This paper discusses the landscape for private equity and venture capital financing in Ghana. It provides an overview of the private equity and venture capital market in the country, describing key players, including funds, fund managers, investors, and public sector entities.
... See More + The paper provides an analysis of key market drivers and impediments, as well as legal, regulatory, and taxation drivers and impediments that affect Ghana’s private equity and venture capital industry.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS8617 OCT 18, 2018
This paper discusses the landscape for private equity and venture capital financing in Kenya. It provides an overview of the private equity and venture capital market in the country, describing key players, including funds, fund managers, investors, and public sector entities.
... See More + The paper provides an analysis of key market drivers and impediments, as well as legal/regulatory/taxation drivers and impediments that affect Kenya’s private equity and venture capital industry.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS8598 OCT 01, 2018
Despite their importance, data on the structure of bank credit by maturity are scarce. For Latin America and the Caribbean, data are particularly difficult to obtain, as few banks report loan maturity data in commercial data sets such as Bankscope.
... See More + With support from the Association of Supervisors of Banks of the Americas, this study assembled a novel data set on the structure of bank credit allocation in Latin America and the Caribbean covering 21 countries during 2004-14. This paper uses Bankscope and International Financial Statistics data to extended the coverage to more than 100 countries, creating the largest data set so far on credit by maturity. Benchmarking credit structure in Latin America and the Caribbean, the paper finds that the region is financially underdeveloped, because the ratio of short-term credit to gross domestic product is lower than in peers; long-term credit is at par; and consumer and commercial loans are lower. The paper also explores patterns of credit growth through nonparametric regressions. The results indicate that short-term credit grows faster than long-term credit as income grows in low-income countries, but the situation reverses when countries reach high- or middle-income status. Reflecting this trend, the share of mortgage loans rises with income.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS8571 AUG 29, 2018
Gutierrez,Eva M.; Karmali,Nadeem M.; Sourrouille,Diego M.Disclosed
Romania’s financial sector has strengthened significantly over the last few years. Effective supervisory measures have helped reduce the high level of non-performing loans (NPLs) from 21.5 percent at its peak in 2013 to 6.4 percent as of December 2017.
... See More + Foreign-owned banks’ dependence on parent funding has significantly declined, while deposits from the domestic private sector has increased, reducing liquidity risks. Banks’ capital buffers strengthened, on the back of a slowdown of credit and low interest rates, with an average capital to risk-weighted assets now above 18 percent. The new Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP) Guidelines of the European Banking Authority (EBA) are still in the initial stages of implementation. The NBR should conduct more risk-focused, banking industry-wide thematic analyses and develop its off-site monitoring tools, such as by conducting bottom up stress tests. The NBR should also build up specialized expertise, in IT and cybersecurity. This will also benefit the systemically important payment and securities settlement systems that are currently being brought under the roof of the NBR. Finally, remaining gaps in the AML/CFT framework should be addressed. The State is expected to play a more targeted role geared toward the closing of these financial sector development gaps. These gaps persist despite the presence of several public initiatives to support access to finance. Several schemes are poorly designed, too fragmented and insufficiently coordinated. It is necessary to adopt a holistic view by encompassing all state institutions and initiatives, eliminating duplications, identifying and considering all market gaps and leveraging commercial finance. The authorities should also consider establishing a Financial Sector Development Committee with a clear development mandate, an effective monitoring and evaluation system and accountability mechanism. Housing finance has grown steadily in a benign credit environment which has seen falls in both interest rates and delinquency rates. However, the law on debt-discharge continues to create uncertainty for lenders and provides a further incentive to rely on the Prima Casa program which is exempted from the provisions of that law. Considering the new personal insolvency law, which provides additional rights for borrowers, the law on debt discharge should be repealed to sustain further housing finance expansion.
See Less -
Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) 128694 JUL 17, 2018
The international comovement of equity returns has been viewed as reflecting either pervasive common shocks or local linkages between countries.
... See More + This paper brings these perspectives together by assessing the comovement of equity returns in a dynamic model that allows for both common factors and spatial dependence, using quarterly data for 40 advanced and emerging countries over the past two decades, and including GDP growth, the real interest rate, and credit as fundamental variables. Estimation results employing a bias-corrected quasi-maximum likelihood approach provide strong indication that the cross-country dependence of equity returns results from both spatial effects and common shocks captured by a latent common factor -- weak and strong dependence, respectively. The factor exhibits a robust negative correlation with market measures of aggregate risk. Countries' exposure to the common factor rises with their extent of trade openness and the degree of rigidity of their exchange rate regime. Despite its simplicity, the empirical model fits the data well. All these results are robust to the use of alternative spatial weight matrices. The paper also shows that ignoring cross-country dependence leads to distorted parameter estimates and a marked deterioration of the explanatory power of the empirical model.
