This paper conducts an assessment of the global costs for expanding, upgrading, and improving irrigation infrastructure in developing countries, along different future scenarios toward 2050.
... See More + It uses the GLobal BIOsphere Management Model, a partial equilibrium model of the global agricultural and forestry sectors. It examines the impacts of irrigation expansion on the agriculture and food system, from the perspective of different Sustainable Development Goals, in particular food security (goal 2), land use change and biodiversity (goal 15), greenhouse gas emissions (goal 13), and sustainable water use (goal 6). It finds that irrigation support policies improve food security globally and can reduce the burden on land by limiting expansion of cropland area. However, the effectiveness of irrigation to achieve a larger set of goals depends on the regional context. In South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, the expansion of irrigation increases unsustainable water extraction practices. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the uncertainty of the infrastructure costs and impacts under different socioeconomic developments, levels of radiative forcing and climate change scenarios, dietary patterns, trade openness, and efficiencies of irrigation systems. The findings indicate that irrigation systems could play an important role in adaptation to the most adverse climate change; however, increased water scarcity may also limit adaptation potentials.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8744 FEB 19, 2019
Palazzo,Amanda; Valin,Hugo Jean Pierre; Batka,Miroslav; Havlík,PetrDisclosed
The development objective of the Tax Administration Modernization Project for Serbia is to improve revenue collection, taxcompliance and provision of taxpayer services in the Republic of Serbia.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: displaced persons should be receiving support after physical displacement for a reasonable duration of time likely to be needed to restore their livelihood and standards of living; Women’s perspectives must be obtained through consultation and their interests factored into all aspects. Documentation of ownership or occupancy and compensation should be issued in the names of both spouses wherever possible; appropriate, affordable and accessible procedures to address concerns and grievances must be established; such grievance mechanisms should consider the availability of judicial recourse and community and traditional dispute settlement mechanisms; All Project Affected Persons (PAPs) will be compensated for their losses at replacement cost to allow restoration at pre-displacement level; and project affected persons without formal title of ownership or use but who have established usage of public or private land by investing in immovable objects, crops, woods, trees, fruit bearing trees, vineyards, the age of crops, and the time needed to reproduce them; and any affected community facilities will also be reconstructed or necessary support will be provided for their relation to the; and appoints a social safeguard specialist to assist and monitor the implementation and report on social components of the project, particularly implementation of RPF.
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The Water Sector Improvement Project of India had a moderately satisfactory overall outcome, a moderately satisfactory performance by the Bank and the monitoring and evaluation quality was modest.
... See More + The lessons learned were: (1) Institutional Building and Financial Sustainability of WUAs. (2) The WSIP introduced several innovative tools and techniques which enhanced quality control of civil works and improved the monitoring of progress towards project outcomes. (3) Climate change risk screening is vital for large infrastructure projects during preparation. (4) Integrated River Basin Planning and ‘Transboundary’ Water Resources Management approaches should be adopted for major inter-State irrigation system projects irrespective of whether or not they cross international boundaries. (5) Strategic demonstrations and pilots in the project areas can help to fast-track innovative concepts resulting in compound benefits and higher project performance.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR4439 JAN 24, 2019
In January 2019, Uzbekistan started a new farm restructuring1. It is said to seek to optimize the use of farmland by increasing the size of farms producing wheat and cotton, reallocating land to more efficient farmers and even clusters, and improving crop rotation options.
... See More + This is not the first time that this kind of farm restructuring in Uzbekistan takes place. The country has gone through several waves of farm restructuring and land reallocations. Both these processes were administratively managed, with little reference to market or income generation opportunities. During 1992-1997, state farms were decollectivized. During 1998-2002, farm fragmentation into small production units has started, which was completed during 2003-2008. Unsatisfied with the performance of fragmented farms, the government started farm consolidation between 2008/2009 and 2016, creating a dual system when dekhkan smallholders averaging 1 hectare (ha) and producing livestock and horticulture products coexisted with large individual farms, averaging 40-60 ha and producing cotton and wheat under the state order system. The 2019 restructuring seeks to double the size of cotton and wheat farms to the average of 100 ha.
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In January 2019, Uzbekistan started a new farm restructuring1. It is said to seek to optimize the use of farmland by increasing the size of farms producing wheat and cotton, reallocating land to more efficient farmers and even clusters, and improving crop rotation options.
... See More + This is not the first time that this kind of farm restructuring in Uzbekistan takes place. The country has gone through several waves of farm restructuring and land reallocations. Both these processes were administratively managed, with little reference to market or income generation opportunities. During 1992-1997, state farms were decollectivized. During 1998-2002, farm fragmentation into small production units has started, which was completed during 2003-2008. Unsatisfied with the performance of fragmented farms, the government started farm consolidation between 2008/2009 and 2016, creating a dual system when dekhkan smallholders averaging 1 hectare (ha) and producing livestock and horticulture products coexisted with large individual farms, averaging 40-60 ha and producing cotton and wheat under the state order system. The 2019 restructuring seeks to double the size of cotton and wheat farms to the average of 100 ha.
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