower Reaches Province Water System &River Lower Reaches &City From the Longchuan River to the estuary; From the Yupao River Changjiang Water System: Longchuan River to the estuary; (Qingling River and Daguyan River), Yupao River From the second and Chishui River-the first branches of the Jinsha branch of the Wujiang Yunan River; Wujiang River-the first branch of the River to Wujiangdu Province Changjiang River Reservoir; From the Chishui River to the estuary The infall of the Qu Pearl Water System: South Pan River-the first River flowing into the branch South Pan River. Changjiang Water System: Wu River (Liuchong From the second Guizhou River, Sancha River, Yeji River, Pianyan River, branch to the Province etc)-the first branch Wujiangdu Reservoir. 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The infall of the Pearl Water System: Southern &Northern Pan branches flowing into Rivers the Southern &Northern Pan Rivers. Changjiang Water System: Wu River, Jialing River, Puli River, Qian River, Hou River, Yinxi River, Pu The Three-gorge Chongqing River, Jiulong River, Laixi River, Daning River, Reservoir and its first City Dong River and Dayuxi River, etc-the first and branches. second branches The Three-gorge Reservoir, the Geheyan Changjiang Water System: Qing River, Huangbo Reservoir, and from the Hubei River, Ju River, Dao River and Xi River- the first lower reaches of the Province branches Dao River, the Ju River and the Xi River to the estuaries Project Region of Yunnan Province 4.4.1 Physical Environment 4.4.1.1 Geology and landform As an altiplano montanic province, the total upland area of Yunan Province accounts for 80% of the total provincial land area. The relief in the project regions appears as that plateau, mountains, and small basins distribute alternated. 80% of the regions are middle mountains where the elevation is mostly among 1,000m~3,500m and hills where the elevation is mostly below 1, 000m, and the other 20% are basins. There are a great deal of cross ravines and fragmentized ground. A lot of sloping field and large grade is one important factor that causes soil erosion in the project regions. The geotectonism in Chuxiong Canton is relatively more complex with changeful lithology and a large scope of active rupture distribution. Frequent earthquakes with high magnitude here affect the stability of mountains.Developing geotectonism, large scope of active rupture distribution, cracked terrane and loosen earth provide conditions to cause mountainous disasters such as coast and block gracier. Those phenomena mostly occur over the east part of Yuanmou County, Mixing of Yaoan County, Lianchang Village, Longgang Village, and other counties &districts. 4.4.1.2 Climate and hydrology (1) Climate The regions are located in subtropical monsoon climate zones with the typical plateau climate features of dry winter and wet summer. There has no frost during the winter and no broil during the summer. The four seasons are not clear with the following features: z The annual temperature range is small while the daily one is large. Average annual temperature is 16.5 . z Daily temperature degree accumulated for higher than 10 in one year is 4, 863 . 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING z For sunshine hours in a year, it is as high as 2, 387h with a total radiation of 512.5 kJ/cm2. z The annual and seasonal distributions of precipitation are uneven. Average annual precipitation is 854mm. Rainfall of flood seasons from July to September accounts for 56.0% of annual amount. z The main natural disasters are mainly cold, frost, hail, flood and drought. 102 The weather features of the project area are shown in Table 4.4-1. (2) Hydrology The main water system in the project region of the Chuxiong Canton is the Longchuanjiang River. Average annual runoff is 82.5394 million m3 and 132.78m3/s. The annual runoff changed very differently with the largest runoff of 99.0473 million m3 and the smallest runoff of 66.0316 million m3. The seasonal runoff distributes unevenly in a year. Normally the runoff from July to September is the largest that accounts for 65% of annual value. So that results in uneven distribution of annual and seasonal sand transported concentration correspondingly. Average annual sand transported modulus of the project region is 1,486t/km2.a. Water resource in the project region is mainly surface water. The average water resource possessed by farmland per Mu is lower than the average level of the whole province. And restricted by the land condition, pumping and irrigation instrument the usage of water resource is low and most regions here are heavily short of water. The actual measurement values of runoff and sand in the main rivers of the project area are shown in Table 4.4-2 and 4.4-3. Table 4.4-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Yunnan Province Project Area Muding Yao’an Yuanmou Dayao Maximum in 34.2 26.7 39.1 33 a year Temperature Minimum in ( ) -7.3 0.4 -1.3 -6.1 a year Average 15.8 15.3 21.7 15.6 Highest 1334.7 960.1 961.3 1086.5 Year 1998 1973 2001 1998 Annual Lowest 611.8 507.3 287.4 612.3 precipitation (mm) Year 1980 1960 1960 1988 Average 872 768 641 836 annual Precipitation from July to September 418 352 354 503 (mm) Accumulated temperature >=10 4952 5458 7718 4974 ( ) Frost-free days (d) 292 226 362 233 Annual sunlight hours (h) 2368 2488 2623 2472 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.4.1.3 Soil There are 4 soil groups, nearly 14 subgroups, 24 soil categories, 59 soil species and 37 variations in the project regions. The distribution of red earth is most extensive with yellow brown earth, purple earth, and paddy soil also distributed widely. Red earth mainly distributes in warm and cool dam regions and coteaus with the elevation of 1, 690m~2, 400m. Yellow brown earth is belong to cold zone soil and mainly distributes in ridges and slope belts with the elevation of 2,400m. The precipitation in that area is relatively larger. Purple earth is lithology soil and distributed in region. Paddy soil mainly distributes in river valleys with much more soil types. Good water and fertility conditions bring high land productivity, where have high and stable yield fields concentrate for the whole project regions. 4.4.1.4 Vegetation Yunnan Province is one of the provinces in China, which have the most abundant vegetation types. According to “Yunnan Vegetation”, there are 12 vegetation groups, 169 biomes and 209 species in Yunnan Province. The vegetation coverage degree in the project region is 25.5% while most woodland is sparse tree and boscage. Woodland with canopy density less than 30% accounts for 36.1% of the total woodland area. Vegetation types in the project regions are subtropical half-wet coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest with everagreens and deciduous mixed. There also exist other vegetation types such as shrubbery of hot river valley, cold shrub sward, sparse sward, brushwood of slow slope and low hill, krummholz, etc. The types of virgin forest are various. Yunnan pine occupies the largest area, following by armond pine, Dianyou Cedar, white gourd in dryland, Dian poplar, Dian oak, etc. The main types of shrubbery are birchleaf pear, bureja gooseberry, scree etc. Types of planted forest include eucalyptus, willow, robust silk oak, etc. There have fewer swards between woods and farmland in the project regions. The swards are seriously degenerating.Vegetations in swards are abundant, mainly including poaceae, leguminosae and composite. Planted grass is including whangee grass, ryegrass, etc. 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.4-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project Area Annual Runoff Runoff from July to Station Runoff m3/s (10Thousand m3) September (10Thousand m3) Runoff Province River Oberserved Project Area Controlled Modulus (City) Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum 3 2 Length years Station Area Average Average Average (m /km ) in a year in a year in a year in a year in a year in a year km2 Total 819.39 13853.45 9235.63 11544.54 9004.74 6003.16 7503.95 328.67 219.11 273.89 172322 40 Total of Cuxiong Canton 447.18 9904.73 6603.16 8253.94 6438.08 4292.05 5365.06 159.33 106.22 132.78 120617 45 Subtotal of Muding County 149.50 2541.50 1694.33 2117.92 1651.98 1101.32 1376.65 142.05 94.70 118.38 141667 32 Hejiechong Longchuan Canton hydrologic station 31.85 573.30 382.20 477.75 372.65 248.43 310.54 176.82 117.88 147.35 150000 32 Fengle of Pu Village Longchuan Canton hydrologic station 29.40 529.20 352.80 441.00 343.98 229.32 286.65 152.88 101.92 127.40 150000 32 Mi Village Longchuan Canton hydrologic station 24.75 386.10 257.40 321.75 250.97 167.31 209.14 130.44 86.96 108.70 130000 32 Yunnan Gao Ping Longchuan Canton hydrologic station 21.53 310.03 206.69 258.36 201.52 134.35 167.93 117.48 78.32 97.90 120000 32 Province Machang Longchuan Canton hydrologic station 14.04 235.87 157.25 196.56 153.32 102.21 127.76 94.92 63.28 79.10 140000 32 Beiting Longchuan Canton hydrologic station 27.93 536.26 357.50 446.88 348.57 232.38 290.47 179.76 119.84 149.80 160000 32 Subtotal of Yaoan County Yipao Disuo hydrologic station 242.08 1013.71 675.81 844.76 658.91 439.28 549.09 61.14 40.76 50.95 27917 56 Subtotal of Yuanmou County Longchuan Cucumber garden hydrologic station 55.60 3577.30 2384.87 2981.09 2325.25 1550.17 1937.71 274.80 183.20 229.00 192266 47 Subtotal of Dayao County 28.00 5931.63 3954.42 4943.03 3855.56 2570.37 3212.97 200.40 133.60 167.00 337500 32 10 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.4-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Annual Transporting Transporting Sediment from July to Station Sediment Amount kg/m3 Sediment 104t September 104t Transporting Province Project Area Observed Controlled Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Sediment (City) 2 years Station Area Average Average Average Module t/km .a 2 Amount Years Amount Years Amount YearsAmount Years Amount Years Amount Years km Total 6138.26 377.16 200.87 289.02 170.6 141.85 156.23 152.51 46.074 99.3 2850 Total of Cuxiong Canton 5865.55 666.94 167.46 417.20 322.71 128.32 225.51 100.04 17.76 58.9 1486 Subtotal of Muding County 63.47 1.512 2.41 1.96 1.32 0.8 1.06 71.3 6.79 39.0 1726 Hejiechong Canton hydrologic station 12.65 0.33 98 0.41 80 0.37 0.25 98 0.15 80 0.2 13 98 0.99 80 7.0 1436 32 Fengle of Pu Village Canton hydrologic station 8.73 0.185 98 0.37 80 0.28 0.19 98 0.11 80 0.15 12.1 98 1 80 6.6 1044 32 Mi Village Canton hydrologic station 11.23 0.303 98 0.4 80 0.35 0.24 98 0.14 80 0.19 12 98 1.1 80 6.6 1521 32 Yunnan Gao Ping Canton hydrologic station 8.11 0.1865 98 0.35 80 0.27 0.18 98 0.11 80 0.145 11.9 98 1.3 80 6.6 1207 32 Province Machang Canton hydrologic station 8.98 0.2005 98 0.41 80 0.31 0.2 98 0.13 80 0.165 12.2 98 1.4 80 6.8 3546 32 Beiting Canton hydrologic station 13.77 0.307 98 0.47 80 0.39 0.26 98 0.16 80 0.21 10.1 98 1 80 5.6 1602 32 Subtotal of Yaoan County Fengtun 242.08 92.162 29.05 89 60.61 46.8 86 18.72 93 32.76 19.95 98 7.98 80 14.0 2000 32 Subtotal of Yuanmou County Cucumber garden hydrologic station 5560 1767.3 136 59 951.64 920 74 108.8 93 514.4 8.79 98 2.99 80 5.9 732 47 Subtotal of Dayao County 11 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.4.1.5 Wildlife Complicated landform and variable climate conditions turn Yunnan Province into the “kingdom” of animals. Altogether there are 1,704 amniotes. In 257 wildlife under special state protection published in 1998, Yunnan has occupied 164. Among them, wildlife under the first class protection includes Dian golden monkey, gibbon, Asian elephant, green peafowl, etc and under the second-class protection includes stump-tailed macaque, zibet, etc. Most wildlife under special state protection in Yunan Province is belonging to forest and tropic types. Their living and distribution are correlated with forest especially tropic forest. Normally they live in the natural protection regions. There have not carried out wildlife investigation for nearly 20 years in the project area. But only secondary vegetation and farmland leave with sparse trees. Wildlife here is mainly minitype animals like snake, rat, bird, squirrel, owl, etc. as the project regions destroyed by human activities for long periods. 4.4.2 Social Environment 4.4.2.1 Social-economy In 2004, the total population of regions was 305.7 thousands with the minorities’ population of 50.4 thousands. That is accounting for 16.5% of the total value. The minorities mainly are 102 Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Miao, Miao, Lisu, Hui, Man, and Naxi nationalities. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy of the regions The agricultural economy structure is shown in Figure 4.4-1. . The main grain crops are rice, horsebean, wheat, corn, soybean, etc. People here make a living mostly by plantation through cultivating large area land but with little harvest. Lagged agricultural ways result in lower agricultural productivity and low income. In 2004, farmers’ net income per capita was 928.6Yuan. 4.4.2.2 Land use The present land use structures of the regions are growing up during the long-time productive development process. The total land area is 1,435.40km2. Current land use is 102 shown in Table 4.4-4 and Figure 4.4-2. The problems of current land use in regions are as following: Land resources reducing per capita and low farmland quality with short supporting resources Unfeasible land use structures Enough land developing extent with lacking depth and low intensive cultivation with poor output ratio Serious soil erosion with soil &water pollution in large area and land quality decreasing Figure 4.4-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Yunnan Province 12 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 4.4-2 Landuse in Yunnan Province 13 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.4-4 Land Use of the Project Regions in Yunnan Province unit: km2 Cropland Forest land Grassland Total land area Project region Waste land Other land Sparse and Economic woodland woodland Manua Water cropland Paddy field Subtotal Subtotal Terrace Slope Natural Young (>250) Slope Subtot Woodl l cropland grassla 0 al and grassla (<25 ) nd nd 1557.8 463.5 103.3 Total 90.84 13.22 256.15 684.77 397.39 267.80 19.58 49.89 42.25 7.64 24.65 232.68 102.36 7 2 1 Muding 135.25 34.09 4.34 15.64 0.73 13.38 77.42 34.95 36.67 5.80 0.16 0.16 2.59 16.87 4.12 County Yaoan 211.19 35.15 8.91 21.66 1.16 3.42 124.27 89.33 33.47 1.47 0.32 0.32 3.56 36.92 10.97 County Yuanmou 234.95 64.82 15.78 36.63 12.42 107.87 34.49 68.53 4.85 10.77 10.77 5.50 38.43 7.56 County Dayao 146.62 19.17 4.00 9.85 0.18 5.14 116.33 60.18 54.39 1.76 1.10 1.10 1.24 5.35 3.42 County Weixing 139.4 276.37 22.63 2.55 6.74 107.56 128.71 94.56 31.90 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.00 6.50 County 8 Zhenxion 157.73 75.80 19.62 0.46 3.90 51.82 60.97 42.58 17.57 0.82 2.99 2.99 0.00 1.06 1.72 15.19 g County Qiaojia 172.66 25.12 7.53 1.93 0.51 15.15 32.60 11.13 21.33 0.14 10.76 10.76 0.00 4.43 62.10 37.65 County Yongsha 223.10 69.89 20.50 2.13 47.26 36.60 30.17 3.94 2.49 23.79 17.25 6.54 4.59 71.29 16.94 n County 14 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.4-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Yunnan Province Soil loss Among soil loss Very intense Total Slight loss Moderate loss Intense loss Severe loss Erosion loss Percentage Project land modulus (km2) Area Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Region area [t/(km2·a) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) Area Area Area Area Area (km2) ] e e e e e 1557.8 798.6 51. 293.1 Total 36.7 315.66 39.5 144.51 18.1 44.81 5.6 0.51 0.1 3069.13 7 4 3 5 Muding 52. 135.25 71.44 22.51 31.5 32.87 46 14.91 20.9 1.15 1.6 3866.98 County 8 Yaoan 35. 211.19 74.97 33.47 44.6 36.92 49.2 4.58 6.1 3014.5 County 5 Yuanmou 119.3 50. 234.95 62.94 52.7 40.66 34.1 15.77 13.2 3187.63 County 7 8 Dayao 45. 146.62 66.82 56.15 84 8.89 13.3 1.79 2.7 1658.87 County 6 Weixing 139.7 50. 276.37 24.4 17.5 77.9 55.7 27.05 19.4 10.41 7.4 2455.35 County 6 6 Zhenxion 57. 157.73 91.02 31.32 34.4 38.47 42.3 15.54 17.1 5.69 6.3 3249.71 g County 7 Qiaojia 57. 172.66 99.09 27.37 27.6 24.77 25 19.14 19.3 27.3 27.6 0.51 0.5 4151.29 County 4 Yongsha 136.1 223.1 61 34.99 25.7 55.18 40.5 45.74 33.6 0.26 0.2 2951.65 n County 7 15 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING According to the local terrain features, physical condition and land resources, land use structures are planned as 60% forest land, 20% ley, 10% cropland and 10% other lands in “Integrated agriculture Planning of Yunnan Province”. Due to the increasing demand of food supplies, steeper slope cropland is extensive and results in forest coverage degree decreasing. This causes serious soil erosion and greatly threatens the regional entironment. 4.4.2.3 Soil erosion Water erosion dominates soil erosion in the regions accompanied with gravity erosion and mixing erosion. It occupies 75% of the total soil erosion. The mainly type is kinds of sheet erosion with several shapes such as surface spattering erosion, layer sheet erosion, squama sheet erosion, grit sheet erosion, stria sheet erosion, shallow gully erosion, sheer gully erosion, gully erosion, flood erosion, etc. The total area affected by soil loss is 669.56km2, accounting for 46.6% of the total land in 102 the project regions. Soil loss status has been shown in Table 4.4-5 and Figure 4.4-3. Figure 4.4-3 Soil loss status in Yunnan Province 4.4.3 Primary Environment Problems (1) Serious harm from soil erosion Soil loss is one of the most serious environment problems in the project regions. Heavy soil erosion could result in sediment increasing. If soil eroded from land enters rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and channels in downstream regions, it would make sediment built up in the water conservancy projects, resulting in worsening entironment and threatening safe in downstream areas. All this heavily restricts the national economy sustainability in the regions. z Increasing sediment in rivers, lakes and reservoirs: In the regions where soil loss is serious, soil eroded from land caused by flood enters rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and channels in downstream regions, resulting in benefit reduction and life span decrease of water conservancy projects. For example, up to now almost 500 thousand cube meters sediment has entered into the Chaershan Reservoir of Jiangchuan County. Its storage is 102 obviously decreased. z Decreasing crop production and restricting agricultural development: Surface nutrient of soil is lost because of vast soil loss. It causes the nutrient lost which crop developing needs like nitrogen, phosphorus, kalium, etc, with crop yield decreasing and slow vegetation growth. According to the investigation study of hot river valley in Yuanmou County located in upper reaches of the Changjiang River, the cooked surface soil loss of slope land is 0.50mm~0.96mm every year. The organic content of surface soil descends 102 from 9.21 21.10g/kg of slight loss to 4.21 6.18g/kg of intense loss. z Restricting economic development and leading poverty: Serious soil loss is one of the important factors, which cause poverty in the regions. According to the statistic, 60 poverty counties are located in serious soil erosion regions, accounting for 82% of the 16 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING total 73 poverty counties in Yunnan Province. In addition, soil erosion also causes water quality worsened, waterhead drying up and not enough water supplies for domestic uses. 102 (2) Frequent natural disasters Special geological structures, large scope of active rupture distribution, cracked terrane and loosen earth provide conditions to cause mountainous disasters such as flood, coast and block gracier. Frequent natural disasters are heavily endangering the safety of the project regions. (3) Increasing non-point source pollution Large usage of agrochemical like pesticide, fertilizer, farm tool of plastic film, etc, brings adverse impacts for the country environment, while increasing the crop yield and the agricultural productivity. It not only pollutes water quality, but also causes soil hardening with organic content decreasing and unbalanced farmland entironment. That makes land integrated productivity decreasing and restricts sustainability of agricultural production. According to estimated data, agricultural non-point source pollution accounts for 50% of the total pollution charge in lakes of Yunnan Province. Non-point source pollution is the main pollution source of eutrophication in lakes. Project Region of Guizhou Province 4.5.1 Physical Environment 4.5.1.1 Geology and landform The relief of the project regions lies in the transition zone between the first and second class of plateaus regions and the third class of eastern hill-plain. Its landform gradually depresses from west to east. The highest first class in west is continued part of Yungui Plateau, which is the typical plateau relief in Guizhou Province. As the edges of plateau incise intensively, this part formed high and middle mountains with an elevation of 2,200m~2,400m. The second class in middle is typical distribution regions of mountain-plains and hill-plains, while the northern and southern slope is hill distribution regions with an elevation of 500m~1,500m. Normally the relative heights of center parts between large class and plateau are small with little variable landform and shallow river incision; the relative heights of transition zones between classes like the edges of plateau and middle-down reaches of great rivers are large with variable landform and deep river incision. There are various physiognomic types in the project regions, comprising of plateaus, middle mountains, low mountains, hills, basins, mountain-plains, hill-plains and so on with denudation-erosion relief that is dominated by fluviation and dissolving relief which is dominated by rock dissolving. In the area, 22.3% of the area with slope less than 5°, 23.5% with slope of 5-15°, 24.5% with slope of 15-25°, 16% with slope of 25-35°, and 13.7% with slope more than 35°. The geological complete strata in regions include Cold Purgation, Ordovician, Silurian, Permian, Trias, Cretaceous, Jurat, Cretacic, Paleogene and Quaternary system. In regions, 62.2% of the area with carbonates rock distributes abroad, 18.9% with purple sand shale and fuchsia mudstone, 14.6% with coal sand shale, and 4.3% with basic rock and lutetium. Since the complete strata especially carbonate rock is susceptible to be dissolving eroded, the soil is so thin that it is difficult to renovate once being lost. Efflorescence of purple sand shale 17 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING and mudstone is very intensive with incompact mantlerock resulting large soil loss. This easily causes block gracier in regions of serious soil loss. 4.5.1.2 Climate and hydrology (1) Climate The regions are located in subtropical monsoon climate zones. There has no frost during the winter and no broil during the summer with warm and plentiful rainfall in the same period. It is suitable for multi-kinds of plants to live. The four seasons are not clear with the following features: z The average annual temperature is 11.8~18.1 with the highest temperature of 31.5~41.3 and the lowest temperature of -10.9 -6.83 . z Daily temperature degree accumulated for higher than 10 in one year is 3,717 5,700 . z Average frost-free days are 276. For sunshine hours in a year, it is as high as 1,000.2 1,348.9h. z Average annual precipitation is 945.7 1,180.8mm. Rainfall of flood seasons from July to September accounts for 59.8% of annual amount. The largest rainfall happened once 10, 20 and 50 years are respectively 167.8mm, 197.6mm and 235.9mm. z The main natural disasters are mainly spring cold backward, spring drought, flood and hail. 103 The weather features of the project area are shown in Table 4.5-1. (2) Hydrology The main water system in the project region includes the Liuchong River, the Sancha River, the Yeji River and the Pianyan River of the Wu River in the Changjiang Watershed and the Southern &Northern Pan Rivers in the Pearl Watershed. The Wu River in Guizhou province is 889km long with a watershed area of 66,807 km2. Its fall is 2,007.6m with average water-table gradient of 2.05‰ and relative altitude difference is 300 800m. The river net density is 11 21km/100km2. Average annual runoff is 376×108 m3 and 1,295m3/s with a depth of 562mm. Average annual runoff coefficient and modulus is respectively 0.50 and 18 m3/ km2. For this river, average annual sand transported amount is 2150×104t with modulus of 684t/km2.a. The average annual sandiness amount is 1.19kg/m3. The Southern Pan River in regions is 263km long with a watershed area of 7,651 km2. Its fall is 425m with average water-table gradient of 1.61‰. Average annual runoff is 52.1×108 m3 with a depth of 665mm. For this river, average annual sand transported amount is 2150×104t with modulus of 451t/km2.a. The average annual sandiness amount is 3.06kg/m3. The Northern Pan River in regions is 352km long with a watershed area of 20,982km2. Its average water-table gradient is 1.61‰. Average annual runoff is 52.1×108 m3 totally and 390 m3/s with a depth of 578mm. For this river, average annual sand transported modulus is 371t/km2.a. The average annual sandiness amount is 1.20kg/m3 (Shown in Table 1-6~7). 18 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The actual measurement values of runoff and sand in the main rivers of the project area are shown in Table 4.5-2 and 4.5-3. Table 4.5-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Guizhou Province Xi Hezhan Nayon West Xing Anlon Project Area Weining Zhijin Bijie Dafang Jinsha ng g g Qian yi g ren Maximum in 20. 30.8 33.8 31.6 35 36.2 33.2 35.4 36.1 32.7 34 a year 1 Temperatur Minimum in e -11.2 -3 -3.2 -5 -10.2 -9.5 -10.4 -4.2 -3.3 12 -8.9 a year ( ) 15. Average 10.8 13.9 18.7 20 12.7 12.8 13.8 13.5 16.1 15.1 3 18 1293. 1874. 1440. Highest 1436.5 1209.5 1499 1789 1623.5 1209.3 1340.7 67. 4 7 1 4 19 Year 1954 1983 2002 2002 1954 1964 1980 1977 1983 1967 Annual 97 precipitatio 1112. 73 Lowest 655.9 638.1 725 797 654.4 780 833.8 825.4 747.7 n (mm) 7 5.1 19 Year 1975 1989 2002 2002 1966 1966 1978 1965 1989 1989 89 Average 13 962 849 1244 1293 895 1118 1005 1039 1370 1250 annual 43 Precipitation from July to 21 September 480 322 611 1067 445 910 392 728 815 977 0 (mm) Accumulated temperature 52 2492 3569 1510 3302 3717 5234 4172 4788 4798 5633 >=10 ( ) 47 30 Frost-free days (d) 181 248 230 278 285 254 264 303 305 288 4 15 Annual sunlight hours (h) 1520 1416 1333 1160 1377 1336 1349 1096 1612 1161 11 4.5.1.3 Soil The types of soil consist of yellow earth, yellow brown earth, purple earth, limestone soil and skeleton soil, all of that are easy eroded soil. Limestone soil layer is thin and difficult to be resumed after petrifaction. Yellow earth distributes in hill-plain regions with the elevation of 900 1,800m. The distributing topography is complanate and soil bed is completely airslaked. Yellow soil’s features include low organic concentration, high concentration of Fe and Si, strong acidity, lack of P, deep soil layer, thick texture stickiness, and easily permeated. Yellow brown earth distributes in plateau and regions with the elevation of 1,800~2,200m and 1,400 1,600m. Several functions of 19 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING yellow brown earth like mineral efflorescence, eluviation and disengaging silicon-enriching silicon are weak. The soil layer is thin and incompact with high organic concentration. It has rich nutrient and appears acid reaction. Purple earth and skeleton soil distribute in regions with different elevation. Their features include incompact texture, large hole, lack of organic matter and N, and serious soil erosion. Limestone soil normally distributes in regions with large slope of limestone rock. Affected by rock bed, the soil richly contains Ca and appears neutral or tiny alkalescence. Its surface soil layer has high organic concentration and medium texture stickiness with better structure. 4.5.1.4 Vegetation Vegetation in the project regions could be divided into natural vegetation and planted vegetation. Original vegetation has been destroyed, and then leaves secondary vegetation at present. The types include forest of coniferous, broad- leaved, evergreens and coniferous mixed, deciduous and broad- leaved mixed, evergreens and coniferous mixed as well as shrubbery, bamboo woods, herbage community, etc. Planted vegetation could be divided as farmland, manual using woods, economic fruit and orchard, etc. In 2004, there have 474.35km2 forest in the project area with a forest coverage degree of 19%. 4.5.1.5 Wildlife Wildlife resources in Guizhou Province are abundant. The composition of its geology is complicated and age-old with obvious transition and complexity. According to “Ecological Environment Investigation Report in Guizhou 20 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 321 Province” , altogether there are 900 amniotes with 79 wildlife under special state protection. In recent 20 years, there have not carried out wildlife investigation. So it has not enough relative data. But wildlife distributions have their own rules. Normally they like to move about in thick forest of medium and high mountains. As sparse forest and long-time impacts of human activities in regions, few special protection animals appear. 21 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.5-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project Area Annual Runoff 10 thousand Runoff from July to Station Runoff m3/s m3 September (10 thousand m3) Runoff Province Project Observed River Module (City) Area Controlled Maxmum Minimum Maxmum Minimum Maxmum Minimum 3 2 Years Station Average Average Average (m /km ) Area km2 year year year year year year Kedu Small Zhai 2082.00 1965 1989 73280.00 1968 1989 37270.00 1986 1964 22.90 11.40 1958-2003 Weining Beimen Xiaba 17.00 1995 1989 434.80 1996 1989 241.10 1995 1985 0.13 8.09 1983-2003 Hezhang Liuchong Seven Xingguan 2999.00 1983 1975 132300.00 1983 1972 61010.00 1983 1979 42.40 14.10 1971-2003 Nayong Baini Yangchang 2696.00 1997 1989 133600.00 1998 1990 6809.00 1991 2002 49.00 18.00 1957-2003 Zhijin Liuchong Xhijin 66.40 1977 1990 6349.00 1979 1990 3268.00 1977 1993 2.05 29.50 1974-2003 Bijie Luojiao Xuhuatun 81.80 1957 1989 4766.00 1983 1989 2250.00 1997 2001 1.45 17.50 1975-2003 Dafang Luojiao Duijiang 1944.00 1968 1990 66250.00 1968 1990 29780.00 1968 1972 20.70 10.40 1958-2003 Guizhou Yeji Stone Tang 1553.00 1964 1966 75670.00 1979 1966 33330.00 1998 2002 24.70 14.00 1962-2003 Province Qianxi Liuchong Hongjia ferry 9456.00 1983 1990 443300.00 1983 1990 204900.00 1964 1993 140.00 17.20 1957-2003 Jinsha Pianyan Mukong 999.00 1999 1990 43090.00 1991 1990 17730.00 1991 1993 13.20 13.60 1983-2003 Xinyi Mabie Maling 2277.00 1997 1989 160900.00 1979 1989 86520.00 1997 1987 50.80 24.27 1958-2003 Xinren South Pan Baling 75.00 1997 1989 3541.00 1993 1989 1973.00 1995 1986 1.13 14.70 1981-2003 Anlong Baishui New bridge 265.00 1997 1989 17320.00 1991 1989 9382.00 1982 1987 5.19 20.90 1979-2003 Pan Xichong Pan County 32.00 2000 1988 2744.00 2000 1996 1424.00 2000 1991 0.89 27.40 1983-2003 County Tuochang Earth City 962.00 1961 1975 82410.00 1993 1972 43610.00 1985 1991 17.50 29.50 1959-2003 23 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.5-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Transporting Sediment from July to Station Annual Transporting Sediment 104t kg/m3 September 104t Transporting Provinc Projec Maxmum Minimum Maxmum Minimum Maxmum Minimum Sediment Controlle Observed years e (City) t Area Module(t/km2 Station d Area Average Average Average .a) (km2 ) Amount Years Amount Years Amount Years Amount Years Amount Years Amount Years Nayon Yangch 2696.00 569.00 1983 52.30 1966 238.00 384.35 1991 21.94 1966 113.56 4.14 1992 0.53 1966 1.72 932 1964-2000 g ang Chishui Bijie 3182.00 530.00 1982 48.40 1989 1830.00 310.69 1970 0.02 1976 892.44 5.09 1979 0.03 1976 3.63 555 1966-2000 river Hongjia 9656.00 1630.00 1971 105.00 1992 279.00 610.68 1974 76.60 1990 305.34 3.19 1971 0.46 1968 1.38 676 1958-2000 West ferry Guizhou Qian Stong Provinc 1553.00 100.00 1992 10.10 1966 178.00 37.77 1979 0.94 1994 12.16 1.09 1992 0.19 1965 0.47 299 1964-2000 Tang e Maling 2290.00 496.00 1987 60.20 1989 201.00 171.69 1997 0.51 2000 112.76 2.46 1991 0.06 1987 2.79 752 1966.1984-2000 Xingyi Bajie 46845.00 7418.00 1968 265.00 1992 2027.00 1232.10 1983 17.17 1990 946.01 3.47 1988 0.16 1990 3.33 436 1983-2000 Pan Grass Count 1080.00 52.00 1995 24.00 1983 38.00 44.00 1995 40.00 1983 42.00 1.64 1995 0.76 1983 1.20 317 1978-2001 Tou y 24 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.5.2 Social environment 4.5.2.1 Social Economy Twelve counties &cities involved in the regions are distant and poor regions with weak infrastructures and lagged economy &culture. Agriculture and breeding are the main economic sources. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy, as well as breeding by families and a few individual possessing The agricultural economy structure is shown in Figure 4.5-1. . Lagged agricultural ways resulted in slow development of rural economy and poor life of people. It normally maintains simple reproduction. The abilities of self-developing and resisting natural disasters are limited. For example, in 2004, the average provision and net income per capita are 355kg and 964 Yuan RMB respectively in the autonomy county of Weining Yi, Hui and Miao nationalities, which is located in Wumeng Mountains of Guizhou Province. The traffic is weak in regions. It has not realized roads reaching villages. In some regions, there even has the transportation of carrying by human and horse. 103 25 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 4.5-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Guizhou Province 4.5.2.2 Land use The total land area is 2,496.48km2. Current land use is shown in Table 4.5- 103 3 and Figure 4.5-2. Based on the integrated factors analysis of soil resources like quality, types, usage degree, benefits, etc., the main problems of land use in regions are as following: z Land use structures are unfeasible with high ratio of plantation, cropland and slope land. The cropland accounts for 48.3% of the total land. z Farmlands that could ensure stable yields despite drought or excessive rain accounts for only 34.9% of the total land with 12.1% of slope land above 25°. The large area of slope cropland caused not only low and unstable yields but also severe soil erosion. z Quality of soil resources is bad with cracked cropland. As natural slope in regions is large, the features of soil include: dauby soil texture, high concentration of gravel, strong acidity, low fertility and weak abilities of conversing water and fertilizer. 26 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 4.5-2 Landuse in Guizhou Province 4.5.2.3 Soil erosion Guizhou Province lies in the typical karst regions. Karst distributes aboard with large slope in mountainous regions and thin soil layer. This kind of relief plus human activities like destroying forest to open up wasteland, cultivating in steep slope land, etc., soil loss has a trend of aggravation. Water erosions including spattering erosion, sheet erosion and gully erosion dominate soil erosion in the regions. In addition, gravity erosions such as landslide, and collapse, etc. often occur, as well as mud-rock flow. Water erosions distribute the most widely which mainly occurs on slope cropland, wasteland, sparse and young wood, arbor wood, etc. Gravity erosions mainly occur in channels, slopes of rivers and regions of frequent human activities. According to the second soil remote-sensing survey in China, the total area affected by soil loss is 1,317.33km2, accounting for 47.1% of the total land in the project regions. Soil loss status has been shown in Table 4.5-4 and Figure 27 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 103 4.5-3. Figure 4.5-3 Soil loss status in Guizhou Province 28 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.5-4 Land Use of the Project Regions in Guizhou Province unit: km2 Cropland Forest land Grassland Total land area Project region Waste land Other land Sparse and Economic woodland woodland Manua Water cropland Paddy field Subtotal Subtotal Terrace Slope Natural Young (>250) Slope Subtot Woodl l cropland grassla 0 al and grassla (<25 ) nd nd 2496.4 1205. 301.5 118.7 Total 145.67 639.43 771.59 474.35 283.17 14.07 61.46 59.19 2.27 16.23 249.06 192.75 8 39 9 0 Weining 180.86 88.63 28.86 59.77 44.93 18.03 26.80 0.10 0.41 0.41 1.16 35.38 10.35 Hezhang 214.66 97.63 12.36 22.68 62.59 81.12 55.26 25.86 7.98 7.98 0.99 20.23 6.71 Nayong 152.68 81.43 17.56 3.16 5.14 55.57 49.92 15.48 34.28 0.16 2.74 2.74 0.92 10.14 7.53 Zhijin 202.95 89.30 30.36 16.67 42.27 48.78 48.06 0.72 19.16 17.16 2.00 1.27 8.99 35.45 166.1 Bijie 264.57 51.72 11.32 17.77 85.32 79.92 10.04 67.57 2.31 2.86 2.86 0.80 4.87 9.99 3 136.8 Dafang 264.39 39.80 5.24 32.47 59.30 83.15 77.86 5.00 0.29 4.74 4.74 1.12 25.18 13.39 1 176.5 Qianxi 357.63 36.06 15.75 22.72 102.01 89.40 81.38 5.44 2.58 4.08 4.08 4.73 21.90 60.98 4 Jinsha 286.09 97.82 26.77 16.12 6.20 48.73 144.52 82.46 60.81 1.25 12.71 12.71 1.56 18.47 11.01 Xingyi 176.00 68.29 19.88 12.58 12.12 23.71 43.56 23.14 16.50 3.92 6.18 6.18 2.33 38.96 16.68 Xingren 136.57 75.23 20.26 13.76 5.94 35.27 30.92 19.82 10.54 0.56 0.14 0.11 0.03 0.54 22.66 7.08 Anlong 88.46 52.91 10.82 16.83 0.47 24.79 19.03 2.39 13.74 2.90 0.22 0.22 14.18 2.12 Pan 171.62 74.67 7.14 7.27 20.16 40.10 56.34 40.43 15.91 0.24 0.24 0.81 28.10 11.46 County 29 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.5-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Guizhou Province Soil loss Among soil loss Very intense Total Slight loss Moderate loss Intense loss Severe loss Erosion loss Percentage Project land modulus (km2) Area Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Region area [t/(km2·a) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) Area Area Area Area Area (km2) ] e e e e e 2496.4 1317.3 52.8 520. Subtotal 39.50 459.76 34.90 218.92 16.60 100.73 7.60 17.71 1.30 2378.74 8 3 0 21 67.4 56.6 Weining 180.86 121.95 46.50 47.06 38.60 13.16 10.80 5.05 4.10 2400.38 0 8 61.2 Hezhang 214.66 131.36 32.33 24.60 36.07 27.50 32.17 24.50 19.63 14.90 11.16 8.50 3892.76 0 68.9 38.0 Nayong 152.68 105.13 36.20 36.45 34.70 16.22 15.40 8.12 7.70 6.29 6.00 3346.48 0 5 25.6 31.7 Zhijin 202.95 51.98 61.00 18.00 34.60 2.25 4.30 0.00 1013.76 0 3 66.3 71.6 Bijie 264.57 175.53 40.80 53.42 30.40 29.27 16.70 21.21 12.10 2906.76 0 3 46.1 21.0 Dafang 264.39 121.95 17.30 33.99 27.90 37.83 31.00 29.04 23.80 3021.89 0 9 42.5 74.4 Qianxi 357.63 152.07 49.00 62.74 41.30 13.05 8.60 1.81 1.20 1568.04 0 7 30 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 46.9 62.0 Jinsha 286.09 134.21 46.20 59.91 44.60 12.26 9.10 0.00 1696.67 0 4 51.9 35.8 Xingyi 176.00 91.29 39.30 31.08 34.00 17.41 19.10 6.67 7.30 0.26 0.30 2268.78 0 7 54.5 39.1 Xingren 136.57 74.41 52.60 25.98 34.90 7.91 10.60 1.35 1.80 1843.91 0 7 60.1 26.0 Anlong 88.46 53.18 48.90 14.37 27.00 11.32 21.30 1.48 2.80 2268.77 0 1 Pan 60.8 31.1 171.62 104.27 29.90 40.69 39.00 26.07 25.00 6.37 6.10 2767.47 County 0 4 31 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.5.3 Primary Environment Problems (1) Serious harm from soil erosion The project regions are one of the most serious soil erosion and dicky ecological environment area. Heavy soil erosion could result in destroying land resources and sediment increasing. If soil eroded from land enters rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and channels in downstream regions, it would make sediment built up in the water conservancy projects, resulting in worsening entironment and threatening safe in downstream areas. All this heavily restricts the national economy sustainability in the regions. For example, the total amount of sediment in Wujiangdu Reservoir reaches 0.2 billion cube meters with average annual sediment height of 1.75m and annual sediment amount of more than 9 million m3 since 1979. 103 (2) Land stony desertification As lying in the extensive distribution karst regions and human activities, soil erosion in regions is very serious with bare basic rock and degenerative land. According to “Ecological Environment Investigation Report in Guizhou Province”, land of stony desertification in the whole province accounts for 5% of the total area in 1975 while reaches 7.9% in 1985. Now it even reaches 12.8% and still expands at the average annual speed of 621.56 km2. The situation is very serious. The Wujiang and Northern Pan River Watershed are the main distribution regions of stony desertification land in Guizhou Province. 32 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 103 (3) Frequent natural disasters Affected by atmospheric circumfluence, drought is one of the most serious natural disasters in Guizhou Province. According to the statistic data, there are 31 years in which it appears drought during 36 years from 1949 to 1985, with 9 times of large drought. Because of steep topography, sparse vegetation, thin soil depth and low capacity of water storage, soil loss in the project regions occurs easily to result in flood once it rains. Project Region of Chongqing City 4.6.1 Physical Environment 4.6.1.1 Geology and landform Chongqing City is located in the south-eastern edge of Sichuan Basin, east to Qinba Mountains and Wulong Mountains, west to transferring gradually to hills in Central Sichuan. The relief is obviously controlled by geotectonism with anticline forming mountains and syncline forming valley. Mountains tend towards as the construction line. Low mountains and hills mostly situate in the western area, while Low and mid mountains in the eastern area. Hypsography in regions is large with the elevation of 500~900m in west and 2,000~2,500m in east because of the incision of the Changjiang River, the Jialing River, the Wu River and other branches. The relief could be divided into four types: mid- 33 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING mountains, low mountains, hills and platform. According to Stat. of surface slope, 30.9% of the area with slope less than 5°, 19.1% with slope of 5-15°, 21.6% with slope of 15-25°, 17.0% with slope of 25-35°, and 11.5% with slope more than 35°. The geological cells in Chongqing have complete strata. Except lack of Paleogene system, the systems from Ordovician to Quaternary are all coming out. Primary lithology is carbonate rock and classtic rock. Only there has a few epirock of Algonkian panchi group in North-eastern Chengkou County and South-eastern Xiushan County. 