This paper provides the first systematic analysis of migration to, within, and from Libya. The data used in the analysis are from the Displacement Tracking Matrix data set of the International Organization for Migration.
... See More + The analysis uses this unique source of data, combining several techniques to analyze various dimensions of migration in Libya. First, the paper provides a detailed description of the demographic characteristics and national composition of the migrant populations in Libya. Next, it discusses the determinants of migration flow within Libya. The findings show that migration in Libya can be characterized as forced migration, because conflict intensity is the main determinant of the decision to relocate across provinces. Finally, the paper describes the direction, composition, and evolution of international migration flows passing through Libya and identifies the mechanisms of location selection by migrants within Libya by identifying hotspots and cluster provinces.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS9110 JAN 14, 2020
Di Maio,Michele; Leone Sciabolazza,Valerio; Molini,VascoDisclosed
Doing business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it.
... See More + Doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies - from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe - and over time. Regulations affecting 12 areas of the life of a business are covered: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, employing workers, and contracting with the government. The employing workers and contracting with the government indicator sets are not included in this year’s ranking on the ease of doing business. Data in doing business 2020 are current as of May 1, 2019. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where, and why. This economy profile presents indicators for Libya; for 2020, Libya ranks 186.
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Sixteenth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 190 economies, Doing Business 2019 covers 11 areas of business regulation.
... See More + Ten of these areas - starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency - are included in the ease of doing business score and ease of doing business ranking. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation, which is not included in these two measures. Doing Business provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and regional level. This economy profile presents indicators for Libya; for 2019 Libya ranks 186
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The relative economic improvement in 2017 remains fragile, as sustaining this dynamic depends crucially on a political resolution that in the current context seems hard to reach.
... See More + The macroeconomic framework is unstable. It is characterized by record inflation and unsustainable twin deficits, mostly driven by rising budget expenditures. Dwindling savings are keeping pressure on foreign reserves and the LYD continued to lose its value in the parallel markets. To stabilize the macroeconomic framework, Libya needs to launch budget reforms and diversify the economy for growth and job creation.
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The relative economic improvement in 2017 remains fragile, as sustaining this dynamic depends crucially on a political resolution that in the current context seems hard to reach.
... See More + The macroeconomic framework is unstable. It is characterized by record inflation and unsustainable twin deficits, mostly driven by rising budget expenditures. Dwindling savings are keeping pressure on foreign reserves and the LYD continued to lose its value in the parallel markets. To stabilize the macroeconomic framework, Libya needs to launch budget reforms and diversify the economy for growth and job creation.
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A key issue for the electricity sector development in Libya is the availability and reliability of less costly fuels such as natural gas. Thus, General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL) is looking for alternatives to secure natural gas supply, increase the reliability of the system and easing the government expenditures.
... See More + Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) may prove a feasible alternative to achieve the goals set by GECOL. The LNG options study follows on from the earlier Fuel availability and cost reduction report and uses the data generated by the report to establish the parameters to be considered when assessing LNG import options. This report has been developed to convey the results of a collection of reviews and studies undertaken on the potential options available to Libya for LNG importation.
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The feasibility study in hand is part of a larger set of tasks to analyse the Libyan market for the implementation of utility scale renewable energy producers into the national grid system.
