This brief summarizes the do public health interventions crowd out private health investments? Malaria control policies in Eritrea for June-July 2009.
... See More + The author analyze new data from a randomized control trial conducted in Eritrea which surprisingly shows the opposite: Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) encouraged net acquisition and use. Our evidence points to the role of imperfect information. The introduction of IRS may have made the problem of malaria more salient, leading to a change in beliefs about its importance and to an increase in private health investments. The study finds that public provision of IRS does not crowd out private investment of malaria control in Eritrea. Public provision of spray does not reduce ownership or use of bednets, if anything, the spray led to an increase in preventative behaviors.
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Brief 81238 AUG 14, 2013
Carneiro, Pedro; Locatelli, Andrea; Ghebremeskel, Tewolde; Keating, Joseph
This brief summarizes the results of a gender impact evaluation study, entitled Evaluating indoor residual spray for reducing malaria infection prevalence in Eritrea : results from a community randomized trial, conducted between June-July 2009, in Eritrea.
... See More + The study observed that the relationship between indoor residual spray (IRS) and malaria parasite infection in Gash Barka Zone, Eritrea, an area with near universal coverage of insecticide treated bednets (ITN) and already low malaria parasite prevalence. There was no difference in parasite infection in treatment and control village. The prevalence of malaria parasite infection was twice as high for younger individuals in both treatment and control villages. There was no significant difference in malaria infection of individuals living with or without an insecticide treated net. Individuals who did not receive the treatment may have benefited from treatment in other households. Funding for the study derives from World Bank grant as par of second HAMSET.
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This report gives 14 indicators that describe a country's macro fiscal environment to identify constraints or opportunities for health systems financing.
... See More + A country with a 10 percent unemployment rate that has fallen from 15 percent may be in better shape than one with an 8 percent unemployment rate that has risen from 4 percent. It is also important to benchmark to group averages of countries in the same World Bank (WB) region and income group- high income country (HIC), upper middle income country (MIC), lower MIC, or low income country (LIC).
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Ratings for the Ports Rehabilitation Project for Eritrea were as follows: overall outcome was moderately satisfactory, the risk to development outcome was high, and both the Bank and the Borrower performance were moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: (1) restructuring a project in a timely manner to respond to changed circumstances is likely to increase the chances of achieving intended project results; (2) difficult operating business and/or political environment in a country does not preclude having a successful project; (3) pooling resources for a project from multiple donors reduces the transaction costs for the recipient through streamlined procurement processing and implementation arrangements, but also increases the coordination and administration costs for the Bank project team; and (4) risk assessment and risk management/mitigation measures for projects in fragile states should not underestimate the political risks and include pull-out options or alternative arrangements.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR2277 DEC 27, 2012
This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations.
... See More + It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Eritrea. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).
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Ratings for the Education Sector Investment Project for Eritrea were as follows: outcomes were moderately unsatisfactory, the risk to development outcome was significant, the Bank performance was moderately unsatisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also moderately unsatisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: when there are severe limitations in the baseline data informing project design, this should be clearly laid out in the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) (even when this means questioning official data). In these situations, teams should exercise additional care when preparing the results framework, choosing indicators that do not directly depend on problematic data. During both design and restructuring, due to problems with the official population data, the team did not understand how far Eritrea had actually come with regard to providing access to elementary education. Development of a sector-wide approach for post conflict countries with weak capacity is not appropriate unless there is strong donor coordination and governments view donor coordination as essential to the development of the sector. Although the Ministry of Education (MOE) and donors discussed and drafted a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for donor coordination, the government and donors did not pursue the idea of stronger coordination. Project teams and Bank management should be cautious when making decisions on accepting donor trust funds that more than double the size of projects, particularly when the majority is for civil works. The Bank agreed to accept the European Commission (EC) grant despite poor civil works implementation progress, limited capacity and country issues with Bank procurement procedures. Civil works components need to be carefully developed and evaluated to avoid implementation delays. Plans and designs should be done as part of project preparation. Sufficient time to review and comment on designs is crucial, as is the need to complete works at least one year prior to project closing to be able to measure impact. High construction costs should not automatically be assumed to have room for reduction as it could jeopardize school functionality or safeguards compliance.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR2025 FEB 28, 2012
Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations.
... See More + It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Eritrea. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010). The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.
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Despite significant progress in malaria control on a global scale, Sub-Saharan Africa still bears the brunt of the disease, with over 90 percent of clinical cases occurring in this region.
