Kenya has been hosting refugees since 1970, with the numbers increasing significantly from the 1990s and peaking following the 2011 famine in Somalia.
... See More + The numbers have since dropped with the return of refugees, particularly Somali refugees, which began in 2014. However, the outbreak of conflict in South Sudan in 2013 has since led to an influx of new arrivals in the country. This report is a stock-taking of relevant studies and assessments pertaining to livelihoods of refugees and host communities in Kenya, analysing and consolidating them into one narrative regarding economic opportunities for refugees and host communities. They key messages emerging from that literature are covered in the report.
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Working Paper 135485 MAR 01, 2019
Manji,Farah Noorali Mohan; De Berry,Joanna PeaceDisclosed
The development objective of the Socio-economic Inclusion of Refugees and Host Communities Project for Rwanda is to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities for refugees and host communities, and support environmental management, in the target areas in Rwanda.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) putting aside an area for stockpile topsoil for future landscaping; when possible, selecting a site in a areas not suitable for farming; (2) clean up exercises will be regularly undertaken every end of working day so as to retain cleanliness within construction sites; (3) install roof catchment system where rain water should be stored in water tanks and each tanks and used for cleaning and irrigation of garden during dry season; (4) avoid funding projects that need large scale use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers; (5) dust rising during the construction process will be kept down by sprinkling water on the site; (6) regular maintenance of mobile toilets, including the emptying of effluent storage tanks; and (7) construction activities will only be undertaken during daylight hours so as to mitigate noise production during the sleeping and night hours.
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The development objective of the Socio-economic Inclusion of Refugees and Host Communities Project for Rwanda is to improve access to basic services and economic opportunities, and support environmental management for refugees and host communities in the target areas in Rwanda.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (1) cash compensation for affected land equivalent to market value if less than 20 percent of land holding affected land remains economically viable; (2) trees for trees replacement or compensation in cash, depending on project affected persons (PAP’s) choice; (3) provision and capacity building of other income generating sources for loss of income due to project works; and (4) provide assistance with relocation, and cover all the costs of moving the physical cultural resources (PCRs) where needed.
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According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Refugee Agency, by the end of 2017, nearly 70 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced - more than the entire population of the United Kingdom.
... See More + Governments, aid agencies, and non-government organizations (NGOs) have long provided humanitarian aid for refugees, addressing immediate needs such as food, water, and shelter. The need for sustainable, long-term solutions that mitigate the negative impacts of forcible displacement, uplift refugees, and support host communities is therefore becoming more acute. Indeed, the development community is increasingly focusing on empowering refugees as agents of their own lives and economic contributors - from providing skills training, to offering employment, and enabling access to financial products and services. Private sector actors are inherently well-positioned to enhance and scale these efforts, given their strategic capabilities and business models. Multinational corporations like Mastercard, regional, and national businesses such as Equity Bank and PowerGen, social enterprises like NaTakallam and Sanivation, and a range of others across industries, are demonstrating the potential roles of the private sector in supporting refugees and host communities.
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The Infrastructure and Institutions Emergency Recovery Project of Haiti to rehabilitate the section of the Cap-Haitien Labadie road is part of the emergency infrastructure and institutional rehabilitation project known as P120895, following the country's disasters of 12 January 2010.
... See More + It consists of the rehabilitation of this section in order to reduce the risks of accidents but above all to improve the welfare of road users. Activities included in the project will improve resilience to disasters and will reduce vulnerability. No long term negative impacts are anticipated. However, relevant screening and assessment procedures will be used to guide the identification and mitigation of potential adverse impacts.
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Forced displacement changes social relations; the arrival of displaced persons is often associated with social disruption, tension, grievance, social fragmentation and economic upheaval.
... See More + In this context, host governments are increasingly seeking advice from the World Bank Group (WBG) on how to target and design policy and operations for displaced persons in ways that do not exaggerate social tension and instead promote social cohesion. This desk review aims to contribute toward a stronger conceptual and practical understanding of social cohesion in the context of forced displacement. The review includes reflection on the current portfolio of WBG forced displacement projects, many of which have a stated aim to improve social cohesion. The review identifies many gaps in current practice including a lack of clear definition of social cohesion; a lack of analysis on the political and historical context; (which determine social relations in the context of forced displacement); a lack of coherence in project design with a tendency to be over-optimistic about the extent to which a project by itself can promote social cohesion; and a lack of monitoring and evaluation to establish changes and influences on social tensions. In general, the review finds that attempts to foster social cohesion at the project level are often over-ambitious. Social cohesion should be identified at the contextual level and addressed through a comprehensive programmatic response, in which project activities contribute.
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Working Paper 128640 JUN 01, 2018
De Berry,Joanna Peace; Roberts,Andrew JamesDisclosed
A qualitative study was undertaken to support preparation of an IDA-financed project for refugees and host communities in Chad. The objectives of the qualitative study were to: (1) understand how different groups and individuals conceptualize and experience forced displacement in the three areas targeted by the project (refugee camps and neighboring communities in the East, South and Lake Chad area; (2) identify key opportunities and major constraints to social and economic inclusion of refugee populations into local communities, including access to social services and support/assistance, as well as economic opportunities, land and other productive resources; and (3) understand how the gender dimension plays into both perceptions and experiences and opportunities and constraints.
... See More + This report presents findings from the qualitative research undertaken in all three zones. In the South, field work was conducted in Belom refugee camp in Maro (Moyen Chari region) and in surrounding communities including settled villages, sedentarized feriks (pastoral encampments) and the Maingama site for Chadian returnees. In the Lac region, field work was conducted in Dar es Salam refugee camp in Bagasola and in surrounding villages, sites for internally displaced populations, and sites for Chadian returnees. In the East, field work was conducted in Bredjing refugee camp in Ouaddai region and in surrounding communities as well as a joint refugee/host population gardening project site.
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The development objective of the Ploiesti-Brasov Motorway Preparation Project for Romania is to strengthen the capabilities of Romania’s national road sector to sustainably implement and finance major projects.
... See More + Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures are include : (i) construction spoils management mitigation plan to manage the disposal of construction spoils generated in an environmentally-friendly manner; (ii) erosion and sediment control mitigation plan to describe the measures during construction to minimize sediment carried by runoff from entering downstream surface water drainage systems;(iv) fugitive dust control mitigation plan to control fugitive dust control emissions during construction activities; (v) noise control mitigation plan to control noise impacts on the surrounding communities construction activities; (vi) occupational health and safety plan to ensure workers and local communities protection; (vii) re-vegetation and natural or wildlife habitat management mitigation plan to ensure proper re-vegetation of areas disturbed by construction activities; (viii) traffic control mitigation, public safety and public communications plan to minimize the disruption of daytime traffic flows along important access roads in the area; (ix) archaeology or cultural resources mitigation plan to manage any archeological or cultural impacts that may be encountered during construction; (x) worker safety plan to identify standards for protection of workers including onsite training and proper safety equipment.
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