The development objective of the Meghalaya Community Led Landscape Management Project (MCLLMP) for India is to strengthen community-led natural resources management in selected landscapes in the state of Meghalaya.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are includes : (i) conversion of pine trees area into open land; (ii) improve on afforestation in the village; (iii) commercial logging is practice mainly in private land for sale as timber, causing fragmentation of forest into smaller patches; (iv) creating awareness on the higher value of the forest when they are left standing, and its impact on climate change, soil conservation, flash flood among the community and private owner; (v) habitat loss and habitat fragmentation due to logging and clearing of forest area in private land; (vi) identification, preserving, and providing awareness to private owner and community as a whole about these sensitive zone and avoidance of encroachment into this area; (vii) open forest (pine trees land) available in the interior part of the village, and dense forest are found only in the community forest. Coal mining in privately owned land have contributed hugely to the degradation of forest area; (viii)CLLMP will work towards spring shed development and drainage land treatment, by prioritizing the most affected area; (ix) aquatic life in river has decrease and in some river they have disappeared for good; (x) plantation of indigenous flora and trees to help support the loss of biodiversity; (xi) dustiness is another problem due to huge number of vehicles travelling from that area; (xii) capacity building and awareness on coal mine effluent and its impact on health and environment; (xiii) CLLMP will help develop community development plan which will help in providing employment opportunity for the community as a whole; (xiv) to keep a check on the land use pattern, jhum cultivation is practice only on the community land; (xv) to prevent the loss of natural environment the community has set up a reserve forest to preserve the natural flora and fauna of the region which has grown naturally; (xvi) to address to climate change, the community member has practice plantation within their private land.
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The development objective of the Electricity Sector Development Project for Uganda is to improve the availability and reliability of electricity supply in the northeast and southwest regions of Uganda.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are includes : (i) the peri-urban grid extension electrification project will boost the country’s rural electrification programme, accelerate and facilitate small and medium enterprises; (ii) creation of job opportunities to the local unskilled, semi-skilled as well as skilled persons in the community and transfer of technology; (iii) remove as much vegetation as possible by hand and avoid the use of heavy machinery, especially in sloping areas and sensitive areas; (iv) for the affected crops and trees in the private tree plantations adequate compensation will be paid to the owners; (v) any excavated material will remain within the site until it is taken away for proper disposal or used for backfilling to avoid loose soil being washed away by storm water; (vi) compensate all crops and trees at the going rates and in line with the latest District compensation rates; (vii) waste soil will be reused for backfilling where necessary. Other reusable materials will be sold to interested people; (viii) waste collection bins will be provided onsite for temporary domestic waste storage. The collected waste will be transported and finally disposed to a designated disposal site by a certified waste collection firm; (ix) no dumping of such materials should be encouraged along the road especially at the road reserve areas; (x) installation of secondary containment measures in areas where fuels, oils or lubricants are stored, loaded or unloaded, including filling points; (xi) earplugs will be provided to construction workers exposed to high noise levels; (xii) all construction staff will be trained in Health and Safety procedures on a regular basis; (xiii) equipment and machines shall be operated by trained and certified personnel; (xiv) storage of oil in drums for refilling transformers that may have leaked either duringtransportation or storage will be undertaken in impervious lined areas, with provision foroff-ground support; (xv) vehicles transporting materials will be required to observe speed limits especially within population centres in order to reduce dust levels;
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Mozambique is among the African countries most exposed to weather-related hazards. Using detailed gridded precipitation data for individuals' birth-year and birth-district, this study investigates the effects of extreme rainfall anomalies around the time of birth on long-run well-being.
... See More + The results show that the socioeconomic outcomes of adults are influenced by weather shocks that occur early in life. Individuals exposed to floods while in utero or during the first year of life are less likely to participate in the labor market. Consequently, the households that they are heading exhibit lower consumption and are more prone to be poor. In disentangling the mechanisms at play, this paper presents suggestive evidence of variation in agricultural output, food security, and subsequent detrimental effects on human capital accumulation as important drivers behind the impacts. The study concludes that policy efforts aimed at accelerating poverty reduction in Mozambique will have to consider the inability of rural households to shield the well-being of children from the consequences of extreme weather shocks.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8167 AUG 14, 2017
The strong economic growth enjoyed by the Dominican Republic following its 2003 domestic crisis was not matched by similarly substantial progress in poverty reduction.
... See More + While labor productivity grew by an estimated 39 percent between 2000 and 2013, real wages fell with the crisis in 2003/04, and, in 2013, remained below their pre-crisis level. This report presents an assessment of factors related to the functioning of the labor markets that constrained more inclusive growth in the Dominican Republic. It explores several hypotheses related to labor supply factors, job creation, and global trends in returns to labor, as well as issues with statistical measurements that contribute to explain the weak relationship observed between growth and poverty reduction. The analysis finds that growth appears to have been driven by productivity increases rather than by increases in labor inputs. At the same time, low-skilled workers became increasingly concentrated in low-quality jobs and in sectors that saw low productivity growth, a trend enhanced by the loss of manufacturing jobs since 2000. Low rates of labor force participation, particularly among the poor, further limited the ability of households to benefit from growth.