... See More + Under this general task of analyzing the current status of the system and the developments needed to allow for private sector participation, the study in hand shall develop one concrete opportunity to install an RE plant to deliver electrical energy into the national grid. The feasibility study describes this approach. In the course of this analysis, a number of extensive documents have been prepared and are partly forming the basis of single steps for the feasibility analyses. Further on, additional detailed documents have been prepared to either develop or justify the work. As the study itself shall be very clear and easy to read, such documents have been attached as annexes and the result or output has been taken into the core document. Generally, the sense of the feasibility analysis is to identify one concrete location and one concrete technology to install there. section three will review the nominated site and name the conditions around. The analysis is based on an extensive review of a number of sites. Section four will reflect a detailed analysis if the resource data on site. This is based on on-site measurements taken in the closer vicinity. An extensive report on the resource evaluation will pick up the details. To describe the technology options section five picks up different set-ups for the general layout of the plant on the selected site. Here, the Consultant describes different products which might be installed and explains his path through these opportunities. Following this, the configuration of options form plant concepts is defined, leading to a number of possible layouts. Calculating an LCOE for these configuration leads to a table with plant concepts. A ranking of these concepts, based on LCOE and further facts for the technologies, allows to define a recommended case. This recommended case is presented in section six. It forms the basis for the further review and calculation. An environmental screening has been performed and the results are shown in section seven. In the document the main outcome for the specific site is displayed. Boundary conditions are displayed in Annex 6.Wrapping up all information collected and calculated up to here allows for an economic and financial analysis. Section eight summarizes the financing conditions and shows the results. Finally, section nine summarizes the conclusions and underlines the main findings.
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The document constitutes the fuel availability and opportunities for cost reduction report included in task B. The objective of this report is to review the natural gas and electricity markets to determine potential options to reduce power generation costs and greenhouse gas emissions while increasing the reliability of the system through the increase of natural gas availability.
... See More + This report has been developed to provide a guideline into the liquefied natural gas (LNG) options report by identifying the areas for future investment to best meet the needs for demand growth and fuel distribution as economically as possible. The report presents: introduction; country overview; natural gas supply alternatives for power generation; comparison of supply alternatives; guidelines to prioritize the use of gas for generation; and highlights.
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The following report provides an introduction to the different procurement mechanisms and structures for Private Sector Participation (PSP) in the energy market.
... See More + Chapter two provides an overview on some of the most important elements of private sector participation including the different project types and IPP models and bidding processes. In chapter three the Consultant suggests a suitable structure for such processes based on international best practices. The Annexes contain templates for a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Terms Sheet and Minimum Functional Specifications (MFS) for Wind Power, Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). They provide an overview about the different legal and technological aspects that need to be covered in the actual project-specific context.
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The manpower and organizational rationalization review report is the fifth deliverable of Task C. The next sections will focus on the analysis of the issues identified in the rapid assessment report and sector performance and structural sector reform reports and the measures to reach the objectives.
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The report focused on five key processes, functional to help General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL) responding to the issues identified with Task A (Rapid sector assessment).
... See More + The process mapping and gap analysis in staff, skills, performance report is the second part of the Institutional development phase of Task C. The approach used for the process mapping and identification of gaps have been different depending on the data and information availability. GECOL transmission BU is mainly focused on maintenance activities, and was thus selected as proxy for this maintenance process mapping exercise. Its maintenance activities are initiated by the maintenance programming department which prepares yearly the maintenance plan. From the analysis of the AS-IS transmission maintenance processes, the authors identified four issues to be considered by GECOL going forward. It was suggested that GECOL maintenance workflow process should be aligned to best practice by ranking, inclusion of costing parameters and by using Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS).
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GECOL has some 26 power stations containing 85 generating units of various sizes, technologies, and ages distributed around Libya, with the majority along Libya’s Mediterranean coastline.
... See More + This report aims to assess GECOL power system assets, to determine their current capabilities and requirements, and to present an action plan to GECOL on how to recover and improve its technical activities and services. In this report the authors consider at least 19 units of GECOL’s 85 have reached retirement age and should be decommissioned. Excluding these units, with an installed capacity of 483 megawatt (MW) and which have generally contributed no power to the Libyan system over the past years, will leave GECOL with an installed capacity of 9.755GW and the realistic available capacity will become 54.8 percent of the installed. This report attempts to present new perspectives to highlight priorities and some of the urgent actions needed, and to help GECOL in the decision-making process.
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Initially, the Consultant task was to develop a grid code document for connecting such onshore renewable energy projects to the Libyan power system, which we considered in other parts of the project as well.
