This paper reports on a randomized experiment to investigate the long-term effects of a primary school scholarship program in rural Cambodia. In 2008, fourth-grade students in 207 randomly assigned schools (103 treatment, 104 control) received scholarships based on the students' academic performance in math and language or their level of poverty.
... See More + Three years after the program's inception, an evaluation showed that both types of scholarship recipients had more schooling than nonrecipients; however, only merit-based scholarships led to improvements in cognitive skills. This new study reports impacts, nine years after program inception, on the educational attainment, cognitive skills, socioemotional outcomes, socioeconomic status and well-being, and labor market outcomes of individuals who are, on average, 21 years old. The results show that both types of scholarships led to higher long-term educational attainment (about 0.21-0.29 grade level), but only merit-based scholarships led to improvements in cognitive skills (0.11 standard deviation), greater self-reported well-being (0.18 standard deviation), and employment probability (3.4 percentage points). Neither type of scholarship increased socioemotional skills. The results also suggest that there are labeling effects: the impacts of the scholarship types differ even for individuals with similar characteristics.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8566 AUG 23, 2018
Barrera-Osorio,Felipe; De Barros,Andreas; Filmer,Deon P.Disclosed
The development objective of the Agricultural Sector Diversification Project for Cambodia are to facilitate the development of a diversified and competitiveness agriculture sector in selected geographical areas in Cambodia, and to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible crisis or emergency.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts are include: (i) risk of exclusion or lack of uptake of business planning services by indigenous people due to literacy constraints; (ii) risk of exclusion or lack of uptake of financial support services among indigenous people organizations and farmers due to concerns around the risk of increased indebtedness; (iii) related secondary risk of SMA activities financed by the credit line negatively impacting the land and environment of indigenous communities; (iv) possible land acquisition and labor influx impacts due to construction related impacts; (v) risk of self-exclusion from training due to literacy challenges; (vi) difficulty in accessing market intelligence by indigenous communities; (vii) risk of excluding indigenous people’s organizations from the consultation process; Some of the mitigation measures are include: (i) use of audio-visual awareness campaign to overcome literacy barriers in awareness campaigns; (ii) additional intensive support for indigenous communities, including the use of business mentors, to overcome challenges in accessing business advisory services; (iii) an indigenous support worker for project, available to advise IP credit line users on implications of using the credit line; (iii) free, prior and informed consultation leading to broad community support for infrastructure activities; (iv) tailored training program (relying on audio-visual) for indigenous communities
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The development objective of the Agricultural Sector Diversification Project for Cambodia are to facilitate the development of a diversified and competitiveness agriculture sector in selected geographical areas in Cambodia, and to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible crisis or emergency.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts are include: (i) risk of exclusion or lack of uptake of business planning services by indigenous people due to literacy constraints; (ii) risk of exclusion or lack of uptake of financial support services among indigenous people organizations and farmers due to concerns around the risk of increased indebtedness; (iii) related secondary risk of SMA activities financed by the credit line negatively impacting the land and environment of indigenous communities; (iv) possible land acquisition and labor influx impacts due to construction related impacts; (v) risk of self-exclusion from training due to literacy challenges; (vi) difficulty in accessing market intelligence by indigenous communities; (vii) risk of excluding indigenous people’s organizations from the consultation process; Some of the mitigation measures are include: (i) use of audio-visual awareness campaign to overcome literacy barriers in awareness campaigns; (ii) additional intensive support for indigenous communities, including the use of business mentors, to overcome challenges in accessing business advisory services; (iii) an indigenous support worker for project, available to advise IP credit line users on implications of using the credit line; (iii) free, prior and informed consultation leading to broad community support for infrastructure activities; (iv) tailored training program (relying on audio-visual) for indigenous communities
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The development objective of the agricultural sector diversification project for Cambodia are to facilitate the development of a diversified and competitiveness agriculture sector in selected geographical areas in Cambodia, and to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible crisis or emergency. some of the negative impacts are include: (i) dust generation or air pollution; (ii) noise and vibration; (iii) water pollution; (iv) drainage and sedimentation; (v) solid waste; (vi) chemical or hazardous wastes; (vii) disruption of vegetative coverand ecological resources; (viii) traffic management; (ix) interruption of utility services; (x) restoration of affected areas; (xi) worker and public safety; (xii) communication with local communities; (xiii) chance find procedures; some of the mitigation measures are include : (i) material loads covered and secured during transportation to prevent the scattering ofsoil, sand, materials, or dust; (ii) vehicles must have to avoid exceeding noise emission from poorly maintained machines; (iii) wastewater over permissible values set by relevant national technical standards/regulationsmust be collected in a conservancy tank and removed from site by licensed waste collectors; (iv)contractor shall follow the detailed drainage design included in the construction plans,to ensure drainage system is always maintained cleared of mud and other obstructions; (v) waste storage containers shall be covered, tip-proof, weatherproof and scavenger proof; (vi) used oil and grease shall be removed from site and sold to an approved used oil recycling company; (vii) prohibit cutting of any tree unless explicitly authorized in the vegetation clearing plan; (viii) Significant increases in number of vehicle trips must be covered in a construction plan previously approved.
