The development objective of the First Phase of the Sindh Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Enhancement Project for Pakistan is to improve agriculture productivity for small and medium size farmers in Sindh.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) all land owning displaced persons losing land or non-land assets, i.e., crops and trees whether covered by legal title or traditional land rights, whether for temporary or permanent acquisition; (ii) tenants and share?croppers, whether registered or not; for all non?land assets, based on prevailing tenancy arrangements; (iii) displaced persons losing the use of structures and utilities, including titled and non?titled owners, registered, unregistered, tenants and lease holders plus encroachers and squatters; (iv) displaced persons losing business, income and salaries of workers, or a person or business suffering temporary effects, such as disturbance to land, crops, and business operations both permanently and also temporarily during construction; (v) loss of communal property, lands and public infrastructure; (vi) vulnerable displaced persons identified through the social impact assessment (SIA); and (vii) in the event of relocation, all displaced persons will receive transitional and other support to reestablish livelihoods. The displaced/affected persons are eligible for rehabilitation subsidies and for the compensation of lost land, structures and utilities along with loss of livelihood. There will also be special provisions for vulnerable displaced persons i.e. very old, physically or mentally handicapped, poor below the poverty line, widows, and women headed household and socially isolated.
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The development objective of the Results-based Northern Mountains National Urban Development Program Project for Vietnam is to strengthen the capacity of participating northern mountains cities to plan, implement, and sustain urban infrastructure.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) engineering design to ensure smooth connectivity, considering collection road; (2) ensuring vertical drains and drains at foot of slopes are designed for slopes; (3) using static compactors rather than vibrating compactors to avoid cracks and damages to weak roadside structures; and (4) informing affected community in advance of the disruption to existing public services such as water supply, drainage.
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The development objectives of the Electricity Supply Accountability and Reliability Improvement Project for Kyrgyz Republic are to enhance the readiness of the Ministry of Energy and Severelectro to implement the Electricity Supply Accountability and Reliability Improvement Project (ESARIP), and to strengthen the capacity of Severelectro.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land acquisition, loss of asset, loss of crops and trees, loss of asset, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: 1) those who have formal legal rights to land in accordance with the law of the Kyrgyz Republic; 2) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets, provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan; and 3) those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying, or those who run business or other activity that provides illegal or informal livelihood. This incorporates those who occupy a land parcel without permission, as well as those who keep part-time farming for sale or their own needs, etc.
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The development objective of the Corridor Highway Project for Yemen is to improve transport connectivity and safety on the targeted section of the transport corridor between Aden and Taiz.
... See More + Negative impacts include: potential impacts on human health, caused by noise, by air pollution, and by traffic accidents; impacts on land resources and agriculture, caused by loss or severance of land resources, resulting in loss of incomes; natural environment conditions, including vegetation, forests and habitats, by habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity; potential impacts on groundwater resources and wadis, by pollution of sensitive aquifers or surface waters (such as by accidents) or change of natural flow of surface waters; and potential impacts on cultural heritage and tourism potential, by loss or severance of traditional hillside terraces, of traditional architecture, or of landscape attractive to tourism and ecotourism. Mitigation measures include: a) current status of timely and effective progress in land acquisition, payment of compensation, and provision of other forms of agreed assistance to eligible persons; b) whether compensation for land, structures or other assets has been paid prior to displacement, in conformity with resettlement action plan (RAP) requirements; c) whether replacement land of equivalent productive value has been provided, if requested by those significantly affected by land loss; d) whether compensation rates provide a sufficient basis for replacement of lost assets; e) whether displaced households have been able to obtain replacement housing of a suitable standard, and whether access to community infrastructure and services has been maintained or restored; f) whether persons whose livelihoods are significantly affected have been provided with sufficient assistance (financial, technical or other) to improve, or at least restore, their incomes or livelihoods; g) whether unanticipated adverse impacts relating to loss of access to resources, infrastructure or services have occurred; h) whether vulnerable persons have been provided with sufficient assistance to mitigate any additional disadvantages they would face as a result of the project; i) whether the interests of women are considered in provision of compensation, obtaining replacement housing, in maintaining or restoring access to resources and community services, and other aspects of resettlement that concerns them; and j) whether affected communities have been adequately consulted and whether information relating to land acquisition and resettlement arrangements has been disclosed to them in a timely and effective manner.
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The development objective of the Corridor Highway Project for Yemen is to improve transport connectivity and safety on the targeted section of the transport corridor between Aden and Taiz.