4.6.1.2 Climate and hydrology The regions are located in subtropical monsoon climate zones with warm, plentiful rainfall and sunshine in the same period. Its features are as following: The four seasons are clear with hot in summer and cold in winter. As the hypsography is large, the difference in temperature varies a lot. Average annual temperature is 15.4 18.3 with the highest temperature of 43.0 and the lowest temperature of -12.8 . z Frost-free days are long with average days of 276 349. z Rainfall concentrates highly from May to September, which accounts for 75 80% of annual amount. Average annual precipitation is 935mm 1,281mm. In addition, most of rainfall events occur as large rainfall and storms. z The total days of precipitation in one year is 45 155. The largest rainfall appears in May and the smallest in August and the first ten days of 34 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Spetember. Hence, latent drought happens very often. Chongqing City is one of the least sunshine regions in China. It is called as “Fog Capital” because of a lot of fog days. The total sunshine hours in one year is 1187.8h 1640h with total sun radiation of 82.74kj/cm2. This kind of climate is very suitable for the growth of crop and renewing of vegetation. The 104 weather features of the project area are shown in Table 4.6-1. Table 4.6-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Chongqing City Project Area Wan Fu Qian North Jiang He Yong Rong Wu Kai Chang zhou ling jiang Yu jin chuan chuan cang xi County shou Maximum in a year 42.1 42.2 40.3 42 41.3 41.4 40.8 41 41.8 43 40.5 Temperature Minimum ( ) in a year -3.7 -2.7 -12.8 -2 -2.3 -3.7 -2.9 -3.4 -8 -7 -2.3 Average 17.8 18.1 15.4 17 18.3 18.1 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.4 17.5 Highest 1635.2 1373.5 1749 1537 1644 1429.6 1442.9 1578.5 1476 1780 1490.8 Year 1982 1996 1982 1968 1998 1961 1962 1974 1982 1982 1986 Annual precipitation Lowest 844.2 823.6 836.4 838.3 836.4 826 708.6 688.3 652 878 836.5 (mm) Year 1966 1992 1988 1961 1981 1968 1961 1997 1997 2001 1961 Average annual 1202 1105 1196 1146 1022 935 1050 1112 1087 1281 1156 Precipitation from July to September 337 869 300 875 320 427 444 554 499 826 609 (mm) Accumulated temperature >=10 ( ) 6357 6040 4752 6151 4500 4853 5750 5694 5694 5523 Frost-free days (d) 349 285 290 320 294 331 312 322 315 276 331 Annual sunlight hours (h) 1295 1188 1240 1229 1200 1316 1299 1282 1640 1463 1209 The main rivers in the project region belong to the first and second branches of the Changjiang River and the Jialing River. Its water system is shown in Figure 4.1-4. As plentiful rainfall, the water system in regions is developed. Average runoff coefficient is about 0.5. The annual runoff changed very differently. Runoff during the flood season accounts for 80 90% of the total value in one year. The features of runoff in regions include uneven 35 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING regional, annual and seasonal distributions of precipitation. The actual measurement values of runoff and sand in the main rivers of the project area are shown in Table 4.6-2 and 4.6-3. 36 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.6-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project Area Runoff from July to September Station Annual Runoff (10 thousand m3) Runoff (m3/s) Runoff Provin (10 thousand m3) Project module Observed ce River Controll Maximu Minimu Maximu Minimu Maxim Minim Area Avera (m3/km2 years (City) Station ed Area m in a m in a Average m in a m in a Average um in a um in a ge ) (km2 ) year year year year year year Xuanxi Puli Yujia 365 21800 11000 15700 17440 8800 11520 15.9 2.9 7.3 90.01 1970-2002 River Changji 53480000 37400000 12430000 5280000 64400 2940 Dianyi Qingxi 965857 42530000 2.2E+07 13500 13.98 1996-2002 ang (1954) (1956) (1954) (1955) (1954) (1952) Qianjiang Qianjia Qian River 97 2618 802 1710 1986 578 1282 0.86 0.22 0.54 6.18 1982-2002 River ng Eastern 1980 Hou Zhongdong 342.2 25764.91 9460.8 16966.37 8275 2178.5 4213.13 8.17 3 5.38 309.04 Red 2002 Bailin Shenxi Shatan 180.0 17411.10 7235.8 11305.90 5449.90 2264.90 3538.90 5.53 2.30 3.59 62.81 1976-2002 Chong qing Hechuan Pu Xiao River 29420 1600000 800000 1200000 90 30 65 12400 60 400 12.5 1972-2002 City Yongdong Jiulong Jigongzui 201.2 1.3 0.37 0.69 0.77 0.29 0.53 3.08 1.32 2.2 34.29 1957-2002 Qingliu Laixi Yutan 865 69024 5805 32317 19998 4334 10487 2020 21 10.4 12.02 1955-2002 Baiyang Daning Wuxi 67.3 25765 9460 16966 8275 2178 4213 8.17 3 5.38 309 1978-2002 River Kai East Chuipin 1176 125597 61952 93775 62798 30976 4687 2980 3.4 29.7 630000 1972-2002 Cantony Fanjia Dayu Liujiantan 2380.00 102.00 18.10 47.50 427.00 1.13 70.30 157 1952-2002 Bridge 37 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.6-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Transporting sediment from July to Station Annual transporting sediment (104t) Sediment (kg/m3) Transpor September (104t ting Provinc Project Observed Controll Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum sediment e (City) Area Averag Averag Averag module years Station ed Area Amoun 2 Amoun e Amoun Amoun e Amoun Amoun e (t/km2.a) (km ) Years Years Years Years Years Years t t t t t t Shuangyan 1.33 10.7 1982 5.35 1996 8.23 9.63 1982 4.81 1996 7.41 0.02 1998 0.01 1996 0.016 6192 1961-2002 Xuanxi Reservior River Wuliang 0.7 0.51 1982 0.25 1996 0.35 0.46 1982 0.23 1996 0.35 0.02 1998 0.008 1996 0.013 5629 1958-2002 Reservior Dianyi Qingxi 965857 75400 1954 42400 1953 54400 26100 1954 7520 1953 21300 2.4 1954 0.008 1954 1.24 564 1950-2002 Qianjian Qianjiang 97 1.78 1982 1.08 1988 1.43 1.78 1982 0.54 1988 1.16 1.01 1982 0.514 1988 0.762 472 1982-2002 g River River Chongq ing Bailin Shatan 180 16.46 1998 6.84 1981 10.69 5.10 1998 1.98 1981 3.31 1.46 1998 0.61 1981 0.95 594 1980-2002 City Hechuan Xiao River 29420 1050 1982 170 1993 710 1010 1982 102 1990 520 6.20 1986 1.2 1995 6.5 240 1972-2002 Baoyang Wuxi 2026 807 1998 215 1986 630 215 1998 58 1986 126 0.82 1996 0.56 1986 0.69 3110 1986-2002 River Kai Xinglong 26.3 21 1982 7.4 1996 13 6.5 1982 2.7 1996 5.6 0.4 1998 0.2 1996 0.32 4942 1972-2002 Cantony Reservior Fanjia Liujiantan 2380 172 1982 2.73 1961 56.6 164 1982 0.729 1961 29.59 0.5 1998 0.2 1996 0.3 4990 1952-2002 Bridge 38 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.6.1.3 Soil Soil types in regions are mulriple. There are 8 soil groups and 16 subgroups. The types consist of paddy soil, purple earth, yellow earth, yellow brown earth, limestone soil, red earth, mountain meadow soil, among which the distribution of paddy soil, purple earth, yellow earth, yellow brown earth, and limestone soil is most extensive. Paddy soil mainly distributes in river valleys, hills and low mountains with the elevation below 800m. Lots of paddy soil in regions is distributing in Dianyi, the Qianjiang River and the Boyang River. Purple soil is the main soil for dry farming and distributes in most regions. Most is distributing as sheets in mid and low mountains with the elevation below 800m. Yellow soil mainly distributes in low and mid mountains and hills with the elevation of 500 1,500m, as well as the third, fourth and fifth terraces along the Changjiang River and its large branches. Most is distributing in the Boyang River and the Qianjiang River. Yellow brown earth normally distributes in mid mountains of the Boyang River and the Qianjiang River with the elevation above 1,500m. Limestone earth mainly distributes in valley of anticline low mountains with the elevation below 1,500m, as well as mid mountains. Most is distributing in the Boyang River and the Qianjiang River. 4.6.1.4 Vegetation Altogether there are 5 types of vegetation under the first class state special protection with 22 under the second and 25 under the third. Rare vegetation or vegetation being in severe danger mainly distribute in Nanchuan, Jiangjin, 39 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Wuxi and Wushan, accounting for 85.4% of the total rare vegetation in the whole city. Terraneous vegetation affected by the Three Gorge Reservoir involves 120 families, 358 genuses, and 550 species. Natural vegetation in regions involves five types like broad- leaved forest, coniferous forest, bamboo forest, shrubbery and sparse brushwood, among which subtropical evergreen broad- leaved forest is the main type. The total area of forest is about 103.96km2 with a forest coverage degree of 7.3%. The types of virgin forest involve pine, robur, Cedar, cypress, ect. Masson pine occupies the largest area, which accounts for 50.6% of the total forest, following by armond pine, robur, oak, poplar, willow, cypress, manchurian catalpa, beautiful sweetgum, birch, toon, white gourd in dryland, etc. Types of planted forest include eucalyptus, willow, robust silk oak, cypress, armond pine, alamo, black wattle, hedge acacia, clammy hopseedbush, negundo chastetree, walnut, chestnut, pear, apple, persimmon, peach, plum, bamboo, etc. The main types of shruberry are Indian Azalea, hedge acacia, camellia, mulberry, bureja gooseberry, etc. Of forest area, planted and pure forest accounts for the largest proportion with unreasonable structures. Especially for masson pine forest, it has low coverage and is susceptible to diseases and insect pests, and loses the function of soil and water conservation. The grassland area is 6.52km2, 0.4% of the total area. Most is natural grassland, consisting of catnip, cynodon dactyulon, whit 40 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING clover, ryegrass, green bristlegrass and common eulaliopsis, etc. 4.6.1.5 Wildlife According to “Ecological Environment Investigation Report in Chongqing 320 City” , there have 56 kinds of wildlife under special state protection, among witch 13 kinds are under the first class and 43 under the second class. Affected by immigration resettlement of the Three Gorge Reservoir, human activities moving up along the inundation line and cultivation of cropland increasing, habits of some animals have been destroyed. In other hand, ecologic environment and habits of species have been improved as the protection of natural forest, returning crop land to forest and constructions of the protection forest system in upper and mid reaches of the Changjiang River. According to the investigation of environmental setting in the typical counties, human activities cover most regions. During the environmental background investigation on the typical counties, there have less data about wildlife. Because of the frequent human activities, sparse original forest and poor vegetation coverage, few special protection animals appear. Domestic animals including pig, cattle, chook and duck dominate animals in regions. 4.6.2 Social Environment 4.6.2.1 Social Economy In 2004, the total population of regions was 694.2 thousands, among which non-agricultural population was 46.4 thousands and agricultural 41 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING population was 647.8 thousands. Agricultural labour force population was 382.9 thousand, 55.2% of the total value. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy, as well as breeding by families and a few individual possessing The agricultural economy structure is shown in Figure 4.6-1. . Lagged agricultural ways resulted in slow development of rural economy and poor life of people. According to the statistic data, total grain production was 288 thousand tons and yield was 442kg per person. Average annual net income of farmers was 2,026 Yuan. Plantation was in the largest proportion, resulting in single pattern rural economy. The percents of logging and husbandry are low and have great 104 potentials for development. Figure 4.6-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Chongqing City The minorities mainly are Miao, Hui and Tujia nationalites. Most of minority populations live in distant mountainous area. Part of them lives together with Han nationality. They make a living mostly by plantation through cultivating large area land but with little harvest. This caused their low income. 42 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.6.2.2 Land use According to remote-sensing survey, the total land area is 1,415. 3km2. 104 Current land use is shown in Table 4.6-4 and Figure 4.6-2. The features of current land use are as following: (1) Low land resources per capita, high pressures of agriculture on ecological environment There is high agricultural population, 99.3% of the total population in the regions. The density is as high as 463 persons per square kilometers. However, every farmer only owns 0.12hm2 land in average. Rural economy depends on land resources so much that create great pressures on ecological environment. (2) Unfeasible land use structures, high ratio of cropland with large distribution of slope land There is a high plantation ratio in the regions. But the slope land accounts for 66.4% with low ratio of the basic farmland. The large area of slope cropland caused not only low and unstable yields but also severe soil erosion. (3) Large areas of forest and grassland but with unfeasible structures The area of sparse young forest is 196.97km2, 57.5% of the total woodland. Most planted forest has single structure and un-proportional planting and logging ratio. For grassland, there are main natural weeds with both low qualities and yields. Planted grassland has small area in the project regions. 43 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING (4) High potentials for exploitation of land resources with large areas of waste hills Waste hills and unused land is 122.1km2. Wasteland has not been exploited feasibly and has been an important source for severe soil erosion. It will be important to control and manage waste hills based on reasonable protection for soil and water conservation and rural economic development for the project regions. Figure 4.6-2 Landuse in Chongqing City 4.6.2.3 Soil erosion According to soil remote-sensing survey in 1999, the total area affected by soil loss is 831.15km2, accounting for 59.4% of the total land in the project 104 regions. Soil loss status has been shown in Table 4.6-5 and Figure 4.6-3. 44 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 4.6-3 Soil loss status in Chongqing City Water erosion including sheet erosion and gully erosion dominate soil erosion in the regions. In addition, gravity erosion such as landslide, and collapse, etc. often occurs, as well as mud-rock flow. Sheet erosion distributes the most widely which mainly occurs on bare wasteland and slope cropland. Gully erosion mainly occurs on cropland with up-down tillage or bald hills with soft rock bed, generating based on sheet erosion. Gravity erosion mainly occurs in channels and steep slope land. 4.6.2.4 State forest reserve According to the typical investigation of environmental setting by the EIA team, Tiefeng Hill State Forest Reserve is involved in Liujiagou Small Watershed of the regions, which is located at the edge of the state forest reserve. In December 2002, Tiefeng Hill Forest Reserve was authorized by SFB as a state forest reserve. It is located in the forest regions of Tiefeng Hill, which lie 45 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING in Eastern Wanzhou District of Chongqing with 7km far from Wanzhou City. And the forest reserve is east to 48 grooves of the forest management office in Yunyang County, north to Jianshan and Changyang villages in Kai County, west to the Dongyang forest management office in Kai County, and south to Dongjia, Xiongjia and Tiancheng villages in the Tiancheng immigration exploitation regions. The geographic location is ranging from east longitude 108 13 04 to 108 28 07 , north latitude 30 51 03 to 30 58 57 with total area of 91.00km2. Figure 4.6-4 shows the location. Main landscapes in Tiefeng Hill State Forest Reserve involve wide and imposing forest, arduous ridges and peaks, fantastic hills and stones. As its cool and pleasant climate, profound historical culture, colorful astronomical phenomena, ascendant position, and wonderful service facilities, the reserve possesses of predominant ecologic tourism value. The main sights include Golden Lion Mountain Range, Phenix Mountain Range, Iron Buddha Temple, Shell Hill, etc. Table 4.6-6 shows their main functions. Table 4.6-6 Tiefeng Hill State Forest Reserve in Chongqing Main sight Features Main functions Visit forest, ascend and view, Golden Lion Mainly natural secondary forest and prevent sunstroke and spend Mountain Range planted forest holiday, tour deer garden 46 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Lots of cultural relics and historic Experience religion culture, sties, abundant human connotation, prevent sunstroke and spend Phenix profound historical culture, better holiday, have conferences Mountain Range natural secondary forest and planted and commerce, popularize forest science Make fun in forest, view Iron Buddha Fantastic hills and stones, graceful fantastic stones, seek dingle Temple human legends and mediate on the past, cruise by foot Wide and imposing forest, beautiful Visit forest, make fun in grass and flowers, arduous ridges and water, view ridges and peaks, Shell Hill peaks, lots of manmade water bodies, prevent sunstroke and spend colorful astronomical phenomena holiday in forest 47 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.6-4 Land Use of the Project Regions in Chongqing City unit: km2 Cropland Forest land Grassland Total land area Project region Waste land Other land Paddy field Sparse and Economic woodland woodland Manua Water cropland Subtotal Subtotal Terrace Slope Natural Young (>250) Slope Subtot Woodl l cropland grassla 0 al and grassla (<25 ) nd nd 1415.3 808.8 256.7 Total 39.49 60.98 451.56 342.35 103.96 196.97 41.42 14.31 11.89 2.42 43.27 122.13 84.43 0 1 9 Kai 139.42 13.73 1.22 3.85 2.24 6.42 79.64 13.13 62.94 3.56 2.85 38.56 4.65 County Yongcha ng 128.14 29.65 5.80 1.52 3.68 18.65 55.63 24.16 29.05 2.42 11.99 10.64 1.35 0.27 20.68 9.92 County Wuxi 141.56 57.98 0.81 9.59 10.30 37.28 40.00 22.15 16.28 1.57 0.93 0.75 0.18 10.23 29.34 3.10 County Yongchu 156.89 94.37 31.57 6.94 55.86 33.92 12.67 16.32 4.93 0.00 0.91 16.98 10.71 an City Qianjiang 92.18 62.50 2.29 17.64 16.50 26.07 22.52 7.42 13.62 1.48 1.39 0.50 0.89 3.22 0.11 2.44 District Puling 103.2 143.98 1.85 46.71 1.22 53.49 19.48 2.12 6.02 11.34 7.30 1.03 12.90 District 7 Wanzhou 111.96 63.34 1.65 17.54 7.55 36.60 30.13 5.87 22.03 2.23 0.00 2.61 6.71 9.17 District Changsho 127.14 90.54 17.77 25.37 0.87 46.53 20.11 2.95 11.91 5.25 3.43 2.32 10.74 u District Yubei 103.65 67.68 0.98 21.02 3.59 42.09 23.06 10.07 10.12 2.87 4.29 3.13 5.49 District Jiangjin 125.2 147.56 1.91 52.79 70.58 6.46 2.56 2.20 1.70 4.22 1.85 9.75 City 8 48 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Hechuan 100.4 122.82 5.21 29.19 8.09 57.99 11.41 0.86 6.48 4.07 3.94 1.42 5.57 City 8 49 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.6-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Chongqing City Soil loss Among soil loss Very intense Total Slight loss Moderate loss Intense loss Severe loss Erosion loss Percentage Project land modulus (km2) Area Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Region area [t/(km2·a) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) Area Area Area Area Area (km2) ] e e e e e Total 1415.3 831.15 58.7 234.69 28.2 389.80 46.90 161.16 19.40 41.54 5.00 3.96 0.50 3490.30 0 0 0 Kai 139.42 110.16 79.0 31.95 29.0 63.10 57.30 10.48 9.50 4.63 4.20 4034.83 County 0 0 Yongcha ng 128.14 72.05 56.20 6.43 8.90 28.17 39.10 25.36 35.20 11.86 16.50 0.23 0.30 5445.75 County Wuxi 141.56 93.19 65.8 28.11 30.2 32.85 35.30 23.62 25.30 7.38 7.90 1.23 1.30 4269.33 County 0 0 Yongchu 156.89 96.10 61.3 21.21 22.1 52.37 54.50 17.92 18.60 4.60 4.80 3974.74 an City 0 0 Qianjiang 92.18 56.03 60.8 18.53 33.1 23.31 41.60 14.19 25.30 0.00 3171.75 District 0 0 Puling 143.98 61.76 42.9 26.27 42.5 23.14 37.50 10.10 16.40 2.25 3.60 3467.25 District 0 0 Wanzhou 111.96 72.89 65.1 12.51 17.2 41.56 57.00 15.93 21.90 2.34 3.20 0.55 0.80 4495.00 District 0 0 Changsho 127.14 61.43 48.3 18.65 30.4 30.46 49.60 10.79 17.60 1.53 2.50 2582.27 u District 0 0 Yubei 103.65 58.93 56.9 21.52 36.5 30.24 51.30 7.17 12.20 0.00 1897.75 District 0 0 Jiangjin 147.56 74.63 50.6 36.91 49.5 37.72 50.50 0.00 0.00 2015.08 City 0 0 Hechuan 122.82 73.98 60.2 12.60 17.0 26.88 36.30 25.60 34.60 6.95 9.40 1.95 2.60 3539.02 City 0 0 50 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING City 0 0 51 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.6.3 Primary environment problems (1) Serious harm from soil erosion Aggravating land degeneration Intense soil erosion results in soil eroded, which makes soil depth thin, rock come out, even surface soil wash away and landification appear, especially for slope land above 25°. It also causes accelerating soil nutrient loss, reducing soil fertility gradually and decreasing land productivity. For example, organic concentration of soil in Puling has decreasing from 2.0~5.0% in 1958 to 1.3% in recent years Destroying water conservancy and seriously stagnating rivers Soil eroded results in benefit reduction and life span decrease of water conservancy projects. Sediment has built up in many rivers. The results include driving up riverbed and flood water level, decreasing holding capacity of rivers, increasing times of flood. Deteriorating ecological environment and restricting agriculture development Due to destroy of vegetation, thinning of soil depth and reducing capacity of water storage, the streams and rivers dry up during winter and spring. Consequently, there are not enough water supplies for irrigation, even for domestic uses, especially in areas with carbonate rock distribution. Soil loss also aggravates drought and flood hazards, landslide and mud-rock flow, which 52 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING cause great loss to human life and fortune. (2) Forest quality descending, uneven forest distribution and ecological function decreasing Because of human destroying and other reasons, the speed of forest demolishing and degenerating is larger than afforestation. Hence, forest area now is decreasing and functions of partial forest ecological system are decaying. That forms reverse succession from forest to grassland. In recent years, forest coverage degree has increased, but the quality is low. Masson pine forest covers 70% of the total forest. Current forest is mainly mid and young forest with low quality. Its benefits of protection and ability of resisting contrary force are weak. Forest distribution in regions is uneven. It concentrates on mid and low mountains with the elevation above 500m and large quality difference of ecological environment. In dense population area, there has very little forest. So its adjusting functions for environmental quality of living are low. (3) Serious non-point source pollution As the structure adjusting of agriculture production and rapid development of breeding, dejecta drainage from domestic animals of large breeding has become the main pollution source in the secondary rivers. It aggravates the pollution of surface water and secondary rivers. Lots of effective nutrient come into water along with surface runoff because of lacking right guide and 53 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING supervising, unreasonably using pesticide, etc. Water in the Three Gorge Reservoir has been polluted heavily with partial agricultural production polluted. At the same time, non-point source pollution affects the protection of biological multiformity. (4) Wildlife abundant regions decreasing and biologic multiformity threatened Along with the incessant growth of population, the requirements of food and living facilities cause excessive cultivation and disafforestation, which destroy forest resource badly. In addition, lots of used pesticide and pollutant were chronically let into circumstance. All those threaten the species in weak ecologic regions and many sources are in severe danger, even some have disappeared. Project Regions of Hubei Province 4.7.1 Physical Environment 4.7.1.1 Geology and landform The relief in regions is mulriple, comprising of middle mountains, low mountains, hills, basins, etc. In the area, 23.7% of the area with slope less than 5°, 22.0% with slope of 5-15°, 27.1% with slope of 15-25°, 19.6% with slope of 25-35°, and 7.6% with slope more than 35°. The regions mainly lie in four different types of soil erosion regions such as Southern-western, North-eastern and South-eastern E Province. The geological cells in the project regions is mainly the compound position between 54 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING the third southern apophysis belts of New China System first geotectonism and Zhunyang geotectonism. Huangling anticline is the core of stratum with the multi-layer arc zonal feature from inside to outside. Both Algonkian and Paleozoic Erathem are coming out. Strata of different geologic ages from Algonkian to Clandestine Evolution distribute in the Qing River watershed of Changyang County and Lichuan City with complete growth. Lithology here is granite, mudstone and limestone, which alternately distribute in regions. Special relief and geotectonism are the main reasons of soil loss in regions. 4.7.1.2 Climate and hydrology (1) Climate The regions are located in subtropical monsoon climate zones with warm and plentiful rainfall in the same period. Its features are as following: The difference in temperature is large. Average annual temperature is 12.5°C 16.9°C with the highest temperature of 41.5 and the lowest temperature of -17.5 . z Frost-free days are long with average days of 245. z Rainfall concentrates highly from July to September, which accounts for 41% of annual amount. Average annual precipitation is 1,272mm. In addition, most of rainfall events occur as storms. 105 The weather features of the project area are shown in Table 4.7-1. (2) Hydrology Water system in regions is developed with abundant water resource and lots of rivers. The main rivers include the Qingjiang River, the Huangbai River, 55 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING the Guanshan River, the Malan River, the Ju River and the Dao River, etc. Average annual runoff is 1.774 billion m3 with 0.689 billion m3 during July, August and September. Average annual sand transported amount of the project regions is 1.174 million m3 with 738 thousand m3 during July, August and September. Among the main rivers, average annual runoff is respectively 10.4 billion m3, 80 million m3 and 480 million m3, with average annual sand transported amount of 6.7 million m3, 0.12 million m3 and 0.19 m3 at Yuxia Station of the Qing River, Gushan Station of the Guanshan River and Macheng Station of the Ju River. The actual measurement values of runoff and sand in the main rivers of the project area are shown in Table 4.7-2 and 4.7-3. Table 4.7-1 Weather Features Values of the Project Area in Hubei Province Project Area Lichuan Yiling Changyang Macheng Hongan Xishui Maximum in a year 41.2 40.4 40.3 38 41.5 40.3 Temperature Minimum in ( ) a year -17 -8 -1.95 -16 -8 -15.6 Average 12.5 16.9 16.7 15 15.7 16.9 Highest 1880 1797 2009.3 1961.1 2311.7 Year 1988 1998 1954 1983 1954 Annual precipitation Lowest 927 814.5 683 678.6 873.1 (mm) Year 1992 1992 1978 1978 1996 Average annual 1472 1167 1406 1323 1072 1315 Precipitation from July to September (mm) 736 651 216 574 886 Accumulated temperature >=10 ( ) 3849 5154 3125 4600 5880 Frost-free days (d) 233 279 305 190 225 251 Annual sunlight hours (h) 1409 1150 1550 2084 2089 1924 4.7.1.3 Soil 56 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The types of soil consist of yellow brown earth, purple earth, limestone soil, tide soil and paddy soil. The distribution of yellow brown earth is the most extensive with the largest amount. Yellow brown earth distributes in Lichuan, Yiling, Macheng, Hongan and Xishui counties with thick soil layer and low organic concentration. It is suitable for growth of forest, tea, fruit and herb. And Limestone soil mainly distributes in Yiling, Changyang and Hongan Counties. There still have fertile tide soil and paddy earth in luvial tract along both sides of the Xi River. 57 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.7-2 Actual Measurement Values of Runoff in the Project Area Transporting Annual sediment from Station transporting July to September Sediment (kg/m3) Runo sediment (104t) ff Proje (104t Mod Obse ct River Contr rved ule(m Area olled 3 2 years Stati Maxi Mini Aver Maxi Mini Aver Maxi Mini Aver /km Area ) on mum mum age mum mum age mum mum age km 2 Hydr Chan Dans ologi gyan hui cal 33 7.5 3.5 4 3.5 1.5 2 40 15 22 2273 2001 g River statio n Hydr ologi Hong Dao 8636 3526 4014 2893 1181 1344 4784 cal 839 29.5 7.8 14 50 an River 9 3 0 4 3 7 27 statio n Table 4.7-3 Actual Measurement Values of Sediment Amount in the Project Area Transporting Annual transporting sediment from July to Station Sediment (kg/m3) Trans sediment (104t) September (104t portin Proj Con Maxm Minim Maxm Minim Maxmu Minim g Obse ect troll um um um um m um sedim rved Are ed ent Stati Aver Aver Aver modul years a Are A on Am age Am Am age Am A a k mo Ye oun Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye age e t/k oun oun oun mo m2 unt ars t ars ars ars ars ars m2.a t t t unt Hyd rolo 86 Hon 352 4014 289 118 1344 29. 47842 gical 839 36 7.8 14 50 gan 63 0 34 13 7 5 7 stati 9 on 58 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4.7.1.4 Vegetation According to the statistic data, there have 317.9km2 forest with a forest coverage degree of 22.5%. Most forest are belonging to subtropical coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest with everagreens and deciduous mixed. The types of natural forest include masson pine, cypress, poplar, robur, dyetree, spiffy bushclover, amorpha, acacia, coriaria, azalea, etc. The types of planted forest include peach, plum, pear, walnut, chestnut, tung, tea, Chinese tallowtree, mulberry, euonymus japonicus, gingko, pricklyash peel, masson pine, acacia, cypress, poplar, bamboo, etc. Planted grasses include red clover, white clover, cocksfoot, triple yield and ryegrass. Because of long-time excessive deforestation and damaging forest, most original vegetation has disappeared, replaced by large area of wasteland, sparse forest and shrubbery. It leaves only planted and secondary forest at present. Forest coverage degree increases gradually from east to west. The main plant types of usage forest are masson pine, fir, Japanese larch, lobdelly pine mealybug, camphor tree, etc. 4.7.1.5 Wildlife Hubei Province lies in the oriental zoo-geographic region of Central China. Complicated landform, warm climate and plentiful rainfall are suitable for animals to live. Hence, there are kinds of wildlife here. According to the elementary investigation, altogether there are 562 amniotes, in which, 45 amphibians, 45 crawlers, 350 aveses and 106 mammals. Among amniotes, 50 59 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING kinds of wildlife are under special state protection. The developed agricultural production, abundant vegetation resources and livestock provide broad foreground for stockbreeding production. . According to the investigation on the typical counties, wildlife distributions in regions have their own rules. Normally they like to move about in original thick forest and high mountains. But as vegetation in regions is mostly secondary vegetation, shrubbery and sparse arbor plus frequent human activities, few special protection animals appear. Due to the scarce investigation data on wildlife in the project area, it is difficult to make sure the kinds and amount of wildlife. 4.7.2 Social Environment 4.7.2.1 Social economy Six counties &cities involved in the regions such as Hongan, Macheng, Xishui, Changyang, and Yiling County, are revolution, minority, distant, poor and reservoir regions of Hubei Province. In 2004, the total population of regions was 305.7 thousands with the density of 213 persons per square kilometers, including Tujia and Miao nationalities distributing in South-western E Mountains. Agricultural economy dominates economy in regions. The agricultural economy structure is shown in Figure 4.7-1. The farmers in the regions are mainly engaged in planting, possessing and breeding industry, and a great many of them also go outside to work. This is an important income source for local people. In 2004, total grain production was 139.6 thousand tons, and 60 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING net income per capita was 1,613 Yuan, lower than average of the province. 105 The education condition in regions has been largely improved in recent years. Diffusive ratio of Nine-year Compulsory Education reaches 98% until now and entrance ratio of right age children is 100%. Figure 4.7-1 Agricultural Economy Structure in Hubei Province 4.7.2.2 Land use The total land area is 1,435.4 km2. Current land use is shown in Table 4.7- 105 4 and Figure 4.7-2. 61 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 4.7-2 Landuse in Hubei Province According to the current land use, the features are as following: z Low land resources per capita: There is high agricultural population of 301.5 thousand, 98.6% of the total population in the regions. Every farmer only owns 0.11hm2 land in average, which is far below the global average level of 0.367 hm2. The conflict of excessive persons and a small quantity of land is outstanding. z Large distribution of slope land with bad cropland: Cropland only covers 20.9% of the total land. But slope land accounts for 38.01% of the cropland. The large area of slope cropland caused not only low and unstable yields but also severe soil erosion. This is far to the goal of developing modern agriculture with high quality and efficiency. Hence it is necessary for both controlling soil erosion and developing land resource quality to stress conversion slope cropland. 4.7.2.3 Soil erosion According to remote-sensing survey, the total area is about 1,435.4km2 with soil loss area of 669.56km2, accounting for 44.2% of the total land in the project regions. Soil loss status has been shown in Table 4.7-5 and Figure 4.7-3. 105 Water erosions including sheet erosion and gully erosion dominate soil erosion in the regions. In addition, gravity erosions such as landslide, and collapse, etc. often occur in some regions, as well as mud-rock flow. Soil erosions distribute the most widely which mainly occurs on slope cropland following wasteland, sparse and young wood, arbor wood, etc. 62 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.7-4 Land Use of the Project Regions in Hubei Province unit: km2 Cropland Forest land Grassland Total land area Project region Waste land Other land Paddy field Sparse and Economic woodland woodland Manua Water cropland Subtotal Subtotal Terrace Slope Natural Young (>250) Slope Subtot Woodl l cropland grasslan 0 al and grassla (<25 ) d nd 1435.4 300.5 129.4 Subtotal 56.76 11.83 102.53 803.41 317.90 414.23 71.29 0.50 0.50 0.00 53.11 140.95 136.84 0 9 6 Lichuan 380.28 77.92 29.60 21.20 5.58 21.54 220.21 137.38 77.28 5.55 0.37 0.37 0.00 4.56 63.17 14.05 City Yiling 176.54 32.61 3.74 16.80 12.07 114.47 26.08 48.37 40.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.06 7.86 13.54 Distrct Changyan 210.50 27.64 6.79 3.30 2.86 14.69 168.37 52.23 104.98 11.15 0.13 0.13 0.00 2.44 4.27 7.65 g County Macheng 123.00 18.90 2.60 9.81 0.21 6.29 72.07 29.32 39.25 3.50 0.00 4.17 20.54 7.31 City Hongan 306.64 72.04 11.21 35.95 0.61 24.27 157.18 35.00 114.20 7.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.51 3.82 60.09 County Xishui 238.44 71.48 2.82 42.41 2.58 23.67 71.12 37.89 30.15 3.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.36 41.29 34.19 County 63 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Table 4.7-5 Soil loss of the Project Regions in Hubei Province Soil loss Among soil loss Very intense Total Slight loss Moderate loss Intense loss Severe loss Erosion loss Percentage Project land modulus (km2) Area Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Percentag Region area [t/(km2·a) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) (km2) Area Area Area Area Area (km2) ] e e e e e 1435.4 46.6 38.3 Subtotal 669.56 256.15 204.57 30.60 185.48 27.70 23.16 3.50 0.20 3339.40 0 0 0 Lichuan 44.1 48.0 380.28 167.57 80.44 60.21 35.90 21.83 13.00 5.09 3.00 3274.64 City 0 0 Yiling 38.7 41.3 176.54 68.30 28.22 22.66 33.20 16.62 24.30 0.80 1.20 4426.00 Distrct 0 0 Changyang 60.2 44.6 210.50 126.80 56.51 40.48 31.90 19.41 15.30 10.40 8.20 4356.25 County 0 0 Macheng 53.9 59.2 123.00 66.30 39.28 15.62 23.60 8.80 13.30 2.40 3.60 0.20 0.30 3188.33 City 0 0 Hongan 46.6 11.9 306.64 142.90 17.03 26.51 18.60 98.23 68.70 1.13 0.80 2826.74 County 0 0 Xishui 41.0 35.5 238.44 97.69 34.67 39.09 40.00 20.59 21.10 3.34 3.40 2367.38 County 0 0 64 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Figure 4.7-3 Soil loss status in Hubei Province 4.7.2.4 Cultural relics and historic sites There have some cultural relics and historic sites in the involved counties. But they are not located in the construction regions. Thereinto, the revolution relic of Qiliping in Hongan County is very famous, which distributes in the central market town of Qiliping Town. As the project measures are mainly laid in Country, the construction will not have adverse impacts on it. 4.7.3 Primary Environment Problems (1) Serious harm from soil erosion Soil loss is one of the most serious environment problems in the project regions. Intense soil erosion directly washes soil away, which makes soil depth thin, reduces soil fertility and crop productivity, and even causes desertification. Heavy soil erosion could also result in sediment increasing. If soil eroded from land enters rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and channels in downstream regions, it would make sediment built up in the water conservancy projects, resulting in frequent flood and entironment worsening in downstream areas. All this heavily restricts the national economy sustainability in the regions. (2) Natural disasters Drought frequently happens in regions. Mainly it is continuous and 65 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING long in autumn with the result of large harm area. There normally happen 9 times of small drought every 10 years. Medium drought happens frequently and large drought happens one time every 6 years. The longest drought period is 100~120 days. Frequent drought brings serious impacts on agricultural production and living of people. (3) Non-point source pollution Large usage of agrochemical like pesticide, fertilizer, farm tool of plastic film, etc, brings adverse impacts for the country environment, while increasing the crop yield and the agricultural productivity. Non- point source pollution is also one of the most important factors that pollute water quality in the regions. Summary and Conclusions The main contents of this chapter are to confirm the environmental study region affected by the project and divide the environmental setting into physical environment, social-economy environment and existing primary environment problems to describe every related province’s &city’s environmental setting and characters. Environmental study area According to the characters of the project EIs, the study area affected by the project can be sub-divided into the project region, the project county and the lower reach. 66 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Physical environment Physical environment of the project study area include geology and landform, climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation, wildlife, etc. There are various physiognomic types in the project regions, comprising of plateaus, basins, mountains, hills and so on. The relief could be divided into several classes: Yungui Plateau, mountains in Eastern Sichuan, Sanxia Gorge, and low hills in Dabieshan. The geological cells is mainly Yangzihuai Platform with complete strata, which mostly are of Carboniferous, Devonian, Permian, Trias, and Quaternary system, and primary lithology are carbonate rock and classtic rock. The regions are located in subtropical monsoon climate zones with following features: z Warm and plentiful rainfall in the same period z Great variations among regions: In Yunnan and Guizhou, they’re no frost during the winter. The vertical climate distribution is obvious, with typical plateau climate. In Chongqing and Hubei, there is large annual temperature range, plentiful rainfall, and hot summer. z Uneven seasonal distributions of precipitation: Rainfall concentrates highly from May to October, which accounts for 70-80% of annual amount. In addition, most of rainfall events occur as storms. The Changjiang River and Pearl River lie in the regions. The water system of the Changjiang River mainly includes the Jinsha River, the Wu River, the Chishui River, the Jialing River, the Dao River, the Ju River and tributaries. The Pearl River comprises the Southern and Northern Pan 67 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Rivers. There are 10 soil groups, nearly 20 subgroups, and more than 60 soil species in the project regions. The types of soil consist of red earth, yellow earth, yellow brown earth, brown earth, limestone soil, purple earth, recent soil, mountain meadow soil, paddy soil, among which the distribution of red earth, yellow brown earth, purple earth, limestone soil, and paddy soil is most extensive. Vegetation types in the regions are subtropical coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest with everagreens and deciduous mixed. However, original vegetation has been destroyed, and then leaves secondary vegetation at present. The types of virgin forest are various. Masson pine and Yunnan pine occupy the largest area, following by armond pine, robur, oak, poplar, willow, cypress, manchurian catalpa, beautiful sweetgum, birch, toon, white gourd in dryland, etc. The forest area is 1,293.6km2 with a coverage degree of 18.73%. Natural grassland is less and dispersive consisting of catnip, cynodon dactyulon, green bristlegrass and common eulaliopsis. Planted grass is including knotgrass ft. thompsongrass, whit clover, ryegrass, etc. Wildlife in the regions mainly distribute orderly in high mountains and original vegetation jungles. While because most vegetation of the project regions is secondary community, shrubbery and sparse arbor with frequent human activities, it has not found protected wildlife appearing. 