This paper analyzes the differential impact of migration on labor supply of the left-behind household members in Nepal, where international migration for employment, predominantly a male phenomenon, increased substantially between 2001 and 2011.
... See More + Using the Nepal Living Standard Survey data, the paper extends the analysis by incorporating the impacts on the extensive and intensive margins. The study also answer the question: if they are not wage-employed, in what activities are the remaining household members engaging instead? The paper finds that, in response to out-migration of some family members, women realign their priorities and reallocate their time from market employment to self-employment and home production, possibly filling in the roles vacated by the migrants. In contrast, the income effect dominates the impact of migration on the left-behind men; that is, men value their leisure more because of the remittances from abroad and decrease their overall supply of labor. Additionally, the research finds significant heterogeneity in the supply of labor by age, skill, and household head status among the left-behind women, pointing toward intrahousehold bargaining.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS9014 SEP 16, 2019
This paper analyzes the differential impact of migration on labor supply of the left-behind household members in Nepal, where international migration for employment, predominantly a male phenomenon, increased substantially between 2001 and 2011.
... See More + Using the Nepal Living Standard Survey data, the paper extends the analysis by incorporating the impacts on the extensive and intensive margins. The study also answers the question: if they are not wage-employed, in what activities are the remaining household members engaging instead? The paper finds that, in response to out-migration of some family members, women realign their priorities and reallocate their time from market employment to self-employment and home production, possibly filling in the roles vacated by the migrants. In contrast, the income effect dominates the impact of migration on the left-behind men; that is, men value their leisure more because of the remittances from abroad and decrease their overall supply of labor. Additionally, the research finds significant heterogeneity in thesupply of labor by age, skill, and household head status among the left-behind women, pointing toward intrahousehold bargaining.
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Working Paper (Numbered Series) 141858 SEP 16, 2019
Important progress toward gender equality has been made in the past decades, but inequalities linked to gender norms, stereotypes, and the unequal distribution of housework and childcare responsibilities persist.
... See More + Lifetime events such as marriage and parenthood bring substantial changes in time use among women and men. This paper updates and reinforces the findings of previous studies by analyzing gender differences in the allocation of time among market work and unpaid domestic work. Results from the analysis of time use patterns in 19 countries of different income levels and from various regions suggest that women specialize in unpaid domestic and care work and men specialize in market work. The paper employs propensity score matching to assess the marriage and parenthood "penalty" on time use patterns over the lifecycle. The findings indicate that women of prime working age are the most penalized on a host of measures, including labor market participation, unpaid domestic work, and leisure time. Men are not necessarily penalized for, and sometimes benefit from, marriage or parenthood.
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Policy Research Working Paper WPS8981 AUG 14, 2019
Moldova has made significant progress in economic growth and poverty reduction since 2000, but the growth model has mainly relied on remittances, with limited job creation (World Bank, 2016a; Merroto et al., 2016).
... See More + To sustain this progress and to catch up with the living standards of other countries in the region, Moldova requires a new growth model which is driven by higher private sector growth and creation of more and better jobs. World Bank (2017a) specifies three main policy areas to support Moldova’s transition towards a new model: (i) economic governance, strengthening the rule of law and accountability in economic institutions, (ii) service governance, improving efficiency, quality and inclusive access to public services, and (iii) skills development, enhancing the quality and relevance of education and training to enable the acquisition of job-related skills. The Moldova’s Government recognizes in its strategic documents (for example, Moldova 2020 National Development Strategy) that aligning skills supply with demand is crucial to expand job opportunities and to boost productivity and innovation. But to develop the necessary job-related skills in the education and training system, it is important to understand which skills are required by Moldovan employers. This report provides the complementary analysis of skills demand in Moldova gleaned from two sources of vacancies, vacancies shared by employers with the ANOFM and vacancies scraped from two major online job portals. The main objective of this report is to fill the observed knowledge gap about employers’ demand for formal qualifications and skills based on the analysis of requirements specified in job vacancy postings. Another objective is to compare which vacancies get to the ANOFM and to private portals in order to understand the reach of the ANOFM relative to the overall labor and skills demand and to offer policy recommendations.
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