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The strong economic growth enjoyed by the Dominican Republic following its 2003 domestic crisis was not matched by similarly substantial progress in poverty reduction.
... See More + While labor productivity grew by an estimated 39 percent between 2000 and 2013, real wages fell with the crisis in 2003/04, and, in 2013, remained below their pre-crisis level. This report presents an assessment of factors related to the functioning of the labor markets that constrained more inclusive growth in the Dominican Republic. It explores several hypotheses related to labor supply factors, job creation, and global trends in returns to labor, as well as issues with statistical measurements that contribute to explain the weak relationship observed between growth and poverty reduction. The analysis finds that growth appears to have been driven by productivity increases rather than by increases in labor inputs. At the same time, low-skilled workers became increasingly concentrated in low-quality jobs and in sectors that saw low productivity growth, a trend enhanced by the loss of manufacturing jobs since 2000. Low rates of labor force participation, particularly among the poor, further limited the ability of households to benefit from growth.
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The development objective of the Growth and Employment Project for Nigeria is to increase growth and employment in participating states. The purpose of the level-two restructuring is to make the following adjustments: (a) changes to components and costs: component A, improved investment climate, which used to be 100 percent funded by United Kingdom (UK) Department for International Development (DFID) will now benefit from International Development Association (IDA) funding in the amount of United States (U.S.) 5 million dollars; (b) special drawing rights (SDR) 3,615,000 (equivalent U.S. 5 million dollars) will be reallocated from category 1 to category 6 for component A, improved investment climate; SDR 21,760,000 (U.S. 30 million dollars) for the small and medium enterprise (SME) investment fund will be allocated from proceeds under category 1 (Gds, Wks, non-consulting services, consultant services, training, workshops and study tours under A3, A4, BI.1-4, BII), category 2 (Gds, consultant services including study tours, workshops and study tours, and operating costs under part C of the project), category 3 (grants for subprojects) and category 4 (project preparation fund) to a newly created category 5 under sub-component B.III; (c) modifications in the results framework to: (i) revise indicators and make them more realistic, measurable, and in line with the project activities; (ii) drop some indicators that are no longer relevant and revise targets for increased realism; and (iii) provide intermediate level indicators to reflect projects achievements more accurately and new ones that are relevant to the new sub-component BIII; and (d) extension of the project closing date by 12 months and 23 days, from September 7, 2018 to September 30, 2019, to ensure accelerated implementation and allow the new SME investment fund to be functional and achieve results in line with the project development objectives.
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Cambodia has become one of the world’s leaders in poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Cambodia sustained an average growth rate of 7.6 percent in 1994-2015, ranking sixth in the world, and has now become a lower middle-income economy.
... See More + Cambodia’s success has ridden on employment creation, although labor productivity gains have been lower than in other fast-growing economies, partly due to lower capital intensity. Growth has also been driven to a large extent by the country’s rich and diverse natural capital which supports the livelihoods of millions of Cambodians. Going forward, Cambodia may not be able to rely on the same factors that drove strong growth and poverty reduction over the past two decades. Declining external competitiveness threatens the sustainability of garments and tourism and poses a challenge to economic diversification and moving up the value chain. A number of institutional, human capital, and, to a lesser extent, infrastructure constraints hamper competitiveness as well as the creation of a vibrant private sector in Cambodia. In light of these challenges and risks, areas of development for ensuring strong, inclusive, and sustainable growth with shared prosperity in Cambodia going forward were identified, based on analysis and consultations with stakeholders. The areas for development were ranked based on the impact interventions will have on maintaining strong and sustainable growth and achieving poverty reduction and shared prosperity, in terms of creating and enhancing households’ participation in better economic opportunities, the share of the population affected, and complementarity with other interventions.
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This report aims to assess the spatial disparities in economic development along four important dimensions: (i) It provides stylized facts of the underlying forces behind within-country inequality, namely natural endowment, agglomeration economies, and market access.
... See More + These are the three building blocks of the economic geography literature; (ii) It examines spatial disparities in welfare and poverty. As the agricultural sector is a cornerstone of the economy in this sub-region, the report explores geographical differences in agricultural activity; (iii) It quantifies the roles of natural endowment, agglomeration economies, and market access in determining the spatial distribution of welfare and agricultural productivity; (iv) It suggests a number of policy guidelines that may help improve shared prosperity across space.
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Other Poverty Study 118151 AUG 01, 2017
Nguyen,Nga Thi Viet; Dizon,Felipe Jr FadullonDisclosed
This report aims to assess the spatial disparities in economic development along four important dimensions: (i) It provides stylized facts of the underlying forces behind within-country inequality, namely natural endowment, agglomeration economies, and market access.
... See More + These are the three building blocks of the economic geography literature; (ii) It examines spatial disparities in welfare and poverty. As the agricultural sector is a cornerstone of the economy in this sub-region, the report explores geographical differences in agricultural activity; (iii) It quantifies the roles of natural endowment, agglomeration economies, and market access in determining the spatial distribution of welfare and agricultural productivity; (iv) It suggests a number of policy guidelines that may help improve shared prosperity across space.