68 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Social-economy environment In 2004, the total population of regions was 1,985.81 thousands. The minorities mainly are Yi, Miao, Buyi and Tujia nationalities, followed by Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Lisu, Hui, Man, and Naxi nationalities. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy, as well as breeding by families and a few individual possessing. Lagged agricultural ways resulted in slow development of rural economy and poor life of people. The total land area is 6, 905.05km2, with 0.29hm2 per capita of agricultural population. Cropland covers 2,778.32 km2, 40.2% of the total land. Among croplands, there is 1,618.37 km2 of slope cropland (231.74 km2 with slope over 25°), 58.2% of the total cropland. The total area affected by soil loss is 3, 616.68 km2, accounting for 52.4% of the total land in the project regions. Divided by watershed, the area of land affected by soil loss is 3, 293.53 km2, 52.0% of the Changjiang watershed. The area affected by soil loss is 323.15 km2, 56.4% of the Pearl watershed. Primary environment problems Soil erosion is one of the most serious environment problems in the project regions. Intense soil erosion directly washes soil away, which makes soil depth thin, reduces soil fertility and crop productivity, and even causes desertification. Soil eroded from land enters rivers, lakes, 69 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING reservoirs, and channels in downstream regions, resulting in higher riverbed and building up sediment. The result is a decrease in the holding capacity of rivers and flood discharge capacity of natural waterway, which worsens the entironment in the regions and downstream areas. All this heavily restricts the national economy sustainability in the regions. Due to destroy of vegetation, thinning of soil depth and reducing capacity of water storage, the streams and rivers dry up during winter and spring. Consequently, there are not enough water supplies for irrigation, even for domestic uses, especially in areas with carbonate rock distribution. Because of steep topography, sparse vegetation, thin soil depth and low capacity of water storage, soil loss in the project regions occurs easily to result in flood once it rains. And due to the special geological structures and human destruction, flood, mud-rock flow and landslide are frequent and endangering the safety of the project regions. Large usage of agrochemical like pesticide, fertilizer, farm tool of plastic film, etc, brings adverse impacts for the country environment, while increasing the crop yield and the agricultural productivity. Non- point source pollution is also one of the most important factors, which pollute water quality in the regions. 70 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI i WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI Identification of the EI Project Analysis 5.1.1 Project Objective and Its Screening Principles and Standards 5.1.1.1 Project objective The objective of the project construction is to realize an effective protection and rational use of water and soil resources, by means of such comprehensive ECMs as water and soil conservancy, in the Western China where is of certain development potential though with a worsen eco-environment and poor economy, to promote a sustainable regional economic and social development there, and to lay the foundation for building a well-off society with sound ecology and flourishing economy in an all-round way. After complement of the project, 1871.94 km2 of water and soil losses land in the project area should be under control, which is 87.9% of the total area and increases the coverage of forestry and grassland, respectively, from current 18.2% and 30.8% to 30% and 47.8%. The project, as one of the ecological construction projects, could promote the self-rehabilitation of local ecology, control water and soil losses completely, improve agricultural productive condition, develop rural economy and increase farmers’ income, as well as protect water and soil resources of the project area and obviously improve local eco-environment. It therefore has significant ecological, economic and social benefits. [101] 5.1.1.2 Screening principles of small basin To ensure the project within the screened small basin no significant conversion natural habitat, or out of protective area and natural habitat, the screening principles of small basin are presented as follow according to the "Natural Habitats" (BP/OP4.04) of WB: It can not set up in area of the category I of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), — Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: protected area managed for science or wilderness protection. In the category II area (national park), III area (natural Monument), IV area (habitat/species management area), V area (protected landscape) and VI area (Managed resource protected area), it can not implement for those activities that result in natural habitat significant change including land clearing, replacement of natural vegetation (e.g., by crops or tree plantations), permanent flooding (e.g., by a reservoir), and drainage, dredging, filling, or channelization of wetlands. In the class IV area (habitat/species management area) and VI area (Managed Resource Protected Area), it cannot implement for any project that could weaken the ability for maintenance of local species population in these areas. It is encouraged for the project in small basin that carries out activities for natural habitat protection and land use improvement. 5.1.1.3 Siting standards for sand interception facilities Most sand interception facilities and ponds of the project are small size with major functions of sand interception and water storage, and some irrigate by means of constructed water reservoir. As for the related dams, the safety reports are prepared according to the " Safety of 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI Dams " (BP/OP4.37) of WB and meet the requirement of dam safe policy of WB, including dam safety program, safety assessment, and safety measures, etc. Yunnan project area involved in both Yuxi and Shaotong prefectures where are with high seismic frequency and intensity. Seismic factor should be taken into consideration as dam siting. The dam site should be in the region with good environmental and geological conditions; As for the other three project areas, environmental and geological conditions should also be the first consideration of the dam siting. The place with good geological condition and easily treated foundation should be selected. Any cropland (especially basic farmland) and houses should not be flooded in the backwater area upstream dam site. There is not any farmers’ house, livestock yard or other houses in the affected area downstream dam site. 5.1.2 Analysis of Project Factors The project is composed of three components: public water and soil conservation project, individual beneficial water and soil conservation and living improvement project, and technical support and services. The technical support and services is a non-structural measure and guarantee for implementation of the project. The first two components mainly include measurements of basic farmland, water facility, afforestation and increasing vegetation coverage, economic forest and fruit, raising livestock, irrigation facility and energy renovation, in which projects have various compositions and involve in many areas so that their affecting elements are complex and affect different environmental factors. The implement duration of the projects is 5 years generally. However, the problem arises because these projects implement in different small basins step by step, that is, the construction and operating periods of different sub-projects cross in small basin or are difficult to divide their limit Therefore, analysis is carried out by project composition and activities. Project activities and their affecting elements are analyzed in Table 5-1. According to analysis, main affecting elements of the project include crop cultivation, forest and grass plantation, livestock breeding, sale of agricultural, forestry and herb products, crop species transform, water facility operation, farmland conversion, structural conversion of forestry vegetation population, fertilizer use, pest and pesticide, dejection pollution, change of rural productive and living condition, irrigation, hygienic condition improvement, energy structure change and construction activities, etc. Except of construction, the environmental factors affected by the project activities include hydrological regime, water quality, soil, forestry ecology, agricultural ecology, water and soil losses, regional economy, land use, life quality, natural disaster, and local climate, and so on. Lasting long time and direct effect together with indirect effect characterize these affecting elements; Construction activities last short time and scatter. Major environmental factors affected by construction include topography and landforms, environmental air quality, noise environment, water quality, water and soil losses, etc., which have characteristics of short lasting time, scattering, small scope and direct effect. 5.1.3 Impact Characteristics The project is with complex composition, including water and soil conservation project, forestry project and agricultural project, as well as environmental protection project. By nature of the projects planned to implement, it includes the projects with potential pollution, 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI such as economic and fruit forest plantation and breeding, as well as those without pollution, such as basic farmland construction, rural infrastructure construction, farmland irrigation facilities and projects of sand interception, drainage and sand discharge. The project planned to implement is different with general development project, which does not increase added value of product and realize project objective by means of depleting resource or energy. Considering the variety of measures to be implemented by the project, EIs for taking comprehensive control measures in small basin planning are complex, which direct effects are together with indirect one, short term effects exist together with long and effects of sub- projects overlap each other. However, the project is an eco-environmental protection and sustainable development project, having significant beneficial impact on environment. Identifying and Grading Environmental Problems 5.2.1 Identifying Principle and Grading Methodology SEI of the project is identified on the basis of full investigation on the environment status of study area of the project and analysis of the project features and its impact characteristics, according to the principle of whole, comprehensive and actual that considers benefits of state, group and individual. It is graded by its importance and impact characteristic. Potential effects are considered fully as identification and grading, including beneficial and adverse effects, especially those sensitive to environment. 5.2.2 Identification of EI Problems According to the potential field activities (affecting elements) and their features as construction and operating of the projects in four provinces or city, i.e. Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, and Chongqing, and the importance of the key environmental factor in the study area, potential environmental factors affected by the project implementation are mainly as follows: (1) Eco-environment It revolves in environmental factors of forestry ecology, agricultural ecology (include pest) and water and soil losses. (2) Physical environment It involves in environmental factors of topography and landform, climate, water resources (hydrological regime and water quality), soil, environment air quality and noise environment. (3) Social environment It involves in environmental problems or factors of regional economy, living standard, land resource (soil and land use), natural disasters (flood and waterlogging, drought, and Mud- rock flow). (4) Environmental risk It includes effect of pesticide use on eco-environment and human health, impact of introduced exotic species on local ecosystem, and forest fire, etc. 5.2.3 Results Identification of SEIs of the project uses the matrix form for project screen that is recommended by the terms of reference for EIs and recognized by WB expert, the detailed procedure sees Table 5-2. Using some experience similar to the project for reference, the 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI importance of every EI problem or environmental factor identified is assessed by matrix method from respects of characteristic, scope and period of potential EI. The results of assessment can be divided two categories, i.e. SEIs and other environmental problem. The result shows, SEI of the project has 8 items, including land resource (soil, land use), eco- environment (including forestry ecology, agricultural ecology and pests), water resource (hydrological regime, water quality), soil erosion, regional economy, living standard, natural disasters, habitat (forest park), etc.; Other environmental problem includes the impact on downstream area, impact of the project construction on environment (water quality, environmental air quality, acoustic environment, etc.), environmental risk, and global environmental problems (climate , variety ), etc. Objective of Environmental Protection According to local environmental background characteristic of the project study area, local ecological environmental protection requirements, ecological environmental construction plan and environmental quality standards of the four province/city, the environmental objective of the project construction on the basis of the project analysis result is: Set up comprehensive rural sustainable development pattern in the poverty project area with serious soil erosion, make land and water resource use with high-efficient and sustainability, and forest vegetation coverage , variety of wild animals and plants increase; Basically control the worsening tend of ecological environment, such as serious regional soil erosion and water environmental pollution, etc. and present it develop to the benign direction progressively; Significantly improve infrastructure condition of the project area and farmers’ living standard and life quality; Make the society, economy and eco-environment of the project develop coordinate and sustainable. Considering environmental objective and potential EIs of the project, the environmental protection objectives are presented as follow: (1) Objective of land resource protection Strengthen land management, rationally develop, use and protect land resource, control unproductive land, and optimize land use structure and regulate it rational on the basis of 0.053 0.067hm2 of basic farmland and 0.02 0.03hm2 of economic and fruit forest per rural population of the project area. Increase soil fertility and water retaining ability of the basic farmland at the same time, improve basic farmland productivity, and reduce the cultivated area of crops. (2) Objective of biological variety protection Ecological damage could be under effective control through implementing ecological rehabilitation project measures, such as enclosure and prohibition. Project implementation should avoid any damage of the ecosystem of natural habitat in the project affecting area if possible and maintain ecological characteristic of biology and regional ecological variety of the project area, making local animal and plant community recover and develop progressively. (3) Objective of water environment protection Non-point source pollution caused by pesticide and fertilizer use should be under control so as to improve water environmental quality of the project area. 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI Summery and Conclusion The main task of Chapter 5 is 1) Identify SEIs related to the project by means of matrix method on the basis of the project analysis, and grade them; 2) Propose the overall objective of environmental protection of the project and one of the sub-projects. The importance of environmental factor is assessed on the basis of matrix method from respects of characteristic, scope and period of potential EI. The results of assessment are divided two categories, i.e. SEIs and other environmental problem. The result shows, SEI of the project has 8 items, including land resource (soil, land use), eco-environment (including forestry ecology, agricultural ecology and pests), water resource (hydrological regime, water quality), soil erosion, regional economy, living standard, natural disasters, habitat (forest park), etc.; Other environmental problem includes the impact on downstream area, impact of the project construction on environment (water quality, environmental air quality, acoustic environment, etc.), environmental risk, and global environmental problems (climate , variety), etc. The environmental objective of the project construction is: Set up comprehensive rural sustainable development pattern in the poverty project area with serious soil erosion, make land and water resource use with high-efficient and sustainability, and forest vegetation coverage, variety of wild animals and plants increase; Basically control the worsening tend of ecological environment, such as serious regional soil erosion and water environmental pollution, etc. and present it develop to the benign direction progressively; Significantly improve infrastructure condition of the project area and farmers’ living standard and life quality; Make the society, economy and eco-environment of the project area develop coordinate and sustainable. The environmental protection objectives include land resource protection, biological variety protection and water environmental protection, etc. 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI Table 5-1 Affecting factor analysis of the project of water and soil conservation and ecological construction in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Chongqing Project Relating environmental components Activities Affecting element factor Topography and landform, Crop growing, crop hydrological regime, water Build terrace of breed change, quality, soil, soil erosion, Basic stone and earth fertilizer use, pests agricultural ecology, regional farmland bank, build farming and pesticide, economy, life quality, natural cultivation project construction disasters, environmental air quality, noise environment Topography and landform, Build and operate Sand interception, hydrological quality, soil regime, water erosion, Water project diversion weirs, depositing pool, drainage and agricultural ecology, regional drains and canals project construction economy, life quality, natural disasters, environmental air quality, noise environment Growth of forest and grass, species Local climate, hydrological Afforestation Plant tree and grass, structural change of regime, water quality, soil, and increase forest vegetation, land use, forestry ecology, soil vegetation maintain forests, agricultural land erosion, agricultural ecology, coverage close mountain pass use conversion, regional economy and life pest and pesticide, quality project construction pond, field path, Change of Water quality, agricultural construction and productive and ecology, soil erosion, regional Agricultural operation of road living condition, economy, life quality, natural infrastructures for tractor plough project construction disaster, environmental air quality, noise environment Construction, Agricultural land Local climate, water quality, management and maintenance of conversion, growth soil, forestry ecology, land Economic and economic forest, of economic forest, use, soil erosion, agricultural fruit forests fresh fruit forest, fertilizer, pest and ecology, regional economy dry fruit forest and pesticide, product and life quality nursery sale Build livestock Raise Raise poultry, pig, pen, livestock Water quality, soil, forestry domestic sheep, cow growth, excrement ecology, regional economy animal and urine pollution and life quality Construction and Water storage, Topography and landform, Irrigation operation of storage irrigation, change hydrological regime, water facilities pond, small water of productive quality, agricultural ecology, vault, and diversion condition, project life quality, natural disaster, cannel construction environmental air quality and noise environment Improve hygienic Build marsh gas condition, change Climate, water quality, soil, Energy pool and wood- energy structure, forestry ecology, agricultural renewal saving stove develop courtyard ecology, land use, regional economy economy and life quality 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI Table 5-2 Identification matrix of the EI factors of the project Direct and great impact Environmental factors Indirect and great Eco- impact Physical environment Social environment Ecological risk environment Direct and minor impact Indirect and minor Agricultural ecology b Natural habitats Topography and landform Water and soil losses Noise environmental impact Hydrology regimes Regional economy Forest ecology a Natural disaster Exotic species Living quality Impact scope Water quality Local climate Air quality Forest fire Land use pesticide SEI soil General environmental problem adverse impact beneficial impact ± beneficial and adverse impacts Project Basic farmland activities construction Water resource facility construction Afforestation and increase vegetation coverage Rural infrastructure construction 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 5: IDENTIFICATION OF THE EI Plantation of economic and fruit trees Raise livestock Irrigation facility construction Energy renewal Project area Impact Project county scope Downstream area Impact Beneficial impact nature Adverse impact Impact is significant and Screen general results Impact is beneficial and ± ± ± ± ± adverse Note: a and b include pest 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Environmental Impacts of the Project 6.1 Introduction According to the TOR, the social assessment is a separate report and its results are not listed in the EIA report. For the integrality and objectivity of the EIA report, some results of the social assessment report are quoted directly in Section 6.2.4. Similarly, the results of the separate pest management report are also used directly in Section 6.3.1. In view of the deepness of the project feasibility study report and the characteristic that the project implementation involves in a large area, many small basins (274) and complex environmental background, an overall EI at the plan level is given by the EIA of the project, the potential, long-term and accumulative environment impact of various project activities are analyzed and assessed in conjunction with the design of typical small basin, and the practicable environmental protection countermeasures are recommended At the same time, an analysis is carried out and a monitoring plan developed on the basis of the typical small basin in chapter 7 and chapter 8 of the report. The typical small basin selection is on the basis of those small basins that have finished preliminary design and locate in 37 Project counties (districts) in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Chongqing provinces. There are 37 small basins selected further on the basis of the principle on the project area selection in each province, which is well representational in each project county. The representativeness in the province, basin, soil erosion type, environment setting and existing environmental problem are considered for all typical small basins selected in each chapter and section of this report, as well as the access condition in the environment monitoring plans. The important environment problems presented in chapter 5 are discussed in detail in this chapter, while the highlights are given to environmental benefit analysis. The important environment problems identified in section 5.3.3 are respectively discussed in the sections including such environmental benefits analysis as water and soil resources protection (soil, hydrology regimes, soil erosion, natural disaster), eco- environment improvement (forest ecology, agri-ecology, bio-diversity), optimization of land use structure and living condition improvement in Section 6.2, and such major environmental problems as pest, water quality and forest park in Section 6.3. Section 6.4 mainly addresses such environmental problems as downstream impact, EI during construction, environmental risk, global climatic change issue. 6.2 Environmental Benefit Analysis 6.2.1 Water and Soil Resources Protection The upper basins of the Yangtze River and Pearl River are located in western China, where the soil erosion area accounts for 47.5% of the total area of land, being one of the most seriously eroded regions in the nation. The implementation of the project will improve the capability to keep water and soil from loss, reverse the worsening trend of soil erosion, alleviate natural disasters and protect the water and soil resources, and realize sustainable socio-economic development in the project area. 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 6.2.1.1 Significant improvement of vegetation coverage and effective control of soil erosion Forests and vegetation have function of soil conservation and soil erosion prevention. The plant crown can intercept and retain rainwater, lessening its immediate splashing erosion action of rainwater on soil; The ground plant slows down and retains runoff, making it infiltrate into the soil while reducing the scouring effect of runoff; the plant root system mechanically keeps soil in place; the organic matter excreted by root system can glue soil, making it firm enough withstand runoff scouring. The project plans to rehabilitate soil eroded area of 171062hm2 by taking comprehensive measures, including capital farmland construction of 11309hm2, water and soil conservation forest construction area of 29491hm2, economic forest construction area of 55512hm2, grass construction area of 22995hm2, closure protection and grazing ban area of 52755hm2. With the project implemented, the future forest and grass area will account for 80% of the area suitable for forests and grass, the slope land steeper than 25° will stop being farmed and be returned to forest and grass land; all the barren hills and slopes will be afforested or re-vegetated, the ill-structured woodlands will be improved. All in all, the vegetation coverage of the project area will increase 101 significantly while the amount of soil loss will be decrease greatly. Dagou basin, a typical basin in the medium erosion area in the middle mountain and hill areas of Three Gorges, is located in Yuntai town, north of the Changshou District, Chongqing Municipality. It is a small tributary of the Taohuaxi Stream, a major tributary of the Changjaing River. The area of of Dagou basin is 12.26 km2, of which 5.91 km2 is eroded, accounting for 48.2% of the basin area. The soil loss is caused primarily by hydaulic erosion, in the forms of sheet and gully erosions together with such minor ones as soil/rock collapses and landslides. The erosion modulus is 4130t/km2·a and the annual average total soil erosion amount is 24,400t. This project plans to rehabilitate all the soil erosion area of 5.91 km2 by comprehensive measures, including slopeland terracing area 0.10km2, closure and ban area 1.88 km2, nut tree plantation area 0.93km2, fruit trees plantation area 1.59 km2 and grass plantation area 1.40 km2. After the project implements and produces its comprehensive benefit, the coverage of forest and grass will rise to 52.4% from the current 20.3%; 100% of the eroded area will be effectively rehabilitated with comprehensive measures; soil loss will be reduced by 71% in amount as compared to previous years; annual amount of retained runoff be increased by 116,200m3; annual reduction of soil loss will amount to 17,300t. As a result, the soil erosion situation will be under control effectively in 327 the basin. 6.2.1.2 Improvement capacity of soil retention and water storage for natural disasters relief The natural disasters, such as flash floods and mudflow, are very common in the project area and become the major cause to restrict regional socio-economic development and result poverty. The project implementation could reduce frequency and damage of the natural disaster through improving the water storage and soil retention capacity. (1) Regulate runoff and reduce frequency and damage of flush flood The flash flood is a common natural disaster in the project area. As for a surface runoff phenomenon, flood is closely related to hydrometeorology, topography, 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT geomorphology, geology and vegetation etc. Among all factors related to form flood, water source condition is decisive. Good forest and vegetation coverage help to cut the formation of flash floods to a certain extent. The forest and vegetation can intercept and hold part of rainfall water, slow runoff, and increase water infiltration by splitting runoff into small flows, which then permeate into soils along roots. Withered branches and fallen leaves can also retain and absorb some rainwater in the forestland. The runoff generated on better-vegetated slope is much less than one on barren slope and hillside without vegetation cover. According to relevant experiment data in woodland, given 30mm rainfall a day, no runoff is generated; given daily rainfall 50-100mm, a rather small runoff is generated but flows out after concentration in 3 days; given an annual rainfall 1200mm, only 50mm of the rainfall water discharges out from woodlands, compared to 600mm rainfall water loss in area with similar environmental conditions but without forests. One mu woodland retains at least 20 m3 more water than land without forest 514 . The effect of vegetation on runoff retention is shown in table 6.2-1. The project will establish forest and grass vegetation lands 107998hm2 and closure protection area 52755hm2. After implementation of the project, the vegetation coverage of the project area will rise significantly, playing role to delay and cut flood peak, consequently to regulate the surface runoff so as to restrain flash floods from occurring and reduce its frequency. Table6.2-1 The effects of forest and vegetation on runoff retention Runoff retention % Rainfall Engleriana mm Fir forest Pine forest Grassland forest 20 24 8 10 21 20 15 31 25 13 14 25 15 10 44 23 19 30 10 5 57 38 29 45 5 71 49 28 42 100 Note: The data are extracted from Reference 517 . (2) Reduce solid material source and mitigate mudflow damage Yunnan and Guizhou provinces are one of the most serious mudflow damages regions in China. The frequent recurrences of mudflow disasters have caused huge losses of life and property. According to investigation, there are more than 200,000 spots subject to landslide and mudflow disaster in Yunnan Province. Three basic conditions in general contribute to the formation of mudflow: Firstly, there is a large number of loose detritus materials accumulated on the slopes or in the small valley in small basin; Secondly, there is enough water sources to form strong runoff; Thirdly, there is landform with steep slope. Eco-environment improvement and well-established forest and vegetation cover can restrain soil erosion, defense wind and fix sand in place, and reduce supply of the loose solid materials and runoff, moving regional environment 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT towards the direction of reversing the evolution and development of mudflow by undermining the conditions of mudflow formation. The forest and grass vegetation construction under the project will increase the vegetation coverage, favorable to ease the splashing erosion action of raindrops. According to statistics, nearly 80% of the hydraulic erosion is caused by raindrop splashing. The middle and upper reaches both Changjiang River and Pearl River basin are categorized as the most serious water erosion regions in China. With the increase of vegetation coverage in the project area, most raindrop attack force will be firstly buffered by the branches and leaves of vegetation and effectively prevent topsoil from raindrop impact, reducing soil erosion significantly. At the same time, the root system of forest and grass vegetation can fix soils and retain water and soil. Moreover, terracing slope farmland will change local topographical conditions and mitigate areal erosion damage. The amount of soil loss caused by areal erosion depends on the amount and properties of slope deposits and the intensity of runoff on slope surface. The project implement will increase forest coverage of the project area, reducing weathering materials on the slope. Meanwhile, slope farmland improvement project will reconstruct most slope farmland into terraced one; as a result remarkable changes will take place for local topography, which will greatly diminish the intensity of slope runoff. In addition, the construction of the small-scale water conservation project will help to restrain gully erosion and trap silts. The soil loss is expected to reduce by 9,859,700t annually. See table 6.2-2 for details. Table 6.2-2 Statistics of benefits of the project for water and soil retention Small-scale water and Forest and grass Capital farmland soil conservation Total plantation project Total Total Total Total Total Total Project Total Total amount of amount of amount of amount of amount of amount amount of amount of water water water soil water of soil soil soil retention retention retention retention retention retention retention retention 1000 1000 1000 1000t 1000 1000t 1000t 1000t m3 m3 m3 m3 Yunnan 408.9 12.27 1425.66 157.95 102.37 7.53 1936.93 177.75 Guizhou 852.02 25.56 2878.52 306.44 37.18 5.35 3767.72 337.35 Hubei 399.48 11.98 1700.69 189.94 138.9 5.62 2239.07 207.54 Chongqi 462.5 18.5 2036.74 242.46 11.29 2.37 2510.53 263.33 ng Total 2122.9 68.31 8041.61 896.79 289.74 20.87 10454.25 985.97 Note: The data are extracted from Reference 101 . Once the comprehensive measures of the project generate their expected benefits, the source of loose detritus materials and runoff intensity will decrease greatly, which can effectively retrain the development of mudflow and mitigate its affected scope and damage. 6.2.1.3 Protect land resource and improve land fertility, farming condition and productivity (1) Protect land resource and reduce soil nutrient loss The project implement can facilitate to protect land resource and reverse the ongoing trend of land “stony desertification” in some project areas. The project area in 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Guizhou Province lies in the center of Southwestern China’s karstic area, where karstic area distribution is the most concentrative in the world. In the project area, karst landform develops extensively, most soil is discontinuous and thin-layered (generally 10~30cm thick). On steep slopeland in mountainous areas, up to 0.1-0.3cm thick topsoil is eroded annually, and in some cases even a rainstorm event can totally wash the slope soils away, leaving nothing in place but bare rocks, a process known as “stony desertification”. The project plans to rehabilitate soil erosion area 1044.09km2, accounting for 78.6% of the total erosion area in the project areas. With all the water and soil conservation measures in effect, the soil loss amount will reduce by 3,373,500t a year, playing an important role for land resource protection. 302 , 306 The project is also helpful to reduce soil nutrient loss and improve land fertility. According to investigation, the project area of Hong'an county, Hubei province, is located in the moderate erosion area of the low-height-mountainous and hilly units of Dabie Mountains, its total land area is 242.1 km2, including 101.43 km2 (41.9%) of soil erosion area. In this area the annual soil loss reaches 444,600t and annual soil nutrition loss is that synthetic ammonia 232t; calcium super-phosphate 461t; and potassium chloride 1269t. The total nutrition loss is equivalent to 5.07% of the total usage of chemical fertilizer in the whole county on annual basis. Based on physical and socio-economic conditions of the project area, it is planed to implement the comprehensive measures targeting at mountains, rivers, farmlands and forests in the unit of basin, rehabilitating 92.10km2 of soil erosion area. The project, once implemented, will reduce soil loss by 282,100t and increase water retention/storage by 4,942,200 m3 a year. Calculated in terms of the contents of N, P and K in eroded 110 soil, the annual reduction of fertilizer loss will amount to 3,400t. (2) Improve water retention capacity of soil and alleviate farmland drought The geomorphic type in the project areas is diverse, while the large potion of mountainous area is one of the noteworthy characteristics. The water retention capacity of existing slope field is very poor. The steep hillside is disadvantageous for rainwater retention. With enough kinetic condition, the runoff produced by rainfall rushes rapidly through the steep slope surface with large altitude difference and concentrates into gullies and valleys, while only very little infiltrates into soil. Constructing terraces on slope and changing slope fields into flat one, are not only fundamental to effectively control soil erosion, but also vital to sustainable use of slope farmland and increase of production and income. Terrace has function of water retention and erosion prevention. 11309hm2 of capital farmland will be built under the project mainly by terracing slopeland, which will flatten the longitudinal slope grade and retard surface runoff, facilitating rainwater infiltration. Meanwhile, the soil layer thickening also favors to rainwater infiltration and storage. According to the comparative observations made on the adjacent field plots with same soil type, climatic condition and field tillage/management measures in the project area in Hubei province, the water retention capacity of the soil on terraced field is significantly stronger than that on slope one, with prolonged drought resisting period generally up to 15 days or longer. Therefore, the project is important for alleviating farmland draught. (3) Improve irrigation condition 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT For a long time, drought and water shortage is one of the major factors constraining agricultural development in the project area. The project implement will increase water storage and improve irrigation condition. The project plans to build 490303m3 of reservoirs, 212129m3 of small water vaults, and 600407 m of drainage. These small-scaled water facilities will increase the total water storage volume of water projects in the project area, improving farmland irrigation condition. The summer-autumn draught often hits the project area in Hong’an County, Hubei province, even lasting for 100-120 days consecutively, which is a major disaster for local agricultural production. For example, the Huahe basin, northwest of Huajia town of Hong’an County, is one of the typical basins to be rehabilitated by the project. The total area of the basin is 28.66 km2 with 9.03 km2 of farmland area. The project proposes to build 131 small-scaled water conservation projects, 3 irrigation ponds, 20 reservoirs, 1.5km drainage and irrigation ditch/canal and 100 settling traps, which will supply irrigation water for crops and economic forests, raising the reliability of 110 irrigation water supply up to 85%. 