This paper explores perceptions of distributive justice in Latin America during the 2000s and their relationship with income inequality. In line with the fall in income inequality in the region, the paper documents a widespread, although modest, decrease in the share of the population that believes income distribution is unfair.
... See More + The fall in the perception of unfairness holds across very heterogeneous groups of the population. Moreover, perceptions evolved in the same direction as income inequality for 17 of the 18 countries for which microdata are available. The analysis reveals that unfairness perceptions are more correlated with relative measures of income inequality than absolute ones, and that individual characteristics are correlated with distributive perceptions. On average, individuals who are older, more educated, unemployed, and left-wing tend to perceive income distribution as more unfair. The paper shows that the decrease in unfairness perceptions during the past decade was due to changes in inequality, rather than to composition effects. Finally, the paper shows that individuals who perceive income distribution as very unfair are more prone to mobilize and protest.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8072 MAY 23, 2017
The development objective of the Strengthening Rights and Economies of Adat and Local Communities Project for Indonesia is to involvement in processes to define forest land tenure and to increase their access to natural resource based income generating opportunities.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts are includes : (i) improper dispiosal of solid and liquid waste, invasion of non-endemic species, increased use of pesticide, lack of community strengthening and capacity building which could undermine sustainability; (ii) conflict with government, concession holders, neighboring communities and internal conflicts within IPLCs due to untransparent, unsettled claims, distorted informations, and provocation; (iii) elevated land claims due to misunderstanding of the processes; (iv) poor targeting and social exclusion issues; (v) social conflict due to perceived lack of transparency in fund management, distribution, etc.; (vi) increased forest utilization that could cause environmental disruptions, such as reduced biodiversity, harvesting in high conservation value areas, increase pressure on ecoystem services due to high-grading, poor land use planning/zoning; (vii) perceived unfair distribution of benefit which may trigger social tension or disputes; (viii) poor technical design and maintenance may also become counter-productive in terms of conservation and protection (e.g. building concete walls around springs, over-exploitation of water); Some of the mitigation measures are includes : (i) selection of forest species, preferably native species, with proven value for reforestation and biodiversity; (ii) ensuring oversight and capacity building to local implementers to handle disputes and tensions; (iii) fostering community participation, transparency and accountability in terms of financial management, selection of beneficiaries, selection criteria, etc.; (iv) skills traning and technical support for livelihoods, income generation, land and natural resource use management; (v) identification of market niches for new products, including market and supply chain assessments; (vi) participatory design of water resource utilization and management, including agreeing on maintenance aranggements, tariffs/contributions, water distribution;
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This study examines household perceptions and experiences with corruption in the Kyrgyz Republic. The aims of the study are two-fold: first, to assess the level of administrative corruption in public service agencies, and second, to assess the impact of corruption on different income groups.
... See More + This Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) included a nationally-representative survey covering over 1,000 households in all regions of the country and focus groups with citizens, civil society organization (CSO) representatives, media and students.
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Vietnam has made great strides insocio-economic development in the transition from a central planning economy to a market-oriented one during the past three decades.
... See More + The transition has seen Vietnam embark on many bold transformative processes across all economic, social, and institutional frontiers. These processes are characterized by an increase in the interface between the public and private sectors, thus making government systems more susceptible to arising conflicts of interest. At the same time, there is increasing demand from society for more effectiveness and integrity in public institutions where decisions for resource allocation are made in a transparent and impartial manner. As Vietnam aspires to becoming a prosperous country with modern institutions by 2035, managing conflict of interest is essential because this very process of institutional modernization will determine how state and market institutions, rules and regulations are shaped for the next generation. It is, therefore, imperative that a clearer division between the public and private spheres is set and that conflict of interest (COI) provisions are adopted to enable better separation of these spheres.This study is a first attempt to put COI issues into perspective in Vietnam. The ultimate objective of the study is to recommend measures for the Government of Vietnam and relevant stakeholders to be aware of and minimize COI situations encountered by public servants in their work, improve the institutional quality of the public sector and better prevent corruption. The study comprises: (i) A review of COI-related legal regulations in Vietnam; (ii) Field surveys of citizens, enterprises and public servants; and(iii) Research into international experiences in managing COI that are deemed relevant for Vietnam’s context. In particular, this study examines COI in six types of activities in the public sector, including: i) Public service delivery; ii) Recruitment and appointment; iii) Procurement; iv) Licensing and approval of projects; v)Inspection and auditing; and vi) Handling of violations. Four popular forms of COI examined in this study are: (i) Gift-giving/receiving (cash and non-cash gifts); (ii) Interest-sharing investment; (iii) Using inside information for personal interest; (iv) Making decisions in favor of family members
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Vietnam has made great strides insocio-economic development in the transition from a central planning economy to a market-oriented one during the past three decades.
... See More + The transition has seen Vietnam embark on many bold transformative processes across all economic, social, and institutional frontiers. These processes are characterized by an increase in the interface between the public and private sectors, thus making government systems more susceptible to arising conflicts of interest. At the same time, there is increasing demand from society for more effectiveness and integrity in public institutions where decisions for resource allocation are made in a transparent and impartial manner. As Vietnam aspires to becoming a prosperous country with modern institutions by 2035, managing conflict of interest is essential because this very process of institutional modernization will determine how state and market institutions, rules and regulations are shaped for the next generation. It is, therefore, imperative that a clearer division between the public and private spheres is set and that conflict of interest (COI) provisions are adopted to enable better separation of these spheres.This study is a first attempt to put COI issues into perspective in Vietnam. The ultimate objective of the study is to recommend measures for the Government of Vietnam and relevant stakeholders to be aware of and minimize COI situations encountered by public servants in their work, improve the institutional quality of the public sector and better prevent corruption. The study comprises: (i) A review of COI-related legal regulations in Vietnam; (ii) Field surveys of citizens, enterprises and public servants; and(iii) Research into international experiences in managing COI that are deemed relevant for Vietnam’s context. In particular, this study examines COI in six types of activities in the public sector, including: i) Public service delivery; ii) Recruitment and appointment; iii) Procurement; iv) Licensing and approval of projects; v)Inspection and auditing; and vi) Handling of violations. Four popular forms of COI examined in this study are: (i) Gift-giving/receiving (cash and non-cash gifts); (ii) Interest-sharing investment; (iii) Using inside information for personal interest; (iv) Making decisions in favor of family members
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