The Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project of Nicaragua aims to: (a) to increase the access to sustainable WSS services in selected poor rural areas of Nicaragua through the consolidation of rural WSS sector institutions and the provision of adequate infrastructure; and (b) to improve Nicaragua’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible emergency.
... See More + Potential negative impacts may occur because of the presence of Indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples in the project area. An indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples Planning Framework (IAPPF) will be prepared by the EMERGENCY SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND (FISE), and Indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples Plans (IAPP) will be submitted for approval prior to the construction of any public works.
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The Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project of Nicaragua aims to: (a) to increase the access to sustainable WSS services in selected poor rural areas of Nicaragua through the consolidation of rural WSS sector institutions and the provision of adequate infrastructure; and (b) to improve Nicaragua’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible emergency.
... See More + Potential negative impacts may occur because of the presence of Indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples in the project area. An indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples Planning Framework (IAPPF) will be prepared by the EMERGENCY SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND (FISE), and Indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples Plans (IAPP) will be submitted for approval prior to the construction of any public works.
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The document summarizes an extensive body of research conducted to assess the extent and quality of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services geographically and over the income distribution using a variety of techniques and data sources; the interaction between WASH outcomes and health, especially nutrition; and the institutional barriers as well as opportunities to reduce the gaps in improved access to WASH between rural and urban areas in Ecuador.
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Expounding on data gaps in the current Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators, this note proposes concrete changes to improve water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) statistics in Mozambique.
... See More + These suggested changes allow WASH priorities in the SDG framework to report consistent measures and tracking of universal access to basic water and sanitation, raising service levels to deliver safely managed water and sanitation services, a progressive elimination of inequalities, and reduction in ambiguous categories of access to improved and unimproved sources.
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In Tanzania, chronic undernutrition is at 35 percent among children under five. This makes the country home to the third highest population of children with chronic undernutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa, just after Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
... See More + This brief provides an overview of the trends in undernutrition, as indicated by stunted growth, over time and by subgroups of gender, age in months, rurality, geography, and poverty. It also provides a geo-spatial stunting map which shows 1km x 1km pixel-level estimations of stunting rates. Using the UNICEF Synergies Approach (1990) and drawing on existing scientific literature, the brief then outlines the theory behind different pathways to chronic undernutrition through inadequate food, care, environment, and health services. Further econometric analysis has been conducted on the DHS 2016 data using Shapley decomposition, to identify the relative contributions of various determinants including water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) variables in determining stunting rates, and hence chronic undernutrition in the Tanzania. The relative contributions of other factors such as poverty, the child’s characteristics, mother’s characteristics and location are also highlighted. Finally, it provides operational and policy implications along the lines of multisectoral and nutrition-sensitive approaches for intervention design to reduce stunting in Tanzania.
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The World Bank funded the present study, Tunisia water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) poverty diagnostics, to assist the Government of Tunisia with exploring the linkages between poverty and WASH services.
... See More + The study in Tunisia was carried out as part of global WASH poverty diagnostics, which took place simultaneously in 18 countries, with varying areas of emphasis and depth. The water sector is also a priority for World Bank support in Tunisia. The present phase 3 report presents a synthesis of the findings from both phase 1 and phase 2, summarizing key analytical conclusions and drawing together recommendations focused on policy reforms, including to improve the present allocation of financing and leverage additional financing. In addition, inadequate access to WASH services is a marker of poverty. In most countries there is strong correlation between the two, and analysts of multi-dimensional poverty use WASH services as one indicator in their composite index. The present report is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two provides a brief overview of the water resources and WASH context in Tunisia; section three explores the linkages between WASH services and poverty; section four summarizes the main findings from the analysis of financial flows; and section five provides recommendations to improve WASH services and financing.
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The objective of the Social Investment and Local Development Project for Armenia is to improve the quality and use of and access to community and intercommunity infrastructure.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: the local construction and environment inspectorates and communities have been notified of upcoming activities; the public has been notified of the works through appropriate notification in the media and/or at publicly accessible sites (including the site of the works); waste collection and disposal pathways and sites will be identified for all major waste types expected from demolition and construction activities; mineral construction and demolition wastes will be separated from general refuse, organic, liquid and chemical wastes by on-site sorting and stored in appropriate containers; the approach to handling sanitary wastes and wastewater from building sites must be approved by the local authorities; before being discharged into receiving waters, effluents from individual wastewater systems must be treated in order to meet the minimal quality criteria set out by national guidelines on effluent quality and wastewater treatment; monitoring of new wastewater systems (before/after) will be carried out; construction vehicles and machinery will be washed only in designated areas where runoff will not pollute natural surface water bodies; and if the building is a designated historic structure, very close to such a structure, or located in a designated historic district, notification shall be made and approvals/permits be obtained from local authorities and all construction activities planned and carried out in line with local and national legislation.