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Other Poverty Study 118151 AUG 01, 2017
Nguyen,Nga Thi Viet; Dizon,Felipe Jr FadullonDisclosed
This report offers an overview of the state of WASH services in the country. It draws from a number of national data sources, desk reviews, and original research to analyze service delivery in the country and assess the sector's performance.
... See More + It offers an overview of poverty in Nigeria, considers the relationship between poverty and WASH, explores demographic patterns influencing access to WASH, and analyzes the relationship between WASH and child health outcomes. Further, it evaluates the performance of water agencies, examines and identifies institutional bottlenecks, offers insights on how to make the sector more efficient and sustainable, conducts a public expenditure review (PER) of the WASH sector, and explores the organization of the institutional landscape for urban water supply in Bauchi City. The report concludes with recommendations for tackling the current crisis of WASH services in Nigeria.
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The Philippine Stock Exchange index (PSEi) posted solid gains in July, yet net foreign buying weakened. In the first seven months of 2017, the PSEi has increased by 17.2 percent, in line with top performing major stock indexes in the Asia-Pacific region.
... See More + In July, the PSEi improved by 2.2 percent month-on-month and closed at 8,018, its highest level so far in 2017. The PSEi also grew on a yearly basis (0.7 percent), but foreign participation weakened significantly. In July, total net-foreign buying decreased to Php1.9 billion, compared to Php19.1 billion in May and Php19.6 billion registered a year ago, when the PSEi came close to the 2015 record high of 8,127.
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There is little rigorous quantitative data about the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people in developing countries.
... See More + This makes the development of policy to improve the welfare of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people difficult, and it also makes it difficult to know whether lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex–focused policies and programs are working. Filling this data gap is necessary to understand the development outcomes for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people. Quantitative data practices exist that can be drawn on to fill the gap, including household surveys, experiments, and big data analysis. Summarizing existing experience, this paper provides guidance on how to study development outcomes for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people, by: paying attention to the different ways to define sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics; and collecting samples that allow conclusions to be drawn with the broader lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex community, as well as the general population.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8154 JUL 31, 2017
The pathway to shared prosperity in Poland is built around growth, inclusion, and sustainability objectives, but success will ultimately depend on a more strategic, effective, and accountable state.
... See More + Poland has done remarkably well, boasting strong growth over three decades. Looking forward, this Systemic Country Diagnostic (SCD) argues that a new level of sophistication is required to meet the challenges of a rapidly aging population and evolving global economy. This includes developing a more strategic, effective, and accountable state that can facilitate a strong consensus around consistent policies to foster growth, inclusion, and sustainability. Continued productivity growth will depend on Poland’s ability to transition to an innovation-led growth model. This transition, in turn, will require improved consistency and commitment to sound policies, as well as improved coordination between the public and private sectors. Demographic trends make it critical for Poland to invest in its people, ensuring that everyone can participate and benefit from growth. To that end, policies must be consistent—both across sectors and between local and national government institutions—such that every person has equal opportunity, participates in the labor market, and is able to move to where they are most productive. To grow sustainably, a new social consensus will be needed to confront difficult trade-offs between the needs of an aging population and the associated fiscal costs. Similarly, Poland will need to weigh the fiscal and economic costs of transitioning to a low-emissions economy against the social and environmental costs associated with business as usual. Consensus will be needed to ensure consistency of policies around agreed-upon principles, commitment to staying the course, coordination across all stakeholders, and cooperation from the private sector based on trust in government.
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Urbanization in East Asia and the Pacific has created enormous opportunity for many. Yet the rapid growth of cities can also create challenges as national and local governments try to keep up with the needs of their growing populations.
... See More + Among these challenges is a lack of affordable housing, resulting in increasing slums, deficits in basic service provision, and widening inequality for urban dwellers. This study aims to better understand urban poverty and inequality in East Asian cities, recognizing that many countries of the region, particularly those of middle-income status, are at a critical juncture in their urbanization and growth process where potential social divisions in cities could harm prospects for future poverty reduction. The study uses a multidimensional approach to understand urban poverty and inclusion and draws on examples of programs and policies that have been successfully implemented in the East Asia region to develop a set of guiding principles for policy makers.
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The paper delves into the implications of a failure to account for rental regulation in the measurement of households' welfare, poverty, and inequality when using household surveys.
... See More + Exploiting previously unavailable data for the Egyptian case, the paper illustrates the long-lasting distortions in the rental market that the 1977 rental law has created. The paper finds evidence that earlier studies may have substantially underestimated households’ welfare in urban areas and overestimated urban poverty. National poverty rates show smaller corrections, as poverty is mainly a rural phenomenon in the Arab Republic of Egypt. An appropriate measure of welfare also led to downward corrections in inequality in urban Egypt, while increasing the inequality across regions. These effects counterbalance each other and nationwide inequality estimates are affected only slightly.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8152 JUL 20, 2017
