This study combines high-resolution, geo-spatial data and household data from the Vietnam Living Standard Measurement Surveys in 2010, 2012, and 2014 to investigate the relationship between environmental risks and poverty.
... See More + Using recently developed data on air pollution, tree cover loss, land degradation, slope, rainfall and temperature variability, and flood and drought hazards, the study shows: (i) at the district level, there are hotspots of high poverty and environmental risks; (ii) ethnic minorities and poor households are much more exposed to multiple environmental risks than other groups, and also within rural and urban areas poorer households live in communes exposed to higher environmental risks; and (iii) environmental risks relate to lower consumption levels, but less so to lower consumption growth over time. Altogether these findings suggest that Vietnam’s poor are disproportionally exposed to environmental risks, which can result in livelihood impacts that in many ways go beyond consumption. In light of growing pressures due to population growth, economic development and climate change, green growth actions, ecosystem-based adaptation, and land-use planning could be important strategies to reduce the environmental burden on poor people.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS7763 JUL 25, 2016
The development objective of Northern Delta Transport Development Project for Vietnam is to enhance the efficiency, environmental sustainability and safety of transport infrastructure and services, through the alleviation of physical and institutional bottlenecks in two major waterway corridors in the Northern Delta Region.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (a) if the Households (HHs) lose less than 20 percent of their agricultural land, cash compensation for the lost land at 100 percent of replacement cost, and Support for job change and creation in cash equal to three times the agricultural land price for the whole area of recovered agricultural land; the land area eligible for support must not exceed the land allocation limit in the locality; the land area eligible for support must not exceed the land allocation limit in the locality; (b) if the HHs lose from 20 percent to 70 percent of their agricultural holding, then, in addition to the (i), they are entitled to a subsistence assistance equivalent to the market value of 30 kilograms (kg) of rice or person or month for 6 months if the HHs do not have to relocate to new place, and for 12 months if HHs have to be relocate; (c) if the HHs lose 70 percent and more of their agricultural holding, then, in addition to the (i), they are entitled to a subsistence assistance equivalent to the market value of 30 kg of rice /person/month for 12 months if the HHs do not have to relocate to new place, and for 24 months if HHs have to be relocate; (d) cash compensation for land at (i) 100 of replacement cost of the land acquired to the legal or legalizable users; (e) cash compensation for lost residential land at full replacement cost to the Displaced Person (or Project Affected Person, PAP)(DPs), who have legal or legalizable rights to the affected land; and (f) compensation in cash for the remained investment put on the land to the land borrowed users plus information and relevant relocation assistances, where cash compensation for acquired area to the legal land users. (g) compensation in cash for all affected structures will be provided at 100 of the replacement cost for materials and labor for owners of affected structures (h) if house/structure is partially affected, the project will provide a house/structure repairing cost, in addition, to DPs to restore it to former or better conditions; (I) compensation and assistance will be provided in the form of cash. No deductions will be made for depreciation or salvageable materials; and (j) the calculation of rates will be based on the actual affected area and not the useable area.
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The development objective of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTP) is to invest in both training; and improvement and upgrade the waterway to reach the standard of channel class II and upgrade 2 main ports namely Viet Tri (Phu Tho) and Ninh Phuc (Ninh Binh).
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are includes: i) activities of land acquisition, reclamation, clearance, preparation process of construction for the DNC canal, ship lock, access road and bridge; ii) activities will generate dust, noise, vibration and gas emissions generated from construction vehicles and equipment; iii) construction area will also impact the vegetation and the local ecosystems; iv) improper disposal of solid waste, waste water, diseases and social problems caused by the concentration of workers in a peri-urban location; v) excavation and dredging will generate huge quantities of materials to evacuate; vi) air pollution to minimize dust emissions the environment the trucks must have canvas cover crate; vii) setting up appropriate operational schedule of noise generate equipment; viii) domestic waste and garbage from workers camps need to be temporary grouped and stored by hygienic manner and then collected through service provision of local companies with official agreements; ix) analysis of the sediments and materials before disposal and/or landfilling to confirm the non-contamination by pollutants; x) hygienic toilets connected to septic tanks will be installed to prevent contamination of surface and underground waters from the wastewater of the workers camps; xi) discharge of oily bilge water and wash water from the vessels cause water quality degradation; xii) improve the drainage, infiltration and ground filtering system of the rain water coming from the bridge.