... See More + The grid code document needs to regulate a number of topics for the conventional power plants as well as it would be the first Grid Code for generator units in the Libya. The task is extended and prepared such grid code document including conventional power plants with an intention to harmonize technical requirements for renewable and conventional power plants. For the Libya case, a transition into a liberal market will take place, which organizes utilities from theunique, state-owned electricity utility that is vertical structured into a bigger number of market partners. On a liberal market, there are then many stakeholders interested in power system expansions. Grid Code is a document which defines transparently and not discriminatory technical requirements as rules for all participants on the market. Thus, Grid Code should not be developed for certain projects. Grid Code shall be a common and public document for all participants on the market. For the Libya case, Grid Code represents a connection code for generation unit types. Grid Code in this report is based on ENTSO-E grid code and as such it represents the state-of-art of technical requirements for all types of generation units. ENSO-E is one of the strongest associations of power system operators in the world, that gathers 43 operators from 36 countries with developed and emerging economy. The Grid Code will continuously undergo updates. Therefore, Grid Code in this report provides good guidelines for future development. Keeping in mind future interconnection between ENTSO-E network and Libyan network, it has to be emphasized that all national power system operators connected to ENTSO-E network are obliged to follow rules defined by ENTSO-E. Voltage deviations have local character, while frequency deviation affects entire synchronous zone that can be caused by renewable sources penetration. Therefore, Grid Code has to define connection requirements for all voltage levels. All generation units can be classified in four generation groups ( Type A, Type B, Type C, and Type D) in accordance with rated capacity and voltage level connection.
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The least cost expansion plan (LCEP) analysis is the first step towards the preparation of a strategic plan for renewable energies in Libya (SPREL).
... See More + This report describes the methods, assumptions, processes, inputs, and outcomes undertaken and found by the consultant in order to optimize a mix of RE for Libya until 2030 as part of task D, SPRE development, mandated by the World Bank. In order to have a clear picture of the RE potential in Libya the consultant has used sites and technology configurations which are only representative in order to be able to model different RE options under different meteorological conditions. The consultant will recommend next steps to be taken by the stakeholders to maintain, update, and adjust the LCEP to the changing market and technology conditions of RE.
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The goal of this review is to narrow down the many solar and wind technologies available to most suitable for the least cost expansion plan (LCEP).
... See More + The main objective of the LCEP is to establish an optimized renewable energies (RE) mix and not to perform extensive quantitative or scientific analyses of the existing technologies and their market. The report presents: high level review of technologies; technology alternatives; and technology configurations.
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Doing Business 2018 is the 15th in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it.
... See More + This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Libya. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulation and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies; for 2018 Libya ranks 185. Doing Business measures aspects of regulation affecting 11 areas of the life of a business. Ten of these areas are included in this year’s ranking on the ease of doing business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation, which is not included in this year’s ranking. Data in Doing Business 2018 are current as of June 1, 2017. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why.
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The present document is the final deliverable of the Task C . Task C report is organized in six sections, each one related to one deliverable of the project: institutional development, processes, manpower, IT, technical performance, and summary of findings.
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The present document is the final report of the task A: it includes the project review and the related recommendations. The executive summary includes: summary of key issues faced by the electricity sector, wave one: fix the basics and prepare for restructuring, and wave two: restructure and prepare for ambition options for wave three (realize ambition).
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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system review is the fourth and final part of the institutional development phase of task C. The ERP system review intends to perform a review of the current ERP system in terms of functional coverage and identify a set of actionable recommendations.
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The present report focuses on detailing the options for the establishment of the Libyan electricity regulator (LEMRA). To design the establishment of the LEMRA author have focused on three dimensions: roles and responsibilities, organizational set-up, and establishment roadmap.
... See More + The main role of the electricity regulator is to balance the sector stakeholders’ conflicting interests.
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