... See More + The country has made considerable progress in reducing malaria prevalence through a combination of case management, larval habitat management (LHM), wide-scale distribution of free insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in high-prevalence areas. And yet, elimination appears ever an elusive goal, and malaria remains the leading cause of death in children under five. Given these facts, it is vital to enhance existing malaria control programs in order to move towards effective elimination. Given that the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was twice as high among younger individuals, despite overall low infection rates in the general population, children and young adults are good targets for further interventions to reduce parasite infection as Eritrea moves towards malaria elimination.
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Eritrea has high stunting rates relative to countries in the same region and income group. Countries with similar per capita incomes exhibit reduced rates of child stunting, which demonstrate the ability to achieve better nutrition outcomes despite low income.
... See More + Although they may not be visible to the naked eye, vitamin and mineral deficiencies impact wellbeing and are prevalent in Eritrea.
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The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)/International Development Association (IDA) trust funds country report FY2009-FY2010 for Eritrea includes: disbursements, approvals, and pending requests.
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Ratings for the Second HIV/AIDS/STI, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Reproductive Health (HAMSET II) Project for Eritrea were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, risk to development outcome was substantial, Bank performance was satisfactory, and borrower performance was moderately satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned included: value of repeater projects. Because the first HAMSET project "invested" substantially in establishing guidelines and processes and policies, HAMSET II could use existing systems (and improve them), putting the project on a fast-track to realizing gains. Also, because the repeater followed so quickly on the previous project, the government and Bank team were also able to build on the momentum and cumulative experience of the first project's implementation. Bank and client working together as partners during project preparation improves the quality of implementation. This helped to ensure that the project was appropriately designed, feasible, understood by all stakeholders, and owned. In the words of the client: 'implementation is easy when you understand it from the beginning'. Continuity of staff and systems in the PMU makes a difference: By HAMSET II close, most staff in the Project Management Unit (PMU) had worked together on HAMSET projects for 10 years. They were very familiar with Bank processes, had honed their own operational skills and procedures, and had become a closely-knit and effective team. There was continuity between the staffing of HAMSET and HAMSET II, with both Task Team Leaders (TTLs) of HAMSET II preparation having led or worked on HAMSET. This contributed to a high degree of trust and ease between Bank and client. The project was implemented using a step-wise approach where annual work plans and budgets were set based on a review of the previous year's activities and performance. This gave the borrower more flexibility to respond to changing conditions and resolve problems as they arose, thus also mitigating risk. The project set long-term objectives to guide implementation, but planned activities over the short-term.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR1426 DEC 21, 2010
The objective of the Education Sector Investment Project for Eritrea is to increased and more equitable enrolment in basic education and enhanced quality in basic and secondary education.
... See More + The extension is necessary to ensure that critical activities financed not only by the International Development Association (IDA) credit but also by the European Commission Trust Fund (ECTF) can be completed in an orderly manner. Failure to process the proposed six-month extension will jeopardize achievement of the project objective of 'increased and more equitable enrollment' as well as 'enhanced quality in elementary and secondary education'. There are no changes to the project design, its objectives, or financing mechanisms.
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The objective of the Education Sector Investment Project for Eritrea is to increased and more equitable enrolment in basic education and enhanced quality in basic and secondary education.
... See More + The extension is necessary to ensure that critical activities financed not only by the International Development Association (IDA) credit but also by the European Commission Trust Fund (ECTF) can be completed in an orderly manner. Failure to process the proposed six-month extension will jeopardize achievement of the project objective of 'increased and more equitable enrollment' as well as 'enhanced quality in elementary and secondary education'. There are no changes to the project design, its objectives, or financing mechanisms.
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The Status of Projects in Execution (SOPE) Report for FY10 provides information on all International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), and trust funded projects that were active as of June 30, 2010.
... See More + The report is intended to bridge the gap in information available to the public between the project appraisal document or program document, disclosed after the Bank approves a project, and the implementation completion report, disclosed after the project closes. In addition to the project progress description, the FY10 SOPE report contains project level comparisons of disbursement estimates and actual disbursements, and a table showing the loan/credit/grant amount and disbursements to date.
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The objective of the Education Sector Investment Project for Eritrea is to increased and more equitable enrolment in basic education and enhanced quality in basic and secondary education.
... See More + The extension is necessary to ensure that critical activities financed by the European Commission Trust Fund (ECTF) can be carried out. Failure to process the one-year extension would jeopardize the achievement of the project development objective of 'increased and more equitable enrollment.' There are no changes to the project design, its objectives or financing mechanisms. The extension of the closing date satisfies on closing date which provides that: (a) the project objectives continue to be achievable; (b) the performance of the Recipient and other project implementing agencies is satisfactory; and (c) the recipient has prepared a specific action plan acceptable to the World Bank to complete the existing contracts and agreements. Furthermore, the recipient has agreed that only those contracts and agreements which are currently under implementation will be executed on a high priority basis.
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