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The development objective of Northern Delta Transport Development Project for Vietnam is to enhance the efficiency, environmental sustainability and safety of transport infrastructure and services, through the alleviation of physical and institutional bottlenecks in two major waterway corridors in the Northern Delta Region.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i ) decrease in quality of surface water; (ii) decrease aquatic habitats; (iii) selection of dredging methods; (iv) handling or treatment and disposal of wastes depend on the above classification and accordance with the existing regulations; (v) an emergency warning system shall be instituted to protect workers from site emergencies and natural hazards; (vi) use of illegal drugs shall be strictly prohibited in the construction site to prevent spread of HIV disease and other possible social problems; (vii) the meetings with local fishermen confirm the importance of rainy season for aquatic activity in Red River with an important increase of fish’s density and activity; (viii) dredging close to the bank and on wetlands (most important places for aquatic life) and on spawning areas should be carried out between October to May, avoiding the peak of biological activity of the flood or rainy season; (ix) construction vehicles should be properly maintained to meet conditions of technical and quality requirements, as well as operational safety; (x) latrines will be also provided as temporary sanitary facility of workers in the construction site; (xi) construction camps will employ Wastes Management Plan; (xii) workers shall be given orientation on safety procedures on job site;(xiii) use of illegal drugs shall be strictly prohibited in the construction site to prevent spread of HIV disease and other possible social problems; and (xiv) discharge of oily bilge water and wash water from the vessels cause water quality degradation.
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The objective of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project for Vietnam is to enhance the efficiency, environmental sustainability and safety of transport infrastructure and services, through the alleviation of physical and institutional bottlenecks in two major waterway corridors in the Northern Delta Region.
... See More + Negative impacts include: erosion and sedimentation; particulate emissions and dust; noise; stockpiles and borrow areas; waste management; pollution prevention; environmental training for construction workers; and construction workers health management. Mitigation measures include: do not discharge waste water directly into any water sources. Domestic wastewater will be collected and processed through a septic tank; contractors have to maintain stability of the slope to control erosion. The drainage system in the dumping site is lined with canvas and wooden poles to reduce the risk of erosion at the water outlet; any issues or complaints regarding water quality will be addressed immediately by the necessary measures; supernatant water will be discharged from the transport barges at the dredging site before moving to the designated area; and contractor will coordinate with the client and supervision engineers, as well as traffic police to ensure traffic safety is maintained on relevant areas of local roads.
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The project development objective of Danang Sustainable City Development Project for Vietnam is to expand access of city residents to improved drainage, wastewater collection and treatment services, the arterial road network, and public transport in selected areas of Da Nang City.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) Displaced Persons (DPs) will be compensated in cash for their acquired land at hundred percent replacement cost or allocated with a land plot in the resettlement site; (ii) DPs will be compensated for their affected structures by hundred percent replacement cost without deduction of salvage materials or deduction of valuation; (iii) DPs will be compensated in cash for their acquired land at hundred percent of replacement cost and provided with information about vocational training and facilitated their option of appropriate jobs; (iv) cash compensation for lost income in case of affected business; (v) compensation for all lost assets attached to affected land at full replacement cost; (vi) compensation for loss of income for the next crops during the time that land is occupied by the project; (vii) compensation for all affected on-land assets at replacement costs; (viii) relocated households are supported equivalently to 30 kilograms of rice per person per month during six months; and (ix) the job shifting assistance in cash at 1.5 times of agriculture land price.
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The project development objective of Danang Sustainable City Development Project for Vietnam is to expand access of city residents to improved drainage, wastewater collection and treatment services, the arterial road network, and public transport in selected areas of Da Nang City.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) Displaced Persons (DPs) will be compensated in cash for their acquired land at hundred percent replacement cost or allocated with a land plot in the resettlement site; (ii) DPs will be compensated for their affected structures by hundred percent replacement cost without deduction of salvage materials or deduction of valuation; (iii) DPs will be compensated in cash for their acquired land at hundred percent of replacement cost and provided with information about vocational training and facilitated their option of appropriate jobs; (iv) cash compensation for lost income in case of affected business; (v) compensation for all lost assets attached to affected land at full replacement cost; (vi) compensation for loss of income for the next crops during the time that land is occupied by the project; (vii) compensation for all affected on-land assets at replacement costs; (viii) relocated households are supported equivalently to 30 kilograms of rice per person per month during six months; and (ix) the job shifting assistance in cash at 1.5 times of agriculture land price.
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The objective of the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) is to assess the adequacy and performance of the policy, legal, and institutional framework for environmental management in Ukraine, in light of the decentralization process of environmental governance and wider reform objectives, and to provide recommendations to government to address the key gaps identified.