6.2.1.4 Control lake/reservoir sedimentation and prolong service life of water conservation facilities It is one of the main damages of soil erosion that sediments induced by soil erosion silt up the mountain ponds, reservoirs and channels and shorten service life of water conservation facilities. The project implement can conserve water and soil, which helps to decrease sedimentation of lakes and reservoirs and prolong service life of water conservancy facilities. (The quantitative analysis on the proportion of soil erosion and sediment transporting couldn’t carry out due to lack of data on relation between soil loss and relative sediment movement and sediment deposition. Only simple analysis carries out therefore.) The soil erosion area in the project area of Yunnan province is 669.56 km2, accounting for 46.6% of the total land. In the whole province, about 238,750,000m3 of reservoir capacity and 116,700,000m3 of pond volume have lost and 379 hydropower stations destroyed as a result of water and soil erosion. For example of the Cha’ershan reservoir in Jiangchuan county, nearly 500,000 m3 of sediment silted in the reservoir up to now and resukted much of its capacity lost. With the project implementation in the four provinces, 85% of the erosion areas will be under control effectively and total soil loss will be reduced by more than 70% in terms of amount, corresponding to a reduced soil loss of 1,777,500t. 102 , 110 6.2.2 Improve Eco-environment The project area lies in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, where the major natural vegetation is subtropical coniferous and broad-leaf evergreen and deciduous mixed forest. Due to long-term intervention of human activity, natural vegetation has almost been destroyed and most of extant one is secondary vegetation. The total forest area is merely 1293.6km2 and its coverage is 18.73%. On the project basin basis, some basins are even more sparsely forested, such as Sanpao basin of the Jiangjin city of Chongqing, where the forest area is only 78.87hm2, accounting 3.58% of the basin area. 102 , 110 Most of the project areas lie in the upper reaches of the Class I and II tributaries of the Changjiang River and Pear River basins, which act as an important ecological barrier of the major water-conservation regions and the middle and lower basins of the both 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT rivers. Great decrease of the forest and vegetation area and deteriorate of floral community structure will negatively affect the ecological environment of the project area and irrational land use will make local land productivity worsen progressively and affect environmentally and socio-economically sustainable development in the project areas. The Project intends to improve forest and vegetation coverage of the project area through planting water and soil conservation forests and economic forests, and returning farmland to forestry as well as closure protection measures. In consequence, the ecological environment and living quality in the project areas will be improved and sustainable socio-economic development be achieved. This is the objective and purpose of the project. The notable benefits of improving ecological environment are reflected in three major aspects as following: (1) Notable increase of vegetation coverage The project will increase the vegetation coverage through the following measures: Plant 85003hm2 of forests on barren hills and steep slope lands returned from farming, including 29491 hm2 of water and soil conservation forest, and 55512 hm2 of economic forests; Close 52755 hm2 of forest for protection; Plant artificially 22995 hm2 of grass on the slope of returned lands and waste hillsides. There are totally 129360 hm2 of forestlands at present in the project area, including 116217 hm2 of sparse-young forest and 12616 hm2 of grassland. The forest coverage rate is 18.73%. Through plantation on barren hill or slope, slope field returned from farmland suitable for afforestation and closure area of 52755hm2 under the project, the forestland area will increase to 211606 hm2 and the forest coverage rate to 30.64% (11.91% of net increase as compared to the previous rate). The grass land area will increase to 35611hm2 and the grass coverage rate to 35.8% (5.03% of net increase as compared to the previous rate). (2) Increase bio-diversity Bio-diversity refers to biological species and their genetic variation and living environments, including genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. The analysis is carried out from aspects of species diversity and ecosystem diversity but genetic diversity due to its micro level. 1) Species diversity According to Chinese Vegetation Zoning, the project area belongs to the subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest where covers a quarter of China’s territory and is the region with richest plant resources in China. The reasons are: 1) this region is on the joint between two paleo-floral zones, i.e. the Paleo-North Pole zone and the Paleo- tropical zone, which was hardly impacted by the Quaternary glacier activities; 2) this region serves as the propagation base and breeding bed for many East-Asian floras and may be one of the origin places of angiosperms. This typical vegetation in the region includes the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved trees, evergreen species of Fagaceae, Lauraceace, Theaceae (Camellia L.), and Gramineae. Affected by human production activities for a long time, the natural vegetation in the project area can only be found in some inaccessible and remote hilly and mountainous area, while those on low hill and in lowland have been replaced by crop, shrubbery, grass, fir, pine, tea-oil camellia and bamboo forest for timber, and tea garden, etc. In other areas, extensive artificial plantation of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT lanceolata not only greatly decreases species richness, but also initiated the trend of replacing the evergreen broad-leaved forests with the coniferous trees. The Project intends to afforest 85003hm2 of waste hillsides and steep slope lands returned from farming, including water and soil conservation forests 29491 hm2, economic forests 55512 hm2, and grass cover 22995 hm2. Selected arbor species include pines (such as Pinus armandii, Pinus yunnananensis, Pinus elliottii, Pinus massoniana, Pinus helianthus), firs (such as Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cryptomeria fortunei), Robinia pseudoacacia, cypress, birch, oak, Populus yunnan, Populus deltoides, Toona sinensis, Liquidamba formosana, Eucalyptus, Rhus chinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, Camptotheca acuminata, Alnus cremastogyne, Acacio mottissima, Metrosiderous excelsal, etc; selected economic tree species include Eucommia ulmoides, Yellow cypress, Cornaceae, Magnolis officinalis, Anacardiaceae, Aluerites fordii Hemsi, Morus alba, tea, Chinese chestnut, walnut, Chinese prickly ash, Eucalyptus globulus, etc.; Selected bush species include Croriaria sinica Maxim, Dodoneae viscosa, Acanthopanax, Vitex negundo L., Rosa roxburghii Tratt., Pyracanta fortuneana, Phyllanthus emblica L., Amorpha fruticosa, etc.; selected grass species are ryegrass, Pennisetum sinese Roxb, alfalfa, clover, etc. Mixed forests are recommended as afforestation. Most aforesaid tree species for afforestation are coniferous and deciduous one, which are not the typical vegetation type and community of the project area. However, they are pioneer species in the process of vegetation recovery and can initiate the process of reversal succession, being feasible and effective. With favorable climatic conditions of the project area, two vegetation successions will occur once forests and floral community have formed and stabilized: The microenvironment of forest will be improved by the action of pioneer species after afforestation is finished in the project area, which creates growth condition for evergreen species gradually and then kicks off the process of succession from the current secondary vegetation to the native vegetation. Each basin under the project ranges from a dozen to decades square km with a long border. The improvement of eco-environment in the small basin creates favorable condition for the intrusion of invasive species due to boundary effect. As mentioned above, the project area is located in the region with richest China’s vegetation resources. These resources will spread in the small basin with its environmental improvement and increase its species diversity as result. For example, the improvement of floral community and eco-environment of the basin will provide birds and other wild animal better habitats and more food, therefore, increasing their species and population significantly. Meanwhile, the increase of one species will result in that of its natural enemies. The extension of food chain can increase bio- diversity. 2) Ecosystem Diversity As mentioned above, the project will increase species diversity of the small basins. Equally, once the barren hill and land are afforested for soil and water conservation purpose and the stable floral community are formed therein, the improved microenvironment in the forests, especially the soil and moisture conditions, will give rise to, in the time sequence, the plants under the trees and then evergreen species can grow, fostering the evolution process of conifer forest-- conifers and broadleaf mixed forest -- evergreen and broadleaf deciduous mixed forest. The ecosystem will evolve 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT from only conifer forest to conifers and broadleaf mixed forest, evergreen and broadleaf deciduous mixed forest gradually. Likewise, the improvement of habitats for wild animals and gradual establishment of habitat corridors will introduce the immigrants of plant-fed animals out of basins, i.e. birds and small-sized mammals, increasing the species of wild animals under or inter forest. Particularly, those small- sized immigratory animals will attract their natural predators so as to extend the food chain and diversify the animal communities, for example, the animal community composed of a leaf-fed animal and its natural predators or that of a seed-fed animal and its natural predators, and so on. (3) Improve ecosystem structure The improvement of ecosystem structure by the project is shown as following aspects: 1) Increasing biomass and enhancing landscape value The project area covers 6905.05km2, among which the cultivated land accounts for 40.24%, forestland for 37.6%, grass land for 1.8%, barren hill and slope for 10.8%, water areas for 2.0%, and other land for 7.4%. After the project is implemented, the land use structure of agriculture, forest, grazing and fish farming will change. As compared with the current situation, the cultivated land, barren hill and slope land will reduce by 11.3%, and 94.0% respectively, while the forestland, grassland, and water areas increase by 31.2%, 160.4%, and 0.1%. Other land has no change. In terms of landscape ecology, the area of forest/grass land will increase greatly after the project is implemented, with the result that preponderant degree and landscape proportion of forest/grass land increase too while that of cultivated and barren hill/slope decrease. The forest land, therefore, becomes the dominant component of the regional ecological environment quality. The biomass of the project area will increase by 29.9% and landscape quality improve significantly at the same time (the change of biomass before and after the project is launched is shown in Table 6.2-3). Nevertheless, the forest and grass are artificially planted so that the vegetation type is very simplex and lacks of heterogeneity, with poor anti-disturbance capability. 2) Forest ecosystem structure The project will increase bio-diversity of the project area, including the diversity of forest vegetation community. Forests of the project area are planted into the mix forest of two or three species, most of which are coniferous and deciduous. Though it is impossible to improve existing deteriorated forest ecosystem structure of the project area in a short time, the enforcement of closure protection and other forest management practices through the project implement could minish human disturbance to forest and facilitate the reversed succession that is: coniferous trees –broad-leaf and conifer mixed forest – evergreen deciduous and broadleaf mixed forest –evergreen broadleaf forest. Table. 6.2-3 The Change of Biomass Before and After the Project Before After Area Biomass increase increase + Landuse type + reduction Area h Biomass Area Biomass reduction m2 t hm2 t - - t hm2 Cultivated land 277832 3056152 246404 2710444 -31428 -345708 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Forest land 260212 78063600 341470 102441000 81258 24377400 Grass land 12616 201856 32846 525536 20230 323680 Barren hill and 13726 91964.2 13801 92466.7 75 502.5 slope Water area 74428 14885.6 4485 897 -69943 -13988.6 Other land use 51637 10327.4 51444 10288.8 -193 -38.6 Total 81438785 105780633 24341847 3) Farmland ecosystem structure Most of the project areas are the marginal poverty-stricken mountainous area with poor living standard and underdeveloped economy. Most land and labor are used for grain production, resulting in singularity of crop variety, simplified farmland ecosystem structure, and low crop disease-resistant capacity. After the project is implemented, the basic farmland will be set up, which could improve unit grain yield and stabilize grain production. Furthermore, farming on steep slopes will be stopped to develop high-value vegetation. The project contributes to the improvement of farmland ecosystem structure as follow: Enriching crop species and improving farmland ecosystem diversity ; The improvement of forest vegetation on the lands returned from farming and the diversification of crops species, will increase such animals as beneficial birds and insects, favorable for pollination of the plants and exchange of genetic genes, meanwhile, increase the natural predators of harmful animals, which help to reduce the use of the insecticide and improve farmland ecosystem; This project will also build some biogas tanks. It will not only meet the rural energy demands, but also accelerate the decomposition of domestic rubbish, manure and urine. The residues from the biogas tanks can be used as organic manure in farmland, which not only helps to improve fertility but also increase soil microorganisms. Transform the agricultural ecosystem into harmless green ecological agriculture. 4) The rural settlement ecology Implementation of the project will improve the ecological environment of the project area significantly, and affect the rural settlement eco-environment too. The biogas tank project, if implement, can transfer all rubbish and manure into energy so that the environment of residential areas is cleaned through reduction of the pollutant and habitats of such harmful insects as flies and mosquitoes; The project area, with vegetation increasing, will gather beneficial birds and insects, helping to control the explosion of harmful insect population. All these are conducive to improvement of the rural living environment and living quality. 6.2.3 To optimize land use structure 6.2.3.1 Topographic and landform characteristics in the project area Geomorphologically, the Project areas are composed of such large topographic units as Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Eastern-Sichuan mountainous region, Three Gorges valley, and Dabie Mountainous and hilly regions. The project areas in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces lie in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The topography of the project area in Yunnan shows a pattern of alternating medium-height hills (70%) and small basins (30%), where ravines and gullies crisscross and original surface is broken; the project 10 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT areas in Guizhou lie in the transitional zone from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the middle Guizhou hills with an attitude above 1200m asl, 60% of which has karstic features. The Three Gorges valley and Qinling-Daba Ranges involve the project counties in Chongqing and Yiling District of Yichang City, Lichuan City and Changyang County in Hubei, where featured by low-medium height mountains and hills and deep-cut ravines especially in the Three Gorges region; Dabie low-height mountains and hills involve other project counties in Hubei, which are relatively low in attitude and gentle in terrain. The landforms of the project area are diverse, including plateau, basin, mountainous region and hills. The terrains in the project areas lack continuity, with the area of mountainous/hilly regions covering more than 70%. The statistics show, among the whole area of the project area, the area with ground slope below 5° covers 23.2%; 5°- 15° covers 21.5%; 15°- 25° covers 24.5%; 25°- 35° covers 17.6%; 35° and steeper covers 13.2%. The land area less steep than 15° covers only 44.7% of the whole area. 6.2.3.2 The landuse status and issues The total area of the project area is 6905.05km2, including 277832hm2(40.24%) of farm land, 260212hm2(37.6%) of forest land, 12616hm2(1.8%) of grassland, 74428 hm2 (10.8%) of barren hill and slope, 13726hm2(2.0%) of water areas, and 51637hm2 of other land. Of the total farmland area, 82749hm2(29.8%) is capital farmland; and 274327hm2 (60.5%) is slope farmland, of which 23170hm2 (8.3% of total farmland, 13.8% of the slope farmland) is slope land steeper than 25°. The problems on irrational landuse structure in the project area include: Agricultural land and slope farmland occupied larger proportion. Seen from the above-mentioned percentage of farmland to the total land area and the percentage of steep slope farmland, it is obviously irrational considering the characteristic of the environmental resources in the mountainous area. The proportion of young sparse forests is too high in area, accounting for 44.7% of the total area of forestland, which is inadequate to maintain eco-environment of the mountainous area. There is a significant area of barren hill/slope and other land, accounting for 18.3% of the total land area. It results from extensive reclamation activities and marks the degradation of ecological environment in the project area. 6.2.3.3 Optimize land use structure by the project To optimize the land use structure by the Project implementation in the following aspects: Terrace the slope land with gradients lower than 25°, if condition permits, and install irrigation facilities, so that the slope land can be built into capital farmland. On the basis of the capital farmland, the crop structure is regulated, for example of the slope farmland steeper than 25°, farming will be stopped and used for forest and grassland so as to reduce this kind of irrational land use. Take advantage of favorable climate conditions of the project area, and build the forests for water and soil conservation and cash forest on the hills and slopes suitable for afforestation to increase coverage rate and improve eco-environment. In the light of the specific conditions and advantages in the project area, to increase area of the grass land and develop stock raising; 11 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT If conditions permits, to increase the water surface area and develop fishery. The above measures will result in: a reduction of agricultural land percentage to 35.6% of the total land area (decrease by 11.3% compared to the current situation); an increase of forest land to 49.5% (increase by 31.2% compared to the current situation); an increase of grass land percentage to 4.8% (increase by 160.4% compared to the current situation); a reduction of deserted hillside and slope land percentage to 0.1% of the total land area (decrease by 94.0% compared to the current situation); an increase of water areas to 2.0% of the whole area of land (increase by 0.1% than the current situation); other land has no change with 7.5% of the total land. The details of landuse change in the project area before and after the implementation of project are shown in Fig. 6.2- 1. In connection to topographical/geomorphological conditions, it is noteworthy that, after the project is implemented, the agricultural land will be reduced, while the forest land will increase, especially slope farm land, waste hillside and slope land and hard-to-use land diminish greatly, signaling the ecological environment moving towards improvement, and the landuse structure being optimized in the project area. 6.2.4 Improve Living Conditions Increase farmers’ income and alleviate their poverty with improvement of their living conditions are major targets of the project. The living conditions improvement is reflected by cash income, infrastructures, and rights/equity. 110 , 113 6.2.4.1 Increase Income The major livelihood model in the project area is related to agriculture, including crop farming, stock raising and some agricultural product processing. Income earned from labor jobs in cities is an important income source for most farmers. The project will provide farmers opportunities to get temporary income from taking part in the construction of capital farmland, sediment retention and discharge project, afforestation, rural infrastructure and other public project for soil and water conservation. It is more important that the project will invest a lot of funds and provide many opportunities to increase the farmers’ income on a long-term, sustainable and stable basis by implementing such projects as terracing on thick-soil slopes, planting economic and fruit forests, developing stock raising, and building irrigation facility and biogas tanks. 12 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Fig 6.2-1 The change of land use after project implementation (1) Terracing on slope farm land In the project area, 40.24% of the total land has been cultivated for farming, but the proportion of capital land is too low, while that of the slope farmland high, say 60.5% of the total farmland. In the project areas in Chongqing, the purple soil predominates on the slope land, where irrigation is inadequate. Owing to soil and water loss and presence of very thin topsoil, the farmland is mainly suitable for cropping corn, sweet potato and Irish potato with low yields. For example of Sanpao Basin, the slope farmland is also called "the land which output relies on weather". The output of corn on slope land is only hundred kilograms per Mu before terraced and rises to 350-400 kilograms after partially terraced. Generally, the slope terracing can bring about a 25% increment of yields, and even more if supplemented with irrigation facilities. For example, in the drought-stricken Pingba area of Yuanmou county, Yunnan province, the output can be increased from hundreds CNY per Mu to thousands CNY per Mu through terracing and irrigation practice and changed cropping structure (to plant paddy rice, vegetables and fruits instead). (2) Economic/fruit forests It is a new and important source of income for farmers to develop diverse high value fruits and nuts orchards and other perennial crops with regional advantage, such as oranges, tangerines, chestnuts and tea trees in the area with suitable ecological condition. The farmers can obtain funds, technical training and guidance from the project for the purpose of income increase. Before the trees begin to bear fruits, the orchard can be intercropped with high-yielding forage legumes or other low-stand crops, such as sweet potato, peanut and soybean. (3) Stock raising All project areas have raised a great number of domestic animals including cattle, buffalos, goats and pigs, and the earning from their sales is a major household income for poor farmer. The project encourages farmers to plant grass and raise domestic animals, and help them for pen feeding, as well as introduces goat suitable for pen feeding (e.g. Boer Goat) and pig with high rate of lean meat (e.g. Landrace and Duroc). The project also provides loan for purchasing cattle to those who want to join the livestock raising. All these will contribute to a rapid growth of stock raising and income in the project area. (4) Biogas tank It can not only revolve rural domestic energy demand of the project area but also induce sound comprehensive ecological balance to develop biogas tanks combined with stock raising. In the project counties in Chongqing, a biogas tank with volume of 8m3 can do instead of 4-mu forestland to be fallen so that a farmer can meet his 80% of household energy demand if he uses biogas tank. Farmers, if applying biogas furnace and lamp, can save their expenses of coal and electricity up to 300 or 400 CNY per year a family, while the biogas broth and slurry can be used as organic manure for agriculture, increasing economic benefit of crop production. According to estimation, one tank can supply 40 dan of quality organic manure, which is equivalent to 10-15 packages of chemical fertilizer, sufficient for 0.27hm2 of citrus orchards, saves 420 CNY of expense for chemical fertilizer and increases 100CNY of economic 13 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT income per Mu. Climatic conditions in the project areas of Yunnan allow a year-round operation of biogas tanks, with more significant benefits. 6.2.4.2 Improve Infrastructures The sections of 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 mainly introduce the project of construction of rural infrastructures, including flood discharging canals/ditches, diversion ditches, ponds, small-scale pumping stations, sprinkling irrigation facilities, field tracks, tractor roads, and working paths. The infrastructure construction of the project area will improve local farmers’ condition of cultivation and irrigation, which can secure the productivity of capital farmland so as to increase of yield and income. The improvement of field access conditions will facilitate farmers’ operation in fields and the transportation of fertilizer, seed and crop, which can either decrease farmers’ working intensity or ensure matured crop to sell in time. Water diversion, irrigation pond, small pond and sprinkling irrigation facilities will promote agricultural production and regulation of cropping structure, effectively increasing agricultural output. The construction of drinking water supply pipelines for people and animals will not only overcome drinking water shortage and improve domestic water quality, but also free rural labor force so that they can pay more their energy and time to develop production or engage other lucrative agricultural activities. In all, the construction of infrastructures will greatly improve rural production and living conditions, and facilitate sustainable agriculture development. Moreover, it will improve farmers’ living environment and sanitation condition, protect their health and prevent endemic fluorine disease for the activities of improving kitchens, toilets and livestock pens that carry out at the same time with the construction of biogas tanks in the rural project areas. The biogas tank can decompose the human and animal excrement and supply organic fertilizer to agriculture while reducing chemical fertilizer application and in consequence controlling non-point pollution. 6.2.4.3 Rights/Equity The objective of the project is to set up an integrated model of sustainable rural development in the poverty area with serious water and soil erosion and to promote its implementation. The project design and implementation pay special attention to such the vulnerable groups as poor and minorities of the poor region, and take many measures to ensure that they can enjoy the rights to benefit from the project and the equity of their land use rights: (1) EU plans donate 10 million that is used to directly support the activities under the WB financed project. The donation would focus on poverty counties, especially decreasing repay burden for particularly poor farmers. Proposed investment activities would include seeds and seedlings, livestock, water storage tanks, and subsidizing farmers in the transition from unsustainable slope land cropping to sustainable land use practices. (2) The Minorities Development Plan has been formulated in order to secure equitable rights to be enjoyed by all minorities in the project area. The detailed measures are worked out to minimize the negative impacts of the project while maximize the positive. 14 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT (3) The project emphasizes technical training and support, and promotes farmers’ participation in the project. The participatory consultation mechanism and institutional arrangement has been made. (4) This project strictly follows the Law of Rural Land Contracting of the People’ Republic of China, and prepares related management plan to ensure the transformation of land use right on a voluntary, equitable and just basis while avoid unjust transformation of land use rights related to the project implementation. 6.3 Main environmental problems 6.3.1 Pest management Pest Management Plan of China Changjiang / Pearl River Basin Rehabilitation Project was prepared by National Agriculture Technology Extension and Service Center (NATXSC), Ministry of Agriculture. As a component of China Changjiang/Pearl River Basin Rehabilitation Project, integrated pest management plays an important role in the Basin Rehabilitation Project on soil and water conservation, biodiversity and environmental protection. Based on the comprehensive understanding of current situations in agriculture and forest production, especially pest management, NATXSC draws up the work plan of integrated pest management (IPM) for agriculture and forest. The baseline data of agriculture production in the project areas were collected from the Agricultural Annual, Statistics Report and Farmers Interview. 6.3.1.1 Current pest problems and management approaches a) Planting area of main crops and fruits in 4 project provinces Based on the information availability in the related provinces and counties, the relevant quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from 21 counties in 4 provinces/municipality, among which 11 counties are in Chongqing, 3 in Guizhou, 3 in Yunnan, and 4 in Hubei. These data include major pest insects and diseases related to those crops, annual pesticide consumption, annual yield losses of the staple crops caused by those pests, pest management methodology, problems of health related to pesticide use, and farmers’ knowledge and opinion on pesticide and their requirements for necessary information access. The following tables show the current agriculture production in 4 relevant provinces/municipality. Table 6.3-1 and Table 6.3-2 indicate the main crop planting acreages in 4 provinces and 21 surveyed counties. Table 6.3-1 Planting area of staple crops and fruits in 4 project provinces/municipality (unit: 1000 hm2) Grain Crops Cash crops Fruit trees Provinces rice wheat corn potato vegetabl tea peach pear citrus chestnu e t Yunnan 787.8 512.1 1012.4 378.8 453.2 277.4 16.9 39.7 25 10.3 Guizhou 720.3 474.3 690.0 519.4 414.9 480.9 13.3 20.0 40.0 3.3 Chongqin738.5 322.7 430.0 283.0 403.0 13.3 13.6 46.4 172.7 12.8 Hubei 1808.8 603.4 349.8 218.8 1201.9 119.4 38.3 40.9 109.6 8.9 15 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Total 2529.1 1912.5 2482.2 1400 2473.0 891.0 82.1 147.0 346.8 35.3 Table6.3-2 Planting area of main crops and fruits in 21 counties (unit: hm2) Grain Crops Cash crops Fruit trees Provinces rice wheat corn potato vegetable tea peach pear citrus chestnut Yunnan 4516.4 11067.4 6929.7 1124.3 9967.5 26.6 120 273.3 1220 45 Guizhou 22375.3 48793.7 80807.7 45393.0 21287.0 525.3 1889.7 1324.7 775.4 4333.3 Chongqin 306181.6 118448.3 169032.6 67309.8 137763.7 11181.6 5438.2 15215.3 76387.1 1143.3 Hubei 93477.3 15596.1 48111.9 36054.1 60107.3 6895.0 966.7 1615.7 15452.3 606.7 Total 426550.6 193905.5 304881.9 149881.2 229125.5 18628.5 8414.6 18429 93834.8 6128.3 In general, major crops are ranked in terms of its planting area in descending order that: rice, vegetable, corn, wheat, potato, etc; but different province has its own preponderant crop order. In Yunnan, corn ranks first, then rice and wheat; Guizhou and Chongqing are rice, corn then potato, tea and wheat in queue followed in Guizhou, and vegetable and wheat in Chongqing. 4 main fruit trees are ranked as citrus, pear, peach and chestnut. Grain production was 882.4 thousand tons; the yield per hectare was low (3744kg), only 78% of national average in 2001. The economy relies on agricultural plantation (the value of agriculture plantation account for 57.5%, forestry 6.1% and animal husbandry 20.9%). For soil and water conservation in Changjiang/Pearl River Basin Rehabilitation Project implementation areas, more attention should be paid to the crops or fruit trees which take priority position and have lots of constrains or environmental and health problems in production. b) Primary pests and diseases Major pests on the main crops or fruit trees in these 4 provinces/Municipality are listed in Table 6.3-3. From the surveys and farmers interviews, farmers felt most difficult to control pests in vegetable and fruit production due to the fact that they did not have experiences, and local agriculture technical extension workers are almost not familiar to the pests on vegetables and fruit trees. Some pests only occur in the mountainous area. Table 6.3-3 Major pests in the 4 provinces/Municipality Common Unique pest insects and Crops Common pest insects diseases disease in surveyed counties Stalk fly leaf fodder, leaf Plant hoppers, stem Blast, sheath beetle, Blister hopper, dwarf Rice borers, blight and element deficiency, bipolaris disease Stripe rust, Wheat Army worm, aphids, powdery mildew Corn Corn borer, cut worm Sheath blight Leaf spot Potato Twenty-six spotted Late blight Tuber worm, bacteria ring rot 16 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT potato lady beetle, wire worm DBM, cabbage Black leg, bacteria Vegetab whitefly, webworm, soft rot, late Clubroot le beet army worm, leaf blight, powdery miner, flea beetle mildew Looper, caterpillar, Collectotr Blister blight, blister hopper, Tea leafhopper balck cicadas icum Crinkle leaf Peach Peach borer Fruit-sucking moths disease Pear leaf sucker, pear Fomes fulvus, bark beetle, Pear Rust, pear scab lace bug black cicadas, psylla Citrus mites, fruit Rust mite, Long horn beetle, moths, fruit fly, bud Citrus scab, Citrus bark beetle, stem rot, black maggot, swallowtail tristeza cicadas butterfly Chestnu Weevil, tree hopper, t mites Pine Pine caterpillar According to the surveys on the 21counties, the annual yield loss caused by pest and disease is calculated in table 6.3- 4. c) Pest management approaches Pest management in agriculture and forest rely largely on pesticides especially chemicals. From the interviews with 49 farmers, it implies that chemical pesticide is needed indispensably in their production. At county, prefecture, even provincial level, most plant protection professionals thought the chemical control is the first option in pest management. Total amount of pesticide in 21 counties under survey is 3677.13 tones, in which insecticide 59%. It implied that farmers paid more attention to insect rather than diseases or weed in their production. High toxic category of insecticide takes predominant potion (up to 70%) in total insecticides; bio-insecticide was only 2.8%. 6.3.1.2 Potential agro-forest environmental changes after the project Implementation According to the targets of China Changjiang/Pearl River Basin Rehabilitation project, the soil erosion will be decreased by 80%; the forest and grass covered area will be more than 80% of total available lands; the farming field on steeper than 25 slope will completely return to grass or forest; field located at the slope less than 25 will be terraced; the agriculture land for plantation will account for 35.6%, decreased by 11.3% compared with present situation, the forest and grass covered area will account for 49.5% and 4.8%, increasing by 31.2% and 160.4% respectively. High quality farmland will increase 10309hm2, fruit orchard area will increase 55512hm2, grassland will increase 22995 hm2, and forestland will increase 82246 hm2. And a lot of small reservoirs and weirs will be built in the project area. Those tremendous environment improvements and diversifications will result in re-structuring of agriculture and forest pest and disease. The follow changes will occur: 17 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Table 6.3-4 The annual yield losses caused by pest and disease in 21 counties unit: ton Provinc Grain Crops Cash crops Fruit trees e rice wheat corn vegetable tea peach pear citrus chestnut Yunnan 162.3 994.3 493.4 2759.8 277.4 16.9 N/A N/A N/A Guizhou 6374.2 8716 6481.2 610.1 3 110 265 1100 1800 Chongqin 195588 58035.9 44563.5 62043.7 318.1 107 233 53054.6 1860 Hubei 35975 2184 5644 28315 1427 73 2115 3625 N/A Total 238099.5 69930.2 57182.1 93728.6 2025.5 306.9 2652.7 57804.6 3670.3 a) Pests and diseases in rice, corn, wheat and potato As high quality terrace field built with good irrigation and fertilization, the element deficiency, dwarf, Bipolaris oryzae disease, blister hopper, leaf beetle, and stalk miner will turn as secondary diseases and pests, and even harmless in paddy rice. Rice blast, sheath blight, and rice stem borers will be more important as intensive cultivation promotion. There are also high risks of rice bacteria blight, bacteria tripe blight, and water weevil due to frequent variety exchange in case of inadequate plant quarantine. The Bipolaris maydis and Exserohilum turcicum will turn into secondary diseases replaced with sheath blight. Corn borer will be the most important pest insect, then armyworm and cut worms. The rust disease will keep its predominant position; the wireworm and red spider mites will decrease their population density due to good irrigation and soil management. Late blight is still a very important constraint of potato production, but the damages of tuber worm, 26 spotted lady beetle will be below the economic threshold level. b) Vegetable pest and disease Some exotic pests and diseases will invade into project area companying new varieties and species introduction. Bacteria soft rot, clubroot, blackleg diseases, downy mildew and diamond back-month, web-month, beet armyworm will increase their population densities in crucifer; fruit-worm, early and late blight, grey mildew, fusarium and verticillum wilts, virus diseases, will be more severe on solanaceae; downy mildew, powdery mildew, fusarium wilt will be the most important diseases on cucurbit. c) Pests and diseases in fruit orchards (citrus, pear and peach) Citrus rust mite, rust mite, long horn beetle, bark beetle, stem rot, black cicadas will be mitigated, but citrus canker, citrus scab, citrus leaf miner and some kinds of scales will increase their damages. Pear rust incidence will be reduced due to rational forest planting planning—avoiding planting cypress in 2 kilometer range. Lace bug will be the key pest; the bark beetle, black cicadas, psylla, Fomes fulvus will turn to secondary rank or even harmless ones. The population density of fruit-socking moth will decrease its damage because of well management and rational arrangement of surrounding plantation; the peach borer will more severe. As a lot of seedling nurse gardens (537 hm2) will be built, we should pay more attention to the seedling disease and leaf miners, caterpillars. 18 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 6.3.1.3 Integrated Pest management strategies The management of insect pests and diseases can hardly rely on a single control practice; usually a variety of tactics are integrated to control pests and diseases at acceptable levels. The goal of integrated pest management is not to eliminate all pests and diseases; some pests and diseases are tolerable and essential so that their natural enemies remain in the crop. Rather, the aim is to reduce pest population to less than damaging numbers. The control tactics used in integrated pest management include pest resistant or tolerant plants, and biological, agricultural, physical, mechanical and chemical control with less toxic steps. Applying multiple control tactics minimizes the chance that insects will develop resisting capacity against any one tactic. a) Strengthen forecasts of diseases and pests County Plant Protection Station (CPPS) should provide timely disease and pest control information to farmers including control targets, appropriate timing of control measures, technology and pesticides, etc. Such information should be given to farmers 7-10 days ahead of implementing control measures. The CPPQS should ensure that control measures are implemented in the neighboring counties at the same time to improve effectiveness of control. b) Biological and agricultural control methods (1) Pest-resistant crops One of the mainstays of integrated pest management is the use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to insect pests and diseases. A resistant variety may be less preferred by the insect pest, adversely affecting its normal development and survival, or the plant may tolerate the damage without an economic loss in yield or quality. Disease-resistant vegetables are widely used, whereas insect-resistant varieties are less common but nonetheless important. Examples include varieties of wheat which have tough stems that prevent development of the Hessian fly and sawfly, and cucurbits (squash, cucumbers, melons) that have lower concentrations of feeding stimulants (cucurbit) for cucumber beetles. In the case of cabbage, the only reliable method of controlling onion thrips is the use of resistant varieties. (2) Agricultural control method There are many agricultural practices that make the environment less favorable to insect pests. Examples include cultivation of alternate hosts (e.g., weeds), crop rotation, selection of planting sites, trap crops, and adjusting the timing of planting or harvest. Pest management in rice should focus on variety resistance and biodiversity method (traditional sticky rice mixing with normal rice variety to reduce the incidence of rice blast). Crop rotation, for example, is highly recommended for management of clubroot in crucifer, and fusarium wlit in solanaceae. The severity and incidence of many plant diseases can also be minimized by crop rotation, and selection of the planting site and period may also affect the severity of insect infestations. (3) Use of natural enemies Integrated pest management requires an understanding of the ecology of the cropping system, including that of the pests, pathogens, their natural enemies, and the surrounding environment. Knowledge about the ecological interrelationships between insects and their environment is critical to effective pest management. This guide emphasizes interrelationships between pest species and their natural enemies. 