See Less -
Policy Research Working Paper WPS8516 JUL 11, 2018
Romania’s financial sector has strengthened significantly over the last few years. Effective supervisory measures have helped reduce the high level of non-performing loans (NPLs) from 21.5 percent at its peak in 2013 to 6.4 percent as of December 2017.However, some vulnerabilities are emerging.
... See More + Banks’ holdings of domestic sovereign paper have grown large, exposing them to valuation losses in case of an increase in interest rates or sovereign risk spreads. Banks’ indirect exposures to government guarantees through the Prima Casa program further strengthens the sovereign-bank nexus. An increase in interest rates may also negatively impact NPL ratios on banks’ mortgage portfolios, which are growing fast and are at variable rates. The share of foreign exchange (FX) denominated loans and deposits significantly decreased, but remains relatively high, and a large share of corporate borrowers is unhedged. Finally, lending practices of non-bank financial lenders (NBFLs) may lead to loan defaults and reputational risks for the banking sector. As the financial system is small, shocks may further discourage financial intermediation, which is already among the lowest in the European Union (EU). The NBR is transitioning to a risk-based supervisory approach that needs further enhancements. The new Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP) Guidelines of the European Banking Authority (EBA) are still in the initial stages of implementation. The NBR should conduct more risk-focused, banking industry-wide thematic analyses and develop its off-site monitoring tools, such as by conducting bottom up stress tests.Financial intermediation relative to the economy is low and declining.On the demand side, credit needs remain, overall, limited due to low enterprise density, poor health of the enterprise sector, and high number of foreign owned firms (compared to peers). The economic growth had a positive spillover in the enterprise sector, but this did not translate into increased investment activity, despite an unprecedented low interest rate environment. On the supply side, the supply of credit has been constrained by several factors including: i) an acute deterioration of asset quality, particularly among MSMEs, after the crisis, ii) banks’ deleveraging pressures, iii) deficiencies in the credit enabling infrastructures (credit reporting, insolvency), iv) preference of banks for sovereign debt, as well as government guaranteed debt in a context of fiscal expansion, v) lack of depth in the NBFI segment, and vi) declining use of public partial credit guarantees due to operational problems. As a result, access to credit is particularly problematic for certain firm segments that are underserved by the banking sector, including for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), start-ups, the agriculture sector, and in rural areas.Improving financial inclusion may require broader solutions including i) a better use of the Posta Romana network of branches, ii) measures to enable credit unions to expand and offer more financial services while strengthening supervision, iii) the adoption of incentive mechanisms to accelerate the expansion of digital finance solutions, and iv) the promotion of financial inclusion and literacy as well as effective consumer protection mechanisms.
See Less -
Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) 128959 JUL 01, 2018
The World Bank Group’s (WBG) Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for Seychelles coversthe period, FY12-FY15. The CPS was extended by one year to FY16 at the Country PartnershipStrategy Progress Report (CPSPR) in FY15.
... See More + This Review covers both the CPS and CPSPRperiod, FY12-16.WBG’s support for Seychelles was in line with the country’s draft Seychelles Medium-Term National Development Strategy 2013–17 (MTNDS), later approved in 2015, which presented the vision and goals for the country. The core aim of the MTNDS was to reduce Seychelles’vulnerability and to provide the basis for long term sustainable development. Specifically, theobjective of the MTNDS was to reduce vulnerability, increase resilience, and provide the basis fora sustainable development. The WBG supported the government in reducing vulnerability andbuilding long-term sustainability with a program centered on two pillars: (i) increasingcompetitiveness and employment and (ii) reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience, and onecross-cutting foundation, governance and public-sector capacity. The CPS built on the previousInterim Strategy and aimed to deepen and broaden structural reforms via programmatic supportusing Development Policy Lending (DPL) operations, complemented with Analytical and AdvisoryServices (ASA), including technical assistance and reimbursable advisory services (RAS).The IEG concurs with key lessons in the CLR: (i) development policy operations can be mobilized quickly and achieve strong results when complemented by sound analysis and technical assistance but it requires commitment and ownership, (ii) deeper understanding and assessment of political economy would help explain the successes and failures of specific reform efforts and identify factors that might otherwise be missed, and (iii) well-designed and updated results framework prove useful for Bank and Government monitoring of program implementation and results.
See Less -