... See More + Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe and has a population of 43 million, the majority of whom live in urban areas. It is a lower middle income country, with the services, industry and agriculture sectors being main contributors to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Ukraine faces a number of environmental challenges, as identified in its National Environmental Strategy 2020 (NES). Key among these are: air pollution; quality of water resources and land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; human health issues associated with environmental risk factors; in addition to climate change. The scope of Ukrainian environmental legislation is quite broad and comprehensive (more than 300 legal acts) and covers most areas of environmental protection and natural resources management. However, the environmental legislation faces a number of weaknesses:The environmental legislation is largely declaratory in nature and does not have all the essential enforcement mechanisms for the implementation of legal acts and international agreements; Many of the acts are not coordinated with each other; and Legislation undergoes limited analysis of its impact—for example, no in-depth analysis such as Regulatory Impact Analysis is conducted for proposed pieces of legislation.
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This solar modeling report gives an overview on the results achieved by modeling the solar radiation based on satellite data in phase one of the solar resource mapping project for Pakistan.
... See More + The project consists of three phases where within phase one capacity building is conducted, a site selection process for setting up measurement sites is undertaken, workshops are held, and an un-validated solar atlas based on satellite data for Pakistan is processed. The interim result of the solar atlas is presented in this report. The main focus is set on the multi-year annual sum and the monthly sums of the parameters global horizontal irradiance (GHI), direct normal irradiance (DNI), and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) in kWh/m². This report presents introduction in chapter one, satellite specifications and a short approach of methodology in chapter two. Chapter three, a short overview over the climate of Pakistan and an introduction to solar radiation and the radiation budget is presented followed by interim results of phase one modelling. Chapter four give an overview over the regional and seasonal dust outbreaks in western Pakistan and focus on the winter-fog regions in the northeast. Chapter five presents winter fog areas in Punjab and Sindh.
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This document reports on the methods used in phase one of the energy sector management assistance program (ESMAP) wind mapping project for Vietnam.
... See More + The interim mesoscale modelling results were calculated by output from simulations of the weather, research, and forecasting (WRF) model. The authors document the method used to run the mesoscale simulations and to generalize the WRF model wind climatologies. A preliminary validation is described. A meteorological phenomena of particular interest is the nocturnal low level jet and this is examined in the model output data. Finally recommendations for the next steps in the project are stated. This report is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Sections two and three describe the general method and the specific modelling setup of the WRF modelling systems used in the generation of the Vietnam phase one output. Section four presents results. In section five a preliminary validation of the interim modelling results against observations is presented. Section six presents an analysis of nocturnal low level jets, which is a wind energy relevant phenomena seen in the WRF simulations. Section seven sets out a number of points of discussion and recommendation for how the modelling will be advanced in the next phase of the project, as well as recommendations for the project in general. Finally, section eight presents some conclusions.
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ESMAP Paper 95802 FEB 13, 2015
Badger, Jake; Volker, Patrick J. H.; Hahmann, Andrea N.; Hansen, Jens Carsten; Hansen, Brian O.Disclosed
Productivity in the agricultural sector is inherently dependent on weather, such as variations in rainfall and temperature. As a result, weather risk events can cause losses in yield and production that translate into economic losses for producers, as well as other sector stakeholders that depend on income from agricultural trade, transport, processing, or export.
... See More + This document is a guide for development practitioners and strategically presents a variety of mapping techniques for agricultural risk management and illustrates the application of these techniques for informing public and private sector development strategies. The introduction places weather risk mapping within the broader context of agricultural risk, explaining how mapping can enable risk identification, assessment and management activities, and each chapter elaborates on one or more of the technical components. A basic definition of agro-meteorology is provided, along with a discussion of different mapping techniques. The guide presents the available remote (satellite) databases of agro-meteorological variables that can be used for the purpose of weather risk mapping, assessing the advantages and drawbacks of each database and their suitability for different purposes. The document reviews current risk mapping analyses based on historical weather observations, which are typically used for risk identification and assessment, including climatologies, hazard and risk maps, climate regionalizations and agro-ecological zones (AEZ). The document also reviews forward-looking mapping techniques, known as diagnostic and forecasting analyses, specific examples of which are drawn from the United States, the European Union, and Australia. Finally, the guide provides instruction on how and why to conduct agro-ecological zoning, a technique that can be used to assess land-use types, land resources, land suitability, and climatic and agro-climatic regionalizations, as well as to inform land use recommendations. The concluding chapter demonstrates a step-by-step application of agro-ecological zoning in a case study of Mozambique.