19 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT c) Physical and mechanical control method The use of physical barriers such as row covers or trenches prevents insects from reaching the crop, or light trap to attract adult pest insect reducing the pest insect parent density. Row covers can help prevent early-season damage to cucurbits by cucumber beetles. Cold storage is also considered a physical control and, although it does not necessarily kill the insect pests, it at least stops their development and further feeding on the stored crop. Other methods include hand picking of pests, sticky boards or tapes for control of flying insects in greenhouses and various trapping techniques. d) Chemical control methods If all other integrated pest management tactics are unable to keep an insect pest population or disease incidence below an economic threshold, then use of pesticide or fungicide to control the disease or pest insect and prevent economic loss is justified. Pesticides and fungicides are classified in several ways, and it is important to be familiar with these classifications so that the choice of an insecticide and fungicide are based on more than simply how well it controls the pest and disease. Pesticides classified as “high effect, low toxicity and low residue” should be chosen. The optimum selection is the biological agents (or microbial agents), botanicals, oils, and bio-fumigants. The second consideration is the bio-rational insecticide and fungicide if the biological ones unavailable. The bio-rational means more selective against target insect or pathogen with certain feeding habits, at certain life stages, certain infecting features, or within certain taxonomic groups. In contrast, the conventional ones have a broad spectrum of activity and being more detrimental to natural enemies and environments. Pre-harvest interval is most important when chemical application is needed. In order to understand the damage on human health in using chemical pesticides, it is needed to carry out corresponding monitoring, such as pesticide residue monitoring and pesticide poisoning monitoring. e) Training on pest management It is necessary for the farmers to grasp the knowledge about the selection, use, storage and residue. Project will set up farmer field school to improve the farmers’ understanding about pest management. 6.3.2 Water Quality 6.3.2.1 The analysis of the current pollution sources The area of the project lies in the western China, being an undeveloped area with 96.2% of agricultural population. The rural economy of the area is cropping, complemented by the household based livestock husbandry and processing industry. The main pollution source is the non-point source, including fertilizer, pesticides and human/animal manure. (1) The current situation of fertilizer and pesticide application in the project area a) The case in typical counties surveyed In order to know the current level of fertilizer and pesticide application, EI evaluation team selects some typical counties and investigates their environmental situation according to the demand of the Word Bank. Selected counties for survey and analysis 20 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT include Yuanmou county in Yunnan province, Xingyi city in Guizhou province, Hong’an county in Hubei province, Qianjiang district in Chongqing Municipality. The figures of fertilizer and pesticide application come from the statistical yearbooks and statistic materials of each county’s Plant Protection Station, see Tab. 6.3.2-1 for summary. Table 6.3.2-1 The Statistics of fertilizer and pesticides application in project counties fertilizer use kg/hm2 pesticide use kg/hm2 Province County 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003 Yunnan Yuanmou 482.4 573.5 565 8.4 7.3 9.3 Guizhou Xingyi 548.6 542.4 536.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 Hubei Hong’an 805.1 878.9 858 11.5 11.7 11.9 Chongqin Qianjiang 1298.8 1122.1 1117.2 5.9 9.2 9.6 g Note: The data are extracted from the investigation on the typical agricultural departments in each county. According to the Table 6.3.2-1, the level of fertilizer and pesticide use for the past 3 years remains steady with a slight decrease generally. The fertilizers applied includes urea, phosphorate and compound fertilizers and the application rate is 482.4~1298.8kg per hectare; the pesticides are primarily insecticide, bactericide and weedicide the application rate is 1.2~11.9kg per hectare. The level of pesticide and fertilizer application is positively correlated to the economic development level of the counties, i.e. the more developed of rural economy the county is, the more fertilizer and pesticide it applies. b) Analysis of fertilizer and pesticide use in project areas According to the current situation of fertilizer and pesticide use in the typical counties and land use in 4 provinces, it is estimated that the annual average application of fertilizer and pesticide in all project areas totals 668416t and 2836.8t, respectively. See Tab. 6.3.2-2 for detailed. Table 6.3.2-2 The Statistics of fertilizer and pesticide use in the project area farmland area average fertilizer average pesticide use Project area hm2 use ton per year ton per year Total 319377 668416 2836.8 Yunnan 48310 26102 314.5 Guizhou 148856 550172 1369.6 Hubei 37187 20101 55.8 Chongqing 85024 72041 1096.9 Note: the amounts in the table are the estimated totals. 2 Human and animal manure 21 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT At present, there are 1,985.8 thousand people living in the project area, of which 1,910,100 is agricultural population. The primary livestock/animals include cattle, horse, pig, sheep, chicken, duck, goose and other poultry. There are 218 thousand cattle / horses, 1.188 million pigs, 163 thousand sheep, 1.3319 million small-size domestic animals 101 . According to survey conducted in the project region, the human/animal manure is under inadequate management, with part of it not being utilized as organic fertilizer. 6.3.2.2 Analysis of non-point pollution change The project includes a variety of components, some could affect non-point source pollution significantly, i.e. slope land terracing, plantation of water and soil conservation, grass and economic forest, closure management and construction of biogas tank. (1) Slope land terracing It can reduce fertilizer use and change the pattern of surface runoff so as to improve increase the moisture holding and soil binding capacity to a certain extent, thus reducing the leaching of pollutant into the rivers. As estimated, the amount of water and soil loss from the 15 25° slope fields is 3000~5000 t/km2 annually, which erosion modulus, if terraced, can reach the trace, i.e. 500t/km2 and lower of the soil erosion intensity grading. Only 1/3 of the fertilizers applied can be absorbed by the plants, 1/3 evaporates into the atmosphere and the rest remains in the soil that can be leached into water bodies, according to some researches. According to the basin design document for the selected counties, the consumption of fertilizer decreases by 60~250t per hectare on terraces as compared to that on slope land. The total terracing area in the project region is about 11309hm2, the consumption of fertilizer and pesticides are about 5655t and 900t per year respectively, of which 1320t of fertilizer and 18t of pesticides flow into water bodies; but the figures become 3958t and 90t respectively after slope is terraced, of which 264t of fertilizer and 13t of pesticides flow into water bodies. The total decrement of fertilizer and pesticides entering water are 1056t and 5t respectively. 527 (2) Water and soil conservation forests The increase of water and soil conservation forests can increase either the use of fertilizer and pesticides or the capacity of water and soil retention, decreasing the effluent of the chemicals into waters with increase of vegetation coverage. Under the project, the water and soil conservation forests are generally planted on the barren hill and slope or fields with larger gradient where are serious water and soil erosion with erosion modulus over 5000t/km2·a. With great increase of the vegetation after the execution of the project, the water/soil holding capacity increase dramatically and the erosion modulus can be reduced to1500 2000t/km2·a, which is classified as slight erosion. The total areas of water and soil conservation forests (before project execution is slope farmland) are about 29491hm2 and the amount of fertilizer application and pesticides are 11796t and 236t per year respectively. The quantities of fertilizer and pesticides entering the water are 3146 and 47t respectively but reduce to 3539t and 59t respectively after the execution of this project and the corresponding decrement of them are 2556t and 38t respectively. 22 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT (3) Economic forests The economic forests in the project includes the mulberry, Eucommia ulmoides, Chinese prickly ash, honeysuckle, Chinese chestnut, walnut, high-quality pear, mandarin orange and etc. The land preparation needs to be carried out, and the economic forests shall be established on the slope fields with good soil quality and irrigation water available. The erosion modulus of soil is between 2500 5000t/km2·a but it can be reduced to 1500 2000t/km2·a after establishment of economic forests under the project. The consumption of fertilizer and pesticides will increase accordingly with the increase of the area of economic forests. As for the economic or fruit forest, soil must be deep-tilled and fertilized every winter with growth of trees, which the tilth is about 20~30cm for the youth fruit trees and about 40~50cm for the matured one. Some short-stand plants or green-manure crop can be intercropped in the space and the organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can be applied in a mix. Although there is a significant increase of fertilizer and pesticides used for economic forests, their discharge into waters is not equally apparent because fertilizer is applied deep underground and the water and soil retention capacity improves dramatically. However, the remnants of fertilizer in the soils will be substantial and impose a menace to the soil. The quantities of pesticides entering water will increase dramatically because they are sprayed to the trunks and leaves directly and can easily drop into soil with the rain. The area of economic forests under the project is about 55512km2 and the consumption of fertilizer and pesticides is 24980t and 444t respectively, of which about 5829t and 89t enter into waters respectively every year. After the execution of the project, the consumption of fertilizer and pesticides is 34417t and 777t respectively, of which about 4589t and 140t enters into waters respectively every year. The loss of fertilizer into waters will decrease by 1240t and that of pesticides increase by 51t. (4) Grass planting Generally artificial grassland is established on waste slopes fields and hillsides to facilitate restructuring of agricultural production. The erosion modulus of soil is between 2500~5000t/km2·a and it will decrease to 1500t/km2·a after the project is implemented. The land needs to be prepared carefully before planting grasses. At steep slope, land shall be prepared by means of narrow and horizontal terrace, with the terrace width determined by the slope gradient. The prepared terrace field is fertilized with organic manure and compound fertilizer, then deep-tilled and furrowed, cleared off weeds and undesired objects before sowing. The organic manure and compound fertilizer is readily to be absorbed by the plants, thus reducing the application of chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, the grassed land improves the capacity of water and soil retention, and reduces the effluent of fertilizer and pesticide into waters. The area of grass planting is about 22995hm2 in the project. Before the project is implemented, the consumptions of fertilizer and pesticides are 8048t and 184t respectively and the quantities of their effluent into waters are 1610t and 37t respectively; After the project is implemented, the consumption of fertilizers and pesticides will be 6899t and 14t and the corresponding effluents are 1380t and 3t respectively, with respective reductions of 230t and 34t. 23 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT (5) Closure protection The closure protection management is applied for the sparse-wood land, waste hillside and slope land, and shrubbery/grass land, where there are sufficient parent trees or the root systems have a strong capability of regeneration. In conjunction with closure, supplementary plantation in the available spaces to densify the inadequate woods would expedite the process of re-vegetation. Generally the area under closure has a relatively low background erosion modulus, with the increase of vegetations by means of closure, the erosion modulus will be further reduced and less nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants will be discharged. The area of protection forest is 52755hm2. After implementation of the project, the amount of fertilizer will reduce 7t a year. (6) Animal husbandry, biogas and village infrastructures It is planned to build 71647 paddocks for animal feeding, 72782 biogas tanks and 1859.08km of roads (includes field track, tractor-road). The biogas tanks operate in conjunction with toilets, henhouses and pig pens, while the residuals from the tanks can be used in agriculture. This would essentially improve farmers’ living and sanitary condition and ensure fully ferment of dejecta, providing a sound condition for its complete absorb. In addition, the improved village infrastructures will be convenient for farmers to transport the human and animal manure to the fields. The inadequate management of human and animal manure will be rectified thoroughly through such measures and the manure application as chemical fertilizer alternatives will also help to raise the content of organic matter in soil and lessen non-point source pollution caused by chemical fertilizer and pesticides. It is estimated that biogas tank with 8m3 of volume can produce 5000kg manure annually that satisfies the demand of 0.5hm2 farmland. The biogas tanks in the project areas altogether will produce manure in equivalence to 3882t chemical fertilizer each year. (7) Other components Other project components include sediment retention and discharge structures that help to store and drain runoff, reducing the quantities of fertilizer and pesticides discharged to downstream. Table 6.3.2-3 and 6.3.2-4 summarize the quantities of fertilizer and pesticides flowing into downstream waters before and after the execution of the project. Table 6.3.2-3 Estimated application and loss of fertilizers before and after the Project execution Fertilizer Usage of fertilizer The reduction after and Quantitie before execution (t) after execution (t) before (t) Items Unit s Applied Into waters Applied Into waters Applied Into waters 2 Terraces hm 11309 5655 1320 3958 264 1697 1056 Water and soil hm2 29491 11796 3146 3539 590 8257 2556 conservatio n 24 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT forests Economic hm2 55512 24980 5829 34417 4589 -9437 1240 forests Grassing hm2 22995 8048 1610 6899 1380 1149 230 Closure hm2 52755 528 70 633 63 -105 7 coun Biogas 72782 -3882 -647 3882 647 t Total 51007 11975 45564 6239 5443 5736 Note: use of biogases can increase the use of organic fertilizer and reduce the use of chemical fertilizer Table 6.3.2-4 Estimated application and loss of pesticides before and after the Project execution fertilizer Usage of fertilizer after The reduction after and Items Unit Quantities before execution (t) execution (t) before (t) Applied Into waters Applied Into waters Applied Into waters Terraces hm2 11309 90 18 90 13 5 Water and soil conservati hm2 29491 236 47 59 9 177 38 on forests Economic forests hm2 55512 444 89 777 140 -333 -51 2 Grassing hm 22995 184 37 14 3 170 34 2 Closure hm 52755 422 84 422 84 Total 1376 275 1362 249 14 26 6.3.2.3 Impact on Water Quality It can be seen from Table 6.3.2-4 that the chemical fertilizer applied and discharged into river waters will decrease greatly after the project is implemented: the reduction is 5443t and 5736t respectively. Pesticide application and discharged into waters will also decrease significantly: their reduction is 14t and 26t. Slope terracing, water and soil conservation forest and economic forest have notable effect on chemical fertilizer consumption, while artificial forest and economic forest on pesticide use. The slope terracing and water and soil conservation forests change condition of soil and water loss of original surface of the slope field, resulting in less fertilizer use and discharged into waters. In the case of economic trees, since they need more fertilizer per unit area, the resultant amount of fertilizer use rises. With decrease of the fertilizer and pesticide entering waters, such inorganic and organic pollutants into downstream as N, P and pesticides, decrease correspondently, which will have positive effect on water quality in downstream of the basins. In addition, construction of biogas tank will get the human and animal manure under effective control, contributing to curbing non-point source pollution in rural areas. 6.3.2.4 Mitigative measures of non-point source pollution (1) Strengthen farmer training and promote ecological agriculture 25 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT The sources of rural non-point pollution lie in the farmers themselves, so it is essential to raise their awareness of environmental protection through educating them to understand the negative impact of excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide on land productivity and water quality. Ecological and green agricultural production technology needs to be promoted among the farmers through delivery of training on knowledge, technology and regulations. (2) Promote use of household organic manure Extensive use of chemical fertilizer is proven to change the physical and chemical properties of soil and reduces micro-biological masses and activity, and many other harms. In comparison, the household manure contains much N, P, K and trace elements, with very good absorptivity to crops. The household manure, with its nutrition deficiency supplemented by chemicals, can guarantee to improve both the output and quality of products. Development of animal husbandry, biogas tanks and village road conditions altogether make it possible to use in a large quantity household manure. As a key measure, the household manure shall be paid enough attention to in the project area. (3) Enhance management of fertilizer and pesticide use It has been proved that the excessive chemical fertilizer & pesticide chemical use will cause the soil to degrade thus reduce the productivity of farmland. The monitoring of agriculture chemicals use shall be strengthened. Refer to Section 8.2.4 & 8.2.5. for details. The project is to develop a large area of economic forests, and there will be a prolonged period of fruit bearing, necessitating large quantities of fertilizer and pesticide chemicals. In such context, more household manure shall be applied, and green manure (astragalus and legumes) shall be intercropped in the economic forestland in winter, in order to improve soil’s capacity of retaining moisture and nutrition. Comprehensive measures, including biological, chemical and physical ones, shall be taken to control crop diseases and pests. 6.3.3 Forest Park 6.3.3.1 Brief introduction Section 1.2.2&5.2.1 of this report introduce the relationship between this project and natural habitat, and conclude that the selected basins will not engender a significant change to the natural habitat. Section 4.6.2.4 describes the geographic location, area, and level of protection of Mt. Tiefeng National Forest Park in Chongqing. This Section provides an analysis of the potential impact of Liujiagou Basin rehabilitation on Mt. Tiefeng National Forest Park. 6.3.3.2 The relationship between basin intervention and forest park Liujiagou Basin lies in Tiancheng District of Wanzhou in Chongqing, involving Laoyan, Wanhe, Maogu, Chenjia, Xujia, and Tangfang&Chongkou villages with 1200hm2 drainage area. The Basin extends in N-S direction and drains to the Zhuxi River, a tributary of the Changjiang River. The location of the Liujiagou Basin and its geographical relation with the Mt. Tiefeng Forest Park is shown in Fig. 6.3-1. . The rehabilitated area related to the Forest Park locates upper reach of Liujiagou Basin, where the land is generally well vegetated. The situation of soil erosion and zoning is that: 291. 8hm2 of no soil erosion; 45.6hm2 of slight erosion; 48.8hm2 of medium and higher erosion (of which 12.2hm2 of intensive erosion). The main cause 26 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT of soil erosion is tillage on steep slope land. The soil conservation measures are designed specific to soil erosion status: 1) closure of 22.8hm2 on land without erosion; tea tree planting on 45.6hm2 land of slight erosion; chestnut (12.9hm2) and walnut (31.9hm2) planting and grassing (4.0hm2) on medium and higher grade erosion land; 21 small-scale water cisterns and 1530m of drainage canal. See Fig. 6.3-1 for detailed measures and arrangements. 110 6.3.3.3 Impact on Forest Park (1) Closure The area of closure in the forest park is associated with pines and firs. The crown density and biomass will increase after the closure measure implemented, improving both the soil / water retention capacity and landscape value of the park. (2) Economic forest & grass plantation Besides establishing tea garden, this measure works on slope farmlands with gradient over 15° (15-25° accounting for 1/4, the rest is above 25°), where the cropping pattern is generally wheat + sweet potato or wheat + corn. The farming on steep slope land causes serious soil erosion. After the measure is taken, the land use type will change, and the annual plants will change into perennial fruit tree or grass, which not only have water and soil conservation function but also improve the landscape value. A small part of the tea gardens will be an upgrade on the basis of existing ones, and the majority establish on slightly eroded sparse-wood land with gradient over 25°. The tea garden itself has better function of water and soil conservation. If carefully constructed, it will not in the least cause regional soil erosion to aggravate, but create new scenery with the connected patches of tea tress. . (3) Small water conservancy structures 21 small-scale cisterns will be built in the area, of which the biggest capacity is 400m3, and only 3 cisterns are greater than 100m3 in volume. Their selected sites fit into the topographical conditions so as to avoid much excavation. Most water tanks have a capacity of 10m3 and their distribution is scattering here and there in the project area, with the main purpose being to irrigate the fruit orchards. Two flood discharge ditches are rather small in dimensions, with the cross section being only 30cm ×40cm, extending a short distance. So, these small-scale water conservancy structures will not adversely affect the Forest Park. Nevertheless, attention must be paid to water and soil conservation and monitoring during their construction, so as to minimize the damage to vegetative cover and the consequent soil loss. 6.4 Other Environmental Problems 6.4.1 Impacts on downstream The implementation of this project will bring remarkable benefit for the downstream area: reduce the silt flowing into the Changjiang River, the Pearl River and their related tributaries. It will slow down the silting in the downstream reservoir, and keep the effective capacity of reservoir, maintain its service life; slow down the downstream riverbed rise as a result of sedimentation, thus reduce or postpone the investment on dyke heightening; lessens the runoff hydrograph and reduces the flood risk; terraced fields, and small-scale runoff collecting tanks intercept and store runoff, deplete flood peaks, ease downstream flood control pressure and mitigate flood 27 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT damage; save the expenses for constructing additional flood-prevention works. Above-mentioned impact on downstream area is fully discussed in section 6.2.1, in addition, Section 6.3.2 discusses the impact on downstream river and lake water quality. 6.4.2 Environmental impact during project implementation 6.4.2.1 Impact on Water and Soil Loss This project is an ecological environment construction project that is favorable to water and soil conservation. After the project functioned completely, there is a remarkable benefit to conserve water and soil (see 6.2.1) so as to reverse the trend of constant worsening of soil erosion in the project area and improve the ecological environment progressively. But during construction, the project activities such as basic farmland construction, forest/ grass vegetation construction, small-scale water conservancy structures construction will perturb the earth’s surface and vegetation, bringing new soil erosions locally in a short time period. Basic farmland construction is mainly to transform some slope fields into the level terraces. It is planned to build 11309hm2 of terraces in a 6-year period, including 7793hm2 of ‘earth shaped’ terraces and 3519hm2 of ‘stone face’ terraces. In the course of slope terracing, within the range of construction area, the destruction of the forest and vegetation is unavoidable; especially the improper soil borrowing and stone quarrying will expose the surface, inevitably causing new erosions tentatively. Terracing process includes alignment, clearing off base surface, building the retaining wall (and ridge), removing the topsoil (20cm deep topsoil) and backfill, and finally grading the terrace surface. In order to reuse the cultivatable topsoil, the topsoil should be backfilled line by line or conserved in the middle of stockpiles in course of construction. Erosion may occur if there is rainfall during the operations; the tentative absence of vegetative cover on the newly constructed ridges may also give rise to soil loss. Forest/grass vegetation construction includes orchard, artificial forest, grass planting, etc. Land preparation is the first step, including such different methods as horizontal bench preparation, horizontal ditch preparation, fish-scale pit preparation, and etc. The soil preparation operation may disturb the earth's surface, and produce local soil erosion primarily during the initial period of construction. However, because of the good adaptability to local conditions and to hardship of the selected plant species usually with developed root system and rampant tree, so long as proper land preparation method is adopted specific to the topography, slope gradient, soil condition and species characteristics, together with protective measures, no significant soil erosions will be caused by forest and grass vegetation construction. Foundation excavation needs to be carried out for construction of small water conservancy structures and their accessories. The operation will change the original surface and damage the vegetative cover, while the spoils be easily washed away by rains. However, such small-scale structures are scattered across the whole project area, the scale of the individual project is rather small, and the construction is generally scheduled in dry season in winter, so there will be no significant soil erosion if the excavated soil is backfilled in a timely manner. In summary, the potential water and soil loss during the project construction mainly comes from the construction activities including earth/rock excavation, earth ridge embanking, base clearance, topsoil handling and land preparation for basic farmland, 28 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT land preparation for forest/ grass vegetation establishment, and construction of small- scale water conservancy structures and their accessories. The impact is limited to the initial period of construction before the vegetative cover begins to play its due role in water and soil conservation. 6.4.2.2 Impact on Water Quality, Atmosphere and Noise The major project activities include basic farmland construction, forest grass vegetation construction and small water conservancy structure (and auxiliary facility) construction. The project covers a large area, and the construction activities spread across 274 basins in 37 counties; most of the construction sites lie on the farmlands and deserted hills, generally free from environmentally sensitive zones nearby. The construction of the project has the following characteristics: manual operation with the aid of not many transport vehicles, no need for large-size construction machinery; local farmers being the labor force participating in the construction without recruiting outside workers, no remarkable increase to local population. Concreting may be needed for constructing the irrigation pond, deposition pond, sediment trap, pumping station, irrigating and drainage, small-scale water conservancy structure, stock barn, marsh gas pit, etc. The aggregate washing and concrete curing will produce wastewater and cause downstream pollution in the constructing area. Because the project area is so large and the job sites are scattered, the individual project has only a small amount of concreting amount, the impact on downstream water quality is small and limited to the concreting construction timeframe. The noise pollution mainly comes from blasting and transporting vehicle during construction. The noise of blasting lasts only a short time, and the intensity of noise given off by vehicles is related to traffic flow, truck type, speed, road conditions, etc. There are not many vehicles to work for the project and the operation sites are in the rural wilderness, so the noise impact will be negligible. Construction activities impacting air quality include: blasting, earth excavation, soil ridge embanking, and transportation. The air pollutant includes soil dust stirred up in the process of excavation, embanking and transportation. The project area lies in the rural area, and the job sites are in open air with good diffusing condition, the air quality impact will be very limited. 6.4.2.3 Impact on landscape It is planned to build terraced fields 11309hm2, including earth-shape terrace 7793hm2 and stone-face terraced fields 3519hm2. Some activities, such as earth /rock excavation and land grading and preparation will change the existing land use pattern and local landform. Stone blasting will cause extensive exposure of ground surface, affecting the land view adversely. However, the terraced basic farmland on slopes changes the original hillside scenery into new terraced land views. 6.4.2.4 Countermeasures It is unavoidable to produce a small amount of pollutants in construction activity. To mitigate pollution, measures should be taken to create a good construction environment. (1) For large-size individual cases of construction, case-specific EIA shall be carried out in the next stage in order to prevent EI. 29 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT (2) Construction should be arranged in winter in order to avoid soil erosion induced by rainfall. (3) Vegetation with strong capability of water and soil conservation shall be planted and immediately after the earth ridge is formed, and nursed carefully. (4) The topsoil shall be collected from the to-be-terraced slopes and then backfilled after site grading. If the removed topsoil or soil spoil is stockpiled, the surface of the stockpile shall be compacted by means of treading. (5) Economic forest and artificial forest shall be planted immediately after the land is prepared, with the backfilled topsoil manually consolidated. (6) It is forbidden to incinerate crop straw or weeds in the project area. 6.4.3 Environmental risk 6.4.3.1 Exotic Species (1) The situation of the species invasion There are more than 400 exotic species invading into China at present, of which more than 100 species bring greater risks. Among the 100 exotic species that are the most dangerous specified by the World Nature Preservation Union, more than 50 species can be found in China. In the four project provinces/municipality, all have exotic species invaded. Chongqing has 53 invaded species, 70% compared to the total 74 species under the country’s strict control. There are 51 invaded species in Hubei (13 species belonging to fauna, 38 species to flora). The most dangerous plants and insect found in the project area include Crofton weed, Slligator alternenthera, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Eichhornia crassipes, Lolium temulintum, Johnsongrass. Avena fatua L, and B. mucronatus. 528 , 529 (2) Analysis of risk factors In the feasibility study report and basin design report, species invasion is not addressed in the project components (planting trees, artificial meadow, economic forest etc). But there does exist the ecological risk engendered by exotic species invasion or importation. a) Although the principle of Planting Tree Species in line with local conditions is adopted as the guidelines for forestry construction under the project, there is the phenomenon of importing exotic species and extension, especially in drought-stricken mountain area, where the drought-resistant plant is very much welcomed, for example the locust that is classified as invaded species in other countries is selected in some of the project areas as the main afforestation tree. If imported grass species are adopted for grassland establishment, the banned grass species can probably come along in mix with the imported seeds. b) Project implementation involves the change of landuse and ecosystem type, which is the important factor to produce ecological risks. Because of constant cultivation, the dangerous exotic species are effectively controlled. It is proved that the rampant spread of Crofton weed in Yunnan is a result of rotation cropping widely performed in that area. On the returning farmland, it takes quite some time for forest and grass to recover. In the interim before a complete ecosystem is developed, chances are available for the undesired exotic species such as Galinsoga ciliata, Erigeron annuus, Conyza Canadensis, Herba Bidentis Pilosae to grow and spread. 30 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT c) According to the investigation, B. mucronatus causes danger to masson pine, Huashan pine and Yunnan pine in project area. The project area in each province adopts these pine species for afforestation. Therefore, there is the risk that the B. mucronatus spreads to the project area from existing forests in the surrounding areas. d The eucalyptus is controversial in China, for the findings by different institutes give differing results about it. According to the prevailing insights, the eucalyptus has poor water-holding capacity but consumes significant amount of water, causing groundwater table lowering and ground cracking; Meanwhile, afforestated eucalyptus trees consume more nutrients, causing land fertility decline; In addition eucalyptus is detrimental to other plants by producing a certain toxic material to suppress other biological growth, thus reducing bio-diversity. Yunnan University conducts a 10-year period comparative study for 5 modes of forests consisting a combination of 5 tree species, concluding that (Ref. 523) eucalyptus forest is the poorest in terms of water and soil conservation, and is very unfriendly to the environment and the aboriginal trees. If extensively planted, the eucalyptus will deplete land fertility and degrade the aboriginal species, resulting in ecological crisis or even ’ green desertification ’. In basin design in Yunnan under the project, Eucalyptus globules and other varieties of eucalyptus are selected as the primary species for afforestation, at the risk of depleting land fertility, degrading the aboriginal species and reducing bio-diversity. . (3) Countermeasure It is planned to take following measures in response to the risks mentioned above: a) China is one of the universally acknowledged big countries featured by bio- diversity , where the indigenous plants are rich in variety with good adaptability.In the basin design, the indigenous plants shall be preferred in selection and exotic species (including imported foreign tree species and trans-regional domestic ones) shall be strictly controlled, and foreign grass seeds be quarantined. b) In the project area of Yunnan, eucalyptus is not recommended for afforestating public benefit forests, instead, indigenous tree species shall be selected. The farmers, if willing, may choose to plant eucalyptus to establish cash forest, but they are encouraged to select other alternative economic trees. c) Strengthen later stage management to prevent exotic species from seizing the ecological vacuum interim after farmland returning. It needs to strengthen the work of local people training in each basin and provide sufficient forest management funds. d)In afforestation, to adopt the mix mode of coniferous and broadleaf forests, combining arbor, bush and grass. The measures such as to strengthen prevention and control of plant diseases/pests and protect the natural enemy of pests have already been discussed in detail in Section 6.3. 1. 6.4.3.2 Pesticide Use China has issued 7 batches of national standards of Criterion on Rational Use of Pesticide so far since 1987, in which the name of the pesticide in use, its form, usual and maximum dosage, maximum application times each season, minimum time interval before harvesting(safe interval), etc. for a specific crop have been given in detail. And Chinese relevant departments have already made the plan of cutting down the highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide. The Ministry of Agriculture issued announcement No. 194 (2002.4.22) to stop sanctioning registration for new producers of highly toxic organophosphorus pesticids such as methamidophos, methyl parathion 31 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT and phosphamidon. But the highly toxic agriculture chemicals are being still produced and using, the food poisoning caused by the agriculture chemicalw is used and residues of pesticides happens again and again, the use of the agriculture chemicals will produce higher risk. Before the project is implemented, the pesticides are still used in project area to prevent and control plant diseases and pests, which expose great risks. Section 6.3.2 in the report has discussed the change of pest and pesticides after project execution and gives corresponding countermeasures and a recommended list of high-efficient low-toxicity pesticides. Even so, the risk factors will increase after project implementation, as follows: (1) The large patches of economic forest and fruit forest in project area will be developed. An example is the planting of honeysuckle in Anlong County, Guizhou where current plantings of 1333hm2 in the county will be expanded to 15000 hm2, of which some 400 hm2 is in the project area. Another example is the planting of Fructus Gardenia (Cape Jasmine Fruit, a traditional Chinese medicine) in Changyang County, Hubei where current plantings of 3333hm2 in the county will be expanded to 6666 hm2, of which 100 hm2 is planned in the project area 110 . The single-crop forests are likely to incur pests and diseases, resulting in extensive application of pesticides, which makes the natural enemies—the birds fewer and fewer and beneficial insects, consequently, the mice and pests without presence of predators destroy increasingly the vegetation, causing regional bio-diversity decline, ecological chain rupture and further worsening of the already fragile ecological environment. On the other hand, not only the farmers who are spraying the pesticides are at great risk, the waters containing the pesticide pollutants pose great to environment and people’s health. (2) After the project is performed, landuse optimization will change plantation structure with increase of fruits and vegetables planting area. Correspondingly, the risk of pesticide residual on fruits and vegetables may rise and poses threat to people’s health. More-than-one pass pesticide spraying is needed for the vegetables, i.e. cucumbers and tomatoes (6-8 passes in succession). While the harvests of vegetables are at short period intervals not long after pesticide application, so there is a higher- than-standard level of pesticide residual on the vegetables. The pesticide remnants on the vegetables not merely accumulates poisons inside the human body, but some extremely toxic ones such as methamidphos, parathion-methyl and Methomy which are forbidden for vegetable farming may induce cancer. Their accumulation is very harmful to human health. It is planned to take following measures aiming to risks mentioned above: (1) Planning economic forests in rational way to avoid single-species woods in a large area. Various fruit forests shall be intercropped. (2) To enhance publicity and education, improve farmers’ awareness and scientific consciousness of ecological protection to use low toxicity and less residual pesticides. (3) To protect natural enemies of pests, popularize the environment-friendly agriculture chemicals and develop green agriculture. 