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The development objective of the Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project for Kenya is to increase access to water supply and sanitation services in the project implementing entities’ service areas.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) control of dust and hydrocarbon fumes during trenching and excavation; (2) control noise to be within the recommended limits to avoid disturbance of neighbors; (3) prevention of accidents protection against advanced health effects; (4) sensitize the public on consequences of accumulation of stagnant water around the water kiosks; and (5) provision of a means to allow migration of fish and other aquatic organism upstream and downstream across the weir.
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This paper reviews anthropological literature on the topic of how and why civil services function as they do. The paper considers the formal and informal rules that structure bureaucratic practice, including the effects of institutional history or culture.
... See More + The review examines how bureaucrats understand or experience their work, such as the rules that guide them; the clients, bosses, or employees with whom they interact; and their own actions. Finally, the review considers what methodological or ethical challenges are posed by the study of bureaucracies. The first section explores normative expectations of organizational practice and how they shape scholars’ accounts of the nature of bureaucratic power. The second section focuses on bureaucratic decision making, scrutinizing how institutional goals manifest in specific practices. The third section considers how sociocultural structures bear on bureaucratic practice, including the question of how organizational history and culture might complicate efforts at institutional reform. The fourth section engages with questions of knowledge production, ignorance, and indeterminacy, reviewing recent literature that questions the presumed role of bureaucracies and states as producers of knowledge. The fifth section explores the conceptual and practical methodological challenges faced by field researchers at institutions, and points toward key areas for future research.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8081 MAY 31, 2017
The development objective of the Gama Sanitation and Water Project for Ghana is to increase access to improved sanitation and improved water supply in the GAMA, with emphasis on low income communities; and to strengthen management of environmental sanitation in the the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA).
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are includes : (i) for siting of toilet facility evidence of consultation with authorities of beneficiary institution on siting of facilities; (ii) for loss of vegetation and impacts on fauna, begetation intact at areas outside demarcated construction site; (iii) for soil impacts and sediment transport observable change in turbidity of water in drains; (iv) observation of air borne particulates (dust) and exhaust fumes for air qualiy and noise; (v) records on frequency and location of waste disposal site of domestic and construction waste; (vi) use of caution tape around trenches/ excavations for public safety and traffic issues; and (vii) leakages and damage to water supply facilities.
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The objective of the Second National Water Supply and Sanitation Project for Azerbaijan is to provide quality and reliable water supply and sanitation services in selected regional (rayon) centers of Azerbaijan.
... See More + Negative impacts include: income loss from losing of seasonal crops; income loss from removal of vegetation, landscape, and land use pattern alteration; and livestock of immediate vicinities will be affected by alteration of grazing lands. Mitigation measures include: payment for purchasing of lands or compensation for acquired lands will be made at replacement value at current market prices plus 20 in addition to market prices (10 percent for landholdership for more than 10 years and 10 as willingness incentive to sell for state needs). All PAPs are equally eligible for cash compensation and rehabilitation assistance, irrespective of their land ownership status, to ensure that those affected by the project shall be at least as well off, if not better off, than they will have been without the project. Absence of a title will not be a bar to receiving compensation and livelihood assistance; and all losses will be compensated at replacement cost, at market prices without deducting depreciation and salvage value for all losses (such as lands, crops, trees, structures, businesses, etc.). Alternatively, structures/assets etc. will be rebuilt by the project at replacement cost.
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The Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project of Nicaragua aims to: (a) to increase the access to sustainable WSS services in selected poor rural areas of Nicaragua through the consolidation of rural WSS sector institutions and the provision of adequate infrastructure; and (b) to improve Nicaragua’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible emergency.
... See More + Potential negative impacts may occur because of the presence of Indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples in the project area. An indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples Planning Framework (IAPPF) will be prepared by the EMERGENCY SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND (FISE), and Indigenous and Afro-Nicaraguan Peoples Plans (IAPP) will be submitted for approval prior to the construction of any public works.
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