... See More + Negative impacts include: potential impacts on human health, caused by noise, by air pollution, and by traffic accidents; impacts on land resources and agriculture, caused by loss or severance of land resources, resulting in loss of incomes; natural environment conditions, including vegetation, forests and habitats, by habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity; potential impacts on groundwater resources and wadis, by pollution of sensitive aquifers or surface waters (such as by accidents) or change of natural flow of surface waters; and potential impacts on cultural heritage and tourism potential, by loss or severance of traditional hillside terraces, of traditional architecture, or of landscape attractive to tourism and ecotourism. Mitigation measures include: a) current status of timely and effective progress in land acquisition, payment of compensation, and provision of other forms of agreed assistance to eligible persons; b) whether compensation for land, structures or other assets has been paid prior to displacement, in conformity with resettlement action plan (RAP) requirements; c) whether replacement land of equivalent productive value has been provided, if requested by those significantly affected by land loss; d) whether compensation rates provide a sufficient basis for replacement of lost assets; e) whether displaced households have been able to obtain replacement housing of a suitable standard, and whether access to community infrastructure and services has been maintained or restored; f) whether persons whose livelihoods are significantly affected have been provided with sufficient assistance (financial, technical or other) to improve, or at least restore, their incomes or livelihoods; g) whether unanticipated adverse impacts relating to loss of access to resources, infrastructure or services have occurred; h) whether vulnerable persons have been provided with sufficient assistance to mitigate any additional disadvantages they would face as a result of the project; i) whether the interests of women are considered in provision of compensation, obtaining replacement housing, in maintaining or restoring access to resources and community services, and other aspects of resettlement that concerns them; and j) whether affected communities have been adequately consulted and whether information relating to land acquisition and resettlement arrangements has been disclosed to them in a timely and effective manner.
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The development objective of the Corridor Highway Project for Yemen is to improve transport connectivity and safety on the targeted section of the transport corridor between Aden and Taiz.
... See More + Negative impacts include: potential impacts on human health, caused by noise, by air pollution, and by traffic accidents; impacts on land resources and agriculture, caused by loss or severance of land resources, resulting in loss of incomes; natural environment conditions, including vegetation, forests and habitats, by habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity; potential impacts on groundwater resources and wadis, by pollution of sensitive aquifers or surface waters (such as by accidents) or change of natural flow of surface waters; and potential impacts on cultural heritage and tourism potential, by loss or severance of traditional hillside terraces, of traditional architecture, or of landscape attractive to tourism and ecotourism. Mitigation measures include: a) current status of timely and effective progress in land acquisition, payment of compensation, and provision of other forms of agreed assistance to eligible persons; b) whether compensation for land, structures or other assets has been paid prior to displacement, in conformity with resettlement action plan (RAP) requirements; c) whether replacement land of equivalent productive value has been provided, if requested by those significantly affected by land loss; d) whether compensation rates provide a sufficient basis for replacement of lost assets; e) whether displaced households have been able to obtain replacement housing of a suitable standard, and whether access to community infrastructure and services has been maintained or restored; f) whether persons whose livelihoods are significantly affected have been provided with sufficient assistance (financial, technical or other) to improve, or at least restore, their incomes or livelihoods; g) whether unanticipated adverse impacts relating to loss of access to resources, infrastructure or services have occurred; h) whether vulnerable persons have been provided with sufficient assistance to mitigate any additional disadvantages they would face as a result of the project; i) whether the interests of women are considered in provision of compensation, obtaining replacement housing, in maintaining or restoring access to resources and community services, and other aspects of resettlement that concerns them; and j) whether affected communities have been adequately consulted and whether information relating to land acquisition and resettlement arrangements has been disclosed to them in a timely and effective manner.
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The Gas Sector Development Project objective is to increase the reliability and stability of gas supply in Turkey by implementing critically needed gas storage and network infrastructure, and support the Turkish Pipeline Company (BOTAS) in strengthening its operations as a financially stable, and commercially managed corporation.
... See More + According to the geological possibility of underground storage in Turkey, a geological screening leads the Tuz Gölü Basin, where large leached salt caverns could be accommodated. It is a favorable location for a peak shaving storage (not far from Ankara) and close to the Kayseri-Konya-Seydi?ehir Gas Pipeline, and also, the existence of pure rock salt is proved at a suitable depth. The Project primarily involves economic, rather than physical displacement; however, it involves the acquisition of permanent and temporary land for project uses, and thus has the potential to affect people's livelihoods. In order to avoid physical dislocation, and to minimize economic dislocation for affected populations, the Project has adopted several measures, including: minimizing Project land use, reclaiming land after construction, and reinstating the land, with minimum restrictions following construction, for use by the original land owners and users; designing the routing to avoid any physical resettlement and to minimize expropriation, both permanently and temporarily; no physical relocation or resettlement of households will result from project interventions; determining compensation values based on extensive data collection and net income evaluation methodology.