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The project development objective (PDO) of the Caribbean Regional Communications Infrastructure Program for the Dominican Republic (CARCIP) is fully consistent with the overall regional program development objective and seeks to increase access to regional broadband networks and advance the development of ICT-enabled services in the Caribbean Region.
... See More + CARCIPs objective is expected to be achieved through: (a) targeted investments in ICT infrastructure that fill the gaps at the national and municipal level, preferably in partnership with the private sector; (b) creating an open innovation ecosystem that fosters the development of ICT skills and ICT enabled services; and (c) strengthening institutional capacity/arrangements to ensure effective program implementation and outcomes.The objective of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is as follows: (i) provide an indication of the potential environmental and social impacts (including possible land acquisition and resettlement) according to the current status of development of the project; (ii) inform the planning and design of the project by comparing potential impacts of locations, configurations and alternative construction techniques that are under consideration; (iii) define procedures for subsequent impact assessment and development of appropriate tools for managing impacts (including associated mitigation measures) to the extent that the available project details. Negative impacts include: 1) Acquisition of land (temporary or permanent) and displacement of people; 2) occupational health and safety risk; 3) Vibration and Noise Nuisance; 4) Air Pollution; 5) Pollution or destruction of the marine and terrestrial environment; 6) Soil erosion and landslides; 7) Degradation of the natural environment; and 8) Intervention in Protected Areas. To minimize negative impacts, the following mitigation measures offer standard measures to minimize negative impacts: It is important to stress that complex or sensitive cases of public consultations are also needed. People affected should be informed of potential problems and mitigation measures. Their concerns and suggestions should also be taken into account in the design of appropriate measures sensitive or complex situations.
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This report describes efforts by the ClimateWorks Foundation and the World Bank to quantify the multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits associated with policies and projects to reduce emissions in select sectors and regions.
... See More + The report has three objectives: 1) to develop a holistic, adaptable framework to capture and measure the multiple benefits of reducing emissions of several pollutants; 2) to demonstrate how local and national policymakers, members of the international development community, and others can use this framework to design and analyze policies and projects; and 3) to contribute a compelling rationale for effectively combining climate action with sustainable development and green growth worldwide. By using a systems approach to analyze policies and projects, this work illustrates ways to capitalize on synergies between efforts to reduce emissions and spur development, minimize costs, and maximize societal benefits. This report uses several case studies to demonstrate how to apply the analytical framework. Three simulated case studies analyzed the effects of key sector policies to determine the benefits realized in the United States, China, the European Union, India, Mexico, and Brazil. The sector policies include regulations, taxes, and incentives to stimulate a shift to clean transport, improved industrial energy efficiency, and more energy efficient buildings and appliances. Also presented are results of four simulated case studies that analyzed several sub-national development projects, scaled up to the national level, to determine the additional benefits over the life of each project, generally 20 years. By applying the framework to analyze both types of interventions, this report demonstrates the efficacy of this approach for national and local policymakers, international finance organizations, and others. These case studies show that climate change mitigation and air quality protection can be integral to effective development efforts and can provide a net economic benefit. Quantifying the benefits of climate action can facilitate support from constituencies interested in public health and food and energy security; it can also advance the international discussion of effective ways to address climate change while pursuing green growth. In this report, the chapter 1 provides background information on the pollutants covered in this report and identifies opportunities to achieve both local socioeconomic and global climate objectives by reducing emissions. It also introduces new modeling tools that enable broader economic analysis of emissions-reduction programs. Chapter 2 explains how these tools can be combined to develop an effective framework to analyze policies and projects. Chapter 3 demonstrates the framework, using several policy- and project-based case studies to estimate the multiple benefits of emissions reductions from a regional or national level. Finally, Chapter 4 explores the challenges to operationalizing the framework and presents conclusions from the study.
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The Africa energy unit (AFTEG) of the World Bank has obtained financing from the trust fund for environmentally and socially sustainable development (TFESSD) funded by Finland and Norway for work towards understanding the impact of climate change on hydropower: the case of Cameroon.