6.4.3.3 Forest Fire The statistics show, 680 thousand cases of forest fires have taken place from 1950 to 1998 in China with 5.99‰ annual average forest damage rate, 6 times of the world’s 32 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT average rate. The direct economic loss caused by forest fire is up to 7-10 billion CNY annually. According to State Forestry Bureau statistics, more than 12,000 forest fires have taken place in the whole country in the year 2004 by the end of October, increased by 43% compared to same period last year. It is found out that more than 97% of the forest fire cases are caused by human activities, such as burning the grass on wasteland for manure or burning straws for other purposes, or enkindled by cigarette residuals, fireworks and other sources. It will plant 29491hm2 water and soil conservation forest, 55512hm2 economic forest, 22995 hm2 grass and 52755hm2 protection forest. After the implementation of the project, forest coverage will increase from 18.73% to 30.64%. The increase of vegetative cover under the project will also raise the level of fire risk because of more inflammable materials will be available in the forest and grass lands. Climatic factor, i.e. EI Nino, and human factors will also contribute to forest fire risk, which increases as the forests grow. Since human activity is the main reason that causes forest fire, it is a most effective measure to raise forest fire prevention awareness of the people, and allow the farmers to benefit from protecting forest resources. In conjunction of motivating the people’s incentives to protect the forest from fire, other measures shall be planned and taken: 1) develop fire prevention measures; 2) Organize fire prevention safety inspection; 3) readiness with fire-fighting plan and keep informed of dynamic situation of fire warning; 4) keep fire sources under management and control, fire in open air is forbidden in the case of Grade 4 fire warning level; 5) weather forecast and prediction of fire warning level, communications through media of the information. Through the above measures, forest fire risk can be minimized. 6.4.4 Global Environmental Issue A series of global environmental issues are confronting the human beings, including global warming, ozone layer depletion, widespread acid rain, desertification, bio- diversity reduction, exacerbated soil erosion, fresh water shortage and pollution, and ocean pollution, etc. As a developing country, China is facing both the threatening by global environmental problems and perplexing by various environmental problems emerged from development. But China, as always, will make great efforts to protect our environment when developing economy, contributing as much as possible to global environmental protection course. The earth is an integrated ecosystem. The regional environmental problem of one country may impact the global environment as a whole. Therefore, regional development should fit into the global environmental picture. This project is an ecological environment construction project for water and soil conservation, its ecological benefits is discussed in Section 6.2.1 and 6.2.2. The following is an analysis of its impact on global warming: (1) The causes of global warming The problem of global warming is becoming a worldwide focus. The global temperature rise started to occur in 1920's and peaked in the 1940s. After a decline thereafter, it rose again in 1960s. The biggest temperature rise occurs in the polar region in Northern Hemisphere, with a maximum of 2.4 degrees. 33 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT There is still some uncertainty about the complicated causes of global warming, but man has proved that greenhouse gases i.e. carbon dioxide and methane generated by human activities are the key factors to cause global warming and consequently extensive diminishing of forests and vegetation. Therefore, it is a common understanding and practice to control the emission of carbon dioxide and increase green vegetation for prevention of global warming. (2) Impact Analysis The implementation of the project has impact on global warming as following. An important component of the project is to construct forests for water and soil conservation including economic forest, reduce area of the slope land and the wasteland, increase the area of forest and meadow. After the project is implemented, the biomass in the project region will increase substantially, more carbon dioxide will be sequestered in the plants, beneficial to curbing global warming. This project will change the energy structure of the countryside through building and popularizing the marsh gas pits in the project area, will not only reduce deforestation but also reduce the use of the coal, thus can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, and can ease the pressure of global warming. The project will have a positive and favorable impact on global warming. 6.5 Brief Summary and Conclusion According to the demand of TOR, it should make a dissertation report for the social assessment. The results are not brought into the EIA report. To make the EIA report having integrality and objectivity, partial results are quoted directly in Section 6.2.4. Also it has written a separate dissertation report for pest management. The results of pest management are quoted directly in Section 6.3.1. The important environment problems as identified in chapter 5 are discussed in detail in this chapter. Based on the features of the project feasibility research report and construction such as project scope, amounts of small basins, complicated environmental setting, etc., the EIA carries out an overall analysis on the EIs from plan levels, combined with potential impacts of the typical small basin design and activities. The selection of the small basins considers the representativeness of different provinces, basins, soil erosion types, environmental settings and existing environmental problems. Water and soil resources protection Water and soil are the basic indispensable natural resources both for human survival and development and to realize economic and social sustainable development. The implementation of the project will help to retain water and keep the soil from loss, reverse the worsening trend of soil loss, mitigate natural disasters, reduce sediment inflow to lakes and reservoirs, maintain the service life of water projects, aiming at sustaining socio-economic development. The benefits of water and soil resources protection of the project mainly include: 1) Significant improvement of vegetation coverage and effective control of soil erosion; 2) Enhancing soil and water conservation, regulating runoff, decreasing frequency of flash flood disasters, reducing sources of solid debris, and mitigating damage of mud- rock flow; 3) Protect land resources, decrease soil nutrient loss, enhance soil conservation, mitigate farmland drought, improve irrigation and cultivation condition 34 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT and increase the crop yield; 4) Decrease sediment in lakes and reservoirs, extend the usage life of water conservancy, etc.. Ecological environment improving The area is located in subtropical monsoon climate zones. Vegetation types in the regions are subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest plus evergreen and deciduous mixed forest. However, original vegetation has been destroyed, and only secondary vegetation remains at present. The existing forest area is only 129360hm2 with a coverage degree of 18.73%. Benefits of the project on ecological environment improvement are as following: (1) Significant increase of vegetation coverage Woodland area would reach 211606 hm2 with forest coverage of 30.64%, improving 11.91%, by afforestation on waste and slope land suited for forest and construction of orchard. Also grassland areas in the project regions will reach 35616hm2 with vegetation coverage of 35.8%, improving 5.03%. (2) Enrich bio-diversity There have two aspects of vegetation succession after finishing afforestation and forming stable communities: 1) Because of the function of pioneer species, the micro environment would be improved and develop suitable growth condition for evergreen plants gradually, resulting in succession from secondary vegetation to typical zone vegetation. 2) The area of every small basin is not large with a range from more than ten to less than one hundred square kilometers, existing long boundaries. As the boundary effect, it provides conditions for outside species to invade the environment when eco-environment of the small basins are enhanced. Ecosystem in the project regions would also change from only coniferous forest to several types of forests like coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest, evergreen and deciduous mixed forests, etc. At the same time, the improvement of animal’s habitats and gradual setting-up of the habitat corridors will attract outside animals which breed on plant to settle in the small basins. (3) Ecosystem structure improving The forest ecosystem will be improved under the converse succession direction. That is: coniferous forest- coniferous and broad- leaved mixed forest- evergreen and deciduous mixed forest- evergreen and broad- leaved forest at present. The benefits of the farmland ecological system structure include: 1) Increase variety of the farmland ecological system by planting more 35 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT abundant varieties; 2) Transforming farmland on slope hill into forests would benefit forest vegetation and consequently to help improving the farmland ecological system; 3) Transfer gradually to harmless and green ecological agriculture. In addition, the implementation of the project will obviously improve the ecological environment and have a deep influence on gathering ecological environment in countryside. Land use structures optimized Land use structures in the project regions exists several problems: 1) Large proportion of farmland and high percentage of slope land; 2) Large proportion of sparse forest, young forest and shrubbery; 3) Large area of waste land and unused land. Land use structure in the project regions would be optimized in several aspects after the project implementation: 1) Decrease slope land which is an unreasonable land use manner by changing slope land with an slope under 25°to terrace and matching irrigation facilities; 2) Plant soil and water conservation forest and economic fruits in waste and slope land suited for forest, resulting in improving vegetation coverage degree and environment; 3) Increase the proportion of grassland and animal husbandry; 4) Increase the proportion of water area and fishery. Compared with land use structures before control, farmland and wasteland would decrease11.3% and 94.0% respectively, while woodland, grassland and water would increase 31.2%, 160.4% and 0.1% respectively through the above measures. The types of ecological degradation such as slope land, wasteland and unsuitable land would reduce largely. That is the indication of improving environment and optimizing land use structures in the project regions. Living condition improving The implementation of this project will improve living condition of the farmers, including more net income, better infrastructure, fairer rights/equity, etc. The farmers in the project regions will not only earn temporary income by participating in the project construction, but also get more money for developing production and more opportunities for changing slope land to terrace, planting economic forest, developing domestic breeding, building irrigation facilities and mash gas generating pits, etc. All that will ensure the long time, permanent and stable improvement of farmers’ economic income. The rural infrastructure construction will greatly improve the productive and living condition in countryside and provide sustainable 36 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT developing condition for agriculture. In addition, Changing of kitchen, toilet and pens combined with mash gas generating pits construction in country will obviously enhance the living and sanitation environment of the farmers. That will protect the farmers’ health. The social vulnerable groups such as poor people, minority, etc. have been given special attention in the project design and implementation. Kinds of measures will guarantee their rights to get benefits from the project and their fairness of land use. Crop diseases and pests The Basin Rehabilitation Project covers 38 counties where 2.21 million populations lived, in which 89.65% population is involved in agriculture or forest with 559863 farmer households. Land acreage for agriculture is 261067.5 hectares. According to the information availability in the related provinces/Municipality and counties, the annual yield losses caused by pest and crop diseases are 365.21 thousand tons for grain crops, 95.75 thousand tons for cash crops, 64.43 thousand tons for fruit threes. From surveying and interviewing, farmers feel most difficult to control pests in vegetable and fruit production due to they did not have experiences, and local agriculture technical extension workers are almost not familiar to the pests on vegetables and fruit trees. According to the targets of water and soil conservation project in the four provinces, the soil erosion will be decreased 80%; High quality farm land will increase 14897.7 hm2; fruit orchard area will increase 2254.8 hm2; pasture and forest will cover 29149.1 hm2, increasing 100683.5 hm2; 276 small reservoirs or pool will be built. Those tremendous environment improvements and diversifications will result in re-structuring of agriculture and forest pest and crop diseases. Some pests and crop diseases will turn as secondary ones, and even harmless in paddy rice, while some exotic pests and crop diseases will invade into the project area companying new varieties and species introduction. PMP of the project suggests providing some bio-rational agricultural material inputs to abate the habits of technical extension and farmer in the project regions merely rely on high toxic pesticide, building up Farmer Filed School to show successful IPM model of agricultural technology, etc. After implementation of PMP, the consumption of high toxic or conventional pesticide will decrease 20 to 30 percent, especially organophosphorus pesticides, organochlorine pesticides and carbamate chemicals. The insect pests/crop diseases will also be largely mitigated. In order to more effectively control the insect pests/crop diseases in the project region, several suggestions are shown as following: 37 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT Building strong trainer team through TOT Training farmers through FFS approach Expanding the usage of farmhouse fertilizer, etc. Water quality The project regions are located in the west of China, belongs to the underdeveloped economy area. The agricultural population accounts for 96.2% of the total population. Plantation is the key sector for rural economy, as well as breeding by families and a few individual possessing. Non-point source pollution from fertilizer, pesticide and domestic manure is the main pollution source in rural. According to the usage investigation of fertilizer and pesticide in the typical counties, fertilizer is mainly carbamide, phosphorate fertilizer and compound fertilizer with 482.4~1,298.8kg per hectare, and pesticide is mainly insecticide, bactericide and weed killer with 1.2~11.9kg per hectare. The usage level of fertilizer and pesticide has the positive correlation with the economic development, which is higher in developing regions. The constructions of the project which have large influence on non- point source pollution include changing slope land to terrace, planting shrubbery, vegetation and economic fruit, enclosing facilitating afforestation, building marsh gas generating pits, etc. According to the analyzed data, the usage and entering into water amount of fertilizer and pesticide will both decrease greatly after the project implementation. For fertilizer, its usage amount will decrease 5,443t with entering into water amount decreasing 5,736t; for pesticide, both amounts will also decrease a little with 14t and 26t respectively. The projects like changing slope land to terrace, planting artificial forest and economic fruit have more obvious impacts on the usage amount of fertilizer, while only the behind two projects have more obvious impacts on the usage amount of pesticide. As the constructions of changing slope land to terrace and planting artificial forest change the soil loss situation of original cultivation slope, both their usage and entering into water amount of fertilizer will decrease. At the same time, the usage amount of fertilizer for panting economic fruit will increase a lot because the fertilizer usage amount per hectare increases. Because of the reduction of fertilizer and pesticide in water, N, P, pesticide and other organic or inorganic pollutants will decrease. That will benefit the water quality protection in the project regions and the down reaches. Also the construction of mash gas generating pits will change the inadequate management situation of manure. Domestic 38 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT manure in country will be under effective control and utilized. As the result, the non-point source pollution in country will be controlled in effectiveness. In order to control non-point source pollution in the project regions, the following measure are suggested to carry out: (1) Strengthen the training on farmers and extend ecological agriculture technology ; (2) Popularize the use of household manure as organic fertilizer; (3) Strengthen the management of fertilizer and pesticide use and use them in a proper way. Forest Park Only a little part of Laoyan and Wanhe villages in the Liujiagou basin regions lie in Tiefengshan State Forest Park, involved an area of 386.2 hm2. Among the regions, the area of medium-intensity soil loss is 48.8 hm2, accounting for 12.6% of the total land. The main measures include planting economic forest and vegetation, construction of orchard, water tanks and closure protection in slight soil loss regions. Planting economic forest and vegetation would change the regional land use types with perennial plants substituting annual plants. It will improve the forest landscape in regions. The construction of tea gardens will form new sights in the forest park. And the constructions of small- size water conservancy projects will not have adverse impacts on the park. As a whole, the control of Liujiagou Small Basin will provide positive benefits to the state forest park without adverse impacts. But it is needed to notice water and soil conservation and avoid soil loss caused by the demolishment of surface vegetation during the construction period. Environmental supervising should be carried out. Impacts on downstream The implementation of the project will bring remarkable benefits for the downstream of the Changjiang and Pearl River basins: 1) Mitigate sediment, keep the effective storage and prolong the usage life of the reservoirs in down reaches; 2) Mitigate sediment building up in downstream riverbed to decrease or suspend the investment of dike rehabilitation; 3) Reduce the flow variety in down reaches to increase flood risk; 4) Block or store precipitation and runoff by amounts of small engineering projects like terrace, paddy workshops, reservoirs and water tanks, resulting in decreasing flood peak flow in down reaches, reducing flood control pressure and harm of flood disaster, saving expenses of constructing flood control projects. 39 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT EIs during construction Some constructions like farmland construction, woodland construction and small-size water conservancy structures will destroy surface vegetation during the project construction period. That will temporarily increase soil loss in partial regions. But as the construction regions will be located in field and wasteland with human work in extensive area, the impacts of the project on water quality, air quality and noise will be very small. The excavation of earth and stone will expose the ground surface and have adverse impacts on landscape. To mitigate the adverse impacts, some protection measures could be used as following: a) The EIA aiming at large individual sub-projects should be carried out in the next stage to prevent EIs of the sub-projects construction. b) According to the features of less precipitation in winter, the construction schedule should be arranged in winter to decrease soil loss caused by rain-washing. c) Vegetation with better functions of water and soil conservation should be planted outside in time after finishing soil ridges construction. d) During farmland construction, it should keep the surface soil, then backfill after finishing soil arrangement. If the waste and surface soil collect together to stack, the surface should be covered steadfastly. e) The construction of economic and artificial forest should be planted in time after finishing soil arrangement. And the surface should be covered steadfastly by soil. f) Burning sundries like crop straw, weeds, etc. is forbidden in the project regions. Environmental risk The section analyzes the environmental risk of the project. The ecological risk mainly comes from invasion of alien species and usage of pesticide. The safety risk comes from forest fire. According to the risk factors analysis, human activities are the main causes of environmental risk. So the mitigation measures of preventing and decreasing environmental risk of the project are put forward based on the risk inducements, shown as following: (1) Strengthen the quarantine of alien species: Local seeds should be chosen for the ecological commonweal forest construction in the project 40 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 6:ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT regions of Yunnan Province. Eucalypt could be planted in the economic forest construction project combined with local farmers’ desire. At the same time, farmers in the regions are encouraged to choose other economic forest. (2) Strengthen the anaphase management of the afforestation project and training on the farmers. (3) Strengthen prevention of the forest insect pests/crop diseases and protection of their natural enemy. (4) Rationally plan economic fruits in the typical small basins design; avoid planting a single type of forest in large area; implement different types of economic fruits planting alternately in zones. (5) Enhance propagation to improve the ecological protection consciousness; Rationally use pesticide of low toxicity and low residue. (6) Set up corresponding mechanism assisted by propagating, checking, predicting, management, etc. that could make peasant household benefit from protecting forest resources to improve their consciousness of forest protection and participate in preventing fire disaster. Global environmental problems After implementation of the project, the biomass in the project region will increase substantially, more carbon dioxide will be assimilated by plants, resulting reducing content of carbon dioxide in the air. Popularizing biogas pits, which changes rural energy structure will not only reduce deforestation but also reduce the use of the coal, thus can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. The project would ease global warming in some extent and have a positive and favorable effects. 41 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES i WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES Comparison of Alternatives 7.1 Introduction The project implementation could establish an integrated and sustainable rural development pattern for those poor regions with serious erosion in the upper reaches of the Changjiang/Pearl Rivers through the public projects for water and soil conservation projects, such as basic farmland, sediment check, afforestation and vegetation replantation, and the projects beneficial to individual for water and soil conservation, improvement of livelihood, such as terracing slope fields, and planting flowers/trees and economic trees, and technical support and service. In result, it will facilitate the effective and sustainable use of land and water resources, minimize the poverty and serious environmental damages due to poor resources management pattern, and reducing sediment discharged into the major rivers of the Changjiang/Pearl River basins. Hence, the essence of the project is to promote sustainable use of environmental resources, and reverse the trend of environmental deterioration of the basins, which, in itself, has not adverse impacts on environment generally. There are 5 zones of water and soil loss relating to the project areas in the four provinces or municipality, and there are many solutions to meet above objectives due to different features of topography, climate and vegetation in each region. Because only one solution should be given in the design of typical small basin among 274 basins in the project area, those representative small basins can be selected as alternatives, and compared and analyzed under the scenario with and without schemes. The possibility of realization of the objectives and the environmental adaptability of the water and soil conservation schemes are analyzed by means of certain indexes, and compared with the environmental variation tendency without the scheme to prove the rationality and put forward the adjusted suggestions. In addition, the EIA team has screened the suitability between the project and its environment during the screen stage. As for the small basins of the project within natural habitats, the screen is carried out and the substitute scheme proposed, for example of the typical small basins of Chengjiang County of Yunnan Province. 7.2 Environmental Features and Objectives of the Project 7.2.1 Environmental Features of the Project Regions The project involves 37 counties in the four provinces or municipality, where 5 zones of water and soil losses could be divided according to the classification of soil erosion, i.e. the middle erosion zone in the meddle and low mountains, hills and ravines of the west Yunnan; the middle and strong erosion zone in the plateau mountains of the west Guizhou; the light and middle erosion zone in the mountains of the east Sichuan; the middle erosion zone in the middle mountains and hills of the Three Gorges; and the middle erosion zone in the low mountains and hills of Dabie Mountains. Based on an unit of the natural water system of 20 50 km2 and the integrity of administrative regions, 274 small basins in the project area are divided, including 58 in Yunnan, 107 in Guizhou, 54 in Chongqing, and 55 in Hubei. (1) The middle erosion zone in the meddle and low mountains, hills and ravines of the west Yunnan 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES Landform of the zone generally shows that plateau meddle mountains, hills and small basins distribute alternatively, where the topography of the middle area is lower than that of surrounding area, with many gullies and broken original surface. The main soil types in the region include red earth, brown earth, purple soil and paddy soil. The region locates in north subtropical plateau monsoon climate zone with low latitude, where it is warm in spring and cool in autumn without extreme cold in winter nor hot in summer. The annual temperature range is low but the daily range is high. The maximum temperature in a year is 39.1oC, and the minimum is -7.3 oC. The average annual temperature is 16.5 oC. Degree day for temperature 10oC is 5,508 oC. Average annual rainfall is 859mm and concentrates in summer and autumn when the heat resources are abundant. Sunshine hour is 2,358 h/a. The solar radiation is 191.1kJ/a. The climatic resources are suitable for growth of many tropical and subtropical crops. The region involves 58 small basins in all 7 counties of the Yunnan project area, with 1,557.87km2 of land area. Soil loss area in this region is 669.56 km2, mainly caused by water erosion. Sheet erosion distributes widely. Gully erosion develops due to thick soil depth and long slope. In addition, there are collapsing hill, landslide and debris flow in some parts. (2) The middle and strong erosion zone in the plateau mountains of the west Guizhou There are various geomorphic types in the zone, mainly in limestone mountain, hilly billabong and arenaceous shale mountain. Most areas are covered with high mountains and steep slopes. The elevation is more than 1, 200m. The relative elevation is 400-600m with the maximum of 700m. The soil types mainly are yellow brown earth, red earth, yellow earth and yellow red earth. The southern region is in subtropical monsoon climate zone, and the northern region is in plateau monsoon climate zone. The average annual temperature is 14.8°C. The average annual rainfall is 1,146mm, 70 of which is concentrated during May to September. The region involves 107 small basins of all 12 counties in the Guizhou project area, including 2,496.48km2 of land area. The area of soil erosion is 1,317.33 km2, accounting for 52.8% of the total land area. The soil erosion is severe from slope cropland because of its large area. Most area in this region is located in limestone region where the speed for soil formation is slow and soil layer is thin to result in rockification after soil was eroded. (3) The light and middle erosion zone in the mountains of the east Sichuan Hills are the main landform in this zone. The areas of hills, platforms, low mountains and plains make up 66.5%, 12.9%, 12.5% and 6.7% of the total land area, respectively. The soil types are mainly purple soil and paddy soil. The region is in subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. The average annual temperature is 17.7°C, and the average annual rainfall is 1,112mm, 70% of which is concentrated from May to September. The region involves 16 small basins of 3 counties/cities in the Chongqing project area, including 358.06km2 of land area. The area of soil erosion is 207.54 km2, amounting to 58.0% of the total land area. The total population is up to 73,500. Due to high population density and high cultivation index, soil erosion in the region is very serious. (4) The middle erosion zone in the middle mountains and hills of the Three Gorges 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES The region is in Three Gorges in the Changjiang River where the mountains are high, slopes are steep, and gullies are deep. The region is in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. The average annual temperature is 17°C, and the average annual rainfall is 1,150mm, 50% of which is concentrated from May to September the annual value. The region involves 8 counties in the Chongqing project area and 3 counties in the Hubei project. The total land area is 1,824.56km2 with 1,415.3km2 in Chongqing and 409.26 km2 in Hubei. Soil erosion area is 1115.55 km2, making up 61.1% of the total land area. Although there is a large area of forestry, its distribution is uneven and its structure is not reasonable. The slope cultivation is also popular. These causes severe soil loss and geological disasters like landslide and debris flow. (5) The middle erosion zone in the low mountains and hills of Dabie Mountains The region is in south slope of Dabie Mountain in the north of middle reaches of the Changjiang River. It is low mountains and hilly area with granite and gneiss as rock bed. The elevation is 75-469.5m. Hills and gullies are spread widely. There is obvious 4 seasons in climate with plentiful sunshine, rainfall, and long frost-free days. The average annual temperature is 13.7°C, and average annual rainfall is 1086mm. The region involves 3 counties in the Hubei project area with 668.08km2 of the land area. The area of soil loss is 306.89 km2, amounting to 45.9% of the total area. Dense population, concentrated rainfall storms, porous soil and sparse vegetation are factors causing soil loss in this region. 7.2.2 Objectives of the Project The general objective is to establish and extend a comprehensive sustainable rural develop mode in poor areas where the ecological environment has been deteriorated severely, in order to improve local living conditions and ecological environment. An integrated eco-ago system with reasonable structures of plantation, forest and husbandry will be developed by 6-year (2004-2009) comprehensive rehabilitation and exploration, and consolidated in later period. As the result, ecological and economic systems will have positive circulations and farmers are getting rich. (1) Ecological objectives A comprehensive system of soil and water conservation will be built up to reach a degree of more than 80% for soil loss control and decrease soil erosion more than 70%. At that time, the area of forest and grassland will cover more than 80% of the lands, which are suitable for forest and grass growth. Cropland with slope steeper than 25o will be converted to forest or grassland completely. All of waste hills and slopes will be forested. Structures of the forests and grassland will be improved, and vegetation coverage will increase obviously. The circulation in an ecological system will become positive. (2) Economic objectives Agricultural conditions will be improved by conversion of slope cropland to terraces and small water conservancy projects. Average basic farmland per person in the project regions will be more than 0.067hm2. Economic fruit trees will be developed combined with breeding and processing manufacture. The farmers' income will increase more than 30% compared to the regions where the projects have not been implemented. Farmers will be relieved from poverty and their living standard will be improved. 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES 7.2.3 Mitigative Measures and Arrangement (1) Afforest in wasteland hill tops for increasing resistance to soil erosion and detachment, reducing runoff erosion, increasing vegetation coverage, using mixed forests and selecting local species; protect forest for young forest and shrub with coverage less than 60%; convert from cropland to forestry and grassland for all slopes above 25o for ecological balance; afforest arbor, shrub and grass to protect land resources in rectification areas which have potential dangers of soil loss. (2) Integrated with constructions of basic farmland, change sloping cropland of 5-25o into terraces with thick soil depth, and increase crop yield; adjust structures of agricultural production by planting fruits in high qualities, flowers, and medicinal materials to develop rural economy. (3) Pay attention to the water conservancy construction; undertake basic farmland construction for slope runoff control; build small water conservancy projects such as drainage channels, silt traps, water storage ponds, silt arresters, etc., in order to control runoff, sediment and soil loss. (4) Actively extend new energy measures such as marsh gas ponds, saving bavin stoves, etc. to protect the vegetation in mountain areas; build fundamental facilities like road construction for living condition improvement and economic development. (5) Combined development of cash forest husbandry and processing industry, adjust agricultural structures increase farmers’ income. 7.3 Comparison of Alternatives in the Typical Small Basins Seven typical small basins in the 4 provinces/municipality were chosen to carry out comparison of alternatives for water and soil conservation schemes of the project. They are shown as following: Yunnan Province: the Duoke small basin in Yuanmou County; Guizhou Province: the Muke small basin in Anlong County, the Nasheng small basin in Xinyi County; Chongqing City: the Chengbei small basin in Qianjian County, the Sanpao small basin in Jiangjin City; Hubei Province: the Quanxi small basin in Changyang County, the Huahe small basin in Hong’an County. The following ecological environment indexes were considered in the comparison of alternatives for water and soil conservation schemes of the project: 1) Vegetation coverage; 2) Effects of water and soil conservation; 3) Production level; 4) Sustainability. 7.3.1 Features of Natural Ecological Environment For the selected 7 small basins, natural ecologic environment is shown in Table 7-1, and socio-economic situation is shown in Table 7-2. Their features are shown as following: (1) The Landform is mainly middle and low mountains and hills. Slope concentrates on 5° ~25°. 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES (2) The conditions of temperature and precipitation are suitable for the growth of various kinds of plants. (3) Vegetation is mainly artificially planted secondary vegetation with little regionally vegetation. (4) The cultivation index is relatively high in mountain regions. (5) Water and soil loss is quite serious. (6) Plantation and breeding based on agriculture are main living and economic sources. (7) Productivity level and living standard are low. 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES Table 7-1 Natural ecological environment in the typical small basins of the project (1) Duoke small Quanxi small Huahe small Kehe small basin Nasheng small Chengbei small Sanpao small Small basin in basin in basin in Yuanmou in Anlong basin in Xinyi basin in Qianjian basin in Jiangjin basin Changyan Hong’an County, Yunnan County, Guizhou County, Guizhou Province Province County, Chongqing City County, Chongqing City County, Hubei County, Hubei Province Province Province Basin area 36.46 10.76 33.51 10.71 22.02 12.51 28.66 (km2) West Yunnan West Guizhou West Guizhou Three Gorge Three Gorge Three Gorge Dabie Mountain Sub- (middle and low (mountain, middle (mountain, middle (middle mountain (middle mountain (middle mountain (low mountain regions of mountain, hilly, and intensity and intensity and hilly, middle and hilly, middle and hilly, middle and hilly, middle soil loss middle erosion erosion region) erosion region) erosion region) erosion region) erosion region) erosion region) region) The elevation is Low mountains Medium and low 125.5m~632.8m; and hills with the Mainly anticline mountains and Low mountains in the area, 3.85% elevation of low mountains Low and high The elevation is basins; in the and hills of karsts of the area with 1350m~1040m; in composed by sand hills; in the area, 72m~449.7m area, 29.2% of the relief; in the area, slope less than 5°, the area, 17.6% of shale of Silurian 60.09% of the with north of Topograph area with slope 25.8% of the area 10.85% with the area with with variable area with slope basins and river y less than 5°, with slope less slope of 5-10°, slope less than 5°, landform; the less than 5°, and villages, 69.0% with slope than 5°, and 77.16% with 32.5% with slope highest elevation 2.44% with slope southeast of of 5-25°, and 48.4% with slope slope of 10-25°, of 5-25°, and is 1125m, and the more than 25° mountains’ chain. 1.8% with slope more than 25°. and 8.14% with 49.9% with slope lowest is 580m. more than 25°. slope more than more than 25°. 25°. Dry red earth, Flat sand soil, Yellow soil, Lime soil, yellow Greyish brown purple soil, sand Yellow earth, stone bone earth, purple soil, flat Soil type earth, yellow purple mud, dark soil, gravel soil, lime earth, etc. yellow earth, sand earth, brown earth, etc. violet mud ,etc. etc. alluvium, etc. greyish brown soil, etc. 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES soil, etc. Table 7-1 Natural ecological environment in the typical small basins of the project (2) Duoke small Quanxi small Huahe small basin in Kehe small basin Nasheng small Chengbei small Sanpao small basin in basin in Small Yuanmou in Anlong basin in Xinyi basin in Qianjian basin in Jiangjin basin Changyan Hong’an County, Yunnan County, Guizhou County, Guizhou Province Province County, Chongqing City County, Chongqing City County, Hubei County, Hubei Province Province Province South subtropical Subtropical Subtropical river valley;monsoon climate Average annual monsoon climate Average annual zones; Average Average annual zones; Average temperature is temperature is temperature is annual 16.10 ; Daily Subtropical 18.30 ; Daily annual Subtropical 21 ; Daily temperature is temperature monsoon climate temperature temperature is monsoon climate temperature 15.1 ; Daily degree zones; Average degree 16.5 ; Daily zones; Average Climate temperature accumulated for annual temperature annual degree degree higher than 10 temperature is accumulated for degree temperature is accumulated for higher than 10 accumulated for in one year is 15.4 ; Average higher than 10 in one year is accumulated for 15.8 ; Average in one year ishigher than 10 4,796.60 ; annual rainfall is 5,761 ; Average higher than 10 annual rainfall is 8,003 ; Average in one year is Average annual 1,196.4mm. in one year is annual rainfall is 5,281 ; Average 1,058mm. 4,349 ; Average annual rainfall is rainfall is 1,273.6mm. 646.8mm. annual rainfall is 1,370mm. annual rainfall is 1,249.5mm. 1,400mm. planted secondary Planted secondary Oak, clammy hop forest, shrubbery forest such as Secondary forest and sparse young armond pine, Vegetation seed bush, Dian Secondary olive and Dian vegetation mostly forest mostly Secondary forest Cedar, cypress, like armond pine like armond pine, Cedar, cypress, Pine, etc. since the natural etc., as well as oak, maple, etc. vegetation was shrubbery and destroyed sparse young seriously forest 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES seriously forest 1,763.7 hm2, 557.63 hm2, 464.80 hm2, among the total 372.33 hm2 with 1,418.15 hm2, among the total among the total area, 46.67% of among the total area, 41.18% of area, 67.87% of the area with of area, slope land 2 54.1% of the the area with Farmland 2 the area with 616.23 hm2 213.22hm , slope less than 5°, accounting area with slope slope less than 5°, 903.00 hm2 (hm ) slope less than 5°, 21.3% with slope 57.27% of the for less than 5°, 47.15% with 34.99% with of 5-25°and 19.0% with slope slope of 5-25°and slope of 5-25° 32.0% with slope total crop land of 5-25° 11.67% with slope more than more than 25° 25° Table 7-1 Natural ecological environment in the typical small basins of the project (3) Duoke small Quanxi small Huahe small Kehe small basin Nasheng small Chengbei small Sanpao small Small basin in basin in basin in Yuanmou in Anlong basin in Xinyi basin in Qianjian basin in Jiangjin basin Changyan Hong’an County, Yunnan County, Guizhou County, Guizhou Province Province County, Chongqing City County, Chongqing City County, Hubei County, Hubei Province Province Province Cultivation 12.75% 57.3% 52.6% 34.76% 64.40% 44.56% 31.51% index The total area The total area The total area The total area The total area The total area The total area affected by soil affected by soil affected by soil affected by soil affected by soil affected by soil affected by soil loss is 19.04km2, loss is 5.01km2, loss is 17.61km2, loss is 5.44km2, loss is 8.79km2, loss is 694.61km2, loss is 10.09km2, accounting for accounting for accounting for accounting for accounting for accounting for accounting for Soil 52.2% of the total 46.54% of the 52.6% of the total 50.79% of the 39.9% of the total 55.54% of the 35.21% of the erosion land. The average total land. The land. The average total land. The land. The average total land. The total land. Among rate of soil loss is average rate of rate of soil loss is average rate of rate of soil loss is average rate of the total soil 2,763t/km2.a. soil loss is 2,526t/km2.a. soil loss is 3,699.65t/km2.a. soil loss is erosion area, the Among the total 2,090.4t/km2.a. Among the total 5,372t/km2.a. Among the total 2,250.0t/km2.a. areas of slight soil erosion area, Among the total soil erosion area, Among the total soil erosion area, Among the total loss, moderate the areas of slight soil erosion area, the areas of soil erosion area, the areas of slight soil erosion area, loss, and intense 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES the areas of slight soil erosion area, the areas of soil erosion area, the areas of slight soil erosion area, loss, and intense loss, moderate the areas of slight moderate and the areas of slight loss, moderate the areas of slight loss are loss, and intense loss, moderate intense loss are loss, moderate loss, and intense loss, moderate accounting for loss are loss, and intense accounting for loss, and intense loss are loss, and intense 54.51%, 44%, accounting for loss are 59.2% of the total loss are accounting for loss are and 1.49% of the 64.4%, 19.8%, accounting for erosion area. accounting for 12.0%, 40.3%, accounting for total erosion area. and 15.8% of the 33.3%, 34.9%, 13.31%, 41.65%, and 47.7% of the 40.87%, 35.96%, total erosion area. and 31.8% of the and 45.04% of the total erosion area. and 3.17% of the total erosion area. total erosion area. total erosion area. 