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The development objective of the Vietnam Industrial Pollution Management Project (VIPMP) is to improve environmental compliance of industrial zones (IZs) on a pilot basis.
... See More + Some of the negative and mitigation measures include: (i) for loss of agricultural land, affected households were offered cash compensation; (ii) for affected structures, losses were paid at replacement cost; (iii) for affected residential land, households were offered one of two options, cash compensation or land-for-land in the resettlement site. The households requiring relocation were provided with rental housing costs, until the finalization of the resettlement site construction scheduled for the end of 2012; and (iv) affected households have been provided with support, assistance and allowances as part of the compensation plans, according to the Government of Vietnam (GoV) norms and regulations, consisting of transport allowances, living stabilization allowance, vocational training allowance, house renting allowance, and special allowances for those who fall under the category of poor and vulnerable affected people.
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The objective of the resettlement policy for the second Liaoning Medium Cities Infrastructure Project for China is to minimize the adverse affects brought by land acquisition and demolishment.
... See More + Negative measures include: persons whose houses are in part or in total affected by the subprojects; persons whose business are affected in part or in total (temporarily or permanently) by the subprojects; and persons whose crops (annual and perennial), trees, and fixed assets are affected in part or in total by the subprojects. Mitigation measures include: (a) provided compensation at full replacement cost for loss of assets and assisted to restore or even surpass former living standards; (b) proposed compensation and allocation plan to improve or restore their livelihoods; (c) consulting with displaced persons and giving them the opportunity to participate in resettlement plan design and implementation; (d) provide compensation at full replacement cost for affected assets; and (e) displaced persons should get compensation of their lost assets before land acquisition and demolition. Borrowers are responsible for resettlement compensation.
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The development objectives of the Sustainable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Sector Project for Nicaragua are to: (a) increase the access to sustainable WSS services in selected poor rural areas of Nicaragua through the consolidation of rural WSS sector institutions and the provision of adequate infrastructure; and (b) to improve Nicaragua's capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible emergency.
... See More + The project has four components. The first component, strengthening of the rural WSS sector will finance the following sub-components: institutional strengthening of the rural WSS sector; strengthening of an integrated structure for sustainability of rural WSS services - "sustainability chain"; and project management, monitoring, and evaluation. The second component, increase sustainable water supply and sanitation coverage in rural areas will support the increased coverage of rural WSS services through the financing of sub-projects to provide technical solutions and level of service tailored to each beneficiary community. It has following three sub-components: (i) increase sustainable water and sanitation coverage in the Pacific, Center, and North regions; (ii) increase sustainable water and sanitation coverage in the Atlantic regions and Alto Wangki y Bokay; and (iii) alliances for sanitation. The third component, innovations in rural water, sanitation, and hygiene will support developing, carrying out, monitoring and evaluating pilot subprojects selected pursuant to the criteria set forth in the operations manual, and acceptable to the Bank, aimed at testing new approaches to needs in the areas of water quality; resilience to climate change and natural disasters; operation and maintenance strategies; and innovative technologies for rural WSS access, all in selected municipalities. The fourth component, immediate response mechanism - contingent component (IRM-CC) will improve Nicaragua's capacity to respond promptly and effectively to emergencies by providing immediate response to an eligible emergency, as needed.
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The objective of the Second Urban Local Government Development Program Project for Ethiopia is to enhance the institutional performance of participating urban local governments in developing and sustaining urban infrastructure and services.
... See More + A wide range of diseases, environmental impact on ground and surface water, soil and air environment can be caused by poor collection and disposal of solid and liquid wastes within an urban setting. Contamination of ground water, soil and air could cause serious environmental health concerns in neighborhoods and amongst poor people in particular. Multiplier economic investment effects of providing integrated infrastructure and services to land for residential and industrial development. Soil erosion could result around infrastructure, undermining the foundation of the infrastructure itself, and reduce its operational life greatly. Soil erosion, especially alongside roads, can also result in the loss of productive farmland or forests including silting of nearby watercourses, unless it is built according to the required engineering design specifications. Ministry of Urban Development has strong engineering and technical manuals mainstreaming environmental requirements that the ULGs are expected to follow for all infrastructure. This includes road, drainage or other infrastructure works including water points (boreholes, pans etc). Water required for construction purposes could potentially place greater demand on both surface and groundwater resources. Drainage systems in urban areas to divert flood water could have a significant adverse environmental impact on water courses, resulting in pollution with solid waste debris, wastewater, and silt, and thereby a significant reduction in the human and ecological value of the water course. Review of the implementation report from first ULGD project did not found issues related to over-exploitation of ground water. The risk of over-extraction of groundwater due to anticipated program activities remains quite low.