... See More + Routing, especially of heavy vehicles, needs to take into account sensitive sites such as schools, hospitals, and markets; (ix) any damages to existing utility systems of cable shall be reported to authorities and repaired as soon as possible; (x) trees shall be planted at exposed land and on slopes to prevent or reduce land collapse and keep stability of slopes; (xi) contractor shall provide safety measures as installation of fences, barriers warning signs, lighting system against traffic accidents as well as other risk to people and sensitive areas; (xii) disseminate project information to affected parties (for example local authority,enterprises and affected households, etc.) through community meetings before construction commencement; (xiii) relevant local or national authorities would be in charge of protecting andpreserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures.
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The development objective of the agricultural sector diversification project for Cambodia are to facilitate the development of a diversified and competitiveness agriculture sector in selected geographical areas in Cambodia, and to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible crisis or emergency. some of the negative impacts are include: (i) dust generation or air pollution; (ii) noise and vibration; (iii) water pollution; (iv) drainage and sedimentation; (v) solid waste; (vi) chemical or hazardous wastes; (vii) disruption of vegetative coverand ecological resources; (viii) traffic management; (ix) interruption of utility services; (x) restoration of affected areas; (xi) worker and public safety; (xii) communication with local communities; (xiii) chance find procedures; some of the mitigation measures are include : (i) material loads covered and secured during transportation to prevent the scattering ofsoil, sand, materials, or dust; (ii) vehicles must have to avoid exceeding noise emission from poorly maintained machines; (iii) wastewater over permissible values set by relevant national technical standards/regulationsmust be collected in a conservancy tank and removed from site by licensed waste collectors; (iv)contractor shall follow the detailed drainage design included in the construction plans,to ensure drainage system is always maintained cleared of mud and other obstructions; (v) waste storage containers shall be covered, tip-proof, weatherproof and scavenger proof; (vi) used oil and grease shall be removed from site and sold to an approved used oil recycling company; (vii) prohibit cutting of any tree unless explicitly authorized in the vegetation clearing plan; (viii) Significant increases in number of vehicle trips must be covered in a construction plan previously approved.
... See More + Routing, especially of heavy vehicles, needs to take into account sensitive sites such as schools, hospitals, and markets; (ix) any damages to existing utility systems of cable shall be reported to authorities and repaired as soon as possible; (x) trees shall be planted at exposed land and on slopes to prevent or reduce land collapse and keep stability of slopes; (xi) contractor shall provide safety measures as installation of fences, barriers warning signs, lighting system against traffic accidents as well as other risk to people and sensitive areas; (xii) disseminate project information to affected parties (for example local authority,enterprises and affected households, etc.) through community meetings before construction commencement; (xiii) relevant local or national authorities would be in charge of protecting andpreserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures.
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The objectives of the Agricultural Sector Diversification Project are to facilitate the development of a diversified and competitiveness agriculture sector in selected geographical areas in Cambodia, and to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible crisis or emergency.
... See More + The achievement of the project development objective would be measured through the following indicators: (a) Increase in the value of gross sales at benefiting farm level; (b) increase in the value of gross sales of benefiting agribusiness. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: the immovable property’s lessee who is operating a business shall have access to compensation for effects on the business and to just and fair additional compensation for the capital invested for the business operation. The compensation shall commence from the date of the declaration on an expropriation project; for the expropriation of a location where a business is in operation, the owner is entitled to support of additional compensation at a fair and just rate for the cost of the property that is actually affected, commencing from the date of the declaration of the expropriation; those who have formal legal rights to land (including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country); will be entitled to compensation for the land they lose, all assets affixed to the land, as well as income restoration measures; those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets, provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan will be entitled to compensation for the land they lose, all assets affixed to the land, as well as income restoration measures; and those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying, will be entitled to all assets affixed to the land, as well as income restoration measures. In cases where the remaining portion of land is no longer viable they will be entitled to a replacement plot.
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The objectives of the Agricultural Sector Diversification Project are to facilitate the development of a diversified and competitiveness agriculture sector in selected geographical areas in Cambodia, and to provide immediate and effective response in case of an eligible crisis or emergency.
... See More + The achievement of the project development objective would be measured through the following indicators: (a) Increase in the value of gross sales at benefiting farm level; (b) increase in the value of gross sales of benefiting agribusiness. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: the immovable property’s lessee who is operating a business shall have access to compensation for effects on the business and to just and fair additional compensation for the capital invested for the business operation. The compensation shall commence from the date of the declaration on an expropriation project; for the expropriation of a location where a business is in operation, the owner is entitled to support of additional compensation at a fair and just rate for the cost of the property that is actually affected, commencing from the date of the declaration of the expropriation; those who have formal legal rights to land (including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the country); will be entitled to compensation for the land they lose, all assets affixed to the land, as well as income restoration measures; those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets, provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan will be entitled to compensation for the land they lose, all assets affixed to the land, as well as income restoration measures; and those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying, will be entitled to all assets affixed to the land, as well as income restoration measures. In cases where the remaining portion of land is no longer viable they will be entitled to a replacement plot.
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