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES Table 7-2 Socio-economic situation in the small basins of the project Duoke Kehe Nasheng Chengbei Sanpao Quanxi Huahe small small small small small small basin small basin in basin in basin in basin in basin in in basin in Small basin Yuanmou Anlong Xinyi Qianjian Jiangjin Changyan Hong’an County, County, County, County, County, County, County, Yunnan Guizhou Guizhou Chongqin Chongqi Hubei Hubei Province Province Province g City ng City Province Province Total 4309 3259 10727 2193 11196 3041 6615 population Density of population 116 301 320 205 508 254 230 (p/km2) Cropland 464.80 616.23 1763.7 372.33 1418.15 557.63 903.00 area hm2 Planting 78.2 43% 65.96 66.5 66.5 54.35 43.67 percentage Breeding 21.8 25.8% 20.89 29.2 29.2 28.57 10.17 percentage Forestry - 1.2 10.45 4.3 1.8 4.77 7.44 percentage Average crop land per 0.11 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.14 capita hm2 Average production 292 420 643 341.63 400.86 574 469 per capital (kg) Average net income per 909 850 1017.4 1684 1195.6 1681 1375 capita (Yuan) 7.3.2 Environmental Variable Trend of the Scenario without Scheme It could be found that natural ecology has been destroyed in different extent based on the natural ecologic environment of the above-mentioned 7 small basins. The ecosystem is degenerating with some regions in very serious situation. Although it has suitable climate and little density of population, high cultivation index caused by poor soil and low land productivity, and especially large area of slope land are the basic reasons of serious soil erosion and ecologic environment degeneration. Hence, average grain yields per capita is 292kg ~643kg, and net income per capita is 850~1,684 Yuan though average cropland per capita is 0.11 hm2~0.19 hm2. All that shows cropland productivity and living conditions are low in regions. Planting and breeding based on agriculture are the main living and economic sources in the above-mentioned small basins. Because of the poor traffic, the attraction of 10 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES fund and technology is limited. If only depending on the local economy with no fund and devoted technology, it will be very difficult to change this kind of production models. There have abundant water and heat resources in the small basins. But crop land production is obviously restricted by water supply and quality of crop land such as slope land, thin soil layer, etc. because of the poor soil. At the same time, the future economy could only depend on mountains regions to complement for the restriction of cropland and productivity. Hence, if no attention on the utilizing of mountain regions and improving cropland quality, the productivity and economic development will be hardly enhanced. In particular slope land cultivation and herd will aggravate soil loss, resulting in gradually thinning soil layer and reducing land productivity. If this trend is continuing, the economic environment will degrade under the restriction of low productivity. So it is necessary to carry out mitigative measures to prevent this illogical trend. 7.3.3 Analysis of Mitigative Schemes for Controlling the Small Basins The controlling measures for water and soil conservation of the selected 7 small basins include changing slope land into terraces, converting from cropland to forestry, planting economic fruit and forestry for water and soil conservancy, protecting natural forest, as well as building small water conservancy projects, constructing marsh gas generating pits, etc. The detailed plan is shown in Table 7-3. After the project is implemented, the variety of the main indexes in the typical small basins is shown in Table 7-4. From Table 7-4, the variety after the project implementation could be seen as shown in following: (1) Slope land will reduce in different degrees, even totally controlled in some regions. The cultivation index will decrease from 12.75% ~ 64.40% to 11.45% ~ 56.49%, and average cropland per capita will reduce from 0.11~0.19 hm2 to 0.10~0.16 hm2. (2) Economic fruit will increase with average per capita enhancing from 0 ~ 0.076 hm2 to 0.005 ~ 0.089 hm2. (3) Forest will increase greatly. Vegetation coverage will become 18.27% ~ 83.7% from 3.58% ~ 56.9%. (4) Wasteland will decrease greatly or even disappear in the small basins after the project implementation, except several small basins like the Nasheng River small basin in Xingyi City where there still has large area of wasteland. After the project implementation, slope cropland and wasteland will greatly decrease with enhanced vegetation coverage. At the same time, small water conservancy constructed during changing slope land to terraces will play an important role in controlling soil loss, improving ecologic environment, etc. Although average crop land per capita decreases, but the productivity will be increased because of economic fruit increasing and construction of small water conservancy projects. So the crop production will not obviously reduce. And the living level in regions will enhance since the income of economic fruit increases. The shortages of the project are shown as following: 11 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES (1) In some small basins such as the Sanpao River small basin in Jiangjin City, original vegetation has been destroyed seriously. So although vegetation coverage would be greatly improved after the project implementation, ecological environment still need to be enhanced. (2) In some small basins such as the Quanxi River small basin in Changyang County, farmland will decrease a lot after economic fruit substitutes all of the slope land. That would cause unsteady crop production because many factors could restrict the improving of cropland productivity in mountains. At the same time, the benefits of economic fruit also restricts by several factors. Hence, it is necessary to carry out further analysis on the schemes, especially for slope land with slope below 15°. (3) In some small basins such as the Nasheng River small basin in Xingyi City, there will still have a lot of wasteland in the schemes since it has too many wastelands now. So degraded land use will exist after the project implementation. (4) Forestry of water and soil conservancy is mainly mixed forest composed by a few kinds of plants, especially economic fruit, in which the plants obviously simplify. So it needs to carry out mitigative measures to improve quality of vegetation progressively and strengthen the functions of vegetation on ecologic environment. 12 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES Table 7 3 Controlling schemes for the small basins of the project Area of Forestry Afforesta Controlli Economi Marsh Basin area changing for water tion area Small basin ng area slope to c fruit and soil by Small water conservancy projects gas 2 (km ) (hm2) generatin terraces (hm2) conservanc enclosing g pits (hm2) y (hm2) (hm2) Duoke small basin in 350 reservoirs 7.5km irrigating and drainage Yuanmou County, 36.46 1904.40 102.07 189.87 870.20 742.26 channels 48 sediment pools 20 Yunnan Province embankment 76 paddy mills. Kehe small basin in 135 reservoirs 1km irrigating and drainage Anlong County, 10.76 327.27 - 176.49 94.35 50.43 channels 70 sediment pools. 132 Guizhou Province 1 pumping station 35 reservoirs 7km Nasheng small basin in Xinyi County, 33.51 1542.7 27.5 255.4 339.9 819.8 irrigating and drainage channels 35 sediment 52 Guizhou Province pools 7 paddy mills 1km renovating channels. Chengbei small basin 7 reservoirs 2.02km irrigating and drainage in Qianjian County, 10.71 436.00 32.36 128.51 153.6 69.18 channels 25 sediment pools 2,466.2m field Chongqing City cultivation roads Sanpao small basin in 28 reservoirs 13.66km irrigating and drainage Jiangjin County, 22.02 878.87 113.87 58.27 323.52 78.87 channels 256 sediment pools 3 embankment. 150 Chongqing City Quanxi small basin in 50 water pools, 2.5km water canals, 1 pumping Changyan County, 12.51 658.00 24.18 390.81 391.81 243.45 150 Hubei Province canals. Huahe small basin in 20 reservoirs 1.5km irrigating and drainage Hong’an County, 28.66 1009.00 41.73 82.93 388.27 496.27 channels 100 sediment pools 3 Hubei Province embankment 5 paddy mills. 13 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES Table 7-4 Variety of the main indexes in the typical small basins before and after controlling Nasheng Sanpao Duoke Kehe Chengbei Quanxi Huahe small small small small small small small basin in basin in basin in basin in basin in basin in basin in Xinyi Jiangjin Small basin Yuanmou Anlong Qianjian Changyan Hong’an County, County, County, County, County, County, County, Guizhou Chongqing Yunnan Guizhou Chongqing Hubei Hubei Province City Province Province City Province Province Farmland before 464.80 616.23 1763.7 372.33 1418.15 557.63 903.00 (hm2 ) after 417.53 511.2 1198.8 243.82 1243.96 206.79 887.73 Slope before 149.33 268.18 941.6 213.22 650.67 327.98 57.0 land (hm2 ) after 0 156.05 349.2 52.35 0 0 0 Cultivation before 12.75 57.30 52.6 34.76 64.40 44.56 31.51 Index (%) after 11.45 47.51 35.78 22.77 56.49 16.53 30.97 Economic before 64.47 0 60.7 9.96 0 32.87 503.0 fruit hm2 after 254.34 176.49 316.1 138.47 58.27 423.68 585.93 before 1865.13 247.61 583.2 487.7 78.87 611.75 1630.67 Forest hm2 after 2724.33 568.88 1130.8 769.81 402.39 983.07 1668.60 Meadow before 62.73 21.5 0 0 0 0 0 hm2 after 200.87 21.5 47.7 0 0 0 0 Vegetation before 54.6 23.01 17.41 45.54 3.58 48.99 56.9 coverage (%) after 83.7 52.87 33.75 71.88 18.27 78.58 58.22 Waste land before 1012.8 159.82 879.60 153.6 159.82 10.62 37.93 (hm2 ) after 0 1.11 849.20 0 1.11 0 0 Average before 0.11 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.14 farmland per after 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.13 capita (hm2 ) Average before 0.015 0 0.006 0.005 0 0.011 0.076 economic fruit per after 0.059 0.054 0.029 0.063 0.005 0.14 0.089 2 capita (hm ) Notes: Farmland includes slope land with slope above 25°, some of which converts to forestry or economic fruit. Slope land with slope below 25°will be as crop land or economic fruit after changing slope land to terraces. 7.3.4 Adjusted Suggestions of Schemes Optimization All above compares the water and soil conservation projects of the 7 small basins in the project regions. It mainly considers the varieties of vegetation coverage degree, water and soil conservation effects, productivity level and sustainability of environment improving before &after the project implementation. Based on the water and soil conservation project of the chosen 7 small basin, it could be seen that the project has important functions to control soil erosion and enhance vegetation status with improving ecological environment and productive living condition to a certain extent. 14 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES On the whole, most projects of water and soil conservation for the selected 7 small basins are rational and feasible. The project implementation could reduce or even remove the sources of soil loss like wasteland and slope land. Through planting economic fruit and forests for water and soil conservation on the wasteland and slope land, and protecting forest for young forest and shrub, vegetation coverage would be greatly improved, resulting in strengthening the ecologic functions of vegetation on the basins. That will play an important role in accelerating succession of forest vegetation and improving ecologic quality. At the same time, the mitigative measures of blocking livelihood decreasing after the project implementation have been also considered in the project. But because of the historical reasons, the ecological environment degenerates very heavily. It will take quite a long time for ecological environment to restore itself and also need a lot of money. To restore ecological environment under limited funds and ensure certain increase of economic income in the project area, the following schemes are suggested: (1) Small Basin of Duoke in Yuanmou County z To satisfy the basic demand of farmland, return farmland with slope above 25 and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; z Plant grass in the slope land returned and develop stockbreeding to improve the proportion of breeding and increase economic income; reduce the area of economic forest, impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel to improve the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. (2) Small Basin of Muke River in Anlong County z Return farmland with slope above 25 into green and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; z To satisfy the basic demand of farmland, plant economic forest and carry out soil and water conservancy on land with slope above 15 and under 25 ; or plant feedstuff crop and develop breeding to increase income; z First take into account planting grass in the slope land returned and developing stockbreeding; reduce impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel to improve the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. (3) Small Basin of Nasheng River in Xingyi City z Return farmland with slope above 25 and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; 15 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES z To satisfy the basic demand of farmland, plant economic forest and carry out soil and water conservancy on land with slope above 15 and under 25 ; or plant feedstuff crop and develop breeding to increase income; z Plant grass in the slope land returned and develop stockbreeding; reduce impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel to improve the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. (4) Small Basin of North River in Qianjiang County z Return farmland with slope above 25 and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; z To satisfy the basic demand of farmland, plant economic forest and carry out soil and water conservancy on land with slope above 15 and under 25 ; or plant feedstuff crop and develop breeding to increase income; z Plant grass in the slope land returned and develop stockbreeding; reduce impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel to improve the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. (5) Small Basin of Sanpao River in Jiangjin City z Return farmland with slope above 25 and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; z Reduce the area of economic forest on the slopeland to level off crop yield and satisfy the basic demand of farmland; z First take into account plantting grass in the slope land returned and developing stockbreeding; reduce impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel and reservoirs to improve the irrigation guarantee degree and the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. (6) Basin of Xi River in Changyang County z Return farmland with slope above 25 and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; 16 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES z To satisfy the basic demand of farmland, decrease the area of developing economic forest in the slope land to level off crop yield and satisfy the basic demand of farmland; under the precondition of satisfy the basic demand of farmland, properly plant economic forest in the land with slope above 150 and under 250 and carry out soil and water conservancy; or plant feedstuff crop and develop breeding to increase income; z First take into account planting grass in the slope land returned and developing stockbreeding; reduce impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel to improve the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. (7) Small Basin of Hua River in Hongan County z Return farmland with slope above 25 and carry out terrace measures on the land with slope under 25 ; z First take into account planting grass in the slope land returned and developing stockbreeding; reduce impacts of unsteady factors on farmers’ income and adverse impacts of soil loss on developing economic forest; z Increase irrigating channel to improve the productive capability of current farmland and ensure that it will not decrease crop yield after decreasing farmland; z Increase the area of protection forest to improve the restoring capability of vegetation and vegetation degree; increase the constructing investment of marsh gas to decrease the demand of firewood and the destruction to vegetation. 7.4 Summary and Conclusions The main contents of this chapter include: (1) It presents the environmental features of the project areas, objectives of the project and the whole scheme of the project. According to the types of soil loss, seven typical small basins in the 4 provinces/municipality are chosen to carry out comparison of alternatives for water and soil conservation schemes of the project. (2) The change of ecologic environment is analyzed under the scenario without scheme for the selected 7 small basins. There have abundant water and heat resources in these small basins. But crop land productivity is obviously restricted by water supply and quality of crop land such as slope land, thin soil layer, etc. because of the poor soil. At the same time, the future economy could only depend on mountains regions to complement for the restriction of cropland and productivity. Hence, if no attention on the utilization of mountain regions and cropland quality improving, the productivity and economic development will be hardly enhanced. Soil loss will be aggravated by slope land cultivation and herd, which is resulting in gradually thinning soil layer and reducing land productivity. If this trend is continuing, the eco- environment will degrade under the restriction of low productivity. (3) It is analyzed and compared for the controlling schemes of soil and water conservation of the selected 7 small basins. The comparing indexes include vegetation 17 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES coverage, effects of water and soil conservation, productivity level, sustainability of environment improving, etc. Integrated with the above-mentioned indexes, most projects of water and soil conservation for the selected 7 small basins are rational and feasible on the whole. The project implementation could reduce or even remove the sources of soil loss like wasteland and slope land. Through planting economic fruit and forests for water and soil conservation on the wasteland and slope land, and protecting forest for young forest and shrub, vegetation coverage would be greatly improved, resulting in strengthening the ecologic functions of vegetation on the basins. That will play an important role in accelerating succession of forest vegetation and improving ecologic quality. Furthermore, productivity and living level could be improved in a certain extent through changing slope land to terraces, planting economic forestry and constructing biogas tanks. (4) Problems and suggestions: In some small basins, the cultivation index of farmland is too high and the ecological environment has been seriously degraded due to historical reasons; or average crop land per capita is decreasing greatly because it overemphasizes decreasing slope land and developing economic woodland, and slope lands with slope below 15°would be returned to forestry. So the schemes have several problems like un-obviously improving ecologic environment, unreasonable advisement. As there are abundant water-hot resources in small basins, it is suggested to sufficiently protect and use water and thermal resources, then gradually popularize the usage of biogas tank to get new living energy sources. This will bring disafforestation decreasing. Then the strength of enclosing facilitating afforestation should be increased to improve vegetation coverage, resulting in succession from planted woodland to zone vegetation and enhancement of the ecological barrier for the project regions and lower reaches. 18 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES i WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Environmental Monitoring 8.1 Introduction The objectives of EMP is to understand the environmental condition during the construction and operation stages of the project at any time, and the changes of environmental factors in the affected area in time, and to check the results of EIA and the implementation of EPMs so as to find out the environmental problems and carry out corresponding countermeasures. EMP is part of the project monitoring assessment system (MAS). In order to ensure the integrity and high efficiency of the MAS and the unitive and effective use of monitoring resources to avoid repetitious monitoring, and integrate every monitoring parameter into the MAS, following the principles should be followed as the preparation of the EMP: (1) According to the requirement of environmental protection, choose the environmental factors related to the project as the objects of monitoring, research and observation, while don’t make the special monitoring for those not related to the project. (2) The monitoring results should reflect the environmental changes during the operation period of the project on the timely, comprehensive and systemic basis. The setting of monitoring sections and observation points should not only control environment factors and satisfy professional requirements, but also give attention to historical and routine monitoring data. (3) Make full use of the existing monitoring data and don’t rearrange the monitoring activities for those parameters listed in the MAS. 8.2 Monitoring of Individual SEIs Aiming at EIs of the project discussed in Chapter 6, monitoring of individual SEIs will be carried out in the affected areas, especially for pests (including usage of pesticide) and water quality (including monitoring of non-point source pollution). 8.2.1 Pest As discussed in Section 6.3.2, the implementation of the project may cause the changes of pests in the project area. Plentiful pesticide would be used to control crop pests and ensure crop products during the implementing period of the project. But pesticide use is one of the factors that cause water quality pollution in the rivers, and lakes of the project regions. Also it would cause environmental risk shown in Section 6.4.3. So relating monitoring should be carried out during the implementation period to supervise the implementation of EPMs mentioned in Section 6.3.2 and Section 6.4.3. 8.2.1.1 Items and methods of monitoring Pesticide use: Make statistic analysis on types, amount, times and duration of pesticide of the typical small basins. Harm of pests: Investigate plant pests of agricultural and forestry lands in the typical small basins; Record types of pests, area harmed, types of crop and tree affected. 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Natural enemy: Make investigation and stat. on types, quantity and natural habitat of natural enemy in the typical small basins. Poisoning of pesticide: Make investigation and stat. on poisoning of pesticide in the typical small basins every year. Pesticide residue: organophosphor, organochlorine, pseudopyrethrins and carbamate in vegetable and fruit. Sampling and analysis will be carried out according to "Pesticide Residue Measurement Method of Organophosphor and Carbamate in Food (GBT17331-1998) " and "Pesticide Residue Measurement Method of Organochlorine and pseudopyrethrins in Food". 8.2.1.2 Monitoring points Choose one typical small basin as the monitoring area in the 37 counties of the project area in the 4 provinces respectively. Make investigation and stat. on the data of pesticide, pests and natural enemy in the typical small basins. Sample and analyze pesticide residue of different vegetable and fruit in the typical small basins. 8.2.1.3 Frequency and schedule of monitoring Pesticide, pests and natural enemy: one time before the implementation of the project; once every three months after the implementation of the project; consider agricultural production and the time of pest occurred during monitoring. Pesticide poisoning: once every year. Pesticide residue: four times every year for 3~4 species of vegetable, four times every year for 2~3 species of fruit. The monitoring will be carried out from the beginning of the project implementation and lasts for 5 years with yearly monitoring. Thereinto, fruit monitoring will focus on the existing fruit of the typical small basins in the first 3 years and on the fruited fruit of the new orchards in the later 2 years after the implementation of the project. 8.2.1.4 Institution and technical support Professionals in Environmental Management of PMO is in charge of organizing and implementing EMPs, while the environmental monitoring inspectors (EMIs) are responsible for monitoring of pesticide, pest, natural enemy and pesticide poisoning. PMO will invite agricultural specialists to supervise the EMIs. It recommends that pesticide residue should be monitored by the monitoring organizations with qualification. Provincial PMOs will invite specialists of environmental monitoring to supervise the monitoring organizations. Technical support of monitoring: one agriculture specialist, one environment monitoring specialist and two pesticide analysis engineers. 8.2.1.5 Expenses estimation It needs two technicians to make sampling and analysis for one time monitoring of pesticide residue in each typical small basin. One time monitoring will take three days. Totally it will need 211 person·month (calculated as 21 person·day each month, 4 times every year and lasting for 5 years for the 37 typical small basins respectively). 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING And the total monitoring expense is about 2,110 thousand RMB yuan according to 10 thousand RMB yuan/person·month (including traffic and daily costs). 8.2.2 Water Quality As discussed in Section 6.3.1, the non-point source pollution caused by fertilizer and dejection of livestock is the major factor resulting in water quality pollution in rivers and lakes of the project regions. Although the reduction of non-point source pollution is advantageous for water quality after the implementation of the project, monitoring of non-point source pollution and water quality could not only supervise the implementation of EPMs mentioned in Section 6.3.1, but also check the accuracy of the EIA conclusions. 8.2.2.1 Monitoring spots (sections) Monitoring spots &trans-sections of water quality will be set at the exits of the typical small basins. The selecting principle is to let the water environment sensitive areas being close to the lower reaches of the basins. The water environment sensitive areas include reservoirs, lakes and other water environment such as Wujiangdu Reservoir in Guizhou, Three-Gorge Reservoir in Chongqing, and Geheyan Reservoirs in Hubei. According to the principles above, monitoring spots &trans-sections of water quality are set as following: Yunnan Province: Respectively select one small basin in Yao’an, Weixin and Yongshan Counties around Yangcheng Lake. Totally there are 3 monitoring spots. Guizhou Province: Respectively select one small basin in Jinsha, Qianxi, Zhijin, Dafang and Yongna Counties located in the upper reaches of Wujiangdu Reservoir. Totally there are 5 monitoring spots. Chongqing Municipality: Respectively select one small basin in Wanzhou, Puling, Yubei, Yongchuan, Jiangjin, Wuxi, Kaixi and Changshou Counties around Three- Gorge Reservoir. Totally there are 8 monitoring spots. Hubei Province: Respectively select one small basin in Yiling and Hong’an Counties, and select Changyang County around Geheyan Reservoir. Totally there are 3 monitoring spots. 8.2.2.2 Parameters and methods of monitoring Monitoring Parameters of water quality include water temperature, pH, DO, CODmn, NH3-N, TP, TN, organophosphor (methamidophos, isocarbophos, panaplate, rogor, etc.). Sampling and analysis will be carried out according to “Standards on Environmental Quality of Surface Water (GB 3838 2002) ”. 8.2.2.3 Frequency and schedule of monitoring Before the implementation of the project: Respectively one time monitoring in sunny day and rainy day with precipitation above 50mm. After the implementation of the project: Respectively one time monitoring in dry season, normal-water-level season and flood season every year. In addition, it needs to increase the frequency of monitoring in flood season. In rainy days with precipitation above 50mm, monitoring should be done within three days after rain. So there are additional 10 times monitoring estimated in the project area of Yunnan Province and 12 times in other provinces &municipality. 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 8.2.2.4 Institution and technical support Professionals in Environmental Management of PMO are in charge of organizing and implementing EMPs. The monitoring organizations with qualification will take the water quality monitoring. Provincial PMOs will invite environmental specialists to supervise the monitoring organzations. Technical support of monitoring: one environment monitoring specialist and two engineers of water quality analysis in each province &municipality. 8.2.2.5 Expenses estimation It needs two technicians to make sampling and analysis for one time monitoring of water quality in each typical small basin. One time monitoring will take three days. Totally it will need 32 person·month in Yunnan Province (calculated as 21 person·day each month, 9 times every year and lasting for 4 years for the 3 typical small basins respectively), 71 person·month in Guizhou Province (calculated as 21 person·day each month, 12 times every year and lasting for 4 years for the 5 typical small basins respectively), 114 person·month in Chongqing (calculated as 21 person·day each month, 12 times every year and lasting for 4 years for the 8 typical small basins respectively) and 43 person·month in Hubei Province (calculated as 21 person·day each month, 12 times every year and lasting for 4 years for the 3 typical small basins respectively). And the total monitoring expense is about 2,600 thousand RMB yuan according to 10 thousand RMB yuan/person·month (including traffic and daily costs). 8.2.3 Monitoring done by EMIs One EMI should be assigned by the local project office and the provincial PMO to take charge of implementing monitoring in the 37 typical small basins mentioned in the PMP. The main contents of monitoring include harm of pest, usage of pesticide, natural enemy and pesticide poisoning, etc. (See Section 8.2.1). Part of other monitoring work (such as social-environmental monitoring) could also be implemented by EMIs, but the workload will be not included in EMPs. Professionals in Environmental Management of PMO are responsible for training EMIs (See Section 9.6 and 9.7). The number of EMIs in each province is: 8 persons in Yunnan, 12 persons in Guizhou, 6 persons in Hubei and 11 in Chongqing. The workload needed per year, which has been transferred into the workload of environmental monitoring engineers, is: 3.5 person·month in Yunnan, 5 person·month in Guizhou, 3.5 person·month in Hubei and 4.5 in Chongqing. Total workload of the EMIs in the 4 provinces is 80 person· month for 5 years. And the total monitoring expense is about 800 thousand RMB yuan according to 10 thousand RMB yuan/person·month (including traffic and daily costs). 8.3 Summary Table of EMPs Summary Table of EMPs for single environmental projects noted in Section 8.2 is shown in Table 8-1. And Table 8-2 shows the total monitoring expense of EMPs for 4 provinces &municipality. 8.4 Monitoring Participants Professionals in Environmental Management of PMO will be responsible for implementing the monitoring programs in each province as specified in the EIA, 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING including (i) delineation of participants and roles for each participating agency, with arrangement for compensation for any extraordinary costs which should not be borne by the participating agency, (ii) invitation of specialists to supervise the monitoring participants and training on EMIs (The expense is shown in Section 9.7.1.), (iii) estimation /evaluation of the monitoring data, (iv) preparation of periodic reports with recommendations, and (v) distribution of these reports to PRC governmental agencies and to the World Bank. Other monitoring participants include monitoring organizations of water quality and pesticide residue and EMIs. According to the requirement of Professionals in Environmental Management of PMO, participants mentioned above carry out monitoring that include: (i) make fieldwork and sample analysis in time, (ii) submit the monitoring results on schedule, including analysis reports, and (iii) accept supervision from PMO. Table 8-1 Summary table of EMPs Monitoring participants Other Workload No. Item Section PMO EMI monitoring (person·month) organizations 1 Pest 217 1.1 Types of pests 8.2.1 * * EMI 1.2 Usage of * * EMI pesticide 1.3 Natural * * EMI enemy 1.4 Pesticide * * EMI poisoning 1.5 Pesticide * * 217 residue 2 Water quality 8.2.3 * * 260 3 EMI 8.2.3 * * 80 Table 8-2 Expenses estimation of EMP Workload Yunnan Guizhou Hubei Chongqing No. Item (person·month) (Yuan) (Yuan) (Yuan) (Yuan) 1 Pest 211 460000 680000 340000 630000 2 Water quality 260 320000 710000 430000 1140000 3 EMI 80 175000 250000 150000 225000 4 Sum RMB yuan 955000 1640000 920000 1995000 5 Sum Dollar 119375 205000 115000 249375 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 8.5 Summaries and Conclusions An essential component of the overall WSCPYGEY is its Environmental Monitoring Program, which is to cover the implementation stage of the project, from 2005 to 2009. The monitoring work should begin as soon as the provincial PMOs become operative. Individual monitoring programs have been developed in the Project EIA including monitoring activities, monitoring parameters, number of persons and skills needed, monitoring frequency as well as input needed in terms of professional man- months. The individual monitoring programs are summarized in Table 8-1. Each of the monitoring tasks is to be managed by a designated member of the professional provincial PMO staff. For the implementation stage, the PMO will invite specialists to supervise the monitoring participants and make training on EMIs. The monitoring program is to be managed and supervised by the PMO, and much of the detailed fieldwork done by the PMO professional staff. However, other agencies, including monitoring organizations of water quality and pesticide residue and EMIs are to participate in the fieldwork in accordance with agreements with provincial PMOs. Costs for monitoring work by these other agencies, which is outside their normal scope of monitoring, are to be reimbursed by provincial PMOs of WSCPYGEY. 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Environmental Management Plan 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Need for Environmental Management Plan At present, except for EIA report, WB requires that EMP should be a separate volume and be as an integral part of loan agreements for Category A and B projects. 9.1.2 International Panel of Experts WB and some other IAAs also require an International Panel of Environmental Experts that is funded by the project in the Loan Agreement. The panel visits the project regularly (usually at 6-month intervals during the construction period) to check the Environmental Performance of all agencies involved in the project including the PMO, project leading group, other organizations and the IAA itself. The panel reports both to the government and IAA. To realize this purpose, professionals in environmental management of PMO prepare a project environmental performance report every 6 months for the review of the Panel. For this Project, a panel on environment is suggested. 9.2 Establishment of the Environmental Management Organizations  3URYLQFLDO DQG 2YHUDOO &RRUGLQDWRU The project is actually composed of three sub-projects that are located in different regions and under different administrative jurisdictions. Therefore, professionals in environmental management will be set up under the provincial PMOs of YGEY respectively, as a part of the overall operating plan of the project, so that EPMs and EMPs can be implemented effectively. In addition professionals in environmental management needs to be established in the Overall Project Coordination Office of Water and Soil Bureau of CWRC. The relationship is as following: Professionals in environmental management of PMO in Yunnan Professionals in environmental management of PMO in Guizhou Professionals in Professionals in environmental management of PMO in Hubei Professionals in environmental management of PMO in The major tasks of the Professionals in environmental management of the overall project coordination office include: 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN z Check and coordinate the environmental management work of Provincial PMOs and present the environmental control objectives of the project areas z Preside over special studies aiming at the actual environment problems z Be responsible for arrangement of the visits by the Panel and the environmental members of the Visiting WB Missions z Regularly prepare the performance reports on environmental protection of the project in each province (e.g. twice per year) and submit them to the Environmental Expert Panel and the Visiting WB Missions. 9.2.2 Provincial PMOs Water and Soil Conservation Offices of Provincial Water Resources Departments will be in charge of the provincial ecological construction project management of water and soil conservation. Water and Soil Conservation Offices of Prefectural Water Resources Bureaus will be in charge of the prefectural ecological construction project management of water and soil conservation. The environmental management of the project will be arranged on the basis of the project management institutions noted above. The professionals in environmental management will be set up under the Water and Soil Offices of Provincial Water Resources Departments. Table 9-1 shows the setup of the environmental management organizations in the provincial PMOs. Table 9-1 Environmental Management Organizations of YGEY Provincial Environmental Province Environmental Management Organizations in Management /Municipality Counties (Cities, Districts) Organizations Water and Soil Water and Soil Conservation Offices of Water Conservation Office of Resources Bureaus in eight counties such as, Yunnan Water Resources Muding, Yuanmou, Yaoan, Dayao, Yongshan, Department Weixing, Zhenxiong, Qiaojia, etc. Water and Soil Conservation Offices of Water Water and Soil Resources Bureaus in twelve counties &cities such Conservation Office of Guizhou as, of, Weining, Hezhang, Nayong, Jinzhi, Bijie, Water Resources Dafang, Qianxi, Panxian, Anlong, Xingyi and Department Xingren Water and Soil Water and Soil Conservation Offices of Water Conservation Office of Resources Bureaus in six counties, cities &districts Hubei Water Resources such as Yiling, Changyang, Lichuang, Macheng, Department Hongan and Xishui Water and Soil Water and Soil Conservation Offices of Water Conservation Office of Resources Bureaus in eleven counties &districts Chongqing Water Resources such as Wanzhou, Puling, Qianjiang, Yubei, Jiangji, Department Hechuan, Yongchuan, Rongchan, Wuxi, Kaixian and Changshou 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN and Changshou 9.2.3 Other cooperative organizations Other cooperative organizations include provincial and prefectural Water Resources Bureaus, Agriculture Bureaus, Forestry Bureaus, Environmental Protection Bureaus, etc. In view of numerous departments involved in ecological construction projects of water and soil conservation, leading groups of water and soil conservation are established in every province and county. The provincial leading groups are taken charged by the nomarches with responsibility and vice directors of Water Resource Departments, Agriculture Deaprtments, Agriculture Bureaus and Environmental Protection Bureaus are members, while the prefectural ones are taken charged by the heads of the counties with responsibility and vice directors of Water Resource Bureaus, Agriculture Bureaus, Forestry Bureaus and Environmental Protection Bureaus are members. Water and Soil Conservation Offices of provincial Water Resource Departments and prefectural Water Resource Bureaus mentioned in Section 9.2.2 work under the coordinatation and management of leading groups as management organizations of ecological construction projects of water and soil conservation. Thereinto, Water and Soil Conservation Offices of provincial Water Resource Departments could directly carry out work through prefectural leading groups. The cooperative organizations mentioned above could not only participate in the management of the project through leading groups, but also provide technical support. Relevant specialist could directly take part in the project design and provide technical guidance and service during the project implementation. The environmental protection departments will approve the EIA reports of large single projects in the project counties, and supervise the implementation of EPMs during construction periods according to their responsibilities. 