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The development objective of the Road Asset Management and Safety Project for Mauritius is to reduce cost and improve safety for road users through improving asset management on the primary and secondary road network, and strengthening the management of road safety on the island of Mauritius.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land acquisition, loss of crops and trees, loss of asset, loss of income, and loss of livelihood. Mitigation measures include: 1) involuntary resettlement would be avoided where possible and where population displacement is unavoidable, it would be minimized by exploring all viable project options; 2) persons affected by land acquisition or loss of sources of incomes associated with change in land use due to the project would be given compensation so that they can improve or at least maintain their former standard of living; 3) the estimation of the compensation cost and/or benefit would be based on the appropriate method so that the cost of land and other properties taken and demolished are accounted for. This will ensure that the living standards of the project affected persons are maintained or raised to a substantial level; 4) project affected persons would be given full information on the qualification (eligibility), mode of compensation, the restoring plan of production income, and the project's progress and be involved in the enforcement of resettlement arrangements (community participation); 5) the land and/or property affected would be taken only when the Potentially Affected Persons, or PAPs are satisfied with the compensation arrangements; and 6) the implementing agency would supervise the resettlement activities including the payment of compensation as well as monitoring and evaluation.
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The development objective of the Strategic Cities Development Project for Sri Lanka is to contribute to the improvement of urban services and livability in selected strategic cities of Sri Lanka.
... See More + Negative impacts include: loss of land, loss of livelihood, damage to property or land, and loss of safety hazards. Mitigation measures include: (1) providing compensation for affected land at replacement cost as per land acquisition act (LAA); (2) providing three months advance notification for harvesting standing crops, or compensation for crop damage; (3) providing cash payment for unexpired period of rental for the affected portion of land or maximum of Lankan rupee (LKR) 25,000 to the leassee; (4) compensating for affected structure at replacement cost without deduction of any depreciation or salvageable materials; and (5) providing rental allowance of LKR 9000 per month for six months to allow the affected family to relocate.
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The development objective of the Odisha Disaster Recovery Project for India is to restore and improve housing and public services in targeted communities of Odisha, and increase the capacity of the state entities to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible crisis or emergency.
... See More + The project has five components. The first component is resilient housing reconstruction and community infrastructure. It has following two sub-components: (i) housing reconstruction for the reconstruction of about 30,000 houses in the designated rural areas in the coastal belt 5 km from the high tide line (HTL) in the districts of Ganjam and Puri, and 5km from the Chilika lake boundary as defined by the survey of India in the district of Khordha; and (ii) selected community infrastructure for public infrastructure improvements to complement the housing reconstruction. The second component, urban infrastructure in Berhampur will finance investments to improve public services in Berhampur while at the same time reduce the vulnerability of its population. Improved public infrastructure will reduce vulnerability through improved drainage to reduce floods, and increasing the resilience of public service infrastructure. It has following four sub-components: (i) upgrading of slums; (ii) public service infrastructure; (iii) community participation; and (iv) technical assistance. The third component, capacity building in disaster risk management objective is to support Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) in strengthening their overall capacity towards better risk mitigation, preparedness, and disaster response, in line with global best practices. The fourth component, implementation support will finance the incremental operating costs of the project management units (PMUs) in OSDMA and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (H and UD), and the project implementation unit (PIUs) in OSDMA and the Berhampur Municipal Corporation (BeMC). The fifth component, contingent emergency response will draw resources from the unallocated expenditure category and or allow the Government of Odisha (GoO) to request the Bank to re-categorize and reallocate financing from other project components to partially cover emergency response and recovery costs.
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Research from the United States shows that gaps in early cognitive and noncognitive abilities appear early in the life cycle. Little is known about this important question for developing countries.
... See More + This paper provides new evidence of sharp differences in cognitive development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for five Latin American countries. To help with comparability, the paper uses the same measure of receptive language ability for all five countries. It finds important differences in development in early childhood across countries, and steep socioeconomic gradients within every country. For the three countries where panel data to follow children over time exists, there are few substantive changes in scores once children enter school. These results are robust to different ways of defining socioeconomic status, to different ways of standardizing outcomes, and to selective non-response on the measure of cognitive development.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6779 FEB 01, 2014