How can foreign aid to agriculture support economic growth in Africa? This paper constructs a geographically-indexed applied general equilibrium model that considers pathways through which aid might affect growth and structural transformation of labor markets in the context of soil nutrient variation, minimum subsistence consumption requirements, domestic transport costs, labor mobility and constraints to self-financing of agricultural inputs.
... See More + Using plausible parameters, the model is presented for Uganda as an illustrative case. Three stylized scenarios demonstrate the potential economy-wide impacts of both soil nutrient loss and replenishment, and how foreign aid can be targeted to support agricultural inputs that boost rural productivity and shift labor to boost real wages. One simulation shows how a temporary program of targeted official development assistance (ODA) for agriculture could generate, contrary to traditional Dutch disease concerns, an expansion in the primary tradable sector and positive permanent productivity and welfare effects, leading to a steady decline in the need for complementary ODA for budget support.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8447 MAY 21, 2018
The development objective of Public-Private Partnerships and Public Investment Advisory Project for Afghanistan is to develop a pipeline of feasible private and publicly funded projects.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) cash compensation corresponding to one year’s crop yield of land lost for Agricultural tenants; (ii) for sharecroppers, their share of the harvest at market rates plus one additional crop compensation; (iii) relocation allowance per month until suitable accommodation established for house owners or renters; (iv) losses will be compensated at replacement value in cash based on current market rates plus an additional indemnity for x months as transitional livelihood allowance for loss of livelihoods by agriculturalists; (v) replacement value in cash at current market rates free of deductions for transaction costs for residential/commercial land impacts; (vi) those who lose or have buildings damaged will be compensated in cash at replacement cost free of depreciation, salvaged materials, and transaction costs deductions.; (vii) those who lose income from crop losses will be compensated through cash compensation at current market rates for the full harvest of one agricultural season; (viii) those who have lost income from loss of trees will be compensated based on actual income to be established by pertinent receipts or other documents if demonstrable; (ix) those who have suffered loss of wages will be compensated based on actual income loss for time duration until income source reestablished; (x) vulnerable people (Project Affected Person (PAPs) below the poverty line, women household heads, mentally challenged headed households, etc.) will be given assistance in the form of a one-time allowance for vulnerable PAPs and priority in employment in project-related jobs; and (xi) PAPs forced to relocate will receive a livelihood allowance per month for stipulated time.
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In the post-collectivization period, rural Chinese households were required to sell part of their grain output to the state at a below-market price; however, increases in this quota price beginning in 1993 generated substantial positive income shocks.
... See More + These income shocks also varied cross-sectionally in accordance with crop composition given that quotas were systematically larger for rice-producing households, generating a quasi-random source of variation in the size of the shock driven by climatic variation in suitability for rice cultivation. Households induced to experience relatively larger income shocks show evidence of decreased agricultural investment, increased investment in non-agricultural businesses, and increased migration as households gain increased income, consistent with the hypothesis that credit constraints may have constrained some households from entering non-agricultural production ex ante. In addition, there is evidence that these households were concentrated among households who had not previously diversified out of agriculture.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8434 MAY 09, 2018
The development objectives of the First Phase of the Water Security and Climate Resilience Project for Kenya are to: increase availability and productivity of irrigation water for project beneficiaries; and enhance the institutional framework and strengthen capacity for water security and climate resilience for the country.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land, loss of crops, loss of trees, loss of special assets, and loss of regular income from businesses. Mitigation measures include: the valuation basis adopted for valuing the developments on the land taken for compensation is the full replacement cost approach or equivalent reinstatement basis or probable cost of acquiring similar premises for the same purpose This is the amount it would cost to search for a supplier of the construction material, the cost to purchase, transport and insure the materials to the site, and the costs of erection of the premises, including professional fees, and completed to a standard as existing at the valuation date; The trees have been valued based on compensation schedules prepared by the Kenya forest service for various species depending on age and its future potential just and considered open market approach, what the local people sell they tree at (considered as the market value); the crops which are on the affected land as at the time of our inspections have been valued based on the schedules prepared by the State Department of Agriculture for various types and age but considering the level of management; and there will be no loss and hence no compensation as crossing points to the river have been provided at various sections of the dykes for the sand harvesters.
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