... See More + The development objective of this activity is: (i) to develop tools for assessing climate change impacts on the operation of hydraulic infrastructure such as regulating dams and hydropower plants in the Sanaga river basin, and (ii) to take steps towards an institutional framework for climate resilient water resources management in Cameroon. The aim of this initiative is to build resilience to climate risks into water management in general and hydropower development in Cameroon in particular. The study includes three components: (i) develop suitable climate change scenarios for the Sanaga basin, support the electricity development corporation (EDC) of Cameroon to develop a reliable hydrological model for the Sanaga river basin, and derive climate change impacts on the potential generation capacity in the Sanaga basin in the context of changing hydrology; (ii) assess the impact of climate change on the future operation of Lom Pangar dam and three other regulating dams in the Sanaga basin and support the establishment of an operational regime of hydraulic infrastructures in the Sanaga river basin, in a consultative manner with water users and taking into account equitable sharing of resources between users and environmental flows; and (iii) assess future impacts of climate change on water resources availability and management in Cameroon. This assessment also aims to provide an analytical base for increased dialogue on climate variability and change and on integrated management of water resources in Cameroon. The assessment will identify information and knowledge gaps and priorities for future studies and activities.
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The paper estimates the effects on presidential election returns in Mexico of a government climatic contingency transfer that is allocated through rainfall-indexed insurance.
... See More + The analysis uses the discontinuity in payments that slightly deviate from a pre-established threshold, based on rainfall accumulation measured at local weather stations. It turns out that voters reward the incumbent presidential party for delivering drought relief compensation. The paper finds that receiving indemnity payments leads to significantly greater average electoral support for the incumbent party of approximately 7.6 percentage points. The analysis suggests that the incumbent party is rewarded by disaster aid recipients and punished by non-recipients. The paper contributes to the literature on retrospective voting by providing evidence that voters evaluate government actions and respond to disaster spending.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS6836 APR 01, 2014
The development objective of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Management in the Power Sector Project for Lebanon is to assist in establishing a sound PCB management system that would minimize potential environmental and health risks from unmanaged PCB oils and equipment.
... See More + The project involves the handling, packaging, transportation of and disposal of PCB equipment and wastes, and remediation of sites contaminated with PCB hazardous chemicals. Negative impacts include: absence of adequate measures to handle increase in volume of hazardous waste; quality deterioration of segregated material coupled with increased risk of PCB release into the different environmental media; release of PCBs into the environmental media as a result of exposing the mixed waste to extreme weather conditions such as heat and rain and accelerating the release of PCB compounds into the environment through evaporation or leachate production; specific populations will be exposed to health risks by direct contact with the contaminated waste, inhalation or accidental ingestion. Mitigation measures for soil, air and water quality, waste generation, health and safety, biodiversity, traffic and socioeconomic issues include: proper storage and handling of hazardous materials; maintenance and wash down of vehicles; provision of adequate sanitary facilities; proper draining and packaging of contaminated transformers; careful handling and management of out-of-service capacitors and in-service transformers; monitoring of wells; dust suppression; conservation of existing vegetation; reuse and recycling wherever possible; access restriction to construction site; provision of potable water and first aid kits, training and fire prevention strategies.
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Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) is a multi-donor trust fund for climate change. The featured article in this issue of the newsletter, Bangladesh: the emerging hot spot where climate threats and action meet, explores a June 2013 World Bank report, Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience.
... See More + This newsletter also inlcudes the following headings: Putting local communities at the forefront of climate resilience; and Sheltering from Mahasen: preparing for the future.
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Ratings for the Fourth Montreal Protocol Ozone Depleting Substances Phaseout Project for China were as follows: outcomes were highly satisfactory; risk to development outcome was low; Bank performance was highly satisfactory and borrower performance was also highly satisfactory.
... See More + Some lessons learned includes: Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) production issues should be tackled in a more upstream manner within the context of ODS phaseout strategies. Addressing the phase-out of ODS at the sector level is a more rational and cost effective manner by which to curb large, non-uniform and dispersed consumption and production of ODS. The use of a three pronged phase-out approach that supports policy development, technical assistance activities and the financing of ODS phase-out on at enterprise level based on annual sector reduction targets addresses the key aspects of sustainable management of complex sectoral or national initiatives. The modular nature of the umbrella modality stipulated within the project's Grant Agreement (GA) was a key in supporting the aforementioned point, though it was strongly reinforced by the addition of a standardized sectoral phase-out approach. Performance-based programming, where funds are released annually based on pre-determined phase-out schedules, targets, and specific performance indicators having been met, provides an excellent implementation structure with which to motivate and incentivize stakeholders to find the most cost effective ways to convert to non-ODS technologies or to phase-out ODS production. Investment in the development and effective management of a comprehensive Management Information System (MIS), complemented by verification of both financial records (conducted by the national audit body) and technical results by World Bank experts, are key to gauging the accuracy of results generated.
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Implementation Completion and Results Report ICR0413 DEC 17, 2013