9.3 Role of Provincial Environmental Management Organizations 9.3.1 Duties of Provincial Environmental Management Organizations Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs will ensure that all EPMs specified in the EIA will be carried out effectively, including environmental monitoring. Their major tasks include: 1) Inspect if EIA is carried out for large engineering projects in the design of small basins such as sand storage dam and riverbank, etc. and the corresponding EPMs recommended. 2) Check the Final Design Report of the Project to ensure that all EPMs are listed in the report. The detailed EPMs during construction period are presented so that they are listed into construction contract documents. 3) Set up the needed team of ECIs (Environmental Construction Inspectors, with an ECI Chief) to monitor the Environmental Performance (EP) of the counties. The major tasks 3 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN of ECIs include: a) Supervise and manage construction activities of ecological construction projects of water and soil conservation and provide written guidelines to take suitable measures whenever gaps in EP are found b) Ensure that each county prepares and submits an acceptable seasonal report (received in the middle of the third month of every season). c) Review each seasonal report and give formal and informal comments so as to solve ongoing and emerging problems. 4) Implement EMP described in Chapter 5 including engaging and managing its monitoring sub- contractors 5) Provide guidance and training for relevant personnel of environmental monitoring, check the implementation of monitoring and evaluate the results of monitoring 6) Check the implementation of EPMs during the operation period, prepare periodic comprehensive reports on EP of the Project’s operations in each province and submit them to the Environmental Expert Panel and the Visiting WB Missions 7) Be Responsible for arrangement of the visits by the Panel and the environmental members of the Visiting WB Missions 8) Be Responsible for other actions needed for implementing the EMP 9) Provide necessary training for provincial PMO staff and/or prefectural sub-contractors. 9.3.2 Illustration Figures Figure 9.3.2-1 shows the structure of the provincial environmental management system. Figure 9.3.2-2 shows the main responsibility of the professionals in environmental management of the Provincial PMOs. Figure 9.3.2-3 shows the personnel, technical support and operation of the professionals in environmental management of the Provincial PMOs. Figure 9.3.2-1 Provincial Environmental Management Organizations Structure Framework Provincial Project Management 4 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Engineering Professionals in Environmental Supervisor Environmental Management Expert Panel of the Provincial PMOs Monitoring ECIs organization Typical, small ,basins Project Activities Notes: Management or Contract Cooperation or Supervision. Figure 9.3.2-2 Main Responsibilities of the professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs Review of the Final Construction Operation Service to WB Service to Expert Design Rport (A) Period (B) Period (C) Mission (D) Panel (E) Commonweal water Individual benefit water Use of Facilities and Monitoring of and soil conservation and soil conservation and agricultural and typical small basins project (B1) living melioration project forestry activities (C2) (B2) (C1) 5 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Notes: 1.Ensure all EPMs of the EA report integrated into the final design of the project; 2. Ensure all EPMs to be taken by the project construction agency/ contractor integrated into the CC (B1) 1. Work done primarily by ECIs. 2.See Figure 9.3.4-1 for relationships between provincial PMO, ESC, ECIs. (B2) 1.Work done jointly by Environmental Management Organizations, Environmental Monitoring Person and Other Monitoring Branch. 9.3.3 Provincial Environmental Management Subcontractors The environmental management work will be carried out by the professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs and/or by qualified subcontractors engaged by the provicial PMOs including ECIs. ECI is a key factor in project environmental management, who will ensure,on spot, that all the EMPs specified in EIs for construction period will be actually implemented by contractors.The number of the ECIs for each province is currently estimated on general project construction arrangement. Additional ECIs may be needed according to the implementation of the project. 9.3.4 Instructions to Contractors As shown in Figure 9.3.4-1, the professionals in environmental management and subcontractors are not authorized to issue orders to the contractors. This must be done via the Engineering Supervisor for the construction (ESC). Table 9 2 Personnel Arrangement of Provincial Environmental Management Organizations Personnel Arrangement Province/Municipality Preparing Constructing and Operating Periods Period 1 environmental engineer; 2 environmental 1environmental Yunnan specialists on agriculture and environment engineer monitoring 2 environmental engineers; 2 environmental 1environmental Guizhou specialists on agriculture and environment engineer monitoring 1environmental engineer; 2 environmental 1environmental Hubei specialists on agriculture and environment engineer monitoring 2 environmental engineers; 2 environmental 1environmental Chongqing specialists on agriculture and environment engineer monitoring 6 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Notes: 274 typical small basins located in 37 counties of the 4 provinces will be controlled by stages and batches in 5 years. The constructing and operating periods of each project county will cross each other since the time needed by each project is quite different. So, environmental management personnel should make a uniform arrangement during the constructing periods. Figure 9.3.4-1 Roles of Professionals in Environmental Management of the Provincial PMOs and ECIs in Construction Area Engineering Supervisor for Professionals in Environmental Construction=ESC Management Construction Contractor=CC ECIs Notes: 1. Formal orders and responses to orders must pass through ESC; 2. Guideline memos from ECIs to CCs. 9.4 Environmental management training program 9.4.1 Objectives The objective of the Environmental Training Program (ETP) is to improve and broaden the environmental management capacity of the staff in environmental management of provincial PMOs and provincial environmental management subcontractors so as to ensure implementation of the EPMs specified in Chapter 6 of the EIA in the stages of final design, construction, and operation of the project. The trainees will include staff in environmental management of the provincial PMOs and of provincial environmental management subcontractors including ECIs and VEOs (Village Environmental Officers). 9.4.2 Training Contents 9.4.2.1 Staff in environmental management of the provincial PMOs a) Understanding and applying the laws, regulations, standards and norms concerning environmental protection; b) Environment management criteria utilized by WB project; c) Environmental technology and environmental monitoring techniques; d) Economics law, 7 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN contract law and bidding laws; e) Environment management design; f) Computer application for environmental monitoring; g) Preparation of the standard report on environment issue 9.4.2.2 Training for ECIs a) Same as 9.5.2.1(a); b) Same as 9.5.2.1(b); c) Same as 9.5.2.1(c); d) Specific duties of ECIs in evaluating EP of CCs; e) Guidelines for preparing ECI report (daily, weekly, monthly) 9.4.2.3 Environment monitoring personnel a) Understanding and applying of laws, regulations, standards and norms concerning environmental protection; b) Environmental survey and statistical methodology, requirement and relevant criterions of environmental monitoring; c) Elementary knowledge on usage and poisoning of pesticide; d) Elementary knowledge on prevention and cure of crop diseases/insect pests and their natural enemy in agriculture and forestry; e) Preparation of the reports on environmental monitoring. 9.4.2.4 Business visit to other countries A training trip for 15 days in the USA or Europe is recommended, to visit Water and Soil Conservation Projects, for the purpose of studying and evaluating the lessons, focusing on the environmental aspects of the projects. For this training trip a foreigner engineer expert in this field of technology will be needed. Overall cost for the expert is estimated 8 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN at $20,000. The recommended study team would be about 10 members, including 2 from Yunnan, 3 from Guizhou, 2 from Hubei, and 3 from Chongqing. 9.5 Budgets 9.5.1 Overall Environmental Management Table 9-3 shows the estimated budgets of environment management in the 4 provinces/municipality. The total costs is $566,250 dollars, of which Yunnan is $108,570 dollars, Guizhou $171,250 dollars, Hubei $108,750 dollars and Chongqing $177,500 dollars. Table 9-4 shows the estimated budgets, $137,500 for the environmental training programs of the 4 provinces. Table 8-2 shows the estimated budgets $119,375 for Yunnan, $205,000 for Guizhou, $115,000 for Hubei and $249,375 for Chongqing, for the environmental monitoring program for each provincial PMO. Table 9-5 shows the overall Environmental Management Costs estimated for each province which, $256,625 for Yunnan, $417,250 for Guizhou, $251,250 for Hubei and $467,375 for Chongqing cover the pre-construction, construction, and operations stages with a total of 5.5 years respectively. 9.5.2 Coordinator for provincial PMOs Budgets for environmental management coordinator of provincial PMO have been included in budgets for provincial PMO. And the cost will be not solely listed. 9.6 Summary of EMPs 9.6.1 EIs and Mitigation Measures This section summarizes EPMs, EMPps and EMPs involved in Chapter 6, 7, 8 and 9 which are shown in the summary table of EMPs (Table 9-7). The table collects positive and negative impacts of public and private beneficial soil and water conservation works. Aiming at different works, implementing agencies, mitigation measures and monitoring plans are provided. 9.6.2 Guarantee of EPMs 9.6.2.1 Construction operation constraints During the construction of basic farmland, sediment storage, village infrastructure, irrigation and afforestation, the EPMs (Environmental Protection Measures) which must be carried out to ensure that the operations of the Construction Contractors (CCs) will include: (i) due attention to preventing unnecessary adverse-effects on environment which can be avoided by proper use of these EPMs, and (ii) use of offsetting measures to overcome any unavoidable significant adverse effects. 9 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Figure 9-7 Environmental Construction Constraints NO. ITEM CONSTRAINTS 1 Wastewater all discharged wastewater meet national standards a. all oil burning machines meet national waste gas discharge standards; Air Pollution 2 b. measures to control blasting and quarrying dust; Control c. road dust control (wetting, paving); d. Avoid production of obnoxious and toxic fumes. 3 Water Use use water as planned a. worker medical examination to screen out infectious virus carriers; b. safe drinking water supply; c. wastewater treatment and management; d. schistosomiasis prevention as described in Section 4.2.4 e. food sanitation; 4 f. mosquito and rat killing; g. medical care capabilities and facilities including first aid Workers Health facilities; h. adequate excreta management; I. occupational health and safety; j. adequate housing with sanitary facilities; a. all machines meet national standards; b. no construction activities in night in residential area if feasible; 5 Noise Control c. protection facilities provided to workers operating high noise machines; Dispose construction spoils in specified places and specified 6 Spoil Disposal manners including protection dikes and resurfacing. Collect solid wastes regularly and dumps in safe places and Solid Waste 7 in safe way; dispose solid wastes in specified place in safe Management way. 8 Soil Erosion resurfacing all borrow areas and filling areas No damaging activities to cultural relics, stop construction 9 Cultural Relics whenever cultural relics is discovered. Occupy land as specified, no damage to farm land and crops; 10 Land Use resurfacing land after use. CC is fully responsible for environmental protection in his Monthly construction area and camping area. CC is to make monthly 11 Environmental environmental report to ECI/EMO on its performance in Report implementing the EPMs/constraints. 10 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Notes: (a) All of the constraints noted above are to comply with National and provincial laws and regulations applicable to construction. (b) Detailed constraints will be prepared according to above items by the P/EMO and will be included in project construction contracts. The necessary EPMs applicable to construction stage include the following: a) Compilation of contracts to be observed by the CC during construction stage. b) Incorporation into the CCs contract of the various construction stages EPMs so that the CC is aware of these requirements and will allow budgets for these in his contract proposal. c) Provision of a team of Environmental Construction Inspectors (ECIs) who will work together with the Engineering Supervisor of Construction to routinely observe the CCs work to ensure that the CC is observing the specified EPMs. Items a), b), c) are to be carried out by the Environmental Management Office. (1) Constraints for Construction Contractor Figure 4.2.12-1 is a summary of the general constraints to be observed by the CC. This should be elaborated upon in construction contractors by the engineering staffs who are familiar with contract management and construction operations in ESA. As noted above, the EMO (to be established pursuant to WB Load Agreement) is to work with the Project Civil Engineers responsible for preparing the CCs’ contract, so that all needed EPMs will be included in the Contract. (2) Environmental Construction Inspector (ECI) The experiences have shown that, even if the CCs’ contract does include the needed EPMs, the CC can be expected to comply with these only if continuing inspection of his work is made by the ECI (one or more for each project component as needed). The major tasks of ECIs include: (i) Provide written guidelines to the CC to take suitable measures whenever gaps in environmental performance found; (ii) Ensure that each CC prepares and submits an acceptable monthly report each month (received in the middle of the following month); (iii) Review each monthly report and give formal and informal comments to the CCs so as to solve ongoing and emerging problems; (iv) Monitor the impacts on the public in the areas outside of and adjacent to the CCs area as needed for determining whether the CC needs to take additional measures; and (v) Impose meaningful penalties on CCs for their insufficient performance. Like the Engineering Supervisor of Construction the ECI is to keep a daily log book and make weekly reports to the EMO, and any additional reports which may be needed in event of emergency to report any non-compliance so that the EMO can take appropriate correction measures. 11 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 9.6.2.2 Public soil and water conservation works z Minimum Farmland Construction for Food Security To carry out mitigation measures practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also prefectural agriculture departments, technical personnel and environmental supervising engineers. As the abilities of environmental management personnel and farmers are lacking, PMO will invite agricultural and relative specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4). Also environmental supervising (shown in PMPs) should be done to inspect if the EPMs and soil conservation measures have been carried out during the construction and operation periods. The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Sediment storage structures To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also design departments, environmental departments and environmental supervising engineers. Design departments will participate the process during the preparation period. Environmental departments will evaluate EIA report of the design department, supervise and inspect the implementation of EPMs, etc. Also environmental supervising (shown in PMPs) should be done to inspect if the EPMs have been carried out during the construction period. The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Afforestation and Vegetation Cover (forests and shrubs) To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO, farmers and contractors, but also design departments, prefectural forestry departments and prefectural agricultural departments. As the abilities of environmental management personnel and farmers are lacking, PMO will invite agricultural and relative specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4). The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. And the cost of farmers’ training is shown in PMPs. z Village Infrastructure To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also environmental departments and supervising engineers. It should check if the documents of inviting public bidding and bidding include the items of environmental protection to contractors. Environmental supervising (shown in PMPs) should be done to inspect if the EPMs and soil conservation measures have been carried out during the construction and operation periods. As the abilities of environmental management personnel is lacking, PMO will invite relative specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4). The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. 9.6.2.2 Private interest soil and water conservation and livelihood improvement z Basic Farmland Improvement/Construction 12 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also agriculture departments, technical personnel and environmental supervising engineers. As the abilities of environmental management personnel and farmers are lacking, PMO will invite agricultural and relative specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4). Also environmental supervising (shown in PMPs) should be done to inspect if the EPMs and soil conservation measures have been carried out during the construction and operation periods. The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Economic Trees To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also agriculture departments, forestry departments and technical personnel. As the abilities of environmental management personnel and farmers are lacking, PMO will invite agricultural and relative specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4 and PMPs). The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Livestock To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also agricultural departments and technical personnel. As the abilities of farmers is lacking, PMO will invite agricultural specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4). The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Irrigation To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO and contractors, but also ECIs. It should check if the documents of inviting public bidding and bidding include the items of environmental protection to contractors. Environmental supervising (shown in PMPs) should be done to inspect if the EPMs and soil conservation measures have been carried out during the construction and operation periods. As the abilities of environmental management personnel is lacking, PMO will invite relative specialists to make training (shown in Section 9.4). Also environmental supervising (shown in PMPs) should be done to inspect if the EPMs have been carried out during the construction periods. The cost of EMPs and ETPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Renewable Energy To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO, farmers, and contractors, but also energe sources office and technical personnel. The cost of EMPs is shown in Section 9.5. z Others To carry out EPMs practically, the implementing agencies include not only PMO, farmers, and contractors, but also forestry departments and technical personnel. The cost of EMPs is shown in Section 9.5. 9.6.2.3 Project support It is the guarantee to implement the project and belongs to the non- engineering measures. The contents include technology introduction and demonstration extension, technical training and investing overseas or at home, monitoring and evaluation, investigating and 13 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN designing etc. The implementation of these measures will not have any potential negative impacts on environment. 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 9.7.1 Main Contents (1) To carry out EPMs specified in this EIA report, including environmental monitoring, Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs should be established to take charge of EPMs in the project regions (including the stages of final design, construction and operation). (2) Professionals in environmental management should be set up under the Overall Project Coordination Office to coordinate activities of the provincial PMOs in the four Provinces/Municipality. (3) Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs and the Overall Project Coordination Office should be established immediately after the governmental/WB Loan Agreement become effective. (4) Professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs and the Overall Project Coordination Office will take charge of arrangement of the visits by the Panel and the environmental members of the Visiting WB Missions. The Panel will be responsible for checking the environmental protection implementation of the Overall Project Coordination Office, the provincial PMO, ECIs, CCs and other agencies, providing the process reports of environmental protection and putting forward suggestions. (5) EMPs include the following contents: (i) definite the schedule, responsible branches and relative outlay of EPMs metioned in the EIA report (Tab9-2); (ii) furnish training for staff in environmental management of provincial PMOs and provincial subcontractors; (iii) organize business visit to Europe or U.S.A. to visit Water and Soil Conservation Projects, for the purpose of studying and evaluating the lessons. 9.7.2 Illustrative Figures and Tables Figure 9.3.2-1 shows the structure of the Provincial Environmental Management Organizations. Figure 9.3.2-2 shows the main responsibility of the professionals in environmental management of the provincial PMOs. Table 9-5 shows the overall Environmental Management Costs estimated for each province which, $256,625 for Yunnan, $417,250 for Guizhou, $251,250 for Hubei and $467,375 for Chongqing. The outlay of EMPs has been brought into the total cost of the project. 14 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Table 9-3 Estimated Costs for Management of Environmental Management in the four provinces Workload in Yunnan Workload in Guizhou Workload in Hubei Workload in Chongqing Item (months) (months) (months) (months) Pre- Construction Pre- Construction Pre- Construction Pre- Construction Profession construction and operation construction and operation construction and operation construction and operation stage stage 5 stage stage stage stage 5 stage stage 5 0.5year years 0.5year 5 years 0.5year years 0.5year years Agriculture 1 10 1 20 1 10 1 20 specialist Environmental monitoring 1 15 1 25 1 15 1 30 specialist ECI 60 90 60 90 Sub-total 2 85 2 135 2 85 2 140 Estimated Costs 20000 850000 20000 1350000 20000 850000 20000 1400000 RMB yuan Total 2500 106250 2500 168750 2500 106250 2500 175000 Costs $dollars Total 108750 171250 108750 177500 Costs $dollars Notes: a) The average cost of Chinese specialists is 10 thousand RMB yuan/person; b) The workload of ECIs will be transformed to the workload of Chinese specialists and the estimated average cost is 10 thousand RMB yuan/person; c) The costs of EMPps and ETPs are not included; G The costs of the Panel composed of 2 foreign experts and 3 Chinese experts are not included. The Panel checks EP every 6 months. Totally there are 10 times from the beginning to the end of the project. e) The outlay has been brought into the cost of the technical extension. 15 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Table 9-4 Estimated Costs for ETPs in YGEY Unit:USdollar Unit Quantity Time Item Province Training ways (dollar/da Sum (person) (day) y) Environmental Yunnan 4 Domestic training 15 100 6,000 Management Guizhou 4 Domestic training 15 100 6,000 personnel and Hubei 4 Domestic training 15 100 6,000 ECIs Chongqiin 4 Domestic training 15 100 6,000 g Yunnan 8 Domestic training 10 50 4,000 Guizhou 12 Domestic training 10 50 6,000 ECIs Hubei 6 Domestic training 10 50 3,000 Chongqiin 11 Domestic training 10 50 5,500 Yunnan 2 Overseas visit 15 500 15,00 Guizhou 3 Overseas visit 15 500 22,50 Overseas Hubei 2 Overseas visit 15 500 15,00 investigation Chongqiin 3 Overseas visit 15 500 22,50 Foreign 20,00 1 15 specialist 0 Yunnan 28,500 went dutch of foreign specialist 3,500 Guizhou 41,000 went dutch of foreign specialist 6,500 Sub-total Hubei 27,500 went dutch of foreign specialist 3,500 Chongqiin 40,500 went dutch of foreign specialist 6,500 Total costs 137,500 16 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Table 9-5 Estimated Costs for EMPs in YGEY Unit:USdollar Yunnan Guizhou Hubei Chongqing Constr Constr Refe Pre- Constructi Pre- uction Pre- Pre- uction and constr Construct and Item renc construc on and construc operati ion and uction operation construc operati tion operation tion tion e stage 0 stage 5 stage 0 on stage on 0.5y stage 5 stage 0 stage .5year years .5year stage 5 ear years .5year 5 years years Enviro nmenta Tabl l 2500 106250 2500 168750 2500 106250 2500 175000 Manag e 9-2 ement Trainin g Tabl progra 28500 41000 27500 40500 m e 9-3 Monito Tabl 119375 205000 115000 249375 ring e 8-2 Sub- 2500 254125 2500 414750 2500 248750 2500 464875 total - Total 256625 417250 251250 467375 17 Table 9-7 Summary Table of Environmental Management Plans for China Changjiang/Pear River Basin Rehabilitation Project (1) Monitoring Project Implementing Investment Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation1 Measures Institutional Cost2(do Components Agency/Instit. s/Activities Indicators Frequency Arrangements llars) 1. Public Pests Pests Interest Soil and Result in the changing Adopt biological and physical measures to prevent pests and Monitoring Monitoring Water Control of Loss of of farm pests’ category PMOA, PMOWR, use pesticide of high-efficiency and low-toxicity; (Section (Section 696250 Conservation top soil; and quantity due to the EMP (prefectural PMO, Expand vigorously ecological agriculture technology and 8.2.1.1), Water 8.2.2.2), Water Works. Sustainable varieties of cropper; agricultural Contractors farmhouse fertilizer; Quality Quality c. Minimum Constructio development of soil Impact water quality organizations), Strengthen the usage management of fertilizer and pesticide; Monitoring Monitoring Farmland n of and water resources due to the usage of PEMO Make use of fertilizer and pesticide in reason and science (Section (Section Construction for Terraces pesticide and fertilizer 8.2.2.2) 8.2.2.3) Food Security. Destroy surface Check vegetation and worsen dams, Carry out EIA in the next stage to prevent EIs on large soil erosion in partial b. Sediment cornlofts, Reduction of individual projects by the construction activities; PMO, regions due to the retention pools, sediment flowing Construct in winter; Contractors construction activities; structures canals, downstream Restore destroyed vegetation; channel, Have small impacts on Check dam safety riverbanks water quality, air quality and noise Exist several problems such as potential Optimize the project design; impacts on foodstuff Implement returning farmland to forest according to the caused by returning Plantation different circumstances of the small basins; farmland to forest of arbor Strengthen the wasteland control; Obvious increase of excessively, biggish c. Afforestation trees e.g. Plant alternately multi-species of forest in zones and vegetation coverage; area of wasteland, 696250 and Vegetation pines, firs, tridimensional arbor-shrub; PMOA, EMP Abundant diversities obvious single Pests Pests Cover (forests PMO, Poplar, Strengthen the protection of forest and increase the (prefectural of biology; structure of forest, etc.; Monitoring Monitoring and shrubs) Contractors, cypress; protection area; agricultural Improvement of Exist ecological (Section (Section Farmers Grazing Strengthen the quarantine of importing species; organizations), bilogical structures; hazards such as exotic 8.2.1.1) 8.2.1.3), Protection/Closin Ban for Recommend not to plant eucalypt in the ecological PEMO Optimization of pests and diseases, g Areas natural commonweal forest construction; landuse usage of pesticide, etc.; regeneratio Strengthen the forest insect pests/diseases preventing and Exist safety hazards n their natural enemy protecting; such as forest fire, etc.; Adopt assistant measures at the same time such as Have small impacts on propagating, checking, predicting, management, etc. water quality, air quality and noise 18 Table 9-7 Summary Table of Environmental Management Plans for China Changjiang/Pear River Basin Rehabilitation Project (2) Monitoring Project Implementing Investments/Act Positive Negative Impacts Mitigation3 Measures Institutional Cost4(dollar Components Agency/Instit. ivities Impacts Indicators Frequency Arrangements s) Drinking water; Supply systems, Improvement Destroy surface vegetation small reservoirs, Construct in winter; d. Village of agricultural and worsen soil erosion in PMO, Contractors rehab of access Manage waste of construction; Infrastructure production partial regions due to the roads, tractor Restore destroyed vegetation condition construction activities roads and field tracks 2. Private Interest Soil and Water Adopt biological and physical Conservation measures to prevent pests and use Control of Pests Pests and Livelihood Result in the changing of pesticide of high-efficiency and low- Loss of top Monitoring Monitoring Improvement farm pests’ category and toxicity; soil; MOA, PMOWR, (Section (Section a. Basic quantity due to the varieties Expand vigorously ecological Construction of Sustainable EMP(prefectural 8.2.1.1), Water 8.2.1.3), Water Farmland PMO, Contractors of cropper; agriculture technology and 696250 terraces development agricultural Quality Quality Improvement/Co Impact water quality due to farmhouse fertilizer; of soil and organizations), PEMO Monitoring Monitoring nstruction; the usage of pesticide and Strengthen the usage management of water (Section (Section Terracing of fertilizer fertilizer and pesticide; resources 8.2.2.2) 8.2.2.3) Slope land with Make use of fertilizer and pesticide in deep soils; reason and science Riverbank Control Plant alternately multi-species of forest in zones; Adopt biological and physical Easily cause pests due to measures to prevent pests and use planting forest of single pesticide of high-efficiency and low- structure; Pests Pests toxicity; Change varieties and Monitoring Monitoring Expand vigorously farmhouse distribution of pests due to MOA, PMOWR, (Section (Section Plantation of high Increase of fertilizer; d. Economic PMO, Contractors, introducing new ispecies of EMP(prefectural 8.2.1.1), Water 8.2.1.3), Water value fruit and farmers’ Strengthen the usage management of 696250 Trees Farmers fruit forest; agricultural Quality Quality nut tree orchards income fertilizer and pesticide; Impact water quality due to organizations), PEMO Monitoring Monitoring Make use of fertilizer and pesticide in the usage of pesticide and (Section (Section reason and science; fertilizer; 8.2.2.2) 8.2.2.3) Plant in the area with slope less than Easily cause water and soil 5°; loss due to slope plantation Construct terrances in the area with larger slope and then plant economic forest e. 19 Table 9-7 Summary Table of Environmental Management Plans for China Changjiang/Pear River Basin Rehabilitation Project (3) Implementin Monitoring Project g Investments Institutional Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation5 Measures Cost6(doll Components Agency/Insti /Activities Arrangemen Indicators Frequency ars) t. ts Breeding+ca Aggravate grassland Develop breeding industry in ttle, degradation and soil erosion reason and implement Breeding+pi Increase of farmers’ income; PMO, due to developing breeding and enclosed breeding; c. Livestock g, Implementing guarantee of bilogical and Farmers browse excessively; Use manure applying and Breeding+sh protective forests Pollute water quality by marsh gas generating pits to eep, livestock dejecta dispose livestock dejecta Poultry Small scale facilities e.g. tanks and cisterns Destroy surface vegetation and Construct in winter; PMO, filled by run- Improvement of agricultural production worsen soil erosion in partial Manage waste of d. Irrigation Contractors off, pumping condition to increse harvest regions due to the construction construction; schemes, activities Restore destroyed vegetation stream diversion etc. Development of biological agriculture; Small-scale Improvement of sanitation bio-gas PMO, production e. Renewable Expand marsh gas generating Contractors, facilities Energy condition in country by providing high pits in the conditional area Farmers based on manure from livestock quality fertilizer; Decrease of disafforestation by providing clean energy sources 20 Easily cause pests, biological MOA, varieties decreasing, all- EMP(prefect Pests Pests PMO, pervading usage of pesticide Plant alternately multi- Fruit vault, Guarantee of gricultural production; ural Monitoring Monitoring f. Others Contractors, and impacts on water quality species of economic forest in 696250 honeysuckle Increase of farmers’ income agricultural (Section (Section Farmers and human health due to zones organizations 8.2.1.1) 8.2.1.3) planting large area of ), PEMO honeysuckle It is the guarantee to implement the project and belongs to the non- engineering measures. The contents include technology introduction and demonstration extension, technical training 3. Project and investing overseas or at home, monitoring and evaluation, investigating and designing etc. The implementation of these measures will not have any potential negative impacts on Support environment. Remark: PMO - Project Management Office; POA - Provincial Monitoring Organizations of Agriculture; PMOWR - Provincial Monitoring Organizations of Water Resources; PEMO - Provincial Environmental Management Organization; EMP - Environmental Monitoring Personnel; - Total monitoring expense of pests and water quality is about 696250 dollars. 21 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION i WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Public Participation Public participation (PP) or public consultation is an important part of EIA. Through the participation activities, the opinions and advices of the public on the project construction and environmental protection can be widely obtained. And the reasonable advices would be considered and accepted in the project planning & design so that the project could reach the anticipative effect and be sustainable. Methodology and Objects of Consultation Consultation Objects Two groups have been chosen as the consultation objects of this project. One is the stakeholders including the farmers affected directly or indirectly and governmental management departments at all levels in the project area (such as water resources department, agriculture department), etc. The other is unaffected people including individuals and groups who haven’t been directly affected but know related information or have judgment abilities for potential EIs of the project implementation, such as non-governmental organizations (NGO), natural sociologist, and so on. (1) Stakeholders a) Affected people Those involving the consultation are mostly farmers in the project area who will get direct and indirect benefits during the project implementation. To being representative, the chosen objects contain different ranges of age, occupation and education. b) Governmental management departments at all levels Those involving the consultation include governmental management departments at all levels of province, city, county, and township, and the relevant departments of water resources, agriculture, forest and environmental protection, etc. (2) Unaffected people The unaffected people of the project include NGOs, experts, etc. Consultation Methodology For people affected by the project, several consultation styles like colloquia, questionnaire, etc. will be carried out. Table 10-1 shows a sample of the questionnaire. For governmental management departments at all levels, several consultation styles like colloquia &round table, technical evalation, etc. will be carried out. For unaffected people, several consultation styles like colloquia, questionnaire, etc. will be carried out. Table 10-2 shows a sample of the questionnaire. Introduction of PP In EIA process, the assessment agency studied the background of the project and read the FSR carefully after accepted the task. The potential impacts of the project on the environment of the project area are preliminary analyzed, including factors, types, properties, degree, etc. On the basis of the analysis, the work team is formed and the technical outline of EIA is prepared, including the investigation plan of environmental 1 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION and social background of the project area and the arrangement of PP. Table10-1 Questionnaire of PP for WSCPYGEY (1) Date: 1. Basic information of the consultation objects &DWHJRULHV 5HVLGHQWV RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD 5HVLGHQWV RXW RI WKH DUHD 3HUVRQQHO IRU UHOHYDQW WHFKQRORJLFDO VXSSRUW 6XSSOLHU RI DJULFXOWXUDO DQG IRUHVWU\ PDWHULDOV 1DP 0DOH $J 6H[ H )HPDOH H (GX 2FFX 1D FDWHG SDWLRQ WLRQ OHYHO +RP H DGGUHVV :RU NLQJ 3ODFH 2. Understanding on the project (please fill in the ahead of the opinion you agree)  'R \RX NQRZ WKDW WKH HFRORJLFDO FRQVWUXFW IRU ZDWHU DQG VRLO FRQVHUYDWLRQ VXSSRUWHG E\ :% ZLOO EH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ VRPH VPDOO EDVLQV RI WKH IRXU SURYLQFHV RU PXQLFLSDOLW\" \HV QR  +RZ GR \RX NQRZ WKH SURMHFW" 2 WSCPYGEY/EIA FINAL REPORT CHAPTER 10: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 1HZVSDSHU 79 0HHWLQJ 'RFXPHQW *RYHUQPHQW 1HLJKERUV  :KLFK FRQVWUXFWLRQ DFWLYLW\ GR \RX WKLQN UHODWHV WR \RX RU \RX KRSH WR MRLQ" &KDQJLQJ VORSH ILHOG WR WHUUDFH 6PDOO ZDWHU FRQVHUYDQF\ IDFLOLW\ )RUHVWV RI ZDWHU DQG VRLO FRQVHUYDWLRQ (FRQRPLFDO IRUHVWV /LYHVWRFN EUHHGLQJ 0HWKDQH SRRO 6NLOO WUDLQLQJ 2WKHUV SOHDVH ILOOLQJ 3. Attitudes towards the project construction and understanding on environment of the project area (please fill in the ahead of the opinion you agree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hich potential impacts could be resulted from the industry structural adjustment (please fill in the ahead of the opinion you agree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’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hich impacts do the project have on regional environment and your life? 6. What are your most concerns on the project, and your advices and opinions? Table 10-2 Questionnaire of PP for WSCPYGEY (2) Date: 1 Basic information of the consultation objects &DWHJRULHV 6FLHQFH JURXS VRFLHW\ JURXS SURIHVVLRQDO PDO 1DP 6H[ H $J H IHP H DOH (GX 2FFXS 1D FDWHG DWLRQ WLRQ OHYHO +RP H DGGUHVV :RU NLQJ SODFH 2 Understanding of the project (please fill in the ahead of the opinion you agree)  :RXOG \RX OLNH WR FKDQJH VORSH ILHOG WR WHUUDFH DQG GHYHORS HFRQRPLFDO IRUHVWV DQG OLYHVWRFN EUHHGLQJ E\ WKH :% ORDQ" \HV QR  +RZ GR \RX NQRZ WKH SURMHFW" 1HZVSDSHU 79 0HHWLQJ 'RFXPHQW *RYHUQPHQW  'R \RX NQRZ WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH SURMHFW" 1R $ OLWWOH